question stringlengths 13 291 | contexts stringlengths 2 24.7k | ground_truth stringlengths 6 6.9k ⌀ | exact_answer stringlengths 2 710 |
|---|---|---|---|
Which enzyme is inhibited by Imetelstat? | ['The telomerase inhibitor imetelstat alone, and in combination with trastuzumab, decreases the cancer stem cell population and self-renewal of HER2+ breast cancer cells.', 'The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a telomerase antagonistic oligonucleotide, imetelstat (GRN163L), on CSC and non-CSC po... | ['Imetelstat works by inhibiting telomerase.'] | ['telomerase'] |
Which genes does thyroid hormone receptor beta1 regulate in the liver? | ['our data suggests that TRbeta1-mediated down regulation of hepatic LDLr gene may play a critical role in iodine excess-induced hypercholesterolemic effects.', 'These data suggest that ChREBP mRNA expression is positively regulated by TR-beta1 and TH at the transcriptional level in mammals. This novel observation indi... | ['LDL receptor"//\n"ChREBP"//\n"ME", "malic enzyme"//\n"cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase"//'] | ['LDL receptor', 'ChREBP', 'Carbohydrate response element binding protein', 'ME', 'malic enzyme', 'cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase'] |
What is the evolutionary process described by the "Muller's ratchet" model? | ["Muller's ratchet is a paradigmatic model for the accumulation of deleterious mutations in a population of finite size. A click of the ratchet occurs when all individuals with the least number of deleterious mutations are lost irreversibly due to a stochastic fluctuation.", 'Population bottlenecks can have major effec... | ["The vast majority of mutations are deleterious and are eliminated by purifying selection. Yet in finite populations, purifying selection cannot completely prevent the accumulation of deleterious mutations. Muller's ratchet is a paradigmatic model for the accumulation of deleterious mutations in a population of finite... | [] |
What are the skeletal muscle satellite cells? | ['Skeletal muscle satellite cells (SCs) are Pax7(+) myogenic stem cells that reside between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the myofiber. In mature muscles, SCs are typically quiescent, but can be activated in response to muscle injury. Depending on the magnitude of tissue trauma, SCs may divide minimally to re... | ['Skeletal muscle satellite cells (SCs) are Pax7(+) myogenic stem cells that reside between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the myofiber. In mature muscles, SCs are typically quiescent, but can be activated in response to muscle injury. Depending on the magnitude of tissue trauma, SCs may divide minimally to re... | [] |
What are some treatment options for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) that persist after 12 months? | ['["The initial treatment for SUI that persists after 12 months consists of conservative measures such as pelvic floor muscle exercises and behavioral therapy. Properly selected and informed patients can also be treated efficiently with minimally invasive procedures such as the implantation of a male suburethral sling,... | Some treatment options for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) that persist after 12 months include conservative measures such as pelvic floor muscle exercises and behavioral therapy, as well as minimally invasive procedures like the implantation of a male suburethral sling. The gold standard therapy is the implantation ... | [] |
How could iPSCs be used for the treatment of diabetes? | ['Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have raised the possibility that patient-specific insulin-secreting cells might be derived from somatic cells through cell fate reprogramming.', 'We demonstrated for the first time that miRNAs might be ideal substitutes to induce pancreatic differentiation in hiPSCs.', 'P... | ['One of the promising approaches to cure diabetes is to use induced PCSs (iPSCs) and to differentiate them into insulin-secreting β cells. The induction of iPSC differentiation into insulin-secreting cells can be achieved in several ways, such as with the use of microRNAs, or adenoviral transfection with selected gene... | [] |
Is TREM2 associated with Alzheimer's disease? | ["Absence of TREM2 polymorphisms in patients with Alzheimer's disease and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration", ' These data demonstrate that TREM2 coding region is highly conserved, implying a crucial role of this receptor. Further studies, including a functional analysis, are certainly required to clarify the role of T... | ["A rare variant of the TREM2 gene, which encodes the triggering receptor encoded in myeloid cells 2 (rs75932628-T) causing a R47H substitution has been associated with both early and late onset Alzheimer's disease in various populations. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that TREM2 could suppress inflammatory respon... | ['yes'] |
What is DECKO? | ['DECKO: Single-oligo, dual-CRISPR deletion of genomic elements including long non-coding RNAs', 'We present a dual CRISPR tool, DECKO, which is cloned using a single starting oligonucleotide, thereby affording simplicity and scalability to CRISPR knockout studies of non-coding genomic elements, including long non-codi... | ['DECKO (Double Excision CRISPR Knockout) is a dual CRISPR tool, which is cloned using a single starting oligonucleotide, thereby affording simplicity and scalability to CRISPR knockout studies of non-coding genomic elements, including long non-coding RNAs.'] | [] |
Which polymerase transcribes pri-miRNAs? | ['Previous studies in vivo reported that processing of primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) is coupled to transcription by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and can occur co-transcriptionally. ', 'we have established a robust in vivo system in which pri-miRNA is transcribed by RNAP II and processed to pre-miRNA in HeLa cell nuclear ... | ['Recent evidence indicates that miRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) we have established a robust in vivo system in which pri-miRNA is transcribed by RNAP II and processed to pre-miRNA in HeLa cell nuclear extracts.', 'Previous studies in vivo reported that processing of primary microRNA (pri-miRN... | ['RNA polymerase II', 'RNAPII'] |
Describe clinical presentation of Ambras syndrome. | ['In 1993, Baumister et al. described congenital hypertrichosis lanuginose or Ambras syndrome: a distinct form of congenital hypertrichosis characterized by excessive hair growth over the body and face associated with facial and occasional dental anomalies. ', 'Ambras syndrome (AS) is a rare form of congenital hypertri... | ['Ambras syndrome is a distinct form of congenital hypertrichosis characterized by excessive hair growth over the body and face associated with facial and occasional dental anomalies. In patients with this syndrome, the whole body is covered with fine long hair, except for areas where normally no hair grows. There is a... | [] |
Which markers are screened with the triple test for the detection of syndromes in fetus? | ['Our study aimed at calculation and validation of the triple marker medians used in screening Egyptian females as well as to recommend programme conventions to unify screening in this country.', 'Chorionic gonadotropin (CG), α-fetoprotein (AFP) and unconjugated oestriol (uE3) were measured on Siemens Immulite analyzer... | ['The markers that are screened with the triple test for the detection of syndromes in fetus are:\n1) alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), \n2) beta-chorionic gonadotrophin (beta-CG) and \n3) unconjugated oestriol (uE3).'] | ['alpha-fetoprotein', 'AFP', 'α-fetoprotein', 'beta-chorionic gonadotrophin', 'beta-CG', 'unconjugated oestriol', 'uE3'] |
What is the application of the ASSET algorithm in C.elegans? | ['ASSET: a robust algorithm for the automated segmentation and standardization of early Caenorhabditis elegans embryos.', 'The early Caenorhabditis elegans embryo is an attractive model to investigate evolutionarily conserved cellular mechanisms. However, there is a paucity of automated methods to gather quantitative i... | ['ASSET (Algorithm for the Segmentation and the Standardization of C. elegans Time-lapse recordings) is a robust algorithm for the automated segmentation and standardization of early Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. It gathers quantitative information with subcellular precision in the early Caenorhabditis elegans embryo... | [] |
Which interleukin is blocked by Siltuximab? | ['This review also summarizes the biologics targeting either IL-6 or the IL-6 receptor, including tocilizumab, sarilumab, sirukumab, olokizumab, clazakizumab, and siltuximab. ', 'Siltuximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody with high affinity and specificity for interleukin-6, has been shown to enhance anti-multiple myel... | ['Siltuximab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to interleukin-6 with high affinity and specificity.'] | ['interleukin-6'] |
What is the generic name of Gliolan? | ['BACKGROUND: Five-aminolevulinic acid (Gliolan, medac, Wedel, Germany, 5-ALA) is approved for fluorescence-guided resections of adult malignant gliomas. ', 'OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA, Gliolan®) in patients undergoing surgery for malignant glioma, in standard... | ['5-aminolevulinic acid (or 5-ALA) is the generic name of Gliolan. It is approved for fluorescence-guided resections of adult malignant gliomas.'] | ['5-aminolevulinic acid'] |
What is the inheritance of Barth syndrome? | ['Barth syndrome (BTHS) is an X-linked recessive disease primarily affecting males.', 'The results of our study should not only be applicable to BTHS families, but also to families with other X-linked diseases.', 'Barth syndrome, an X-linked disorder that is characterized by cardiomyopathy, neutropenia, skeletal myopat... | ['Barth syndrome (BTHS) has an X-linked recessive pattern of inheritance.'] | ['X-linked recessive pattern of inheritance'] |
Are CpG islands located close to housekeeping genes? | ['our analysis indicates that the association of CGIs with housekeeping genes is not as strong as previously estimated', 'CpG islands are preferentially located at the start of transcription of housekeeping genes and are associated with tissue-specific genes', 'It has been envisaged that CpG islands are often observed ... | ["Our analysis indicates that the association of CGIs with housekeeping genes is not as strong as previously estimated. These regions represent about 1% of genomic DNA and are generally found in the promoter region of housekeeping genes. In housekeeping and many tissue-specific genes, the promoter is embedded in a so-c... | ['yes'] |
Where is base J found in the genome of Leishmania tarentolae? | ['Base J (β-D-glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil) replaces 1% of T in the Leishmania genome and is only found in telomeric repeats (99%) and in regions where transcription starts and stops.', 'Base J is found predominantly in repetitive DNA and correlates with epigenetic silencing of telomeric variant surface glycoprotein ge... | ['Base J (β-D-glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil) replaces 1% of T in the Leishmania genome and is only found in telomeric repeats (99%) and in regions where transcription starts and stops. Base J is found predominantly in repetitive DNA and correlates with epigenetic silencing of telomeric variant surface glycoprotein genes... | ['telomeric repeats'] |
What states the second parity rule (PR2)? | ["Chargaff' s second parity rule (PR2) states that complementary nucleotides are met with almost equal frequencies in single stranded DNA.", 'Sueoka and Lobry declared respectively that, in the absence of bias between the two DNA strands for mutation and selection, the base composition within each strand should be A=T ... | ["The second parity rule (PR2), also known as Chargaff' s second parity rule, is an intra-strand rule which states that, when there are no biases between the two complementary strands of DNA in mutation and selection rates (substitution rates), complementary nucleotides are expected to have almost equal frequencies wit... | [] |
Which amino acid residue appears mutated in most of the cases reported with cadasil syndrome? | ['missense mutations and small deletions in the NOTCH3 gene, not involving cysteine residues, have been described in patients considered to be affected by paucisymptomatic CADASIL. However, the significance of such molecular variants is still unclear', 'CADASIL is caused mostly by missense mutations in the NOTCH3 gene,... | ['CADASIL is caused mostly by missense mutations in the NOTCH3 gene, invariably involving a cysteine residue.'] | ['Cysteine'] |
Is lenvatinib effective for renal cell carcinoma? | ['However, the combination of lenvatinib, a multitargeted agent that inhibits VEGF as well as FGF receptors, and everolimus demonstrated promising results in a randomized phase II trial. ', 'The FDA has approved the combination of lenvatinib and everolimus to treat advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma.', 'Moreov... | ['Yes, combination of lenvatinib and everolimus is approved to treat advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma.'] | ['yes'] |
Do brown fat cells produce heat? | ['WAT and BAT are both involved in energy balance. WAT is mainly involved in the storage and mobilization of energy in the form of triglycerides, whereas BAT specializes in dissipating energy as heat during cold- or diet-induced thermogenesis.', 'Because brown adipose\xa0tissue (BAT) dissipates energy in the form of he... | ['Yes, brown fat cells produce heat.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the "wearing-off" phenomenon in levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson's Disease? | ['It is unlike the "wearing-off" phenomenon that occurs when dopaminergic drug levels decline and responds to dopaminergic rescue drugs. ', 'Unfortunately, chronic use of traditional levodopa/dopa decarboxylase inhibitor formulations is associated with the development of complications, such as wearing-off and dyskinesi... | ["Chronic administration of traditional levodopa/dopa decarboxylase inhibitor formulations to Paskinson's Disease patients is associated with the development of complications, such as wearing-off phenomenon. Wearing-off phenomenon is characterized by the predictable emergence of motor symptoms (e.g. rigidity and freezi... | [] |
Do proton pump inhibitors affect thyroxine absorption? | ['Proton-pump inhibitors, antacids and a long list of drugs may decrease thyroxine absorption', 'Many commonly used drugs, such as bile acid sequestrants, ferrous sulphate, sucralfate, calcium carbonate, aluminium-containing antacids, phosphate binders, raloxifene and proton-pump inhibitors, have also been shown to int... | ['Proton-pump inhibitors, antacids and a long list of drugs may decrease thyroxine absorption.\nPatients with hypothyroidism and normal TSH values during LT4 replacement therapy may need additional thyroid function testing after treatment with PPIs and may need adjustment of their LT4 dose.'] | ['yes'] |
Is aganglionic megacolon a feature of Down syndrome? | ['Down syndrome (DS) is recognized by characteristic facial features, intellectual disability, and an increased risk for cardiac malformations and duodenal atresia. Recently, Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), or congenital aganglionic megacolon, has been seen more often among patients with DS', 'Of the 17 patients with HD w... | ['Down syndrome (DS) is recognized by characteristic facial features, intellectual disability, and an increased risk for cardiac malformations and duodenal atresia. Recently, Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), or congenital aganglionic megacolon, has been seen more often among patients with DS.'] | ['yes'] |
When did the polio vaccine becomes available? | ['Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), developed in the USA by Jonas Salk in the early 1950s, was field tested in 1954,', 'the use of an oral polio vaccine (OPV) during a vaccination campaign launched by the Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, in the Belgian Congo in 1958 and 1959. '] | ['Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), developed in the USA by Jonas Salk in the early 1950s, was field tested in 1954,', 'The Salk polio Vaccine was field tested in 1954.'] | ['1954'] |
Is Calcium/Calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) involved in cardiac arrhythmias and heart failure? | ['In human hypertrophy, both CaMKII and PKA functionally regulate RyR2 and may induce SR Ca(2+) leak. In the transition from hypertrophy to HF, the diastolic Ca(2+) leak increases and disturbed Ca(2+) cycling occurs. This is associated with an increase in CaMKII- but not PKA-dependent RyR2 phosphorylation. CaMKII inhib... | ['Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase expressed abundantly in the heart. CaMKII targets numerous proteins involved in excitation-contraction coupling and excitability, and its activation may simultaneously contribute to heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias. ', ... | ['yes'] |
Is there an association between borna virus and brain tumor? | ['Borna disease virus (BDV), a nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA virus, infects a wide variety of mammalian species and readily establishes a long-lasting, persistent infection in brain cells. ', 'To investigate the biological characteristics of field isolates of Borna disease virus (BDV), as well as to understand BDV ... | ['There is no data to suggest an association between borna virus and brain tumor. Borna disease virus establishes a persistent infection in the central nervous system of vertebrate animal species as well as in tissue cultures causing cellular damage. Infected neural cells, include astrocytes, neurons, oligodendroglioma... | ['no'] |
Which are the main brain dysfunctions caused by hyperbilirubinemia? | ['Bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND) and classical kernicterus are clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hyperbilirubinemia whenever bilirubin levels exceed the capacity of the brain defensive mechanisms in preventing its entrance and cytotoxicity. In such circumstances and depending on the associa... | ['Bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND) and classical kernicterus are the main dysfunctions of hyperbilirubinemia, whenever bilirubin levels exceed the capacity of the brain defensive mechanisms in preventing its entrance and cytotoxicity. Bilirubin accumulation may lead to deficits in auditory, cognitive, an... | [] |
What is the role of venous angioplasty in multiple sclerosis? | ['Balloon angioplasty corrects blood pressure deviation in multiple sclerosis patients undergoing internal jugular vein dilation.', 'PURPOSE: To investigate prevalence of extracranial abnormalities in azygos and internal jugular (IJ) veins using conventional venography and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) in patients wi... | ["Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The proposed treatment for CCSVI is percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, also known as the 'liberation procedure', which is claimed to improve the blood flow in the brain, thereby alleviatin... | [] |
What are PD-1 inhibitors? | [' The programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway negatively regulates T-cell activation and has an important role in regulating antitumor host immunity. Monoclonal antibodies directed against PD-1 or the PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) have shown activity in several tumor types with preliminary data suggesting a relationship between PD-L1... | ['The programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway negatively regulates T-cell activation and has an important role in regulating antitumor host immunity. Monoclonal antibodies directed against PD-1 or the PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) are used to treat cancer. '] | [] |
Is valproic acid effective for glioblastoma treatment? | ['A Phase 2 Study of Concurrent Radiation Therapy, Temozolomide, and the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Valproic Acid for Patients With Glioblastoma.', 'PURPOSE: Valproic acid (VPA) is an antiepileptic agent with histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) activity shown to sensitize glioblastoma (GBM) cells to radiation in p... | ['Yes, valproic acid prolong survival of glioblastoma patients. Valproic acid is an antiepileptic agent with histone deacetylase inhibitor activity shown to sensitize glioblastoma cells to radiation in preclinical models.'] | ['yes'] |
Which kinases does baricitinib inhibit? | ['Reversal of Alopecia Areata Following Treatment With the JAK1/2 Inhibitor Baricitinib.', 'A patient with AA was enrolled in a clinical trial to examine the efficacy of baricitinib, a JAK1/2 inhibitor, to treat concomitant CANDLE syndrome.', 'Baricitinib (also known as LY3009104 or INCB028050), a novel and potent smal... | ['Baricitinib is an inhibitor of Janus kinase family of enzymes (JAKs) with selectivity for JAK1 and JAK2.'] | ['JAK1', 'JAK2'] |
Is dupilumab an antibody targeting the IL-1 receptor? | ['Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by type 2 helper T (Th2) cell-driven inflammation. Dupilumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody directed against the IL-4 receptor α subunit that blocks the signaling of IL-4 and IL-13, both key cytokines in Th2-mediated pathways.', "Dupilumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody... | ['No, Dupilumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody directed against the IL-4 receptor α subunit that blocks the signaling of IL-4 and IL-13, both key cytokines in Th2-mediated pathways.'] | ['no'] |
Is the optogenetics tool ChR2 light-sensitive? | ['Channelrhodospin-2 (ChR2), a light-sensitive ion channel, and its variants have emerged as new excitatory optogenetic tools not only in neuroscience, but also in other areas, including cardiac electrophysiology.', 'Light-sensitive genes chiefly including the genetically targeted light-gated channels channelrhodopsin-... | ['Channelrhodospin-2 (ChR2) is a light-sensitive ion channel that has emerged as new optogenetics tool.'] | ['yes'] |
Which could be some of the possible causes of hypersomnia? | ['Sleep-wake disturbances (SWD) are common after traumatic brain injury (TBI). In acute TBI, we recently found decreased CSF levels of hypocretin-1, a wake-promoting neurotransmitter', 'Hypocretin levels 6 months after TBI were significantly lower in patients with post-traumatic EDS', 'These results suggest that sleep-... | ["Sleep-wake disturbances (SWD) with hypersomnia are common after traumatic brain injury (TBI), with decreased CSF levels of hypocretin-1, a wake-promoting neurotransmitter, in cases of sleep apnea, as well as in up to half the patients with dementia, particularly in vascular dementia, Korsakow syndrome, Parkinson's di... | ['traumatic brain injury (TBI)', 'sleep apnea', 'dementia'] |
Is NOD1 activated in inflammation? | ['Nod1 and Nod2 control bacterial infections and inflammation', 'The Nod proteins Nod1 and Nod2 are two NLR family members that trigger immune defense in response to bacterial peptidoglycan', 'Nod proteins fight off bacterial infections by stimulating proinflammatory signaling and cytokine networks and by inducing anti... | ["Nod proteins fight off bacterial infections by stimulating proinflammatory signaling and cytokine networks and by inducing antimicrobial effectors, such as nitric oxide and antimicrobial peptides. NOD1 engagement generates an inflammatory response via activation of NFκB and MAPK pathways and several inflammatory diso... | ['yes'] |
Do normal cells express the protein TERT? | ['Since telomerase has been recognized as a relevant factor distinguishing cancer cells from normal cells, it has become a very promising target for anti-cancer therapy', 'Telomerase plays a pivotal role in cellular immortality and tumorigenesis. Its activity is normally not detectable in most somatic cells while it is... | ['Νο, telomerase activity is found in 85%-90% of all human cancers but not in their adjacent normal cells. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is an essential component in the telomerase complex that plays an important role in telomerase activity.'] | ['no'] |
What happens to H2AX upon DNA bouble strand breaks? | ['Histone H2AX phosphorylation as a measure of DNA double-strand breaks and a marker of environmental stress and disease activity in lupus', 'DSBs were quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets from patients with SLE, healthy controls, and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by measuring phosphorylate... | [' Phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) is rapidly concentrated in chromatin domains around DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) after the action of ionizing radiation or chemical agents and at stalled replication forks during replication stress The nuclear foci of phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) are frequently used as a marker ... | ['it is rapidly concentrated'] |
How do Ecm22 and Upc2 impact filamentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae via sterol biosynthesis pathways? | ['["Here, we examine the role of the related transcription factors Ecm22 and Upc2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae filamentation.", "The zinc cluster proteins Upc2 and Ecm22 promote filamentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by sterol biosynthesis-dependent and -independent pathways.", "Upc2, a zinc-cluster transcription fac... | Ecm22 and Upc2 impact filamentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae through sterol biosynthesis-dependent and -independent pathways. They promote filamentation by directing transcription of sterol biosynthetic genes and positively controlling the expression of sterol biosynthesis genes. | [] |
Is the H3K4me3 histone mark related to transcriptional initiation or elongation? | ['The histone marks appeared mainly in generic regions and were enriched around the transcription start sites (TSSs) of genes', 'Trimethylation of histone H3 Lys 4 (H3K4me3) is a mark of active and poised promoters.', 'Histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) is well known to occur in the promoter region of genes f... | ['H3K4me3 is associated with transcriptionally active genes, but its function in the transcription process is still unclear. It is well known to occur in the promoter region of genes for transcription activation but its levels correlate positively with the antisense expression levels of the associated sense genes imply... | ['transcriptional initiation'] |
Which depression rating scales were shown to have acceptable psychometric properties for screening of poststroke depression? | ['The Center of Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CESD) (sensitivity: 0.75; 95% CI 0.60 to 0.85; specificity: 0.88; 95% CI 0.71 to 0.95), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) (sensitivity: 0.84; 95% CI 0.75 to 0.90; specificity:0.83; 95% CI 0.72 to 0.90) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 (sens... | ['The Center of Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and the Patient Health Questionnaire, The Beck Depression Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-depression subscale, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, Poststroke Depression Rating Scale and Clinical Global Im... | [] |
What is the typical rash associated with gluten ? | ['Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is an autoimmunity-driven inflammatory blistering dermatosis associated with a gluten-dependent enteropathy. ', 'Dermatitis herpetiformis is an autoimmune blistering disease that appears as a cutaneous manifestation of gluten intolerance. ', 'Treatment of dermatitis herpetiformis is base... | ['Dermatitis herpetiformis is a lifelong, gluten-sensitive, blistering skin disease with pathognomonic immunoglobulin (Ig)A deposits in the papillary dermis.'] | ['dermatitis herpetiformis'] |
What is the mode of inheritance of Facioscapulohumeral muscular
dystrophy (FSHD)? | ['autosomal dominant mode of inheritance'] | ['The mode of inheritance of Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy is autosomal dominant.'] | ['autosomal dominant'] |
Are optogenetics tools used in the study and treatment of epilepsy? | ['The emerging revolutionary technique of optogenetics enables manipulation of the activity of specific neuronal populations in vivo with exquisite spatiotemporal resolution using light. We used optogenetic approaches to test the role of hippocampal excitatory neurons in the lithium-pilocarpine model of acute elicited ... | ['Using optogenetics tools it is possible to begin to address some of the fundamental unanswered questions in epilepsy, to dissect epileptic neuronal circuits and to develop new intervention strategies.'] | ['yes'] |
Has depression been shown to be a predictor of frailty? | ['significant role of frailty as a predictor of depression in a relatively younger old Chinese population', 'significant relationships between frailty and depressive symptoms and mortality at 1 year', 'These findings suggest that malnutrition is a major predictor of frailty or the "failure to thrive" syndrome in older ... | ['Yes'] | ['yes'] |
Which factors activate zygotic gene expression during the maternal-to-zygotic transition in zebrafish? | ['Nanog, Pou5f1 and SoxB1 activate zygotic gene expression during the maternal-to-zygotic transition.', 'Our results demonstrate that maternal Nanog, Pou5f1 and SoxB1 are required to initiate the zygotic developmental program and induce clearance of the maternal program by activating miR-430 expression.', 'Here we show... | ['Nanog, Pou5f1 and SoxB1 activate zygotic gene expression during the maternal-to-zygotic transition. Maternal Nanog, Pou5f1 and SoxB1 are required to initiate the zygotic developmental program and induce clearance of the maternal program by activating miR-430 expression.'] | ['Nanog', 'Pou5f1', 'SoxB1'] |
What are the clinical manifestations of bilateral lens dislocation? | ['["bilateral lens dislocation", "Clinical manifestations include mental retardation, dislocation of the optic lens (ectopia lentis)", "Ectopia lentis is a genetically heterogeneous condition that is characterized by the subluxation of the lens resulting from the disruption of the zonular fibers. "]'] | Clinical manifestations of bilateral lens dislocation include mental retardation and dislocation of the optic lens (ectopia lentis). Ectopia lentis is characterized by the subluxation of the lens due to disruption of the zonular fibers. | [] |
What is magnetoreception? | ['The ability to perceive geomagnetic fields (GMFs) represents a fascinating biological phenomenon. Studies on transgenic flies have provided evidence that photosensitive Cryptochromes (Cry) are involved in the response to magnetic fields (MFs). ', 'Cryptochromes, blue-light absorbing proteins involved in the circadian... | ['Magnetoreception is an enigmatic, poorly understood sensory ability, described mainly on the basis of behavioural studies in animals of diverse taxa. The ability to perceive geomagnetic fields (GMFs) represents a fascinating biological phenomenon. Studies on transgenic flies have provided evidence that photosensitive... | [] |
Which are the most common methods for ctDNA (circulating tumour DNA) detection? | ['existing methods for ctDNA detection are restricted to genetic mutations.', 'Recently, nanoplasmonics has emerged as a platform for one-step dual detection with high sensitivity and specificity.', 'These results demonstrate that the sensor can simultaneously detect the hot-spot mutation and epigenetic changes on the ... | ['Recently, nanoplasmonics has emerged as a platform for one-step dual detection with high sensitivity and specificity. The practice of "liquid biopsy" as a diagnostic, prognostic and theranostic tool in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients is an appealing approach, at least in theory, since it is noninvasive an... | ['nanoplasmonics', 'biosensors', 'liquid biopsy', 'Cancer personalized profiling by deep sequencing', 'CAPP-Seq', 'electrochemical sensors'] |
Which enzymes are involved in global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER) in bacteria? | ['we evaluated the in vivo role of NER in the repair of DNA adducts generated by psoralens (mono- or bi-functional) and UV-A light (PUVA) in E. coli. Cultures of wild-type E. coli K12 and mutants for uvrA, uvrB, uvrC or uvrAC genes were treated with PUVA and cell survival was determined.', 'Nucleotide excision repair (... | ['Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is universally used to recognize and remove many types of DNA damage. In eubacteria, the NER system typically consists of UvrA, UvrB, UvrC, the UvrD helicase, DNA polymerase I, and ligase. Damage recognition during bacterial NER depends upon UvrA, which binds to the damage and loads ... | ['UvrA', 'UvrB', 'UvrC nuclease', 'UvrD 1A helicase', 'DNA polymerase I', 'Ligase', 'Cho nuclease (instead of UvrC)', 'PcrA helicase (instead of Uvrd, in gram-positive bacteria)'] |
Which treatment leads to an increase in neutrophil counts in severe congenital neutropenia? | ['This chapter focuses on cyclic and congenital neutropenia, two very interesting and rare hematological conditions causing severe chronic neutropenia. Both disorders respond well to treatment with the myeloid growth factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)', 'Data on more than 600 patients with CN collect... | ['In phase I/II/III studies in patients with severe congenital and cyclic neutropenia, treatment with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (r-metHuG-CSF) resulted in a rise in the absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) and a reduction in infections ', 'In patients with severe congenital and cyclic neutrop... | [] |
List the existing methods for genetic manipulation of cells. | ['For efficient genetic transformation, Agrobacterium-mediated as well as direct delivery methods have been used successfully. However, these methods suffer from many disadvantages especially in terms of transfer of large genes, gene complexes and gene silencing. To overcome these problems, recently, some efforts have ... | ['Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism\'s genome using biotechnology. New DNA may be inserted in the host genome by first isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using molecular cloning methods to generate a DNA sequence, or by synthesizing the ... | ['Agrobacterium-mediated delivery', 'direct delivery methods', 'methods using plant artificial chromosomes', 'site-directed plasmid mutagenesis', 'combined use of Red/ET recombination and unique restriction site elimination', 'Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs)', 'direct in vitro transposition of viral genomes wit... |
Are there any clinical trials of the effect of evening primrose oil on postmenopausal symptoms ? | ['To analyze whether the time (morning/evening) of administration of a compound containing 60 mg of dry soy seed extract (glycine max) with 40% of total isoflavones, primrose oil and α-tocopherol modifies the effect on the climacteric syndrome.', 'The object of this study was to evaluate the effect of different doses o... | ['Yes'] | ['yes'] |
When was empagliflozin FDA approved? | ['To review available studies of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor approved in 2014 by the European Commission and the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).', 'To review available studies of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-tr... | ['Empagliflozin was approved in 2014 by the European Commission and the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).'] | ['2014'] |
What is the INSURE procedure in premature babies. | [' intubation-surfactant-extubation (INSURE) method in the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS)', 'INSURE method can improve the oxygenation function of the lung, decrease the incidence of VAP and shorten the duration of oxygen therapy in neonates with NRDS', 'intubation, surfactant, and extubatio... | ['The INSURE procedure includes intubation, surfactant administration, and extubation (InSurE). It is used to treat respiratory distress syndrome in newborns.', 'InSurE stands for Intubation-surfactant-extubation and is a method in the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS)'] | [] |
Which calcium/calmodulin dependent protein phosphatase is involved in the activation of the family of NFAT transcription factors (Nuclear Factors of Activated T cells)? | ['Transcription downstream of Ca(2+) influx is in large part funneled through the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), a heavily phosphorylated protein that is cytoplasmic in resting cells, but that enters the nucleus when dephosphorylated by the calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine phospha... | ['The activity of NFAT proteins is tightly regulated by the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase 2B/calcineurin (CaN).Dephosphorylation of NFAT by CaN is required for NFAT nuclear localization.'] | ['Calcineurin', 'CaN', 'phosphatase 2b'] |
What is the major adverse effect of Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in cancer patients? | ['["It remains to be seen whether inhibition by adriamycin of these systems is related to the severe cardiotoxicity, the major adverse effect of the drug that limits its clinical usefulness.", "Leukocytopenia was the major adverse effect among patients undergoing systemic THP administration", "The major adverse effect ... | The major adverse effect of DOX treatment in cancer patients is the onset of cardiomyopathy and heart failure | [] |
Which are the main clinical features of Fanconi anemia? | ['The clinical features of cytopenia, developmental defects, and tumor predisposition are similar in each group, suggesting that the gene products participate in a common pathway.', 'Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous recessive disorder characterized by diverse congenital malformation... | ['Fanconi anaemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disease characterised by congenital abnormalities, defective haemopoiesis, and increased risk of malignancies.', 'Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous recessive disorder characterized by diverse congenital malformations, progressive pancy... | ['congenital abnormalities', 'defective haemopoiesis', 'increased risk of malignancies', 'cellular hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents'] |
Is it possible to detect survivin protein expression in normal human adult tissues? | ['Survivin (BIRC5) is one of the members of IAP-family apoptosis inhibitors. The BIRCS gene is expressed in most human embryonic tissues and malignant tumors but not in normal differentiated tissues of adult human.', 'Survivin is an inhibitor of apoptosis that is undetectable in most terminally differentiated normal hu... | ['No. Survivin is an inhibitor of apoptosis that is undetectable in normal differentiated tissues of adult human.', 'Most normal adult tissues do not express survivin, thymus and testis are the only exceptions.'] | ['no'] |
Does molindone affect body weight? | ['Mean weight increased by 0.54 kg, and mean body mass index by 0.24 kg/m(2). ', 'A large-scale trial comparing a first-generation antipsychotic (molindone) with newer agents did not find significant differences in treatment response, although the newer antipsychotics were associated with more severe weight gain. ', 'N... | ['Yes, molindone has a tendency to cause weight loss or limited weight gain.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the role of IL-18BP? | ['Interleukin 18--binding protein ameliorates liver ischemia--reperfusion injury.', ' IL-18BP exhibited anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and protective effects in I/R-mediated hepatic injury via regulating some liver enzyme activities and cytokine levels. ', "Because of IL-18's potential pro-inflammatory and tissue dest... | ['IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) is a natural inhibitor of IL-18. The balance between IL-18 and IL-18BP has an important role in the inflammatory setting.'] | ['IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) is a natural inhibitor of IL-18. The balance between IL-18 and IL-18BP has an important role in the inflammatory setting.'] |
How does the organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3) play a role in the regulation of neurotransmission in the brain? | ['["The organic cation transporter (OCT) 3 is widely expressed in various organs in humans, and involved in the disposition of many exogenous and endogenous compounds. Several lines of evidence have suggested that OCT3 expressed in the brain plays an important role in the regulation of neurotransmission. ", "The organi... | Several lines of evidence have suggested that OCT3 expressed in the brain plays an important role in the regulation of neurotransmission. | [] |
How is bladder wall thickness measured? | ['Modifications of the bladder wall (organ damage) in patients with bladder outlet obstruction: ultrasound parameters.', 'Early identification of bladder changes by noninvasive transabdominal ultrasound', 'Measurement of the bladder wall thickness (BWT) or detrusor wall thickness (DWT) by US is reliable,', 'Also conven... | ['Ultrasound'] | ['Ultrasound'] |
What roles do zinc-dependent endopeptidases play in physiological and pathological processes through ECM cleavage? | ['["matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9", "matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) gene ", "matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)", "Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a secreted glycoprotein with a major role in shaping the extracellular matrix and a detailed understanding of the secretory mechanism could help identify methods ... | Zinc-dependent endopeptidases, specifically extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), are involved in physiological and pathological processes through the cleavage of the extracellular matrix. These enzymes play a crucial role in remodeling the ECM and regulating various cellular functions. | [] |
Are there enhancer RNAs (eRNAs)? | ['active enhancers are transcribed, producing a class of noncoding RNAs called enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). eRNAs are distinct from long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), but these two species of noncoding RNAs may share a similar role in the activation of mRNA transcription', ' eRNAs may then facilitate enhancer-promoter interactio... | ['Yes. Active enhancers are transcribed, producing a class of noncoding RNAs called enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). eRNAs are distinct from long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), but these two species of noncoding RNAs may share a similar role in the activation of mRNA transcription.'] | ['yes'] |
Does smoking increase risk for glioblastoma? | ['Glioma risk has consistently been inversely associated with allergy history but not with smoking history despite putative biologic plausibility.', 'No relation was observed between glioma risk and smoking (odds ratio = 0.92, 95% confidence interval: 0.77, 1.10; P = 0.37), and there were no interactions for glioma ris... | ['No. Smoking does not increase risk for glioblastoma.'] | ['no'] |
Can tetracycline affect tooth formation? | ['he results of that study, reported earlier (Rebich et al., 1983), indicated that over one-fifth of the American Indian children had discoloration of the dentition due to ingestion of tetracycline during the years of tooth formatio', 'ale Wistar rats prelabeled with tetracycline to mark surfaces of bone and tooth form... | ['Tetracycline is incorporated in the teeth during their formation and leads to their permanent staining. A definite relationship between total dosage and staining and duration of administration and staining was established; the condition occurred with greater frequency (in more than one-third of the children) when the... | ['yes'] |
Is myasthenia gravis associated with osteoporosis? | ['We performed PVP in 4 patients with generalized MG associated with recent steroid-induced symptomatic VFs. ', 'In this case report, we used tacrolimus to successfully treat a 13-year-old boy with ocular MG who had suffered from severe steroid complications, including a failure of thrive and osteoporosis.', ' INTRODUC... | ['Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a neuromuscular disease which has been associated with an increased risk of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Thymectomy can also increase risk for osteoporosis. Appropriate osteoporosis preventive measures can reduce osteoporosis risk in MG patients.'] | ['yes'] |
Magnetic beads has been used in numerous applications. List some coatings used. | ['aptamer-based magnetic separation system ', 'enzymes coated to magnetic beads', ' Aptamers are short, single-stranded (ss) oligonucleotidesable to recognize target molecules with high affinity. ', ' Recent developments involve immobilization of tagged enzymes onto magnetic nanoparticles. ', 'Using magnetic beads to i... | ['aptamers\nenzymes\nstreptavidin\nconcanavalin A\ncarboxylic-modified \nTiO2\nantibodies\nSELEX library\nsynthesized DNA\nC18\nC8\noligo(dT)'] | ['aptamers', 'enzymes', 'streptavidin', 'concanavalin A', 'carboxylic-modified', 'TiO2', 'antibodies', 'SELEX library', 'synthesized DNA', 'C18', 'C8', 'oligo(dT)'] |
Can telomere length shortening be reversed by telomerase? | ['Telomere length is regulated around an equilibrium set point. Telomeres shorten during replication and are lengthened by telomerase. Disruption of the length equilibrium leads to disease; thus, it is important to understand the mechanisms that regulate length at the molecular level. ', 'High telomerase activity is de... | ['Yes, telomerase gene therapy rescues telomere length, bone marrow aplasia, and survival in mice with aplastic anemia.'] | ['yes'] |
Which R package is used for visualization of linear and circular karyotypes? | ['chromDraw: an R package for visualization of linear and circular karyotypes.', 'The chromDraw graphical tool was developed as a user-friendly graphical tool for visualizing both linear and circular karyotypes based on the same input data matrix. The output graphics, saved in two different formats (EPS and SVG), can b... | ['The chromDraw graphical tool was developed as a user-friendly graphical tool for visualizing both linear and circular karyotypes based on the same input data matrix. The output graphics, saved in two different formats (EPS and SVG), can be easily imported to and modified in presentation and image-editing computer pro... | ['chromDraw'] |
Which medication should be administered when managing patients with suspected acute opioid overdose? | ['Opioid overdose has a high mortality, but is often reversible with appropriate overdose management and naloxone (opioid antagonist). ', 'Training clinicians how to manage an opioid overdose and administer naloxone was effective.', 'For patients who have ingested dextromethorphan and are sedated or comatose, naloxone,... | ['Naloxone is opioid anagonist that should be administered for all patients with suspected acute opioid overdose. Intravenous naltrexone hydrochloride is usually administered, however, other formulations, including enteral methylnaltrexone, nebulized naloxone and subcutaneous naloxone, are under investigation and can b... | ['naloxone'] |
Which residue of alpha-synuclein was found to be phosphorylated in Lewy bodies? | ["Alpha-synuclein phosphorylated at serine 129 (S129) is highly elevated in Parkinson's disease patients where it mainly accumulates in the Lewy bodies", "Approximately 90% of α-syn deposited in Lewy bodies is phosphorylated at serine 129 (Ser129). In contrast, only 4% or less of total α-syn is phosphorylated at this r... | ["Alpha-synuclein phosphorylated at serine 129 (S129) is highly elevated in Parkinson's disease patients where it mainly accumulates in the Lewy bodiesApproximately 90% of α-syn deposited in Lewy bodies is phosphorylated at serine 129 (Ser129). In contrast, only 4% or less of total α-syn is phosphorylated at this resid... | ['Serine 129'] |
Could Arimidex (anastrozole) cause hot flashes? | ['More than a third of breast cancer patients undergoing aromatase inhibitor (AI) treatment report joint pain.', 'In the first 6 weeks, emergence of joint pain was associated with increase in general pain, fatigue, disturbed sleep, hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and decreased sexual activity.', 'Antiestrogen therapy can... | ['Yes. Hot flashes are one of the most common adverse effects of Arimidex.'] | ['yes'] |
Is Weaver syndrome similar to Sotos? | ['Overgrowth conditions are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterised by increased growth and variable features, including macrocephaly, distinctive facial appearance and various degrees of learning difficulties and intellectual disability. Among them, Sotos and Weaver syndromes are clinically well defined and d... | ['Overgrowth conditions are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterised by increased growth and variable features, including macrocephaly, distinctive facial appearance and various degrees of learning difficulties and intellectual disability. Among them, Sotos and Weaver syndromes are clinically well defined and d... | ['yes'] |
Are there any HCV replication inhibitors available? | ['We report here the discovery of the first small-molecule HCV infectivity inhibitor, GS-563253, also called HCV infectivity inhibitor 1 (HCV II-1). ', 'Resistance to mericitabine (prodrug of HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitor PSI-6130) is rare and conferred by the NS5B S282T mutation.', "We tested the ability of NA808 to i... | ['Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide health problem causing serious complications, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatoma. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) have been reported to suppress gene expression significantly. HCV seems a suitable candidate for targets of siRNA... | ['yes'] |
Which infection can be prevented with Dapivirine? | ['OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to comprehensively assess mRNA expression of 84 drug transporters in human colorectal biopsies and six representative cell lines, and to investigate the alteration of drug transporter gene expression after exposure to three candidate microbicidal antiretroviral (ARV) drug... | ['Vaginal ring containing Dapivirine is used for HIV prevention in women.'] | ['HIV'] |
Does TGF-beta play a role in cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction? | ['We then performed a chemical screen and identified several small molecules that increase or reduce cardiomyocyte proliferation during heart development. These compounds act via Hedgehog, Insulin-like growth factor or Transforming growth factor β signaling pathways. ', 'Here, we report that the balance between the rep... | ['TGFβ signaling orchestrates the beneficial interplay between scar-based repair and cardiomyocyte-based regeneration to achieve complete heart regeneration.'] | ['yes'] |
How is CBX1/M31 related to position-effect variegation? | ['First, forced expression of full-length SUV39H1 (412 amino acids) redistributes endogenous M31 (HP1beta) and induces abundant associations with inter- and metaphase chromatin', 'Together, our data reveal a dominant role(s) for the SET domain of SUV39H1 in the distribution of prominent heterochromatic proteins and sug... | ['M31 is a heterochromatin component, that is concentrated in the XY body during spermatogenesis. M31 overexpression has two contrasting effects which are dependent on chromosomal context: (i) it enhanced PEV in those lines with centromeric or pericentromeric transgene locations; and (ii) it suppressed PEV when the tra... | [] |
Is marijuana use associated with increased risk for stroke? | ['The illicit drugs more commonly associated with stroke are psychomotor stimulants, such as amphetamine and cocaine. Less commonly implicated are opioids and psychotomimetic drugs, including cannabis.', 'Among 326 patients (184 males), the most frequent stroke risk factors overall were dyslipidaemia (187), smoking (16... | ['Yes, the use of marijuana is associated with increased risk for ischemic stroke, especially in young adults. The mechanisms underlying such association remain largely unclear, but increased vascular reactivity and increased cerebrovascular resistance were implicated.'] | ['yes'] |
Which factors are considered in the ABCD2 score? | ["The 'accuracy' of age, blood pressure, clinical features, duration and diabetes (ABCD(2)) scoring by non-stroke specialists referring patients to a daily Rapid Access Stroke Prevention (RASP) service is unclear, as is the accuracy of ABCD(2) scoring by trainee residents. ", ' Classification of low risk was based on a... | ['Age, Blood pressure, Clinical features, Duration of symptoms and Diabetes are included in the ABCD2 score, which is used to identify patients having a transient ischemic attack who are at high risk for imminent stroke.'] | ['Age', 'Blood pressure', 'Clinical features', 'Duration of symptoms', 'Diabetes'] |
Which is the most common editing modification in eukaryotic mRNA? | ['One of the most common forms of pre-mRNA editing is A-to-I editing, in which adenosine is deaminated to inosine, which is read as guanosine during translation.', 'Deamination of adenine by adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADARs) leads to the conversion of adenine into inosine (A-I editing) recognized by the spli... | ['One of the most common forms of pre-mRNA editing is A-to-I editing, in which adenosine is deaminated to inosine, which is read as guanosine during translation.'] | ['A-to-I'] |
What is the link between TB (Turbeculosis) infection and TNFa inhibition? | ['The use of TNFalpha blockers is associated with reactivation of tuberculosis (TB)', 'We present two patients with inflammatory bowel disease who, despite negative tuberculosis screening, developed a de novo tuberculosis infection after the start of anti tumor necrosis factor alpha treatment.', 'To compare the perform... | ['The occurrence of tuberculosis (TB) in patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs (ISD) is an old problem that has been highlighted by cases occurring in patients using anti-TNFalpha drugs.'] | [] |
Which receptors are targeted by a drug Macitentan? | ['Macitentan is a novel dual endothelin receptor antagonist with sustained receptor binding in clinical development for pulmonary arterial hypertension. ', 'This prospective, randomised, double-blind, multicentre, parallel-group, placebo-controlled phase II trial (NCT00903331) investigated the efficacy and safety of th... | ['Endothelin receptor A and endothelin receptor B are targeted by a drug Macitentan. Macitentan is a potent, orally active, non-peptide dual antagonist of endothelin receptors A and B that is approved for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.'] | ['endothelin receptor A', 'endothelin receptor B'] |
Which are the 3 basic transcription factors that have been used for the direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes or cardiomyocyte like-cells? | ['Direct reprogramming of human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) into cardiomyocytes may hold great potential for this purpose. We reported previously that induced cardiomyocyte-like cells (iCMs) can be directly generated from mouse cardiac fibroblasts in vitro and vivo by transduction of three transcription factors: Gata4, ... | ['Direct reprogramming of human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) into cardiomyocytes may hold great potential for this purpose. We found that functional cardiomyocytes can be directly induced from fibroblasts by a combination of three cardiac transcription factors, Gata4, Mef2c and Tbx5, in vitro and in vivo.', 'Direct repro... | ['Gata4', 'Mef2c', 'Tbx5'] |
Does dasatinib promote or inhibit T-cell proliferation? | ['Dasatinib inhibited antigen-specific proliferation of murine CD4(+) and CD8(+) transgenic T cells in vitro and in vivo', 'Herein, we show that dasatinib inhibits TCR-mediated signal transduction, cellular proliferation, cytokine production, and in vivo T-cell responses. ', 'Both dasatinib and staurosporine inhibited ... | ['Dasatinib inhibits T-cell proliferation'] | ['inhibits'] |
What is the effect of enamel matrix derivative on pulp regeneration? | ['Among the human studies, two studies reported that EMD is a more efficient DPC procedure compared with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 ). One study reported Ca(OH)2 to be more efficient for DPC than EMD. One study reported no difference in the efficacies between EMD and Ca(OH)2 for DPC. All animal studies reported EMD to ... | ['EMD increased the osteogenic potential of hDPCs. The expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes, such as ALP, DSPP, BMP, and OPN were also upregulated. In addition, the expression levels of odontogenesis-related transcription factors Osterix and Runx2 were upregulated. Proliferated pulp tissue partly filled the ... | ['increase of the osteogenic potential of hDPCs'] |
What is the anatomical structure crucial in optic nerve glioma surgery, named after Johann Gottfried Zinn? | ['["Should the annular tendon of the eye be named \'annulus of Zinn\' or \'of Valsalva\'?", "The annular tendon is commonly named \'annulus of Zinn\', from the German anatomist and botanist Johann Gottfried Zinn (1727-1759) who described this structure in his Descriptio anatomica oculi humani (Anatomical Description of... | annulus of Zinn | [] |
How does saxagliptin compare to other DPP-4 inhibitors in treating type 2 diabetes? | [' up to October 1st, 2013.", "Saxagliptin.", "Vildagliptin.", "an extensive Medline, Embase and Cochrane Database search for \'vildagliptin\', \'sitagliptin\', \'saxagliptin\', \'alogliptin\', \'linagliptin\' and \'dutogliptin\' was performed up to 1 March 2013.", "An extensive Medline and Embase search for \'vildagli... | Saxagliptin has been compared to other DPP-4 inhibitors in clinical trials, showing similar efficacy and safety profiles. In some studies, saxagliptin has been found to be non-inferior or equivalent to other DPP-4 inhibitors like sitagliptin, vildagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin in treating type 2 diabetes. | [] |
Is corpus callosum involved in the Mowat–Wilson syndrome? | [' The syndrome is characterized by typical facial features, moderate-to-severe mental retardation, epilepsy and variable congenital malformations, including Hirschsprung disease, genital anomalies, congenital heart disease, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and eye defects. ', 'Mowat-Wilson syndrome in a fetus with ant... | ['Yes, agenesis of the corpus callosum is common patients with Mowat–Wilson syndrome. Other characteristic features of Mowat–Wilson syndrome include typical facial features, moderate-to-severe mental retardation, epilepsy and variable congenital malformations, including Hirschsprung disease, genital anomalies, congenit... | ['yes'] |
Which drugs are included in the FEC-75 regimen? | ['Fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FEC-75) followed by paclitaxel plus trastuzumab versus paclitaxel plus trastuzumab followed by FEC-75 plus trastuzumab as neoadjuvant treatment for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer (Z1041): a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial.', 'Patients randomly assigned ... | ['Fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide are included in the FEC-75 regimen. This chemotherapy regiment is used for breast cancer treatment.'] | ['fluorouracil', 'epirubicin', 'cyclophosphamide'] |
Which enzyme is crucial for protein function regulation and tumorigenesis by interacting with partners needed for sumoylation in the pathway? | ['oylation and plays a central role by interacting with almost all of the partners required for sumoylation", "Here we demonstrate that the synaptic diffusion of Ubc9, the sole conjugating enzyme of the sumoylation pathway, is regulated by synaptic activity", "Here, we investigated inhibition of sumoylation as a novel ... | Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9 (Ubc9) | [] |
Which is the target of the drug Denosumab? | ['Denosumab is a human monoclonal antibody which specifically blocks receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand and is a very potent antiresorptive drug. ', 'denosumab, a monoclonal antibody against RANKL', 'Denosumab is a human monoclonal antibody indicated for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women... | ['Denosumab (Dmab) is a fully human monoclonal antibody against the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL).'] | ['receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand', 'RANKL'] |
What is the mechanism of action of Osimertinib? | ['In addition, mutations leading to resistance to first-line EGFR and ALK TKIs can now be successfully inhibited by soon to be approved third-generation EGFR TKIs (osimertinib, rociletinib) and second-generation ALK TKIs (ceritinib, alectinib). ', 'Gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib are the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibit... | ['Osimertinib is a third-generation irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor of both activating EGFR mutations and resistance-associated T790M point mutation.'] | [] |
What is adhesive capsulitis | ['Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) is a common cause of shoulder pain and disability', 'Adhesive capsulitis is characterized by painful, gradual loss of active and passive shoulder motion resulting from fibrosis and contracture of the joint capsule.', "Painful stiffening of the shoulder, 'frozen shoulder' is a com... | ['Adhesive capsulitis also known as "frozen shoulder" is characterized by painful, gradual loss of active and passive shoulder motion resulting from fibrosis and contracture of the joint capsule.'] | [] |
Is microRNA(miRNA) 30 involved in post-ischemic cardiac remodeling? | ['The myocardium of the failing heart undergoes a number of structural alterations, most notably hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes and an increase in extracellular matrix proteins, often seen as primary fibrosi', 'Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a key molecule in the process of fibrosis and therefore seems an a... | ['Myocardial remodeling after an ischemic insult involves extracellular matrix proteins with increased fibrosis\nInitial experimental data indicate that miRNA 30 decreases CTGF a key molecule in the process of fibrosis, by directly downregulating the production of CTGF'] | ['yes'] |
What is known as Von Hippel–Lindau disease or syndrome? | ['Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome is an autosomal dominant inherited phacomatosis with a predisposition for the central nervous system and retina. There is variable expression with hemangioblastomas in the brain, medulla oblongata, spinal chord, renal carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, pancreatic cysts and islet cell tumors as we... | ['von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a rare, autosomal dominantly inherited multisystem disorder characterized by development of a variety of benign and malignant tumors, which are usually accompanied with cysts. The spectrum of clinical manifestations of the disease is broad and includes retinal and central nervous sy... | [] |
Which is the underlying mechanism for exon skipping used to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy? | ['Antisense-mediated exon skipping therapy is a promising therapeutic approach that uses short DNA-like molecules called antisense oligonucleotides (AOs) to skip over/splice out the mutated part of the gene to produce a shortened but functional dystrophin protein', 'many DMD patients need exon skipping of multiple exon... | ['Antisense-mediated exon skipping therapy is a promising therapeutic approach that uses short DNA-like molecules called antisense oligonucleotides (AOs) to skip over/splice out the mutated part of the gene to produce a shortened but functional dystrophin protein. Many Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy patients need exon ski... | [] |
How are GRBs (Genomic Regulatory Blocks) defined? | ['Reporter insertions distal to zebrafish developmental regulatory genes pax6.1/2, rx3, id1, and fgf8 and miRNA genes mirn9-1 and mirn9-5 recapitulate the expression patterns of these genes even if located inside or beyond bystander genes, suggesting that the regulatory domain of a developmental regulatory gene can ext... | ["Genomic regulatory blocks (GRBs) are chromosomal regions spanned by highly conserved non-coding elements (HCNEs), most of which serve as regulatory inputs of one target gene in the region. The target genes are most often transcription factors involved in embryonic development and differentiation. GRBs often contain e... | [] |
Is p100 the precursor protein molecule of the NF-kappaB transcription factor subunit p50? | ['We previously reported that alymphoplasia (aly/aly) mice, which have a natural loss-of-function mutation in the Nik gene, which encodes a kinase essential for the processing of p100 to p52 in the alternative nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, show mild osteopetrosis with an increase in several parameters of bone form... | ['No, the precursor molecule for NF-kappaB p50 is p105 and not p100. Nfkb2 encodes two members of the NF-kappa B/Rel family of proteins: p52 and p100. The p100 polypeptide has been proposed to serve as a precursor of p52 (and not of p50), which corresponds to the N-terminal half of p100. NF-kappaB functions as a hetero... | ['no'] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.