question stringlengths 13 291 | contexts stringlengths 2 24.7k | ground_truth stringlengths 6 6.9k ⌀ | exact_answer stringlengths 2 710 |
|---|---|---|---|
Which is the methyl donor of histone methyltransferases? | ['While SAMe is a methyl donor, MTA is an inhibitor of methylation. SAMe can convert to MTA spontaneously, so the effect of exogenous SAMe may be mediated by MTA.', 'Based on known SET domain structures, the mutations likely affect either the lysine-substrate binding pocket, the binding site for the adenosylmethionine ... | ['The major methyl donor of histone methyltransferases (HMTs) is S-adenosyl-L–methionine (SAM, AdoMet).'] | ['S-adenosyl-L–methionine', 'SAM', 'AdoMet', 'S-Adenosylmethionine', 'adenosylmethionine', 'S-Adenosyl methionine'] |
How is synapsin described as an evolutionarily conserved presynaptic phosphoprotein? | ['["Synapsin is an evolutionarily conserved presynaptic phosphoprotein.", "Synapsins as a family of presynaptic terminal phosphoprotein participates in neuronal development", "Synapsin III (SynIII) is a phosphoprotein", "The neuronal phosphoprotein synapsin III", "Synapsin II is a member of the neuronal phosphoprotein ... | Synapsin is described as an evolutionarily conserved presynaptic phosphoprotein in the context. | [] |
List all approved indications for Glivec | ['The limited available experience suggests that imatinib could be considered as an individualized treatment approach in severe SSc and underscores the need to identify markers for selecting particular patients, who will safely respond to therapeutic inhibition of tyrosine kinases.', 'Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (D... | ['CML - blast crisis, in accelerated phase, and in chronic phase after interferon failure or intolerance. Glivec received orphan drug status from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Office of Orphan Products Development on January 31, 2001, and accelerated approval from the FDA for the above three indications ... | ['Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)', 'Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)', 'Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP)'] |
What disease is Velcade (bortezomib) mainly used for? | ['patients with multiple myeloma (MM)', 'bortezomib, and lenalidomide have shown improved outcomes in these patients.', 'Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor drug very effective against multiple myeloma, may induce the so-called bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy (BIPN), hardly manageable with common analgesic drug... | ['Velcade (bortezomid), a proteasome inhibitor drug indicated for multiple myeloma (MM) treatment. Velcade is also approved for the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma.'] | ['multiple myeloma'] |
List scales that are used for scoring of patients with spinal metastasis? | ['METHODS: Outcomes of surgery, prognostic factors for survival, and relevance of Tomita and Tokuhashi scores were investigated.', 'PURPOSE: To assess variability in the use of Tomita and modified Bauer scores in spine metastases.', 'Only the Tomita scoring system was shown to be an independent prognostic factor for ov... | ['Tokuhashi, Tomita, Bauer, and Oswestry scores are used for survival prediction of patients with spinal metastases.'] | ['Tokuhashi', 'Tomita', 'Bauer', 'Oswestry'] |
List sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors that have been FDA approved for type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment. | ['Canagliflozin was the first SGLT2 inhibitor to be approved by the US FDA for use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, and recently dapagliflozin has also been approved.', 'To review available studies of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor approved in 2014 by the European Commission and ... | ['Canagliflozin, along with dapagliflozin and empagliflozin, are SGLT2 inhibitors approved by the US FDA for use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.'] | ['Dapagliflozin', 'Empagliflozin', 'Canagliflozin'] |
What type of enzyme is peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2)? | ['Peroxiredoxin-2 (PRDX-2) is an antioxidant and chaperone-like protein critical for cell function.', 'We found that the antioxidant enzyme peroxiredoxin-2 (Prx2) inversely correlated with the metastatic capacity of human melanoma cells.', 'The aim of this study was to examine gonadotropin regulation of antioxidant enz... | ['Peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2) is an antioxidant enzyme that uses cysteine residues to decompose peroxides. \nPeroxiredoxin-2 (PRDX2), an enzyme reducing hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides \nPeroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2) is a thiol-dependent peroxidase.'] | ['antioxidant'] |
Has the gorilla genome been determined? | ['Starting with human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan genomes, our software generated an exhaustive data set of 292 ALs (∼1 kb each) in ∼3 h. ', 'We generated a high-quality assembly of the gorilla genome using single-molecule, real-time sequence technology and a string graph de novo assembly algorithm', 'Here we p... | ['Yes, the gorilla genome has been sequenced.'] | ['yes'] |
Is sumoylation implicated in myogenesis? | ['Sentrin/small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-specific protease 2 (SENP2) has broad de-SUMOylation activities in vitro, which is essential for embryonic heart development.', 'Silencing SENP2 can reduce myostatin expression and, therefore, promote myogenesis of skeletal muscle. These results reveal the important role o... | ['Yes, sumoylation is implicated in myogenesis.', 'Yes, protein sumoylation present in myoblasts is regulated in myogenesis.'] | ['yes'] |
Which drugs affect insulin resistance in obesity? | ['enistein treatment could help reduce insulin resistance through the amelioration of OVX-induced metabolic dysfunction, and the GSEA approach may be useful in proposing putative targets related to insulin resistance.', 'he positive effects of ACE inhibitor drugs, particularly on hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resist... | ['Enistein treatment could help reduce insulin resistance\nACE inhibitor drugs may improve insulin resistance'] | ['Enistein', 'ACE inhibitors'] |
What components make up the major light-harvesting complex in cyanobacteria and red algae, and what is their role in photosynthesis? | [' "The amino acid sequences deduced from both rpeA and rpeB present strong homologies with those previously reported for phycoerythrin subunits of cyanobacteria, rhodophyta, and cryptomonads", "These transcripts are present in RNA isolated from cultures grown in red and green light, although lower levels of the 1600-b... | The major light-harvesting complex in cyanobacteria and red algae is the phycobilisome, which is a water-soluble complex located on the outer surface of the photosynthetic membranes. It is composed of both pigmented phycobiliproteins (85%) and non-pigmented linker (15%) polypeptides. The phycobiliproteins, including ph... | [] |
Which gene is associated with Muenke syndrome? | ['Abstract Muenke is a fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR-3) associated syndrome, which was first described in late 1990s. ', 'The syndrome is defined molecularly by a unique point mutation c.749C>G in exon 7 of the FGFR3 gene which results to an amino acid substitution p.Pro250Arg of the protein product. ', 'Mu... | ['Muenke syndrome has been related to a mutation on the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR3) gene.'] | ['Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3)'] |
Which antibiotics target peptidoglycan biosynthesis? | ['Treatment with antibiotics that interfere with peptidoglycan biosynthesis inhibits chloroplast division in the desmid Closterium', 'To detect cells just after division, we used colchicine, which inhibits Closterium cell elongation after division', 'The antibiotics bacitracin and vancomycin showed no obvious effect.',... | ['Under some conditions, both ramoplanin and vancomycin probes produce helicoid staining patterns along the cylindrical walls of B. subtilis cells. This work has implications for the design of ramoplanin derivatives and may influence how other proposed substrate binding antibiotics are studied. This was confirmed by in... | ['colchicine', 'fosfomycin', 'bacitracin', 'vancomycin', 'D-cycloserine', 'seromycin', 'ampicillin', 'cinnamycin', 'ramoplanin', 'muraymycin', 'mersacidin'] |
What is the association between cell phone use and glioblastoma? | ['Decreased survival of glioma cases with long-term and high cumulative use of wireless phones was found. ', 'There was no significant association between glioma and alcohol consumption, smoking and mobile phone use.', 'Regular cell phone use was not associated with an increased risk of neuroma (OR=0,92; 95% confidence... | ['The association between cell phone use and incident glioblastoma remains unclear. Some studies have reported that cell phone use was associated with incident glioblastoma, and with reduced survival of patients diagnosed with glioblastoma. However, other studies have repeatedly replicated to find an association betwee... | [] |
What histone modification is recognized by the bromodomain? | ['acetyllysine-specific protein-protein interaction with bromodomain reader modules', 'Bromodomains bind acetylated lysines, acting as readers of the histone-acetylation code', ' three acetyllysine ligands are indentified for a PHD-adjacent bromodomain in BPTF via systematic screening and biophysical characterization.'... | ['Acetylated lysines in histones (generally H3 and H4)'] | ['Acetylated lysines'] |
Why does the prodrug amifostine (ethyol) create hypoxia? | ['Amifostine (WR-2721, delivered as Ethyol) is a phosphorylated aminothiol compound clinically used in addition to cis-platinum to reduce the toxic side effects of therapeutic treatment on normal cells without reducing their efficacy on tumour cells. ', 'However, amifostine has also been described as a potent hypoxia-m... | ['After the administration of Prodrug amifostine the cells of the tissue prefer anaerobic glycolysis rather than regular cellular aerobic respiration. By the beggining of anaerobic glycolysis the inducible by hypoxia proteins are induced and by all these molecules the hypoxic conditions consist of.'] | [] |
Which disease has been associated to a disruptive ALX1 protein? | ['Disruption of ALX1 causes extreme microphthalmia and severe facial clefting: expanding the spectrum of autosomal-recessive ALX-related frontonasal dysplasia.', 'In the second family we identified a homozygous donor-splice-site mutation (c.531+1G>A) in the ALX1 gene, providing evidence that complete loss of function o... | ['Disruption of ALX1 causes extreme microphthalmia and severe facial clefting: expanding the spectrum of autosomal-recessive ALX-related frontonasal dysplasia.'] | ['frontonasal dysplasia'] |
What is the inheritance of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency? | ['Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the commonest red cell enzymopathy in humans and has an X-linked inheritance.', " The high manifestation of G6PD deficiency in women may be due to the preferential expression of the G6PD-deficient gene and X-inactivation of the normal gene, and/or to the presence... | ['Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the commonest red cell enzymopathy in humans and has a recessive X-linked inheritance.'] | ['recessive X-linked inheritance'] |
Which medical diagnostic tests are used to test kidney function? | ['kidney dysfunction and decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are diagnosed by the evaluation of changes in the serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations. ', 'Renal biomarkers, especially those present in urine, may be useful for the study of both acute and chronic nephropathies.', 'The ... | ['Most common tests used in diagnosing normal kidney function include blood tests such as serum creatinine levels, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, also medical imaging tests like ultrasound and CT Scan. Additionally kidney biopsy is used in more direct but invasive approach. Lastl... | ['Blood Tests', 'Imaging Tests', 'Kidney Biopsy', 'Urine Tests', 'estimated GFR (eGFR)', 'Decreased tryptophan (TRP)'] |
How does TNF affect thyroid hormone receptors? | ['treatment of the cells with T(3) for 2 d induced the expression of thyroid hormone receptor-beta and caspase-3, and this thyroid hormone receptor-beta induction was drastically repressed by xTNF-alpha.'] | ['TNF-alpha inhibits the T3-induced expression of thyroid hormone receptor-beta'] | [] |
How many disulfide bridges has the protein hepcidin got? | [' hepcidin, containing four disulfide bridges', "Cshepc has eight cysteines formed four conserved disulfide bridges, similarly to that of human's", 'The native peptide of 25 amino acids (Hepc25) contains four disulfide bridges that maintain a β-hairpin motif.', 'Hepcidin, a 25 amino acid peptide hormone containing a c... | ['Hepcidin contains eight cysteine residues that form four disulfide bridges.'] | ['Hepcidin contains eight cysteine residues that form four disulfide bridges'] |
What is the treatment of triiodothyronine toxicosis? | ['Three patients met the criteria for free T3 toxicosis and three had subclinical hyperthyroidism. All six patients had either multinodular glands or a single nodule on thyroid exam. Four patients were treated with radioactive iodine or surgery, resulting in reversal of the TSH suppression in three cases.', '6 months t... | ['Treatment of T3 toxicosis is a complex medical problem because not well responsive to the various options. Usual treatment includes antithyroid drugs such as propyltiouracil, radioactive iodine or beta blockers like propanol; surgery may be also necessary in some cases.'] | ['Propyltiouracil', 'Radioiodine', 'beta blockers', 'thyroidectomy'] |
What is the role of the constitutive photomorphogenesis 9 signalosome (CSN)? | ['The family of cullin-RING E3 Ligases (CRLs) and the constitutive photomorphogenesis 9 (COP9) signalosome (CSN) form dynamic complexes that mediate ubiquitylation of 20% of the proteome, yet regulation of their assembly/disassembly remains poorly understood. ', 'The COP9 (constitutive photomorphogenesis 9) signalosome... | ['The constitutive photomorphogenesis 9 (COP9) signalosome (CSN) is a protein complex involved in the ubiquitin proteasome system and plays a role in regulating the degradation of polyubiquitinated proteins. The mammalian CSN is also involved in embryonic development, in cancer and the DNA damage response, whereas in p... | [] |
Which molecule is targeted by a monoclonal antibody Mepolizumab? | ['Mepolizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to and inactivates interleukin-5, has been shown to reduce asthma exacerbations in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma.', ' Patients were assigned to receive mepolizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against interleukin-5, which was administered as eithe... | ['Mepolizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to and inactivates interleukin-5 that has been shown to reduce asthma exacerbations in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma.'] | ['interleukin-5'] |
Which enzyme is targeted by Evolocumab? | ['Efficacy and safety profile of evolocumab (AMG145), an injectable inhibitor of the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9: the available clinical evidence.', 'AREAS COVERED: Evolocumab (AMG145) is a monoclonal antibody inhibiting the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 that binds to the liver LDL rec... | ['Evolocumab (AMG145) is a fully human monoclonal antibody to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) that demonstrated marked reductions in plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in statin-intolerant patients.'] | ['proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9'] |
Has field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technology been used to solve sequence alignment problems? | ['A linear error model for the raw intensity data and Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) based alignment are combined utilizing a Bayesian score function, which is then globally optimized over all possible genomic locations using an efficient branch-and-bound approach. The algorithm has been implemented in soft- and hardw... | ['Yes. Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are reconfigurable computing platforms that have found several applications in diverse domains, including digital signal processing, medical imaging and bioinformatics. Specific applications of FPGAs for biological sequence alignment have been reported for dynamic programm... | ['yes'] |
What are the biological roles proposed for proteins containing the SPRY domain? | ['monkey TRIM5α SPRY domain recognizes multiple epitopes that span several capsid monomers on the surface of the HIV-1 mature viral core', 'These properties, which may enhance resistance of TRIM5α to capsid mutations, result in relatively low affinity of the individual SPRY domains for the capsid', 'RIM5α is a retrovir... | ['defence against retroviral infection\ninnate and adaptative immunity\nvesicular trafficking\nneural differentiation\nembryonic development'] | ['defence against retroviral infection', 'immunity', 'vesicular trafficking', 'neural differentiation', 'embryonic development'] |
What is Eteplirsen (Exondys 51)? | ['Eteplirsen (Exondys\xa051) is an antisense oligonucleotide designed to induce exon 51 skipping that is developed by Sarepta Therapeutics. Intravenous eteplirsen has received accelerated approval from the US FDA for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in patients with a confirmed mutation of the DMD gen... | ['Eteplirsen (Exondys 51) is an antisense oligonucleotide designed to induce exon 51 skipping that is developed by Sarepta Therapeutics. Intravenous eteplirsen has received accelerated approval from the US FDA for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in patients with a confirmed mutation of the DMD gene a... | [] |
How does the phosphorylation of MAPK8/JNK1 and EIF2S1 contribute to the regulation of autophagy in cells? | [' A further screen designed to identify EIF2AK2-dependent autophagy inducers revealed that several fatty acids including palmitate trigger autophagy via a pathway that involves the disruption of the STAT3-EIF2AK2 complex as well as the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase 8/c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (MA... | The phosphorylation of MAPK8/JNK1 and EIF2S1 contributes to the regulation of autophagy in cells by triggering autophagy via a pathway that involves the disruption of the STAT3-EIF2AK2 complex. Additionally, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of STAT3 stimulates EIF2AK2-dependent EIF2S1 phosphorylation and autophagy... | [] |
What is the mechanism of action of DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors? | ['DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors are a major class of cancer chemotherapeutics, which are thought to eliminate cancer cells by inducing DNA double-strand breaks.', 'We show that anthracyclines promote histone eviction irrespective of their ability to induce DNA double-strand breaks. The histone variant H2AX, which is ... | ['DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors eliminate cancer cells by causing DNA double-strand breaks, finally leading to apoptotic cell death. Moreover, drug-induced histone eviction was also shown to be associated with attenuated DNA repair, epigenetic changes and transcpription deregulation.'] | [] |
is pharmacological treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism effective in reducing cardiovascular events? | ['The decision to treat elderly people is still an unresolved clinical challenge--first, due to a lack of appropriately powered randomized controlled trials of L-T4 in sHT patients, examining cardiovascular hard endpoints in various classes of age; and second, because of the negative effects of possible overtreatment.'... | ['whether SH confers a high risk for cardiovascular disease, and whether LT4 therapy has a long-term benefit that clearly outweighs the risks of overzealous treatment in these individuals, remain topics of controversy.'] | ['no'] |
Describe clinical applications of the PIM2 scoring system. | ['In this study, we examine if transfusion is an independent predictor of mortality, or if outcomes are merely a result of the initial severity as predicted by Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) III, Pediatric Index of Mortality (PIM2), and day 1 Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction (PELOD) scores.', 'INTRODUCTION: Th... | ['The Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 (PIM2) is one of the most commonly used scoring systems to predict mortality in patients admitted to pediatric intensive care units. The PIM2 score adequately discriminates survivors from non-survivor'] | [] |
Which phenomenon is described as oncogene addiction? | ['Tumor cell growth and survival can often be impaired by inactivating a single oncogen- a phenomenon that has been called as "oncogene addiction." It is in such scenarios that molecular targeted therapies may succeed.', 'The clinical efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors supports the dependence of distinct subsets of... | [' Oncogene addiction describes the curious acquired dependence of tumor cells on an activated oncogene for their survival and/or proliferation, a phenomenon that has important implications for the success of targeted cancer therapies. However, the mechanisms explaining oncogene addiction remain elusive. We propose th... | [] |
Which substances are dangerous to g6PD deficient individuals? | ['The principal clinical manifestation encountered was favism.', 'G6PD deficiency is the most common enzymopathy of red blood cells. The clinical symptoms of favism are jaundice, hematuria and haemolytic anaemia that seem to affect liver and kidney in long term. Thus we evaluate kidney and liver function of favism pati... | ['Antimalarial drugs (primaquine, pamaquine, chloriquine), fava beans, sulfonamides, some antibiotics( nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, isoniazid, dapsone, and furazolidone) and henna'] | ['primaquine', 'pamaquine', 'chloroquine', 'fava beans', 'sulfonamides', 'antibiotics', 'henna'] |
Which are the Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors that are FDA approved? | ['Inhibition of the PCSK9 protein by monoclonal antibodies results in a dramatic 40%-60% lowering of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). ', 'Alirocumab and evolocumab have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and patients with clinical ath... | ['The PCSK9 inhibitors that are FDA approved are:\n1) Alirocumab and \n2) Evolocumab.'] | ['Alirocumab', 'Praluent', 'Evolocumab', 'Repatha'] |
Which pathological condition of the heart is known as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)? | ['Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a primary disease of the cardiac muscle that occurs mainly due to mutations (>1,400 variants) in genes encoding for the cardiac sarcomere. HCM, the most common familial form of cardiomyopathy, affecting one in every 500 people in the general population, is typically inherited in a... | ['Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has been recently recognized as the most common inherited cardiovascular disorder, affecting 1 in 500 adults worldwide. HCM is characterized by myocyte hypertrophy resulting in thickening of the ventricular wall, myocyte disarray, interstitial and/or replacement fibrosis, decreased v... | [] |
Which is the protein implicated in Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3? | ['Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is the most frequent inherited cerebellar ataxia in Europe, the US and Japan, leading to disability and death through motor complications. Although the affected protein ataxin-3 is found ubiquitously in the brain, grey matter atrophy is predominant in the cerebellum and the brains... | ['Ataxin-3 is a ubiquitously expressed deubiqutinating enzyme with important functions in the proteasomal protein degradation pathway and regulation of transcription. The C-terminus of the ataxin-3 protein contains a polyglutamine (PolyQ) region that, when mutationally expanded to over 52 glutamines, causes the neurode... | ['Ataxin-3'] |
Is curcumin a phytochemical? | ['we analyzed turmeric from different agroclimatic regions for influence of various factors on its growth and yield of important phytochemicals', 'The phytochemical, curcumin, has been reported to play many beneficial roles.', 'Curcumin (CUR), the major component in Curcuma longa, has been shown as a potent chemopreven... | ['Yes, curcumin is a phytochemical derived from rhizome of turmeric Curcuma longa.'] | ['yes'] |
Is there an association between bruxism and reflux | ['Rhythmic masticatory muscle activity, including sleep bruxism (SB), can be induced in healthy individuals by experimental esophageal acidification, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, no robust evidence supports the association between SB and GERD.', '... | ['There is an association between bruxism and reflux.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the mode of inheritance of nemaline myopathy? | ['The results indicate that mutations in TPM2 may cause nemaline myopathy as well as cap disease with a dominant mode of inheritance.', 'Autosomal recessive inheritance had been verified or appeared likely in all nebulin cases', 'Most cases were sporadic, but in addition there were instances of both autosomal dominant ... | ['Nemaline myopathy has a autosomal dominant or recessive mode of inheritance.'] | ['autosomal dominant', 'autosomal recessive'] |
Describe crowned dens syndrome. | ['BACKGROUND: Patients with crowned dens syndrome (CDS), which is pseudogout of the atlantoaxial junction induced by "crown-like" calcifications around the dens, present with symptoms of severe neck pain, rigidity, and high fever. ', 'BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Crowned dens syndrome (CDS) is a rare form of calcium phosphate c... | ['Crowned dens syndrome is a rare form of "crown-like" calcifications around the dens and often presents with recurrent neck pain, stiffness of neck, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and episodes of fever.'] | [] |
What disease is the drug aducanumab targeting? | [' Most importantly, recent trials of three different Aβ antibodies (solanezumab, crenezumab, and aducanumab) have suggested a slowing of cognitive decline in post hoc analyses of mild AD subjects. ', 'ecent results from trials of agents such as aducanumab are encouraging but must also be interpreted with caution. Such... | ["Aducanumab is an anti-Aβ antibody being developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD)."] | ["Alzheimer's disease"] |
Which drugs acting via bradykinin system are effective for treatment of ACE-inhibitor-induced angioedema? | ['Medications recently developed, primarily icatibant and ecallantide, to control hereditary angioedema, a disorder also associated with kallikrein-kinin activation, have been used to treat ACEI angioedema with some success. ', 'A patient with acute ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema was treated with icatibant, a specifi... | ['Icatibant and ecallantide are medication acting via bradykinin system that are used for treatment of ACE-inhibitor-induced angioedema.'] | ['icatibant', 'ecallantide'] |
What is the function of transthyretin in cerebrospinal fluid? | ['Transthyretin (TTR) is a protein that binds and distributes thyroid hormones (THs). TTR synthesised in the liver is secreted into the bloodstream and distributes THs around the body, whereas TTR synthesised in the choroid plexus is involved in movement of thyroxine from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid and the ... | ['Transthyretin (TTR) is a protein synthesized in the choroid plexus, which forms the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. TTR is the physiological carrier of thyroxine (T4) and retinol from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid and their distribution in the brain. The transport of T4 is important for normal developmen... | [] |
Does Serca2a bind PLN in the heart? | ['The human phospholamban Arg14-deletion mutant localizes to plasma membrane and interacts with the Na/K-ATPase.', 'Moreover, PLN-R14Del did not co-immunoprecipitate with SERCA2a (as did WT-PLN),', 'n this review, we attempted to highlight the functional significance of PLN in vertebrate cardiac physiology. We will ref... | ['Yes, Serca2a bind PLN in the heart.'] | ['yes'] |
Is the Dictyostelium discoideum proteome known? | ['The Negative Proteome Database (NPD) is populated with pair-wise protein sequence comparisons between each of the following proteomes: Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Dictyostelium discoideum, Chlamydomonus reinhardti, Escherichia coli K12, Arabid... | ['Yes, The Dictyostelium discoideum genome has been sequenced, assembled and annotated to a high degree of reliability. The parts-list of proteins and RNA encoded by the six chromosomes can now be accessed and analyzed. Consequently, this genomic sequence information can now be exploited to realize D. discoideum proteo... | ['yes'] |
From which cell type is leptin secreted? | [' Although leptin is produced mainly by white adipose tissue, several laboratories have shown low levels of leptin production by a growing number of tissues including the anterior pituitary gland.', 'Lipolysis (stimulated by beta-adrenergic agents) and leptin secretion by adipocytes are down-regulated by neurons in co... | ['leptin is mainly produced and secreted by adipocytes, but other tissues and gastric glands have also recently been shown to produce it in a dual (endocrine and exocrine) mode.', ' Although leptin is produced mainly by white adipose tissue, several laboratories have shown low levels of leptin production by a growing n... | ['adipocytes'] |
What is the role of thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 in insulin secretion? | ['loss of Thra protects mice from high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance.', 'liganded TR(alpha) plays a critical role in beta-cell replication and in expansion of the beta-cell mass during postnatal development. Thus, liganded TR(alpha) may be a target for therapeutic stra... | ['Liganded TR(alpha) plays a critical role in beta-cell replication and in expansion of the beta-cell mass. the TRalpha P398H mutation which cannot bind T3, is associated with insulin resistance. Loss of Thra protects mice from high-fat diet-induced hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance.'] | [] |
Do U6-associated proteins Lsm4 and Lsm6 interact with SMN? | ['SMN also interacts with at least two of the U6-associated Sm-like (Lsm) proteins, Lsm4 and Lsm6. ', 'Interestingly, SMN also interacts with at least two of the U6-associated Sm-like (Lsm) proteins, Lsm4 and Lsm6', 'Furthermore, we present evidence for two separate binding sites in SMN for Sm/Lsm proteins.', 'Interest... | ['SMN interacts with at least two of the U6-associated Sm-like (Lsm) proteins, Lsm4 and Lsm6.', 'yes', 'SMN was found to interact with at least two of the U6-associated Sm-like (Lsm) proteins, Lsm4 and Lsm6.'] | ['yes'] |
In which kingdom do microsporidia belong, according to their current classification scheme? | ['Microsporidia are a diverse group of obligate, intracellular, eukaryotic, spore-forming parasites. Traditionally, these were considered as protozoans but recently have been reclassified as fungi. ', 'Microsporidia are ubiquitous fungi with genomes that have undergone a strong reduction', 'Microsporidia are unicellula... | ['Traditionally, microsporidia were considered as protozoans, but recently they have been reclassified as the earliest-diverging clade of sequenced fungi. Microsporidia are a diverse group of obligate, intracellular, eukaryotic, spore-forming parasites; they are ubiquitous fungi, with genomes that have undergone a stro... | ['Fungi'] |
What is the effect induced by sympathetic nervous system on pupil size? | ['Pupil size is determined by the interaction of the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous system.', 'The sympathetic nervous system acts either directly on the dilator muscle (peripherally) or centrally by inhibiting the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.', 'The mechanism of reflex pupillary dilation was investigated in ... | ['Pupil size is determined by the interaction of the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system acts either directly on the dilator muscle (peripherally) or centrally by inhibiting the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Thus, the sympathetic nervous system mediates pupillary dilatation.'] | ['pupillary dilatation (increase of the pupil size)'] |
List Kartagener Syndrome Triad. | ['The triad of situs inversus, bronchiectasis and sinusitis is known as Kartagener syndrome. ', 'BACKGROUND: KARTAGENER SYNDROME (KS) IS A RARE CONGENITAL DISEASE CHARACTERISED BY A CLINICAL TRIAD OF SYMPTOMS: situs inversus, chronic rhinosinusitis, and bronchiectasis. ', "Kartagener's syndrome is a very rare congenita... | ['The triad of situs inversus, bronchiectasis and sinusitis is known as Kartagener syndrome.'] | ['situs inversus', 'bronchiectasis', 'sinusitis'] |
Which diseases are associated with Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia (PIL)? | ["Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia (PIL), also known as Waldmann's disease, is an exudative enteropathy resulting from morphologic abnormalities in the intestinal lymphatics. ", "Secondary hypogammaglobulinemia in Waldmann's disease treated with subcutaneous immunoglobulins.", 'Octreotide in Hennekam syndrome-associ... | ["Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia (PIL) is associated with:\n1) Waldmann's disease and\n2) Hennekam syndrome (HS)."] | ["Waldmann's disease", 'Hennekam syndrome', 'HS'] |
Has overexpression of sirtuins been reported to increase lifespan in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)? | ['In addition, Sir2 overexpression prevents Rif1 deletion from disrupting Sir2 at IGS1 and shortening lifespan. ', 'Roles for sirtuin proteins at telomeres are thought to promote lifespan in yeast and mammals.', 'Overexpression of sirtuins (NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylases) has been reported to increase lifespan i... | ['Overexpression of sirtuins (NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylases) has been reported to increase lifespan in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).'] | ['yes'] |
What is the mechanism of action of peginesatide? | ['The erythropoietin-mimetic peptide (EMP) peginesatide belongs to the group of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) that are prohibited when misused in sports. Peginesatide is a synthetic pegylated homodimer of two cyclic 21-amino acid chains. ', 'Epo mimetic peptides have also raised expectations. Yet the prototy... | ['Peginesatide (Omontys) is synthetic, PEGylated, peptide-based erythropoiesis-stimulating agent that is designed to specifically stimulate the erythropoietin receptor. It was recalled because of serious side-effects including cases of death.'] | [] |
Which histone marks are deposited by Set7? | ['the loss of H4 lysine 20 methylation', 'Transcriptionally competent regions lack H4 lysine 20 methylation', 'a human histone H4 lysine 20 methyltransferase and cloned the encoding gene, PR/SET07', 'Localization of PR-Set7 to mitotic chromosomes and subsequent increase in H4 Lys 20 methylation', 'the H4-K20 methyltran... | ['Set7 is H4K20 monomethyltransferase. Upregulation of PR-Set7 expression upon loss of HCF-1 leads to improper mitotic H4-K20 methylation. Set7 (or some variant) has also been reported to perform mono-methylation on lysine-4 of H3.'] | ['H4K20 monomethylation', 'H3K4 monomethylation'] |
Between which types of DNA bases are mutational biases introduced due to directional mutation pressure? | ['directional mutation pressure for variation of the DNA G + C content due to mutational biases between alpha-bases (A or T) and gamma-bases (G or C)', 'A/T-biased directional mutation pressure', 'Rates of substitution mutations in two directions, v [from an A-T or T-A nucleotide pair (AT-pair) to a G-C or C-G nucleoti... | ['The rates of substitution mutations in two directions, v (from an AT-pair to a GC-pair) and u (from a GC-pair to an AT-pair), are usually not the same. Thereafter, the effect of mutation on a genome is not random but has a directionality toward higher or lower GC content of DNA. The net effect, v/(u + v), has previou... | [] |
Are microRNA (miR) regulated through DNA methylation of their promoters? | ['We found that Tcf3 down-regulation in the context of constitutively active Wnt signaling does not result from promoter DNA methylation but is likely to be caused by a plethora of mechanisms at both the RNA and protein level as shown by the observed decrease in activating histone marks (H3K4me3 and H3-acetylation) and... | ["Dysregulation of miRNA expression involved in cancer and Alzheimer's disease can be triggered by multiple mechanisms including aberrant DNA methylation of the miRNA gene promoter. Epigenetic dysregulation of tumor-suppressor miRNA genes by promoter DNA methylation has been implicated in human cancers, including multi... | ['yes'] |
Which enzyme does MLN4924 inhibit? | ['Finally, MLN4924, an investigational small molecule inhibitor of NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE) that inhibits CRL, suppresses in vitro migration, proliferation and tube formation, as well as in vivo angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. ', 'MLN4924, a small molecule inhibitor of NEDD8 activating enzyme (NAE), has been repor... | ['MLN4924 is an investigational small molecule inhibitor of NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE).'] | ['NEDD8-activating enzyme'] |
Which is the process that Conserved noncoding elements mostly regulate? | ['Much evidence suggests that CNEs are selectively constrained and not mutational cold-spots, and there is evidence that some CNEs play a role in the regulation of development.', 'This result suggests that there is widespread adaptation in mammalian conserved noncoding DNA elements, some of which have been implicated i... | ['Conserved noncoding elements play a fundamental role in regulating animal development'] | ['Development'] |
What is the biological role of K-48 linked protein ubiquitination? | ['On the LCV, AnkB triggers docking of K(48)-linked polyubiquitinated proteins that are degraded by the host proteasomes to elevate cellular levels of amino acids needed for intracellular proliferation. ', 'Transcription and injection of ankB is triggered by attached extracellular bacteria followed by rapid farnesylati... | ['The proteasome, which identifies and destroys unwanted proteins rapidly, plays a vital role in maintaining cellular protein homeostasis. Proteins that are destined for proteasome-mediated degradation are usually tagged with a chain of ubiquitin linked via lysine (K) 48 that targets them to the proteolytic machinery. ... | [] |
How does neuroticism affect Alzheimer's risk, given its link to dementia and cognition? | ['["RESULTS: Individuals with scores in the top quartile of neuroticism (hazard ratio = 3.1; 95% confidence interval = 1.6-6.0) or the lowest quartile of conscientiousness (hazard ratio = 3.3; 95% confidence interval = 1.4-7.4) had a threefold increased risk of incident AD.", "Five of nine studies found that higher neu... | Neuroticism increases the risk for dementia and Alzheimer's disease, while conscientiousness reduces the risk. Higher neuroticism scores are associated with greater dementia risk and cognitive decline, as well as vulnerability to stress and anxiety. Neuroticism is also linked to advanced stages of neurofibrillary tangl... | [] |
What is the function of mTOR? | ['Protein synthesis regulation via mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway has key roles in neural development and function,', 'mTOR regulates assembly of the translation initiation machinery by interacting with the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF3 complex and by controlling phosphorylation ... | ['The mTOR protein regulates assembly of the translation initiation machinery and are master regulators of cellular survival, growth and metabolism.'] | [] |
Viliuisk encephalomyelitis is diagnosed in which geographical area? | ['BACKGROUND: Viliuisk encephalomyelitis (VE) is an endemic neurological disease in Northeast Siberia and generally considered to be a chronic encephalomyelitis of unknown origin actually spreading in the Sakha (Yakutian) Republic.', 'Communicating hydrocephalus following eosinophilic meningitis is pathogenic for chron... | ['Viliuisk encephalomyelitis (VE) is an endemic neurological disease in Northeast Siberia and generally considered to be a chronic encephalomyelitis of unknown origin actually spreading in the Sakha (Yakutian) Republic.'] | ['Northeast Siberia'] |
Does the histone chaperone ASF1 interact with histones H1/H2? | ['The C terminus of the histone chaperone Asf1 cross-links to histone H3 in yeast and promotes interaction with histones H3 and H4.', 'The central histone H3/H4 chaperone Asf1 comprises a highly conserved globular core and a divergent C-terminal tail. ', 'The histone H3-H4 chaperone Asf1 is involved in chromatin assemb... | ['No, the histone chaperone ASF1 interacts with histones H3/H4.'] | ['no'] |
Does MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) contribute to cardiovascular disease? | ['The synergistic effect of miR-21 and miR-1 were functionally validated for their significant influences on myocardial apoptosis, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis.', 'Taken together, we found a novel reciprocal loop between miR-21 and TGFβRIII in cardiac fibrosis caused by myocardial infarction in mice, and targeting ... | ['MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) is a highly expressed microRNA (miRNA) in cardiovascular system. Recent studies have revealed that its expression is deregulated in heart and vasculature under cardiovascular disease conditions such as proliferative vascular disease, cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, and ischemic heart disea... | ['yes'] |
What is LedPred? | ['LedPred: an R/bioconductor package to predict regulatory sequences using support vector machines', 'Here, we present LedPred, a flexible SVM workflow that predicts new regulatory sequences based on the annotation of known CRMs, which are associated to a large variety of feature types. LedPred is provided as an R/Bioc... | ['LedPred is an R/bioconductor package to predict regulatory sequences using support vector machines. LedPred is provided as an R/Bioconductor package connected to an online server to avoid installation of non-R software. Due to the heterogeneous CRM feature integration, LedPred excels at the prediction of regulatory s... | [] |
What is FFI, fatal familial insomnia | ['Fatal familial insomnia is a rare disease caused by a D178N mutation in combination with methionine (Met) at codon 129 in the mutated allele of PRNP (D178N-129M haplotype).', 'FFI is manifested by sleep disturbances with insomnia, autonomic disorders and spontaneous and evoked myoclonus, among other symptoms', 'Famil... | ['Familial fatal insomnia (FFI) is a prion disease caused by a mutation (D178N-129M haplotype) in the Prion Protein gene (PRNP). FFI is manifested by sleep disturbances with insomnia, autonomic disorders and spontaneous and evoked myoclonus, among other symptoms. FFI is considered to be a rare disease.'] | [] |
Which enzyme is inhibited by ribociclib? | ['Three CDK 4/6 inhibitors have been investigated for the treatment of HR(+) breast cancer, including palbociclib (PD 0332991), ribociclib (LEE011), and abemaciclib (LY2835219). ', 'The CDK 4/6 inhibitors are a novel class of therapeutics that target the CDK 4/6 kinases that promote transition through the cell cycle. C... | ['Ribociclib is inhibitor of cyclin D-cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK 4/6). It is used for breast cancer treatment.'] | ['cyclin D-cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6', 'CDK4/6'] |
What is MRSA? | ['(MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus)', 'Community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has become a severe health concern because of its treatment difficulties.', 'We investigated the distribution of MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) on and around six patients with MRSA... | ['community-associated methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (ca-mrsa) has become a severe health concern because of its treatment difficulties.', 'Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a severe health concern because of its treatment difficulties.', '(MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus... | ['methicillin-resistant S. aureus', 'MRSA'] |
What is the role of AMPK kinase in myocardial remodeling after myocardial infarction | ['These data suggest that adiponectin protects the heart from ischemia-reperfusion injury through both AMPK- and COX-2-dependent mechanisms.', 'The improved cardiac function was associated with decreased atrial natriuretic peptide mRNA levels in the metformin-treated group (50% reduction compared with MI, P < 0.05).', ... | ['AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key sensor of cellular energy. The activation of AMPK by metformin prevents cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). \nAdiponectin protects the heart from ischemia-reperfusion injury through an AMPK-dependent mechanism.\nAMPK activation by metformin and the subsequ... | [] |
In which phase of cell cycle does stress-induced transcription-associated mutagenesis (TAM) occur? | ['factors involved in RNA polymerase (RNAP) processivity or transcriptional derepression contribute to the generation of stress-induced mutations. In Bacillus subtilis, transcription-associated mutagenesis has been shown to be independent of recombination-dependent repair and, in some cases, of the Y DNA polymerases. C... | ['Factors involved in RNA polymerase (RNAP) processivity or transcriptional derepression, such as Mfd (transcription coupling repair factor), contribute to the generation of stress-induced mutations. Under stress, transcription-associated mutagenesis is increased. Stress-induced transcription-associated mutations are a... | ['stationary phase'] |
Is bapineuzumab effective for treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease? | [' Thus far, results from two large phase 3 trial programs with bapineuzumab and solaneuzumab, respectively, have brought rather disappointing results.', 'More recently, in phase III studies, bapineuzumab has been discontinued because it did not prove clinically effective (despite its significant effect on biomarkers),... | ["Clinical trials have demonstrated that bapineuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against the end terminus of amyloid plaques, is not effective for treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease. The burden of beta amyloid plaques was reduced in response to bapineuzumab therapy. However, bapineuzumab therapy did n... | ['no'] |
Which human syndromes have been detected with Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)? | ['We demonstrate that, using a sensitive FISH technique, 12p deletion occurs significantly more frequently in MDS than previously described (7.6% by CD34+ PB-FISH vs. 1.6% by CBA, P<0.001) and is often associated with other aberrations (93% by CD34+ PB-FISH vs. 60% by CBA)', 'Somatic chromosomal mosaicism arising from ... | ['To explore the clonal evolution of monosomy 7 in patients with aplastic anemia (AA).Monosomy 7 (-7) in 81 AA patients with normal karyotype at diagnosis and 46 AA treated with immunosuppressive therapy (IST) and more than 6 months of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhuG-CSF) were detected by ... | ['Myelodysplastic Syndrome', 'MDS', 'Genetic syndromes caused by somatic chromosomal mosaicism', 'Prader Willi syndrome', 'PWS', 'Angelman syndrome', 'AS', 'Williams syndrome', 'Smith Magenis syndrome', 'Velocardiofacial syndrome', 'Jacobsen syndrome', 'Shwachman-Diamond syndrome', 'Saethre-Chotzen syndrome', 'DiGeorge... |
List GATA-1 interacting partners as discovered with the help of the biotinylation tagging approach. | ['Our work describes, for the first time, distinct GATA-1 interactions with the essential hematopoietic factor Gfi-1b, the repressive MeCP1 complex, and the chromatin remodeling ACF/WCRF complex, in addition to the known GATA-1/FOG-1 and GATA-1/TAL-1 complexes', 'We also provide evidence that distinct GATA-1 complexes ... | ['Our work describes, for the first time, distinct GATA-1 interactions with the essential hematopoietic factor Gfi-1b, the repressive MeCP1 complex, and the chromatin remodeling ACF/WCRF complex, in addition to the known GATA-1/FOG-1 and GATA-1/TAL-1 complexes', 'Using a biotinylation tagging/proteomics approach in ery... | ['Gfi-1b', 'MeCP1 complex', 'ACF/WCRF complex', 'fog-1', 'tal-1'] |
What are the computational methods for the prediction of beta-barrel transmembrane proteins? | ['BETAWARE: a machine-learning tool to detect and predict transmembrane beta-barrel proteins in prokaryotes', 'Recently, we developed two top-performing methods based on machine-learning approaches to tackle both the detection of TMBBs in sets of proteins and the prediction of their topology. Here, we present our BETAW... | ['Computational tools have been developed for beta-barrel transmembrane protein discrimination, topology prediction and prediction of their structural features.\nInitial methods developed for the prediction of the transmembrane beta strands were based on hydrophobicity analysis, using sliding windows along the sequence... | ['BBF', 'beta-barrel finder', 'BETAWARE', 'BOCTOPUS', 'BOMP', 'BTMX', 'Beta barrel TransMembrane eXposure', 'HHomp', 'HMM-B2TMR', 'OMBBpred', 'PROFtmb', 'PRED-TMBB', 'TMB-Hunt', 'TBBPred', 'TMBETAPRED-RBF', 'TMBHMM', 'TransFold', 'TMBpro', 'TMBKNN', 'Wimley', 'TMBETA-NET'] |
Which are the most common symptoms in Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome? | ['Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome is a neuromuscular junction disorder characterized by proximal limb muscle weakness, fatigability, decreased deep-tendon reflexes, and autonomic symptoms. There are 2 forms of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: one most frequently associated with small-cell lung cancer (P-Lambert-Eat... | ['Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome is a neuromuscular junction disorder characterized by proximal limb muscle weakness, fatigability, decreased deep-tendon reflexes, and autonomic symptoms. There are 2 forms of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: one most frequently associated with small-cell lung cancer (P-Lambert-Eat... | ['proximal limb muscle weakness', 'fatigability', 'decreased deep-tendon reflexes', 'autonomic symptoms', 'small-cell lung cancer'] |
What are the birth defects associated with Zika-virus infection? | ['the first time after the discovery of ZIKV, the Brazilian scientists are studying the possibility for the virus to cause severe congenital infection related to microcephaly and serious birth defects due to the time-spatial coincidence of the alarming increase of newborns with microcephaly and the Brazilian ZIKV epide... | ['Although the full spectrum of adverse reproductive outcomes caused by Zika virus infection is not yet determined, a distinctive phenotype-the congenital Zika syndrome-has emerged. Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly and other severe birth defects.'] | [] |
What are the generic versions of Viagra? | ['The authors conducted a 12-week case series to study the efficacy and safety of Elonza (generic sildenafil) in PAH patients.'] | ['Generic versions of sildenafil are Elonza, Caverta, Zenegra-100, Vega Asia, Suhagra-100, Vega, Revatio.'] | ['Elonza', 'Caverta', 'Zenegra-100', 'Vega Asia', 'Suhagra-100', 'Vega'] |
What is the role of NETs in systemic lupus erythematosus? | ['Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) represent an important defense mechanism against microorganisms. Clearance of NETs is impaired in a subset of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and NETosis is increased in neutrophils and, particularly, in low-density granulocytes derived from lupus patients. NETs are t... | ['Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are released via a novel form of cell death called NETosis. NETs, consisting of a chromatin meshwork decorated with antimicrobial peptides, play an important role in the innate response to microbial infections. Clearance of NETs is impaired in a subset of patients with systemic l... | [] |
What is the mode of inheritance of Marchesani syndrome? | ['Autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant WMS cannot be distinguished by clinical findings alone. ', 'Weill-Marchesani syndrome (WMS) is a well-characterized disorder in which patients develop eye and skeletal abnormalities. Autosomal-recessive and autosomal-dominant forms of WMS are caused by mutations in ADAMTS10 ... | ['Marchesani syndrome is transmitted either by an autosomal dominant (mutations in FBN1) or an autosomal recessive (mutations in ADAMTS10) mode of inheritance'] | ['autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive'] |
Are DNA helicases involved in progeroid syndromes? | ['Among these syndromes, relevant advances have recently been made in Werner syndrome, one of several progeroid syndromes characterized by defective DNA helicases,', 'Progeroid syndromes (PSs) constitute a group of disorders characterized by clinical features mimicking physiological aging at an early age.', 'However, a... | ['Yes, mutations in genes coding for DNA helicases were found to induce progeroid syndromes, such as Werner syndrome (WS) or Bloom syndrome (BS).'] | ['yes'] |
How do Ecm22 and Upc2 proteins affect filamentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae via sterol biosynthesis? | ['["Here, we examine the role of the related transcription factors Ecm22 and Upc2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae filamentation.", "The zinc cluster proteins Upc2 and Ecm22 promote filamentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by sterol biosynthesis-dependent and -independent pathways.", "Upc2, a zinc-cluster transcription fac... | Ecm22 and Upc2 proteins promote filamentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae through sterol biosynthesis-dependent and -independent pathways. They positively control the expression of FHN1, NPR1, PRR2, and sterol biosynthesis genes. Upc2 is a regulator of ergosterol biosynthesis in yeast. Ecm22 and Upc2 must occupy UPC2 A... | [] |
Is physical performance influenced by thyroid hormone metabolism? | ['Longitudinal analysis showed that in Eut men higher baseline FT4 was significantly (p = 0.02) predictive of a lower SPPB score at the 3-year follow-up', 'Even a modest thyroid hormone excess is associated with a reduced physical function in elderly men.', 'Oral L-thyroxine treatment was started and at a 1-month follo... | ['Yes.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the aim of the Human Chromosome-centric Proteome Project (C-HPP)? | ['The Chromosome-Centric Human Proteome Project (C-HPP) is an international effort for creating an annotated proteomic catalog for each chromosome', 'The chromosome-centric human proteome project aims to systematically map all human proteins, chromosome by chromosome, in a gene-centric manner through dedicated efforts ... | ['The chromosome-centric human proteome project aims to systematically map all human proteins, chromosome by chromosome, in a gene-centric manner through dedicated efforts from national and international teams', 'The Chromosome-Centric Human Proteome Project (C-HPP) is an international effort for creating an annotated ... | [] |
List packages for transcription factor binding sites' (TFBS) analysis available in R/Bioconductor | ['Clustered occurrence of multiple TFs at genomic sites may arise from chromatin accessibility and local cooperation between TFs, or binding sites may simply appear clustered if the profiles are generated from diverse cell populations. Overlaps in TF binding profiles may also result from measurements taken at closely r... | ['Neighbourhood Consistent PC (NCPC) algorithms, MMDiff and cosmo.'] | ['Neighbourhood Consistent PC (NCPC) algorithms', 'MMDiff', 'cosmo', 'dPattern', 'TFBS'] |
List angiocrine factors | ['Ccl4 and neurotensin (Nts) (angiocrine factors)', 'vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A was identified as the most abundantly expressed factor, ', 'angiocrine factors tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (Timp-1) and thrombospondin 3 (THBS3) ', 'We found that Slit2, which is negatively regulated by endothe... | ['Angiocrine factors are: Ccl4, neurotensin, vascular endothelial growth factor, metalloproteinases-1, thrombospondin 3, Slit2, hepatocyte growth factor, Wnt2. '] | ['Ccl4', 'neurotensin', 'vascular endothelial growth factor', 'metalloproteinases-1', 'thrombospondin 3', 'Slit2', 'hepatocyte growth factor', 'Wnt2'] |
List all reported treatment options for anxiety in autism spectrum disorder. | ['A parent report of comorbid diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, or anxiety was associated with a high rate of use, with 80% receiving ≥ 1 psychotropic medication', 'Mindfulness-based therapy (MBT) has been found effective in reducing anxi... | ['The predominant approach is to use versions of cognitive behavioural therapies, such as:\nMindfulness Based Therapy (MBT)\nMultimodal Anxiety and Social Skills Intervention (MASSI) program\nmodified version of the Coping Cat program, (cognitive-behavioral therapy; CBT)\nFamily cognitive-behavioral therapy has been fo... | ['Mindfulness Based Therapy (MBT)', 'Multimodal Anxiety and Social Skills Intervention (MASSI) program', 'modified version of the Coping Cat program', '(cognitive-behavioral therapy; CBT', 'Family cognitive-behavioral therapy', 'Individual cognitive-behavioral therapy', 'Conflict management for couples', 'even when con... |
In which nuclear compartments is heterochromatin located? | ['This compartment localizes into three main regions: the peripheral heterochromatin, perinucleolar heterochromatin, and pericentromeric heterochromatin', 'By separating cells according to transgene expression we show here that silencing appears to be associated with histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3), DNA me... | ['This compartment localizes into three main regions: the peripheral heterochromatin, perinucleolar heterochromatin, and pericentromeric heterochromatin. Silencing appears to be associated with histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3), DNA methylation and the localization of the silenced gene to a specific nuclear ... | ['peripheral heterochromatin', 'perinucleolar heterochromatin', 'pericentromeric heterochromatin'] |
What is the molecular function of the Chd1 protein? | ['The DNA-binding domain of the Chd1 chromatin-remodelling enzyme contains SANT and SLIDE domains', 'The ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling enzyme Chd1 is a 168-kDa protein consisting of a double chromodomain, Snf2-related ATPase domain, and a C-terminal DNA-binding domain.', 'The presence of these domains in ISWI and... | ['The ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling enzyme Chd1 is a 168-kDa protein consisting of a double chromodomain, Snf2-related ATPase domain, and a C-terminal DNA-binding domain. One of the two chromodomains of Chd1 specifically interacts with the methylated lysine 4 mark on histone H3 that is associated with transcripti... | ['Chd1 is an ATP-dependent DNA helicase'] |
What causes erucism? | ['Erucism is a skin reaction to envenomation from certain poisonous caterpillar bristles.', 'Although many tropical insects carry infectious diseases, cutaneous injury can occur by other mechanisms, for example erucism (envenomation by caterpillars) or lepidopterism (dermatitis from moths).', 'We present a case of eruc... | ['Erucism is defined as urtication by Lepidoptera larvae. It is a skin reaction to envenomation from certain poisonous caterpillar bristles. The hair on the dorsum of the last instar larvae of the moth may cause urticarial reactions (erucism) as well as eye problems and temporary blindness.'] | [] |
How does the Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) E2-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 play a central role in sumoylation? | ['oylation and plays a central role by interacting with almost all of the partners required for sumoylation", "Here we demonstrate that the synaptic diffusion of Ubc9, the sole conjugating enzyme of the sumoylation pathway, is regulated by synaptic activity", "Here, we investigated inhibition of sumoylation as a novel ... | The Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) E2-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 plays a central role in sumoylation by interacting with almost all partners required for sumoylation, regulating synaptic diffusion, mediating viral protein SUMOylation, enhancing sumoylation of specific proteins, and facilitating the SUMOylation pathw... | [] |
Does splicing occur co-transcriptionally? | ['Researchers working in multiple model organisms - notably yeast, insects and mammalian cells - have shown that pre-mRNA can be spliced during the process of transcription (i.e. co-transcriptionally), as well as after transcription termination (i.e. post-transcriptionally)', 'The consensus view, based on four organism... | ["The consensus view, based on four organisms, is that the majority of splicing events take place co-transcriptionally in most cells and tissues. RNA processing events that take place on the transcribed pre-mRNA include capping, splicing, editing, 3' processing, and polyadenylation. Most of these processes occur co-tra... | ['yes'] |
Which biological process in known as Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Protein Degradation (ERAD)? | ['Endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) removes improperly-folded proteins from the ER membrane into the cytosol where they undergo proteasomal degradation. ', 'In the secretory pathway, quality control for the correct folding of proteins is largely occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), at ... | ['Endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) is the quality control system in the endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotic cells which ensures that newly synthesized proteins that fail to fold into the correct conformation or unassembled orphan subunits of oligomeric proteins are rapidly eliminated by prote... | [] |
Describe Wellens' Syndrome. | ['NTRODUCTION: Wellens Syndrome (WS) is a condition characterized by typical changes in ECG, which are biphasic T-wave inversions (less common) or symmetric and deeply inverted T waves (including 75%) in lead V2-V3 chest derivations. ', "BACKGROUND: Reperfusion after coronary occlusion (myocardial infarction, MI), as i... | ['Wellens Syndrome (WS) is a condition characterized by typical changes in ECG, which are biphasic T-wave inversions (less common) or symmetric and deeply inverted T waves (including 75%) in lead V2-V3 chest derivations.'] | [] |
Which E3 ubiquitin ligase mediates the ubiquitination and degradation of the interferon receptor type 1 (IFNAR1)? | ['IFNAR1 ubiquitination is facilitated by the βTrcp E3 ubiquitin ligase that is recruited to IFNAR1 upon its degron phosphorylation, which is induced by the ligand.', 'Both ligand-dependent and -independent pathways converge on phosphorylation of Ser(535) within the IFNAR1 degron leading to recruitment of beta-Trcp E3 ... | ['Ubiquitination and degradation of the IFNAR1 (interferon alpha receptor 1) subunit of the type I interferon (IFN) receptor is mediated by the SCFbeta-Trcp (Skp1-Cullin1-F-box protein beta transducin repeat-containing protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase in a phosphorylation-dependent manner.', 'Ubiquitination, endocytosis, a... | ['βTrcp', 'beta-Trcp', 'SCFbeta-Trcp', 'SCFbeta-Trcp (Skp1-Cullin1-F-box protein beta transducin repeat-containing protein)', 'Skp1-Cullin1-HOS-Roc1 (SCF(HOS))'] |
Why does cranberry juice help combat urinary tract infections? | [' Cranberry products affect the surface properties, such as fimbriae and lipopolysaccharides, and adhesion of fimbriated and nonfimbriated E. coli. ', ' Cranberry juice has been shown to be effective in preventing adhesion of bacteria such as Escherichia coli to the bladder epithelium.', 'Inhibition of adherence to an... | ['Cranberry products affect the surface properties, such as fimbriae and lipopolysaccharides, and adhesion of fimbriated and nonfimbriated E. coli.'] | [] |
What is known about the effect of acupuncture in smoking cessation ? | ['Ear acupressure (EAP) and ear acupuncture have been used for smoking cessation, and some positive results have been reported', 'Auricular (ear) acupressure has been purported to be beneficial in achieving smoking cessation in some studies, while in others has been deemed insignificant', 'Acupuncture combined with aur... | ['Ear acupressure (EAP) and ear acupuncture have been used for smoking cessation, and some positive results have been reported.\nAuricular (ear) acupressure has been purported to be beneficial in achieving smoking cessation in some studies, while in others has been deemed insignificant.\nThe combined acupuncture-educat... | [] |
What is the role of trifluridine in the novel nucleoside antitumor agent TAS-102? | ['["PURPOSE: Trifluridine (TFT) is an antitumor component of a novel nucleoside antitumor agent, TAS-102, which consists of TFT and tipiracil hydrochloride (thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor).", "TAS-102, a combination of trifluorothymidine and the thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor TPI in a 1:0.5 ratio, is a novel oral... | Trifluridine (TFT) is an antitumor component of TAS-102, which is a novel nucleoside antitumor agent. It is combined with tipiracil hydrochloride (thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor) in TAS-102. | [] |
What role does Synapsin III play in presynaptic terminals? | ['["Synapsin is an evolutionarily conserved presynaptic phosphoprotein.", "Synapsins as a family of presynaptic terminal phosphoprotein participates in neuronal development", "Synapsin III (SynIII) is a phosphoprotein", "The neuronal phosphoprotein synapsin III", "Synapsin II is a member of the neuronal phosphoprotein ... | Synapsin III (SynIII) is a phosphoprotein that plays a role in presynaptic terminals. | [] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.