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Mudéjar art Mudéjar art refers to a style of ornamentation and decoration used in the Iberian Christian kingdoms primarily from the 13th to the 15th centuries and that incorporated as decorative motifs some constructive and stylistic techniques brought to or developed by Muslims in Al-Andalus. Mudéjar elements were developed in Iberia specially in the context of historicist architecture; there was a revival in the late 19th to early 20th century Spain as Neo-Mudéjar style. These motifs and techniques are also present in the art and crafts, especially Hispano-Moresque lustreware that was once widely exported across Europe from southern Spain. The term "arte mudéjar" was coined and described by the Spanish art historian José Amador de los Ríos y Serrano in his induction discourse El estilo mudéjar, en arquitectura at the Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in 1859. Etymology and references to people Mudéjar was originally the term used for Moors of Al-Andalus who remained in Iberia after the Christian Reconquista but were not initially forcibly converted to Christianity or forcibly exiled. The word Mudéjar references several historical interpretations and cultural borrowings. It was a medieval Castilian borrowing of the Arabic word Mudajjan , meaning "tamed", referring to Muslims who submitted to the rule of Christian kings. The term likely originated as a taunt, as the word was usually applied to domesticated animals such as poultry. The term Mudéjar also can be translated from Arabic as "one permitted to remain", which references Christians allowing Muslims to remain in Christian Iberia. Another term with the same meaning, ahl al-dajn ("people who stay on"), was used by Muslim writers, notably al-Wansharisi in his work Kitab al-Mi'yar. Mudéjars in Iberia lived under a protected tributary status known as dajn which references ahl al-dajn. This protected status suggested subjugation at the hands of Christian rulers as the word dajn resembled haywanāt dājina which meant "tame animals". Their protected status was enforced by the fueros or local charters which dictated Christians laws. Muslims of other regions outside of the Iberian Peninsula disapproved of the Mudéjar subjugated status and their willingness to live with non-Muslims. Mudéjar style in architecture In architecture Mudéjar style does not refer to a distinct architectural style but to the application of traditional technical, ornamental and decorative elements derived from Islamic arts in Christian Romanesque, Gothic, and Renaissance architectural styles, as carried out in the Christian kingdoms of Iberia (now Spain and Portugal) mostly during the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries - although it continued to appear in Spanish and Portuguese architecture after - as well as in other regions, most notably Hispanic America, in the 16th and 17th centuries. Mudejar decoration and ornamentation includes stylized calligraphy and intricate geometric and vegetal forms. The classic architectural Mudéjar elements include the horseshoe and multi-lobed arch, muqarna vaults, alfiz (molding around an arch), wooden roofing, fired bricks, glazed ceramic tiles, and ornamental stucco work. Mudéjar often makes use of girih geometric strapwork decoration, as used in Middle East architecture, where Maghreb buildings tended to use vegetal arabesques. Scholars have sometimes considered the geometric forms, both girih and the complex vaultings of muqarnas, as innovative, and arabesques as retardataire, but in Al-Andalus, both geometric and vegetal forms were freely used and combined.. Iberian Peninsula Historians agree that Mudéjar first developed by the Kingdom of Leon in the town of Sahagún, León, as an adaptation of architectural and ornamental motifs, especially through decoration with plasterwork and brick. Mudéjar then extended to the rest of the Kingdom of León, Toledo, Ávila, Segovia, etc., giving rise to what has been called brick romanesque style. Centers of Mudéjar art are found in other cities, such as Toro, Cuéllar, Arévalo and Madrigal de las Altas Torres. While international interest tends to emphasize Mudéjar masonry, including the sophisticated use of bricks and tiles, Spanish scholars also note Mudéjar carpentry, as well as the combination of the two. Several churches have slanting wooden ceilings supported by transverse arches of stone, called diaphragms. It became most highly developed in Aragon, especially in Teruel but also in towns such as Zaragoza, Utebo, Tauste, Daroca, and Calatayud. During the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries, many grand Mudéjar towers were built in the city of Teruel, and these unique features have survived to the present day. A particularly fine example of Mudéjar-Renaissance style is the Casa de Pilatos, built in the early 16th century at Seville. Seville includes many other examples of Mudéjar. The Alcázar of Seville is considered one of the greatest surviving examples of Mudéjar Gothic and Mudéjar Renaissance architecture. Above all, the Alhambra in Granada, Spain is an extraordinary example of Islamic craftsmanship in Spain, and a long lasting iconic image in Spanish artistic and cultural history. Portugal commissioned fewer and simpler examples of mudéjar elements incorporated into its architecture. The Church of Castro de Avelãs in Braganza features classic mudéjar brick work. Mudéjar also tended to be applied to the gothic Manueline style in Portugal, which was very lavish and ornate. Portuguese use of mudéjar developed particularly in the 15th and 16th centuries, and structures such as the Palace of the Counts of Basto and the Royal Palace feature characteristic mudéjar wooden roofs that are also to be found in some churches in towns such as Sintra and Lisbon. Since trade was an essential part of Portugal's culture in the 16th century, imported mudéjar decorated tiles from Seville appear in churches and palaces, such as the Royal Palace of Sintra. Hispanic America Mudéjar style decoration was carried across the world by Spain, specially in the 16th century complementing Renaissance and before the emergence of Baroque.. Hence earlier kingdoms and provinces annexed to the Kingdom of Castille in the New World incorporated this Spanish architectural tradition. Some notable examples could be: The Church of San Miguel in Sucre, Bolivia, provides an example of Mudéjar in Hispanic America with its interior decorations and the open floor plan , geometric design can be seen through its octagonal patterned wood ceiling and the underside of the supporting arches are carved with a vegetable motif based on the arabesque. San Miguel is a direct inheritor of the Mudéjar and architecture tradition of the expansion and multiplication of an initial pattern. Around the octagonal dome, there are more wooden ceiling panels carved with the same pattern as the church's ceiling. Other examples of Mudéjar style can be found in Coro, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Venezuela. The Iglesia del Espíritu Santo in Havana, Cuba. The Monastery of San Francisco in Lima, Peru also contains Mudéjar elements. The vaults of the central and two side naves are painted in Mudéjar style. The halls of the head cloister are inlaid with Sevillian glazed tiles, and the main altar is made entirely from carved wood. Gallery Mudéjar style in other arts Decorative Arts The dominant geometrical design emerged conspicuously in the crafts: elaborate tilework, brickwork, wood carving, plasterwork, ceramics, and ornamental metals. Objects, as well as ceilings and walls, were often decorated with intensely complicated designs, as Mudéjar artists were not only interested in relaying wonder, but also continued the practice of horror vacui, or a fear of empty spaces. Thus, many aspects of oriental art were packed with intricate and beautiful patterns and imagery. Many decorative arts were applied to architecture, such as the tiling and ceramic work, as well as carving practices. To enliven the surfaces of wall and floor, Mudéjar style developed complicated tiling patterns. The motifs on tile work are often abstract, leaning more on vegetal designs and straying from figural images (which is common in Islamic work). The colors of tile work of the Mudéjar period are much brighter and more vibrant than other European styles. The production process was also unique: the tile was fired before it was cut into smaller, more manageable pieces. This approach meant that the tiles and glaze work shrank less in the firing process, and retained their designs more clearly. This allowed the tiles to be laid closer together with less grout, making the compositions more intricate and cohesive. Mudéjar ornamentation is also seen in wood, ivory, metalwork, and ceramics. Ceramics have long been a popular art form in Islamic work. Mudéjar style ceramics built upon techniques developed in the early centuries of Islamic art. Pottery centers all over Spain - e.g. Paterna, Toledo, Seville - focused on making a range of objects, from bowls and plates to candlesticks and turrets, etc. Artists typically worked in three “styles:” green-purple ware (manganese green), (cobalt) blue ware, and gold ware (luster earthenware). In terms of color, tin glazes were added to waterproof the ceramics and also to create gloss, hence the reference to Islamic ceramics as ‘lusterware.’ This technique was carried on from the Nasrid period. Typically, artisans would apply a layer of opaque white glaze before the colors. On top of the white, cobalt blue, green copper, and purple manganese oxides were used to make vibrant, traditional Islamic earthenware colors. Similarly in tile and stucco work, ceramic motifs included vegetal patterns, in addition to figurative motifs, calligraphy, and geometric patterns and images. There are also Christian influences in the imagery, such as boats, fern leaves, hearts, castles, etc. Literature Following the return to Christian rule, Muslims in Castile, Aragon and Catalonia gave up the Andalusi Arabic dialect in favor of Castilian, Aragonese and Catalan. Mudéjar texts were then written in Castilian and Aragonese, but with Arabic letters. Most of this literature consisted of religious essays, poems, and epic, imaginary narratives. Often, popular texts were translated into this Castilian-Arabic hybrid. Revivals of Mudéjar Style As mentioned, Mudéjar has experienced modern revivals such as neo-mudéjar, that appeared in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It has been combined with modern techniques and materials, such as cast iron and glass, with traditional arches, tiling, and brickwork. Some Spanish architectural firms have turned their attention to building projects in the modern Arab world, specifically Morocco, Algeria, and the Persian Gulf region, where Mudéjar influences are commissioned as preferred style housing. Mudéjar characteristics continue to act as a foundation for modernizing styles. Muslim architects are also currently making great strides in terms of modern architecture, reflecting the technical and engineering feats, as well as aesthetic expertise, reminiscent of the Mudéjar styles.. See also Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon, an UNESCO World Heritage Site Neo-Mudéjar architecture List of missing landmarks in Spain Hispano-Moresque ware Mozarab Artesonado References Bibliography ARTEHISTORIA, director. El Arte Mudejar . YouTube, YouTube, 17 June 2008, www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLuE7w1Zszo. Boswell, John (1978). Royal Treasure: Muslim Communities Under the Crown of Aragon in the Fourteenth Century. Yale University Press. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Manueline \| architectural style". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-05-09. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Mudejar.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 July 1998, www.britannica.com/topic/Mudejar. Encyclopedia. "Art in Spain and Portugal \| Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2019-05-09. Garma, David de la. “Mudejar Ceramics .” Arte Celta (ARTEGUIAS), 2012, www.arteguias.com/ceramica-mudejar.htm. Gonzalez, Elena. “Spanish Architecture in the Arab World .” Andalusi and Mudejar Art in Its International Scope: Legacy and Modernity, 9 Sept. 2015, pp. 197–211. King, Georgiana Goddard. Mudejar. Longmans Ed, 1927. Linehan, P. (Ed.), Nelson, J. (Ed.), Costambeys, M. (Ed.). (2018). The Medieval World. London:Routledge, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315102511 Makrickas, Augustas. “Islamic Influence on Western Architecture.” Academia.edu, 2013, www.academia.edu/5789655/Islamic_influence_on_western_Architecture. Menocal, Maria Rosa (2002). "Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain". Little, Brown, & Co. Rubenstein, Richard (2003). "Aristotle's Children: How Christians, Muslims, and Jews Rediscovered Ancient Wisdom and Illuminated the Middle Ages." Harcourt Books. “Scattering Seeds from the Garden of Allah.” Teposcolula Retablo, 2000, interamericaninstitute.org/work_in_progress.htm. Time Out. “Architecture.” TimeOut Madrid, Time Out Guides, 2010, pp. 32–34. Voigt. “Tile Style.” Moorish Tile History, 1 Jan. 1970, letstalktile.blogspot.com/2011/01/moorish-tile-history.html. Wacks, David A. Cultural Exchange in the Literatures and Languages of Medieval Iberia. 30 Oct. 2013, davidwacks.uoregon.edu/tag/aljamiado/. External links Tower of El Salvador, Teruel. UNESCO World Heritage Mudéjar art in Spain and Portugal in the Museum with no Frontiers website Arte Mudejar en Jerez de la Frontera Casselman Archive of Islamic and Mudejar Architecture in Spain Category:Islam in Spain Category:Architectural styles Category:Architecture of Spain Category:Vernacular architecture	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jordanowo, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Jordanowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Złotniki Kujawskie, within Inowrocław County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. References Jordanowo	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Firmus Energy Firmus Energy is an energy company based in Antrim, Northern Ireland. Bord Gáis had a plan to develop the gas market in Northern Ireland. A pipeline from Carrickfergus to Derry was completed in October 2004 and now serves Coolkeeragh Power Station. A second pipeline, known as the South-North pipeline, was commissioned in October 2006. It runs from Gormanston in the Republic to join the Carrick/Derry pipeline near Antrim creating an all-Ireland network and providing redundancy in case of problems with either Scotland-Northern Ireland pipeline or the Scotland - Republic of Ireland interconnectors. The Northern Ireland Authority for Energy Regulation awarded Bord Gáis a licence to supply homes and businesses in the towns and cities near the two pipelines - Antrim, Armagh, Ballymena, Ballymoney, Banbridge, Craigavon, Derry, Limavady and Newry - where the local subsidiaries of Bord Gáis use the trading name of Firmus Energy. On 1 December 2005, Firmus launched their first supply in Northern Ireland, to the large Michelin tyre factory in Ballymena. On 25 April 2006 firmus connected its first residential customers in Derry. The decision to award this licence was widely disputed and Phoenix Gas, the incumbent in Belfast and the surrounding area, launched a judicial review of the decision to award it to BGE, they claimed that it was more of a political decision and they claimed that Bord Gáis will lose a significant amount of money and that the business will be loss making. Firmus Energy is also competing to supply gas and electricity to large industrial and commercial customers across Northern Ireland. They supply gas in Belfast to Northern Ireland's largest bakery, Allied Bakeries and have been awarded an electricity supply licence. On 30 March 2009, the company said it had signed up Ballymena soft drinks manufacturer Norbev as its first electricity customer. In the autumn of 2009, a consortium of Bord Gáis Energy (Northern Ireland) and Storengy, a company of GDF Suez, undertook a seismic survey of land in the Larne area to determine if there are salt layers that could be used for the storage of natural gas. The survey confirmed the existence of the salt and a test borehole will be dug in Spring 2011 to confirm it has suitable mechanical properties. In October 2010, Firmus Energy extended competition in the Northern Ireland electricity market in parts of the agriculture sector by offering a discount on some current Northern Ireland Electricity tariffs to members of the Ulster Farmers' Union. In January 2011, Firmus Energy launched an offer for domestic gas customers in and around Belfast, claiming to be 'at least 7.5% cheaper than Phoenix'. In December 2013, Bord Gáis Eireann agreed to sell Firmus to a Centrica-led consortium, with Firmus eventually being taken on by Icon Infrastructure. In January 2019, Equitix bought Firmus from iCON infrastructure. References Category:Utilities of the United Kingdom Category:Oil and gas companies of Northern Ireland Category:Brands of Northern Ireland	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Thomas Marshall (Maine politician) Thomas H. Marshall (1826-1861) was an American politician and military commander from Maine. Marshall, a resident of Belfast, Maine and graduate of Bowdoin College, served two terms in the Maine House of Representatives (1857-1858) and two terms in the Maine Senate (1859-1860). During his final term in the Maine Senate, Marshall was elected Senate President. With the outbreak of the American Civil War, Marshall left elected office and became a major in the 4th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which assembled in Rockland, Maine in May 1861. Marshall was later transferred to the 7th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, where he was at first a lieutenant colonel and later the commanding officer. He became ill with a fever and died in Baltimore along with 80 others in the 7th Maine Regiment. References Category:1826 births Category:1861 deaths Category:People from Belfast, Maine Category:Members of the Maine House of Representatives Category:Presidents of the Maine Senate Category:People of Maine in the American Civil War Category:Union Army colonels Category:Bowdoin College alumni Category:19th-century American politicians	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Coralliophila infantula Coralliophila infantula is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails. References infantula Category:Gastropods described in 1985	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Guillaume de Steenhuys Guillaume de Steenhuys, Lord of Flers (1558–1638) was a noble magistrate and diplomat in the Spanish Netherlands. Family Steenhuys was born at Lannoy on 8 October 1558, son of Jean de Steenhuys, Lord of Linghen, and Charlotte de Preys. In 1591 he married Marguerite de Gottignies, daughter of Lancelot, Lord of la Haye. They had two children: Marie de Steenhuys; married to Philippe de Spanghen, Lord of Ter Liest. Philippe-Guillaume de Steenhuys, who succeeded his father and became Baron of Poederlee; further descendants. Career He obtained the degree of licentiate in law and on 7 June 1601 he was appointed a councillor of the Great Council of Mechelen, on 3 May 1611 councillor and master of requests of the Brussels Privy Council, and in 1613 commissioner in fiscal cases. He was an important advisor on monetary law. In June 1617 and January 1619 he travelled to Antwerp and Leuven to investigate the publication of Corona Regia, a scandalous libel of James VI and I. In 1618–1619 he undertook a mission to the King of France, and in 1620 to Ambrogio Spinola in the Rhine Palatinate. On 8 May 1622 he was appointed to the Council of State and in October of the same year he was discharged as a privy councillor and despatched to assist the Spanish delegation at the Diet of Regensburg (1623). The same year he was knighted. He returned to Brussels in April 1623. On 1 January 1627 he was appointed to the Admiralty council. Steenhuys died at Brussels on 30 April 1638 and was buried in the Dominican church in the city. References Category:Belgian diplomats Category:Belgian judges Category:Flemish nobility Category:Dutch people of the Eighty Years' War (Spanish Empire) Category:1558 births Category:1638 deaths	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Andrei Chadov Andrei Aleksandrovich Chadov (Russian: Андрей Александрович Чадов, born 22 May 1980) is a Russian actor. Biography Early life His father, Aleksandr Chadov, died in 1986, and both he and his brother were raised by single mother. She raised the children as best friends. Brothers look alike, but they are not twins, there are sixteen months between them. Andrei and Alexei began acting at school, then continued as amateur actors at the municipal theatre-studio in Peredelkino district at Moscow Oblast. After graduating from school, Andrei entered the Shchukin Acting School, then transferred to join his brother at Shchepkin Theatrical School in Moscow. Career While a student, Andrei Chadov made his film début in a supporting role in Avalanche (2001) by director Ivan Solovov. Andrei became famous after starring in television series The Cadets, where he played one of the main characters: the young Peter Todorovskiy. In 2004 he starred in a melodrama Russians. For this role, Andrei received the prize at the festival "Moscow Premiere" in the category Best Actor. In 2005 Andrei with his brother Alex appeared in the film Alive. They intend to appear together in various films and television series, such as SLOVE. Soldiers of Love, and the television show A Matter of Honor. Andrei is also involved in the Western film productions, filmed in French and British films, such as Bigga than Ben. Personal life Brother to Aleksey Chadov actor. During filming the television show Big Race Chadov met Svetlana Svetikova, who become his girlfriend, broke up in the spring of 2010. Filmography References External links Category:1980 births Category:Male actors from Moscow Category:Russian male film actors Category:Russian male singers Category:Russian male stage actors Category:Russian male television actors Category:Living people Category:21st-century Russian male actors Category:21st-century Russian singers Category:21st-century male singers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
First Jonckheer cabinet The First Jonckheer cabinet was the 1st cabinet of the Netherlands Antilles after the ratification of the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Composition The cabinet was composed as follows: \|Minister of General Affairs \|Efrain Jonckheer \|DP \|8 December 1954 \|- \|Minister of Finance \|Juan E. Irausquin \|PPA \|1 April 1956 \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Minister of Justice \|Frederick C.J. Beaujon \|PPA \|8 December 1954 \|- \|S.W. van der Meer \|DP \|1 April 1956 \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Minister of Education and Popular Education \|A.E. Booi \|NPB \|8 December 1954 \|- \|Frederick C.J. Beaujon \|PPA \|23 August 1958 \|- \|rowspan="2"\|Minister of Traffic and Communications \|Willem F.M. Lampe \|PPA \|8 December 1954 \|- \|Frederick C.J. Beaujon \|PPA \|1 April 1956 \|- \|rowspan="3"\|Minister of Public Health \|S.W. van der Meer \|DP \|8 December 1954 \|- \|A.E. Booi \|NPB \|23 July 1955 \|- \|Frederick C.J. Beaujon \|PPA \|1 April 1956 \|- \|rowspan="3"\|Minister of Social Affairs \|S.W. van der Meer \|DP \|8 December 1954 \|- \|Efrain Jonckheer \|DP \|1 April 1956 \|- \|Ciro Domenico Kroon \|PNP \|7 November 1957 \|- \|rowspan="3"\|Minister of Economic Affairs \|E.J. van Romondt \|COP \|8 December 1954 \|- \|A.E. Booi \|NPB \|31 May 1957 \|- \|Ciro Domenico Kroon \|PNP \|5 December 1957 \|- \|rowspan="3"\|Minister of Welfare \|E.J. van Romondt \|COP \|8 December 1954 \|- \|A.E. Booi \|NPB \|31 May 1957 \|- \|Juan E. Irausquin \|PPA \|5 December 1957 \|} DP - Democratische Partij op Curaçao PPA - Partido Patriotico di Aruba COP - Curaçaosche Onafhankelijke Partij NPB - Nationale Partij op Bonaire PNP - Nationale Volkspartij References Category:Cabinets of the Netherlands Antilles Category:1954 establishments in the Netherlands Antilles Category:Cabinets established in 1954 Category:Cabinets disestablished in 1958 Category:1958 disestablishments in the Netherlands Antilles	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Regions of Brazil Brazil is geopolitically divided into five regions (also called macroregions) by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (); each region is composed of three or more states. Although officially recognized, the division is merely academic, considering geographic, social and economic factors, among others, and has no political effects other than orientating Federal-level government programs. Under the state level, there are also mesoregions and microregions. The five regions North Region Area: 3,689,637.9 km² (45.27%) Population: 17,707,783 (4,6 people/km²; 6.2%; 2016) GDP: R$ 308 billion / US$94,8 billion (2016; 4.7%) (5th) Climate: Equatorial States: Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, Tocantins Largest Cities: Manaus (2,094,391); Belém (1,446,042); Porto Velho (511,219); Ananindeua (510,834); Macapá (465,495); Rio Branco (377,057); Boa Vista (326,419); Santarém (294,447); Palmas (279 856). Economy: Iron, Energy production, electronic manufacturing, tourism. Transport: Mainly rivers (which are abundant in the region). Highways are scarce and present mainly in the east. Airplanes are commonly used in small remote communities and sometimes in the larger cities. Vegetation: Almost the entire region is covered by Amazon Rainforest, except the state of Tocantins, which has savanna-like vegetation (cerrado). Although most of the native vegetation still remains, the region suffers from critical problems due to the growing deforestation of the area. Notable characteristics: Presence of the Amazon Rainforest, which is the vegetation dominant in every state but Tocantins. Cities are spread far apart in the region, and it has the lowest population density of the country. There are very few paved highways in the region, as it is almost isolated from the rest of the country. It is also the biggest region of Brazil, being responsible for almost half of the Brazilian territorial extension. Economic growth is above national average (especially in Amazonas and in Tocantins). Northeast Region Area: 1, 561,177 km² (18.3%) Population: 53,340,945 (30.55 people/km²; 29%; 2009) GDP: R$437 billion / US$273,1 billion (2009; ~12%) (3rd) Climate: Hot all the year long. Tropical near the coast and semi-arid in the interior; semi-equatorial in the far west of the region. States: Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe Largest Cities: Salvador (2,676,606); Fortaleza (2,447,409); Recife (1,536,934); São Luís (1,011,943); Maceió (932,608); Natal (789,836); Teresina (714,583); João Pessoa (595,429); Jaboatão dos Guararapes; (580,795); Feira de Santana (481,137); Aracaju (461,083); Olinda (368,666); Campina Grande (354,546). Economy: Tourism, cocoa, machinery manufacturing, textiles. Transport: Mainly highways, which are more abundant along the coast, although transport by sea is also important. Vegetation: Mainly desert-like vegetation, with tropical forests along the coast and in the west and savanna-like vegetation in the southwest. Notable characteristics: This region was the first part of Brazil discovered by the Portuguese, and the first Brazilian capital, Salvador, was founded here. It has the lowest levels in the country in almost all of the social indicators, being considered the most impoverished region in Brazil. However, has been growing above national average since the start of 21st century, gradually reducing the socio-economic distance to the other regions. Mid West Region Area: 1,612,007.2 km² (18.86%) Population: 13,357,154 (7.2 people/km²; 6.4%) GDP: R$279 billion / US$174,3 billion (2008; 8.3%) (4th) Climate: Savanna climate (hot, with little precipitation during winter in the northeast and the east; Tropical in the east and in the west; Equatorial in the north; Some temperate climate places in the south). States: Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Distrito Federal (Federal District). Largest Cities: Brasília (national capital) (2,562,963); Goiânia (1,318,148); Campo Grande (796,252); Cuiabá (556,298); Aparecida de Goiânia (442,978); Anápolis (334,613). Economy: Livestock, Soybeans, tourism. Transport: Highways where they are present (mostly in the center and east regions); transport by rivers is common in the north and in the east; airplanes are used in remote and smaller communities. Vegetation: Mainly savanna-like vegetation, including the Pantanal (Chaco, in Paraguay), flooded areas in the west, equatorial rainforests in the north. Notable characteristics: With a low population density, most of the land in the region is used for grazing instead of agriculture. The region is also the least industrialized in the country, based mainly in food & meat processing. Southeast Region Area: 927,286 km² (10.85%) Population: 80,303,750 (77.96 people/km², 38%) GDP: R$1,629 billion / US$803 billion (2008; ~49%) (1st) Climate: Tropical in the northwest (warm, relatively dry in the winter and wet in the summer); Semi-arid in the north; temperate in the south States: Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo Largest cities: São Paulo (11,037,593); Rio de Janeiro (6,186,710); Belo Horizonte (2,452,617); Guarulhos (1,299,283); Campinas (1,064,669); São Gonçalo (991,382); Duque de Caxias (872,762); Nova Iguaçu (865,089); São Bernardo do Campo (810,979); Osasco (718,646); Santo André (673,396); Uberlândia (634,345); Contagem (625,393); São José dos Campos (615,871); Sorocaba (584,313); Ribeirão Preto (563,107); Juiz de Fora (526,706); Belford Roxo (501,544); Niterói (479,384); São João de Meriti (469,827); Betim (441,748); Campos dos Goytacazes (434,008). Economy: Manufacturing (machinery, electronics, automobiles and aviation), coffee, sugar cane, tourism, petroleum, textiles, energy production (not sufficient, however, to fulfill its demand.) The Southeast is the economic center of Brazil, and most large companies present in Brazil have their headquarters in this region. The economical success of this region is a combination of its 4 states. São Paulo state is the most developed in the country, it has a population density as high as European Occident, and a HDI comparable to European East. Rio de Janeiro is the leader in petroleum production (with almost 3/4 of national production) . Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo are placed in the richest mining region in Brazil. Transport: The region is heavily covered by highways, and, to some extent, railways. Railways and rivers are used mainly for freight, and used where they are present. The region also contains several airport hubs which provide many domestic and international air routes. Vegetation: Mainly tropical-like semi-deciduous forests (Mata Atlântica); semi-arid in the north, with almost no vegetation; savannah-like vegetation in the west and in the northwest (Cerrado). Very little of the native vegetation still remains (~2%, mostly in parks.) Notable characteristics: The southeast region is the major powerhouse of the Brazilian economy, responsible as it is for 49% of the Brazilian GDP (approximately US$1024 billion in 2010). It is also the most populous region in the country, with more than 80 million people, and contains the two most important metropolitan regions (São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro), as well as many other large cities (such as Belo Horizonte, Vitória, both State capitals, Campinas and several others.) South Region Area: 577,214 km² (6.75%) Population: 25,800,000 (43.46 people/km², 12.5%) GDP: R$503 billion / US$313,8 billion (2008; ~15%) (2nd) Climate: Subtropical by the coast, hot to moderately hot in the summer, mild and very humid winters and temperate by the mountain range, the valleys and the plateaus in the interior, with moderate temperatures in the summer and cold in the winter, with well distributed rainfalls. Snow is relatively common, mainly in the highlands (for example in Santa Catarina state's São Joaquim). States: Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina Largest Cities: Curitiba (1,764,540); Porto Alegre (1,413,094); Joinville (520,905); Londrina (511,278); Caxias do Sul (441,332); Florianópolis (427,298); Maringá (362,329); Pelotas (328,864); Canoas (325,188); Ponta Grossa (314,527); Blumenau (312,634); Cascavel (289,339); Foz do Iguaçu (255,900); and Santa Maria (262,368). Economy: Machinery and automobile industries, textiles, tourism, energy production, information technology, orange, apple, grapefruit. Transport: There are many developed highways and railways throughout the region, although the latter is mainly used for freight. Rivers are used when possible. Vegetation: Rainforests along the coast (Mata Atlântica), subtropical semiciduous in the north and west (Araucárias) and prairie-like vegetation in the south (Pampas). Little native vegetation still remains due to deforestation. Notable characteristics: The South Region of Brazil is historically characterized by its high standard of living, with considerably better social indicators, which include some of the cities with the highest HDI levels in the country, including their capitals. Cities also feature an advanced level of urbanism in comparison with other parts of Brazil. The region is almost the newest in terms of urbanization, it was recently populated by European immigrants (almost 19th century immigration and refugees of World War I and World War IIs). They have added to the local culture, especially in architecture, cuisine and forms of agriculture. Southern region, however, is not immune from poverty, violence and other social issues, especially in the larger cities, even though in a lower level than poorer areas in the country. The state of Santa Catarina is proportionally the Whitest state in Brazil with over 87% of its population being European. The other Southern states also have the highest percentage rates of European population. Ethnic composition of regions The composition of regions of Brazil according to autosomal genetic studies focused on the Brazilian population (which has been found to be a complex melting pot of European, African and Native Americans components): A 2011 autosomal DNA study, with nearly 1000 samples from all over the country ("whites", "pardos" and "blacks"), found a major European contribution, followed by a high African contribution and an important Native American component. The study showed that Brazilians from different regions are more homogeneous than previously thought by some based on the census alone. "Brazilian homogeneity is, therefore, a lot greater between Brazilian regions than within Brazilian regions." According to an autosomal DNA study from 2010, a new portrayal of each ethnicity contribution to the DNA of Brazilians, obtained with samples from the five regions of the country, has indicated that, on average, European ancestors are responsible for nearly 80% of the genetic heritage of the population. The variation between the regions is small, with the possible exception of the South, where the European contribution reaches nearly 90%. The results, published by the scientific American Journal of Human Biology by a team of the Catholic University of Brasília, show that, in Brazil, physical indicators such as colour of skin, eyes and hair have little to do with the genetic ancestry of each person, which has been shown in previous studies (regardless of census classification). Ancestry informative SNPs can be useful to estimate individual and population biogeographical ancestry. Brazilian population is characterized by a genetic background of three parental populations (European, African, and Brazilian Native Amerindians) with a wide degree and diverse patterns of admixture. In this work we analyzed the information content of 28 ancestry-informative SNPs into multiplexed panels using three parental population sources (African, Amerindian, and European) to infer the genetic admixture in an urban sample of the five Brazilian geopolitical regions. The SNPs assigned apart the parental populations from each other and thus can be applied for ancestry estimation in a three hybrid admixed population. Data was used to infer genetic ancestry in Brazilians with an admixture model. Pairwise estimates of F(st) among the five Brazilian geopolitical regions suggested little genetic differentiation only between the South and the remaining regions. Estimates of ancestry results are consistent with the heterogeneous genetic profile of Brazilian population, with a major contribution of European ancestry (0.771) followed by African (0.143) and Amerindian contributions (0.085). The described multiplexed SNP panels can be useful tool for bioanthropological studies but it can be mainly valuable to control for spurious results in genetic association studies in admixed populations." An autosomal DNA study from 2009 found a similar profile "all the Brazilian samples (regions) lie more closely to the European group than to the African populations or to the Mestizos from Mexico." According to another autosomal DNA study from 2008, by the University of Brasília (UnB), European ancestry dominates in the whole of Brazil (in all regions), accounting for 65.90% of heritage of the population, followed by the African contribution (24.80%) and the Native American (9.3%); the European ancestry being the dominant ancestry in all regions including the Northeast of Brazil. A study from 1965, "Methods of Analysis of a Hybrid Population" (Human Biology, vol 37, number 1), led by geneticists D. F. Roberts and R. W. Hiorns, found out the average Northeastern Brazilian to be predominantly European in ancestry (65%), with minor but important African and Native American contributions (25% and 9%). See also Brazil Socio-Geographic Division Demographics of Brazil Biomes in Brazil Notes The number given in parenthesis are percentages relative to Brazil as a whole. The populations for the cities given do not include their metropolitan areas. References Category:Subdivisions of Brazil	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Anders Jordahl Anders Olsen Jordahl (April 4, 1878 – February 18, 1969) was a Norwegian-American engineer, inventor and entrepreneur. Anders Olsen Jordahl was born at Elverum in Hedmark, Norway. His parents were Ole Jordahl and Mary (Furer) Jordahl. His father was a schoolteacher. His family was originally from the traditional district of Nordmøre. In the first years of the new century, Jordahl met the young Swedish civil engineer Ivar Kreuger in the United States. They were both interested in reinforced concrete building design and construction, and worked for a few years in the building industry in the United States. After their work together, both returned to Europe to promote their modern ideas. In 1907, Ivar Kreuger acquired the European marketing rights for Kahneisen, a system for reinforced concrete construction invented by Julius Kahn during 1903. In Germany, Jordahl and Kreuger, formed the company Deutsche Kahneisen Gesellschaft mbH (now Jordahl GmbH) in 1913. Through this company, Jordahl developed and patented an anchor channel for reinforced concrete buildings. He designed a C-shaped profile in 1913 which was moulded into walls and used as reinforcement and connection device at the same time. This was the first anchor channel ever developed. The patent for this invention was granted to Jordahl on December 11, 1913. Kreuger had not only studied building design in America, but also the workings of the stock exchange. He returned to Sweden, and became a famous, (and later infamous) tycoon. For a short period the two friends ran a restaurant in South Africa. They continued a personal relation during following years until Kreuger's death in 1932. In 1941, Jordahl moved to Millstone, New Jersey, where he died in 1969. References External links Category:Norwegian company founders Category:Norwegian engineers Category:Concrete pioneers Category:1878 births Category:1969 deaths Category:People from Millstone, New Jersey Category:Norwegian emigrants to the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Barnert Barnert may refer to: Nathan Barnert The Barnert Hospital (or the Barnert Medical Arts Complex on the grounds of the former hospital) The Miriam Barnert Hebrew Free School The Barnert Temple in Franklin Lakes, NJ	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bésignan Bésignan is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France. Population See also Communes of the Drôme department References INSEE Category:Communes of Drôme	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mary Grace Canfield Mary Grace Canfield (September 3, 1924 – February 15, 2014) was an American theatre, film and television actress. Early life and career Mary Grace Canfield was born in Rochester, New York, the second child of Hildegard (née Jacobson) and Hubert Canfield. She grew up in Pittsford, New York. She had an elder sister, Constance, who was two years older. Acting mostly in small theatre companies and regional theatre, between 1952 and 1964 she appeared in several Broadway plays, although most ran for no more than a month. Her Broadway credits include The Waltz of the Toreadors and The Frogs of Spring. Canfield's first credited performance on television was in March 1954, when she portrayed Frances in the episode "Native Dancer" on Goodyear Playhouse. After making additional television appearances, she played a housekeeper, Amanda Allison, in the ABC sitcom The Hathaways during the 1961-62 season. As Thelma Lou's "ugly" cousin in an episode of CBS's The Andy Griffith Show, she had an arranged blind date with Gomer Pyle, played by Jim Nabors. Her name on that episode was her actual name, Mary Grace. Green Acres Canfield was best known for her recurring role on the hit CBS comedy series Green Acres as Ralph Monroe, the all-thumbs carpenter who greeted her fellow Hootervillians with her signature "Howdy Doody!" She appeared in more than 40 episodes of the show during its six-season run from 1965 to 1971. She reprised the role in the 1990 TV movie Return to Green Acres. Recalling the Ralph character in a 2006 interview, she stated, "To be remembered for Ralph kind of upsets me—only in the sense that it was so easy and undemanding." She added, "It's being known for something easy to do instead of something you worked hard to achieve." Other roles She guest starred on the NBC medical drama The Eleventh Hour. In 1966, Canfield played Abner Kravitz's sister, Harriet, on four episodes of Bewitched. Actress Alice Pearce, who played Abner's wife, Gladys Kravitz, had died from ovarian cancer, and her successor as Mrs. Kravitz (Sandra Gould) had yet to be hired. During the early 1970s, Canfield and actress Lucille Wall shared the role of Lucille March on General Hospital. Canfield appeared in such feature films as Pollyanna (as "Angelica"), The St. Valentine's Day Massacre and Something Wicked This Way Comes. Later life and death Canfield made her last public appearance in 2005, when she attended Eddie Albert's funeral along with Green Acres co-stars Sid Melton and Frank Cady. Canfield died at age 89 from lung cancer on February 15, 2014, in Santa Barbara, California. Filmography Film Television References External links Category:1924 births Category:2014 deaths Category:American film actresses Category:American television actresses Category:Actresses from Rochester, New York Category:20th-century American actresses Category:Deaths from cancer in California Category:Deaths from lung cancer Category:People from Pittsford, New York	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Protogoniopsis Protogoniopsis is a genus of parasitic flies in the family Tachinidae. There is one described species in Protogoniopsis, P. arida. References Further reading Category:Flies Category:Articles created by Qbugbot	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Fleury, Moselle Fleury () is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. Geography The village is sited on a wooded plateau, high above the river Seille. The hilly topography gives rise to a range of microclimates and so agriculture surrounding the village is mixed, featuring arable crops and cattle rearing as well as vineyards. History Fleury was located within Saulnois, a region known as a source of salt over many centuries and under the control of the Three Bishoprics province. Fleury was destroyed in 1352 by the army of the regent of Lorraine. See also Communes of the Moselle department Category:Communes of Moselle (department)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Edmund Cooper (swimmer) Edmund Merriman Cooper (9 September 1912–January 2003) was a Bermudian swimmer. He competed in two events at the 1936 Summer Olympics: the men's 400 metres freestyle (with a time of 5:53.8) and the 4x200 metres freestyle relay. His brother, Forster Cooper, and son, Edmund Kirkland Cooper, were also both Olympians—in swimming and sailing, respectively. References Category:1912 births Category:Year of death missing Category:Bermudian male swimmers Category:Olympic swimmers of Bermuda Category:Swimmers at the 1936 Summer Olympics Category:People from Pembroke Parish	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Vytegra River The Vytegra () is a river in Vytegorsky District of Vologda Oblast in Russia. It nominally flows out of Lake Matkozero and is a tributary of Lake Onega. It is long, and the area of its basin . The principal tributary is the Tagazhma River (left). The river is a part of the Volga-Baltic Waterway. When the canal was under construction, Lake Matkozero was used to deposit the soil, and it does not exist anymore. The Vytegra is connected with the valley of the Kovzha River by Novomariinsky Canal in the south. Close to the mouth, the Onega Canal branches off west to bypass Lake Onega and to connect the Vytegra with the Svir River. Upstream of the town of Vytegra, the Vytegorsky Reservoir was filled. The whole river basin of the Vychegda is located in the central part of Vytegorsky District. The valley of the Vytegra is populated, in particular, the town of Vytegra is located on both banks of the river. The names of both Vytegra and Vytegorsky District originates from the name of the river. References External links Category:Rivers of Vologda Oblast Category:Neva basin	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ilva Bagnolese Ilva Bagnolese was an Italian football club from the Bagnoli area of Naples. The club is most noted for competing in the early Italian Football Championship competitions during the 1920s, after that period they began to decline spending the 1940s in Serie C. The last season of Ilva Bagnolese was played out in Serie D where they were relegated to Prima Categoria. Instead of going through with the relegation they merged with Ischia Isolaverde in 1960. References Category:Defunct football clubs in Italy Category:Football clubs in Italy Category:Football clubs in Campania Category:Football clubs in Naples Category:Association football clubs established in 1909 Category:Association football clubs disestablished in 1960 Category:Italian football First Division clubs Category:1909 establishments in Italy Category:1960 disestablishments in Italy	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Walter Froucester Walter Froucester (died 1412), was abbot of St. Peter's, Gloucester. Froucester had previously officiated as chamberlain of the monastery. On the death of John Boyfield in January 1382, Froucester was elected his successor, being the twentieth abbot. Boyfield's rule had not been successful; he was weak and was in continual trouble with rival ecclesiastics, who, to the disadvantage of his monastery, generally got the better of him. Froucester, on assuming the direction, applied himself to the improvement of the brotherhood's position with marked success, taking and keeping the upper hand over all rivals, and yet without giving offence. By the prudence and economy of his domestic administration he succeeded in wiping off the greater part of the vast debt with which he found the monastery encumbered. From his private purse he supplied the church with ornaments of all kinds, books, vestments, and silver plate. He is best known for having brought to completion at great expense the beautiful cloisters, the building of which had been begun in Horton's (abbot 1351–77) time, and left unfinished for several years. With the view of securing for his monastery full title to some of its possessions he despatched to Rome one of the brotherhood, William Bryt by name, who, after a stay of some years, succeeded in getting appropriated to the monastery the churches of Holy Trinity and St. Mary de Lode, Gloucester, and that of Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire. Froucester also obtained from Pope Urban, through the influence of the Duke of Gloucester, the privileges of wearing the pontifical mitre, ring, sandals, and dalmatic, which his predecessor had requested in vain. The occasion chosen by Froucester for his investment with these ornaments was 10 April 1390, the day on which the remains of St. Kyneburgh the Virgin were translated to St. Peter's, the ceremony being celebrated by the Bishop of Worcester and Froucester, and a number of ecclesiastics, in the presence of the Duke of Gloucester and many noblemen and ladies. He also obtained from the pope a dispensation allowing the brotherhood of St. Peter's to eat flesh from Septuagesima to Quinquagesima inclusive. By Froucester's orders the registers of the monastery were compiled afresh, and the history of St. Peter's was probably re-edited at the same time. It has sometimes been supposed, but unwarrantably, that this history, early copies of which exist in Queen's College Library, Oxford, and among the Cottonian MSS., was written by Froucester, because the chronicle closes during his abbacy; internal evidence shows that it was compiled from time to time. Froucester died in 1412, and was buried beneath an arch in the southwest portion of the choir of St. Peter's. Sir Robert Atkyns calls him Trowcester. References Category:Year of birth missing Category:1412 deaths Category:14th-century births Category:14th-century English people Category:15th-century English people Category:Abbots of Gloucester	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Boy Scouts Boy Scouts may refer to: Boy Scout, a participant in the Boy Scout Movement. Scouting also known as the Boy Scout Movement. An organisation in the Scouting Movement, although many of these organizations also have female members. There are thousands of national Scouting organizations or federations, mostly grouped into seven international Scouting associations, along with some non-aligned organizations and Groups. More information on these organizations and groups can be found in: List of World Organization of the Scout Movement members List of World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts members International Union of Guides and Scouts of Europe#Member organizations Order of World Scouts#List of members World Federation of Independent Scouts#List of members World Organization of Independent Scouts#Members Confederation of European Scouts#Member organizations List of non-aligned Scouting organizations The Scouting Movement in a country, see: :Category:Scouting and Guiding by country Traditional Scouting Scout (Scouting), an age group or section for youth in the range of 11 to 18 years in the Scouting Movement That age group or section in an organisation, see: Age groups in Scouting and Guiding Category:Scouting Category:Scouting-related lists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Special Sound Series Vol. 1 Special Sound Series Vol. 1 is Shigeo Sekito's first sound series album. Track listing References Category:Shigeo Sekito albums Category:1975 albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Norosí Norosí is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia. The municipality was established in 2007. Category:Populated places in the Bolívar Department Category:Municipalities of Bolívar Department	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Healthcare engineering In its succinct definition, “Healthcare Engineering is engineering involved in all aspects of healthcare”. The term “engineering” in this definition covers all engineering disciplines such as Biomedical, Chemical, Civil, Computer, Electrical, Environmental, Industrial, Information, Materials, Mechanical, Software, and Systems Engineering. Based on the definition of "healthcare", a more elaborated definition of Healthcare Engineering is the following:“Healthcare Engineering is engineering involved in all aspects of the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of illness, as well as the preservation and improvement of physical and mental health and well-being, through the services offered to humans by the medical and allied health professions”. Overview Almost all engineering disciplines (e.g., Biomedical, Chemical, Civil, Computer, Electrical, Environmental, Industrial, Information, Materials, Mechanical, Software, and Systems Engineering) have made significant contributions and brought about advances in healthcare. Contributions have also been made by healthcare professionals (e.g., physicians, dentists, nurses, pharmacists, allied health professionals, and health scientists) who are engaged in supporting, improving, and/or advancing healthcare through engineering approaches. Healthcare Engineering is a multi-disciplinary specialty that focuses on advancing healthcare through engineering approaches involving both healthcare and engineering professionals. Healthcare Engineering is expected to play a role of growing importance as healthcare continues to be one of the world's largest and fastest-growing industries where engineering is a major factor of advancement through creating, developing, and implementing cutting-edge devices, systems, and procedures attributed to breakthroughs in electronics, information technology, miniaturization, material science, optics, and other fields, to address challenges associated with issues such as the continued rise in healthcare costs, the quality and safety of healthcare, care of the aging population, management of common diseases, the impact of high technology, increasing demands for regulatory compliance, risk management, and reducing litigation risk. As the demand for engineers continues to increase in healthcare, Healthcare Engineering will be recognized as the most important profession where engineers make major contributions directly benefiting human health. History The American Society of Healthcare Engineering (ASHE), established in 1962, was one of the first to publicize the term “Healthcare Engineering”. ASHE, as well as its many local affiliate societies, is devoted to the health care physical environment, including design, building, maintenance, and operation of hospitals and other health care facilities, which represents only one sector of engineers’ activities in healthcare. The term “healthcare engineers” first appeared in the scientific literature in 1989, where the critical role of engineers in the healthcare delivery system was discussed. A number of academic programs have adopted the name “Healthcare Engineering” (e.g., Indiana University, Northwestern University, Purdue University, Texas Tech University, University of Illinois, University of Michigan, University of North Carolina, University of Southern California, University of Toronto ), although the description/definition of “Healthcare Engineering” by these programs varies, as each institution has designed its program based on its own distinctive interest, strength, and focus. The first scholarly journal dedicated to Healthcare Engineering, Journal of Healthcare Engineering, was launched in 2010 by Dr. Ming-Chien Chyu, focusing on engineering involved in all aspects of healthcare delivery processes and systems. In the meantime, a number of companies with various foci have adopted “Healthcare Engineering” in their names. Healthcare Engineering was first defined in a white paper published in 2015 by Dr. Chyu and 40 co-authors who are active members of and contributors to the Healthcare Engineering community all over the world. The white paper was reviewed by more than 280 reviewers, including members of US National Academy of Engineering, Engineering Deans of the world's top universities, administrators and faculty members of Healthcare Engineering academic programs, leaders of healthcare/medical and engineering professional societies/associations, leaders of healthcare industry and government, and Healthcare Engineering professionals from all over the world. This white paper documents a clear, rigorous definition of Healthcare Engineering as an academic discipline, an area of research, a field of specialty, and a profession, and is expected to raise the status and visibility of Healthcare Engineering, help students choose Healthcare Engineering-related fields as majors, help engineers and healthcare professionals choose Healthcare Engineering as a profession, define Healthcare Engineering as a specialty area for the research community, funding agencies, and conference/event organizers, help job searching databases properly categorize Healthcare Engineering jobs, help healthcare employers recruit from the right pool of expertise, bring academic administrators’ attention to Healthcare Engineering in considering new program initiations, help governments and institutions of different levels put Healthcare Engineering into perspective for policy making, budgeting, and other purposes, and help publishers and librarians categorize literature related to Healthcare Engineering. Based on this white paper, a global, non-profit professional organization, Healthcare Engineering Alliance Society (HEALS), was founded by Dr. Chyu in 2015, that focuses on improving and advancing all aspects of healthcare through engineering approaches. Purpose The purpose of Healthcare Engineering is to improve human health and well-being through engineering approaches. Scope Healthcare Engineering covers the following two major fields: I. Engineering for Healthcare Intervention: Engineering involved in the development or provision of any treatment, preventive care, or test that a person could take or undergo to improve health or to help with a particular health problem.II. Engineering for Healthcare Systems: Engineering involved in the complete network of organizations, agencies, facilities, information systems, management systems, financing mechanisms, logistics, and all trained personnel engaged in delivering healthcare within a geographical area.Subjects The major subjects of Healthcare Engineering are listed in Table 1. Updated ramifications and lists of topics within individual subjects are available from authoritative sources such as the leading societies/associations of individual subjects and government organizations. Table 1. Healthcare Engineering subjects Synergy Healthcare Engineering features a synergy among the healthcare/medical sectors of all engineering disciplines and the engineering/technology sectors of the Health Sciences, as depicted in Figure 1. Professional Healthcare Engineering professionals are mainly (a) engineers from all engineering disciplines such as Biomedical, Chemical, Civil, Computer, Electrical, Environmental, Industrial, Information, Materials, Mechanical, Software, and Systems Engineering, and (b) healthcare professionals such as physicians, dentists, nurses, pharmacists, allied health professionals, and health scientists, who are engaged in supporting, improving, and/or advancing any aspect of healthcare through engineering approaches, in accordance with the above definition of Healthcare Engineering. Since some healthcare professionals engaged in Healthcare Engineering may not be considered to be “engineers”, “Healthcare Engineering professional” is a more appropriate term than “Healthcare Engineer”. Venue Healthcare Engineering professionals generally perform their jobs in/with/for the healthcare industry. Major sectors and subsectors of healthcare industry along with Healthcare Engineering professionals’ contributions are summarized in Table 2. Table 2. Healthcare industry classification and contributions of Healthcare Engineering Education & training Engineers from almost all engineering disciplines (such as Biomedical, Chemical, Civil, Computer, Electrical, Environmental, Industrial, Information, Materials, Mechanical, Software, and Systems Engineering) are always in demand in healthcare. It is a common misconception that only engineers with a background in Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Engineering, or related areas may work in healthcare. However, there is a need for courses and certificate type of programs that prepare non-biomedical engineering students and practicing engineers for service in healthcare. On the other hand, healthcare professionals (physicians, dentists, nurses, pharmacists, allied health professionals, etc.) may benefit from training to apply engineering to their practice, problem solving, and advancing healthcare. Due to the rapid advance of technology, continuing education plays a crucial role in ensuring Healthcare Engineering professionals’ continued competence. References Category:Health care Category:Engineering disciplines Category:Health care occupations	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Nonsymmetric gravitational theory In theoretical physics, the nonsymmetric gravitational theory (NGT) of John Moffat is a classical theory of gravitation that tries to explain the observation of the flat rotation curves of galaxies. In general relativity, the gravitational field is characterized by a symmetric rank-2 tensor, the metric tensor. The possibility of generalizing the metric tensor has been considered by many, including Einstein and others. A general (nonsymmetric) tensor can always be decomposed into a symmetric and an antisymmetric part. As the electromagnetic field is characterized by an antisymmetric rank-2 tensor, there is an obvious possibility for a unified theory: a nonsymmetric tensor composed of a symmetric part representing gravity, and an antisymmetric part that represents electromagnetism. Research in this direction ultimately proved fruitless; the desired classical unified field theory was not found. In 1979, Moffat made the observation that the antisymmetric part of the generalized metric tensor need not necessarily represent electromagnetism; it may represent a new, hypothetical force. Later, in 1995, Moffat noted that the field corresponding with the antisymmetric part need not be massless, like the electromagnetic (or gravitational) fields. In its original form, the theory may be unstable, although this has only been shown in the case of the linearized version. In the weak field approximation where interaction between fields is not taken into account, NGT is characterized by a symmetric rank-2 tensor field (gravity), an antisymmetric tensor field, and a constant characterizing the mass of the antisymmetric tensor field. The antisymmetric tensor field is found to satisfy the equations of a Maxwell–Proca massive antisymmetric tensor field. This led Moffat to propose Metric Skew Tensor Gravity (MSTG), in which a skew symmetric tensor field postulated as part of the gravitational action. A newer version of MSTG, in which the skew symmetric tensor field was replaced by a vector field, is scalar–tensor–vector gravity (STVG). STVG, like Milgrom's Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND), can provide an explanation for flat rotation curves of galaxies. Recently, Hammond showed the nonsymmetric part of the metric tensor was shown to be equal the torsion potential, a result following the metricity condition, that the length of a vector is invariant under parallel transport. In addition, the energy momentum tensor is not symmetric, and both the symmetric and nonsymmetric parts are those of a string. References Category:Theories of gravitation	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Song Qing Song Qing is the name of: Song Qing (Qing dynasty) (1820–1902), Qing dynasty general Song Qing (Water Margin), fictional Song dynasty hero in the Chinese novel Water Margin	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
William A. Russell (New York politician) William A. Russell (after 1820 – before 1897) was an American politician from New York. He was the son of Congressman David Abel Russell and Alida (Lansing) Russell. He was Sheriff of Washington County from 1850 to 1852. He was an Inspector of State Prisons from 1856 to 1858, elected on the American ticket in 1855 but defeated for re-election in 1858. Union General David Allen Russell was his brother. Sources DEATH LIST OF A DAY in NYT on May 25, 1897, his son's (also named William A. Russell) obit Harper's Magazine telling an anecdote of Russell's trip south to take up his duties at the State Prison The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (pages 46 and 409; Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858) Category:Year of death missing Category:Place of birth missing Category:Place of death missing Category:People from Washington County, New York Category:New York State Prison Inspectors Category:New York (state) sheriffs Category:New York (state) Know Nothings Category:19th-century American politicians Category:Year of birth uncertain	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lin Chun-yi Lin Chun-yi (, born 26 September 1983) is a retired Taiwanese volleyball player who plays as an attacker in Chinese Taipei women's national volleyball team. Playing history Chung Shan Industrial and Commercial School Taipei Physical Education College Awards Individuals 2005 Asian Club Championship "Best Blocker" National team World University Games Winner: 2005 Clubs 2005 Asian Club Championship - Runner-Up, with Chung Shan References Category:1983 births Category:Living people Category:Taiwanese women's volleyball players Category:Asian Games medalists in volleyball Category:Volleyball players at the 2006 Asian Games Category:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for Chinese Taipei	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
El ojo de vidrio El ojo de vidrio may refer to: El ojo de vidrio (film), a 1969 Mexican film El ojo de vidrio (telenovela), a Mexican telenovela Julio Alberto Castillo Rodríguez, a suspected Mexican drug lord	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Auburn Tigers The Auburn Tigers are the athletic teams representing Auburn University, a public four-year coeducational university located in Auburn, Alabama, United States. The Auburn Tigers compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). Sports sponsored Auburn sponsors 19 varsity teams in 13 sports and competes in the Southeastern Conference. Football Auburn claims two national championships, 1957 and 2010, but has been recognized with three additional national championships from NCAA documented selectors: 1913, 1983, and 1993. Three Auburn players, Pat Sullivan in 1971, Bo Jackson in 1985, and Cam Newton in 2010 have won the Heisman Trophy. The Trophy's namesake, John Heisman, coached at Auburn from 1895 until 1899. Auburn is the only school that Heisman coached at (among others, Georgia Tech and Clemson) that has produced a Heisman Trophy winner. Auburn's Jordan–Hare Stadium has a capacity of 87,451 ranking as the tenth-largest on-campus stadium in the NCAA as of January 2011. Auburn played the first football game in the Deep South in 1892 against the University of Georgia at Piedmont Park in Atlanta, Georgia. The Tigers' first bowl appearance was in 1937 in the sixth Bacardi Bowl played in Havana, Cuba. AU Football has won 12 conference championships (8 SEC), has had seven perfect seasons, and since the division of the conference in 1992, six outright western division championships (1997, 2000, 2004, 2010, 2013, 2017) along with three additional co-championships. Auburn plays archrival Alabama each year in a game known as the Iron Bowl. In the overall series with Alabama, Auburn trails Alabama 42–35–1, despite holding an 18–14 advantage in games played since 1982. Of the 14 SEC member universities, Auburn currently ranks 5th in the number of SEC football championships, and has won the most SEC titles of any program in the last decade. Auburn completed the 2004 football season with an unblemished 13–0 record winning the SEC championship, their first conference title since 1989 and their first outright title since 1987. However, this achievement was somewhat overshadowed by the Tigers being left out of the BCS championship game in deference to two other undefeated, higher ranked teams, USC and Oklahoma. The 2004 team was led by quarterback Jason Campbell (Washington Redskins), running backs Carnell Williams (Tampa Bay Buccaneers) and Ronnie Brown (Miami Dolphins), and cornerback Carlos Rogers (Washington Redskins). Auburn completed the 2010 football season with a perfect record of 13–0 winning the SEC championship when they defeated the University of South Carolina 56–17, which set an SEC Championship Game record for most points scored and largest margin of victory. The Tigers went on to defeat the Oregon Ducks 22–19 in their first appearance in the BCS National Championship Game on January 10, 2011 in Glendale, Arizona. The 2010 team was led by quarterback Cam Newton, who became the Heisman trophy winner of 2010 along with multiple other awards. Auburn completed the 2013 regular season with an 11–1 record by knocking off then #1 Alabama. Auburn went on to defeat #5 Missouri 59–42 in the 2013 SEC Championship Game to claim its eighth SEC championship. Auburn faced #1 Florida State in the 2014 BCS National Championship Game at the Rose Bowl, falling to the Seminoles in the final seconds, 31–34. The Tigers finished the season with a 12–2 record and ranked #2 in the final AP and Coaches polls. Swimming and diving In the last decade under former head coach David Marsh, Auburn's swimming and diving program became a virtual dynasty in the SEC and the NCAA winning five consecutive NCAA men's championships from 2003 through 2007 and women's championships in 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006 and 2007. The Auburn men have won the SEC Championship 14 out of the last 15 years and also won national championships in 1997, 1999, and 2009. The Auburn men won their 13th consecutive SEC Title in 2008, while the Auburn women took home their fifth SEC Championship in the last six years. The Auburn men's 44 consecutive, five-year, dual-meet win record came to an end on January 11, 2007 when they lost to Texas 130–113, exactly five years to the date of their last loss in 2001, also to Texas. Auburn swimmers have represented the U.S. and several other countries in recent Olympics. Auburn's most famous swimmer is Olympic gold medalist Rowdy Gaines, winner of three gold medals at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Auburn's most successful female Olympic swimmer is Kirsty Coventry (swimming for her home country of Zimbabwe) who won a gold, silver and bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Marsh left Auburn after the 2007 season to become the Head Elite Coach and CEO of the United States Olympic Committee Center of Excellence in Charlotte, North Carolina and was succeeded by former Auburn head coach Richard Quick who led Stanford and Texas to 12 NCAA titles in two decades of coaching between 1984 and 2005. Men's basketball The Auburn men's basketball team has enjoyed off-and-on success over the years. Its best known alumnus is Charles Barkley. Other NBA players from Auburn are Chuck Person, Wesley Person, Chris Porter, Marquis Daniels, Moochie Norris, and Pat Burke. Women's basketball Baseball Softball Men's golf The men's golf team has won four SEC Championships: 1976, 1981, 2002, and 2018. Chip Spratlin claimed the 1995 NCAA Championship. Women's golf Auburn's women's golf team has risen to be extremely competitive in the NCAA in recent years. Since 1999, they hold an 854–167–13 (.826 win percentage) record. The team has been in five NCAA finals and finished second in 2002 and then third in 2005. The program has a total of eight SEC Championships (1989, 1996, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2009, and 2011). The seven titles is third all-time for women's golf. In October 2005, Auburn was named the #3 team nationally out of 229 total teams since 1999 by GolfWeek magazine. Auburn's highest finish in the NCAA tournament was a tie for 2nd in 2002. Since 1996, the team has been headed by Coach Kim Evans, a 1981 alumna, who has turned the program into one of the most competitive in the nation. Coach Evans has helped develop All-Americans, SEC Players of the Year as well as three SEC Freshman of the Year. She has led the Tigers to eight-straight NCAA appearances. She is by far the winningest Coach in Auburn Golf History, having over 1,100 wins and winning six of Auburn's seven total SEC Titles. Evans was named National Coach of the Year in 2003 and has coached 8 individual All-Americans while at Auburn. Women's soccer Auburn Soccer has been one of the top programs of the SEC. The team started in 1993 and after some growing pains is now a constant player in the SEC Conference championship race. Auburn won four straight SEC West division titles between 2001–2004 and a fifth in 2006. They won the regular season SEC title in 2002. The 2006 Auburn soccer season saw the Tigers playing only five seniors and 13 freshmen who saw significant playing time. Despite the youth, Auburn went on to an 11–5–3 including a 5–3–3 mark in the SEC to retake the SEC Western division title. The Season ended on a 3–1 loss in the first round of the NCAA tournament to California in Tallahassee, Florida. The 2011 Auburn soccer team defeated Florida, 3–2 to win the SEC Tournament on 11/6/11. Equestrian Women's equestrian debuted in 1996 and became the school's 21st varsity sport five years later. The team has been led by Greg Williams since its debut. In 2004, the team won its first championship at the Southern Equestrian Championships, which started in 2003. In 2006, the team won its first Varsity Equestrian National Championship, capturing Auburn's first national title outside of football and swimming and diving. The team earned its first Hunt Seat national title in 2008, while the Tigers finished third in the overall standings. The team won their second national championship in 2011, their third in 2013, fourth in 2016 and fifth in 2018. Although equestrian is not yet sanctioned by the NCAA, Auburn competes with 19 other Division I schools, including SEC foes Georgia and South Carolina. The NCAA classified equestrian as an emerging sport in 1998. Forty Division I and Division II schools are required for the sport to be recognized by the NCAA. Currently, there are 23 programs, and more are expected to be added each year. Track and field Auburn's Women's Track and Field won the 2006 National NCAA Outdoor title convincingly by outscoring USC 57-38.50. The track title was the 4th National Championship won by Auburn in 2006. In Outdoor Track and Field, the previous highest finish for the Women was 14th in 2002 and 2003. The Auburn men have finished second in the NCAA Outdoor championships twice in 2003 and 2008. The men have earned two third-place finishes in 2000 and 2007. The Auburn team was coached for 28 years by Mel Rosen, for whom the Hutsell-Rosen Track was in part named in 2006. Women's gymnastics Since its reinstatement in 1975, the Tigers women's gymnastics team has made two appearances in the Super Six. Notable non-varsity sports Cycling The Auburn Flyers are the premier cycling club in the Auburn / Opelika area for college students. With frequent rides and races, the team caters to all levels of riders, entry to advanced. The Flyers members have been riding anywhere from months to years, with all levels of competition represented by the team. The team fields both road and mountain bike teams in the Southeastern Collegiate Cycling Conference within USAC Collegiate Cycling. Other teams within their conference include traditional Auburn rivals Georgia, Georgia Tech, and Florida. Southeastern Collegiate Cycling Conference Champions 2013 (B Category Omnium) - Nathan Spence 2014 (B Category Omnium) - Frank Whittle 2016 (A Category Omnium) - Nathan Spence Rugby The Auburn University Rugby Football Club was founded in 1973. Auburn plays Division 1 college rugby in the Southeastern Collegiate Rugby Conference against traditional SEC rivals such as Alabama and Georgia. Auburn rugby is one of only two club sports at Auburn with an endowment fund, resulting in the university allocating additional resources to rugby. Championships NCAA team championships The Auburn Tigers have won 16 total NCAA team national championships. Men's (10) Swimming (8): 1997, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009 NCAA Division I FBS football (2): 1957 and 2010 Women's (6) Outdoor Track and Field (1): 2006 Swimming (5): 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007 see also SEC NCAA team championships List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships Other national team championships Auburn has won an additional 10 national championships in sports not offered by the NCAA or, in the case of football, in sports where the NCAA does not recognize a national champion in Auburn's division. Men's Football (5): 1913, 1957, 1983, 1993, 2010 Women's Equestrian (6): 2006, 2011, 2013, 2016, 2018, 2019 see also List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships Aubie Aubie is an anthropomorphic tiger and the official mascot of Auburn University. Aubie's existence began as a cartoon character that first appeared on the Auburn/Hardin-Simmons football program cover on October 3, 1959. Birmingham Post-Herald artist Phil Neel created the cartoon tiger, who continued to appear on Auburn program covers for 18 years. Aubie's look changed through the years. In 1962, he began to stand upright and in the next year, 1963, wore clothes for the first time—a blue tie, polkadot pants, and straw hat. Aubie's appearances on game programs occurred during a successful period in head football coach Ralph "Shug" Jordan's teams. The Tigers were victorious in the first nine games which had Aubie on the cover and in his first six years, Auburn posted a 23-2-1 home record. Auburn's home record during the eighteen years Aubie served as Cover Tiger was 63-16-2. Aubie's regular appearance on the game program cover ended on October 23, 1976, when Auburn beat Florida State, 31-19, but Aubie returned to Auburn's cover in the Iron Bowl against Alabama on November 30, 1991, Auburn's last home game at Birmingham's Legion Field. In 1979, Aubie came to life at the Southeastern Conference basketball tournament. James Lloyd, Auburn spirit director for the Student Government Association, with help from the Auburn Alumni Association, contacted Brooks-Van Horn Costumes in New York, N.Y. The Company was provided with copies of the 1961 Auburn-Alabama and 1962 Auburn-Georgia Tech game programs to use for reference in creating a costume of the cartoon character. The firm, which also provided costumes for Walt Disney, designed and produced a Tiger costume for $1,350. Individual contributions from various Auburn clubs, alumni and friends helped pay for the first costume. Aubie was introduced at the Birmingham–Jefferson Civic Center on February 28, 1979, and helped lead first-year Auburn coach Sonny Smith's team to an upset of Vanderbilt in his first appearance as a live Tiger mascot. The following day, Aubie returned to the arena and the Tigers beat Georgia in the longest game in SEC tournament history, four overtimes. Before the weekend was complete, Aubie helped lead the ninth-place team in the regular season to the semifinals of the tournament. Traditions Tiger Walk Before each Auburn home football game, thousands of Auburn fans line Donahue Avenue to cheer on the team as they walk from the Auburn Athletic Complex to Jordan–Hare Stadium. The tradition began in the 1960s when groups of kids would walk up the street to greet the team and get autographs. During the tenure of coach Doug Barfield, the coach urged fans to come out and support the team, and thousands did. Auburn is the first known school to conduct an organized procession of players into the stadium. Today the team, led by the coaches, walks down the hill and into the stadium surrounded by fans who pat them on the back and shake their hands as they walk. The largest Tiger Walk occurred on December 2, 1989, before the first ever home football game against rival Alabama—the Iron Bowl. On that day, an estimated 20,000 fans packed the one block section of road leading to the stadium. According to former athletic director David Housel, Tiger Walk has become "the most copied tradition in all of college football." As it grew in popularity, the Tiger Walk has become a fixture for road games. Fans will gather at visiting stadiums and cheer the team on from the buses into the stadium. Toomer's Corner The intersection of Magnolia Avenue and College Street in Auburn, which marks the transition from downtown Auburn to the university campus, is known as Toomer's Corner. It is named for businessman and State Senator Sheldon Toomer who founded the Bank of Auburn on the corner of Magnolia Avenue and College Street in 1907. Toomer's Drugs is a small business on the corner that has been an Auburn landmark for over 130 years. Toomer's Trees and the Rolling Tradition Hanging over the corner were two massive southern live oak trees, and anytime anything good happened concerning Auburn, toilet paper could usually be found hanging from the trees. Also known as "rolling the corner", this tradition is thought to have originated in the 1950s to celebrate away victories; however, in recent years it has become a way to celebrate anything good that happens concerning Auburn. On January 10, 2011 when Auburn Football won the BCS National Championship game, a celebration was held at the corner which involved the traditional papering. The trees were removed on April 23, 2013 due to poisoning in 2010. A temporary structure will be erected by the city and university until the new gateway to Samford Park opens in 2014. Toomer's Trees poisoned On January 27, 2011, a man calling himself "Al" and claiming to be from Dadeville, a town thirty minutes from Auburn, called into Paul Finebaum's sports talk radio show. "Al" admitted to poisoning the trees with an herbicide called Spike 80DF (Tebuthiuron) the weekend following the 2010 Iron Bowl. He said he did this in retaliation for photos that he claimed to have seen in an article in The Birmingham News that depicted Auburn fans rolling Toomer's Corner after announcement of former University of Alabama head-coach Paul "Bear" Bryant's death in 1983 as well as of an Auburn #2 (number of 2010 Auburn quarterback Cam Newton) Under Armour T-shirt taped to Bryant's statue earlier in the 2010 season. He ended his call by saying, "Roll damn Tide!" An exhaustive search of newspapers found no evidence of Toomer's being rolled upon Bryant's death. The caller's claims prompted Auburn to take soil samples. On February 16, 2011, Auburn officials announced that the live oak trees at Toomer's Corner had been poisoned with a large quantity of Spike 80DF, a herbicide governed by Alabama state agricultural laws and the Environmental Protection Agency; Spike 80DF was not used by Auburn University. Tests of soil samples showed the lowest levels of Spike 80DF to be 0.78ppm, which experts stated was enough to be a "very lethal dose." The highest levels of concentration were measured to be 51ppm. Gary Keever, an Auburn University professor of horticulture and a member of Auburn's Tree Preservation Committee has said "[Spike 80DF] is extremely active and persistent [and] it's likely to be in the soil for 3 to 5 years." Concerns about the poisoned groundwater were dropped following further soil analysis, but later the soil from Toomer's Corner was completely excavated and replaced with untainted soil. Auburn University and city police both launched investigations into the matter. Finebaum later reported that Federal authorities were also involved due to concerns of the herbicide having entered the groundwater. Both Auburn University President Jay Gogue and University of Alabama Athletic Director Mal Moore condemned this act. Police traced the call to the home of Harvey Updyke Jr. of Dadeville. Updyke, a retired Texas state trooper, was taken into custody at 1:26 am CST on February 17, 2011, and charged with one count of criminal mischief, a class C felony in Alabama. On March 22, 2013, he received a 3-year split sentence, which includes 6 months' incarceration and jail credit for time already served. Upon release, Updyke was sentenced to 5 years' supervised probation with a 7 p.m. curfew. He is also prohibited from attending any collegiate sports event and banned from Auburn University property. The efforts made by the university to save the trees proved to be unsuccessful. "It came to a point where we realized it wasn't going to work, and the amount of poison in the ground was such that the trees were not going to survive," said Mike Clardy, Director of Communications For Auburn University. The oak trees at Toomer's Corner were removed on April 23, 2013. On November 8, 2013, Circuit Judge Jacob A. Walker III ruled that Updyke (who had moved to Louisiana) owes Auburn University $796,731.98 in restitution, to be paid in installments of $500 per month. Auburn University sought more than $1 million in damages, the greater part of which was based on a soil-analysis estimate of $521,396.74 by the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries. Updyke was released to 5 years' supervised probation after having served 104 days of incarceration. On February 14, 2015, two new 35-foot-tall live oaks were planted to replace the original oaks. The university requested that fans not roll the trees with toilet paper until the Fall 2016 season, to allow the trees to acclimate to their new environment. Despite this precaution, one of the two replacement trees died within a few months and is scheduled to be replaced yet again. Wood from the original oaks was fashioned into memorabilia, with the profits going toward a scholarship fund. The replacement tree fronting Magnolia Avenue was set on fire on September 25, 2016, during celebrations for Auburn's victory against LSU the previous night. As of October 2016, an assessment of the tree's health revealed that 60–70% of the canopy was dead, and prospects for the tree's survival were not favorable. The other tree fronting College Street, while not damaged by the fire, had failed to become properly established. In February 2017, two 30-foot-tall live oaks were planted to replace the two previous failing trees. War Eagle There are many stories surrounding the origins of Auburn's battle cry, "War Eagle." The most popular account involves the first Auburn football game in 1892 between Auburn and the University of Georgia. According to the story, in the stands that day was an old Civil War soldier with an eagle that he had found injured on a battlefield and kept as a pet. The eagle broke free and began to soar over the field, and Auburn began to march toward the Georgia end zone. The crowd began to chant "War Eagle" as the eagle soared. After Auburn won the game, the eagle crashed to the field and died, but according to the legend, his spirit lives on every time an Auburn man or woman yells "War Eagle!" The battle cry also functions as a greeting for those associated with the university. For many years, a live golden eagle has embodied the spirit of this tradition. The eagle was once housed on campus in The Eagle's Cage, but the aviary was taken down and the eagle moved to the nearby raptor center. Wreck Tech Pajama Parade The Wreck Tech Pajama Parade originated in 1896, when a group of mischievous Auburn ROTC cadets, determined to show up the better-known engineers from Georgia Tech, sneaked out of their dorms the night before the football game between Auburn and Tech and greased the railroad tracks. According to the story, the train carrying the Georgia Tech team slid through town and didn't stop until it was halfway to the neighboring town of Loachapoka, Alabama, The Georgia Tech team was forced to walk the five miles back to Auburn and, not surprisingly, were rather weary at the end of their journey. This likely contributed to their 45–0 loss. While the railroad long ago ceased to be the way teams traveled to Auburn and students never greased the tracks again, the tradition continues in the form of a parade through downtown Auburn. Students parade through the streets in their pajamas and organizations build floats. This tradition was renewed in 2005 with Georgia Tech returning to Auburn's schedule after nearly two decades of absence. Rivals Auburn's two traditional rivals are the University of Alabama and the University of Georgia. The stretch of games, at the end of the season, against these two schools is known as "Amen Corner". The Alabama Crimson Tide is the most heated rival, and this rivalry is considered to be one of the most intense in the country. Competitions between the schools are known as the Iron Bowl. Alabama holds the all-time edge with a record of 42 wins, 35 losses and 1 tie. Georgia and Auburn compete in the Deep South's Oldest Rivalry, dating back to 1892. The game was played in Piedmont Park in Atlanta, Georgia. The series is tied at 55–55–8 as of the end of the 2014 season. It is one of the longest running and most played series in the NCAA. Auburn also has a heated rivalry with the LSU Tigers, commonly referred to as the Tiger Classic. The two share more than just a nickname, as they have both enjoyed success in the SEC's Western Division. Auburn or LSU has won at least a share of the SEC Western Division championship eight times between 2000 and 2011, and appeared in the SEC Championship game in seven of those years. Auburn won it outright in 2000, 2004, and 2010, LSU won it outright in 2007, 2011, and LSU won tiebreakers against Auburn in 2001 and 2005, and against Ole Miss in 2003. The only four times Auburn or LSU did not go to Atlanta in the during that span was 2002 when Arkansas won the three-way tie breaker with the two Tiger teams, in 2006 when Arkansas made it to Atlanta with a win over Auburn, and 2008 and 2009 when Alabama won the division. Some of Auburn's former rivals included the Florida Gators, the Tennessee Volunteers, the Tulane Green Wave, and the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets, each of which was mitigated (or, in the case of Georgia Tech, ended) with the SEC expansion and division restructuring, as well as past long series with the Clemson Tigers, the Texas Longhorns, and the Florida State Seminoles. While basketball does not enjoy the popularity as football at Auburn, the Iron Bowl of Basketball is very competitive. It is also popular for the halftime ceremony in which the Foy-ODK Sportsmanship Award is awarded to the school that won the football matchup earlier that academic year. The baseball team also has in-state rivalries with the Samford Bulldogs and Troy Trojans. Swimming and diving Auburn's swimming and diving team has a fierce rivalry with Texas, as the two have combined for 17 NCAA National Titles since 1981 (9 for Texas, 8 for Auburn) and between 1999 and 2007 won every national title awarded. The two regularly face-off in a meet during the regular season, Auburn's men own a 12–9 record over the Longhorns. The women just recently began an annual series, with the Tigers winning the series so far 3–1. Texas was the only team to beat the Auburn men between 2001 and 2007. References External links	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
England v Scotland representative football matches (1870–1872) Between 1870 and 1872, the Football Association (FA) organised five representative association football matches between teams representing England and Scotland, all held in London. The first of these matches was held at The Oval on 5 March 1870, and the fifth was on 21 February 1872. The matches, which were organised by Charles W. Alcock, are the precursors to modern international football and were referred to as internationals at the time. They are not recognised, however, as full internationals by FIFA as the players competing in the Scotland team were drawn only from London-based Scottish players. They were followed by the 1872 match in Glasgow between Scotland and England which is recognised as the first international match. The first match The 1870 match was initiated by Charles W. Alcock who placed advertisements in Scottish newspapers, including the following letter in the Glasgow Herald on 3 November 1870 regarding the second of the five fixtures: "FOOTBALL. ENGLAND V SCOTLAND. Sir, will you allow me a few lines in your newspaper to notify to Scotch players that a match under the above title will take place in London on Sat 10th inst., according to the rules of the Football Association. It is the object of the committee to select the best elevens at their disposal in the two countries, and I cannot but think that the appearance of some of the more prominent celebrities of football on the northern side of the Tweed would do much to disseminate a healthy feeling of good fellowship among the contestants and tend to promote a still greater extent the extension of the game..." The first match, then, was organised by the FA and resulted in a 1–1 draw. The match was delayed two weeks from its advertised date due to excessive frost which had made the ground "dangerously unfit for play". Alcock captained the England team whilst Scotland were led by James Kirkpatrick. The match was 0–0 when the teams changed end at half-time – a rule that The Sporting Gazette of Saturday 12 March 1870 described as new – but Scotland took a lead through a goal by Robert Crawford after England had moved their goalkeeper upfield. England fought back to score through Baker to salvage a draw before the end of the game. W. H. Gladstone, an MP and son of the sitting Prime Minister W. E. Gladstone, appeared for Scotland and, according to the Manchester Guardian, "did good service on the part of the Scottish team." Subsequent matches The following four matches were held on: 19 November 1870, 25 February 1871, 17 November 1871 and 24 February 1872. All matches were advertised in Scottish newspapers, but the players were drawn from those who played by Football Association rules – still limited at the time and largely consisting of only London-based Scottish players. England were victorious 1–0 in the November 1870 match, 2–1 in the November 1871 match and 1–0 in the February 1872 match; the February 1871 match was drawn 1–1. The only recorded attendance figure known is 650, from the second match. Formation data does not exist from three of the matches, but it is known that in the third and fifth matches both teams lined up with a '1–1–8' formation. Results Player appearances The following players appeared in the five matches: Reaction and the creation of international football Following the games, there was resentment in Scotland that their team did not contain more home grown players. Alcock himself was categorical about where he felt responsibility for this fact lay, writing in the Scotsman newspaper: "I must join issue with your correspondent in some instances. First, I assert that of whatever the Scotch eleven may have been composed the right to play was open to every Scotchman [Alcock's italics] whether his lines were cast North or South of the Tweed and that if in the face of the invitations publicly given through the columns of leading journals of Scotland the representative eleven consisted chiefly of Anglo-Scotians ... the fault lies on the heads of the players of the north, not on the management who sought the services of all alike impartially. To call the team London Scotchmen contributes nothing. The match was, as announced, to all intents and purposes between England and Scotland". Many of the players in Scotland did not play to the FA's rules at the time, inhibiting the possibility of a truly representative match between the two countries. Eventually, the FA decided in its minutes of 3 October 1872 note that: The challenge was eventually taken up by Queen's Park and this match, in 1872 is the earliest international football match recognised by FIFA, though at the time it was considered as a continuation of the previous internationals. In March 1873 the Scottish Football Association was created to support the coordination of football in Scotland, taking on responsibility for selecting Scottish teams, and the Football Association began to take the role as an English only organisation. See also :Category:England v Scotland representative footballers (1870–1872) England national football team results (unofficial matches) Scotland national football team results (unofficial matches) References External links Matches on RSSSF website 1870 Category:Scotland national football team matches Category:Unofficial England national football team matches Category:1870–71 in English football Category:1871–72 in English football Category:1870–71 in Scottish football Category:1871–72 in Scottish football Category:1870 in London Category:1871 in London Category:1872 in London	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Suddenly Seventeen Suddenly Seventeen () is a 2016 Chinese fantasy romance drama film starring Ni Ni, Wallace Huo and Wang Talu. It is the directorial debut of Zhang Mo, Zhang Yimou's daughter. It was released in China by Le Vision Pictures on December 9, 2016. Synopsis 28-year-old Liang Xia (Ni Ni) and 34-year-old Mao Liang (Wallace Huo) have been together for 10 years and living together for 5 years. Liang Xia assumes that Mao is going to propose after 10 years of being together and had given up her dreams on becoming a painter just to stay with Mao. However, she is disappointed when the diamond he had bought was for his boss, Mr. Gao's wife, to earn her support in improving his design company. Her friend suggests Liang should force Mao to marry her by proposing to him in public. However, the plan backfires, and Mao ends up breaking up with her. The devastated Liang eats a magical chocolate, transporting her memories back to her 17-year-old self. Without the worries of adulthood, she is back to her naive, optimistic self and that triggers a surge of interest in Mao, who she now refers to as “Uncle”. Things turn even more complicated when Liang Xia's 17-year-old self falls in love with a younger man, Yan Yan (Wang Talu). Cast Ni Ni as Liang Xia Wallace Huo as Mao Liang Wang Talu as Yan Yan Ma Su as Bai Xiaoning Liu Raina as Xiao Yu Yu Vicky as Yan Yan's Girlfriend Qu Zhe Ming as a Random Supporting Role Production Principal photography begun in January 2016, and wrapped up in March 2016. Awards and nominations References External links Category:2016 films Category:Chinese films Category:2010s romantic fantasy films Category:Le Vision Pictures films Category:Directorial debut films Category:2010s romantic drama films Category:Chinese romantic drama films Category:Films based on Chinese novels	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Armani Jeans Armani Jeans may refer to: Armani Jeans (brand), a jeans brand by fashion house Giorgio Armani Olimpia Milano, an Italian basketball club currently known as Armani Jeans Milano for sponsorship reasons	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
International Studies Association The International Studies Association (ISA) is a professional association for scholars, practitioners and graduate students in the field of international studies. Founded in 1959, ISA now has over 7,000 members in 110 countries and is the most respected and widely known scholarly association in this field. Endeavoring to create communities of scholars dedicated to international studies, ISA is divided into 6 geographic subdivisions (Regions), 29 thematic groups (Sections) and 4 Caucuses which provide opportunities to exchange ideas and research with local colleagues and within specific subject areas. ISA publishes leading journals in the field of international studies and the annual convention routinely draws over 6,500 attendees. ISA publishes six academic journals (International Studies Quarterly, International Studies Review, International Studies Perspectives, Foreign Policy Analysis, International Political Sociology, Journal of Global Security Studies, co-sponsors a seventh (International Interactions), publishes a comprehensive compendium of international studies and maintains a variety of online resources for the international academic community. It is a US association with headquarters in Storrs, Connecticut. List of presidents Minos Generales (1959–1961) Wesley Posvar (1961–1962) Fred Sondermann (1962–1963) Ross Berkes (1963–1964) John Grange (1964–1966) Vernon Van Dyke (1966–1967) F. Field Haviland, Jr. (1967–1968) William Olson (1968–1969) Robert North (1969–1970) Norman Palmer (1970–1971) Richard C. Snyder (1971–1972) William T.R. Fox (1972–1973) Alexander George (1973–1974) Kenneth Boulding (1974–1975) Richard Rosecrance (1975–1976) Vincent Davis (1976–1977) Herbert Kelman (1977–1978) Chadwick F. Alger (1978–1979) Ole Holsti (1979–1980) Dina Zinnes (1980–1981) Henry Teune (1981–1982) Harold K. Jacobson (1982–1983) Bruce Russett (1983–1984) James N. Rosenau (1984–1985) J. David Singer (1985–1986) Kal J. Hosti (1986–1987) Harold Guetzkow (1987–1988) Robert Keohane (1988–1989) Charles F. Hermann (1989–1990) Helga Haftendorn (1990–1991) Maurice East (1991–1992) Hayward R. Alker, Jr. (1992–1993) Charles Kegley, Jr. (1993–1994) Ted R. Gurr (1994–1995) Susan Strange (1995–1996) Davis Bobrow (1996–1997) James A. Caporaso (1997–1998) Margaret G. Hermann (1998–1999) Michael Brecher (1999–2000) Craig Murphy (2000–2001) Bruce Bueno de Mesquita (2001–2002) John A. Vasquez (2002–2003) Steve Smith (2003–2004) Jacek Kugler (2004–2005) William Thompson (2005–2006) J. Ann Tickner (2006–2007) Jack Levy (2007–2008) Nils Petter Gleditsch (2008–2009) Thomas G. Weiss (2009–2010) David A. Lake (2010–2011) Beth Simmons (2011–2012) Etel Solingen (2012–2013) Harvey Starr (2013-2014) Amitav Acharya (2014-2015) Paul Diehl (2015-2016) T.V. Paul (2016-2017) Brett Ashley Leeds (2017-2018) Cameron G. Thies (2018-2019) References External links International Studies Association ISA Publications Category:Organizations established in 1959 Category:International professional associations	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Olry Olry may refer to: Jean-Claude Olry (born 1949), French slalom canoeist who competed in the late 1960s and early 1970s Jean-Louis Olry (born 1946), French slalom canoeist who competed in the late 1960s and early 1970s Olry Terquem (1782–1862), French mathematician who proved Feuerbach's theorem about the nine-point circle of a triangle Port Olry, Francophone town (population 1300) on Espiritu Santo island in the Sanma Province of Vanuatu René Olry CLH (1880–1944), French general and commander of the Army of the Alps during the Battle of France of World War II	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ebenezer Walden Ebenezer Walden (1777–1857) was mayor of Buffalo, New York, serving in 1838–1839. He was born in 1777 in Massachusetts. In 1799, he graduated from Williams College, then made his way to Oneida County, New York where he studied law. In 1806, he was admitted to the New York State bar and moved to Buffalo. For nearly two years Walden was the only lawyer west of Batavia. He invested heavily in real estate in this area, owning what became known as Walden Farm at what is now Fillmore and Walden Avenue. In 1812, he married Suzanna Marvin. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Cattaraugus, Chautauqua and Niagara Co.) in 1812. During the War of 1812 Walden leased land to the Federal government and the Buffalo Barracks are erected. The front portion of the barracks later became what is the Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site. He was one of the few who stayed behind during the burning of Buffalo and trying to save as many lives as possible. Walden's home was used by General Winfield Scott as his headquarters. After the war, he erected the first brick dwelling in Buffalo. He was one of the four original trustees of the village of Buffalo and served as a member of the Buffalo Harbor Company, which improved Buffalo's harbor to attract the village as the western terminus of the Erie Canal. Walden became the first judge of Erie County Court in 1823 and held the position for five years. He was a presidential elector in 1828. On March 13, 1838, the Common Council met and made Walden its choice for mayor. During his term, the entire school system was reorganized. After his term as mayor, Walden retired to his farm in Lake View, New York. He died there on November 10, 1857, and was buried in the Myer-Walden mausoleum in Forest Lawn Cemetery. References Category:1777 births Category:1857 deaths Category:Mayors of Buffalo, New York Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Cemetery, Buffalo Category:1828 United States presidential electors Category:Members of the New York State Assembly Category:New York (state) Whigs Category:19th-century American politicians Category:Williams College alumni	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Canna leaf roller Canna leaf roller refers to two different Lepidoptera species that are pests of cultivated cannas. Caterpillars of the Brazilian skipper butterfly (Calpodes ethlius), also known as the larger canna leaf roller, cut the leaves and roll them over to live inside while pupating and eating the leaf. In addition, caterpillars of the lesser canna leaf roller (Geshna cannalis), a grass moth, will sew the leaves shut before they can unfurl by spinning a silk thread around the leaf. The resultant leaf damage can be distressing to a gardener. References External links Galveston County Master Gardener Association Butterflies and Moths of North America: Brazilian Skipper Category:Garden pests Category:Insect common names	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tip of My Tongue (Tommy Quickly song) "Tip of My Tongue" is a single by Tommy Quickly backed by The Remo Four. Written by Paul McCartney and attributed to the songwriting partnership of Lennon–McCartney, it was one of their relatively few songs that were never officially released by the Beatles. Several takes of this song were apparently recorded on 26 November 1962 at EMI Studios, although George Martin was dissatisfied with the results. This session has yet to emerge on any of the Beatles bootlegs. Surprisingly, although Quickly's version was released in the UK as Beatlemania was taking off, the single was a flop and proved merely the first of a series of career disappointments for the singer. "Tip of My Tongue" remains one of only two original A-sides written by Lennon–McCartney not to have at least made the UK charts upon its initial release; the other was Peter and Gordon's "I Don't Want to See You Again", which did at least chart in the US, peaking at #16. Covers "Tip of My Tongue" was also recorded by the Badbeats on Beat Bad Records (USA) in 1979. The single was backed with another Lennon–McCartney song, "One and One Is Two". This single was the first release for either of these songs in the United States. Recordings of "Tip of My Tongue" as the Beatles may have performed it are available on the 1989 album by Bas Muys entitled Secret Songs: Lennon & McCartney and on the 1998 release It's Four You by the Australian tribute band The Beatnix. Notes Category:1963 singles Category:Songs written by Lennon–McCartney Category:Pye Records singles Category:1963 songs	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2016 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group II – Pool B Pool B of the 2016 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Group II was one of two pools in the Asia/Oceania Group II of the 2016 Fed Cup. Six teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team and bottom teams proceeding to their respective sections of the play-offs: the top team played for advancement to Group I. Standings Round-robin Indonesia vs. Sri Lanka Malaysia vs. Kyrgyzstan Singapore vs. Pakistan Indonesia vs. Kyrgyzstan Malaysia vs. Pakistan Singapore vs. Sri Lanka Indonesia vs. Singapore Malaysia vs. Sri Lanka Pakistan vs. Kyrgyzstan Indonesia vs. Pakistan Malaysia vs. Singapore Kyrgyzstan vs. Sri Lanka Indonesia vs. Malaysia Singapore vs. Kyrgyzstan Pakistan vs. Sri Lanka See also Fed Cup structure References External links Fed Cup website Category:2016 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
National Highway 305 (India) National Highway 305, commonly called NH 305 is a national highway in India. It is a branch of National Highway 5. NH-305 traverses the state of Himachal Pradesh in India. Geography National Highway 305 is located in higher altitudes in Himachal Pradesh. The passage remains closed for four months during winters due to heavy snowfall in higher reaches, especially at the 10,800 ft high Jalori Pass. This highway provides connection to Seraj Valley. Route Sainj- Luhri- Anni -Jalori- Aut. Junctions Terminal with National Highway 5 (Old NH22) near Sainj. Terminal with National Highway 3 (Old NH21) near Aut. See also List of National Highways in India by highway number References Category:National highways in India Category:National Highways in Himachal Pradesh	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Šaľa Stadium The Šaľa Stadion is a multi-purpose stadium in Šaľa, Slovakia. Currently, it is mostly used for football matches and is the home ground of FK Slovan Duslo Šaľa. The stadium holds 1,126 people. Category:Football venues in Slovakia Category:Multi-purpose stadiums in Slovakia Category:Buildings and structures in Nitra Region Category:Sport in Nitra Region	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bryson, California Bryson (originally, Sapaque) is an unincorporated community in Monterey County, California. It is located south-southeast of Jolon, at an elevation of 968 feet (295 m). The Bryson post office operated from 1887 to 1937, moving in 1889, 1898, 1899, 1905, and 1906. The place, originally called Sapaque, was renamed in honor of an early settler and store owner. Government At the county level, Bryson is represented on the Monterey County Board of Supervisors by Supervisor Dave Potter. In the California State Legislature, Bryson is in , and in . In the United States House of Representatives, Bryson is in References Category:Unincorporated communities in California Category:Unincorporated communities in Monterey County, California	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Seven Oaks, Florida Seven Oaks is a residential neighborhood in Wesley Chapel, Pasco County, Florida, United States. Community leadership Seven Oaks is led by two boards that operate the community and regulate the properties inside it. The first board is the homeowners association, known as Seven Oaks Property Owners Association. The other governing body is the Seven Oaks Community Development District. The community development district is actually a special-purpose tax district that encompasses the community and surrounding wetlands and forests. References Category:Geography of Pasco County, Florida Category:Planned communities in Florida	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Domenico Monegario Domenico Monegario was the traditional sixth Doge of Venice (756–764). History He was elected with the support of the Lombard king Desiderius. However, in order to maintain necessary good relations with Byzantium and the Franks, two tribunes were elected annually to limit ducal power. Domenico came to resent these checks and was removed after eight years. During his reign, the transformation of the Venetians from fishermen to marine traders happened, with audacious travels as far as the Ionian Islands and the Levant. The art of shipbuilding was improved to make sturdier, faster ships. Venetian wealth increased via trade and the city took on the medieval character it held for the next millennium. When Pope Paul I demanded donations from Venice to the Holy See, the Doge Monegario was deposed, blinded, and exiled as his two predecessors had been. The surname Monegario may derive from , that is, a friar or monk, or , that is, a minter. Sources Norwich, John Julius. A History of Venice. Alfred A. Knopf: New York, 1982. Category:8th-century deaths Category:8th-century Doges of Venice	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Geoff Fidler Geoff Fidler (born 14 March 1961) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Notes External links Category:Living people Category:1961 births Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia) Category:St Kilda Football Club players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Von Essen Mountain Von Essen Mountain () is a mountain, 2,665 m, marking the southwest end of the Gjelsvik Mountains in Queen Maud Land. Photographed from the air by the German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39). Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59). Named for R.G.D.J. Von Essen, commander of the Swedish Air Force unit (1951–52) with the NBSAE. Category:Mountains of Queen Maud Land Category:Princess Martha Coast	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Herochroma supraviridaria Herochroma supraviridaria is a species of moth of the family Geometridae first described by Hiroshi Inoue in 1999. It is found in the Chinese provinces of Fujian and Guangxi and in Taiwan. References External links A study on the genus Herochroma Swinhoe in China, with descriptions of four new species (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Geometrinae). Acta Entomologica Sinica Category:Moths described in 1999 Category:Pseudoterpnini Category:Moths of China Category:Moths of Taiwan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Aghbugha I Jaqeli Aghbugha I Jaqeli () (1356 – 1395) was a Georgian prince (mtavari) and Atabeg of Samtskhe from 1389 to 1395. Aghbugha was a Son of Prince Shalva. After his father's death Aghbugha was appointed as a co-ruler (he ruled with his uncle Beka I) of Meskheti by Georgian king Bagrat V. During 1381-1386 he renewed The book of laws which was established by his Great-great-grandfather, Beka Jaqeli. This book firstly was called "Aghbugha's law", then "Book of laws set by Beka-Aghbugha". References Category:House of Jaqeli Category:Atabegs of Samtskhe Category:14th-century people from Georgia (country) Category:1395 deaths Category:1356 births	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Shakespeare (surname) Shakespeare is an English family name most commonly associated with William Shakespeare (1564–1616), an English playwright and poet. Other notable people with the surname include: Related to the playwright Anne Hathaway (wife of Shakespeare) ( 1555– 1623), his wife Richard Shakespeare (1490– 1561), his paternal grandfather John Shakespeare ( 1531–1601), his father Mary Shakespeare ( 1537–1608), his mother Gilbert Shakespeare (1566– 1612), his brother Joan Shakespeare (1569–1646), his sister Edmund Shakespeare (1580–1607), his youngest brother and an actor Susanna Shakespeare ( 1583–1649), his daughter Judith Shakespeare ( 1585– 1662), his daughter Hamnet Shakespeare ( 1585– 1596), his son Others Abraham Shakespeare ( 1966–2009), American lottery winner and murder victim Clive Shakespeare (1949–2012), English-born Australian pop guitarist, songwriter and producer Craig Shakespeare (born 1963), former association football player and manager Frank Shakespeare (born 1925), American diplomat and media executive Sir Geoffrey Shakespeare, 1st Baronet (1893–1980), British Liberal politician James Shakespeare ( 1840–1912), South Australian organist Joseph A. Shakspeare (1837–1896), mayor of New Orleans Nicholas Shakespeare (born 1957), British novelist and biographer Noah Shakespeare (1839–1921), Canadian politician noted for his involvement in the anti-Chinese movement Olivia Shakespear (1863–1938), British novelist and playwright Percy Shakespeare (1906–1943), British painter Robbie Shakespeare (born 1953), Jamaican musician and producer, part of Sly and Robbie Stanley Shakespeare (1963–2005), American football player Stephan Shakespeare (born 1957), founder of market research company YouGov and of 18 Doughty Street Tom Shakespeare, 3rd Baronet (born 1966), geneticist and sociologist William Shakespeare (American football) (1912–1975), American football player William Shakespeare (singer) (1948-2010), stage name of Australian singer John Cave (also known as John Cabe or Billy Shake) William Shakespeare (tenor) (1849–1931), English tenor, pedagogue, and composer William Geoffrey Shakespeare (1927–1996), 2nd Baronet Shakespeare of Lakenham, general practitioner in Aylesbury William Harold Nelson Shakespeare (1883–1976), cricketer for Worcestershire in the interwar period See also Shakespear (disambiguation)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Winds of Green Monday The Winds of Green Monday was a 1965 Australian television play by Michael Noonan. It aired as part of Wednesday Theatre. It starred Terry Norris and was directed by Oscar Whitbread. Plot A crew deserts a ship to find their fortune in the 1850s goldfields and the captain must get them back. Cast Keith Lee as Scottish captain McKendrick Terry Norris Jennifer Wright as music hall singer Martin Magee Reception The Sydney Morning Herald praised the performances of Lee and Wright as "professional" but complained about the "stiffness of the dialogue" and said "the direction of the crowds with their rhubarb-rhubarb voices and their tinned and infuriatingly phony laughter drove us for solace across the dial." British version The play was adapted for British TV in 1965 starring Chips Rafferty. References External links The Winds of Green Monday Australian Version at IMDb The Winds of Green Monday at Austlit Category:Australian television plays Category:1965 television plays Category:Fiction set in the 1850s Category:Australian films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Terry Hunte Terence 'Terry' Anderson Hunte (born 4 April 1962) is a former Barbadian cricketer. Hunte was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Saint Philip, Barbados. Barbados Hunte made his first-class debut for Barbados in 1984 against Jamaica. He played first-class cricket for Barbados on 13 occasions, playing his final match against Jamaica in February 1988. In his 13 first-class matches for his home island, he scored 516 runs at a batting average of 21.50, with four half centuries and a high score of 72. It was also for Barbados that Hunte made his debut in List A cricket, which came against Guyana in 1985. He a further three List A matches for Barbados to 1986. In his four matches in that format for Barbados, he scored 257 runs at a batting average of 64.25, a single century high score of 114, to go with two half centuries he made. His highest List A score came on debut against Guyana. While playing for Barbados, Hunte also played a single first-class match for the West Indies Under-23s against the touring New Zealanders in March 1985. In this match he batted once, scoring 69 runs before being dismissed by John Bracewell. Move to England Hunte made his debut for Cumberland in a List A fixture in the 1992 NatWest Trophy against Essex. He didn't appear for Cumberland again until 1999, when he made his Minor Counties Championship debut against Lincolnshire. Hunte played Minor counties cricket for Cumberland from 1999 to 2001, including eight Minor Counties Championship matches and nine MCCA Knockout Trophy matches. Starting from 1999, he played three further List A matches for Cumberland, the last of which came against Kent in the 2001 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy. In his four List A matches for Cumberland, he scored 97 runs at a batting average of 32.33, with a high score of 82. His only half century for Cumberland came against Sussex in the 1999 NatWest Trophy. References External links Terry Hunte at ESPNcricinfo Terry Hunte at CricketArchive Category:1962 births Category:Living people Category:Barbadian cricketers Category:Barbados cricketers Category:Cumberland cricketers Category:Barbadian expatriates in the United Kingdom	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sinezona pacifica Sinezona pacifica is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Scissurellidae, the little slit shells. Description The height of the shell reaches 1 mm. Distribution This marine species occurs off New Zealand, Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island and Macquarie Island; New South Wales and Southwest Western Australia. References Bandel (1998). Mitt. Geol.-Pal. Inst. Univ. Hamburg 81 : 1-119 Jansen, P. (1999). The Australian Scissurellidae. La Conchiglia. 31 (291) Geiger D.L. (2012) Monograph of the little slit shells. Volume 1. Introduction, Scissurellidae. pp. 1-728. Volume 2. Anatomidae, Larocheidae, Depressizonidae, Sutilizonidae, Temnocinclidae. pp. 729–1291. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Monographs Number 7 External links Category:Scissurellidae Category:Gastropods described in 1915	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Oppressing the Masses Oppressing the Masses is second album recorded by the San Francisco Bay Area thrash band Vio-lence. It was released originally in 1990 on Megaforce Records. The original print (20,000) contained the song "Torture Tactics," but all copies were destroyed because of Atlantic's objection to the lyrical content. However, that song can be found on the Japanese version of the album. The re-release version contains the tracks from Torture Tactics EP. Track listing Credits Sean Killian - Vocals Phil Demmel - Guitar Robb Flynn - Guitar Dean Dell - Bass Perry Strickland - Drums References Category:1990 albums Category:Vio-lence albums Category:Megaforce Records albums Category:Albums produced by Alex Perialas	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2012 Franken Challenge – Singles João Sousa was the defending champion. Blaž Kavčič won the tournament by defeating Sergiy Stakhovsky 6–3, 2–6, 6–2 in the final. Seeds Draw Finals Top Half Bottom Half References Main Draw Qualifying Draw Franken Challenge - Singles 2012 Singles	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Macroblock Macroblock is a processing unit in image and video compression formats based on linear block transforms, typically the discrete cosine transform (DCT). A macroblock typically consists of 16×16 samples, and is further subdivided into transform blocks, and may be further subdivided into prediction blocks. Formats which are based on macroblocks include JPEG, where they are called MCU blocks, H.261, MPEG-1 Part 2, H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2, H.263, MPEG-4 Part 2, and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. In H.265/HEVC, the macroblock as a basic processing unit has been replaced by the coding tree unit. Technical details Transform blocks A macroblock is divided into transform blocks, which serve as input to the linear block transform, e.g. the DCT. In H.261, the first video codec to use macroblocks, transform blocks have a fixed size of 8×8 samples. In the YCbCr color space with 4:2:0 chroma subsampling, a 16×16 macroblock consists of 16×16 luma (Y) samples and 8×8 chroma (Cb and Cr) samples. These samples are split into four Y blocks, one Cb block and one Cr block. This design is also used in JPEG and most other macroblock-based video codecs with a fixed transform block size, such as MPEG-1 Part 2 and H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2. In other chroma subsampling formats, e.g. 4:0:0, 4:2:2, or 4:4:4, the number of chroma samples in a macroblock will be smaller or larger, and the grouping of chroma samples into blocks will differ accordingly. In more modern macroblock-based video coding standards such as H.263 and H.264/AVC, transform blocks can be of sizes other than 8×8 samples. For instance, in H.264/AVC main profile, the transform block size is 4×4. In H.264/AVC High profile, the transform block size can be either 4×4 or 8×8, adapted on a per-macroblock basis. Prediction blocks Distinct from the division into transform blocks, a macroblock can be split into prediction blocks. In early standards such as H.261, MPEG-1 Part 2, and H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2, motion compensation is performed with one motion vector per macroblock. In more modern standards such as H.264/AVC, a macroblock can be split into multiple variable-sized prediction blocks, called partitions. In an inter-predicted macroblock in H.264/AVC, a separate motion vector is specified for each partition. Correspondingly, in an intra-predicted macroblock, where samples are predicted by extrapolating from the edges of neighboring blocks, the prediction direction that is specified on a per-partition basis. In H.264/AVC, prediction partition size ranges from 4×4 to 16×16 samples for both inter-prediction (motion compensation) and intra-prediction. Bitstream representation A possible bitstream representation of a macroblock in a video codec which uses motion compensation and transform coding is given below. It is similar to the format used in H.261. +------+------+-------+--------+-----+----+----+--------+ \| ADDR \| TYPE \| QUANT \| VECTOR \| CBP \| b0 \| b1 \| ... b5 \| +------+------+-------+--------+-----+----+----+--------+ ADDR — address of block in image TYPE — identifies type of macroblock (intra frame, inter frame, bi-directional inter frame) QUANT — quantization value to vary quantization VECTOR - motion vector CBP — Coded Block Pattern, this is bit mask indicating for which blocks coefficients are present. bN — the blocks (4 Y, 1 Cr, 1 Cb) Macroblocking The term macroblocking is commonly used to refer to block coding artifacts. See also JPEG, H.261, MPEG-1 Part 2, H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2, H.263 and H.264 Coding tree unit Discrete cosine transform Video compression picture types Compression artifact Deblocking filter Pixelation References Category:Video compression Category:Image compression	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Alfa Romeo 85 Alfa Romeo 85 is a truck produced by Alfa Romeo between 1934 and 1939, it was an updated version of licensed Büssing model. History Three versions were available: 85 (5.2 meters), 85 C (4.6 meters) and 85 G was (gas generator) version was produced since 1935. There was also bus version 85 A, replacing previous 40 N. In 1938 10-ton tri-axle version "110" was shown, it was equipped with engine and was used as a basis for city buses. With the presentation of the 350 medium truck in 1935, the 85 was updated aesthetically with the adoption of openable air vents on the hood; two years later the grille was redesigned, resuming that of the 500. Production ceased in 1939, following a decree requiring the construction of a unified truck model complying with the military specifications of the Royal Italian Army. 21 85 long wheelbase, 370 85 C, 33 85 CG, 94 85 A, 2 85 AG and 1 85 AM were produced. Technical characteristics The Alfa Romeo 85 was equipped with a six-cylinder 11,560 cc diesel engine (type F6M 317E) producing . This engine was the same as that which was mounted on the Alfa Romeo 80 and 110 A, and was later upgraded to 125 PS. Gas powered version used AG6 engine with 12.517 cc, produced and it used of 140–180 kg of wood per 100 km. The 85 AM methane engine had the same displacement as 85 gas version and had power of 160 PS. Production 521 examples were produced : 21 85L, 370 85C, 33 85CG, 94 85A, 2 85AG and 1 85AM. References Bibliografia Stefano Salvetti, L'altra Alfa, Fucina Editore, Milano, 2014, Alfa Romeo 085 Category:Vehicles introduced in 1934	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ma Xichong Ma Xichong (馬希崇) was the sixth and final ruler of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Chu. Background According to the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms, citing another work now lost, the Miscellaneous Records from a Blue Box (青箱雜記, Qingxiang Zaji), Ma Xichong was born in 912. His father was Chu's founder Ma Yin. HIs mother was not Ma Yin's wife, but was otherwise not named in historical sources, although it is known that Ma Yin's 30th son Ma Xi'e, who was older than he was, was born of the same mother. Ma Yin's 35th son Ma Xiguang, who was born of Lady Chen, was also older. In 947, then-Chu prince Ma Xifan (Ma Yin's fourth son), who was also born of Lady Chen, died. Ma Xi'e was then the oldest surviving son of Ma Yin's, and arguably should be Ma Xifan's successor under Ma Yin's instructions that his succeed each other based on age. However, most of Ma Xifan's staff members supported Ma Xiguang, who subsequently accepted the title of Prince of Chu. Either prior to Ma Xiguang's ascension or after, Ma Xichong received the title of Tiance Zuo Sima (天策左司馬), as an officer under Ma Xiguang, who also carried the title of Tiance Grand General (天策大將軍). His disposition was described to be treacherous. During Ma Xiguang's reign Upon Ma Xiguang's assumption of the throne, Ma Xichong secretly wrote letters to Ma Xi'e, who was then the military governor (Jiedushi) of Wuping Circuit (武平, headquartered in modern Changde, Hunan), trying to incite Ma Xi'e about Ma Xiguang's succession by citing Ma Yin's instructions. He also thereafter often reported to Ma Xi'e on Ma Xiguang's actions and offered to support Ma Xi'e if Ma Xi'e would attack Chu's capital Changsha. As of late 950, when Ma Xi'e was in fact leading an army to try to capture Changsha, reports were made to Ma Xiguang that Ma Xichong was planning to rebel against him, and suggestions were made to Ma Xiguang that he should kill Ma Xichong. Ma Xiguang declined, however, stating, "If I myself kill my younger brother, how will I see the deceased king [(i.e., Ma Yin)] in the underworld?" He subsequently made Ma Xichong the army monitor of the general Xu Keqiong, who commanded the main Chu troops defending against Ma Xi'e. Xu subsequently turned against Ma Xiguang and surrendered to Ma Xi'e (although it is not clear whether Ma Xichong had any involvement in this), causing Changsha to fall around the new year 951. Ma Xichong thereafter led the staff at headquarters to welcome Ma Xi'e and offer the throne to him. Ma Xi'e subsequently assumed the throne and put Ma Xiguang to death. During Ma Xi'e's reign As the Prince of Chu, Ma Xi'e made Ma Xichong his deputy in his role as military governor of, in addition to Wuping, Chu's main circuit Wu'an (武安, headquartered at Changsha), and made him in charge of the headquarters. Ma Xi'e spent day and night feasting, entrusting the matters of the headquarters to Ma Xichong. Ma Xichong governed based on his own likes and dislikes, causing the legal system to break down. Ma Xi'e also favored the guard officer Xie Yanyong (謝彥顒) — a former house servant of his, whose relationship with him appeared to be sexual as Xie was described to have a beautiful face and was frequently seated with Ma Xi'e's concubines — such that, at feasts, Xie had a more honored seat than the generals, was involved in decision-making, and was even daring enough to pat Ma Xichong on the back, leading to Ma Xichong's and the generals' resentment. Meanwhile, the generals Wang Kui and Zhou Xingfeng took their troops from Changsha and seized control of Wuping's capital Lang Prefecture (朗州), deposing Ma Xi'e's son Ma Guangzan (馬光贊) and installing as military governor, successively, a son of Ma Xie's (and Ma Xichong's) oldest brother Ma Xizhen (馬希振), Ma Guanghui, and then the general Liu Yan. Ma Xi'e considered what to do with the Lang situation. He stationed the officers Xu Wei (徐威), Chen Jingqian (陳敬遷), Lu Gongguan (魯公館), and Lu Mengjun (陸孟俊) northwest of the city to defend against a possible attack from Wuping. These officer and their soldiers, however, resented him for not trying to comfort them. At night on October 22, 951, the officers mutinied, with Ma Xichong's foreknowledge. Ma Xi'e tried to flee, but was captured. Xie was executed by being cut into pieces. The officers declared Ma Xichong to be the acting military governor of Wuping, and delivered Ma Xi'e to Hengshan (衡山, in modern Hengyang, Hunan) to be put under arrest there. As Ma Xichong was aware that Ma Xi'e had whipped Peng Shigao, he had Peng escort Ma Xi'e to Hengshan, and was expecting that Peng would kill him. However, Peng saw through Ma Xichong's plan, and commented, "You want me to be someone who murders his lord!" He thereafter treated Ma Xi'e with respect and escorted him safely to Hengshan. In the aftermaths of the coup, Lu slaughtered the family of the official Yang Zhaoyun (楊昭惲) and seized the Yang family's wealth; one of the Yang family's daughters was beautiful, and Lu presented her to Ma Xichong to become his concubine. Brief hold on power Upon hearing how Ma Xichong had seized power at Changsha, Liu Yan launched his troops and claimed that he would punish Ma Xichong for his usurpation. In fear, Ma Xichong sent emissaries to Liu, offering peace as coequal circuits — i.e., not asserting authority over Wuping. Liu's secretary Li Guanxiang (李觀象) suggested to Liu that he first demand the deaths of certain Ma Xi'e staff members, to weaken Ma Xichong's troops' morale, and then use that as the opportunity to seize Wu'an. Liu agreed, and sent such a demand to Ma Xichong. Ma Xichong, fearing Liu, followed Liu's demand and executed Ma Xi'e's military assistant Yang Zhongmin (楊仲敏), secretary Liu Guangfu (劉光輔), guard commander Wei Shijin (魏師進), and guard officer Wang Qin (王勍), among others, sending the official Li Yi (李翊) to deliver the heads to Lang. However, by the time that Li arrived at Lang, the heads had already decomposed. Liu Yan and Wang Kui insisted that these were not the heads Liu Yan demanded, and Li Yi, in fear, committed suicide. When Ma Xi'e arrived at Hengshan, the commander of the Hengshan garrison, Liao Yan (廖偃), stated to his uncle Liao Kuangning (廖匡凝), "Our family had, for generations, received the grace of the Ma family. Now Ma Xi'e, who is the oldest, has been deposed, and will surely suffer disaster. We should support him." He mobilized the people who lived in the territory into an army corps, and, along with Peng Shigao, declared Ma Xi'e the Prince of Hengshan. They built defensive fences on the Xiang river and began to build warships out of bamboo. They soon gathered over 10,000 men and received support from nearby prefectures. Liao Yan also sent his assistant Liu Xuji (劉虛己) to seek aid from Southern Tang. Meanwhile, upon his assumption of power, Ma Xichong also spent time feasting; he governed unfairly, and spoke arrogantly, leading the people not to support him. Xu Wei came to see Ma Xichong as someone who would amount to nothing, and feared attacks from Ma Xi'e and Liu Yan, and therefore considered killing Ma Xichong. Ma Xichong realized that something was wrong, and, in fear, sent his general Fan Shoumu (范守牧) to Southern Tang, whose emperor Li Jing was Ma Xi'e's nominal sovereign, to request aid. Li Jing thereafter sent the Southern Tang general Bian Hao to take 10,000 men to head from Yuan Prefecture (袁州, in modern Yichun, Jiangxi) toward Changsha. As Bian approached Changsha, Ma Xichong first sent emissaries to welcome his army, and then sent the senior official Tuoba Heng (拓拔恆) to bear his letter of surrender to Bian, causing Tuoba to lament, "I lived too long without dying, such that I am bearing the surrender instrument for a child!" On November 16, 951, Ma Xichong led a group of his younger brothers and nephews to welcome Bian outside the city, and they bowed as they saw the dust stirred up by the approaching army. Bian, in Li Jing's name, comforted them. The next day, Bian led them back into the city and ascended the tower at Liuyang Gate (瀏陽門) to pronounce Southern Tang forces' arrival, signaling the end of the Ma family's rule. After Chu's fall In the aftermaths of Ma Xichong's surrender, Ma Xi'e hoped that Li would restore him to power at Changsha. However, the people of Changsha were resentful of Ma Xi'e's rule, and therefore submitted a petition that Bian be put in command. Li therefore commissioned Bian as the military governor (Jiedushi) of Wu'an Circuit (武安, headquartered at Changsha). He subsequently ordered Ma Xichong and his clan to move to Jinling. They tried to bribe him to be able to stay at Changsha, but he, with a sarcastic smile, stated to Ma Xichong: Ma Xichong had no convincing response to him. Shortly after, they were placed on ships and sent to Jinling, with both they and their senders-off crying bitterly and loudly. Bian subsequently also sent the officer Li Chengjian (李承戩) to Mount Heng to order Ma Xi'e to report to Jinling as well. Ma Xi'e, apparently intimidated, took his army and, after first visiting Changsha, reported to Jinling as well. Li Jing continued to have Ma Xi'e carry the title of Prince of Chu, while making Ma Xichong the military governor of Yongtai Circuit (永泰, headquartered in modern Anqing, Anhui) and defender of Yongtai's capital Shu Prefecture (舒州); he also bestowed on Ma Xichong the honorary chancellor title of Shizhong (侍中). Sometime later, Ma Xichong and his family were settled at Yang Prefecture (揚州, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu). In 956, Southern Tang came under attack by its northern neighbor Later Zhou, and Yang Prefecture fell to the invading Later Zhou forces. Later Zhou's emperor Guo Rong ordered that Ma Xichong (along with Wang Jiyi (王繼沂), the son of Min's last emperor Wang Yanzheng, who was also settled by Southern Tang at Yang) be located and comforted. Apparently in gratitude, Ma Xichong presented his concubine Lady Yang to the Later Zhou general Han Lingkun (韓令坤). Subsequently, when Later Zhou forces were forced to abandon Yang, Ma Xichong took 17 brothers and/or cousins to the Later Zhou capital Daliang, and he was made a general of the imperial guards. That was the last historical reference to Ma Xichong, and it was not known when he died. Notes and references Old History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 133. New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 66. Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms, vol. 69. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 287, 289, 290, 293. \|- \|- Category:Politicians from Changsha Category:Generals from Hunan Category:Chu (Ten Kingdoms) generals Category:Chu (Ten Kingdoms) politicians Category:Southern Tang jiedushi of Yongtai Circuit Category:Later Zhou generals Category:Later Liang (Five Dynasties) people Category:Later Tang people Category:Later Jin (Five Dynasties) people Category:Liao dynasty people Category:Later Han (Five Dynasties) people Category:912 births Category:Year of death unknown	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mamudnagar Union Mamudnagar Union () is a union of Nagarpur Upazila, Tangail District, Bangladesh. It is situated east of Nagarpur and south of Tangail city. Demographics According to the 2011 Bangladesh census, Mamudnagar Union had 9,112 households and a population of 38,410. The literacy rate (age 7 and over) was 32.5% (male: 35.8%, female: 29.6%). See also Union Councils of Tangail District References Category:Populated places in Tangail District Category:Unions of Nagarpur Upazila	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Choristocarpaceae Choristocarpaceae is a family in the order Discosporangiales of the brown algae (class Phaeophyceae). The family contains a single genus, Choristocarpus. References Category:Brown algae Category:Brown algae families Category:Monogeneric algae families	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dick Whittinghill Noral Edwin "Dick" Whittinghill (March 5, 1913 – January 24, 2001) was an American film and television actor, recording artist and radio DJ in the United States. His early music career included membership in The Pied Pipers vocal group which sang with Tommy Dorsey's big band. Beginning in 1950, Whittinghill was for three decades the popular morning drive disc jockey at radio station KMPC in Los Angeles. During KMPC's heyday in the 1950s and 1960s, his fellow announcers included Ira Cook, Roger Carroll, Johnny Grant, Gary Owens, Johnny Magnus and Geoff Edwards. After his retirement, he was heard on a recorded Sunday program on KMPC, and later as afternoon drive personality at KPRZ, Los Angeles, reversing his traditional KMPC role, as former KMPC afternoon DJ Gary Owens was then KPRZ morning man. Among the features of his program were the "story records," sent in by listeners, in which a short anecdote was completed with a line from a song. For example, the spider told Little Miss Muffet, "You can keep the curds but give me...All the Way (whey). (using Frank Sinatra's song). Whittinghill had a minor national chart record. His narration "The Square" reached #144 on the Record World chart in May, 1965. Helen Trump Whittinghill also spoofed the long-running radio serial, "The Romance of Helen Trent" with "The Romance of Helen Trump", written and narrated by Whittinghill and Foster Brooks. "Helen Trump" was "The story that asks the question 'Can a woman of 35?... 'Find love and romance with a man twice her age?'" One of Helen's suitors was a politician named C. Dewey Detterwick, with whom, Whittinghill said, Helen doesn't drive any more, because when C. Dewey drives, he sees spots—lonely spots. Television appearances Whittinghill made television appearances as well, including a number of appearances on Dragnet in the 1960s, once as himself. A favorite of producer Jack Webb, he also appeared in a 1971 episode of Webb's Adam-12. He always signed off from his morning show with "I'm walkin' out the door, with you on my mind..." from the Nat King Cole record, "Walkin'". A sly punster and a master of double-entendre, longtime listeners knew that Montana-born Whittinghill was really "walkin' out the door with ewe on [his] mind". His morning traffic reporter was Paul Pierce. Dick nicknamed him Panther Pierce. Whittinghill made great use of Freddy Fill and his Orchestra to fill the last few seconds of air time before news broadcasts. Upon his retirement from KMPC in August 1980, he was succeeded in morning drive by another legendary Los Angeles radio voice, Robert W. Morgan. Whittinghill was inducted into the Radio Hall of Fame as of November 8, 2008. Discography The Romance of Helen Trump (A Soap Opera) (Dobre Records DR1062, 1978) Filmography External links Radio Hall of Fame website Industry Central profile of Dick Whittinghill Category:Male actors from Montana Category:American male film actors Category:Radio personalities from Los Angeles Category:American male television actors Category:1913 births Category:2001 deaths Category:20th-century American male actors Category:The Pied Pipers members	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Felix Landau Felix Landau (May 21, 1910, Vienna, Austria – April 4, 1983), was a SS Hauptscharführer, a member of an Einsatzkommando during World War II, based first in Lwów, Poland (today Lviv, Ukraine), and later in Drohobycz. He was a "central figure in the Nazi program of the extermination of Galician Jews". He is known for his daily diary and for temporarily sparing the life of the Jewish/Polish artist Bruno Schulz in 1942. Landau liked Schulz's art and supplied him with protection and extra food. In return, he ordered the artist to paint a set of murals for his young son's bedroom, depicting scenes from the Brothers Grimm fairy tales. Landau also was the SS officer assigned to watch over Maria Altmann, the subject of the film Woman in Gold (2015). Early career In 1925, Landau joined National Socialist Youth and was expelled from apprentice boarding school (run by a Catholic lay order) for active recruitment activities. In 1930 he joined Austrian Bundesheer (2nd Dragoner Squadron). In March 1931 he joined NSDAP and in May became a political leader of a local Nazi army district. In June 1933 was expelled from Bundesheer for Nazi activities. From June 1933 to April 1934 Felix Landau was a member of Sturmabteilung (SA), after that in SS. For participation in the assassination of Austrian chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss (1934) he was imprisoned. Upon his release in 1937, he renewed Nazi activities and had to flee to avoid another arrest. Landau became a naturalized German citizen, got married and worked as a police assistant in the Gestapo. World War II and service in Einsatzkommando In 1940, Landau transferred to KdS/SD in Radom governed by the General Government where he met typist Gertrude, to whom he later addressed his letters. In June 1941, Felix Landau volunteered for Einsatzkommando service. He began his diary in July 1941, interspersing sentimental letters to his fiancée with detailed records of his participation in atrocities of what later came to be known as the Holocaust. He describes "shooting exercises" and "wild actions", shooting sprees wherein he and his men would pick off random Jews who worked nearby or passed by on the street. In one such event in November 1942, Landau killed the personal dentist of a fellow officer, Karl Günther. In revenge, Günther caught up with Bruno Schulz, then under the protection of Landau, and shot him twice in the head. According to Schulz's friend Izydor Friedman, who witnessed the death, this happened at the corner of Czacki and Mickiewicz Streets. Later, Günther told Landau: "You killed my Jew - I killed yours." At the end of 1941, he lived with Gertrude in an aristocratic villa. He divorced his first wife in 1942 and married Gertrude in 1943 (divorced in 1946). Until May 1943, Landau was in charge of organizing Jewish labor. After World War II In 1946, a former worker recognized him in Linz. Landau was arrested by the Americans but escaped from Glasenbach prison camp in August 1947. Under the name of Rudolf Jaschke he started an interior decorating company in Bavaria. In 1959, Landau was arrested and accused of the massacres. He was condemned to life imprisonment in 1962 at the Stuttgart Assize Court. In 1973 he was pardoned. Quotes from the diary Lwow - 5 July 1941... There were hundreds of Jews walking along the street with blood pouring down their faces, holes in their heads, their hands broken and their eyes hanging out of their sockets. They were covered in blood. Some were carrying others who had collapsed. We went to the citadel; there we saw things that few people have ever seen. At the entrance to the citadel there were soldiers standing guard. They were holding clubs as thick as a man's wrist and were lashing out and hitting anyone who crossed their path. The Jews were pouring out of the entrance. There were rows of Jews lying one on top of the other like pigs, whimpering horribly. The Jews kept streaming out of the citadel completely covered in blood. We stopped and tried to see who was in charge of the Kommando. Nobody. Someone had let the Jews go. They were just being hit out of rage and hatred... Drohobycz - 12 July 1941... At 6:00 in the morning I was suddenly awoken from a deep sleep. Report for an execution. Fine, so I'll just play executioner and then gravedigger, why not?... Twenty-three had to be shot, amongst them ... two women ... We had to find a suitable spot to shoot and bury them. After a few minutes we found a place. The death candidates assembled with shovels to dig their own graves. Two of them were weeping. The others certainly have incredible courage... Strange, I am completely unmoved. No pity, nothing. That's the way it is and then it's all over... Valuables, watches and money are put into a pile... The two women are lined up at one end of the grave ready to be shot first... As the women walked to the grave they were completely composed. They turned around. Six of us had to shoot them. The job was assigned thus: three at the heart, three at the head. I took the heart. The shots were fired and the brains whizzed through the air. Two in the head is too much. They almost tear it off... References Further reading Love letters of a Nazi murderer in Lemberg and Drohobycz by Felix Landau (Yad Vashem), 1987 ASIN B0007C502 O The Holocaust: Origins, Implementation and Aftermath (Rewriting Histories) by Omer Bartov (pp. 185–203 contain excerpts from Felix Landau's diary and a biographical note) Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust by Richard Rhodes (Vintage, 2003 reprint ed.) The Second World War: A Complete History by Martin Gilbert The Third Reich: A New History by Michael Burleigh The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945 by Michael Burleigh (Cambridge University Press, 1991 reprint ed) External links Yad Vashem not displaying Bruno Schulz Holocaust art by Amiran Barkat (Ha'aretz April 7, 2005), (International Survey of Jewish Monuments) Ukraine - Jewish Art (PBS-NPR) Faces in the Textual Neighborhood: Two Poles and a Lithuanian by Adam Zachary Newton, University of Texas, Austin Finding Pictures Austrian Holocaust Category:Jewish Ukrainian history Category:Jewish Polish history Category:SS non-commissioned officers Category:1910 births Category:1983 deaths Category:Holocaust perpetrators in Poland Category:Holocaust perpetrators in Ukraine Category:Einsatzgruppen personnel Category:Gestapo personnel	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Belastok Region Belastok Voblast or Belostok Oblast (, Biełastockaja vobłasć, , ) was a short-lived territorial unit in the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) during World War II from September 1939 until Operation Barbarossa of 22 June 1941 and again for a short period in 1944. The administrative center of the newly created voblast was the renamed Belastok (). History Integration into the Soviet Union From September 23 to October 1939, the secretary of the central committee of the Belarusian SSR lived in Bialystok due to the protracted procedures for the transfer of the territories west of Bialystok by German troops to Białystok. While the leaders of provincial boards and were immediately established at the level of the Central Committee and the Military Front Council, the lower structures (poviat, gmina) were established "in consultation with the military authorities", which most often boiled down to providing these authorities with the right to choose the right people from a proven, inflowing party stream into these lands. As explained in October 4, 1939 at a meeting of the chairmen of the Provisional Boards and the secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus, P. Ponomarienko, "Temporary local boards - these are the organs of military power and the war council of this or other unit that is stationed in this area , has the right to direct the activities of the temporary administration, has the right and should do so within the framework of the applicable directives of the Front War Council and the Central Committee of the Byelorussian Communist Party. Reintegration to Belarusian SSR and disbandment In April 1944 a special operational group was established, headed by D. K. Sukaczew, dismissed for this purpose from the oblast on January 25, 1944, which was to to deal with reconstruction in triggered peripheral and district areas and municipal executive committees. Preparation also began operational groups from which activists of district committees were to be selected. Over 3,000 cadres who were selected underwent special training in Moscow and Gomel. On April 18 during the meeting of the Central Committee of the CP (b) B an action plan was approved Belostok Region for the coming months was approved. The office agreed to include a group of obek employees (operating in Moscow) together with the secretary of the of the Belostok Obkom Andrei P. Elman as part of the operational group of the Belarussian Staff of the Partisan Movement operating under the command of the 1st Belorussian Front. P. Z. Kalinin, commander of BSzRP, commander of the operational group of the staff at the 1st Belarusian Front, and Andrey Elman organized communication with underground party organs and partisan units operating in the territory of the Bialystok region and help them by providing weapons and organizing the dispatch of propaganda literature. And so, On May 1944, after several months of absence, Sukaczew returned to BZP, already as the chairman of the Regional Executive Committee of the Council of Workers' Delegates in Bialystok. On May 15, 1944, the authorities of the Białystok underground obkom issued a decision to issue more local newspaper. and the Wołkowysk regional newspaper Upon the liberation of the district headquarters, the secretaries of the district of Communist Party of Byelorussia and representatives of the district executive committees were to install there. Immediately they were to start establishing local self-government and party structures. All actions were due inform the secretaries of the circuit committee without delay. The implementation of this plan from the beginning was very difficult, as many branches failed to reach the designated areas. The situation was complicated by the fact that the Red Army stopped at the end of September on the Narew - Biebrza - Augustow Canal - Czarna Hańcza rivers, which caused that part of the Augustów region and located on the left bank of the Narew, the areas of the Grajewski, Łomżyński and Ostrołęka regions remained under German control. In spite of the failures in other areas, successive ones began installing Soviet power. He informed about installation in a designated area. On July 3, 1944, at the next meeting of the Białystok Obkom, it was decided to start publishing 4-6 times a month in Polish, with a circulation of 500 copies of the newsletter with political information. A week later, at the next meeting, a special resolution was adopted "on preparations for the entry of the Red Army and preparation of partisan units to cooperate with the city councilors". On July 8 Pyotr Ratajko was appointed the new chairman of the Executive Committee of the Białystok Obispolkom. In the spring of 1944, meetings of the regional committee were held every two weeks, to respond to any changes on an ongoing basis. Based on the preparations, it seems nobody from Belarusian party activists at the central, and even more peripheral level, did not doubt that the Bialystok region was, is and will be inseparable part of the Belorussian SSR. In the first days of August 1944, Soviet activists received an order to leave the Bialystok that became part of Poland and go further east, to Grodno. Despite the withdrawal of activists, the Belastok Region officially existed in the structures of the Belarusian SSR. Party activists of the in the Belostok Region they sent a letter to the secretary Panteleimon Ponomarenko of KC KP(b )B, in which they tried to persuade him that he should prevent the loss of Białystok and its surroundings, because, in their opinion, most of the inhabitants of the region were of Belorussian origin. On July 29, 1944, the first secretary of the Bialystok Regional Committee of the Communist Party P. Elman, secretary of the Sokólki rajkom. Kolkhozes and Sovkhozes began to be restored in the Krynkowski region. Attempts to recreate Soviet power were also made in Brańsk. Administrative units Belastok Voblast was created immediately following the Soviet invasion of Poland on 17 September 1939. It comprised part of the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union assigned by Joseph Stalin to BSSR in November 1939 (part of the modern-day West Belarus). The Voblast consisted of 24 raions: Augustow, Bialystok, Belsky, Bryansk, Volkovysk, Grodno, Grajewo, Dombrowski, Zabludavski, Zambravski, Kolnavski, Krynkovsky, Lapski, Lomzhinsky, Monkavski (in the same year was renamed to Knyshynski), Porechsky (in the same year transferred to the Lithuanian SSR), Sakolkavski, Sapotskinsky, Skidelsky, Svislochsky, Snyadovski, Tsehanovetsky, Chyzhavski and Yadvabnavski. According to Soviet statistical data, in the middle of 1940, the oblast had a population of 1,322,260, of whom 60.7% (802,770) were Poles, 22.7% (300,782) were Belarusians, 14.6% (193,510) were Jews, 0.63% (8,639) were Lithuanians, 0.09% (1,246) were Russians, and 1.15% (15,313) were "locals". In the aftermath of the German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941, this western portion of then-Belarus, which until 1939 belonged to the Polish state was placed under German Civil Administration (Zivilverwaltungsgebiet). As Bezirk Bialystok, the area was under German rule from 1941 to 1944/45, without ever formally being incorporated into the German Reich. After the Soviet liberation of almost the whole territory of the Byelorussian SSR in July 1944, Belastok Region was disestablished on 20 September 1944 and 17 raions, together with 3 raions of the Brest Region were transferred to the Białystok Voivodeship of Poland. The remaining raions were transferred to the Grodno Region of the Byelorussian SSR. This was confirmed later by the Border Agreement between Poland and the USSR of 16 August 1945 Demographics In the first months of the occupation, the new authorities used pre-war Polish studies. According to them, 54907 Poles, 45 217 Jews, 6460 Belarusians and 1076 people of other nationalities lived in Bialystok. In contrast, in the Bialystok region: 37 577 Poles, 1508 Jews, 8573 Belarusians and 1298 people of other nationalities. The data on the propaganda point of view were very unfavorable, as they undermined the basic thesis about the "Belarusian" of the seized lands. The estimates regarding the Łomża region were even more unfavorable. During the meeting of the Central Committee on December 1, 1939, Ponomarenko, speaking of Łomża, pointed out that this is an extremely heavy city, inhabited by Poles and Jews themselves, heavily damaged by military operations, where they are at peace with the new authorities. According to the authorities' estimates, on January 1, 1940, 18,105 Poles and 8,356 Jews lived in Łomża. The process of installing the new power ended in the first half of January 1940. See also Polish population transfers (1944–1946) Curzon Line Notes References Text of 16 August 1945 Border Agreement between Poland and the USSR in the Polish language: "Umowa graniczna pomiędzy Polską a ZSRR z 16 sierpnia 1945 roku" at Wikisource.org Category:Former subdivisions of Belarus Belastok Region Category:Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland 1939–1941 Category:Geographic history of Poland	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hemaris beresowskii Hemaris beresowskii is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from south-western China. There is a transparent discal cell on the forewing that is generally divided longitudinally by a vestigial scaled fold. The hindwing upperside very similar to Hemaris ottonis. References B Category:Moths of Asia Category:Insects of China Category:Moths described in 1897	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
William Longworth Dames Lieutenant-General William Longworth Dames (2 March 1806 – 20 February 1868) was a British Army officer who served as colonel of the 5th (Northumberland Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot. Military career Dames was commissioned into the 66th Regiment of Foot on 26 July 1826 and promoted to lieutenant on 24 November 1828. Promoted to lieutenant-colonel on 1 November 1842, he commanded the British forces during the siege of Azimghur in April 1858 during the Indian Rebellion. He became colonel of the 5th (Northumberland Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot in 1865. References Category:1806 births Category:1868 deaths Category:British Army generals	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Year 3000 "Year 3000" is a song performed by British pop punk band Busted. It was released as the second single from their debut studio album Busted (2002). "Year 3000" reached number two on the UK Singles Chart and became the 34th biggest seller of the year with 165,000 units. The single was also a success in the rest of Europe, reaching number two on the Irish Singles Chart while reaching the Top 10 in Belgium and the Netherlands. This song was also covered by the Australian Pop Punk band 5 Seconds of Summer Background "Year 3000" was written by James Bourne. It was inspired by his obsession with Back to the Future, hence the references to the flux capacitor and the fact that the time machine mentioned is "like the one in a film I've seen". Bourne has also stated that the song was also inspired by Robbie Williams' 1998 hit, "Millennium". Chart performance "Year 3000" debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart, one place higher than previous single "What I Go to School For". It was kept off number one by "Stop Living the Lie" by Fame Academy winner David Sneddon. Music video The music video for the song begins with Matt Willis playing a video game called "Stay Alive". When he loses, the video zooms out to view the band playing the song's intro in a bedroom. After Charlie Simpson starts singing, they hear an explosion-like sound outside. They look out of a window to the backyard and find their neighbour Peter, played by James Bourne's brother Chris, standing next to a Vauxhall Viva customised like the DeLorean time machine from Back to the Future. They get in the car and Peter takes them to the future. The song continues as they go through a time vortex, and arrive in the year 3000. They see lots of changes, such as various aliens, flying cars and the fact that everyone now lives under the ocean. They also see three triple-breasted women, one of whom throws her bra at them and the three boys fight over it. As the song continues, Busted look at a billboard and see themselves very much older. James and Matt react embarrassed with their future selves, but Charlie nods in appreciation and looks relatively happy with his. At the song's bridge, Busted come across a concert hall with a sign saying "Busted, Live Tonight". They sneak in, lock their older selves inside a green room and jump onto the stage, where the song continues in front of an audience. At the closing of the song, the setting switches back and forth from the concert to the bedroom from the video's intro, and ends with Busted jumping into their logo. Track listing UK CD1 "Year 3000" (Single Version) - 3:18 "Year 3000" (Acoustic Version) - 3:24 "Year 3000" (The DJEJ Mix) - 4:12 "Year 3000" (Instrumental) - 3:18 UK CD2 "Year 3000" (Single Version) - 3:18 "Fun Fun Fun" - 2:58 "Late Night Sauna" - 2:14 Single "Year 3000" (Single Version) - 3:18 "Fun Fun Fun" - 2:58 Charts and certifications Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications Jonas Brothers cover In 2006, Busted permitted the Jonas Brothers to make a cover of "Year 3000". Since the Jonas Brothers mainly have a pre-teen fanbase, all the sexually suggestive lyrics were simplified - the line "and your great-great-great granddaughter is pretty fine" is changed to "doin' fine" and "Triple-breasted women swim around town, totally naked" is changed to "girls there, with round hair like Star Wars, float above the floor." Also, the line "Everybody bought our seventh album, it had outsold Michael Jackson" is changed to "it had outsold Kelly Clarkson". Chart performance After the song's release in early 2007, the song debuted at #40 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Year 3000" was the group's first single to chart and their first Top 40 hit. The song eventually peaked at #31 and sold 1,050,000 copies in the US. The group's cover was the first single they released under Hollywood Records, and it was the only song Hollywood received distribution rights to after the group was dropped from Columbia. Hollywood re-released the song on the group's next album, Jonas Brothers and "Year 3000" was the lead single. Music video The music video for the Jonas Brothers' cover was directed by Andrew Bennett and produced by Justin Cronkite. It begins with the band entering a decorated garage, where they take their instruments: Nick and Kevin pick guitars, and Joe first plays the keyboard, then uses a microphone. As they play the intro, Nick comes home on a bike. He starts singing while the video's story side views him noticing a flash of light next door. He goes over there, and is joined by Joe and Kevin. Their neighbour "Peter" shows them that he made a time machine. However, this one is different from the one in Busted's video. This one is Pete's sofa rather than the car. While they continue to play the song, they enter the time machine, and when in the year 3000 they are in an all-white room. There they see girls with round, pink hair instead of three triple-breasted girls in Busted's. At the bridge, the girls show the band their 7th album, and the album by Kelly Clarkson that their album outsold rather than Michael Jackson. Later, one of the girls shows Joe the city on the outside, while another shows Kevin the band's "great-great-great granddaughters". Towards the end of the song, the brothers jump into the time machine and return to their own time. At the end of the song, Nick sings, while Joe claps the rhythm and Kevin plays the ending riff on his guitar. Response from Busted In November 2016, in an interview with PopBuzz, Busted were asked what they thought of the Jonas Brothers' cover of the song. Matt Willis responded: "Dude, they paid my mortgage for four years, I'm stoked to bits. Thank you very much Jonas Brothers," whilst James Bourne said, "The thing about it is that...when I heard their version of it, I didn't really like it. But there has been some really good things that have happened as a result of it. I didn't like how they changed words around. But the thing is, what's mental is that "Year 3000" was synced in The Simpsons [episode "Mathlete's Feat"] recently...But the thing is, when I asked them to do that, they already had chosen to use the original version. And the thing is I don't think they'd have been aware of the song if that hadn't have happened. So we ended up getting our version on The Simpsons which was cool. If someone had said to me all those years ago 'if you let them do it you'll get your song on The Simpsons I would have done it immediately." In 2019 at the Capital’s Summertime Ball 2019, Busted and Jonas Brothers performed the song together live. Charts References External links Category:2002 songs Category:2003 singles Category:2006 singles Category:Busted (band) songs Category:Jonas Brothers songs Category:Hollywood Records singles Category:PolyGram singles Category:Songs written by James Bourne Category:Songs written by Tom Fletcher Category:Songs written by Danny Jones Category:Songs written by Steve Robson Category:Songs written by Charlie Simpson Category:Songs written by Matt Willis Category:Song recordings produced by Steve Robson Category:Fiction set in the 30th century Category:Songs about time travel	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Paul Watson (journalist) Paul Richard Watson (born July 13, 1959) is a Canadian photojournalist, Pulitzer Prize-winner and author of three books: Where War Lives, Magnum Revolution: 65 Years of Fighting for Freedom, and Ice Ghosts: The Epic Hunt for the Lost Franklin Expedition (2017). The Guardian newspaper named ICE GHOSTS one of the best science books of 2017. The CBC, Canada’s national broadcaster, put Ice Ghosts at the top of its 2017 "Holiday Gift Guide: 12 Books for the Science and Nature Enthusiast on Your List." Biography Watson was born in Weston, Ontario. He was awarded the 1994 Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography for his photograph, taken in 1993 while covering the civil war in Somalia for the Toronto Star newspaper. The photograph depicted US Army 160th SOAR, Super 64 crew chief Staff Sgt. William Cleveland's body being dragged by Somalis through the streets of Mogadishu. His reporting and photography spans almost three decades and includes conflicts in more than a dozen countries on several continents. Among those are: Eritrea, Somalia, southern Sudan, Angola, Mozambique, South Africa, Romania, Serbia and Kosovo, as well as Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir, Iraq and Syria. While at the Toronto Star, Watson earned four Canadian National Newspaper Awards for photography and stories on the child sex trade in Asia, anarchy in Somalia following the 1991 overthrow dictator Mohammed Siad Barre, and the torture and murder of a Somali teen by Canadian soldiers after a U.S.-led force intervened to end a famine in 1992. He received the Drummer General’s Award in 2007 for his book Where War Lives, based on his experiences as a war journalist. The Globe and Mail of Toronto named it one of the "year’s 100 most notable books". His second book, Magnum Revolution: 65 Years of Fighting for Freedom, showcases the legendary agency's photographers' images of, and personal insights into uprisings spanning almost seven decades. It was co-written with The New Yorker′s Jon Lee Anderson and published by Prestel in Europe, the U.S. and Canada in 2012. Watson was featured in director Martyn Burke's 2012 documentary Under Fire: Journalists in Combat, which was shortlisted for an Academy Award. The film won a prestigious Peabody Award in 2013. His work is on permanent display at the Newseum, in Washington, D.C., in the journalism museum's Pulitzer Prize Photographs Gallery. Watson is also the subject of the Kennedy Award-winning play by Dan O'Brien entitled The Body of an American, staged in London in 2014. The collaboration led to O'Brien's book of poetry War Reporter, published in the U.S. and Europe in 2013. Paul Watson holds a Master's Degree from Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs in New York. He was the South Asia bureau chief for the Los Angeles Times, where his coverage area included Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and Iraq. He was Southeast Asia bureau chief, based in Jakarta, when he left the Los Angeles Times to return to The Toronto Star in July, 2009. He also served as Balkans bureau chief for the LA Times during his decade as a foreign correspondent with the newspaper. In 2015, Watson resigned from the Toronto Star, where he was a multi-media reporter, covering the Arctic and Aboriginal beat. He also did foreign assignments in Afghanistan, Syria, Russia and India in his second stint at The Toronto Star, which was then Canada's largest circulation daily newspaper. His resignation followed The Star's decision to kill an investigative story into the then Conservative government of Prime Minister Stephen Harper to use the historic 2014 discovery of the wreck of Sir John Franklin's flagship, HMS Erebus, for political propaganda. The story was then published by BuzzFeed and won a National Magazine Award for investigative reporting along with a Digital Publishing Award for long-form storytelling. Watson was the only journalist aboard CCGS Sir Wilfrid Laurier, a Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker, the lead vessel in the 2014 Victoria Strait Expedition, when archeologists aboard found Erebus in eastern Queen Maud Gulf, in the same area where Inuit had said for generations a large ship went down. Watson tells the story of the hunt for the lost Franklin Expedition in his 2017 book Ice Ghosts. In 2018, Ice Ghosts was a finalist for the Hubert Evans Non-Fiction Prize. Awards Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography, 1994 National Magazine Award (Silver), 2016 Digital Publishing Award (Silver), 2016 Robert Capa Gold Medal, Overseas Press Club of America. George Polk Award, foreign reporting Freedom of the Press Award, National Press Club (USA), Washington, D.C. Hal Boyle Award, foreign reporting, Overseas Press Club of America South Asian Journalists Association’s Daniel Pearl Award, honouring the best print reporting from the region, for coverage of Afghanistan Canadian National Newspaper Awards References External links Paul Watson's Website Watson, Paul (2007). Where War Lives McClelland & Stewart Ltd. Category:Canadian photojournalists Category:Pulitzer Prize for Photography winners Category:Living people Category:1959 births Category:School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University alumni	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Chari Tarf Kotebi Chari Tarf Kotebi is a village in the Palghar district of Maharashtra, India. It is located in the Dahanu taluka. Demographics According to the 2011 census of India, Chari Tarf Kotebi has 387 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 47.05%. References Category:Villages in Dahanu taluka	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Corelli Horn Corelli Horn () is a prominent rocky pinnacle with a distinctive pointed summit, high, standing west of the north end of the LeMay Range in central Alexander Island, Antarctica. It was first mapped in 1960 by D. Searle of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, from air photos obtained by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition in 1947–48. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for Arcangelo Corelli, the Italian composer (1653-1713) References Category:Rock formations on Alexander Island	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
International Narcotics Control Caucus The United States Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control (also known as the Senate Narcotics Caucus) was created to monitor and encourage the U.S. government and private programs seeking to expand international cooperation against drug abuse and narcotics trafficking, and promote international compliance with narcotics control treaties, including eradication. As a formal organization of the United States Senate, the Caucus has the status of a standing committee. It has subpoena power and is authorized to take testimony of witnesses and to produce books, records, papers, and documents that it deems necessary. In the past it has dealt with international cooperation, eradication, trafficking, interdiction, border control, drug strategies, assessments of Federal programs, and money laundering issues. The Caucus has held numerous hearings over the years and has issued a number of reports on U.S. narcotics control policy. The primary responsibilities of the INCC have involved monitoring of compliance with international narcotics control treaties and agreements, and oversight of U.S. counter narcotics policy and activities. Establishment The United States Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control was originally called the United States Commission on International Narcotics Control, when it was established on August 16, 1985, by the Foreign Relations Authorization Act for fiscal 1986 and 1987. Pursuant to the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act of 1986 (), the name of the Commission was changed to the United States Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control, effective November 13, 1985. (The House of Representatives had requested the name change because it would more accurately reflect the membership of the group, given that no House Members were to be appointed to it.) Membership The group's authorizing legislation () provided that the Commission draw its membership from the Senate and from experts in the private sector. Specifically, the group was to be composed of 12 members, seven Members of the U.S. Senate appointed by the President of the Senate, and five members from the private sector appointed by the President of the United States. Four of the seven Senators, including one designated as Chairman, were to be selected from the majority party after consultation with the Majority Leader, and three, including the Member designated as Co-Chairman, were to be selected from the minority party, after consultation with the Minority Leader. The five Commission members selected from the private sector were to be appointed by the President after consultation with the Members of the appropriate congressional committees. The appointment of private citizens was discontinued after 1987 in accordance with the group's redesignation as the U.S. Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control. Members, 116th Congress External links Official Website of the United States Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control Narcotics Control Narcotics Control Category:Drug policy organizations based in the United States Category:1985 establishments in the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Junik Mountains The Junik Mountains (), part of the Prokletije range, are on the border between Albania and Kosovo. They reach a height of . On the Kosovan side are located in the Metohija region, some to the north-west of the Junik commune. Notes References Category:Mountain ranges of Kosovo Category:Prokletije	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Adenosine deaminase Adenosine deaminase (also known as adenosine aminohydrolase, or ADA) is an enzyme () involved in purine metabolism. It is needed for the breakdown of adenosine from food and for the turnover of nucleic acids in tissues. Its primary function in humans is the development and maintenance of the immune system. However, the full physiological role of ADA is not yet completely understood. Structure ADA exists in both small form (as a monomer) and large form (as a dimer-complex). In the monomer form, the enzyme is a polypeptide chain, folded into eight strands of parallel α/β barrels, which surround a central deep pocket that is the active site. In addition to the eight central β-barrels and eight peripheral α-helices, ADA also contains five additional helices: residues 19-76 fold into three helices, located between β1 and α1 folds; and two antiparallel carboxy-terminal helices are located across the amino-terminal of the β-barrel. The ADA active site contains a zinc ion, which is located in the deepest recess of the active site and coordinated by five atoms from His15, His17, His214, Asp295, and the substrate. Zinc is the only cofactor necessary for activity. The substrate, adenosine, is stabilized and bound to the active site by nine hydrogen bonds. The carboxyl group of Glu217, roughly coplanar with the substrate purine ring, is in position to form a hydrogen bond with N1 of the substrate. The carboxyl group of Asp296, also coplanar with the substrate purine ring, forms hydrogen bond with N7 of the substrate. The NH group of Gly184 is in position to form a hydrogen bond with N3 of the substrate. Asp296 forms bonds both with the Zn2+ ion as well as with 6-OH of the substrate. His238 also hydrogen bonds to substrate 6-OH. The 3'-OH of the substrate ribose forms a hydrogen bond with Asp19, while the 5'-OH forms a hydrogen bond with His17. Two further hydrogen bonds are formed to water molecules, at the opening of the active site, by the 2'-OH and 3'-OH of the substrate. Due to the recessing of the active site inside the enzyme, the substrate, once bound, is almost completely sequestered from solvent. The surface exposure of the substrate to solvent when bound is 0.5% the surface exposure of the substrate in the free state. Reactions ADA irreversibly deaminates adenosine, converting it to the related nucleoside inosine by the substitution of the amino group by a keto group. Inosine can then be deribosylated (removed from ribose) by another enzyme called purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), converting it to hypoxanthine. Mechanism of catalysis The proposed mechanism for ADA-catalyzed deamination is stereospecific addition-elimination via tetrahedral intermediate. By either mechanism, Zn2+ as a strong electrophile activates a water molecule, which is deprotonated by the basic Asp295 to form the attacking hydroxide. His238 orients the water molecule and stabilizes the charge of the attacking hydroxide. Glu217 is protonated to donate a proton to N1 of the substrate. The reaction is stereospecific due to the location of the zinc, Asp295, and His238 residues, which all face the B-side of the purine ring of the substrate. Competitive inhibition has been observed for ADA, where the product inosine acts at the competitive inhibitor to enzymatic activity. Function ADA is considered one of the key enzymes of purine metabolism. The enzyme has been found in bacteria, plants, invertebrates, vertebrates, and mammals, with high conservation of amino acid sequence. The high degree of amino acid sequence conservation suggests the crucial nature of ADA in the purine salvage pathway. Primarily, ADA in humans is involved in the development and maintenance of the immune system. However, ADA association has also been observed with epithelial cell differentiation, neurotransmission, and gestation maintenance. It has also been proposed that ADA, in addition to adenosine breakdown, stimulates release of excitatory amino acids and is necessary to the coupling of A1 adenosine receptors and heterotrimeric G proteins. Adenosine deaminase deficiency leads to pulmonary fibrosis, suggesting that chronic exposure to high levels of adenosine can exacerbate inflammation responses rather than suppressing them. It has also been recognized that adenosine deaminase protein and activity is upregulated in mouse hearts that overexpress HIF-1 alpha, which in part explains the attenuated levels of adenosine in HIF-1 alpha expressing hearts during ischemic stress. Pathology Some mutations in the gene for adenosine deaminase cause it not to be expressed. The resulting deficiency is one cause of (SCID), particularly of autosomal recessive inheritance. Deficient levels of ADA have also been associated with pulmonary inflammation, thymic cell death, and defective T-cell receptor signaling. Conversely, mutations causing this enzyme to be overexpressed are one cause of . There is some evidence that a different allele (ADA2) may lead to autism. Elevated levels of ADA has also been associated with AIDS. Isoforms There are 2 isoforms of ADA: ADA1 and ADA2. ADA1 is found in most body cells, particularly lymphocytes and macrophages, where it is present not only in the cytosol and nucleus but also as the ecto- form on the cell membrane attached to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (aka, CD26). ADA1 is involved mostly in intracellular activity, and exists both in small form (monomer) and large form (dimer). The interconversion of small to large forms is regulated by a 'conversion factor' in the lung. ADA2 was first identified in human spleen. It was subsequently found in other tissues including the macrophage where it co-exists with ADA1. The two isoforms regulate the ratio of adenosine to deoxyadenosine potentiating the killing of parasites. ADA2 is found predominantly in the human plasma and serum, and exists solely as a homodimer. Clinical significance ADA2 is the predominant form present in human blood plasma and is increased in many diseases, particularly those associated with the immune system: for example rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and sarcoidosis. The plasma ADA2 isoform is also increased in most cancers. ADA2 is not ubiquitous but co-exists with ADA1 only in monocytes-macrophages. Total plasma ADA can be measured using high performance liquid chromatography or enzymatic or colorimetric techniques. Perhaps the simplest system is the measurement of the ammonia released from adenosine when broken down to inosine. After incubation of plasma with a buffered solution of adenosine the ammonia is reacted with a Berthelot reagent to form a blue colour which is proportionate to the amount of enzyme activity. To measure ADA2, erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA) is added prior to incubation so as to inhibit the enzymatic activity of ADA1. It is the absence of ADA1 that causes SCID. ADA can also be used in the workup of lymphocytic pleural effusions or peritoneal ascites, in that such specimens with low ADA levels essentially excludes tuberculosis from consideration. Tuberculosis pleural effusions can now be diagnosed accurately by increased levels of pleural fluid adenosine deaminase, above 40 U per liter. Cladribine and Pentostatin are anti-neoplastic agents used in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia; their mechanism of action is inhibition of adenosine deaminase. See also Adenosine deaminase deficiency References Further reading External links PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Adenosine deaminase PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Mouse Adenosine deaminase Category:EC 3.5.4 Category:Immunostimulants Category:Enzymes	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
New Year Peak New Year Peak () is the major peak (about 2,600 m) on the northwest side of Toboggan Gap in the Millen Range, Victory Mountains, Victoria Land. The name was suggested by Bradley Field, geologist, New Zealand Geological Survey, whose field party camped below the peak during the New Year period, 1981–82. Category:Mountains of Victoria Land Category:Borchgrevink Coast	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Gautam Sharma Gautam Sharma is an Indian television and film actor. Sharma was raised in Bangalore. His father is a businessman. He completed his high school education from Frank Anthony Public School, Bangalore and graduated from St Joseph's College of Commerce, Bangalore. He modelled before debuting with show Grihasti where he played a cameo role. Then he played lead role in the television series Shakuntala. After Shakuntala he played the role of Arjuna in Dwarkadheesh- Bhagwan Shree Krishn. He then played the role of Bablu Patel on Jamai Raja. Filmography Television 2009- Grihasti cameo 2009- Shakuntala as Dushyanta 2011- Dwarkadheesh – Bhagwaan Shree Krishn as Arjuna 2014- Jamai Raja as Bablu Patel References External links Category:Living people Category:Indian male soap opera actors Category:Indian male television actors Category:Male actors from Bangalore Category:21st-century Indian male actors Category:Male actors in Hindi television Category:Year of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Underemployment equilibrium In Keynesian economics, underemployment equilibrium is a situation with a persistent shortfall relative to full employment and potential output so that unemployment is higher than at the NAIRU or the "natural" rate of unemployment. Theoretical framework Origin The concept of underemployment equilibrium originates from analyzing underemployment in the context of General Equilibrium Theory, a branch of microeconomics. It describes a steady economic state when consumptions and production outputs are both suboptimal – many economic agents in the economy are producing less than what they could produce in some other equilibrium states.[1] Economic theory dictates that underemployment equilibrium possesses certain stability features under standard assumptions[2] – the “invisible hand” (market force) can not, by itself, alter the equilibrium outcome to a more socially desirable equilibrium.[3] Exogenous forces such as fiscal policy have to be implemented in order to drive the economy to a better state. Formal definition In an economy : every economic agent h has a utility function and an initial endowment of wealth every firm f has a production function every agent’s share of firm f is An underemployment equilibrium, given a price vector p, is defined as the consumption-production vector such that [4] For every firm f, producing maximizes its profit For every economic agent h, consuming maximizes its utility The market clears, meaning that the sum of optimal consumptions of all agents, , equals to the sum of their initial endowments, plus the sum of optimal profits for all firms, [1] Causes Given a well-defined economy[2][4], there could be many stable equilibrium states – some are more desirable than others from a social welfare point of view. Many factors contribute to the existence of undesirable equilibriums, among which two are crucial for underemployment equilibrium: oversupply and insufficient demand. When the labor force are overeducated for the skill level of available employment opportunities in the economy, an underemployment equilibrium will occur. Insufficient demand addresses the same issue at the macro level. When there are many fewer job opportunities than unemployed individuals, the unemployment rate is high. Moreover, well-qualified workers will face a tougher job market and thus have to settle for jobs originally meant for less skilled individuals. “Oversupply” here refers to an excess in both labor quantity and quality. Forms of underemployment equilibrium Overqualification Overqualification is the most common form of underemployment equilibrium and is a direct result of oversupply. It defines the situation when individuals work in professions which require less education, skill, experience or ability than they possess. In economic terms, these agents are producing less than their socially optimal output. Collectively, when a lot of individuals produce below their full potential, the economy is in a sub-optimal underemployment equilibrium.[5] Overstaffing Overstaffing refers to the state when firms in an economy are hiring more people than they need. This is much less common than overqualification. This redundancy invalidates unemployment rates as a signal for the existence of underemployment equilibrium. When firms are overstaffed, they can not achieve their maximum profit levels, which leads to undesirable social consequences such as low GDP growth.[6] Applications and historical examples Underemployment during the Great Depression During the 1930s, Great Depression, U.S. unemployment rate reached 25% and GDP growth rate fell to −13%.[7] The U.S. economy at this period can be characterized by an underemployment equilibrium. On the one hand, many outside forces (including financial instability, hyper-inflation, lack of capital, etc.) created a negative shock to the demand of job market. On the other hand, the first two decades of the 20th century saw rapid advancement in production technologies, which effectively eliminated a large number of skilled jobs. Both of the above forces help create an insufficient demand of labor market during that time, causing an underemployment equilibrium. This particular underemployment equilibrium takes form of overqualification, characterized by high unemployment rate and low household incomes. Underemployment in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis Graduates entering the job market in 2012 faced very tough competitions[8], caused by an oversupply of skilled workers, including fresh graduates and people who were laid off during the 2008 financial crisis. Graduates did not have enough time to respond to the 2008 financial crisis and continued to finish their degrees, only to find that there are not enough jobs upon graduation. This underemployment equilibrium state is characterized by overqualification – many college graduates are taking positions designed for less educated individuals due to gloomy job market conditions.[8] Data The Bureau of Labor Statistics calculates monthly the “Underemployment Rate” starting from January, 1948. The underemployment rate has a cyclical trend and is generally higher during recession periods. Similar to the unemployment rate, the underemployment rate varies for different subgroups of the labor force. For example, individuals with Ph.Ds enjoy low underemployment rate while individuals with high school diploma or lower usually suffer from a high underemployment rate.[9] References 1. Jean-Jacques Herings, P. “Underemployment Equilibria”. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Second Edition. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. 2. Arrow, Kenneth J.; Block, H. D.; Hurwicz, Leonid. “On the Stability of the Competitive Equilibrium, II”. Econometrica, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Jan., 1959), pp. 82–109 3. Feldman, D. C.. “The nature, antecedents and consequences of underemployment. Journal of Management, 22(3), 385–407. 4. Truman F. Bewley. General Equilibrium, Overlapping Generations Models, and Optimal Growth Theory. Harvard University Press, 2007 5. Erdogan, B., & Bauer, T. N.. “Perceived overqualification and its outcomes: The moderating role of empowerment”. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 557–565. 6. Felices, G.. “Assessing the Extent of Labour Hoarding”. Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, 43(2), 198–206. 7. Frank, Robert H.; Bernanke, Ben S. Principles of Macroeconomics (3rd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. p. 98. . 8. Shierholz, Heidi; Sabadish, Natalie; Wething, Hilary. “The Class of 2012, Labor market for young graduates remains grim”. Economic Policy Institute Report: Jobs and Unemployment. May 3, 2012. http://www.epi.org/publication/bp340-labor-market-young-graduates/ 9. Economic Policy Institute. Underemployment Rate. http://www.economytrack.org/underemployment.php Category:Keynesian economics	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Saskatchewan Highway 665 Highway 665 is a highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It runs from Highway 5 near Kylemore to Highway 49. Highway 665 is about 28 km (17 mi.) long. 665	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rhinoprenes pentanemus Rhinoprenes pentanemus, the Threadfin scat, is a species of ephippid native to the Pacific Ocean around Papua New Guinea and Australia. This fish eats algae and also sewage. This species grows to a length of TL. This species is the only known member of its genus. References External links Photograph Category:Ephippidae Category:Monotypic fish genera Category:Fish described in 1964	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Antoine de Loménie Antoine de Lomenie, lord of La Ville-aux-Clerics (1560 - 17 January 1638 Paris) was a Secretary of the Navy under Louis XIII of 7 November 1613 to 10 August 1615, and Ambassador Extraordinary of France to England. He was the son of Martial Lomenie, Seigneur de Versailles (†1572 in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, Paris) and Jacqueline Pinault. He was Secrétaire d'État of Navarre 1595-1613. He married on 1 October 1593 with Anne of Aubourg, lady Porcheux 1608; they had children: Henri-Auguste de 1595-1666 Lomenie Catherine Henriette 1667 Marie Antoinette References Dugat, Gustave / Havet, Julien / Houdas, Octave Victor / Silvestre de Sacy, Antoine Isaac baron / Latouche, Emmanuel / Longueville, Edme Paul Marcellin : Notices et Extraits des Manuscrits de la Bibliothèque du Roi, Lûs au Comité établi par Sa Majesté dans l’Académie royale des Inscriptions & Belles Lettres, Tome Deuxième, Paris, l’Imprimerie Royale, 1789 (in French) Category:1560 births Category:1638 deaths Category:Ministers of Marine and the Colonies Category:Ambassadors of France to England Category:16th-century French people Category:17th-century French people	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Heki Danjō Masatsugu was a warrior and the creator of the school of basic archery skills for footsoldiers. Heki Danjō's teaching started one of the prominent schools of kyūdō, which is named Heki-ryū after him. Several Heki-ryū branches are taught actively even today. Heki Danjō lived in warlike times when it was considered honorable to be linked to famous warriors. For this reason there is no certainty to the connection between every Heki-ryū branch and the historical figure Heki Danjō. It is known however that Heki Danjō taught Yoshida Shigekata, who compiled the lessons in a scroll (mokuroku), which is still an important part of Heki-ryū's teaching. The founder of Heki-ryū Insai-branch, Yoshida Genpachirō Shigeuji, wrote about Heki Danjō as a manifestation of the god of war Hachiman. History tells us little of his life. Heki Danjō was born in Yamato, became a famed archer in a battle, taught kyūjutsu and shortly before his death, he became a monk at Mount Kōya. See also 日置流 (Heki-ryū) in the Japanese Wikipedia References Category:1443 births Category:1502 deaths Category:Japanese warriors	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ritual of oak and mistletoe The ritual of oak and mistletoe is a Celtic religious ceremony, in which white-clad druids climbed a sacred oak, cut down the mistletoe growing on it, sacrificed two white bulls and used the mistletoe to make an elixir to cure infertility and the effects of poison. The ritual, known from a single passage in Pliny's Natural History, has helped shape the image of the druid in the popular imagination. Account by Pliny the Elder The only extant source for this ritual is a passage in the Natural History by Roman historian Pliny the Elder, written in the 1st century AD. Speaking of mistletoe, he writes: While Pliny does not indicate the source on which he based this account, French archaeologist Jean-Louis Brunaux (fr) has argued for Posidonius of Rhodes, a polymath who flourished in the 1st century BC. Later influence and historiography Miranda Aldhouse-Green has argued that, although Pliny is the only authority to mention this ceremony, the main elements of his account are all features of Celtic religion that are confirmed elsewhere; these include oak trees, mistletoe, ritual banqueting, the moon, and bull-sacrifice. Pliny's account has been considered to have contributed largely to the popular depiction of druids today, as white-clad wise men performing sacrifices in the forests and equipped with golden sickles. Chateaubriand incorporated a dramatized version of Pliny's scene in his Les Martyrs, in which the druidess Velleda plays a part. In the Astérix comics, the druid Getafix is often depicted among oak trees, robed in white, and bearing a golden sickle. Notes References Category:Druidry	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Transient acantholytic dermatosis Grover's disease (GD) is a polymorphic, pruritic, papulovesicular dermatosis characterized histologically by acantholysis with or without dyskeratosis. Once confirmed, most cases of Grover's disease last six to twelve months, which is why it was originally called "transient". However it may last much longer. Nevertheless, it is not to be confused with relapsing linear acantholytic dermatosis. Signs and symptoms Grover's disease often starts quite suddenly. There are intensely itchy spots on the central back, mid chest and occasionally elsewhere. Frequently, it follows sweating or some unexpected heat stress. The itchy eruption lasts an average of 10–12 months. It is characterized by papules and papulovesicles with excoriations occurring on the chest, back, lower sternum, arms, and thighs. The papules are most commonly found on the mid chest. Sometimes the features of Grover's are found in people who do not itch or have a conspicuous rash. Most of the people with Grover's who visit a dermatologist, however, itch a lot. Cause The cause of Grover's disease is unknown. Suspected triggers of disease activity include heat and sweating, sunlight, and adverse reaction to medications as well as ionizing radiation, end-stage renal disease/hemodialysis, and mechanical irritation or prolonged bed rest. Some cases of Grover's disease have been associated with medications such as sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, ribavirin, cetuximab, and interleukin-4 [1,8-15]. One series of 300 patients with Grover's disease reported an association with other coexisting dermatoses including atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, and xerosis cutis. Finally, smaller series have detailed an association with pyoderma gangrenosum, bacterial and viral infections, and occasionally, malignancies. Diagnosis Grover's may be suspected by its appearance, but since it has such a characteristic appearance under the microscope a shave skin or punch biopsy is often performed. Treatment Sweating causes lesions to form, but lesions aggravated by sweat usually return to "normal" fairly quicklyavoiding sweat is not a reason to avoid exercise. Minor outbreaks can be controlled with prescription strength topical cortisone creams. More severe eruptions usually clear up after treatment for one to three months with Accutane or tetracycline. If these fail or the outbreak is severe, PUVA phototherapy treatments, antifungal medication and cortisone injections are alternatives. Some research has suggested a correlation of Grover's disease with mercury toxicity in which case Dimercaptosuccinic acid might help. Epidemiology The prevalence and incidence of Grover's disease have not been firmly established. In a study from Switzerland, Grover's disease was diagnosed in just 24 of more than 30,000 skin biopsies [4]. Grover's disease is mainly seen in males over the age of forty. Grover's disease affects chiefly white adults in the fifth decade or later, and appears to be around 1.6 to 2.1 times more common in men than in women. Grover's disease appears less commonly in darker-skinned individuals. History This condition was first reported in 1975 by the American dermatopathologist, Ralph Wier Grover (1920–2008) while working at Franklin Hospital in New York. He described and examined around 40 patients having the characteristic signs of the disease, which would later bear his name. References External links Category:Chronic blistering cutaneous conditions Category:Rare diseases	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Aron Baynes Aron John Baynes (born 9 December 1986) is an Australian professional basketball player for the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for Washington State University before starting his professional career in Europe. In 2013, he joined the San Antonio Spurs, and a year later, won an NBA championship with the Spurs. He has also played with the Detroit Pistons and the Boston Celtics. Baynes also plays for the Australian national team. Early life Born in Gisborne, New Zealand, Baynes moved with his family to the small Australian town of Mareeba, Queensland at three years of age. He grew up playing rugby league in Far North Queensland while attending Mareeba State High School until the age of 15 when his older brother, Callum, introduced him to basketball. As a result, Baynes decided to focus on pursuing a career in basketball and subsequently quit rugby league. Shortly after high school graduation, he joined the Australian Institute of Sport in 2004–05 and accepted a college scholarship to play for Washington State University in 2006. Professional career Europe (2009–2013) On 29 May 2009, Baynes signed a two-year deal with Lietuvos Rytas of the Lithuanian Basketball League. In July 2009, he played for the Los Angeles Lakers' Summer League team. Following the 2009–10 season, he parted ways with Lietuvos Rytas. On 15 July 2010, Baynes signed a two-year deal with EWE Baskets Oldenburg of the German Basketball Bundesliga. In 40 games for Oldenburg in 2010–11, he averaged 6.8 points and 3.7 rebounds per game. On 29 June 2011, he parted ways with Oldenburg. On 24 August 2011, Baynes signed a one-year deal with Ikaros Kallitheas of the Greek Basket League. On 1 August 2012, Baynes signed a one-year deal with Union Olimpija of the Slovenian Basketball League. On 5 January 2013, he played his final game for Olimpija, as he later left the team in pursuit of an NBA contract. San Antonio Spurs (2013–2015) On 23 January 2013, Baynes signed with the San Antonio Spurs. In his second NBA game, Baynes recorded seven points, nine rebounds and one block in a 102–78 win over the Charlotte Bobcats. During the 2012–13 season, he was assigned multiple times to the Austin Toros of the NBA Development League. He made his first NBA start in Game 4 of the Spurs' first-round playoff match-up against the Los Angeles Lakers, and was tasked with defending Dwight Howard. The Spurs went on to reach the 2013 NBA Finals but lost the series in seven games to the Miami Heat. On 1 December 2013, Baynes was reassigned to the Austin Toros. He was recalled on 2 December, reassigned on 8 December, and recalled again on 9 December. On 6 May 2014, he recorded playoff career-high numbers of 10 points and seven rebounds in a 116–92 win over the Portland Trail Blazers in Game 1 of the Western Conference semi-finals. Baynes went on to help the Spurs defeat the Miami Heat 4–1 in the 2014 NBA Finals to claim his first NBA championship. On 26 September 2014, Baynes re-signed with the Spurs. On 20 December 2014, he scored a then career-high 16 points while starting in place of Tim Duncan in a 99–93 loss to the Dallas Mavericks. On 1 April 2015 and 3 April 2015, Baynes had back-to-back 18-point games. Detroit Pistons (2015–2017) On 12 July 2015, Baynes signed with the Detroit Pistons. On 19 March 2016, he scored a career-high 21 points in a 115–103 win over the Brooklyn Nets. On 14 November 2016, Baynes scored 20 points against the Oklahoma City Thunder while starting in place of Andre Drummond. On 19 March 2017, Baynes grabbed a career-high 17 rebounds alongside 13 points in a 112–95 win over the Phoenix Suns. Boston Celtics (2017–2019) On 19 July 2017, Baynes signed with the Boston Celtics. In a game against the Charlotte Hornets, Baynes injured Celtics teammate and star point guard Kyrie Irving. On 8 November 2017, he matched his career high with 21 points in a 107–96 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. In the Celtics' regular season finale on 11 April 2018, Baynes led a short-handed Boston lineup with a career-best 26 points and 14 rebounds in a 110–97 win over the Brooklyn Nets. On 7 July 2018, Baynes re-signed with the Celtics. On 19 December 2018, in a 111–103 loss to the Phoenix Suns, Baynes broke a bone in his left hand. He was subsequently ruled out for four to six weeks. He returned to action on 16 January 2019 against the Toronto Raptors. On 3 February, he was sidelined with a left foot contusion. Phoenix Suns (2019–present) On 6 July 2019 Baynes, along with the draft rights to Ty Jerome, was traded to the Phoenix Suns for a 2020 protected first-round pick. After Deandre Ayton was suspended for 25 games due to diuretic usage on 24 October, Baynes was promoted to being the team's starting center during that period of time. On 30 October, Baynes recorded 24 points, 12 rebounds, and a career-high 7 assists in a 121–110 win over the Golden State Warriors. National team career Baynes has played for the Australian national team, the Boomers, at the 2010 FIBA World Championship in Turkey, the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup in Spain, the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, and the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup in China. The Boomers' Rio campaign saw them reach the bronze medal match, where they lost to Spain. Their campaign in China also saw the Boomers reach the bronze medal match, where they lost to France. Career statistics NBA Regular season \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\| San Antonio \| 16 \|\| 0 \|\| 8.8 \|\| .500 \|\| .000 \|\| .583 \|\| 2.0 \|\| .3 \|\| .1 \|\| .4 \|\| 2.7 \|- \| style="text-align:left;background:#AFE6BA;"\| † \| style="text-align:left;"\| San Antonio \| 53 \|\| 4 \|\| 9.3 \|\| .436 \|\| - \|\| .905 \|\| 2.7 \|\| .6 \|\| .0 \|\| .1 \|\| 3.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\| San Antonio \| 70 \|\| 17 \|\| 16.0 \|\| .566 \|\| .250 \|\| .865 \|\| 4.5 \|\| .5 \|\| .2 \|\| .3 \|\| 6.6 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Detroit \| 81 \|\| 1 \|\| 15.2 \|\| .505 \|\| .000 \|\| .764 \|\| 4.7 \|\| .6 \|\| .3 \|\| .6 \|\| 6.3 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Detroit \| 75 \|\| 2 \|\| 15.5 \|\| .513 \|\| - \|\| .840 \|\| 4.4 \|\| .4 \|\| .2 \|\| .5 \|\| 4.9 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Boston \| 81 \|\| 67 \|\| 18.3 \|\| .471 \|\| .143 \|\| .756 \|\| 5.3 \|\| 1.1 \|\| .3 \|\| .6 \|\| 6.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Boston \| 51 \|\| 18 \|\| 16.1 \|\| .471 \|\| .344 \|\| .855 \|\| 4.7 \|\| 1.1 \|\| .2 \|\| .7 \|\| 5.6 \|- \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\| Career \| 427 \|\| 109 \|\| 15.1 \|\| .498 \|\| .281 \|\| .808 \|\| 4.4 \|\| .7 \|\| .2 \|\| .5 \|\| 5.4 Playoffs \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2013 \| style="text-align:left;"\| San Antonio \| 4 \|\| 1 \|\| 5.8 \|\| .571 \|\| - \|\| .000 \|\| 1.3 \|\| .0 \|\| .0 \|\| .0 \|\| 2.0 \|- \|style="text-align:left;background:#AFE6BA;"\| 2014† \| align="left" \| San Antonio \| 14 \|\| 0 \|\| 7.2 \|\| .500 \|\| .000 \|\| .800 \|\| 2.2 \|\| .0 \|\| .2 \|\| .0 \|\| 2.3 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2015 \| style="text-align:left;"\| San Antonio \| 4 \|\| 0 \|\| 10.0 \|\| .300 \|\| - \|\| 1.000 \|\| 2.5 \|\| .3 \|\| .0 \|\| .0 \|\| 2.3 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2016 \| style="text-align:left;"\| Detroit \| 4 \|\| 0 \|\| 11.0 \|\| .444 \|\| - \|\| .667 \|\| 2.0 \|\| .5 \|\| .0 \|\| .0 \|\| 2.5 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2018 \| style="text-align:left;"\| Boston \| 19 \|\| 12 \|\| 20.5 \|\| .506 \|\| .478 \|\| .722 \|\| 6.2 \|\| 1.0 \|\| .2 \|\| .6 \|\| 6.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2019 \| style="text-align:left;"\| Boston \| 9 \|\| 5 \|\| 12.8 \|\| .571 \|\| .333 \|\| .500 \|\| 2.8 \|\| .3 \|\| .3 \|\| .3 \|\| 2.1 \|- \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\| Career \| 54 \|\| 16 \|\| 13.2 \|\| .497 \|\| .444 \|\| .750 \|\| 3.6 \|\| .5 \|\| .2 \|\| .3 \|\| 3.6 EuroLeague \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2009–10 \| style="text-align:left;"\| Lietuvos Rytas \| 10 \|\| 8 \|\| 13.3 \|\| .511 \|\| .000 \|\| .643 \|\| 3.0 \|\| .2 \|\| .4 \|\| .9 \|\| 5.5 \|\| 3.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2012–13 \| style="text-align:left;"\| Union Olimpija \| 10 \|\| 10 \|\| 26.2 \|\| .587 \|\| .000 \|\| .698 \|\| 9.8 \|\| .5 \|\| .5 \|\| .5 \|\| 13.8 \|\| 18.2 \|- \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\| Career \| 20 \|\| 18 \|\| 19.8 \|\| .562 \|\| .000 \|\| .684 \|\| 6.4 \|\| .4 \|\| .5 \|\| .7 \|\| 9.7 \|\| 10.6 See also References External links EuroLeague profile Aron Baynes at olympics.com.au Washington State Cougars bio Category:1986 births Category:Living people Category:2010 FIBA World Championship players Category:2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup players Category:Austin Toros players Category:Australian men's basketball players Category:Australian expatriate basketball people in Germany Category:Australian expatriate basketball people in Greece Category:Australian expatriate basketball people in the United States Category:Australian Institute of Sport basketball players Category:Australian people of New Zealand descent Category:Basketball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics Category:Basketball players at the 2016 Summer Olympics Category:BC Rytas players Category:Boston Celtics players Category:Centers (basketball) Category:Detroit Pistons players Category:EWE Baskets Oldenburg players Category:Expatriate basketball people in Lithuania Category:Expatriate basketball people in Slovenia Category:Ikaros B.C. players Category:KK Olimpija players Category:National Basketball Association players from Australia Category:Olympic basketball players of Australia Category:People from Cairns Category:Phoenix Suns players Category:Power forwards (basketball) Category:San Antonio Spurs players Category:Sportspeople from Gisborne, New Zealand Category:Sportspeople from Queensland Category:Undrafted National Basketball Association players Category:Washington State Cougars men's basketball players Category:2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Virginia Commando Virginia Commando was a light infantry regiment of the South African Army. It formed part of the South African Army Infantry Formation as well as the South African Territorial Reserve. History Origins With the SADF During this era, the commando was mainly tasked with area force protection, search and cordones and stock theft control assisting the rural police. The unit resorted under the command of Group 24. With the SANDF Disbandment This unit, along with all other Commando units was disbanded after a decision by South African President Thabo Mbeki to disband all Commando Units. The Commando system was phased out between 2003 and 2008 "because of the role it played in the apartheid era", according to the Minister of Safety and Security Charles Nqakula. Unit Insignia Leadership References See also South African Commando System Category:Infantry regiments of South Africa Category:South African Commando Units	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Simferopol Raion Simferopol Raion (, , ) is one of the 25 regions of the Crimean peninsula, currently subject to a territorial dispute between the Russian Federation and Ukraine. The administrative center of the raion is the city of Simferopol which is incorporated as a town of republican significance and is not a part of the district. The Simferopol Raion is situated in the central part of the peninsula. Population: Demographics According to the 2001 All-Ukrainian Census the population of the region was 149,253 persons. The population showed the following ethnic groups: Russians - 49.4% Ukrainians - 23.5% Crimean Tatars - 22.2% Belarusians — 1.4% Poles - 0.2% Moldovans — 0.2% Population as of May 1, 2012 was 157,589. References Category:Raions of Crimea	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lawrence G. Sager Lawrence Gene Sager (born 1941) is a former dean of the University of Texas School of Law. He holds the Alice Jane Drysdale Sheffield Regents Chair. Sager, who joined the Law School faculty in 2002, is the 13th dean in the Law School's 123-year history. He is best known for his theory of underenforcement. A graduate of Columbia Law School and Pomona College, Sager taught for more than 25 years at New York University School of Law, where he was instrumental in transforming the NYU faculty into one of the best in the nation. At Texas, he has also been deeply involved with the Law School's successful faculty recruitment efforts, which include luring corporate law expert Bernard Black from Stanford Law School in 2004 and health law scholar William Sage from Columbia Law School in 2006. He served as chair of the Law School's Appointments Committee during the 2005–06 academic year. Sager has also taught as a visiting professor at Harvard Law School, Princeton University, Boston University School of Law, UCLA School of Law, and University of Michigan Law School. Sager is the author or co-author of dozens of articles as well as two books: Justice in Plainclothes: A Theory of American Constitutional Practice (Yale University Press, 2004) and, with Christopher Eisgruber, Religious Freedom and the Constitution, (Harvard University Press, 2007). Controversy Sager rose to prominence as a legal scholar while teaching at the New York University (NYU) School of Law. Along with NYU's John Sexton, Sager has been credited as one of the chief architects of New York University Law School's precipitous rise in the national rankings during the 1990s. Sager joined the University of Texas at Austin (UT) School of Law faculty in 2002 and was appointed dean in 2006. In 2006, Sager was appointed dean of the law school. In writing about Sager, Ronald Dworkin said: "Sager is subtle, fast and deep . . . You should hire him." During his tenure, Sager "made important advancements" including raising nearly $80 million in donations, hiring 16 tenure and tenure-track faculty members, establishing a dual-degree program with a Mexican law school and launching a scholarly center focusing on global energy, environmental and arbitrational issues." Sager resigned from his post in December 2011 after being asked to resign by then-University of Texas President William Powers, Jr. While Powers did not specify the exact reasons for requesting Sager's resignation, the Texas Tribune reported that "at the center of the conflict" was a forgivable loan/deferred compensation program under which Dean Sager had been awarded a $500,000 payment from the University of Texas Law School Foundation without the knowledge of school administrators. (The program had been created by the foundation in 2003 while Powers was Dean of the Law School, but reportedly subject to different processes. According to a subsequent report, the program in general was "a highly effective and sensible recruiting and retention tool" for top faculty. Practical Jokes Sager was the subject of several well-publicized practical jokes during his time as dean, including a 2009 April Fool's Day prank in which the Student Bar Association at the University of Texas sent out an email purporting to be from Sager in which "Sager" claimed he was retiring from the law school to raise emus in the Texas hill country. The Student Bar Association also opened up at Etsy shop under Sager's name. References External links Lawrence Sager Appointed as Dean of UT Austin School of Law Press Release University of Texas School of Law Profile Category:Law school deans Category:Columbia Law School alumni Category:New York University faculty Category:University of Texas at Austin faculty Category:Living people Category:1941 births	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Yasen Petrov Yasen Petrov Petrov (; born 23 June 1968) is a Bulgarian former football player. His nickname is Giannini from Plovdiv. Career Born in Plovdiv, Bulgaria, Petrov played for the PFC Botev Plovdiv, PFC Levski Sofia, PFC Slavia Sofia and PFC Lokomotiv Sofia. He also played for the Bulgaria national team. Manager He has managed PFC Lokomotiv Sofia, PFC Botev Plovdiv, and PFC Cherno More Varna. His most famous achievement as a coach is his debut for Lokomotiv Plovdiv, beating his old team and eternal city rivals Botev Plovdiv with 4–0. Levski Sofia On 20 May 2010, Yasen Petrov was presented as a new head coach of Levski Sofia. He started great after a win in the Eternal Derby. Then after series of good matches, Levski qualified for UEFA Europa League after eliminating Dundalk F.C., Kalmar FF and AIK Fotboll. Levski was drawn in Group C, facing Gent, Lille and Sporting CP. At the end of the season, Levski Sofia finished 2nd and Petrov was released from the club. Managing career abroad Petrov has also worked as manager of teams in China. Awards As a player Bulgarian Cup (2): 1992, 1995 As a manager Cherno More Varna: Bulgarian Cup: (Runner-up): 2006 Shijiazhuang Ever Bright F.C.: China League One: (Runner-up): 2014 References Category:1968 births Category:Living people Category:Bulgarian footballers Category:Bulgarian expatriate footballers Category:Bulgaria international footballers Category:First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players Category:Cypriot First Division players Category:PFC Botev Plovdiv players Category:FC Lokomotiv 1929 Sofia players Category:Alki Larnaca FC players Category:PFC Levski Sofia players Category:PFC Slavia Sofia players Category:PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv players Category:PFC Pirin Gotse Delchev players Category:SV Meppen players Category:Tennis Borussia Berlin players Category:Wuhan Guanggu players Category:Jiangsu Suning F.C. players Category:Chengdu Tiancheng F.C. players Category:Expatriate footballers in China Category:Expatriate footballers in Cyprus Category:Expatriate footballers in Germany Category:Bulgarian football managers Category:PFC Botev Plovdiv managers Category:PFC Cherno More Varna managers Category:PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv managers Category:PFC Levski Sofia managers Category:FC Lokomotiv 1929 Sofia managers Category:Shijiazhuang Ever Bright F.C. managers Category:Expatriate football managers in China Category:Association football midfielders	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Drum Tower and Bell Tower of Beijing The Drum Tower of Beijing, or Gulou (), is situated at the northern end of the central axis of the Inner City to the north of Di'anmen Street. Originally built for musical reasons, it was later used to announce the time and is now a tourist attraction. The Bell Tower of Beijing, or Zhonglou (), stands closely behind the drum tower. Together, the Bell Tower and Drum Tower have panoramic views over central Beijing and before the modern era, they both dominated Beijing's ancient skyline. Function Bells and drums were musical instruments in ancient China. Later they were used by government and communities to announce the time. The Bell and Drum towers were central to official timekeeping in China in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. The Bell and Drum Towers continued to function as the official timepiece of Beijing until 1924, when the Beijing Coup led to the expulsion of Puyi, the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, from the Forbidden City, and the adoption of western-styled clockwork for official time-keeping. History The Drum Tower was built in 1272 during the reign of Kublai Khan, at which time it stood at the very heart of the Yuan capital Dadu. At that time it was known as the Tower of Orderly Administration (Qizhenglou). In 1420, under the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty, the building was reconstructed to the east of the original site and in 1800 under the Jiaqing Emperor of the Qing dynasty, large-scale renovations were carried out. Following the Beijing Coup in 1924, Feng Yuxiang removed the official status of the towers, replacing them with western time-keeping methods, and renamed the building "Mingchilou", or the "tower of clarifying shame". Objects related to the Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of Beijing and later the May 30 Massacre of 1925 were put on display, turning the towers into a museum. The upper story of the building currently serves as the People's Cultural Hall of the East City District. In the 1980s, after much repair, the Bell and Drum Towers were opened to tourists. Architecture The Drum Tower is a two-story building made of wood with a height of . In the upper story of the building housed 24 drums, of which only one survives. New drums had been build to replace them. Nearby stands the Bell Tower, a edifice with gray walls and a green glazed roof. See also Imperial City, Beijing 2008 Beijing Drum Tower stabbings External links Chinaguide.com: The Beijing Drum Tower — 360-degree virtual tour and photographs. Kinabaloo.com: The Drum and Bell Towers in Beijing — 30 high quality photographs. Category:Buildings and structures in Beijing Category:Towers in China Category:Dongcheng District, Beijing Category:Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Beijing Category:Museums in Beijing Category:Tourist attractions in Beijing Category:Yuan dynasty architecture Category:Ming dynasty architecture Category:Articles containing video clips China Category:Drum towers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Slovakia women's national softball team The Slovakia women's national softball team is the national team of the Slovakia. It is governed by the Slovenska Softballova Asociacia. Results World Championship nc = not competed European Championship nc = not competed References External links Official National Federation website International Softball Federation Softball Category:Women's national softball teams Category:Softball in Slovakia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Scott Bloomquist Scott Bloomquist (born November 14, 1963) is a nationally touring dirt late model race car driver in the United States. Bloomquist was born in Fort Dodge, Iowa. He was inducted in the National Dirt Late Model Hall of Fame in its second class in 2002. Racing career Bloomquist is the son of an airplane pilot for Air Cal. While stationed in California, Bloomquist's father was invited to see his coworker race a stock car. The elder Bloomquist thought he should give racing a try, so bought a race car, motor, and some old tires. He tried racing, and decided to give the race car to his son. Bloomquist's first race was at Corona Raceway in Corona, California in August 1980. He won several races and the track championship in 1982. In 1983 he heard about a $4,000-to-win race at the speedway in Chula Vista, California. He saw a picture of a flat-wedge shaped race car that Charlie Swartz had used to win the Dirt Track World Championship in 1982, and he decided to build a race car like it for the Chula Vista race. Bloomquist won the race, lapping the field twice in the process. After the race, his father wanted to sell the car since it was worth a lot of money. The two reached an agreement where the father would gradually be paid for the car if the newly graduated Scott Bloomquist would work at his father's new farm far across the country in Tennessee. He traded his 1957 Chevy for a truck and race hauler. After arriving in Tennessee, he tore up the car in qualifying at Newport Speedway. He worked for his father until he had enough money to repair the car. He won some races, earning just enough money to continue racing. The next year he decided to race with a new car at Kingsport, Tennessee Speedway, which had begun hosting a $2,500-to-win event every Saturday night. "I come rolling into the race with my dad and there sits Larry Moore," Bloomquist said. "He was the fastest guy in dirt late model racing and there he sits. And my dad says, `Well, there goes that $2,500.'" Bloomquist qualified second fastest behind Moore and started out on Moore's outside in the first row. Bloomquist said, "Moore took the lead but was holding me up, so I knocked him out of the way and won. That's $2,500. Next week, I'm on the pole, Moore's outside and I won again. Now I'm sitting here with five grand and I'm thinking that things are starting to look up." Bloomquist used the winnings to improve his race car. He continued working at his father's farm to pay off his original race car. He began going to races with $2,000 purses that were from his house. In 1988 he raced at Eldora Speedway's World 100 against three-time winner and favorite Jeff Purvis. After qualifying for the feature, which is unusual for a rookie, he started seventh. Purvis took the lead early in the race. Bloomquist slowly caught Purvis and passed him for the win. Some people consider his win a fluke, until Bloomquist took the pole position the following year and won the race again in 1990. He raced in the Hav-A-Tampa series from 1993 to 1996, winning the national touring series in 1994 and 1995. He led the 1996 points until he lost all of his points for bumping another car under caution. He had 60 wins in the series during that time, second place had 18 wins. On October 5, 1993, Bloomquist was arrested and charged for possessing 2.7 grams of cocaine. "A girl I dated talked me into having someone get some cocaine for her," Bloomquist said. "She had gotten into trouble and the only way she could get out was by setting me up. And she talked me into doing something that no one else has ever been able to do." Bloomquist was found not guilty of felony sale and distribution and guilty of misdemeanor drug possession and possessing drug paraphernalia. "When they searched the house they found a short straw that had some residue of cocaine in it. The girl had left it there," Bloomquist said. He was sentenced in November 1994 to the maximum penalty, a $5,000 fine and one year in prison. It was his first misdemeanor conviction, and he filed an appeal. His sentence was cut in half to 6 months in jail. He served his time as a work release beginning in 1997. With problems both on and off-track, he left racing and started reading. He read about the human body and mind. After he returned to racing a changed person. He took all of his sponsors off the car and used only black and white paint. He changed from his familiar number 18 to number 0. He put the yin yang symbol in the middle of the "0" to represent the balance that he found in his life. He later raced the number "0" car with a skull and crossbones through the middle of the number. In 2003 Scott competed full-time on the Xtreme Dirt Car Series formerly Hav-A-Tampa Series and won his 5th championship for the organization. 2004 he raced in the World of Outlaws Late Model Series and won the season championship. He was named the 2006 RPM Racing News driver of the year. That year he won The Dream ($100,000), Topless 100 ($45,000), Scorcher 100 ($20,000), Racefest ($20,000), Dixie Shootout ($15,000), and the Cedar Lake Nationals ($50,000). He also had nine wins in the Lucas Oil Late Model Dirt Series. Bloomquist returned to series racing and won the 2009 Lucas Oil Late Model Dirt Series championship. He returned to the series in 2010 defending his points championship. Bloomquist would be the series runner up for 2011 scoring 15 victories. He also scored combined earnings north of $272,000 for the year. In 2016 he was the Lucas Oil Late Model Dirt Series champion. Other notable race wins include the 1989, 1993, 1995, 2013 & 2015 Pittsburgher 100, only 5-time winner; 1988, 1990, 2000 and 2014 World 100; 1999, 2001, 2006, 2011 & 2017 Topless 100 in Batesville, Arkansas; the $100,000 Dream 100 at Eldora Speedway in 1995, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2013, 2017 and in 2018 becoming the race's first back to back winner. Knoxville Late Model Nationals; 1995, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2009. 6-time Show Me 100 champion: 1995, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2018; an eight-time winner of the National 100 at East Alabama Motor Speedway – 1990, 1993, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002 & 2003; the 2007, 2012 & 2016 Firecracker 100 in Lernerville, Pennsylvania, only 3-time winner; 7-time winner, 1990, 1991, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 & 2017 of the Jackson 100 in Brownstown, Indiana; the 2010 Hillbilly 100 at West Virginia Motor Speedway; the 2011 Clash at the Mag in Columbus, Mississippi, the 2011 USA 100; the 2012 Commonwealth 100 at Virginia Speedway; 5-time winner, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2010 USA Nationals in Cedar Lake Speedway (Wi); the 1988 and 2000 North/South 100 at Florence Speedway in Union, Kentucky; 3-time winner of the Ralph Latham Memorial at Florence Speedway - 1991, 2006, 2016; the 2005 Dirt Track World Championship at K-C Raceway (now Atomic Speedway) in Chillicothe, Ohio and the 2014 & 2015 Dirt Track World Championship at Portsmouth (Oh) Raceway Park, becoming the event's first back to back winner. He scored his 500th career Late Model win at the Jackson 100 at Brownstown Speedway in Indiana on September 25, 2010 and his 6th Dixie Shootout October 8, 2011 in Woodstock, Georgia. He also won the Bad Boy 98 at Batesville, Arkansas Speedway and the inaugural "Buckeye Nationals" at Atomic (Ohio) Speedway in 2016. In December of 2016 he won the inaugural "Gateway Dirt Nationals" at the Dome at America’s Center in St. Louis, Missouri, which paid $20,000. In July 2018, Scott won his 600th feature race at the "Diamond Nationals" at Lucas Oil Speedway in Wheatland, Missouri. He is nicknamed the "Voodoo Child", "Dirt Trax Dominator", "The Boss", "Bloomer" or "Black Sunshine". In 2002, Bloomquist was in the second induction class of the National Dirt Late Model Hall of Fame in Union, Kentucky. NASCAR In 2013, Bloomquist announced that he would be running in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series' Mudsummer Classic at Eldora Speedway, driving for Kyle Busch Motorsports. After starting the race in 21st, Bloomquist, who elected to race without a front sway bar, fell to last place after 30 laps, and finished in 25th, two laps down. Dirt late model chassis builder He is known for working on his own racecars as the chief chassis builder. He used to race in chassis built by major chassis manufacturers. He would then modify the chassis with tricks that he learned during his decades of racing. He decided it would be easier to build his own chassis than to modify someone else's design. He sold "Bloomquist Chassis" (aka TEAM ZERO) to select racers. Bloomquist Chassis helped in their entire program. In 2014, Bloomquist went into business with Michigan racer and businessman Randy Sweet and elected to halt mass chassis production for outside buyers and focus on select chassis building and design for Sweet/Bloomquist race cars. Personal life He is married to Katrina Rouse Bloomquist and has a daughter, Ariel Rouse Bloomquist. His hometown is Mooresburg in Hawkins County, Tennessee. Motorsports career results NASCAR (key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.) Camping World Truck Series Season still in progress Ineligible for series points References External links Category:1963 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Fort Dodge, Iowa Category:20th-century American racing drivers Category:People from Hawkins County, Tennessee Category:Racing drivers from Iowa Category:NASCAR drivers Category:21st-century American racing drivers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Walter Dürst Walter Paul Dürst (February 28, 1927 – May 2, 2016) was an ice hockey player for the Swiss national team. He won a bronze medal at the 1948 Winter Olympics. References Category:1927 births Category:2016 deaths Category:Ice hockey players at the 1948 Winter Olympics Category:Ice hockey players at the 1952 Winter Olympics Category:Medalists at the 1948 Winter Olympics Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Switzerland Category:Olympic ice hockey players of Switzerland Category:Olympic medalists in ice hockey Category:Place of birth missing Category:Swiss ice hockey players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1975 in Japanese football Japanese football in 1975 Japan Soccer League Division 1 Division 2 Japanese Regional Leagues Emperor's Cup National team Results Players statistics External links Category:Seasons in Japanese football	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Method of matched asymptotic expansions In mathematics, the method of matched asymptotic expansions is a common approach to finding an accurate approximation to the solution to an equation, or system of equations. It is particularly used when solving singularly perturbed differential equations. It involves finding several different approximate solutions, each of which is valid (i.e. accurate) for part of the range of the independent variable, and then combining these different solutions together to give a single approximate solution that is valid for the whole range of values of the independent variable. Method overview In a large class of singularly perturbed problems, the domain may be divided into two or more subdomains. In one of these, often the largest, the solution is accurately approximated by an asymptotic series found by treating the problem as a regular perturbation (i.e. by setting a relatively small parameter to zero). The other subdomains consist of one or more small areas in which that approximation is inaccurate, generally because the perturbation terms in the problem are not negligible there. These areas are referred to as transition layers, and as boundary or interior layers depending on whether they occur at the domain boundary (as is the usual case in applications) or inside the domain. An approximation in the form of an asymptotic series is obtained in the transition layer(s) by treating that part of the domain as a separate perturbation problem. This approximation is called the "inner solution," and the other is the "outer solution," named for their relationship to the transition layer(s). The outer and inner solutions are then combined through a process called "matching" in such a way that an approximate solution for the whole domain is obtained. A simple example Consider the boundary value problem where is a function of independent time variable , which ranges from 0 to 1, the boundary conditions are and , and is a small parameter, such that . Outer solution, valid for t = O(1) Since is very small, our first approach is to treat the equation as a regular perturbation problem, i.e. make the approximation , and hence find the solution to the problem Alternatively, consider that when and are both of size O(1), the four terms on the left hand side of the original equation are respectively of sizes O(), O(1), O() and O(1). The leading-order balance on this timescale, valid in the distinguished limit , is therefore given by the second and fourth terms, i.e. This has solution for some constant . Applying the boundary condition , we would have ; applying the boundary condition , we would have . It is therefore impossible to satisfy both boundary conditions, so is not a valid approximation to make across the whole of the domain (i.e. this is a singular perturbation problem). From this we infer that there must be a boundary layer at one of the endpoints of the domain where needs to be included. This region will be where is no longer negligible compared to the independent variable , i.e. and are of comparable size, i.e. the boundary layer is adjacent to . Therefore, the other boundary condition applies in this outer region, so , i.e. is an accurate approximate solution to the original boundary value problem in this outer region. It is the leading-order solution. Inner solution, valid for t = O(ε) In the inner region, and are both tiny, but of comparable size, so define the new O(1) time variable . Rescale the original boundary value problem by replacing with , and the problem becomes which, after multiplying by and taking , is Alternatively, consider that when has reduced to size O(), then is still of size O(1) (using the expression for ), and so the four terms on the left hand side of the original equation are respectively of sizes O(−1), O(−1), O(1) and O(1). The leading-order balance on this timescale, valid in the distinguished limit , is therefore given by the first and second terms, i.e. This has solution for some constants and . Since applies in this inner region, this gives , so an accurate approximate solution to the original boundary value problem in this inner region (it is the leading-order solution) is Matching We use matching to find the value of the constant . The idea of matching is that the inner and outer solutions should agree for values of in an intermediate (or overlap) region, i.e. where . We need the outer limit of the inner solution to match the inner limit of the outer solution, i.e. which gives . Composite solution To obtain our final, matched, composite solution, valid on the whole domain, one popular method is the uniform method. In this method, we add the inner and outer approximations and subtract their overlapping value, , which would otherwise be counted twice. The overlapping value is the outer limit of the inner boundary layer solution, and the inner limit of the outer solution; these limits were above found to equal . Therefore, the final approximate solution to this boundary value problem is, Note that this expression correctly reduces to the expressions for and when is O() and O(1), respectively. Accuracy This final solution satisfies the problem's original differential equation (shown by substituting it and its derivatives into the original equation). Also, the boundary conditions produced by this final solution match the values given in the problem, up to a constant multiple. This implies, due to the uniqueness of the solution, that the matched asymptotic solution is identical to the exact solution up to a constant multiple. This is not necessarily always the case, any remaining terms should go to zero uniformly as . Not only does our solution successfully approximately solve the problem at hand, it closely approximates the problem's exact solution. It happens that this particular problem is easily found to have exact solution which has the same form as the approximate solution, by the multiplying constant. Note also that the approximate solution is the first term in a binomial expansion of the exact solution in powers of . Location of boundary layer Conveniently, we can see that the boundary layer, where and are large, is near , as we supposed earlier. If we had supposed it to be at the other endpoint and proceeded by making the rescaling , we would have found it impossible to satisfy the resulting matching condition. For many problems, this kind of trial and error is the only way to determine the true location of the boundary layer. Harder problems The problem above is a simple example because it is a single equation with only one dependent variable, and there is one boundary layer in the solution. Harder problems may contain several co-dependent variables in a system of several equations, and/or with several boundary and/or interior layers in the solution. It is often desirable to find more terms in the asymptotic expansions of both the outer and the inner solutions. The appropriate form of these expansions is not always clear: while a power-series expansion in may work, sometimes the appropriate form involves fractional powers of , functions such as , et cetera. As in the above example, we will obtain outer and inner expansions with some coefficients which must be determined by matching. Second-order differential equations A method of matched asymptotic expansions - with matching of solutions in the common domain of validity - has been developed and used extensively by Dingle and Müller-Kirsten for the derivation of asymptotic expansions of the solutions and characteristic numbers (band boundaries) of Schrödinger-like second-order differential equations with periodic potentials - in particular for the Mathieu equation (best example), Lamé and ellipsoidal wave equations, oblate and prolate spheroidal wave equations, and equations with anharmonic potentials. See also Asymptotic analysis Multiple-scale analysis Activation energy asymptotics References Category:Differential equations Category:Asymptotic analysis	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jean Kluger Jean Joseph Kluger (born 31 March 1937) is a Belgian record producer, music publisher and composer. Biography Jean Kluger was born in Antwerp, Belgium, the eldest son of Jacques and Adela Kluger. His career started in 1957, working for his father's company, World Music. He established his own company, Editions Jean Kluger, after the death of his father in 1963, and in 1965 moved to Paris where he established the company Bleu Blanc Rouge with his wife Huguette Ferly. He wrote widely for the French, Flemish and international pop music markets, including songs for Sheila, Rika Zaraï, Nana Mouskouri, Petula Clark, Sacha Distel, Ringo, Dalida and Claude François. He also produced many Flemish artists such as Will Tura, Johan Verminnen, John Terra, Marva, and Dana Winner. With Claude Bolling, he established the girl band Les Parisiennes, and published 50 of the songs they recorded. He produced the cult album Le Monde Fabuleux Des Yamasuki, including the track "Aieaoa", later recorded by Bananarama as "Aie a Mwana". With Daniel Vangarde, he wrote all the hits of La Compagnie Creole, The Gibson Brothers and Ottawan, including the international hits "D.I.S.C.O." and "Hands Up (Give Me Your Heart)". In 2016 he became president of the International Certificate for Piano Artists (ICPA). References Bibliography Robert Wangermée, Pascale Vandervellen, Dictionnaire de La chanson. En Wallonie et à Bruxelles, Mardaga, 1995 External links Jean Kluger website Discography at Discogs.com Category:1937 births Category:Belgian musicians Category:Belgian songwriters Category:Belgian record producers Category:Living people Category:21st-century Belgian musicians Category:20th-century Belgian musicians	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Italian football league system The Italian football league system, also known as the Italian football pyramid, refers to the hierarchically interconnected league system for the association football in Italy. It consists of nine national and regional tournaments, the first three being professional, while the remaining six are amateur, set up by the Italian Football Federation. One team from San Marino also competes. The system has a hierarchical format with promotion and relegation between leagues at different levels. In theory, it is possible for a lowly local amateur club to rise to the pinnacle of the Italian game and win the Scudetto. While this may be unlikely in practice (at the very least, in the short run), there certainly is significant movement within the pyramid. The top two levels contain one division each. Below this, the levels have progressively more parallel divisions, which each cover progressively smaller geographic areas. History The Genoa Cricket and Athletic Club, later known as the Genoa Cricket and Football Club was established on 7 September 1893, Italy's fourth oldest football team (after Torino F.C.C., Nobili Torino and Internazionale Torino), and the oldest active Italian football team, with 13 decades of activity. In March 1898, the Italian Football Federation (Federazione Italiana del Football, later re-called Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio, FIGC) was set up in Turin. With four clubs joining - Genoa, FC Torinese, Internazionale di Torino and the Società Ginnastica di Torino (Gymnastic Society of Torino). Other clubs existed but decided not to join. The first championship took place on a single day, May 8, 1898 in Torino. The title was won by Genoa. FIGC joined FIFA in 1905 and the championship moved to a league structure, based on regions, in the same year. After the interruption of World War I, football popularity grew and smaller clubs joined. In the summer of 1921, a second association was briefly created in competition with the FIGC: the Confederazione Calcistica Italiana (CCI), emerged from an argument between major and minor clubs over the structure of the national leagues. Hence in 1922 Italy had two champions US Pro Vercelli and US Novese. The two groups eventually re-merged at the end of the season. The move to a single national league structure occurred in 1929 with initially eighteen teams in the top league. The first winners in 1930 were Internazionale. The national team also won the World Cup in 1934 and 1938. After World War II the league briefly returned to a regional structure with a north–south divide and a play-off for a single year before Serie A was restored. Torino were the first post-war league champions and went on to win four in a row. However, it is Juventus, Milan and Internazionale that have dominated the league since World War II, having won the title in 57 of the 74 seasons. The current league system dates back to 1978, when semi-professional sector was disbanded. In that year, the current Lega Pro (then known as National Semiprofessional League) which ruled Serie C and Serie D, turned in a fully professional league organizing new Serie C1 and Serie C2. Italy so became the only country having two distinct professional football leagues, 14 years before England. In 2010, with the split between Lega Serie A and Lega Serie B, Italy became the sole country with three professional leagues. The Serie C was brought back in 2014, abolishing Serie C1 and Serie C2. Structure The system uses the principle of promotion and relegation. The first tier of Italian football is Serie A, which is governed by the Lega Nazionale Professionisti Serie A and is made up of 20 teams. The second tier is Serie B, which is organised by the Lega Nazionale Professionisti Serie B. Both of these leagues cover the whole of Italy. The third tier is Serie C. It is run by the Lega Italiana Calcio Professionistico; it has three divisions of 20 clubs each, which are generally split on the basis of location. At the fourth tier is Serie D, a league of nine parallel divisions (in which the clubs are divided by geographical location) that is organised by the Dipartimento Interregionale of the Lega Nazionale Dilettanti. Beneath these are five further levels; three of them, Eccellenza, Promozione and Prima Categoria, are organised by regional committees of the Lega Nazionale Dilettanti; and the last two levels, Seconda Categoria and Terza Categoria, by provincial committees. All 100 Serie A, Serie B and Serie C clubs are professional. From 2005–06 season, if two or more teams end the league with the same number of points, the final place is given from following criteria (that count for every division): Head-to-head records; Goal difference of head-to-head records; Goal difference of regular season; Most of goals scored; Draw. Women The women's system is divided into only five levels. From 2002 to 2013 Serie A2 existed between the Serie A and B, but it has since been renamed to B. See also Divisione Nazionale Serie C1 Serie C2 Campionato Primavera Campionato Berretti Torneo di Viareggio List of association football competitions List of football clubs in Italy Italian Football League (American football) References External links Map of Italian Football Club Stadia Italy	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Barbara Kunkel Barbara Kunkel (born 17 September 1969) is an American taekwondo practitioner. She competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. She won a bronze medal in middleweight at the 1999 Pan American Games. References External links Category:1969 births Category:Living people Category:American female taekwondo practitioners Category:Olympic taekwondo practitioners of the United States Category:Taekwondo practitioners at the 2000 Summer Olympics Category:Pan American Games medalists in taekwondo	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2013 Masters Tournament The 2013 Masters Tournament was the 77th edition of the Masters Tournament and the first of golf's four major championships to be held in 2013. It was held from April 11–14 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia. Adam Scott won the tournament on the second hole of a sudden death playoff against Ángel Cabrera. It was Scott's first major championship and the first time an Australian won the Masters. Course Field The Masters has the smallest field of the four major championships. Officially, the Masters remains an invitation event, but there is a set of qualifying criteria that determines who is included in the field. Each player is classified according to the first category by which he qualified, with other categories in which he qualified shown in parentheses. Golfers who qualify based solely on their performance in amateur tournaments (categories 6–10) must remain amateurs on the starting day of the tournament to be eligible to play. Four players were appearing in their first major: Steven Fox, Michael Weaver, Guan Tianlang and T. J. Vogel. Thirteen others were appearing in their first Masters: Alan Dunbar, John Peterson, David Lynn, John Huh, Scott Piercy, Russell Henley, Ted Potter, Jr., George Coetzee, Nicolas Colsaerts, Jamie Donaldson, Branden Grace, Thorbjørn Olesen, Thaworn Wiratchant. 1. Past Masters Champions Ángel Cabrera, Fred Couples (11), Ben Crenshaw, Trevor Immelman, Zach Johnson (15,16,17,18,19), Bernhard Langer, Sandy Lyle, Phil Mickelson (11,15,16,17,18,19), Larry Mize, José María Olazábal, Mark O'Meara, Charl Schwartzel (18,19), Vijay Singh, Craig Stadler, Bubba Watson (11,15,17,18,19), Tom Watson, Mike Weir, Tiger Woods (2,13,15,16,17,18,19), Ian Woosnam (Past champions who did not play: Tommy Aaron, Jack Burke, Jr., Billy Casper, Charles Coody, Nick Faldo, Raymond Floyd, Doug Ford, Bob Goalby, Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, Gary Player, Fuzzy Zoeller. Nicklaus, Palmer, and Player served as "honorary starters" and teed off on the first day at the first hole to kick off the tournament.) 2. Last five U.S. Open Champions Lucas Glover, Graeme McDowell (11,12,18,19), Rory McIlroy (4,14,15,16,17,18,19), Webb Simpson (12,15,17,18,19) 3. Last five British Open Champions Stewart Cink, Ernie Els (13,15,17,18,19), Pádraig Harrington (4,11,12), Louis Oosthuizen (11,15,17,18,19) Darren Clarke – did not play due to a hamstring injury. 4. Last five PGA Champions Keegan Bradley (14,15,16,17,18,19), Martin Kaymer (18,19), Y. E. Yang 5. Last three winners of The Players Championship K. J. Choi (18), Tim Clark, Matt Kuchar (11,15,16,17,18,19) 6. Top two finishers in the 2012 U.S. Amateur Steven Fox (a), Michael Weaver (a) 7. Winner of the 2012 Amateur Championship Alan Dunbar (a) 8. Winner of the 2012 Asia-Pacific Amateur Championship Guan Tianlang (a) 9. Winner of the 2012 U.S. Amateur Public Links T. J. Vogel (a) 10. Winner of the 2012 U.S. Mid-Amateur Nathan Smith (a) 11. The top 16 finishers and ties in the 2012 Masters Tournament Jim Furyk (12,15,17,18,19), Sergio García (15,16,17,18,19), Peter Hanson (18,19), Hunter Mahan (15,17,18,19), Kevin Na, Ian Poulter (14,18,19), Justin Rose (14,15,17,18,19), Adam Scott (13,15,17,18,19), Lee Westwood (15,17,18,19) 12. Top 8 finishers and ties in the 2012 U.S. Open Jason Dufner (15,16,17,18,19), John Peterson, Michael Thompson (16,19), David Toms (18) 13. Top 4 finishers and ties in the 2012 British Open Championship Brandt Snedeker (15,16,17,18,19) 14. Top 4 finishers and ties in the 2012 PGA Championship David Lynn (18), Carl Pettersson (15,16,17,18,19) 15. Top 30 leaders on the 2012 PGA Tour official money earnings list Ben Curtis (16), Luke Donald (17,18,19), Rickie Fowler (16,17,18,19), Robert Garrigus (17,18,19), John Huh (17), Dustin Johnson (16,17,18,19), Ryan Moore (17,18,19), Scott Piercy (16,17,18,19), Steve Stricker (17,18,19), Bo Van Pelt (17,18,19), Nick Watney (16,17,18,19) 16. Winners of PGA Tour events that award a full-point allocation for the season-ending Tour Championship, between the 2012 Masters Tournament and the 2013 Masters Tournament Brian Gay, Russell Henley (19), Martin Laird, Marc Leishman, John Merrick, D. A. Points, Ted Potter, Jr., Kevin Streelman 17. All players qualifying for the 2012 edition of The Tour Championship John Senden (18,19) 18. Top 50 on the final 2012 Official World Golf Ranking list Thomas Bjørn, George Coetzee (19), Nicolas Colsaerts (19), Jason Day (19), Jamie Donaldson (19), Gonzalo Fernández-Castaño (19), Hiroyuki Fujita, Branden Grace (19), Bill Haas (19), Paul Lawrie (19), Matteo Manassero (19), Francesco Molinari (19), Thorbjørn Olesen (19) 19. Top 50 on the Official World Golf Ranking list on March 31, 2013 Fredrik Jacobson, Henrik Stenson, Richard Sterne 20. International invitees Ryo Ishikawa, Thaworn Wiratchant Past champions in the field Made the cut Missed the cut Nationalities in the field Round summaries First round Thursday, April 11, 2013 Second round Friday, April 12, 2013 For 2013 the minimum number of players making the cut was increased from 44 to 50 (plus ties). As previously, all players within 10 shots of the leader also make the cut. 61 players made the cut, all those within 10 shots of the leader. Fourteen-year-old Guan Tianlang, playing in his first Masters, was the only amateur player to make the cut, despite being penalized a stroke for slow play. Amateurs: Guan (+4), Vogel (+8), Weaver (+8), Smith (+11), Fox (+13), Dunbar (+16). Note: Tiger Woods originally signed for a 71 which gave him 70-71=141 (−3). However, his second-round score was adjusted on Saturday morning to a 73 (see below). Third round Saturday, April 13, 2013 Prior to the third round, a controversy concerning Tiger Woods developed. After Friday's second round, Woods signed for a score of 71 (−1), which included a bogey at the par-5 15th hole. Woods' third shot had hit the pin and rebounded into the water hazard. He took a penalty stroke and appeared to take his drop at the same position from which he had played his third shot. In an interview following the round Woods stated that he had actually dropped the ball two yards further back from the pin than the original position. Based upon hearing the interview, tournament officials met with Woods Saturday morning and deemed the drop to have been in contravention of the rules. This could have meant disqualification, but instead Woods was assessed a two-stroke penalty for the illegal drop. He therefore scored a triple-bogey 8 at the 15th and had an adjusted second round score of 73 (+1). Final round Sunday, April 14, 2013 In the final round, played in a cold and steady rain, third round co-leader Brandt Snedeker fell out of contention with a 75. Jason Day had the lead with three holes to go but bogeyed the 16th and 17th holes to finish in third place at 281 (−7). Adam Scott and Ángel Cabrera both birdied the 72nd hole to finish tied for the lead at 279 (−9). Playing in the group ahead of the final twosome, Scott rolled in a 25-footer (8 m). Minutes later Cabrera matched Scott's birdie when he hit his approach shot to 3 feet (1 m) and made the putt to force a playoff. The sudden-death playoff began at the 18th hole, where Scott and Cabrera both scrambled for par from just short of the green after their approach shots each landed on the front section of the green and backed just off the fringe, with Cabrera's chip nearly holing out. At the next hole, #10, both were in the fairway then on the green in regulation. Cabrera's lengthy putt just missed and he tapped in for par. With the opportunity to win and in fading light, Scott sank his birdie putt for the victory. It was Scott's first major championship and the only time an Australian has won the Masters, after producing nine runners-up in the tournament. Following his victory, he paid tribute to Greg Norman: "It was one guy who inspired a nation of golfers, and that is Greg Norman". Earlier that day, Norman said that if an Australian won the title "it would mean everything to [him]". Amateurs: Guan (+12) Scorecard Cumulative tournament scores, relative to par Source: Playoff The sudden-death playoff began on the 18th hole and ended on the 10th hole. Scorecard Playoff Cumulative sudden-death playoff scores, relative to par References External links Coverage on the PGA Tour's official site Coverage on the European Tour's official site Coverage from the PGA of America Coverage from CBS Sports Coverage by The Augusta Chronicle 2013 Category:2013 in golf Category:2013 in American sports Category:2013 in sports in Georgia (U.S. state) Category:April 2013 sports events in the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
"Sinopliosaurus" fusuiensis "Sinopliosaurus" fusuiensis is a species of spinosaurid theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Xinlong Formation of Guangxi Province, southern China. It is known only from teeth that were initially identified as those of a pliosauroid, but are now known to have come from an animal similar to Siamosaurus. History of research In 1975, five fossil teeth were described by Chinese palaeontologists Hou Lian-Hai, Yeh Hsiang-K'uei, and Zhao Xi-Jin. The specimens were collected from the Xinlong Formation of the Guangxi Province in southern China, and assigned by Hou and colleagues to a new species of Sinopliosaurus, a pliosauroid known only from limb elements found in the Early Jurassic. A 2008 paper by Eric Buffetaut and colleagues referred the four of the original specimens (one was not found in the museum collection) to a new species of spinosaurid dinosaur. Other spinosaurid teeth from indeterminate forms have been reported from the formation, but remain undescribed. Description Out of the four teeth referred to "S". fusuiensis, three were in a bad state of preservation, therefore the species description was based on the most intact specimen (IVPP V 4793). It is partially deformed and missing the uppermost part of the tip, the crown of the tooth is 6.9 cm (2.7 in) long, measuring 1.3 cm by 1.65 cm (0.5 in by 0.6 in) at its base. A distinct series of ridges are present along the length of the crown, with the gaps between them having fine wrinkle-like structures; these features have been observed in spinosaurid teeth recovered from Japan and Thailand. The most close resemblance is to the teeth of Siamosaurus from the Sao Khua Formation in Thailand. Classification "Sinopliosaurus" fusuiensis is difficult to clearly distinguish from other cretaceous spinosaurids like Siamosaurus, due to the uncertainties of naming new theropod taxa using isolated teeth. Until skull material is found associated with teeth from an Asian spinosaur, a more precise classification of the various teeth found in China, Thailand, and Japan cannot be attained. Palaeoecology In 2010, an Isotope analysis on spinosaur teeth by Romain Amiot and colleagues found that the Xinlong Formation spinosaurs had semi-aquatic habits similar to those of water-dwelling turtle species. References Category:Spinosaurids Category:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia Category:Paleontology in Guangxi	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Nissan Latio The Nissan Latio is an automotive nameplate which is used by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Nissan since 2004 for two unrelated subcompact four-door sedans. Since 2004, the name "Nissan Tiida Latio" had been used for the Japanese market Nissan Tiida sedan, although the Indonesian, Malaysian, and Singaporean markets received this model badged "Nissan Latio". As of 2013, the Tiida-based model is still sold in these markets. The Latio name for the Japanese market was, in 2011, transferred to a new generation of subcompact sedan sold internationally under a plethora of alternative names. Nameplate predecessor The sedan version of the first generation Nissan Tiida was marketed in Japan as the "Nissan Tiida Latio" from 2004. Both the sedan and hatchback Tiida were marketed in Southeast Asian markets such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore as "Nissan Latio" starting in 2005. The Tiida Latio was replaced in the Japanese market by the N17 model in 2012, although the C11 Latio remains on sale in Southeast Asia as of 2014. Overview Latio is the Japanese market name for a subcompact sedan unveiled by Nissan in 2010 as the Sunny, but sold under several different names across export markets when sales began in 2011. The Sunny N17 (or L02B using Nissan's new code scheme) was unveiled at the 2010 Guangzhou International Motor Show. The new model utilises the Nissan V platform and weighs less and has gained more legroom compared to its predecessor, the Tiida C11 sedan. Regions Asia The Thai-specification model was released as the Nissan Almera on 7 October 2011, as a vehicle in the Eco-Car project of the Board of Investment of Thailand (BOI). It uses the same 1.2-liter engine as the Nissan March (Micra), with a fuel consumption of , and has either a five-speed manual or a continuously variable transmission (CVT). The Almera is also built in Santa Rosa, Laguna, Philippines. Other Asian countries receive the Nissan Almera, including Malaysia and Singapore where it is offered with the 1.5-liter HR15DE engine, mated with either a four-speed automatic or a five-speed manual transmission. The Japanese market model was released as the Nissan Latio, imported from Thailand, on 5 October 2012. That car's release was delayed due to power shortages in Japan caused by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. It has the model code DBA-N17. For the Japanese market, the Latio is sold with a 1198 cc engine producing and . It is offered with three trim levels. The Latio was discontinued in Japan on 26 December 2016, due to poor sales. In India, Renault sells a slightly modified version as the Renault Scala. It was launched in August 2012 and is built at the same factory as the Nissan Micra. The Latio is also sold in India under the moniker, Nissan Sunny. In Indonesia, the Almera is used only as a taxi, not for private use. In Malaysia, the N17 Latio is sold as the Nissan Almera and was launched in October 2012. Three variants were offered: E (manual and auto), V (auto only) and VL (auto only). All variants were powered by Nissan's HR15DE engine. During the 2013 Kuala Lumpur International Motor Show, Nismo accessories became available. Accessories consisted of a five-piece bodykit, exhaust muffler, Nismo's sports suspension and 16" alloy wheels. The facelift N17 Latio was launched in Malaysia in January 2015. Three variants remained offered and during the launch, it was reported that 56,000 pre-facelift Almera's were sold. Between April 2015 and April 2016, the 1.5 V variant was quietly discontinued. In April 2016, LED day time running lights became standard on all variants. The 1.5 E manual variant was also quietly phased out in September 2018. In November 2018, 'Black Series' variants based on existing variants were launched. In addition to the standard equipment, 'Black Series' models has a bodykit, several piece finished in gloss black and Clarion headunit. To note, Malaysian market Almera does not feature rear air con blowers and only 1 airbag on the E variant and 2 airbags on the V and VL variant. In Jordan, the car is also sold as Nissan Sunny. Australia The Australian model was released as the Almera in August 2012. The model range is powered by a 1.5-liter petrol inline-four engine. Sales were low, with a high proportion of sales to fleet and rental car buyers. Nissan Australia discontinued the Almera in July 2014. Trim levels available were the entry-level ST with a five-speed manual or optional four-speed automatic and the automatic-only TI specification. Americas The US-spec model was unveiled at the 2011 New York International Auto Show as the second generation Nissan Versa. It is powered by a 1.6-liter petrol that delivers around of power and of torque. The fuel economy is estimated to be city and highway with the CVT-equipped model. In the US, Versa sedan went on sale in August 2011 with prices starting at ; higher spec models include Bluetooth, navigation system with five-inch touch screen display, satellite radio and an iPod/USB interface. It was considered to be the least-expensive new car in the US market in 2013. For the 2015 model year, the Versa (as for the Latio and other models) received its facelift, with redesigned taillights and larger headlamps. The model is also sold in Latin America as the Versa, also with a 1.6-liter petrol engine. It was succeeded by the Nissan Micra in 2014 for the Canadian market; the Versa was discontinued there due to slow sales. In 2016, the Versa was sold in Mexico as the next generation replacement of the discontinued Nissan Sunny B13 (known locally as Tsuru), with many dealerships offering discounts and special promotions for fleet owners, taxicab, Uber and DiDi drivers. Thanks to these campaigns, the Versa became in 2017 the best-selling car in Mexico. U.S. Versa annual changes, 2012–2019 2012 All-new. Models available are the S (5-speed manual or CVT transmissions offered), SV (CVT only) and SL (CVT only). All are powered by the HR16DE 1.6 engine. Prices range from US$10,990 for the 5-speed S to $15,560 for the top-line SL. For this first year, only the SL can be had with a split-folding rear seat. Calendar-year sales in the U.S. reached 113,327 units. 2013 Enhancements are made to CVT-equipped models (low-rolling resistance tires, air intake guide, rear spoiler and air deflectors) allowing cars so equipped to reach 40 miles per gallon in highway driving. A 4-speed automatic transmission becomes available for the base S sedan; the previous S with CVT is renamed the S Plus, and adds standard cruise control. New features are added to SV and SL models. Billed as America's best-selling entry sedan, Nissan sold 117,352 Versas for calendar 2013. 2014 Trim upgrades for SV and SL models are made for the '14 model year. Several new features are added to those models as well. For calendar 2014, Nissan sold 139,781 Versas in the U.S., up a whopping 19.1% over 2013. 2015 The '15 model featured an updated exterior appearance and interior enhancements, along with more new features. Bluetooth phone connectivity is now standard across the board. Nissan sold 144,528 Versas in the U.S. for calendar 2015, a 3.4% increase over 2014. 2016 S sedans receive rear stereo speakers (previously these had only front door speakers). Additionally, body-colored exterior mirrors became standard on all models, and the SL gained a leather-wrapped steering wheel. For calendar 2016, Nissan sold 132,214 Versas in the U.S., down 8.5% from 2015. 2017 The SV Special Edition package is new, and adds 15-inch alloy wheels, fog lights, leather-wrapped steering wheel, upgraded audio system with five-inch color display, SiriusXM satellite radio, Bluetooth streaming audio, hands-free text messaging assistant and backup camera, among other features, all for $500 over the standard SV's $15,720 price tag. After the beginning of the model year, the 4-speed automatic transmission option is deleted from the S (base) sedan. For the first time since its 2012 introduction, Versa U.S. sales fell in 2017, to 106,772 units; a 19.2% decrease from 2016 levels. 2018 The SL model, pushbutton start and Sandstone interior color are discontinued. Only minor changes are made to the remaining S, S Plus and SV. The SV Special Edition package becomes the top of the line. All now have adjustable front seat head restraints and variable-speed intermittent windshield wipers. In mid-model-year, the "2018.5" Versas - all models - added a 7" touchscreen stereo head unit and rear-view monitor as standard equipment. The new system included streaming Bluetooth audio, Siri Eyes Free, and USB/Aux inputs on S and S Plus models. Through August 2018, U.S. Versa sales had reached 54,301, a 23.8% drop from 2017. 2019 Nissan's Intelligent Key (pushbutton starting) system returns, now as part of the SV Special Edition package, which also added to its stereo system NissanConnect, Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, SiriusXM Satellite Radio, Bluetooth hands-free phone and text messaging. 2020 In the summer of 2019 an all-new redesigned Versa will be available. It takes many styling cues from the current Altima and Maxima sedans. It will feature for the first time Nissan's Intelligent Mobility technology and Safety Shield 360 technology. Exterior Pre-facelift stylingPost-facelift Renault Scala Safety ASEAN NCAP - Depending on regions, the N17 Nissan Latio can be equipped with up to 6 airbags. References External links Latio Category:Cars introduced in 2011 Category:Sedans Category:2010s cars	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Grgurević Grgurević is a Serbo-Croatian surname, a patronymic derived from Grgur. It may refer to: Ivan Grgurević (born 1981), Assistant Professor and Vice Dean for Academic and Student Affairs at University of Zagreb, Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia Ante Grgurević (born 1975), Croatian basketballer Vuk Grgurević (1440–1485), titular Despot of Serbia Vukašin Grgurević, Bosnian nobleman Category:Serbian-language surnames Category:Croatian-language surnames	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Scott Burgess (sound designer) Scott Burgess is an American audio engineer, composer, musician, sound designer, voice over artist and performer. In the category of Outstanding Sound Design, Resident Production, he is a ten-time nominee and a two-time winner of the Helen Hayes Award. Biography Burgess was born in Colorado, the son of a United States military man. As a result of his father's assignments he spent his early childhood in Europe. After his father's retirement from the Army the family moved to Texas where Burgess did the majority of his growing up. There he discovered music and recording at an early age. Both were introduced to him by his father, a guitar player and reel to reel tape enthusiast. While still in high school Burgess received his radio operators license and worked as a Disc Jockey/On Air Personality at the local radio station hosting the evening "Rock Show". The radio station gave him the opportunity to continue his self-study of recording and audio equipment. Creating commercials and promos there, he learned the basics of professional production audio and developed his instinct for sound effects and music beds. After hours, he recorded himself and his band at the facilities teaching himself tape-to-tape recording, mixing and simple mastering techniques. At this time he also began his pursuit of learning live engineering and P.A. equipment. After High School, Burgess eventually attended the University of North Texas from 1982 to 1985 in Denton, Texas. While an undergraduate student there, he studied jazz performance and musical composition as well as film and video production. During this time he also continued to record himself and bands using multi-track equipment in an early home "project studio" setting. After college, Burgess played in several working bands performing in local clubs and festivals. In 1990 he moved to New York City where he continued to hone his composition and recording skills. There he began in true his professional composition and recording career having been commissioned to compose scores for dance companies and independent film makers. During this time he also played in several bands as a part of the original Off Wall Street Jam. While in New York he also met actress, future wife and life partner Maia DeSanti. In 1992 they decided to move to Washington D.C. where there was an established music scene and a strong and growing theater community. In Washington DC he found a home for his skills. He began working in local studios eventually landing a part-time job as an engineer and studio manager. Shortly after that he began working with local theater companies recording and producing original music and sound-scapes for theatrical productions. His original scores and sound designs for theater used complex sequencing and sampling techniques he learned in the studios working with Rap and Hip Hop artists. The designs were often created to comment explicitly on the action of the play, such as risqué movie quotes from John Wayne or the double entendre of Cole Porter's Let's Do It (Let's Fall In Love) for a provocative play such as Psychopathia Sexualis. Burgess has been called The Music Man by The Washington Post because he composes sound designs and film scores based on a wide variety of instruments, influences and sampled sounds. In 2004, Burgess composed a film score for the documentary Crucible of War, about a refugee from Yugoslavia haunted by his past who returns to his post-war homeland. Burgess continues to compose scores and create sound designs for theater, dance and film. He has also maintained his career as a live engineer and audio systems designer currently serving as head audio and video engineer for the Lang Performing Arts Center at Swarthmore College in the Greater Philadelphia Area. Burgess currently resides in Philadelphia however continues to work in Washington DC and in other regions ranging from Nantucket to Naples Florida. Helen Hayes Awards References Jones, Kenneth. "Judith Light, Side Show, The Dead Among D.C. Helen Hayes Winners" Publisher: "" Playbill 8 May 2001. External links Category:American male composers Category:21st-century American composers Category:Living people Category:Musicians from Washington, D.C. Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:University of North Texas College of Music alumni Category:21st-century American male musicians	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Seyyed Jamal ol Din Asadabadi Seyyed Jamal ol Din Asadabadi (, also Romanized as Seyyed Jamāl ol Dīn Āsadābādī; also known as Seyyed Jamāl) is a village in Ben Moala Rural District, in the Central District of Shush County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 112, in 19 families. References Category:Populated places in Shush County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Vera Chirwa Vera Mlangazua Chirwa (born 1932) is a Malawian born lawyer and human and civil rights activist. She was Malawi's first female lawyer and a founding member of the Malawi Congress Party and the Nyasaland African Women's League. She fought for multiparty democratic rule in Malawi and was charged with treason, tried and sentenced to death by President Kamuzu Banda. She spent 12 years on death row. She was married to lawyer Orton Chirwa, Malawian Minister of Justice and Attorney General, who later died in prison. Early life Vera Chirwa was born in Malawi (then Nyasaland) in 1932. Political career In the early 1950s, Vera Chirwa joined forces with Rose Chibambo to form the Nyasaland African Women's League, which worked with the Nyasaland African Congress to gain Nyasaland's separation from the unpopular Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. She became Nyasaland's first female lawyer, and was a founding member of the Malawi Congress Party in 1959. After Nyasaland gained self-government in 1961 and became the independent state of Malawi two years later, Orton Chirwa, Vera's husband, became a senior figure in the new government as Minister of Justice and Attorney General. After having a falling out with Kumuzu Banda, Chirwa and her husband were declared enemies of the state. Exile and capture The couple were forced into exile in Tanzania a few weeks later by Banda. They lived in Tanzania, but traveled to Zambia, Great Britain and the United States of America. On Christmas Eve 1981, Vera and Orton Chirwa were kidnapped in the East of Zambia by Malawi security forces and taken back to Malawi to face charges of high treason. Trial The Chirwas were tried by a “traditional” court. Both lawyers, conducted their own defense, as traditional courts did not allow defence lawyers in a trial lasting two months in front of judges appointed by Dr. Banda. This case of demonstrated the deficiencies in the system. At the end of their appeal in 1983, the minority of the appellate judges that had legal training opposed the guilty verdict, but it was overruled by the majority composed of traditional chiefs. On the day of the trial Vera defiantly raised her hand to speak and looking the magistrate straight in the eye asked him on what grounds they were accused. Questioning the court was forbidden and the response she received was, "Nothing but you are culprit!". At their trial, the Chirwas claimed that they had been abducted from Zambia in December 1981. This, and the charge that they had conspired to overthrow the government outside Malawi, should have meant that the Traditional courts had no jurisdiction. The case could still have been heard in Malawi's High Court, but that court required proof of guilt beyond reasonable doubt. The treason case heard against the Chirwas by the Southern Region Traditional Court in 1983 was based on handwritten documents said to have been found in a bag belonging to Vera when she was arrested, and a police officer's “expert” testimony that they were indeed in Orton Chirwa's handwriting. An unsigned statement said to have been made by Orton Chirwa, but repudiated by him, and a transcript said to have been made of a taped interview he had given were also admitted as evidence. This evidence, dubious as it was, was evidence only against Orton Chirwa, not Vera. The only case against her was that the documents were said to have been found in her bag, which she denied. The Chirwas were not allowed to call witnesses from outside Malawi and were both sentenced to death. After the trial, the couple were taken to the central prison in Zomba. According to Chirwa, "En route we forgave the people who gave false testimonies, the judges and even the President." It was the last time she and her husband traveled together. On the Chirwas' appeal to the National Traditional Court of Appeal, the refusal of the lower court to allow defence witnesses, its admission of Orton Chirwa's unsigned statement and its acceptance of a police officer as an expert witness were all criticised, and minority of the judges did not accept that his creation of an unpublished handwritten documents amounted to treason. However the appeal court came to the startling conclusion that, even if the Traditional courts had no jurisdiction in law, they had a traditional right to try the Chirwas, and that (despite the deficiencies in the lower court's handling of the case), their decision was correct and should stand. The death sentences were commuted, but Orton Chirwa later died in prison. Imprisonment and release Conditions in the female ward were tough. Chirwa was subjected to torture and other forms of brutality. She slept on the cement floor, refused to eat the vile food, and was denied visitors, letters from her husband and the right to go outside. She remained in prison on death row for 12 years but remained hopeful for release. She credits her Christian faith for enabling her to keep hope and faith. In 1990 Amnesty International launched an urgent action to release Orton and Vera Chirwa. In autumn 1992, when a delegation of British legal experts was allowed to pay them a visit, the Chirwas were allowed to see one another again for the first time in 8 years. Orton died in his cell 3 weeks later at the age of 73. Chirwa was not able to attend the funeral. Banda pardoned her for "humanitarian reasons", and she was released on January 24, 1993 when the country was transitioning to a multi-party state following the end of Banda's rule. Current career Human rights activism In 2000, she was made the Special Reporter on prison conditions in Africa for the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. She also founded the NGO Malawi Centre for Advice, Research and Education on Rights (Malawi CARER) and heads this organization. She campaigned for an end of the death penalty. She continued her fight for human and political rights under the Bakili Muluzi and the Bingu wa Mutharika governments. She also works for Women's Voice, a gender rights organization. Political activism Chirwa continues to fight for political rights and has attempted to stand as an independent candidate for president, a challenging task in a country with a party system for someone who is not an established politician. Vera Chirwa Human Rights Award The Vera Chirwa Human Rights award is awarded by the Centre for Human Rights at the University of Pretoria in South Africa to an individual "who best epitomises the true African human rights lawyer" and has "made an outstanding contribution to the protection and promotion of human rights in Africa." Recipients are alumni of the Master of Laws programs in Human Rights and Democratization at the University of Pretoria. Previous winners of the prize are: 2015: Prof Christopher Mbazira (Uganda) and Ms Salima Namusobya (Uganda) 2014: Ms Leda Hasila Limann (Ghana) 2013: Mr Augustin Kounkiné Somé (Burkina Faso) 2012: Dr Lilian Chenwi (Cameroon) 2012: Ms Monica Mbaru (Kenya) 2011: Mr Thulani Maseko (Swaziland) 2010: Mr Yoseph Mulugeta (Ethiopia) 2009: Mr Gabriel Shumba (Zimbabwe) 2008: Mr Julius Osega (Uganda) (posthumously) 2007: Ms Nana Oye Lithur(Ghana) 2006: Mr Melron Nicol-Wilson (Sierra Leone, LLM in Human Rights and Constitutional Practice, 1998) Publications Fearless Fighter, autobiography(McMillan Publishing) - 2007 See also First women lawyers around the world References Category:1932 births Category:Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Malawi Category:Malawian human rights activists Category:Malawian women lawyers Category:Malawian lawyers Category:Malawian politicians Category:Living people Category:Recipients of Geuzenpenning Category:Malawian prisoners sentenced to death Category:Prisoners sentenced to death by Malawi Category:People convicted of treason Category:Recipients of Malawian presidential pardons	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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