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SM UC-95 SM UC-95 was a German Type UC III minelaying submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy () during World War I. Design A German Type UC III submarine, UC-95 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a length overall of , a beam of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines each producing (a total of ), two electric motors producing , and two propeller shafts. She had a dive time of 15 seconds and was capable of operating at a depth of . The submarine was designed for a maximum surface speed of and a submerged speed of . When submerged, she could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at . UC-95 was fitted with six mine tubes, fourteen UC 200 mines, three torpedo tubes (one on the stern and two on the bow), seven torpedoes, and one SK L/45 or Uk L/30 deck gun . Her complement was twenty-six crew members. Construction and career The U-boat was ordered on 12 January 1916 and was launched on 19 February 1918. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 16 September 1918 as SM UC-95. As with the rest of the completed UC III boats, UC-95 conducted no war patrols and sank no ships. She was surrendered on 22 November 1918 and broken up in Fareham in 1922. References Notes Citations Bibliography Category:Ships built in Hamburg Category:German Type UC III submarines Category:U-boats commissioned in 1918 Category:World War I submarines of Germany Category:World War I minelayers of Germany Category:1918 ships	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
National Health (album) For the Maxïmo Park album, see The National Health (album). National Health is the first album recorded by the progressive rock and jazz fusion group National Health, one of the last representatives of the artistically prolific Canterbury scene. Although it was created during the rise of punk, the album is characterized by lengthy, elaborate and mostly instrumental compositions that combine prog and jazz elements. Track listing Personnel Phil Miller – electric guitar Dave Stewart – acoustic piano, electric piano, organ (tracks 1, 2, 4, 5), Clavinet (track 3) Pip Pyle – drums, glockenspiel (tracks 2, 5), pixiphone (track 5), gong (track 1), cowbell (track 1), tambourine (track 1), finger cymbals (track 2), shakers (track 2), bells (track 2) Neil Murray – fretless bass guitar with Alan Gowen – acoustic piano (tracks 2, 5), electric piano, moog synthesizer Jimmy Hastings – flute (tracks 1–3, 5), clarinet (tracks 3, 4), bass clarinet (track 1) John Mitchell – percussion (track 1), güiro (track 2), temple block (track 2), conga (track 3) Amanda Parsons – vocals (tracks 1, 2, 4, 5) References External links National Health at Progarchives Biography at Calyx Club Discography Gnosis website Category:National Health albums Category:1977 debut albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Khutor, Republic of Buryatia Khutor () is a rural locality (a selo) in Kyakhtinsky District, Republic of Buryatia, Russia. The population was 339 as of 2010. There are 5 streets. References Category:Rural localities in Buryatia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Boxing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Light flyweight The Light Flyweight class in the boxing at the 2008 Summer Olympics competition is the lightest class. Light flyweights were limited to those boxers weighing less than 48 kilograms (105.8 lbs). 29 boxers qualified for this category after the 2007 World Amateur Boxing Championships and 9 Continental Qualification Tournaments. The only Olympic medalist to participate at the Beijing Games is the host country boxer, Zou Shiming, bronze at the 2004 Games and defending World Champion. Like all Olympic boxing events, the competition was a straight single-elimination tournament. Both semifinal losers were awarded bronze medals, so no boxers competed again after their first loss. Bouts consisted of four rounds of two minutes each, with one-minute breaks between rounds. Punches scored only if the white area on the front of the glove made full contact with the front of the head or torso of the opponent. Five judges scored each bout; three of the judges had to signal a scoring punch within one second for the punch to score. The winner of the bout was the boxer who scored the most valid punches by the end of the bout. Medalists Qualified Athletes Schedule All times are China Standard Time (UTC+8) Draw See also 2009 World Amateur Boxing Championships – Light flyweight External links AIBA Results Category:Boxing at the 2008 Summer Olympics	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Roybon Roybon () is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France. Geography The Galaure has its source in the commune. Population See also Communes of the Isère department References INSEE statistics Category:Communes of Isère Category:Isère communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Collegiate Crescent Collegiate Crescent is a crescent forming part of the Broomhall Estate in S10, Sheffield, that intersects with Ecclesall Road. One of two long-standing campuses of Sheffield Hallam University, the facility is based in specially constructed buildings as well as many houses and villas on the left hand side of the crescent until the road crosses Park Lane. This university campus is referred to in the university as 'Collegiate Crescent' due to its location. The Collegiate Crescent campus is home to the university's School of Cultural Studies and is also the university's main sports site. Sheffield Hallam's £15m "beacon for health and social care education" was officially opened at Collegiate Crescent by the University Chancellor, Professor the Lord Winston, in May 2005. It was the site of the former City of Sheffield Training College, a teacher training institute and one of the predecessor institutions of the University. Hence alumni of the former college are known as "Crescenters". References Category:Sheffield Hallam University	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Muslim Dhagi The Muslim Dhagi are a Muslim community found in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. They were also known as the Julahas. Origin The Muslim Dhagi are converts from the Hindu Dhagi caste. They get their name from the Hindi term dhaga, which means a thread. The Dhagi were traditionally involved in the manufacture of thread. Their area of traditional habitation is the north-western part of the Indo-Gangetic plain. They are an Urdu speaking community, but are also conversant in Hindi. The Dhagi are entirely Sunni Muslim, and perceive themselves of Shaikh status. Present circumstances The community consist of two sub-groups, the Ansari and Bhauhanan. Each of these two sub-divisions are endogamous. They marry close kin, and practice both cross-cousin and parallel cousin marriages. Their traditional occupation was, and to some extent still is weaving. But like other Muslim artisan communities, they have seen a severe decline in their traditional occupation, as a result of mechanism. Some Dhagi also work as masons and others bring wood from the forest and sell it. A small number have also become petty businessmen. Like other artisan groups, they have a traditional caste council, which acts as an instrument of social control. The caste council deal with issues of intra-community disputes such as elopement and divorces. See also Dhagi Momin Ansari References Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh Category:Muslim communities of India Category:Weaving communities of South Asia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Yinchuan Township Yinchuan Township () may refer to these townships in China: Yinchuan Township, Gansu, in Jishishan Bonan, Dongxiang and Salar Autonomous County, Gansu Yinchuan Township, Heilongjiang, in Tongjiang, Heilongjiang See also Yinchuan, the capital city of Ningxia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Cairo The Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Cairo (, ) is an eparchy located in the city of Cairo in Egypt. History April 23, 1980: Established as Diocese of Cairo Special churches Minor Basilicas: Cathedral of Our Lady of Fatima, Cairo Leadership Bishops of Cairo (Chaldean rite) Bishop Youssef Ibrahim Sarraf, February 6, 1984 - December 31, 2009 Bishop Ephrem Bédé, April 23, 1980 - January 18, 1984 See also List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Egypt References GCatholic.org Catholic Hierarchy Category:Chaldean Catholic dioceses Category:Eastern Catholicism in Egypt Category:Assyrian Egyptian Category:Christianity in Cairo Category:Christian organizations established in 1980	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
China–Pakistan Economic Corridor China–Pakistan Economic Corridor is a collection of infrastructure projects that are currently under construction throughout Pakistan. Originally valued at $46 billion, the value of CPEC projects is worth $62 billion as of 2017. CPEC is intended to rapidly upgrade Pakistan's required infrastructure and strengthen its economy by the construction of modern transportation networks, numerous energy projects, and special economic zones. On 13 November 2016, CPEC became partly operational when Chinese cargo was transported overland to Gwadar Port for onward maritime shipment to Africa and West Asia, while some major power projects were commissioned by late 2017. A vast network of highways and railways are to be built under the aegis of CPEC that will span the length and breadth of Pakistan. Inefficiencies stemming from Pakistan's mostly dilapidated transportation network are estimated by the government to cause a loss of 3.55% of the country's annual GDP. Modern transportation networks built under CPEC will link seaports in Gwadar and Karachi with northern Pakistan, as well as points further north in western China and Central Asia. A 1,100-kilometre-long motorway will be built between the cities of Karachi and Lahore as part of CPEC, while the Karakoram Highway from Hasan Abdal to the Chinese border will be completely reconstructed and overhauled. The Karachi–Peshawar main railway line will also be upgraded to allow for train travel at up to 160 km per hour by December 2019. Pakistan's railway network will also be extended to eventually connect to China's Southern Xinjiang Railway in Kashgar. The estimated $11 billion required to modernise transportation networks will be financed by subsidized concessionary loans. Over $33 billion worth of energy infrastructure are to be constructed by private consortia to help alleviate Pakistan's chronic energy shortages, which regularly amount to over 4,500MW, and have shed an estimated 2–2.5% off Pakistan's annual gross domestic product. Over 10,400 MW of energy generating capacity is to be brought online by the end of 2018, with the majority developed as part of CPEC's fast-tracked "Early Harvest" projects. A network of pipelines to transport liquefied natural gas and oil will also be laid as part of the project, including a $2.5 billion pipeline between Gwadar and Nawabshah to eventually transport gas from Iran. Electricity from these projects will primarily be generated from fossil fuels, though hydroelectric and wind-power projects are also included, as is the construction of one of the world's largest solar farms. CPEC's potential impact on Pakistan has been compared to that of the Marshall Plan undertaken by the United States in post-war Europe. Pakistani officials predict that CPEC will result in the creation of upwards of 2.3 million jobs between 2015–2030, and add 2 to 2.5 percentage points to the country's annual economic growth. Should the initial $46 billion worth of projects be implemented, the value of those projects would be roughly equivalent to all foreign direct investment in Pakistan since 1970, and would be equal to 17% of Pakistan's 2015 gross domestic product. From the initial project, the scope has expanded from a net worth of $46 billion to $60 billion according to some sources. CPEC is seen as the main plank of Chinese President Xi Jinping's Belt and Road Initiative. According to official statistics, 20% of CPEC is debt-based finance, while 80% of CPEC are investments in Joint Ventures (JV) enterprise between Pakistan and China, with the project contributing to 40,000 jobs for local Pakistanis and 80,000 jobs for Chinese. Official statistics suggested a return of US$6 billion to 8 billion from taxes per annum such as road and bridge tolls. The total CPEC loan is 6% of Pakistan's GDP, however the Indian Government has labelled the project a debt-trap. Nevertheless, officials countered that 3.5% of Pakistani GDP per annum is lost due to poor transportation networks, which the CPEC investment aims to remedy leading to added benefits for any lag in Pakistan's growth statistic. Economic analysts have stated tangible benefits of this initiative including an end to the major energy shortages in Pakistan which had previously crippled economic growth. History Background Plans for a corridor stretching from the Chinese border to Pakistan's deep water ports on the Arabian Sea date back to the 1950s, and motivated construction of the Karakoram Highway beginning in 1959. Chinese interest in Pakistan's deep-water harbour at Gwadar had been rekindled by in 2002 China began construction at Gwadar port which was completed in 2006. Expansion of Gwadar Port then ceased thereafter owing to political instability in Pakistan following the fall of General Pervez Musharraf and subsequent conflict between the Pakistani state and Taliban militants. In 2013, the then Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari and Chinese Premier Li Keqiang decided to further enhance mutual connectivity. A memorandum of understanding on cooperation for long-term plan on China–Pakistan Economic Corridor between the two governments was inked by Xu Shao Shi and Shahid Amjad Chaudhry. In February 2014, Pakistani President Mamnoon Hussain visited China to discuss the plans for an economic corridor in Pakistan. Two months later, Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif met with Premier Li Kequiang in China to discuss further plans, resulting in the full scope of the project to be devised under Sharif's tenure. In November 2014, Chinese government announced its intention to finance Chinese companies as part of its $45.6 billion energy and infrastructure projects in Pakistan as part of CPEC. Announcement of CPEC During the state visit of Xi Jinping to Pakistan in April 2015, he wrote in an open editorial stating: "This will be my first trip to Pakistan, but I feel as if I am going to visit the home of my own brother." On 20 April 2015, Pakistan and China signed an agreement to commence work on the $46 billion agreement, which is roughly 20% of Pakistan's annual GDP, with approximately $28 billion worth of fast-tracked "Early Harvest" projects to be developed by the end of 2018. Subsequent developments On 12 August 2015 in the city of Karamay, China and Pakistan signed 20 more agreements worth $1.6 billion to further augment the scale and scope of CPEC. Details of the plan are opaque, but are said to mainly focus on increasing energy generation capacity. As part of the agreement, Pakistan and China have agreed to co-operate in the field of space research. In September and October 2015, the government of the United Kingdom announced two separate grants to the Government of Pakistan for construction of roadways that are complementary to CPEC. In November 2015, China included the CPEC into its 13th five-year development plan, while in December 2015, China and Pakistan agreed on a further $1.5 billion investment to set up an information and technology park as part of the CPEC project. On 8 April 2016, during the visit of Xinjiang's Communist Party chief Zhang Chunxian companies from Xinjiang with their Pakistan counterparts signed $2 billion of additional agreements covering infrastructure, solar power and logistics. The first convoy from China arrived in Gwadar on 13 November 2016, thereby formalizing operation of CPEC. On 2 December 2016, the first cargo train, launching the direct rail route and sea freight service between China and Pakistan, departed from Yunnan. A cargo train loaded with 500 tonnes of commodities left Kunming for the port city of Guangzhou from where the cargo will be loaded on ships and transported to Karachi, marking the opening of the new route. The new rail, sea freight will cut logistics cost, including that of transport, by 50 per cent. In November 2016, China announced an additional $8.5 billion investment in Pakistan with $4.5 billion allocated to upgrade Pakistan's main railway line from Karachi to Peshawar including tracks, speed and signalling, and $4 billion toward an LNG terminal and transmission lines to help alleviate energy shortages. In February 2017, the Egyptian Ambassador to Pakistan expressed interest in CPEC cooperation. In January 2017, Chief Minister Pervez Khattak of Khyber Pakthunkhwha stated that he had received assurances from Chinese investment companies that they would invest up to $20 billion for projects. In March 2017, an agreement was signed for the projects, which include: a $1.5 billion oil refinery, irrigation projects worth $2 billion, a $2 billion motorway between Chitral and DI Khan, and $7 billion worth of hydro-electric projects. As of September 2017, more than $14 billion worth of projects were under construction. In March 2018, Pakistan announced that following the completion of under-construction energy projects, future CPEC energy projects would be geared towards hydropower projects. Projects in Gwadar Port and City Gwadar forms the crux of the CPEC project, as it is envisaged to be the link between China's ambitious One Belt, One Road project, and its 21st Century Maritime Silk Road project. In total, more than $1 billion worth of projects are to be developed around the port of Gwadar by December 2017. Gwadar Port Complex Initial infrastructure works at Gwadar Port commenced in 2002 and were completed in 2007, however plans to upgrade and expand Gwadar's port stalled. Under CPEC agreement, Gwadar Port will initially be expanded and upgraded to allow for docking of larger ships with deadweight tonnage of up to 70,000. Improvement plans also include construction of a $130 million breakwater around the port, as well as the construction of a floating liquefied natural gas facility that will have a capacity of 500 million cubic feet of liquefied natural gas per day and will be connected to the Gwadar-Nawabshah segment of the Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline. The expanded port is located near a 2,282-acre free trade area in Gwadar which is being modelled on the lines of the Special Economic Zones of China. The swathe of land was handed to the China Overseas Port Holding Company in November 2015 as part of a 43-year lease. The site will include manufacturing zones, logistics hubs, warehouses, and display centres. Businesses located in the zone would be exempt from customs authorities as well as many provincial and federal taxes. Business established in the special economic zone will be exempt from Pakistani income, sales, and federal excise taxes for 23 years. Contractors and subcontractors associated with China Overseas Port Holding Company will be exempted from such taxes for 20 years, while a 40-year tax holiday will be granted for imports of equipment, materials, plant/machinery, appliances and accessories that are to be for construction of Gwadar Port and special economic zone. The special economic zone will be completed in three phases. By 2025, it is envisaged that manufacturing and processing industries will be developed, while further expansion of the zone is intended to be complete by 2030. On 10 April 2016, Zhang Baozhong, chairman of China Overseas Port Holding Company said in a conversation with The Washington Post that his company planned to spend $4.5 billion on roads, power, hotels and other infrastructure for the industrial zone as well as other projects in Gwadar city. Projects in Gwadar city China will grant Pakistan $230 million to construct a new international airport in Gwadar. The provincial government of Balochistan has set aside 4000 acres for the construction of the new $230 million Gwadar International Airport which will require an estimated 30 months for construction, the costs of which are to be fully funded by grants from the Chinese government which Pakistan will not be obliged to repay. The city of Gwadar is further being developed by the construction of a 300 MW coal power plant, a desalinisation plant, and a new 300 bed hospital. Plans for Gwadar city also include construction of the East Bay Expressway – a 19 kilometre controlled-access road that will connect Gwadar Port to the Makran Coastal Highway. These additional projects are estimated to cost $800 million, and are to be financed by 0% interest loans extended by the Exim Bank of China to Pakistan. In addition to the aforementioned infrastructure works, the Pakistani government announced in September 2015 its intention to establish a training institute named Pak-China Technical and Vocational Institute at Gwadar, which is to be developed by the Gwadar Port Authority at the cost of 943 million rupees, and is designed to impart to local residents the skills required to operate and work at the expanded Gwadar Port. As of 2017, in total there are 9 projects funded by China in and around Gwadar. Roadway projects The CPEC project envisages major upgrades and overhauls to Pakistan's transportation infrastructure. Under the CPEC project, China has announced financing for $10.63 billion worth of transportation infrastructure so far; $6.1 billion have been allocated for constructing "Early Harvest" roadway projects at an interest rate of 1.6 percent. The remainder of funds will be allocated when the Pakistani government awards contracts for construction of road segments which are still in the planning phase. Three corridors have been identified for cargo transport: the Eastern Alignment through the heavily populated provinces of Sindh and Punjab where most industries are located, the Western Alignment through the less developed and more sparsely populated provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, and the future Central Alignment which will pass through Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, and Balochistan. Karakoram Highway The CPEC projects call for reconstruction and upgrade works on National Highway 35 (N-35), which forms the Pakistani portion of the Karakoram Highway (KKH). The KKH spans the 887 kilometre long distance between the China-Pakistan border and the town of Burhan, near Hasan Abdal. At Burhan, the existing M1 motorway will intersect the N-35 at the Shah Maqsood Interchange. From there, access onwards to Islamabad and Lahore continues as part of the existing M1 and M2 motorways. Burhan will also be at intersection of the Eastern Alignment, and Western Alignment. Upgrades to the 487 kilometer long section between Burhan and Raikot of the Karakoram Highway are officially referred to in Pakistan as the Karakoram Highway Phase 2 project. At the southern end of the N-35, works are already underway to construct a 59-kilometer-long, 4-lane controlled-access highway between Burhan and Havelian which upon completion will be officially referred to as the E-35 expressway. North of Havelian, the next 66 kilometres of road will be upgraded to a 4-lane dual carriageway between Havelian and Shinkiari. Groundbreaking on this portion commenced in April 2016. The entire 354 kilometres of roadway north of Shinkiari and ending in Raikot, near Chilas will be constructed as a 2-lane highway. Construction on the first section between Shinkiari and Thakot commenced in April 2016 jointly with construction of the Havelian to Shinkiari 4-lane dual carriageway further south. Construction on both these sections is expected to be completed with 42 months at a cost of approximately $1.26 billion with 90% of funding to come from China's EXIM bank in the form of low interest rate concessional loans. Between Thakot and Raikot spans an area in which the government of Pakistan is currently either planning or actively constructing several hydropower projects, most notably the Diamer-Bhasha Dam and Dasu Dam. Sections of the N-35 around these projects will be completely rebuilt in tandem with dam construction. In the interim, this section of the N-35 is currently being upgraded from its current state until dam construction commences in full force at a later date. Improvement projects on this section are expected to be completed by January 2017 at a cost of approximately $72 million. The next 335 kilometres of roadway connect Raikot to the China-Pakistan border. Reconstruction works on this section of roadway preceded the CPEC, and were initiated after severe damage to roadways in the area following the 2010 Pakistan floods. Most of this section of roadway was completed in September 2012 at a cost of $510 million. A large earthquake rocked the region nearest to the China-Pakistan border in 2010, triggering massive landslides which dammed the Indus River, resulting in the formation of the Attabad Lake. Portions of the Karakoram Highway were submerged in the lake, forcing all vehicular traffic onto barges to traverse the new reservoir. Construction on a 24 kilometre series of bridges and tunnels to Attabad Lake began in 2012 and required 36 months for completion. The bypass consists of 2 large bridges and 5 kilometres worth of tunnels that were inaugurated for public use on 14 September 2015 at a cost of $275 million. The 175 kilometre road between Gilgit and Skardu will be upgraded to a 4-lane road at a cost of $475 million to provide direct access to Skardu from the N-35. Eastern Alignment The term Eastern Alignment of CPEC refers to roadway projects located in Sindh and Punjab provinces – some of which were first envisioned in 1991. As part of the Eastern Alignment, a 1,152 km long motorway will connect Pakistan's two largest cities, Karachi and Lahore with 6-lane controlled access highway designed for travel speeds up to 120 kilometres per hour. The entire project will cost approximately $6.6 billion, with the bulk of financing to be distributed by various Chinese state-owned banks. The entire Eastern Alignment motorway project is divided into four sections: a 136 kilometre long section between Karachi and Hyderabad also known as the M9 motorway, a 345 kilometre long section between Hyderabad and Sukkur, a 392 kilometre long section between Sukkur and Multan, and a 333 kilometre section between Multan and Lahore via the town of Abdul Hakeem. The first section of the project is providing high speed road access from the Port of Karachi to the city of Hyderabad and interior Sindh. Upgrade and construction works on this section currently known as Super Highway between Karachi and Hyderabad began in March 2015, and will convert the road into the 4-lane controlled access M9 Motorway which was completed in an estimated 30 months. In February 2017, a completed 75 kilometre stretch of the motorway was opened for public use by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. At the terminus of the M9 motorway in Hyderabad, the Karachi-Lahore Motorway will continue onwards to Sukkur as a six lane controlled-access motorway known also as M6 motorway that will be 345 kilometers long, The planned cost for this project is $1.7 billion, and will provide high speed road access to interior Sindh – especially near the towns of Matiari, Nawabshah, and Khairpur. The project will require the construction of seven interchanges, and 25 bridges on the Indus river and irrigation canals. The planned route of the motorway runs roughly parallel to the existing National Highway and Indus Highway at various portions. In July 2016, the Pakistani government announced that the project would be open to international bidders on a build-operate-transfer basis, with Chinese and South Korean companies expressing interest in the project. The 392 kilometre Sukkur to Multan section of the motorway is estimated to cost $2.89 billion, with construction works inaugurated on this section of roadway on 6 May 2016 & Completed on September 2019. . The road will be a six lane wide controlled access highway, with 11 planned interchanges, 10 rest facilities, 492 underpasses, and 54 bridges along its route. The Pakistani government in January 2016 awarded the contract to build this section to China State Construction Engineering, but final approvals required for disbursement of funds were not granted by the Government of the People's Republic of China until May 2016. 90% of the project's cost is to be financed by concessionary loans from China, with the remaining 10% to be financed by the government of Pakistan. Construction on this segment is expected to last 36 months. Construction of the portion between Multan and Lahore costing approximately $1.5 billion was launched in November 2015 as a joint venture between the China Railway Construction Corporation Limited and Pakistan's Zahir Khan and Brothers Engineers The total length of this motorway section is 333 kilometres; however, the first 102 kilometres of the road between Khanewal and Abdul Hakeem is designed as part of the M4 Motorway, and is being funded by the Asian Development Bank. The portion of motorway between Abdul Hakeem and Lahore that is under construction as part of CPEC will consist of the remaining 231 kilometers. Western Alignment The CPEC project envisages an expanded and upgraded road network in the Pakistani provinces of Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and western Punjab Province as part of the Western Alignment. The Western Alignment project will result in the upgrading of several hundred kilometres worth of road into 2 and 4-lane divided highways by mid-2018, with land acquisition sufficient for upgrading parts of the road to a 6-lane motorway in the future. In total, the CPEC project envisages re-construction of 870 kilometres of road in Balochistan province alone as part of the Western Alignment. Of those 870 kilometres of road, 620 kilometres have already been rebuilt as of January 2016. The Western Alignment roadway network will begin at the Barahma Bahtar Interchange on the M1 Motorway near the towns of Burhan and Hasan Abdal in northern Punjab province. The newly reconstructed Karakoram Highway will connect to the Western Alignment at Burhan, near where the new 285-kilometre-long controlled-access Brahma Bahtar-Yarik Motorway will commence. The motorway will terminate near the town of Yarik, just north of Dera Ismail Khan. Groundbreaking for the project took place on 17 May 2016. The motorway will traverse the Sindh Sagar Doab region, and cross the Indus River at Mianwali before entering into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. It will consist of 11 interchanges, 74 culverts, and 3 major bridges spanning the Indus, Soan, and Kurram Rivers. Total costs for the project are expected to be $1.05 billion. At the southern terminus of the new Brahma Bahtar-Yarik motorway, the N50 National Highway will also be upgraded between Dera Ismail Khan in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Zhob in neighbouring Balochistan province, with eventual reconstruction between Zhob and Quetta. The upgraded roadway will consist of a 4 lane dual-carriageway spanning the 205 kilometre distance between the two cities. The first portion of the N50 to be upgraded will be the 81 kilometre portion of the N50 between Zhob and Mughal Kot, with construction works having begun in January 2016. Construction on this portion is expected to be completed by 2018 at a cost of $86 million. While the project is considered a vital link in the CPEC's Western Alignment, the project's cost will not be financed by Chinese state-owned banks, but instead by Asian Development Bank under a 2014 agreement which preceded CPEC, as well as by a grant provided by the United Kingdom's Department for International Development. Heading south from Quetta, the Western Alignment of the CPEC will continue to the town of Surab in central Balochistan as the N25 National Highway. From Surab, a 470 kilometre long route known as the N85 National Highway will connect central Balochistan with the town of Hoshab in southwestern Balochistan province near the city of Turbat. The stretch of road between these cities was completed in December 2016, as per schedule. Along the Western Alignment route, the towns of Hoshab and Gwadar are connected by a newly-built 193 kilometre long portion of the M8 Motorway – the Hoshab to Gwadar portion of the motorway was completed and inaugurated in February 2016 by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. The Western Alignment will be flanked by special economic zones along its route, with at least seven special economic zones planned to be established in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Associated roadway projects ADB funded projects The 184 kilometre long M-4 Motorway between Faisalabad and Multan does not fall under the scope of CPEC projects, but is nevertheless considered vital to the CPEC transportation project. It will instead be financed by the Asian Development Bank and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, and will be the first project jointly financed by those banks. Further funding comes from an additional $90.7 million grant announced in October 2015 by the government of the United Kingdom towards the construction of portion of the M4 Motorway project. The Karakoram Highway south of the city of Mansehra will also be upgrade into a controlled-access highway to officially be known as the E-35 expressway. While it is considered to be a crucial part of the route between Gwadar and China, the E35 will not be financed by CPEC funds. The project will instead be financed by the Asian Development Bank with a $121.6 million grant from the United Kingdom towards the project. Once completed, the E35 Expressway, the M4 Motorway, and Karachi-Lahore Motorway will provide continuous high-speed road travel on controlled-access motorways from Mansehra to Karachi – 1,550 kilometres away. Approximately halfway between Zhob and Quetta, the town of Qilla Saifullah in Balochistan lies at the intersection of the N50 National Highway and the N70 National Highway. The two roads form the 447 kilometre route between Quetta and Multan in southern Punjab. While the N70 project is not officially a part of CPEC, it will connect the CPEC's Western Alignment to the Karachi-Lahore Motorway at Multan. Reconstruction works on the 126 kilometre portion of the N70 between Qilla Saifullah and Wagum are slated for completion by 2018, and are financed as part of a $195 million package by the Asian Development Bank, and by a $72.4 million grant from the United Kingdom's Department for International Development. Future Central Alignment Long-term plans for a "Central Alignment" of the CPEC consist of a network of roads which will commence in Gwadar and travel upcountry via the cities of Basima, Khuzdar, Sukkur, Rajanpur, Layyah, Muzaffargarh, and terminating in Dera Ismail Khan, with onward connections to Karakoram Highway via the Brahma Bahtar–Yarik Motorway. Railway projects The CPEC project emphasises major upgrades to Pakistan's ageing railway system, including rebuilding of the entire Main Line 1 railway between Karachi and Peshawar by 2020; this single railway currently handles 70% of Pakistan Railways traffic. In addition to the Main Line 1 railway, upgrades and expansions are slated for the Main Line 2 railway, Main Line 3 railway. The CPEC plan also calls for completion of a rail link over the 4,693-meter high Khunjerab Pass. The railway will provide direct access for Chinese and East Asian goods to Pakistani seaports at Karachi and Gwadar by 2030. Procurement of an initial 250 new passenger coaches, and reconstruction of 21 train stations are also planned as part of the first phase of the project – bringing the total investment in Pakistan's railway system to approximately $5 billion by the end of 2019. 180 of the coaches are to be built at the Pakistan Railways Carriage Factory near Islamabad, while the Government of Pakistan intends to procure an additional 800 coaches at a later date, with the intention of building 595 of those coaches in Pakistan. In September 2018, the new government led by Prime Minister Imran Khan reduced the Chinese investment in railways by $2 billion to $6.2 billion because of financing burdens. Main Line 1 The CPEC "Early Harvest" plan includes a complete overhaul of the 1,687 kilometre long Main Line 1 railway (ML-1) between Karachi and Peshawar at a cost of $3.65 billion for the first phase of the project, with the first phase expected to be completed by December 2017. In June 2016, China and Pakistan unveiled plans for the second phase of the project, with a total cost of $8.2 billion for both phases of the project. The second phase of the ML-1 overhaul project is expected to be completed in 2021. Upgrading of the railway line will permit train travel at speeds of 160 kilometres per hour, versus the average 60 to 105 km per hour speed currently possible on existing track, and is expected to increase Pakistan Railways' annual revenues by approximately $480 million. The upgrades are also expected to cut transit times from Karachi to Peshawar by half. Pakistani railways currently account for 4% of freight traffic in the country, and upon completion of CPEC, Pakistani railways are expected to transport 20% of the country's freight traffic by 2025. The first part of the expedited first phase of the project will focus on upgrading the Multan to Peshawar section, which will then be followed by the Hyderabad to Multan section, and finally by the Hyderabad to Karachi section. At the time of CPEC's announcement, the ML-1 consisted of mostly dual track railway between Karachi, and the Lahore suburb of Shahdara, with long stretches of single track. From Shahdara, the track mainly consisted of a single track until the city Peshawar. Construction works to dualize the entire track between Karachi to Shahdara were completed and inaugurated in January 2016. As part of the first phase of the CPEC railway project, the remaining stretch of track between Shahdara and Peshawar is to upgraded to a dual track railway. The 676 kilometer portion between Lalamusa, north of Lahore, and Peshawar will require complete reconstruction with the addition of tunnels, culverts, and bridges, while over 900 kilometers south of Lalamusa towards Karachi will be upgraded to handle cars with a 25-ton axle load capacity. A spur from Taxila to Havelian will also be constructed, with a dry port to be established near the city of Havelian. Further, the entire length of track will have computerised signal systems, with stretches of track in urban areas to also be fenced off to prevent pedestrians and vehicles from crossing tracks in unauthorised areas. Main Line 2 In addition to upgrading the ML-1, the CPEC project also calls for similar major upgrade on the 1,254 kilometre long Main Line 2 (ML-2) railway between Kotri in Sindh province, and Attock in northern Punjab province via the cities of Larkana and Dera Ghazi Khan. The route towards northern Pakistan roughly parallels the Indus River, as opposed to the ML-1 which takes a more eastward course towards Lahore. The project also includes a plan to connect Gwadar, to the town of Jacobabad, Sindh which lies at the intersection of the ML-2 and ML-3 railways. Main Line 3 Medium term plans for the Main Line 3 (ML-3) railway line will also include construction of a 560 kilometer long railway line between Bostan near Quetta, to Kotla Jam in Bhakkar District near the city of Dera Ismail Khan, which will provide access to southern Afghanistan. The railway route will pass through the city of Quetta and Zhob before terminating in Kotla Jam, and is expected to be constructed by 2025. Lahore Metro The $1.6 billion Orange Line of the Lahore Metro is under construction and is regarded as a commercial project under CPEC. Construction on the line has already begun, with initial planned completion by Winter 2017 however this has been delayed several times, first to end of 2018 and as of August 2019, the deadline is January 2019 The line will be long, of which will be elevated, with the remaining portion to be underground between Jain Mandir and Lakshmi Chowk. When complete, the project will have the capacity to transport 250,000 commuters per day, with plans to increase capacity to 500,000 commuters per day by 2025. Khunjerab Railway Longer term projects under CPEC also call for construction of the 682 kilometre long Khunjerab Railway line between the city of Havelian, to the Khunjerab Pass on the Chinese border, with extension to China's Lanxin Railway in Kashgar, Xinjiang. The railway will roughly parallel the Karakoram Highway, and is expected to be complete in 2030. The cost of the entire project is estimated to be approximately $12 billion, and will require 5 years for completion. A 300 million rupee study to establish final feasibility of constructing the rail line between Havelian and the Chinese border is already underway. A preliminary feasibility study was completed in 2008 by the Austrian engineering firm TBAC. However the construction of the Khunjerab Railway line was not mentioned in the CPEC Long Term Plan from 2017-2030 released jointly by China and Pakistan in 2017. Energy sector projects Pakistan's current energy generating capacity is 24,830 MW,. Energy generation will be a major focus of the CPEC project, with approximately $33 billion expected to be invested in this sector. An estimated 10,400 MW of electricity are slated for generation by March 2018 as part of CPEC's "Early Harvest" projects. The energy projects under CPEC will be constructed by private Independent Power Producers, rather than by the governments of either China or Pakistan. The Exim Bank of China will finance these private investments at 5–6% interest rates, while the government of Pakistan will be contractually obliged to purchase electricity from those firms at pre-negotiated rates. Renewable-energy In March 2018, Pakistan announced that hydropower projects would be prioritized following the completion of under-construction power plants. Pakistan aims to produce 25% of its electricity requirements by renewable energy resources by 2030. China's Zonergy company will complete construction on the world's largest solar power plant – the 6,500 acre Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park near the city of Bahawalpur with an estimated capacity of 1000 MW is expected to be completed in December 2016. The first phase of the project has been completed by Xinjiang SunOasis, and has a generating capacity of 100 MW. The remaining 900 MW capacity will be installed by Zonergy under CPEC. The Jhimpir Wind Power Plant, built by the Turkish company Zorlu Enerji has already begun to sell 56.4 MW of electricity to the government of Pakistan, though under CPEC, another 250 MW of electricity are to be produced by the Chinese-Pakistan consortium United Energy Pakistan and others at a cost of $659 million. Another wind farm, the Dawood wind power project is under development by HydroChina at a cost of $115 million, and will generate 50 MW of electricity by August 2016. SK Hydro Consortium is constructing the 870 MW Suki Kinari Hydropower Project in the Kaghan Valley of Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province at a cost of $1.8 billion, SK Hydro will construct the project with financing by China's EXIM bank. The $1.6 billion 720 MW Karot Dam which is under construction is part of the CPEC plan, but is to be financed separately by China's Silk Road Fund. Pakistan and China have also discussed the inclusion of the 4,500 MW $14 billion Diamer-Bhasha Dam as part of the CPEC project, though as of December 2015, no firm decision has been made – though Pakistani officials remain optimistic at its eventual inclusion. On 14 November 2017, Pakistan dropped its bid to have Diamer-Bhasha Dam financed under the CPEC framework. The $2.4 billion, 1,100 MW Kohala Hydropower Project being constructed by China's Three Gorges Corporation predates the announcement of CPEC, though funding for the project will now come from CPEC fund. Coal Despite several renewable energy projects, the bulk of new energy generation capacity under CPEC will be coal-based plants, with $5.8 billion worth of coal power projects expected to be completed by early 2019 as part of the CPEC's "Early Harvest" projects. On May 26, it was unveiled that transmission line of 660 KV would be laid between matiari and Lahore. The electricity would be produced from coal-based power plants at Thar, Port Qasim and Hub. It would have the capacity to supply 2000MW with 10 percent overloaded capability for 2 hours. Balochistan In Balochistan province, a $970 million coal power plant at Hub, near Karachi, with a capacity of 660 MW to be built by a joint consortium of China's China Power Investment Corporation and the Pakistani firm Hub Power Company as part of a larger $2 billion project to produce 1,320 MW from coal. A 300 MW coal power plant is also being developed in the city of Gwadar, and is being financed by a 0% interest loan. Punjab The $1.8 billion Sahiwal Coal Power Project, in full operation since 3 July 2017, is a project in central Punjab that has a capacity of 1,320 MW. It was built by a joint venture of two Chinese firms: the Huaneng Shandong company and Shandong Ruyi, who will jointly own and operate the plant. Pakistan will purchase electricity from the consortium at a tariff of 8.36 US cents/kWh. The $589 million project to establish a coal mine and a relatively small 300 MW coal power plant to be built in the town of Pind Dadan Khan by China Machinery Engineering Corporation in Punjab's Salt Range. Pakistan's NEPRA has been criticized for considering a relatively high tariff of 11.57 US cents/kWH proposed by the Chinese firm, which had been initially agreed at 8.25 US cents/kWH in 2014. The Chinese firm argued that coal transportation costs had greatly increased due to the nonavailability of coal from nearby mines which had initially been regarded as the primary coal source for the project. The company argued that coal would instead have to be transported from distant Sindh province, which along with inefficiencies in mining procedures, increased the cost of fuel by 30.5%. Sindh The Shanghai Electric company of China will construct two 660 MW power plants as part of the "Thar-I" project in the Thar coalfield of Sindh province, while "Thar-ll" will be developed by a separate consortium. The facility will be powered by locally sourced coal, and is expected to be put into commercial use in 2018. Pakistan's National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) has agreed to purchase electricity from both Thar-l and Thar-ll at a tariff of 8.50 US cents/kWh for the first 330 MW of electricity, 8.33 US cents/kWh for the next 660 MW, and 7.99 US cents/kWh for the next 1,099 MW as further phases are developed. Near the Thar-I Project, the China Machinery Engineering Corporation in conjunction with Pakistan's Engro Corporation will construct two 330 MW power plants as part of the "Thar-ll Project" (having initially proposed the simultaneous construction of two 660 MW power plants) as well as developing a coal mine capable of producing up to 3.8 million tons of coal per year as part of the first phase of the project." The first phase is expected to be complete by early 2019, at a cost of $1.95 billion. Subsequent phases will eventually generate an additional 3,960 MW of electricity over the course of ten years. As part of infrastructure required for electricity distribution from the Thar l and ll Projects, the $2.1 billion Matiari to Lahore Transmission Line, and $1.5 billion in Matiari to Faisalabad transmission line are also to be built as part of the CPEC project. The 1,320 MW $2.08 billion Pakistan Port Qasim Power Project near Port Qasim will be a joint venture of Al-Mirqab Capital from Qatar, and China's Power Construction Corporation – a subsidiary of Sinohydro Resources Limited. Pakistan's NEPRA and SinoHydro agreed to set the levelized tariff for electricity purchased from the consortium at 8.12 US cents/kWh. The first 660 MW reactor was commissioned in November 2017. Liquified natural gas Liquefied natural gas power LNG projects are also considered vital to CPEC. The Chinese government has announced its intention to build a $2.5 billion 711 kilometre gas pipeline from Gwadar to Nawabshah in province as part of CPEC. The pipeline is designed to be a part of the 2,775 kilometre long Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline, with the 80 kilometre portion between Gwadar and the Iranian border to be connected when sanctions against Tehran are eased; Iran has already completed a 900 kilometre long portion of the pipeline on its side of the border. The Pakistani portion of the pipeline is to be constructed by the state-owned China Petroleum Pipeline Bureau. It will be in diameter, and have the capacity to transport of liquified natural gas every day, with an additional of additional capacity when the planned off-shore LNG terminal is also completed The project will not only provide gas exporters with access to the Pakistani market, but will also allow China to secure a route for its own imports. The project should not be confused with the $2 billion 1,100 kilometre North-South Pipeline liquified natural gas pipeline which is to be constructed with Russian assistance between Karachi and Lahore with anticipated completion by 2018. Nor should it be confused with the planned $7.5 billion TAPI Pipeline which is a planned project involving Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India. Other LNG projects are currently under construction with Chinese assistance and financing that will augment the scope of CPEC, but are neither funded by nor officially considered a part of CPEC. The 1,223 MW Balloki Power Plant is currently under construction near Kasur, and is being constructed by China's Harbin Electric Company with financing from the China's EXIM bank, is one such example. In October 2015, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif also inaugurated construction of the 1,180 MW Bhikhi Power Plant near Sheikhupura, which is to be jointly constructed by China's Harbin Electric Company and General Electric from the United States. It is expected to be Pakistan's most efficient power plant, and will provide enough power for an estimated 6 million homes. The facility became operational in May 2018. "Early Harvest" projects As part of the "Early Harvest" scheme of the CPEC, over 10,000 megawatts of electricity-generating capacity is to be developed between 2018 and 2020. While some "Early Harvest" projects will not be completed until 2020, the government of Pakistan plans to add approximately 10,000 MW of energy-generating capacity to Pakistan's electric grid by 2018 through the completion of projects which complement CPEC. Although not officially under the scope of CPEC, the 1,223 MW Balloki Power Plant, and the 1,180 MW Bhakki powerplants have both been completed in mid 2018 , which along with the 969 MW Neelum–Jhelum Hydropower Plant completed in summer 2018 and 1,410 MW Tarbela IV Extension Project, competed in February 2018, will result in an additional 10,000 MW being added to Pakistan's electricity grid by the end of 2018 with a combination of CPEC and non-CPEC projects. A further 1,000 MW of electricity will be imported to Pakistan from Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan as part of the CASA-1000 project, which is expected to be launched in 2018. Table of projects Other areas of cooperation The CPEC announcement encompassed not only infrastructure works, but also addressed areas of co-operation between China and Pakistan. Agriculture CPEC includes provisions for cooperation in management of water resources, livestock, and other fields of agriculture. Under the plan, agricultural information project, storage and distribution of agricultural equipment and construction project, agricultural mechanisation, demonstration and machinery leasing project and fertiliser production project for producing 800,000 tons of fertiliser and 100,000 tons of bio-organic fertiliser will be implemented. Science and technology As part of CPEC, the two countries signed an Economic and Technical Cooperation Agreement, as well as pledged to "China-Pakistan Joint Cotton Bio-Tech Laboratory" The two countries also pledged to establish the "China-Pakistan Joint Marine Research Center" with State Oceanic Administration and Pakistan's Ministry of Science and Technology Also as part of the CPEC agreement, Pakistan and China have agreed to co-operate in the field of space research. In February 2016, the two countries agreed to establish the "Pak-China Science, Technology, Commerce and Logistic Park" near Islamabad at an estimated cost of $1.5 billion. The park will be situated on 500 hectares, which will be provided by Pakistan to China's Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, with all investments expected to come from the Chinese side over the course of ten years. In May 2016, construction began on the $44 million 820 kilometer long Pakistan-China Fiber Optic Project, an optical fiber cable that will enhance telecommunication in the Gilgit-Baltistan region, while offering Pakistan a fifth route by which to transmit telecommunication traffic. in May 2019, Vice President of China and Pakistan has decided to launch Huawei Technical Support Center in Pakistan. Other fields The two nations also pledged co-operation in field ranging from anti-narcotic efforts, to co-operation in an effort to reduce climate change. The two nations also agreed to increase co-operating between the banking sectors of the two countries, as well as to establish closer ties between China Central Television and the Pakistan Television Corporation. Confucius Institute at University of Punjab is planned to be soon launched in 2019. Moreover, Rashakai Special Economic Zone on M1 Highway a motorway junction near Nowshehra is planned as well. Finance Concessionary loans Approximately $11 billion worth of infrastructure projects being developed by the Pakistani government will be financed at an interest rate of 1.6%, after Pakistan successfully lobbied the Chinese government to reduce interest rates from an initial 3%. Loans will be dispersed by the Exim Bank of China, China Development Bank, and the ICBC. For comparison, loans for previous Pakistani infrastructure projects financed by the World Bank carried an interest rate between 5% and 8.5%, while interest rates on market loans approach 12%. The loan money would be used to finance projects which are planned and executed by the Pakistani government. Portions of the approximately $6.6 billion Karachi–Lahore Motorway are already under construction. The $2.9 billion phase which will connect the city of Multan to the city of Sukkur over a distance of 392 kilometres has also been approved, with 90% of costs to be financed by the Chinese government at concessionary interest rates, while the remaining 10% is to be financed by the Public Sector Development Programme of the Pakistani government. In May 2016, the $2.9 billion loan were given final approvals required prior to disbursement of the funds were given by the Government of the People's Republic of China on 4 May 2016, and will be concessionary loans with an interest rate of 2.0%. The National Highway Authority of Pakistan reported that contractors arrived on site soon after the loan received final approval. The China Development Bank will finance the $920 million towards the cost of reconstruction of the 487 kilometer portion of the Karakoram Highway between Burhan and Raikot. An addition $1.26 billion will be lent by the China Exim Bank for the construction of the Havelian to Thakot portion of this 487 kilometer stretch of roadway, to be dispersed as low-interest rate concessionary loans. $7 billion of the planned $8.2 billion overhaul of the Main Line 1 railway is to be financed by concessionary loans, which extended by China's state owned banks. The long-planned 27.1 km long $1.6 billion Orange Line of the Lahore Metro is regarded as a commercial project, and does not qualify for the Exim Bank's 1.6% interest rate. It will instead by financed at a 2.4% interest rate after China agreed to reduce interest rates from an originally planned rate of 3.4%. The $44 million Pakistan-China Fiber Optic Project, an 820 km long fibre optic wire connecting Pakistan and China, will be constructed using concessionary loans at an interest rate of 2%, rather than the 1.6% rate applied to other projects. Interest-free loans The government of China in August 2015 announced that concessionary loans for several projects in Gwadar totalling $757 million would be converted 0% interest loans. The projects which are now to financed by the 0% interest loans include: the construction of the $140 million East Bay Expressway project, installation of breakwaters in Gwadar which will cost $130 million, a $360 million coal power plant in Gwadar, a $27 million project to dredge berths in Gwadar harbour, and a $100 million 300-bed hospital in Gwadar. Thus, Pakistan only has to repay the principal on these loans. In September 2015, the government of China also announced that the $230 million Gwadar International Airport project would no longer be financed by loans, but would instead be constructed by grants which the government of Pakistan will not be required to repay. Private consortia $15.5 billion worth of energy projects are to be constructed by joint Chinese-Pakistani firms, rather than by the governments of either China or Pakistan. The Exim Bank of China will finance those investments at 5–6% interest rates, while the government of Pakistan will be contractually obliged to purchase electricity from those firms at pre-negotiated rates. As an example, the 1,223 MW Balloki Power Plant does not fall under the concessionary loan rate of 1.6%, as the project is not being developed by the Pakistani government. Instead, it is considered to be a private sector investment as its construction will be undertaken by a consortium of Harbin Electric and Habib Rafiq Limited after they successfully bid against international competitors. Chinese state-owned banks will provide loans to the consortium that are subsidised by the Chinese government. In the case of the Balloki Power Plant, state-owned banks will finance the project at an interest rate of 5%, while the Pakistani government will purchase electricity at the lowest bid rate of 7.973 cents per unit. ADB assistance While the E-35 expressway is considered to be a crucial part of the route between Gwadar and China, the E35 will not be financed by CPEC funds. The project will instead be financed by the Asian Development Bank. The N70 project is not officially a part of CPEC but will connect the CPEC's Western Alignment to the Karachi-Lahore Motorway at Multan. The project will be financed as part of a $195 million package by the Asian Development Bank announced in May 2015 to upgrade the N70 National Highway and N50 National Highway. In January 2016, The United Kingdom's Department for International Development announced a $72.4 million grant to Pakistan for roadway improvements in the province of Balochistan, thereby reducing the total Asian Development Bank loan from $195 million to $122.6 million. The M-4 Motorway between Faisalabad and Multan is not to be financed by the Chinese government as part of CPEC, but will instead be the first infrastructure project partially financed by the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, and will be co-financed along with the Asian Development Bank for a total of approximately $275 million. Portions of the project will also be funded by a $90.7 million grant announced in October 2015 by the government of the United Kingdom towards the construction of the Gojra-Shorkot section of the M4 Motorway project. Impact The importance of CPEC to China is reflected by its inclusion as part of China's 13th five-year development plan. CPEC projects will provide China with an alternate route for energy supplies, as well as a new route by which Western China can conduct trade. Pakistan stands to gain due to upgrade of infrastructure and introduction of a reliable energy supply. On 8 January 2017, Forbes claimed that CPEC is part of China's vision to write the rules of the next era of globalization and help its export and investment engines run for years to come. Writing in January 2017, Arun Mohan Sukumar of India's Observer Research Foundation claimed that "CPEC is an important enough project whose economic and strategic consequences require methodical assessment", adding that "CPEC may be a bilateral endeavour, but New Delhi cannot ignore its spillover effects on regional governance" and concluding that "India would be ill-advised to rely on the false comfort that profits alone will drive China's business with Pakistan". According to China's prime minister, Li Keqiang, Pakistan's development through the project might "wean the populace from fundamentalism". Pakistani economy The CPEC is a landmark project in the annals of history of Pakistan. It is the largest investment Pakistan has attracted since independence and largest by China in any foreign country. CPEC is considered economically vital to Pakistan in helping it drive economic growth. The Pakistani media and government have called CPEC investments a "game and fate changer" for the region, while both China and Pakistan intend that the massive investment plan will transform Pakistan into a regional economic hub and further boost the deepening ties between the two countries. Approximately 1 year after the announcement of CPEC, Zhang Baozhong, chairman of China Overseas Port Holding Company told The Washington Post that his company planned to spend an additional $4.5 billion on roads, power, hotels and other infrastructure for Gwadar's industrial zone, which would be one of the largest ever sums of foreign direct investment into Pakistan. Pakistan as late as early 2017 faced energy shortfalls of over 4,500 MW on a regular basis with routine power cuts of up to 12 hours per day, which has shed an estimated 2–2.5% off its annual GDP. The Financial Times noted that Pakistan's electricity shortages are a major hindrance to foreign investment, and that Chinese investments in Pakistani infrastructure and power projects will lead to a "virtuous cycle" that will make the country more attractive for foreign investment in a variety of sectors. Poor availability of electricity is considered by the World Bank to be a main constraint to both economic growth and investment in Pakistan. The impact of Chinese investments in Energy sector was soon visible as in December 2017, Pakistan succeeded in producing surplus electricity. Pakistani Federal Minister for Power Division, Awais Leghari announced a complete end to power cuts in 5,297 feeders out of total 8,600 and claimed that the country's current electricity production had gone up to 16,477 Megawatts which was 2700 megawatts more than the demand. Pakistan's large textile industry has also been negatively affected by several-hour long power cuts, with almost 20% of textile factories in the city of Faisalabad shutting down on account of power shortages. The CPEC's "Early Harvest" projects are expected to resolve shortages in power generation by 2018 by increasing Pakistan's power generation capacity by over 10,000 megawatts. As a result of improved infrastructure and energy supplies, the Pakistani government expects that economic growth rates will reach 7% by 2018. Former Pakistan Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz also stated in May 2016 that predicted economic growth from CPEC projects would result in stabilization of Pakistan's security situation, which has also been cited by the World Bank as hindrance to sustained economic growth in Pakistan. According to Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying, the corridor will "serve as a driver for connectivity between South Asia and East Asia." Mushahid Hussain, chairman of the Pakistan-China Institute, told China Daily that the economic corridor "will play a crucial role in regional integration of the 'Greater South Asia', which includes China, Iran, Afghanistan, and stretches all the way to Myanmar." When fully built, the corridor is expected to generate significant revenue from transit fees levied on Chinese goods – to the tune of several billion dollars per annum. According to The Guardian, "The Chinese are not just offering to build much-needed infrastructure but also make Pakistan a key partner in its grand economic and strategic ambitions." Moody's Investors Service has described the project as a "credit positive" for Pakistan. In 2015, the agency acknowledged that much of the project's key benefits would not materialise until 2017, but stated that it believes at least some of the benefits from the economic corridor would likely begin accruing even before then. The Asian Development Bank stated "CPEC will connect economic agents along a defined geography. It will provide connection between economic nodes or hubs, centered on urban landscapes, in which large amount of economic resources and actors are concentrated. They link the supply and demand sides of markets." On 14 November 2016, Hyatt Hotels Corporation announced plan's to open four properties in Pakistan, in partnership with Bahria Town Group, citing the investment of CPEC as the reason behind the $600 million investment. On 12 March 2017, a consortium of Pakistani broker houses reported that Pakistan will end up paying $90 billion to China over a span of 30 years with annual average repayments of $3–4 billion per year post fiscal year 2020. The report further said that CPEC-related transportation would earn $400–500 million per annum to Pakistan, and would grow Pakistani exports by 4.5% a year till fiscal year 2025. CPEC and the "Malacca Dilemma" The Straits of Malacca provide China with its shortest maritime access to Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Approximately 80% of its Middle Eastern energy imports also pass through the Straits of Malacca. As the world's biggest oil importer, energy security is a key concern for China while current sea routes used to import Middle Eastern oil are frequently patrolled by the United States' Navy. In the event that China were to face hostile actions from a state or non-state actor, energy imports through the Straits of Malacca could be halted, which in turn would paralyse the Chinese economy in a scenario that is frequently referred to as the "Malacca Dilemma". In addition to vulnerabilities faced in the Straits of Malacca region, China is heavily dependent upon sea-routes that pass through the South China Sea, near the disputed Spratly Islands and Paracel Islands, which are currently a source of tension between China, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, and the United States. The CPEC project will allow Chinese energy imports to circumvent these contentious areas and find a new artery in the west, and thereby decrease the possibility of confrontation between the United States and China. However, there is evidence to suggest that any pipelines from Gwadar up to China would be very expensive, would encounter numerous logistical difficulties including difficult terrain and potential terrorism, and would barely make any impact on China's overall energy security. In addition to potential weaknesses in regards to the United States' Navy, the Indian Navy has recently increased maritime surveillance of the Straits of Malacca region from its base on Great Nicobar Island. India has expressed fears of a Chinese "String of Pearls" encircling it. Were conflict to erupt, India could potentially impede Chinese imports through the straits. Indian maritime surveillance in the Andaman Sea could possibly enhance Chinese interest in Pakistan's Gwadar Port – the Kyaukpyu Port, which is currently being developed in Myanmar by the Chinese government as another alternate route around the Straits of Malacca, will likely be vulnerable to similar advances by the Indian Navy. The proposed Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Corridor (BCIM) would also be vulnerable to Indian advances against China in the event of conflict, thereby potentially limiting the BCIM Corridor's usefulness to China's energy security, and thereby increasing Chinese interest in CPEC. Access to western China The CPEC Alignments will improve connectivity to restive Xinjiang, thereby increasing the region's potential to attract public and private investment. CPEC is considered central to China–Pakistan relations; its central importance is reflected by China's inclusion of the project as part of its 13th five-year development plan. The CPEC projects will also complement China's Western Development plan, which includes not only Xinjiang, but also the neighbouring regions of Tibet and Qinghai. In addition to its significance to reduce Chinese dependence on the Sea of Malacca and South China Sea routes, CPEC will provide China an alternative and shorter route for energy imports from the Middle East, thereby reducing shipping costs and transit times. The currently available sea-route to China is roughly 12,000 kilometres long, while the distance from Gwadar Port to Xinjiang province is approximately 3,000 kilometres, with another 3,500 kilometres from Xinjiang to China's eastern coast. As a result of CPEC, Chinese imports and exports to the Middle East, Africa, and Europe would require much shorter shipment times and distances. Route to circumvent Afghanistan Negotiations to provide an alternate route to the Central Asian republics by way of China predate the announcement of CPEC. The Afghanistan–Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement of 2010 provided Pakistan access to Central Asia via Afghanistan; however, the full agreement has yet to be fully implemented. The "Quadrilateral Agreement on Traffic in Transit" (QATT) was first devised in 1995, and signed in 2004 by the governments of China, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan to facilitate transit trade between the various countries, with no inclusion of Afghanistan. Despite signing of the QATT, the agreement's full potential was never realised, largely on account of poor infrastructure links between the four countries prior to the announcement of CPEC. During the visit of Afghan President Ashraf Ghani to India in April 2015, he stated "We will not provide equal transit access to Central Asia for Pakistani trucks" unless the Pakistani government included India as part of the 2010 Afghanistan–Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement. The current Transit Trade Agreement provides Afghanistan access to the Port of Karachi to conduct export trade with India, and allows Afghan goods to be transited up to any border of Pakistan, but does not guarantee Afghan trucks the right to traverse the Wagah Border, nor does the agreement permit Indian goods to be exported to Afghanistan via Pakistan. Owing to continued tensions between India and Pakistan, the Pakistani government expressed reluctance to include India in any trade negotiations with Afghanistan, and as a result, little progress was made between the Afghan and Pakistani sides. In February 2016, the Pakistani government signalled its intention to completely bypass Afghanistan in its quest to access Central Asia by announcing its intent to revive the QATT so that Central Asian states could access Pakistani ports via Kashgar instead of Afghanistan, thereby allowing the Central Asian republics to access Pakistan's deep water ports without having to rely on a politically unstable Afghanistan as a transit corridor. In early March 2016, the Afghan government reportedly acquiesced to Pakistani requests to use Afghanistan as a corridor to Tajikistan, after having dropped demands from reciprocal access to India via Pakistan. Alternate route to Central Asia The heads of various Central Asian republics have expressed their desire to connect their infrastructure networks to the CPEC project via China. During the August 2015 visit of Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to Kazakhstan, the Kazakh Prime Minister Karim Massimov, conveyed Kazakhstan's desire to link its road network to the CPEC project. During the November 2015 visit of Tajikistan President Emomali Rahmon to Pakistan, the Tajik premier also expressed his government's desire to join the Quadrilateral Agreement on Traffic in Transit to use CPEC as a conduit for imports and exports to Tajikistan by circumventing Afghanistan; the request received political backing by the Pakistani Prime Minister. The Chinese government has already upgraded the road linking Kashgar to Osh in Kyrgyzstan via the Kyrgyz town of Erkeshtam while a railway between Urumqi, China and Almaty, Kazakhstan has also been completed as part of China's One Belt One Road initiative. Numerous land crossings already exist between Kazakhstan and China as well. Additionally, the Chinese government has announced plans to lay railway track from Tashkent, Uzbekistan, towards Kyrgyzstan with onwards connections to China and Pakistan. Further, the Pamir Highway already provides Tajikistan access to Kashgar via the Kulma Pass. These crossings complement the CPEC project to provide Central Asian states access to Pakistan's deepwater ports by completely bypassing Afghanistan – a country which has been ravaged by civil war and political instability since the late 1970s. Comparison to Chabahar Port In May 2016, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his counterpart, Iranian President Hassan Rouhani, signed a series of twelve agreements in Tehran, in which India offered to refurbish one of Chabahar's ten existing berths, and reconstruct another berth the Port of Chabahar, in order to allow Indian goods to be exported to Iran, with the possibility of onward connections to Afghanistan and Central Asia. As of February 2017, the project remains delayed while the governments of Iran and India blame one another for delays. A section of the Indian media described it as "a counter to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor", although the total monetary value of projects has been noted to be significantly less than that of CPEC. As part of the twelve memorandums of understanding signed by Indian and Iranian delegations as per text released by India's Ministry of External Affairs, India will offer a $150 million line of credit extended by the Exim Bank of India, while India Ports Global also signed a contract with Iran's Aria Banader to develop berths at the port, at a cost of $85 million over the course of 18 months. Under the agreement, India Ports Global will refurbish a 640 meter long container handling facility, and reconstruct a 600 meter long berth at the port. India further agreed to extend a $400 million line of credit to be used for the import of steel for the construction of a rail link between Chabahar and Zahedan, while India's IRCON and Iran's Construction, Development of Transport and Infrastructure Company signed a memorandum of understanding regarding the construction and finance of the Chabahar to Zahedan rail line at a cost of $1.6 billion. India's Highways and Shipping Minister, Nitin Gadkari suggested that the free trade zone in Chabahar had the potential to attract upwards of $15 billion worth of investment in the future, although he stated that such investments are predicated upon Iran offering India natural gas at a rate of $1.50 per million British Thermal Units, which is substantially lower than the rate of $2.95 per million British Thermal Units offered by Iran. The two countries also signed a memorandum of understanding to explore the possibility of setting up an aluminum smelter at a cost of $2 billion, as well as establishing a urea processing facility in Chahbahar, although these investments are also contingent upon Iran supplying low-cost natural gas for operation of those facilities. India, Iran, and Afghanistan also signed an agreement with the intention of simplifying transit procedures between the three countries. Despite the expressed desire to circumvent Pakistan in order to augment Iranian and Indian economic ties, Indian goods destined for Iran currently do not require transit through Pakistan, as those goods can be exported to Iran via Bandar Abbas, where India also currently maintains a diplomatic mission. Bandar Abbas is also consider a key node on the North–South Transport Corridor, backed by India and Russia since 2002. Indian goods also can be imported and transited across Iran upon arrival at Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni near the Iraqi border. As per the Afghanistan–Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement, Afghan goods can be transited across Pakistan for export to India as well, though Indian goods cannot be exported to Afghanistan via Pakistan. Upon completion of Chabahar, Indian exporters will benefit from the potential ability to export goods to Afghanistan, a country with an annual gross domestic product estimated at $60.6 billion. After signing the agreement, Iran's ambassador to Pakistan, Mehdi Honerdoost, stated that the agreement was "not finished", and that Iran would welcome the inclusion of both Pakistan and China in the project. While clarifying that Chabahar Port would not be a rival or enemy to Pakistan's Gwadar Port, he further stated that Pakistan and China had both been invited to contribute to the project before India, but neither China nor Pakistan had expressed interest in joining. However, eventually, Iranian ambassador made it clear that Iran doesn't consider Chahbahar to be a project which could feasibly rival CPEC as he said "Iran is eager to join CPEC with its full capabilities, possibilities and abilities". Security Issues While agreements have specifically cited improvements for Afghan connectivity to the world as a benefit of Indian investment in the region, Afghanistan's politically instability could limit the potential usefulness of transit corridors to population centers near Kabul or Kandahar, as those routes traverse southern and eastern Afghanistan, where the Taliban is most active. The Chabahar plan relies upon connections to the Afghan Ring Road. By August 2016, the Taliban was noted to have captured large swathes of land in Helmand Province, and threatened to capture the provincial capital of Lashkar Gah, which lies on the portion of the Afghan Ring Road connecting Chabahar to Kandahar and Kabul. As a result, portions of the Afghan Ring Road were closed due to Taliban insurgent activity. Also in August 2016, the Taliban claimed responsibility for an attack which left twelve foreign tourists dead as they were traveling on an alternative route to the Afghan Ring Road, between Kabul and Herat. In September 2016, Iran's president Hassan Rouhani expressed his country's interest in joining CPEC during a meeting with Nawaz Sharif. Security Security Forces Pakistan Navy and Chinese Navy ships are to jointly guard the safety and security of the trade corridor, as Pakistan seeks to expand the role of its maritime forces. From December 2016, Pakistan's Navy established a special taskforce "TF-88" to ensure there is maritime security for trade. Chairman Parliamentary Committee on CPEC confirmed that Sindh province will dispatch 2000 police officers, while Punjab will dispatch 5000 police officers for the project, while the Pakistani Army will deploy 12,000 troops to safeguard the route. China plans to transfer 4 ships to the Maritime Security Agency with two ships called PMSS Hingol and PMSS Basol. For territorial security, Pakistan has formed the Special Security Division. Pakistan plans to train 12,000 security personnel to protect Chinese workers on the corridor. As of August 2015, 8,000 Pakistani security officials were deployed for the protection of over 8,100 Chinese workers in Pakistan. As part of CPEC, Pakistan has boosted its international engagement in terms of foreign policy with China, Iran, USA, Turkey and Malaysia are to be engaged for the maritime economy related to CPEC. Iranian President Rouhani revealed his intentions to Pakistan to join CPEC in a meeting at the UN Russia has also expressed support for CPEC. Baloch militants Althouh Baluchistan province was site of nationalist and separatist insurgencies before CPEC but Investment in Balochistan changed it totally, significant drop in separatist groups and also positive involvement of Bolchis in the workforce at Gwadar. Pakistan alleges India is still supporting anti CPEC agenda , as provided evidence to the United Nations on alleged Indian spy Kulbhushan Jadhav caught on soil of Baluchistan province on 3 March 2016. Exiled Baloch nationalist Hyrbyair Marri in 2016 warned the safety of Chinese nationals working on the project could not be guaranteed, though violence in the region peaked in 2013 before sharply declining. The Pakistani government reported that over 800 Baloch militants surrendered to security forces in 2016 after the launch of a reconciliation programme, including over 200 at a single ceremony in November 2016. Balakh Sher Badini, a senior militant commander of the Balochistan Liberation Army, surrendered to Pakistani forces in January 2017. Another 21 militants from another militant group, the Balochistan Republican Army, surrendered shortly thereafter along with 3 militant commanders. A few days later, high-ranking militant commander Lal Din Bugti surrendered to Pakistani security forces, along with 6 other commanders. Separatist violence had decreased in the province so much by 2017, that such groups had become much less of a threat compared to Islamist militants. Pakistan faced Taliban insurgent violence that largely began in 2008 during the rule of General Pervez Musharraf. The outlawed terrorist organisation Tehrik-i-Taliban has claimed responsibility for past attacks on some Chinese nationals, and Chinese commentators have raised concerns that the safety of construction workers could be under threat. China reportedly also expressed concern that militant groups in Xinjiang could collaborate with Tehrik-i-Taliban militants in Pakistan. In 2014, Pakistan launched Operation Zarb-e-Azb to eradicate Tehrik-i-Taliban militants from Pakistani territory, following an attack on Karachi's airport, and the 2014 Peshawar school massacre in which terrorists from Tehrik-i-Taliban killed 148 school children. Following the launch of Operation Zarb-e-Azb, violence in Pakistan has drastically declined. 2016 saw the lowest number of deaths from acts of violence since the current wave of violence began in 2007, with total fatalities dropping nearly 66% compared to 2014. Acts of terrorist violence fell 75% between 2014 and 2016. According to the South Asia Terrorism Portal, civilian fatalities from terrorist attacks in 2013 stood at 3,001, while the number had declined to 612 by 2016 – the lowest number since 2005. Though terrorism-related deaths declined in Pakistan as a whole in 2016, the toll rose slightly in Baluchistan, where Tehrik-i-Taliban militants maintain a degree of subversive capability. In August 2016, Quetta was struck by a terrorist suicide bombing which killed 70 people, while sectarian militants still frequently target Baluchistan's Shia Hazaras. Alleged Indian subversion CPEC passes though the disputed region of Kashmir where Indian and Pakistani border guards have occasionally exchanged fire across the Line of Control, though no CPEC project is located near the line. Chinese intelligence agencies have also reportedly shared information with Pakistani authorities regarding alleged efforts by the India's Research and Analysis Wing to subvert CPEC. In March 2016, Pakistan reported that it had arrested Kulbhushan Yadav, whom Pakistan claims to be a spy from India's Research and Analysis Wing, and who entered Pakistan from Iran specifically to destabilize regions in Pakistan's Baluchistan province along with terrorist organization Tehrik-i-Taliban and Baloch liberation army (B.L.A) in order to hinder implementation of CPEC projects. India though has refuted the claim saying that Yadav had been "kidnapped last year from Iran and his subsequent presence in Pakistan has never been explained credibly". Former Chief of Army Staff General Raheel Sharif in April 2016 accused India's Research and Analysis Wing of destabilizing Pakistan in an attempt to disrupt and stymie implementation of various CPEC projects. Pakistan's Secretary of Defense Lieutenant General Alam Khattak stated in April 2016 that the arrest of Kulbhushan Yadav indicated Indian interference in CPEC, and further alleged that India's Research and Analysis Wing, in collusion with Afghanistan's National Directorate of Security, had set up a dedicated espionage unit with express intent to sabotage CPEC. Criticism and miscellaneous issues CPEC is viewed by many critics in western media as a neo-imperialist exercise. KP Provincial Assembly Some planning aspects and technicalities associated with the route have been criticised in political forums and by the media. The Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province adopted a resolution against the alleged decision of the central government to change the multibillion route of the proposed project by diverting it away from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The supposed change in CPEC routing was noted in an article published by China's Global Times newspaper, two years before the official announcement of CPEC when levels of violence were much higher in that province, which he acknowledged could factor into any decision to re-route the corridor from KP. The federal Minister of Planning Development and Reform Ahsan Iqbal formally denied any change in the alignment. As a rebuttal to this argument, Wu Zhaoli, an assistant research fellow at the National Institute of International Strategy, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, in his article also published in Global Times, stated that "security concerns are a critical cause which helps to determine the path of this corridor", implying that security concerns, rather than political bias, would be responsible for any route changes. According to Dr Ahmad Rashid Malik, senior research fellow at the Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad (ISSI), the route controversy is "baseless and an unfounded reality...". As a result of objections to CPEC, the Chinese government in 2015 issued a statement urging Pakistani political parties to resolve their differences over the project. Finances In addition to the aforementioned issues, some sources have suggested that the interest rate for CPEC related loans would be high, with India's Daily News and Analysis paper suggesting that Pakistan had unwittingly accepted loans that would "be offered at very high rates of interest", although the actual interest rates were negotiated prior to acceptance, and for most projects will be 1.6%. Several articles in Pakistan have criticised the project's finances as being shrouded in mystery, while one article suggested that "there is far too much secrecy and far too little transparency". The Private Power and Infrastructure Board has also been accused of irregularities in the approval process for coal power plants and the tariffs at which Pakistan is contractually obliged to purchase electricity from those plants, with special concern regarding potential irregularities in the tariff approved for the 300 MW coal power plant to be built in Pind Dadan Khan by China Machinery Engineering Corporation. Trade imbalance Chinese exports through the Karakoram Highway have entered the domestic Pakistani market, and are cheaper due to the relatively higher cost of production in Pakistan. It has also been speculated that the CPEC will replace Pakistani exports by Chinese ones in external markets. Baloch Nationalists Some Baloch nationalists have opposed the large-scale development projects envisioned by CPEC, fearing that such developments in the province would eventually result in local residents "losing control" over natural resources. Others have alleged that CPEC is a "conspiracy" meant to stimulate the settlement of migrants from other regions of Pakistan in order to render ethnic Baloch a minority in the province. In accordance to the Pakistani Government's announcement of its intent to issue resident cards to the city's inhabitants as a security measure to prevent the movement of firearms into the city, former Chief Minister of Balochistan province, Akhtar Mengal, suggested at a political rally in November 2015, that execution of CPEC projects and the resident card policy would eventually result in ethnic Baloch being denied entry into the city. The resident cards measure would require any non-resident visitor to the city to register at designated security checkpoints prior to entering the city by road, without any reference to ethnicity. The former Chief Minister did, however, clarify that he would not oppose development projects in the province that he believed would uplift the plight of local residents. Shortly thereafter, the Pakistani government announced its intention to establish a training institute named Pak-China Technical and Vocational Institute at Gwadar which is to be completed at the cost of 943 million rupees to impart skills to local residents to train them to operate machinery at the port. Athar Hussain, the director of the Asia Research Centre at London School of Economics, has expressed concerns that the CPEC is "likely to bring more development to regions that are already developed, instead of poor areas such as Balochistan." Burzine Waghmar, a member of the Centre for the Study of Pakistan, SOAS, University of London, suggested that CPEC projects are not targeted towards benefiting the indigenous Baloch population, and will accelerate human rights violations in the province. Gwadar residents' concerns While nationalists openly oppose CPEC, some local leaders and residents of Gwadar city have also expressed concern in regards to the project – the head of Gwadar's local fisherman association stated in an interview with NBC News that "Development is good, China is our great friend, this CPEC thing sounds amazing, but don't forget that this is our land, first." Other residents doubt they will see any of the benefits promised by CPEC, while others fear they will be evicted from their homes in order to make way for infrastructure works. In response to concerns of local residents, Lt. General Amer Riaz who currently heads security operations in the province, stated that locals would not be deprived of benefits, and that local Gwadar residents would have "the first right to everything." Pakistan's Minister of Planning, National Reforms, and Development, Ahsan Iqbal, further stated in May 2016 that Gwadar residents would be regarded as "main stakeholders" in the city's master plan, and that fishermen specifically would also be accommodated by the plan. The developer of Gwadar Port, COPHC, has also announced that it will assist Gwadar's fishermen to help boost the region's seafood industry by developing programmes to improve the quality of local seafoods. Indian objections Sovereignty claims The Government of India, which shares tense relations with Pakistan, objects to the CPEC project as upgrade works to the Karakoram Highway are taking place in Gilgit Baltistan; territory that India claims as its own. During the visit of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to China in 2015, the Indian Foreign Minister, Sushma Swaraj reportedly told Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping that projects passing through Gilgit-Baltistan are "unacceptable" as they require construction in the claimed territory. India's Foreign Secretary Subrahmanyam Jaishankar also confirmed that the issue had been raised with the Chinese government on the trip. Swaraj reiterated this stance during a meeting in August 2016 with Chinese foreign minister Wang Yi, stating India would "resolutely oppose" the corridor in Kashmir. India did not object to Chinese construction of the Karakoram Highway, which was built between 1959 and 1979. India further did not initially object to major Chinese-sponsored upgrade works to the Karakoram Highway after a 2010 earthquake, though it did object the presence of Chinese troops in the region that were sent to guard Chinese workers. India further did not object to construction of the Mangla Dam, undertaken with World Bank funding and British technical assistance in southern Kashmir − a region which India claims as its own territory. India even maintained that the Wullar Barrage project in Indian-administered Kashmir, which Pakistan regards as a violation of the Indus Water Treaty, would ultimately be beneficial for the Mangla Dam. India further did not object to construction works at the Kashmir's Neelum–Jhelum Hydropower Plant, under construction with Chinese assistance since 2008. India in 1991 agreed to allow the Neelum-Jhelum project to move forward, despite the project's location in territory which India legally considers as its own. Following the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, large-scale reconstruction work of infrastructure took place across northern Kashmir with the assistance of South Korean, Turkish, and Saudi firms. Chinese companies took part in 14 post-earthquake reconstruction projects in the disputed region, worth $6 billion. India did not object to these works, despite the fact that infrastructure near the militarily sensitive Line of Control were upgraded. Indian objection to Chinese construction works in the Gilgit-Baltistan arose in 2011 in response to a Chinese complaint regarding a joint Indian-Vietnamese oil exploration project in the disputed South China Sea. The influential Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, a think tank funded by the Indian Ministry of Defence, in 2011 called for India to begin raising objection to Chinese projects in the region at the "international level." Encirclement fears Former Indian ambassador, Phunchok Stobdan, alleged that China and Pakistan intended to develop the corridor not just for its economic benefits, but also is motivated by the "strategic intent of besieging India", though he also stated that India can do little to scuttle CPEC, and that avoiding China's One Road One Belt project altogether would be to the detriment of India. The Indian Ministry of External Affairs in May 2015 also summoned the Chinese envoy in New Delhi to lodge India's opposition to the project. The Chinese Premier dismissed the concerns, describing CPEC as a "commercial project" that would not target any third party. In May 2016, India's Minister of State and External Affairs, Vijay Kumar Singh raised concerns regarding CPEC. Despite Indian objections, China and Pakistan initiated works on the $44 million Pakistan-China Fiber Optic Project on 19 May 2016 which will require passage through Gilgit-Baltistan; the same region for which India expressed concerns to China. Former Indian National Security Advisor M. K. Narayanan also in May 2016 stated "CPEC must be viewed as a major threat. Both countries [China and Pakistan] have a common intention to undermine India`s position in the region." Despite objections, segments of the Indian public, as exemplified by former Indian Ambassador Melkulangara Bhadrakumar, regard the project as in India's interest vis-à-vis Central Asia, and warn that India might "lose heavily" were India to remain opposed and isolated from the project. On 28 August, the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations suggested that China will have "to get involved" if India disrupts CPEC. Indian National Congress leader Manish Tewari said that if ultimately the CPEC is going to threaten India, then it should be opposed. List of major projects See also China–Pakistan relations Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor String of Pearls (Indian Ocean) Gwadar Port Maritime Silk Road One Belt, One Road initiative Notes References External links Official CPEC website (Government of Pakistan) CPEC Info (A semi-official platform on CPEC run by the Pakistan-China Institute and state-run China Radio International) CPEC Wire Rafiq, Arif, "The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: Barriers and Impact," United States Institute of Peace, October 2017. "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: Opportunities and Risks", International Crisis Group, June 29, 2018. Category:Chinese economic policy Category:Economic development in Pakistan Category:Infrastructure investment Category:Investment in Pakistan Category:Pervez Musharraf Category:Proposed infrastructure in China Category:Proposed infrastructure in Pakistan Category:Trade routes	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of Bosniak musicians This is a list of Bosniak composers, musical groups, musicians and singers: Composers Alexander von Zemlinsky (1871–1942), Austrian composer and conductor who had a Bosniak maternal grandmother Damir Handanović (born 1987) Dino Zonić, composer and conductor Ismet Alajbegović Šerbo (1925–1987), composer, songwriter and accordionist Genre Opera Aida Čorbadžić (born 1976) Bahrija Nuri Hadžić (1904–1993) Pop Anabela Atijas (born 1975), father was a Bosniak Adnan Babajić (born 1988) Alma Čardžić (born 1968) Amila Glamočak (born 1966) Dado Polumenta (born 1982) Dalal Midhat-Talakić (born 1981) Danijel Alibabić, Montenegrin singer with a Bosniak father Deen (born 1982) Denial Ahmetović (born 1995) Dino Merlin (born 1962) Donna Ares (1977–2017) Dženy (born 1987) Eldin Huseinbegović (born 1978) Elvir Mekić (born 1981) Emina Jahović (born 1982) Fazla (born 1967) Kemal Monteno (1948–2015) Lepa Brena (born 1960) Maya Berović (born 1987) Maya Sar (born 1981) Marija Šerifović (born 1984), has Bosniak ancestry through her father Mirza Šoljanin (born 1985) Nino Pršeš Peter Nalitch (born 1981), Russian singer whose grandfather was a Bosniak Rialda (born 1992) Sabahudin Kurt (1935–2018) Seka Aleksić (born 1981), mother was a Bosniak Selma Bajrami (born 1980), mother was a Bosniak Selma Muhedinović (born 1972) Zuzi Zu (born 1978) Rock Alen Islamović (born 1957) Branko Đurić (born 1962), mother was a Bosniak Cem Adrian (born 1980), Turkish singer of Bosniak ancestry Elvir Laković Laka (born 1969) Hari Varešanović (born 1961) Sead Lipovača (born 1955) Seid Memić (born 1950) Rap Buba Corelli (born 1989) Edo Maajka (born 1978) Frenkie (born 1982) Jala Brat (born 1986) Sevdalinka Beba Selimović (born 1939) Damir Imamović (born 1978) Dina Bajraktarević (born 1953) Emina Zečaj (born 1931) Hanka Paldum (born 1956) Himzo Polovina (1927–1986), father was a Bosniak Meho Puzić (1937–2007) Mirsada Bajraktarević (1951–1976) Rešad Bešlagić (1912–1945) Safet Isović (1936–2007) Silvana Armenulić (1938–1976) Umihana Čuvidina (1794–1870) Zaim Imamović (1920–1994) Zehra Deović (1938–2015) Zekerijah Đezić (1937–2002) Folk Al' Dino (born 1970), singer-songwriter and composer Asim Brkan (born 1954) Elma Sinanović (born 1974) Elvidin Krilić (born 1962) Elvira Rahić (born 1975) Enes Begović (born 1965) Esad Plavi (born 1965) Halid Bešlić (born 1953) Halid Muslimović (born 1960) Haris Džinović (born 1951) Jasmin Muharemović (born 1965) Kemal Malovčić (born 1946) Osman Hadžić (born 1966) Nihad Alibegović (born 1962) Nino Rešić (1964–2007) Sanela Sijerčić Šaban Šaulić (1951–2019) Šako Polumenta (born 1960) Šemsa Suljaković (born 1951) Šerif Konjević (born 1957) Guitarist Denis Azabagić (born 1972), classical guitarist Guslar Avdo Međedović (1875–1953) Lutenist Edin Karamazov (born 1965) Songwriters Asim Bajramović (born 1956) Edo Mulahalilović (1964–2010) Fahrudin Pecikoza (born 1962) Faruk Buljubašić Trumpeter Izudin Čavrković (1941–2007) See also List of Bosniaks List of Bosniak writers References External links Music Music Bosniak music	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Swimming at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre butterfly The final of the men's 200 metre butterfly event at the 1984 Summer Olympics was held in the McDonald's Olympic Swim Stadium in Los Angeles, California, on August 3, 1984. The first eight qualified for the final, the next eight for the B-final. Records Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows. The following records were established during the competition: Results Heats Rule: The eight fastest swimmers advance to final A (Q), while the next eight to final B (q). Finals Final B Final A References External links Official Report USA Swimming B	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lerøyna Lerøyna or Lerøy is an island in Øygarden Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The island lies at the south end of the Raunefjorden, between the mainland Bergen Peninsula and the large island of Sotra. The smaller island of Bjelkarøyna lies just northeast of Lerøyna. The island has about 30 permanent residents and many vacation cabins. There is no road connection off the island, but there is a regular ferry route from Klokkarvik on Sotra, to Lerøyna, to Bjelkarøyna, and then to Hjellestad in Bergen on the mainland. Øygarden and Bergen municipalities have been making plans to build a road bridge connecting Lerøyna and Bjelkarøyna with a possible connection to the mainland. See also List of islands of Norway References Category:Islands of Vestland Category:Øygarden	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Howard Kaloogian Howard James Kaloogian (born December 30, 1959) is an American politician and a former member of the California State Assembly. A Republican, he failed in 2004 to be elected to the United States Senate and in 2006 to be elected to the House. Biography Kaloogian grew up in Michigan, of Armenian-born parents. Kaloogian earned a Bachelor's from Michigan State University and a law degree from Pepperdine University. During 1988–1996, he was an estate attorney. He got his start in politics at the suggestion of Bill Morrow, after Morrow read a strongly worded letter Kaloogian wrote to the editor of the San Diego Union-Tribune purporting to correct a reader's misleading interpretation of the preamble to the Constitution of the United States. From 1994–2000, Kaloogian was a member of the California Assembly, representing California District 74, which covers portions of northern San Diego County. He won his seat in the 1994 legislative elections, with 61% of the votes counted. He endorsed Senator Phil Gramm's presidential bid in 1995. Kaloogian was twice re-elected to the Assembly. He recorded an unchanged majority, 61%, in the 1996 legislative election and was re-elected again in the 1998 election, where his share of the vote fell to 57%. In 2003, Kaloogian became the chairman of the Recall Gray Davis Committee, dedicated to the ousting of governor Gray Davis. Kaloogian is a founder and co-chairman of Move America Forward, a political action group. Kaloogian considers President Ronald Reagan to be one of his political heroes. Kaloogian serves on the Ronald Reagan Legacy Project and was the Chairman of the Defend Reagan Project, which campaigned in 2003 for CBS to drop a docudrama about Reagan, The Reagans. The campaign was successful, as CBS did not show the mini-series, but handed it off to Showtime. In 2004 Kaloogian ran for the U.S. Senate from California but lost the Republican primary with 11% of the vote, placing him 3rd out of 11 candidates. He also ran unsuccessfully in the special election to fill the opening created by the resignation of disgraced Congressman Duke Cunningham in California's 50th Congressional District. In 2008 Kaloogian chaired an Anti-Barack Obama political action committee called "Our country deserves better". He appeared in a video ad for that group. Howard Kaloogian is married to Martha Lynn, and has a step-son. 2006 campaign for Congress Kaloogian ran in the special election to fill the opening in California's 50th District to the House of Representatives caused by the resignation of disgraced former Congressman Duke Cunningham. In the special elections where the top vote-getter from each party moves to the next round, Kaloogian finished a distant third among the Republican candidates. The next round took place at the same time as the primary for the term that commenced January 3, 2007. On April 17, Kaloogian announced his withdrawal from the primary for the next congressional term. State Senator Bill Morrow, who was running against Kaloogian, challenged an implied endorsement by him of Kaloogian on Kaloogian's website. Altered photo controversy During the 2006 campaign, an image showing "a busy urban street scene" in Baghdad was posted on Kaloogian's web site. The image was removed after bloggers at the Daily Kos noted that the image was actually of Istanbul. Kaloogian later said using the photo was "a stupid mistake". Notes and references Category:1959 births Category:Living people Category:Members of the California State Assembly Category:Lawyers from San Diego Category:American people of Armenian descent Category:Michigan State University alumni Category:Pepperdine University alumni Category:Politicians from San Diego Category:California Republicans Category:Activists from California Category:Ethnic Armenian politicians Category:American conservative people	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hori Naohiro Hori Naohiro may refer to: Hori Naohiro (Muramatsu) (1861–1919), daimyō of Muromatsu Domain Hori Naohiro (Suzaka) (1719-1777), daimyō of Suzaka Domain See also Hori clan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pond Lane Flood Gates Pond Lane Flood Gates is a redundant flood defence structure, located near Lea Bridge Road on the River Lee Navigation in the London Borough of Hackney, England. History The flood gates were the third water control structure to be built in the vicinity. When the Hackney Cut was first opened in 1769, the River Lea flowed over a weir, now known as the Middlesex Filter Beds Weir, to follow its original course, and the new cut was protected by Lea Bridge half lock, a single set of gates just below the start of the cut. These could be closed to prevent high levels on the river affecting the cut. Lea Bridge Lock was demolished in 1853, and was replaced by Pond Lane Lock at Cow Bridge in 1865, but it was only operational for seven years, as the navigation was rebuilt for larger barges, and was made level between Old Ford and Tottenham. Although the lock was no longer needed, it was retained so that it could be used to protect the cut from flooding as Lea Bridge half lock had once done. There were plans to fit it with gates pointing in both directions, to prevent draining of the cut below the gates if too much water was drawn from the river by the waterworks at Lea Bridge, but this was not carried out. The structure lasted until 1931, when it was demolished, to be replaced by the Pond Lane Flood Gates, a little further upstream. These consisted of vertical guillotine gates, which could be used to isolate the cut in times of flood, and were designed to help prevent flooding of Hackney Marsh. The construction of the Thames Barrier caused the flood gates to become redundant and they were finally removed in 1987. The footbridge over the lock still remains. Location The remains of the flood gates are located south of the Lea Bridge Road at Lea Bridge and adjacent to the former Middlesex Filter Beds which are now a nature reserve. The filter beds were built in 1852, to provide cleaner water to London, as a response to an outbreak of cholera three years before. They became redundant when the Coppermills Water Treatment Works was built at Walthamstow in 1969, and by the time Thames Water took over responsibility for them in 1974, they were already providing habitat for a range of plants and wildlife. They subsequently became part of the Lee Valley Regional Park in 1988, and the filter beds now provide areas of wet woodland, reed beds and open water. Over 60 varieties of birds have been seen at the reserve, which is close to the Waterworks Nature Reserve, a similar site occupying some of the Essex filter beds, which were built later than the Middlesex filter beds. Public access Walking and cycling access to the gates is possible by following the Lea Valley Walk, which runs along the towpath of the Hackney Cut. The nearest railway station is Clapton railway station, which is about to the west of the gates. Bibliography References Category:Locks of London Category:Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Hackney Category:Locks of the Lee Navigation Category:Flood control in the United Kingdom	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Arnoldo Herrera Arnoldo Herrera (born 7 March 1996) is a Costa Rican swimmer. He competed in the men's 100 metre breaststroke event at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships. References Category:1996 births Category:Living people Category:Costa Rican male swimmers Category:Place of birth missing (living people) Category:Swimmers at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Guelph Airport Guelph Airport is located northeast of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. It consists of two runways, 14/32 and 05/23. Although known to residents as the "Guelph Airport" or "Guelph Airpark", it is actually an aerodrome, being registered, and not certified, by Transport Canada. The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) on a call-out basis from the Region of Waterloo International Airport on weekdays and the John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport on weekends. At this airport the CBSA handles general aviation aircraft only, with no more than 15 passengers. Founded in 1954 by aviation enthusiast Len Ariss, the aerodrome remained in the Ariss family until August 2011 when it was sold to Mr. Inglis Berry. Guelph Airpark in 2016 The airfield has one major tenant, the Tiger Boys Aircraft Works, and numerous private owners. Fern Villeneuve kept his aircraft there. Guelph Airpark is a transfer point for the Government of Ontario's air ambulance service - Ornge. ORNGE helicopters land on the ramp near the terminal building and transfer patients to and from land ambulances. Antique aircraft often use the grass between runway 05/23 and the east-west taxiway for landings and takeoffs. Occasionally gliders on cross-country flights land at Guelph if they run out of lift. Runway 14/32 has lighting. There is a weather station about west of the airfield on the grounds of the University of Guelph's Turf Grass Institute. In 2016 Environment and Climate Change Canada reports some observations from this station. In the spring of 2016 eight new hangars are under construction. References External links Page about this airport on COPA's Places to Fly airport directory Tiger Boys Aircraft Works - Restored antique aircraft Category:Tourist attractions in Guelph Category:Registered aerodromes in Ontario	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
King's Field (video game) King's Field is a first-person role-playing video game (RPG) developed and published by FromSoftware for the PlayStation in December 1994. The debut title of the King's Field series, the game has players navigating a vast underground labyrinth to discover the source of an invasion of monsters. Attacking and using spells are tied to a stamina meter, which is depleted with each action and must refill before the player can act again. The game—a PlayStation launch title and FromSoftware's first video game production—was initially planned as a title for personal computers before shifting to the more powerful PlayStation. It was developed in around six months by a small internal team. Upon release, the game was a commercial success, though receiving mixed reviews from critics. King's Field is one of the earliest known 3D console role-playing games, predating later more famous titles such as Final Fantasy VII. The game not only spawned multiple sequels, but would go on to inspire future FromSoftware titles including Shadow Tower, and the Souls series. Gameplay King's Field is a role-playing video game (RPG) played from a first-person perspective. Players navigate the dungeon's five environments, which are rendered using real-time 3D graphics. During exploration, the player finds keys and items which can open doors and activate portals to allow travel to different levels of the dungeon. Maps can also be discovered to help with navigation. Enemies are encountered in the dungeon environment, with battles taking place in real-time. Players can use a melee attack with their equipped weapon and a magic attack. Both melee and magic attacks drain dedicated stamina meters, with no further action possible until the meter has filled again. Different weapons and other items such as shields and armor can be either bought from non-playable characters (NPC)s or found in chests during dungeon exploration. Plot The game takes place in the Medieval land of Verdite, which was once terrorised by evil powers. In ancient times the evil was defeated by a hero later dubbed the Dragon. After his victory, the Dragon disappeared and became known as a legend, with a cathedral built in his honor in the forests where his deeds took place. During the game's events, the land has fallen prey to evil forces once again, with the locals' only hope being a prophecy that the Dragon will return. The protagonist of King's Field, royal heir John Alfred Forester, comes to the infested monastery in search of his father, who led a squad of soldiers into the catacombs beneath the monastery graveyard. Fighting his way through the catacombs, Forester meets the elf Miria, who warns that Verdite's king Reinhardt III has gained a dark power. Descending deeper into the catacombs, Forester learns that Reinhardt poisoned his brother, who has been resurrected by the dark power, and that his father was killed defeating Reinhardt III's black knight guardian. Retrieving his father's hereditary Dragon Sword and killing the dark wizard creating the monsters, he again meets Miria and her master the dragon god Guyra, who grant him the power to kill Reinhardt III and seal the "door of darkness", a portal opened by the cursed line of Reinhardt so they could rule the world. Forester confronts and kills a demonically-transformed Reinhardt III. Hailed as a hero, Forester is made the new king. Development King's Field was the first video game title developed by FromSoftware; the company was founded in the 1980s to work on productivity software, deciding to branch out into video game development during the 1990s Japanese after seeing the port of Wizardry for the Apple II. FromSoftware initially attempted an action game for personal computers (PC)—featuring 3D CGI graphics and robots navigating an underground labyrinth—but stopped development as no PC at the time could handle the project. Following the public announcement by Sony of the PlayStation home console, FromSoftware successfully pitched the project after redesigning it to focus on first-person exploration. The game was later called the brainchild of company CEO Naotoshi Jin, who was later considered a key creative figure in the series. The game's development lasted less than six months, with a team of around ten people working on the game. The 3D dungeon environments were built using a development tool later dubbed "Sword of Moonlight" when FromSoftware released a PC version in 2000. King's Field was published by FromSoftware on December 16, 1994; this was thirteen days after the PlayStation console's Japanese release. It was later re-released as part of the PS One Books budget line on November 15, 2001. The game has never been released outside Japan, though a fan translation was released in 2006 that translated the game into English. Reception Due to its difficulty and unconventional structure, the initial reaction from both players and the press was polarizing. This early reaction negatively affected sales, but through word of mouth and magazine advertisements sales of the game picked up, resulting in the game being a commercial success. On release, Famicom Tsūshin positively compared the game to PC titles of the time, and enjoyed its real-time combat and sense of fear it generated. One reviewer was fairly negative about the quality of its 3D graphics. In an import review, Next Generation praised the game's RPG elements, but found its combat to be slow and unrewarding. The reviewer commented that the game would "leave the gamer frustrated on one level or the other." Legacy The eventual success of the first King's Field prompted the development of sequels, establishing the King's Field series. The design of King's Field would influence later titles by FromSoftware including Shadow Tower, which used similar mechanics to King's Field; and Demon's Souls, described by its staff as a spiritual successor to King's Field, and inspired multiple follow-up titles which form part of the Souls series and propelled FromSoftware to international fame. Notes References External links Category:1994 video games Category:Japan-exclusive video games Category:PlayStation (console) games Category:PlayStation Network games Category:Role-playing video games Category:King's Field Category:Video games developed in Japan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rageh Daoud Rageh Sami Daoud (; born November 23, 1954; first name also spelled Ragueh and last name also spelled Dawood) is an Egyptian composer of contemporary classical music. He is a member of that nation's third generation of such composers. He has composed for piano, voice, and orchestra, and has written a number of film scores. Life and career Rageh Daoud was born in Cairo. He began his studies at the Cairo Conservatoire at the age of nine, later studying composition there with Gamal Abdel-Rahim, graduating in 1977. He also studied piano with Ettore Puglisi. While continuing his piano studies with him, he attended the composition class which the late Gamal Abdel-Rahim had founded at the Conservatoire, where he studied with him composition, the theory of traditional Arab modes and contemporary composition. In 1977 he obtained his diploma in musical composition with honors. He was appointed assistant at the Composition Dept. of the Conservatoire in 1978. In 1981 he got a scholarship to pursue post graduate studies in composition at the Vienna Music Academy, where he studied with Prof. T. Christian David and the British Frances Burt. In 1987, Daoud obtained his graduate diploma, and later in 1988 the Magister Artium from the Vienna Music Academy. At the end of 1988 Rageh Daoud returned to Egypt to resume his teaching career at the Cairo Conservatoire, where he is now professor at the Dept. of Composition and Conducting. He wrote several orchestral, chamber compositions and piano works. Rageh Daoud has his active role in the musical life in Egypt and abroad, where works of his were performed in Cairo, Alexandria, Vienna, Italy Germany, Paris, Czech, London, Spain, Canada, Hungary and Poland. He was awarded several prizes in cinema Festivals especially the National Festival for feature films in Cairo, the Alexandria film festival, the critic's association, etc. for his film music for feature and documentary films. He has also founded and conducted the Chamber Orchestra of the Hanager Center of the Ministry of Culture, to help promoting contemporary Egyptian music. 1997 he got the State Encouragement in musical composition from Ministry of Culture for his Work Two Portrait for String Orchestra. That same year he was a member of the jury of the "Concorso Pianistico Internazionale – Premio F. Durante" in Napoli, Italy. In 1997 he was also invited by the S.I.M.S. in Secelia to join the "Conferenza Musicale Mediterranea" to play his work Pasacaglia for lute, organ and strings in Palermo, Messina and Catania. The "Marschner Festival Hinterzarten" invited him to play and conduct some of his works. Since 2001, he is chairman of the Committee for Music, Opera, and Ballet in the Supreme Council of Culture. In 2017, he was credited for creating the music for the new national anthem of Mauritania. Compositions Rageh Daoud A- List of works 1- Egyptian Glimpse for Orchestra (1978) 2- Sonata for Piano - Dedicated to Gamal Abdel Rahim (1978) 3- Sonata for Piano - Dedicated to Gamal Abdel Rahim (1978) 4- Four Pieces for String Orchestra (1985) 5- Fugue for String Quartet (1985) 6- Portrait No 1 for String Orchestra (1986) 7- Portrait No 2 for String Orchestra (1987) 8- Piano Trio, Dedicated to Mauna Ghoneim (1987) 9- Nocturne for Cello & Piano No 1, Dedicated to Hassan Soliman (1990) 10- Requiem for Choir and Orchestra (1990) 11- Rhapsody for Flute, Violin and Orchestra (1992) 12- Passacaglia for Lute, Organ and String Orchestra (1993) 13- Two Dances for Flute, French Horn, Piano and Strings (1994) 14- Two Dances for Flute and Piano (1994) 15- "Taqassim" for Alto Flute and String Orchestra (1994) 16- Esprit Espagnole for Flute or Violin & Piano Dedicated to Prof Irakli Beridze (1997) 17- Wandering for Marimba, Nay and String Orchestra (1998) 18- Musical Moment for Orchestra (2001) 19- Ascent for String Orchestra Dedicated to the Memory of Osama Elkholy (2002) 20- Ascent for Oud, Violin & Cello - Dedicated to Walter Grimmer (2002) 21- Dialogue for Violin and Orchestra (2003) 22- Poetic Moment No 1 for Violin, Clarinet and String Quintet (2004) 23- Poetic Moment No 2 for Violin or Clarinet and String Quintet (2004) 24- Night Meditation for String Orchestra (2004) 25- Nour Oyouni for String Orchestra (2004) 26- Fantasy for cello Solo Dedicated to Walter Grimmer (2005) 27- Kessam we Arzak Musical Operetta (2006) 28- Mermaid Symphonic Poem (2007) 29- Adagio for String Orchestra (2007) 30- Hob El Watan (Umm Kolthoum) Egyptian Hymn (2007) 31- Nocturne No 2 for Cello or French Horn & Piano No 2 (2008) 32- Music Intuitions For Flute Clarinet, Violin, Viola, Cello, Piano and Percussion (2009) 33- Promenade for Qanon, Bassoon and Strings (2009) 34- Taqassim for Clarinet Solo (2009) 35- Tahrir Square “To the Martyrs of January 25th Revolution” (2011) 36- Le Murmure des Fleurs For Strings – Dedicated to Salah Marie (2011) B- Music for Feature Films 1- The Vagabonds - Director: Daoud Abdel Sayed, 1985 2- The Search for Sayed - Director: Daoud Abdel Sayed, 1990 3- Kit Kat - Director: Daoud Abdel Sayed, 1991 4- Al-Raii wa al Nesaa “The Shepherd and The Women” - Director: Ali Badrakhan, 1991 5- The Murderess - Director: Inas El Deghedy, 1991 6- Al Sarkha “The Scream” - Director: Mohamed El Nagar, 1992 7- The Scandal - Director: Farouk Rashidy, 1992 8- Al Ghar'ana "The Drowned ” - Director: Mohamed Khan, 1992 9- Land of Dreams - Director: Daoud Abdel Sayed 1993 10- Ahlam Saghira “Small Dreams”- Director: Khaled El Hagar, 1994 11- Zeyaret Al Sayed Al Rais “The Visit of Mr. President” - Director: Mounir Rady, 1994 12- Three on the Road - Director: Mohamed Kalioby, 1994 13- The Stolen Joy - Director: Daoud Abdel Sayed, 1994 14- Al Ragol al Talet “The Third Man” - Director: Ali Badrakhan, 1994 15- El Bahr Beyedhak Leh “Why is the Sea Laughing” - Director: Mohamed Kalioby, 1995 16- Traffic Light - Director: Khairy Beshara, 1995 17- Afaryt El Asfalt “Asphalt Demons” - Director: Osama Fawzy, 1996 18- The Woman and the Cleaver - Director: Said Marzouk, 1996 19-The Captain - Director: Sayed Said, 1997 20- The Hero - Director: Magdi Ahmed Ali, 1998 21- Ikhtefaa Gaafar El Masry “The Disappearance of Gaafar El Masry” - Director: Adel El Assar,1998 22- The Naked - Director: by Inas El Deghedy, 1998 23- Itfarag ya Salam “Waoo! Have a Look” - Director: Mohamed Kalioby, 1998 24-Hassan and Aziza, A State Security Case - Director: Karim Gamal El-Din, 1999 25- Stolen Dreams - Director: Mohamed Kalioby, 1999 26- Land of Fear - Director: Daoud Abdel Sayed, 1999 27- Forbidden Words - Director: Omar Abdel-Aziz, 2000 28- A Hero from the South - Director: Mohamed Abu Seif 2000 29- A Citizen, a Detective and a Thief - Director: Daoud Abdel Sayed, 2001 30- Diary of a Teenager - Director: Inas El Deghedy, 2001 31- Hafar Al Bahr “The Derrick” - Director: Adel El Assar, 2001 32- Umm Abdel Sayed's Tale - Director: Osama Raouf, 2001 33- Search for Freedom- Director: Inas El Deghedy, 2004 34- Kan Yom Hobak “The day I fell in love with you - Director: Ihab Lamey, 2004 35- Kharif Adam “Adam's Autumn” -Director: Mohamed Kalioby, 2002 36- Keif Alhal “How do you do?”- Director: Muslim Izador, 2006 37- Room 707 - Director: Ihab Rady, 2004 38- El Rayes Omar Harb “The Chief Omar Harb” - Director: Khaled Youssef, 2008 39- Fawzeya's Secret Recipe - Director: Magdi Ahmed Ali, 2008 40- Helm el Omr, “Lifetime Dream” - Director: by Wael Ehsan, 2008 41- Lamh Al Basar “Jiffy” - Director: Youssef Hesham, 2009 42- Crazy for the Princess- Director: Inas El Deghedy, 2009 43- Birds of the Nile - Director: Magdi Ahmed Ali, 2010 44- Messages from the Sea - Director: Daoud Abdel Sayed, 2010 C- Music for Documentary Films 1- Doctors in the City - Director: Ahmed Kassem, 1980 2- Children's Village - Director: Mustafa Moharam, 1981 3- Mohamed Bayoumi - Director: Mohamed Kalioby, 1990 4- Contemporary Egyptian Artist Hassan Fouad - Director: Salah El Tohamy, 1991 5- Al Rayes Gaber’s Boat - Director: Ali Al Ghasouly, 1992 6- Ali Mubarak - Director: Magdi Abdel Rahman, 1993 7- Alexandria Greco-Roman Museum “Mathaf el Iskandariyyah” - Director: Asmaa El Bakry, 1993 8 - Qasr Al Nil Street - Director: Fouad El Tohamy, 1993 9- Earthquake - Director: Fouad El Tohamy, 1993 10- Islamic Civilization - Atef El Bakry, 1994 11- The Mosque - Director: Ali Al Ghasouly, 1995 12- The Seven Days - Director: Magdi Ahmed Ali, 1995 13- Adam Henein - Director: Hisham El Shafei, 1996 14- Prospects 1996 - Director: Salah Marei, 1997 15- Umm Kulthoum - (Computer Graphics), 2001 16- Lighthouse - Director: Mohsen Mohi, 2001 17- Monastery of St. Catherine - Director: Ramses Marzouk, 2007 18- Naguib El Rihani - Director: Mohamed Kalioby, 2008 D- Theater Music 1- Priest’s Trial - Director: Nour El-Sherif, 1994 2 - Tomorrow, Next Summer - Director: Abdul Aziz Makhyoun, 1995 3 - Salome - Director: Hanaa Abdel Fattah, 1999 4- King Lear - Director: Ahmed Abdel Halim, 2001 5- Chess Revolution - Director: Nasser Abdel Moneim, 2004 E- Music for T.V. Drama 1- A Taste of Days - Director: Hassan Bashir, 1992 2- Kalila and Dimna (Songs for Children), Written in partnership with Mauna Ghoneim, - Director: Alfred Michael, 1992 3- Ladies of Garden City "Part I and II" - Director: Mohammad Saqr, 1997 to 1998 4- Stray Son - Director: Mohamed Kalioby, 1999 5- Warriors - Director: Essam El Shamaa, 2000 6-The Vicinity of Accusation - Director: Mohamed Helmy, 2000 7- Fate - Director: Khaled Bahgat, 2000 8- A Man in the Time of Globalization "Part 1" - Director: Essam El Shamaa, 2002 9- The Flood - Director: Mohamed Kalioby, 2004 10- Weapons of Mass Destruction - Director: Essam El Shamaa, 2006 11- Victory of Heaven - Director: Ahmed Fahmy, 2006 See also List of Egyptian composers References External links Review from Al-Ahram Category:1954 births Category:Living people Category:Egyptian composers Category:Egyptian pianists Category:Egyptian classical pianists Category:20th-century classical composers Category:Musicians from Cairo Category:Male classical composers Category:Male pianists Category:21st-century classical pianists Category:20th-century male musicians Category:21st-century male musicians	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Yuri Vostrukhin Yuri Nikolayevich Vostrukhin (; born 12 May 1964) is a former Russian professional football player. Club career He made his Russian Football National League debut for FC Torpedo Taganrog on 3 April 1993 in a game against FC Kuban Krasnodar. Honours Russian Second Division Zone 2 top scorer: 1992 (46 goals). External links Category:1964 births Category:Living people Category:Soviet footballers Category:Russian footballers Category:FC Akhmat Grozny players Category:FC Tobol Kurgan players Category:PFC Spartak Nalchik players Category:FC SKA Rostov-on-Don players Category:FC Volgar Astrakhan players Category:FC Nika Krasny Sulin players Category:FC Taganrog players Category:Association football forwards	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Cycloundecane Cycloundecane is a saturated cyclic organic compound with eleven carbon atoms forming a ring. It is classed as an alkane because it has only carbon and hydrogen and these elements are configured with C–H and C–C such that there is a chain of carbon atoms with hydrogens attached to them. For each of the carbon atoms in the chain there is a pair of hydrogen atoms such that the chemical formula is C11H22. The compound is stable, but it burns with sufficient ignition heat. Variants of this compound, for example, bicycloundecane, have been proposed for use in conductors for electronic circuitry. References Category:Cycloalkanes	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Toscana virus Toscana virus (TOSV) is an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) belonging to Bunyavirales, an order of negative-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses. The virus can be transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected sandfly of the genus Phlebotomus. Toscana is not normally associated with disease, as indicated by high seroprevalence rates (up to 25%) in endemic areas, but in common with other sandfly transmitted viruses such as Naples virus and Sicilian virus, infection may result in Pappataci fever, an illness with mild fever, headache and myalgia. In serious cases that go undiagnosed, acute meningitis, meningoencephalitis and encephalitis may occur. There is no specific treatment for infection, so treatment is supportive, reducing the severity of symptoms until the immune system has cleared the infection. The virus is found in most countries that border the Mediterranean Sea, with the highest incidence in Italy. Infection rates peak during the summer time as sandfly populations grow more abundant. Virology Structure and genome TOSV has a spherical, enveloped body with an 80–120 nm diameter. The genome is encased in a nucleocapsid and consists of negative-sense RNA broken into three segments, termed L, M and S. L is about 6,400 nucleotides in length, M about 4,200 nucleotides in length, and S about 1,900 nucleotides in length. L encodes for the viral polymerase, M encodes for structural glycoproteins and S encodes for nucleic proteins. Genetic variability Diagnosis Laboratory diagnosis of TOSV infection can be performed through the use of ELISA, immunofluorescence and/or neutralization tests, but reverse transcription, real-time polymerase chain reaction assays are preferred because they are less time-consuming and reduce the risk of contamination. Epidemiology This virus is a leading cause of acute meningitis between May and October in Central Italy and in other northern Mediterranean countries (Croatia, France, Greece, Portugal and Spain) as well as several of the eastern Mediterranean countries (Cyprus and Turkey). It is among the 3 most prevalent viruses associated with meningitis during the warm seasons: the other two are enteroviruses and herpesviruses. History Toscana virus (TOSV) was first isolated in 1971 from Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus perfiliewi in Monte Argentario (Grosseto, Tuscany). References Category:Phleboviruses	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Illinois Route 140 Illinois Route 140 (IL 140) is a east–west highway with its western terminus at Illinois Route 143 in Alton and its eastern terminus at U.S. Route 40 (US 40) near Mulberry Grove. It also overlaps IL 111 in Alton and IL 127 in Greenville. Although this route may appear to be a derivative of US 40, it does not follow any of the old US 40 alignment except for a portion of the Historic National Road in Fayette County from US 40 to Vandalia. IDOT has since truncated the eastern end of Route 140 to the town of Mulberry Grove with the intersection of US 40. In 2007, IDOT decommissioned the portion of Route 140 from near the Bond and Fayette County line at Mulberry Grove, east to Vandalia. While that section of highway is no longer marked for Route 140, the state still maintains its Historic National Road signage. Route description Route 140 begins at a junction with Route 143 in Alton. The route heads northeast through Alton to a junction with Illinois Route 3 and Illinois Route 111. From this junction, Route 140 heads east concurrently with Route 111. The highways run along the northern border of East Alton before entering Bethalto, where they meet Illinois Route 255. Shortly past the junction, Route 111 turns south, while Route 140 continues east, passing to the north of St. Louis Regional Airport. The highway runs through a rural area of Madison County, where it passes through the community of Meadowbrook and then intersects Illinois Route 159. The road then enters the village of Hamel, where it intersects Illinois Route 157 and Interstate 55. Past Hamel, the route crosses Illinois Route 4 before passing through Alhambra. The highway then intersects Illinois Route 160 before entering Bond County. In Bond County, the route passes through farmland and runs south of Old Ripley. Past Old Ripley, the highway meets Illinois Route 127; the two highways overlap until Route 127 turns south at the western edge of Greenville. Route 140 continues east through northern Greenville, passing Greenville Regional Hospital. After leaving Greenville, the route heads east until turning north at an intersection north of Smithboro. The highway then heads east-northeast toward Mulberry Grove, parallel to and north of U.S. Route 40. In Mulberry Grove, the route enters along Wall Street before turning north along Maple Street. The highway then turns east along Main Street before leaving the village and entering Fayette County. The highway terminates east of Mulberry Grove at a junction with US 40. Major intersections References 140 Category:National Road Category:U.S. Route 40 Category:Transportation in Madison County, Illinois Category:Transportation in Bond County, Illinois Category:Transportation in Fayette County, Illinois	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sanremo Music Festival 1968 The Sanremo Music Festival 1968 was the 18th annual Sanremo Music Festival, held at the Sanremo Casino in Sanremo, province of Imperia, Italy, between 1 and 3 February 1968. The show was presented by Pippo Baudo, assisted by actress Luisa Rivelli. According to the rules of this edition every song was performed in a double performance by a couple of singers or groups. The winners of the Festival were Sergio Endrigo and Roberto Carlos with the song "Canzone per te". Participants and results References Category:Sanremo Music Festival by year Category:1968 in Italian music Category:1968 music festivals	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Harpen-Rosenberg Harpen-Rosenberg is a statistical area of the city of Bochum in the Ruhr area in Germany. Up to the 19th century Westphalian was spoken here. Harpen-Rosenberg is a statistical area in the working-class north of Bochum. The large shopping center Ruhrpark, which includes a particularly large cinema, is in Harpen. Harpen-Rosenberg is in the east of Bochum. Category:Bochum Category:Boroughs of Bochum	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Marco Mapelli Marco Mapelli (born 1 August 1987 in Seregno, Italy) is an Italian Factory Driver employed with Lamborghini. Career References https://www.driverdb.com/drivers/marco-mapelli/ http://www.marcomapelli.net/ Category:1987 births Category:Living people Category:Italian racing drivers Category:24 Hours of Daytona drivers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lotti Fraser Lotti Fraser (born 18 June 1989) is an English actress and singer. Fraser studied Drama and English in London and Miami. She has appeared in the British children's television program Crisis Control, and appeared in the 2011 American comedy film The Hangover Part II. Fraser retired from acting in her mid-20s. Since 2014, Fraser has become known for her philanthropic pursuits, with a particular interest in international development and human rights across Southeast Asia and Norfolk, England. References External links Category:1989 births Category:English television actresses Category:Living people	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ageo-shuku was the fifth of the sixty-nine stations of the Nakasendō highway connecting Edo with Kyoto during the Edo period. It was located in the present-day city of Ageo, Saitama Prefecture, Japan. History The name "Ageo" appears as the name of a locality in Musashi Province in late Sengoku period documents, as a rest area was built by the Later Hōjō clan when they came into control of the area. Ageo-shuku became formalized as a post station on the Nakasendō under the Tokugawa shogunate in 1603. Per an 1843 guidebook issued by the , the town stretched for about 1.1 kilometers along the highway, with a population of 793 (372 men, 421 women), and boasted one honjin, three waki-honjin, one tonya and 41 hatago. Ageo-shuku was approximately 10 ri from the starting point of the Nakasendō at Nihonbashi, which was the approximate distance the average traveler could walk in one day. Ageo-shuku was also famous for its large number of meshimori onna and numerous chaya. Though it was comparatively small in terms of its size as a post town on the Nakasendō, Ageo-shuku had the largest honjin after Shiojiri-shuku. The honjin and waki-honjin were centered on Hikawakuwa Shrine, which still exists. The main honjin was located in front of the shrine, with one of the secondary ones on each side. The third secondary honjin was located just south of the shrine. A Maruhiro Department Store is now located on the former site of the honjin. Most of Aheo-shuku was destroyed by a fire in 1861. Ageo-shuku in The Sixty-nine Stations of the Kiso Kaidō Keisai Eisen's ukiyo-e print of Ageo-shuku dates from 1835–1838. The inscription to the upper left corner mentions the Kamo Shrine, which was noted for its autumn festival. Votive banners for the shrine are depicted in the rear of the tea house, and are advertising "Takenouchi" and "Hoeidoh", the publishers of the series of prints. In front of the tea house are two men and two women in peasant's clothes, threshing grain. Two samurai travelers are on the road, and one merchant is heading in the opposite direction. Neighboring post towns Nakasendō Ōmiya-shuku - Ageo-shuku - Okegawa-shuku References External links Hiroshige Kiso-Kaido series on Kiso Kaido Road Notes Category:Stations of the Nakasendō Category:Stations of the Nakasendō in Saitama Prefecture Category:Musashi Province	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Przedzeń Przedzeń is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ceków-Kolonia, within Kalisz County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Kalisz and south-east of the regional capital Poznań. Notes Category:Villages in Kalisz County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Good Technology Good Technology, owned by BlackBerry Limited, is a mobile security provider headquartered in Sunnyvale, California, United States. The company serves more than 5,000 organizations worldwide in industries such as financial services, healthcare, manufacturing, energy and utilities, legal, government, and technology. Good makes products for managing and securing mobile devices in a business environment. The company focuses on securing apps and data on mobile devices. History Good Technology in its current form is a continuation of two previous companies. One was Visto, founded in 1996 (and initially known as Roampage). Visto acquired the original Good Technology in 2009, and assumed its name. The original Good Technology had been founded in 2000; it was initially known as SpringThings, and sold an MP3 player for the Handspring Visor before shifting to email products for mobile professionals. Prior to the acquisition, both companies were known as market leaders in email access from portable devices. In November 2006, Motorola announced plans to acquire Good Technology as part of its plan to compete with Research in Motion's Blackberry product line in the enterprise sector, and expressed its intention to continue licensing its technology to other phone manufacturers. At the time of the acquisition, Good's flagship products were Good Mobile Messaging, Good Mobile Intranet and Good Mobile Defense; the company had 470 employees. On February 23, 2009, Motorola announced that it had agreed to sell Good Technology to rival push email provider, Visto. In 2009 Visto announced that it had renamed itself Good Technology effectively taking the name of the former independent company. From 2009 to 2012, Good Technology grew through acquisitions, among them Intercasting Corporation (May 2009) and CloudSync (January 2010), Copiun (2012), and AppCentral (2012). In December 2009 Good Technology began supporting iPhone and Android devices. The company launched Good Dynamics, a set of mobile application development tools for enterprise and consumers, in October 2011. With the Good Secure Mobility Solution, released in June 2013, Good Technology aimed to address real-world usage in which professionals use several apps to accomplish a task. Building on its app containerization approach and the Good Dynamics platform, the company presented a system that was both secure and responsive to customers’ usage habits. In September 2013 the company's "Good for Enterprise (GFE)" solution became the first cross-platform mobile collaboration solution to achieve Common Criteria Evaluation Assurance Level 4 Augmented (EAL4+) and the only containerized solution to meet this level of security certification on either iOS or Android. In February 2014, Good Technology acquired BoxTone for its Mobile Device Management, Enterprise Mobility Management, Mobile Service Management and Mobile App Performance Monitoring Solutions. On September 4, 2015 BlackBerry announced that that it would acquire Good Technology for $425 Million dollars. The news of the acquisition was confirmed by Good Technology CEO Christy Wyatt in a blog post on the Good Blog. The acquisition was completed on November 2, 2015. The fire sale was controversial because Good Technology was valued at $1 billion and had filed for an IPO in May 2014, and in early 2015 the company's board had turned down an all-cash offer of $800 million. The valuation of Good Technology has been suggested to be inflated, and though the company reported 2014 revenue of $211.9 million compared to 2013 revenue of $160.4 million, with an 2014 operating loss of $83.9 million loss compared to the 2013 and 2012 operating losses of $115.9 million and $89.4 million, the 2014 filing showed the company had $42.1 million which was less than 12 months worth, and that cash had dwindled to under $25 million by the start of 2015. The employees' common stock at the time of the acquisition by BlackBerry was worth only 44 cents per share (around 10 percent of what it had been the previous year) while preferred stock for executives and venture capitalists was $3 per share; furthermore employees had been taxed on the common share value when it reached its peak (as they were leaving the company). In 2017 all Good Technology products were rebranded under the BlackBerry Software brand. Platform and products The Good Dynamics Secure Mobility Platform serves as a foundation for the Good Collaboration Suite, and also for the Good Mobile Alliance ISV Ecosystem, in which independent developers create and distribute apps of their own. In October 2013 Good announced the Good Dynamics Shared Service Framework as part of Good Dynamics, including services such as printing, file sharing, and email. The framework is also designed to make it easier for developers to reuse code and connect apps. Good also announced Direct Connect in fall 2013; this technology enables companies to control the way data flows through their networks, for instance with respect to corporate or national boundaries. The Good Collaboration Suite includes email, calendar, contacts, tasks, instant messaging, browsing and document sharing features that go beyond the consumer-oriented features of iOS, Windows Phone or Android, and are more tightly integrated with one another. It also includes business-oriented features such as single sign-on, secure access to corporate networks, and administrative functions. Good for Enterprise, the core component of the Collaboration Suite, provides a strict separation between personal and corporate content, allowing both to coexist on an employee's device without compromising security. Other components of the Collaboration Suite include Good Share (for SharePoint-based file sharing) and Good Connect (for Lync and Sametime instant messaging). Good's product offerings also include: Good Vault, offering enhanced data protection for Good for Enterprise, and using two-factor authentication; Good for OEMs/Carriers, which enables telecommunications companies to create integrated social messaging experiences for their customers; Good Secure Mobility Solution, which supports developing, securing, deploying, and managing workflows for mobile workers. Industry status Good Technology's reports and executives have been cited as experts in the adoption and use of mobile technology in the enterprise sector. In particular, its quarterly Mobility Index Report tracks data based on Good's customers device activations and, more recently, app activations. Good's client base includes those with high security needs, such as government agencies and financial institutions. Good's security products offer customers a way to migrate from the BlackBerry platform to iOS, Windows Phone and Android. In fall 2013, Good opened offices in Benelux and Stockholm. It also has offices in New Jersey, New York, Washington, Texas, Australia, China, Germany, Italy, South Korea, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The platform has earned accreditations and certifications that enable companies to comply with government regulations around the world. Good software was required in the U.S. Department of Defense's first approval of Android devices in 2012. In 2013, the platform became the first cross-platform mobile collaboration solution to achieve Common Criteria Evaluation Assurance Level 4 Augmented (EAL4+) and the only containerized solution to meet this level of security certification on either iOS or Android. It was also listed on Australia's Defence Signals Directorate's Evaluated Products List. A fall 2013 Info Security magazine feature article on women in the information security industry which quoted Good CEO Christy Wyatt, and noted that Good's workforce was 27% female, and its executive team 40% female, both ahead of an estimated 10% female workforce in the industry. References Further reading External links Category:Software companies based in California Category:Mobile software Category:Business services companies established in 1996 Category:Companies based in Sunnyvale, California Category:Software companies of the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Abell catalogue The Abell catalog of rich clusters of galaxies is an all-sky catalog of 4,073 rich galaxy clusters of nominal redshift z ≤ 0.2. This catalog supplements a revision of George O. Abell's original "Northern Survey" of 1958, which had only 2,712 clusters, with a further 1,361 clustersthe "Southern Survey" of 1989, published after Abell's death by co-authors Harold G. Corwin and Ronald P. Olowin from those parts of the south celestial hemisphere that had been omitted from the earlier survey. The Abell catalog, and especially its clusters, are of interest to amateur astronomers as challenge objects to be viewed in dark locations on large aperture amateur telescopes. The Northern Survey The original catalog of 2,712 rich clusters of galaxies was published in 1958 by George O. Abell (1927–1983), who was then studying at the California Institute of Technology. The catalog, which formed part of Abell's PhD thesis, was prepared by means of a visual inspection of the red 103a-E plates of the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS), for which Abell was one of the principal observers. A. G. Wilson, another of the principal observers, assisted Abell in the initial stages of the survey by routinely inspecting the plates as they were produced. After the completion of the survey, Abell went over the plates again and carried out a more detailed inspection. In both cases inspection was made with a 3.5× magnifying lens. To qualify for inclusion in the catalog, a cluster had to satisfy four criteria: Richness: A cluster must have a minimum population of 50 members within a magnitude range of m3 to m3+2 (where m3 is the magnitude of the 3rd-brightest member of the cluster). To ensure a healthy margin of error, this criterion was not applied rigorously, and the final catalog included many clusters with fewer than fifty members (though these were excluded from Abell's accompanying statistical study). Abell divided the clusters into six "richness groups", depending on the number of galaxies in a given cluster that lie within the magnitude range m3 to m3+2 (the average number of galaxies per cluster for the entire catalog was 64): Group 0: 30–49 galaxies Group 1: 50–79 galaxies Group 2: 80–129 galaxies Group 3: 130–199 galaxies Group 4: 200–299 galaxies Group 5: more than 299 galaxies Compactness: A cluster must be sufficiently compact that its fifty or more members lie within one "counting radius" of the cluster's centre. This radius, now known as the "Abell radius", may be defined as 1.72/z arcminutes, where z is the cluster's redshift, or as 1.5h−1 Mpc, where the Hubble constant is assumed to beH0 = 100 km s−1 Mpc−1, and h is a dimensionless scale parameter which usually takes value between 0.5 and 1. h = H0/100. The precise value of the Abell radius depends on the value taken for that parameter h. For h = 0.75 (same as H0 = 75 km s−1 Mpc−1), the Abell radius is 2 megaparsecs. This is more than twice the estimate Abell gave in 1958, when H0 was thought to be as high as 180 km s−1 Mpc−1. Distance: A cluster should have a nominal redshift of between 0.02 and 0.2 (i.e. a recessional velocity of between 6,000 and 60,000 km/s). Assuming H0 = 180 km s−1 Mpc−1, these values correspond to distances of about 33 and 330 Mpc respectively; but using today's estimate for H0 (about 71 km s−1 Mpc−1) Abell's upper and lower limits are actually set at about 85 and 850 Mpc. It has since been shown than many of the clusters in the catalog are more remote even than this, some being as far away as z = 0.4 (about 1,700 Mpc). Abell divided the clusters into seven "distance groups" according to the magnitudes of their tenth-brightest members: Group 1: mag 13.3–14.0 Group 2: mag 14.1–14.8 Group 3: mag 14.9–15.6 Group 4: mag 15.7–16.4 Group 5: mag 16.5–17.2 Group 6: mag 17.3–18.0 Group 7: mag > 18.0 Galactic latitude: Areas of the sky in the neighbourhood of the Milky Way were excluded from the study because the density of stars in those fieldsnot to mention interstellar obscurationmade it difficult to positively identify galaxy clusters. Like the richness criterion, this one was not applied rigorously, several clusters in or close to the Galactic Plane being included in the catalog where Abell was satisfied that they were genuine clusters that met the other criteria. In the catalog as originally published the clusters were listed in increasing order of right ascension. Equatorial coordinates (right ascension and declination) were given for the equinox of 1855 (the epoch of the Bonner Durchmusterung) and galactic coordinates for 1900. Also listed for each cluster were the following: the cluster's precession rate the magnitude of the cluster's tenth-brightest member the distance group of the cluster the richness group of the cluster The Southern Survey The sky-coverage of the 1958 catalog was limited to declinations north of –27°, the original southern limit of POSS. To rectify this and other shortcomings, the original catalog was later revised and supplemented with an additional catalogthe "Southern Survey"of rich galaxy clusters from those parts of the south celestial hemisphere that had been omitted from the original catalog. The Southern Survey added a further 1,361 rich clusters to Abell's original Northern Survey. The deep IIIa-J plates of the Southern Sky Survey (SSS) were used in the survey. These photographic plates were taken with the United Kingdom's 1.2-metre Schmidt Telescope at Siding Spring Observatory, Australia, in the 1970s. Abell began the survey during a sabbatical year in Edinburgh in 1976. There he enlisted the assistance of Harold G Corwin of the University of Edinburgh, who continued to work on the catalog until 1981, at which time he joined the Department of Astronomy at the University of Texas. By then about half the survey had been completed. An interim paper on the Southern Survey was read at a symposium in 1983, about one month before Abell's death; the catalog was completed by Ronald P Olowin of the University of Oklahoma, and published in 1989. Abell and Corwin worked from original plates stored at the Royal Observatory in Edinburgh, scanning the plates visually with a 3x wide-angle magnifier; Olowin used high-quality film copies, which he scanned both visually with a 7x magnifying lens and automatically with a backlit digitizer. The criteria for inclusion in Abell's Northern Survey were retained, as were Abell's "richness" and "distance" classificationsbut with the distance classes now being defined in terms of redshift rather than magnitude. As before, clusters were included if they had at least thirty bright galaxies, as it was estimated that this would all but eliminate the possibility of genuinely rich clusters (i.e. clusters with at least fifty bright members) being omitted. The Southern Survey retains the system of designation devised by Abell for his original catalog, with the numbers running from 2713 to 4076. (The catalog contains three duplicate entries: A3208 = A3207, A3833 = A3832, and A3897 = A2462.) The equatorial co-ordinates are for the equinoxes 1950 and 2000, while the galactic co-ordinates are calculated from the 1950 equatorial co-ordinates. Abell's original catalogrevised, corrected and updatedwas included in the 1989 paper, as was the Abell Supplement, a supplementary catalog of 1,174 clusters from the Southern Survey which were not rich enough or were too distant to be included in the main catalog. Format The standard format used to refer to Abell clusters is: Abell X, where . E.g. Abell 1656. Alternative formats include: ABCG 1656; AC 1656; ACO 1656; A 1656, and A1656. Abell himself preferred the latter, but in recent years ACO 1656 has become the preferred format among professional astronomers and is the one recommended by the Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg (see SIMBAD). Members Some notable members of Abell's catalog include: Abell S373, the Fornax Cluster Abell 426, the Perseus Cluster Abell 1367, the Leo Cluster Abell 1656, the Coma Cluster Abell 2151, the Hercules Cluster Abell 2744, Pandora's Cluster Abell 3526, the Centaurus Cluster About 10% of Abell clusters at redshift z < 0.1 are not genuine rich clusters but, rather, the result of the superposition of sparser groupings. The extremely large and extremely rich Virgo Cluster was excluded from the Abell catalog because it covered too large an area of the sky to appear on a single photographic plate. See also Catalogue of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies Hickson Compact Group List of Abell clusters List of galaxy clusters References External links Abell's 1958 paper and catalog Abell, Corwin and Olowin's 1989 paper and catalog Electronic form of the Abell catalog Category:Astronomical catalogues of galaxy clusters *	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bernd Hengst Bernd Hengst (born 1943 or 1942) is a German Neonazi and terrorist. He founded the right-wing terrorist group named after him Wehrsportgruppe Hengst. The group was the first uncovered Right-wing terrorist group after WWII in the Federal Republic of Germany (BRD). Bernd Hengst was a trained electrician. He was convicted in 1963 in the GDR for the Terrorist attacks to a ten years sentence in prison. After his early dismissal in 1966, he fled to the Federal Republic of Germany and was appointed in 1967 NPD member. He lived in Bad Godesberg until his arrest. He joined the NPD Guarding service (Ordnungsdienst) and formed an armed group within it. NPD dissolved Ordnungsdienst, but the group continued as Wehrsportgruppe Hengst. On 2 October 1968, Hengst attacked the office of German Communist Party, DKP with an automatic small-caliber rifle. Hengst and the NPD neonazi Rüdiger Krauss were checked two years later during a traffic control near Kuchenheim. At the inspection, the police officers found a Beretta submachine gun wrapped in paper on the back seat. During the following house searches, the police found large quantities of weapons as well as Nazi propaganda. Hengst had private contact to the informant of German Federal Intelligence Service (Bundesnachrichtendienst) Helmut Bärwald. Bärwald helped him to get a job as night-guard at the head office of the German Democratic Party, SPD in Bonn in the year 1970. Thus, Hengst had access to all the rooms of the Social Democratic headquarters. According to the findings of the Constitutional Protection (Bundeverfassungsschutz), the group Hengst had "serious acts of violence against persons and objects" during the Carnival season in the Rhineland. Possible targets were ammunition depots and the SPD federal headquarters in Bonn. References Category:20th-century German criminals Category:German neo-Nazis Category:German nationalists Category:Electricians	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
George W. Rust George W. Rust (April 7, 1815 – May 12, 1888) was a nineteenth-century Virginia doctor and plantation owner who during the American Civil War served in various Confederate hospitals, as well as the Virginia House of Delegates from September 7, 1863 until the war's end, and later in the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868. Early and family life The son of Albert and Annie Rust, born after the War of 1812, he studied medicine in Philadelphia and received a medical degree from Jefferson Medical College in 1846. He married Mary Mahala Wood on November 16, 1847. They had one daughter, Julia Rust Wharton (1848-1878) who died in childbirth. Relatives included General George Rust who had also served in the Virginia General Assembly as well as operated several plantations and became Superintendent of the U.S. Arsenel in Harper's Ferry in the 1830s. Another relative, Albert Rust moved to Arkansas and became a Confederate General during that war. Career Dr. Rust practiced medicine in Luray, Page County, Virginia both before and after the American Civil War. He owned slaves before the war began, as had many of his relatives. In November 1861, Dr. Rust went to Mount Jackson in Page County, Virginia where he became a contract physician at the Confederate Military hospital. By September 1862, he had accepted a position and became Acting Assistant Surgeon of the General Hospital at Lynchburg. He was also elected to the Virginia House of Delegates to represent Page County in 1863, and served part-time, although he had moved further south to Lynchburg. After Virginia ceded defeat, Dr. Rust took the required loyalty oath and was elected a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868, representing Page and Shenandoah Counties. A Conservative as was Moses Walton, who also represented the same counties and was a lifelong resident of the Shenandoah Valley, Dr. Rust opposed various penalties that the majority proposed to impose upon former Confederates. Death Rust died in Luray in 1888, survived by his widow, son-in-law Rev. Henry Marvin Wharton (a former lawyer and Confederate who became a Baptist minister, author and head chaplain of Confederate Veterans), and was buried at Green Hill Cemetery in Luray. References Category:Virginia politicians Category:People from Luray, Virginia Category:Physicians from Virginia Category:People of Virginia in the American Civil War Category:Members of the Virginia House of Delegates Category:19th-century American politicians Category:1815 births Category:1888 deaths Category:People from Loudoun County, Virginia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Promenade des Berges de la Seine The Promenade des Berges de la Seine is a public park and promenade located along the left bank of the Seine river in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, between the Pont de l'Alma and the Musée d'Orsay. The promenade, created on the former highway that ran along the left bank, includes five floating gardens, planted atop barges, plus exhibition areas, performance and classroom spaces, playgrounds, sports facilities and cafes. Begun in 2008, it was opened by Mayor Bertrand Delanoë on June 19, 2013. Everything in the park can be dismantled and moved within 24 hours if the water of the river rises too high. History The first quay along the Seine, the Quai des Grand-Augustins, was built at the beginning of the 16th century. By the early 19th century the riverbanks were fully paved and developed; the site of the modern park was occupied by a depot for building stones, docks, and some waterfront cafes. In the early 20th century it was the home of a floating swimming pool. Between 1961 and 1967, a highway was built along the river to reduce traffic in the center of the city. In 1991 the banks of the Seine were declared a UNESCO cultural site, and efforts began to turn the waterfront into a park. Beginning in 2001, the highway was closed to traffic on Sundays and used by runners and promenaders. In 2008, under Mayor Bertrand Delanoe, a project was approved to turn the section of the highway from the Musee D'Orsay to the Pont de l'Alma into a permanent public promenade. The promenade was designed by architect Franklin Azzi, while one of the most prominent new features, a series of five floating gardens, was created by Jean Christophe Chobet. The project cost a total of 35 million euros, and was dedicated by Mayor Delanoe on June 19, 2013. Description The promenade is 2.3 kilometers long, and occupies an area of 4.5 hectares. It is accessible by the former onramps and offramps that once served the highway. The most unusual feature of the park is the floating garden, composed of five "islands", or barges permanently moored to the riverbank at the port du Gros Caillou, near the Pont de l'Alma. The "islands" have been planted with about sixty trees, 280 bushes, and three thousand other plants, and provide benches and chairs for relaxing beside the river. They are securely anchored to the bottom of the river, and designed to resist a flood higher than the great Paris flood of 1910. Another unusual feature of the promenade is a group of tipis which can be hired, and a collection of cargo containers with large glass windows which have been turned into meeting rooms which can be rented for use for parties, banquets or meetings. The promenade has several playgrounds, as well as a climbing wall and a course for gymnastics and exercises. It also has meeting spaces for classes in dance and sports, performance spaces and open-air classrooms, and an area for outdoor photo exhibits. There are several outdoor cafes near the bridges along the promenade. Given that the park is situated just above the level of the river, and well below the street level of Paris, all the equipment and structures in the park are designed to be portable. With twenty-four hours' notice, everything moveable in the park can be taken to higher ground in the event that the site is flooded. See also History of parks and gardens of Paris List of parks and gardens in Paris References External links Official site of the park * Category:Landscape architecture Category:Landscape design history of France	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Qidong Qidong may refer to: Qidong City (启东市), formerly Qidong County, county-level city of Nantong, Jiangsu, China Qidong (meteorite), a meteorite that fell in Qidong, Jiangsu in 1982 Qidong County (祁东县), of Hengyang, Hunan, China	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Chaotic Wrestling Light Heavyweight Championship The Chaotic Wrestling (CW) Light Heavyweight Championship was a professional wrestling title in American independent promotion Chaotic Wrestling. The title was first won by Short Sleeve Sampson in Andover, Massachusetts on April 21, 2001. There have been a total of 4 recognized individual champions, who have had a combined 4 official reigns. On February 16, 2002, after being unified with the CW Television Championship, Dukes Dalton retires both titles after winning the New England Championship. Title history References External links Chaotic Wrestling Light Heavyweight Championship Title History Category:Light heavyweight wrestling championships	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Group G Group G may refer to: A set of international motor racing regulations used in touring car racing One of eight groups of four teams competing at the FIFA World Cup 2018 FIFA World Cup Group G 2014 FIFA World Cup Group G 2010 FIFA World Cup Group G 2006 FIFA World Cup Group G 2002 FIFA World Cup Group G 1998 FIFA World Cup Group G A Belgian resistance group of World War II, Groupe G	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Fattoruso Fattoruso is an Italian surname. Notable persons with that surname include: Francisco Fattoruso (born 1979), Uruguayan musician born in Las Vegas Giuseppe Fattoruso, Italian painter of the Baroque period Hugo Fattoruso (born 1943), Uruguayan musician Osvaldo Fattoruso (1948–2012), Uruguayan musician Rodolfo M. Fattoruso (born 1953), Uruguayan literary critic Category:Italian-language surnames	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Stylia Stylia or Stilia may refer to several villages in Greece: Stylia, Aetolia-Acarnania, a village in the municipal unit Pyllini, Aetolia-Acarnania Stilia, Phocis, a village in Phocis Stylia, Corinthia, a village in the municipal unit Xylokastro, Corinthia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Huilong Township, Mianning County Huilong Township () is a township of Mianning County in the north of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in southwestern Sichuan province, China, located southwest of the county seat as the crow flies. , it has six villages under its administration. References Category:Township-level divisions of Sichuan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Nirmalendu Goon Nirmalendu Goon (born 21 June 1945) is a Bangladeshi poet known for his accessible verse. He was awarded Ekushey Padak in 2001 and Independence Day Award by the Government of Bangladesh in 2016. He was also awarded Bangla Academy Literary Award in 1982. Early life and education Goon was born in Kasban village, Barhatta Upazila, Netrokona District to Shukhendu Prakash Goon Chowdhury and Binaponi. He passed the Matriculation examination in 1962 and Intermediate examination in 1964 from Netrokona College. In 1969, he earned his bachelor of arts degree. He published his poem Notun Kandari on the magazine Uttor Akash. On 21 February 1965, he published the poem Kono Ek Sangramir Drishtite on the magazine Weekly Janata. Poetry Goon's first book of poetry, Premanghshur Rokto Chai, was published in 1970. Since then he has published forty-five collections of poetry and twenty collections of prose. Part of the generation of poets of 1960s, Goon's poetry contains stinging criticism of the nouveau riche and a touching description of the contrasting fate of the masses. A love of freedom and faith in the human spirit also permeates many of his poems. An avowed Marxist, Goon has also written poems urging an upheaval of the poor against the rich. He also has written a number of poems on important personalities, including Rabindranath, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Lenin, Shakti Chattopadhyay and others. Goon wrote three autobiographical books - Amar Chhelebela, Amar Konthhoshor and Atma Kotha 1971. The Library of Congress has a collection of thirty-seven titles by Goon. Goon was among the five Bangladeshi poets who took part at the Gothenburg Book Fair '13 in Sweden with their publications. Painting Goon's solo painting exhibition opened in July 2009 at Shahbagh in Dhaka. Selected works Personal life Goon has a daughter, Mrittika Goon. References Category:Living people Category:1945 births Category:People from Netrokona District Category:Recipients of Bangla Academy Award Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak Category:Recipients of the Independence Day Award Category:20th-century Bengali poets Category:20th-century Bangladeshi poets Category:21st-century Bengali poets Category:21st-century Bangladeshi poets Category:Bengali male poets Category:Bangladeshi male poets Category:20th-century male writers Category:21st-century male writers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Spain at the European Athletics Championships Spain at the European Athletics Championships has participated in all editions of the European Athletics Championships since the 1950 edition. This are the results of the Spanish athletes at the European Athletics Championships Medal count List of medalists Men Women Multiple medalists Medals by event See also Royal Spanish Athletics Federation References External links European Athletic Association Category:Nations at the European Athletics Championships Category:Athletics in Spain	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Barbaira (river) {{Infobox river \| name = Barbaira \| image =Barbaira 01.png \| image_caption = \| length = \| source1_elevation = around \| mouth_elevation = \| discharge1_avg = \| basin_size = \| source1_location = between punta dell'Arpetta and monte Simonasso \| mouth_location = Nervia at ponte Barbaira, Italy \| mouth_coordinates = \| subdivision_type1 = Country \| subdivision_name1 = Italy }} The Barbaira is a stream of Liguria (Italy); it is the main tributary of the Nervia. Geography The stream rises between punta dell'Arpetta and monte Simonasso, in the Ligurian Alps, and flows through a woody valley mainly heading south-east. When it reaches the centre of the comune of Rocchetta Nervina it gets from left side the waters of its main tributary, rio Oggia. It enters the Nervia at ponte Barbaira (71 m). Main tributaries Left hand: Rio d'Oggia: is the main tributary of the Barbaira and joins it in Rocchetta Nervina, Rio Pau. Right hand: Rio Massula: its source is located near Monte Abellio and reaches the Barbaira around one km south of Rocchetta Nervina. Rio Roglio, Rio Ubaghi di Sartu. Sport The Barbaria is a well known site for practicing canyoning. See also Parco naturale regionale delle Alpi Liguri See also List of rivers of Italy References External links Canyoning Barbaira: canyoning along the stream on www.ufficioguidefinale.it Rio Barbaira Rochetta Nervina (Imperia)'', French page on www.descente-canyon.com Category:Rivers of Italy Category:Rivers of Liguria Category:Rivers of the Province of Imperia Category:Tributaries of the Nervia Category:Rivers of the Alps	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Claude Pinoteau Claude Pinoteau (25 May 1925 – 5 October 2012) was a French film director and scriptwriter. Born in Boulogne-Billancourt, Hauts de Seine, Île-de-France, France. He died in Neuilly-sur-Seine, aged 87. His sister was the actress Arlette Merry. Filmography 1971 : It Only Happens to Others 1973 : with Lino Ventura, Leo Genn et Suzanne Flon 1974 : with Lino Ventura, Annie Girardot et Isabelle Adjani 1976 : Le Grand Escogriffe with Yves Montand, Agostina Belli et Claude Brasseur 1979 : Jigsaw (L'Homme en colère) with Lino Ventura, Angie Dickinson et Donald Pleasence 1980 : La Boum with Claude Brasseur, Brigitte Fossey et Sophie Marceau 1982 : La Boum 2 with Claude Brasseur, Brigitte Fossey et Sophie Marceau 1984 : with Lino Ventura, Lea Massari et Jean Poiret 1988 : L'Étudiante with Sophie Marceau, Vincent Lindon et Élisabeth Vitali 1991 : La Neige et le feu with Vincent Perez, Géraldine Pailhas et Matthieu Rozé 1994 : Cache cash with Michel Duchaussoy, Georges Wilson et Jean-Pierre Darroussin 1997 : Les Palmes de M. Schutz with Isabelle Huppert, Philippe Noiret et Charles Berling 2005 : Un abbé nommé Pierre, une vie pour les autres (documentary) References External links Category:1925 births Category:2012 deaths Category:People from Boulogne-Billancourt Category:French film directors Category:Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
James Clavell James Clavell (born Charles Edmund Dumaresq Clavell, 10 October 1921 – 6 September 1994), was an Australian (and later naturalized American) novelist, screenwriter, director, and World War II veteran and prisoner of war. Clavell is best known as the author of his Asian Saga novels, a number of which have had television adaptations. Clavell also authored such screenplays as those for The Fly (1958) (based on the short story by George Langelaan) and The Great Escape (1963) (based on the personal account of Paul Brickhill). Biography Early life Born in Australia, Clavell was the son of Commander Richard Charles Clavell, a Royal Navy officer who was stationed in Australia with the Royal Australian Navy from 1920 to 1922. Clavell was educated at Portsmouth Grammar School, after which he returned to Australia. World War Two During 1940, Clavell joined the Royal Artillery. Though trained for desert warfare, after the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 he was sent to Singapore to fight the Japanese. The ship taking his unit was sunk en route to Singapore, and the survivors were picked up by a Dutch boat fleeing to India. The commander, described by Clavell years later as a "total twit," insisted that they be dropped off at the nearest port to fight the war despite having no weapons. Imprisoned in Changi Shot in the face, he was captured in Java in 1942 and sent to a Japanese prisoner of war camp on Java. Later he was transferred to Changi Prison in Singapore, where only 1 in 15 prisoners survived. In 1981, Clavell recounted: "'Changi became my university instead of my prison. Among the inmates there were experts in all walks of life -the high and the low roads. I studied and absorbed everything I could from physics to counterfeiting, but most of all I learned the art of surviving, the most important course of all." Prisoners were fed a quarter-pound of rice per day, one egg per week and occasional vegetables. Clavell believed that if atomic bombs were not dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki he would not have survived the war." Clavell did not talk about his wartime experiences with anyone, even his wife, for 15 years after the war, For a time he carried a can of sardines in his pocket at all times and fought an urge to forage for food in trash cans. He also experienced bad dreams and a nervous stomach kept him awake nights. Post-war career By 1946, Clavell had become a captain, but a motorcycle accident ended his military career. He enrolled with the University of Birmingham, where he met April Stride, an actress, whom he married in 1949 (date of marriage sometimes given as 1951). He would visit her on set while making films and began to be interested in becoming a film director. Early work on films Clavell entered the film industry via distribution and worked at that in England for a number of years. He tried to get into producing but had no luck so started writing screenplays. In 1954 he moved to New York, then to Hollywood. While trying to break into screenwriting he paid the bills working as a carpenter. In 1956, he sold a script about pilots to RKO, Far Alert. The same year Michael Pate bought a story of his Forbidden Territory for filming. Neither was filmed but Far Alert kept being sold and re-sold. "In 18 months it brought in $87,000," he later said. "We kept getting paid for writing it and rewriting it as it went from one studio to another. It was wonderful." It was later sold to Fox where it attracted the attention of Robert L. Lippert who hired Clavell to write the science-fiction horror movie The Fly (1958). This became a hit and launched Clavell as a screenwriter. He wrote Watusi (1959) for director Kurt Neumann, who had also made The Fly. Clavell wrote Five Gates to Hell (1959) for Lippert, and when they could not find a suitable director, Clavell was given the job. Paramount hired Clavell to write a film about the Bounty mutineers. It ended up not being made. Neither was a proposed movie about Francis Powers made. Clavell did write, produce, and direct a Western at Paramount, Walk Like a Dragon (1960). In 1959, Clavell wrote "Moon Landing" and "First Woman in the Moon", two episodes of Men into Space, a "day after tomorrow"-style science fiction drama, which depicted, in realistic terms, the (at the time) near future of space exploration. In 1960 he had written a Broadway show with John Sturges, White Alice, a thriller set in the Arctic. It was never produced. Early prose and screenplay work In 1960 the Writers Guild went on strike, meaning Clavell was unable to work. He decided to write a novel, King Rat, based on his time at Changi. It took him three months and several more months after that to rework it. The book was published in 1962 and sold well. It was turned into a film in 1965. In 1961, Clavell announced he had formed his own company, Cee Productions, who would make the films King Rat, White Alice and No Hands on the Clock. In 1962 he signed a multi picture contract with a Canadian company to produce and direct two films there, Circle of Greed and The Sweet and the Bitter. Only the second was made and it was not released until 1967. He wrote scripts for the war films The Great Escape (1963) and 633 Squadron (1964). He wrote a short story, "The Children's Story" (1964) and the script for The Satan Bug (1965), directed by John Sturges who had made The Great Escape. He also wrote Richard Sahib for Sturges which was never made. Clavell wanted to write a second novel because "that separates the men from the boys". The money from King Rat enabled him to spend two years researching and then writing what became Tai-Pan (1966). It was a huge bestseller, and Clavell sold the film rights for a sizeable amount (although the movie would not be made until 1986). Leading film director Clavell returned to filmmaking. He wrote, produced and directed To Sir, With Love (1967), featuring Sidney Poitier and based on E. R. Braithwaite's semiautobiographical 1959 book. It was a huge critical and commercial success. Clavell was now in much demand as a filmmaker. He produced and directed Where's Jack? (1969), a highwayman film which was a commercial failure. So too was an epic film about the Thirty Year War, The Last Valley (1971). Career as novelist Clavell returned to novel writing, which was the focus of the remainder of his career. He spent three years researching and writing Shōgun (1975), about an Englishman who becomes a samurai in feudal Japan. It was another massive best seller. Clavell was heavily involved in the 1980 mini-series which starred Richard Chamberlain and achieved huge ratings. In the late 1970s he spent three years researching and writing his fourth novel, Noble House (1981), set in Hong Kong in 1963. It was another best seller and was turned into a miniseries in 1986. Clavell briefly returned to filmmaking and directed a thirty-minute adaptation of his novelette The Children's Story. He was meant to do a sequel to Shogun but instead found himself writing a novel about the 1979 revolution in Iran, Whirlwind (1986). Clavell eventually returned to the Shogun sequel, writing Gai-Jin (1993). This was his last completed novel at the time of his death. Movies The Fly (1958) (writer) Watusi (1959) (writer) Five Gates to Hell (1959) (writer and director) Walk Like a Dragon (1960) (writer and director) The Great Escape (1963) (co-writer) 633 Squadron (1964) (co-writer) The Satan Bug (1965) (co-writer) King Rat (1965) (based on his novel) To Sir, with Love (1967) (writer and director) The Sweet and the Bitter (1967) (writer and director) Where's Jack? (1968) (director) The Last Valley (1970) (writer and director) Shōgun TV miniseries (1980) Tai-Pan (1986) (based on his novel) Noble House TV miniseries (1988) Novelist The New York Times said that "Clavell has a gift. It may be something that cannot be taught or earned. He breathes narrative ... He writes in the oldest and grandest tradition that fiction knows". His first novel, King Rat (1962), was a semi-fictional account of his prison experiences at Changi. When the book was published it became an immediate best-seller, and three years later it was adapted as a movie. His next novel, Tai-Pan (1966), was a fictional account of Jardine Matheson's successful career in Hong Kong, as told via the character who was to become Clavell's heroic archetype, Dirk Struan. Struan's descendants were characters in almost all of his following books. Tai-Pan was adapted as a movie in 1986. Clavell's third novel, Shōgun (1975), is set in 17th century Japan, and it tells the story of a shipwrecked English navigator in Japan, based on that of William Adams. When the story was made into a TV miniseries in 1980, produced by Clavell, it became the second highest rated miniseries in history with an audience of more than 120 million, after Roots. Clavell's fourth novel, Noble House (1981), became a bestseller that year and was adapted into a TV miniseries in 1988. Following the success of Noble House, Clavell wrote Thrump-o-moto (1985), Whirlwind (1986), and Gai-Jin (1993). Peter Marlowe Peter Marlowe is Clavell's author surrogate and a character of the novels King Rat and Noble House (1981); he is also mentioned once (as a friend of Andrew Gavallan's) in Whirlwind (1986). Featured most prominently in King Rat, Marlowe is an English prisoner of war in Changi prison during World War II. In Noble House, set two decades later, he is a novelist researching a book about Hong Kong. Marlowe's ancestors are also mentioned in other Clavell novels. In Noble House Marlowe is mentioned as having written a novel about Changi which, although fictionalized, is based on real events (like those in King Rat). When asked which character was based on him, Marlowe answers, "Perhaps I'm not there at all", although in a later scene, he admits he was "the hero, of course". Novels The Asian Saga consists of seven novels: King Rat (1962), set in a Japanese POW camp in Singapore in 1945. Tai-Pan (1966), set in Hong Kong in 1841 Shōgun (1975), set in Japan from 1600 onwards Noble House (1981), set in Hong Kong in 1963 Whirlwind (1986), set in Iran in 1979. Gai-Jin (1993), set in Japan in 1862 Escape: The Love Story from Whirlwind (1994), a novella adapted from Whirlwind (1986) Children's stories "The Children's Story" (1964 Readers Digest short story; adapted as a movie and reprinted as a standalone book in 1981) Thrump-O-Moto (1986), illustrated by George Sharp Nonfiction The Art of War (1983), a translation of Sun Tzu's book. Interactive fiction Shōgun (1988 adaptation by Infocom, Inc., for Amiga, Apple II, DOS, Macintosh), interactive fiction with graphics and puzzle-solving; the user plays John Blackthorne, the first Englishman to set foot on Japanese soil Shōgun (1986 adaptation by Virgin Games, Ltd., for Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, DOS), interactive fiction with a third-person perspective; the user wanders around as one of a number of characters trying to improve his/her rapport with other people, battling and working to becoming a Shōgun Politics and later life In 1963 Clavell became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Politically, he was said to have been an ardent individualist and proponent of laissez-faire capitalism, as many of his books' heroes exemplify. Clavell admired Ayn Rand, founder of the Objectivist school of philosophy, and sent her a copy of Noble House during 1981 inscribed: "This is for Ayn Rand—one of the real, true talents on this earth for which many, many thanks. James C, New York, 2 September 81." Death In 1994, Clavell died in Switzerland from a stroke while suffering from cancer. He died one month before his 73rd birthday. After sponsorship by his widow, the library and archive of the Royal Artillery Museum at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, in southeast London, was renamed the James Clavell Library in his honour. The library was later closed pending the opening of a new facility in Salisbury, Wiltshire; however, James Clavell Square on the Woolwich riverside remains. References External links New publication with private photos of the shooting & documents of 2nd unit cameraman Walter Riml Photos of the filming The Great Escape Category:1921 births Category:1994 deaths Category:American film directors Category:American male screenwriters Category:Royal Artillery officers Category:British Army personnel of World War II Category:British emigrants to the United States Category:British historical novelists Category:Writers of historical novels set in Early Modern period Category:Writers from Sydney Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Japan Category:Deaths from cancer in Switzerland Category:20th-century British novelists Category:20th-century American novelists Category:Objectivists Category:Alumni of the University of Birmingham Category:American male novelists Category:British male novelists Category:Australian male novelists Category:Australian expatriates in Switzerland Category:British expatriates in Switzerland Category:British people of Australian descent	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Live at Mr. Kelly's Live at Mister Kelly's, often stylized as "Live" (At Mr. Kelly's), is a live album by blues musician Muddy Waters released by the Chess label in 1971. Reception Rolling Stone said "All in all, it’s a rainy night sounding, laid-back album with the emphasis on good solid blues" AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated "Muddy Waters Live (At Mr. Kelly's) shows precisely how fortuitous Muddy Waters' history with Chess Records was. ... This album, recorded during two June 1971 gigs at one of Chicago's top clubs, was the third full-length concert release of his career ... The core of the band that would work with him for the rest of the '70s was already with him, and the man himself was in excellent form -- in voice and on slide guitar ... the effect of hearing a master of the blues virtuoso band in action is overpowering". Track listing All compositions by McKinley Morganfield except where noted "What Is That She Got" – 4:30 "You Don't Have to Go" (Jimmy Reed) – 3:25 "Strange Woman" (Morganfield, Ralph Bass) – 5:00 "Blow Wind Blow" – 4:30 "Country Boy" – 4:58 "Nine Below Zero" (Sonny Boy Williamson) – 4:45 "Stormy Monday Blues" (Aaron Walker) – 4:38 "Mudcat" – 3:37 "Boom, Boom" (John Lee Hooker) – 4:38 "C.C. Woman" – 3:45 Personnel Muddy Waters – vocals, guitar Joe "Denim" (tracks 1, 3 & 9), Paul Oscher – harmonica Pinetop Perkins – piano Sam Lawhorn, Pee Wee Madison – guitar Calvin Jones – bass Willie Smith – drums References Category:1971 live albums Category:Muddy Waters live albums Category:Chess Records live albums Category:Albums produced by Ralph Bass	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Masula boat Masula boat, also known as masulah boat, is a kind of non-rigid boat built without knees used on the coast of Madras (the present day city of Chennai), India, along with catamarans. Description Locally known as padagu or salangu among the fisher folks, the masula boat is a large, flat-bottomed, high-sided, open boat with a clumsy design consisting of mango wood planks sewed together with strands of coir which cross over a wadding of the same material, but without frames or ribs, so that the shock due to surf is much reduced. It is specially designed for use where there are no harbours of refuge, chiefly upon the surf-beaten Coromandel Coast of India. It is used in shooting shore seines and also as a cargo lighter. Its range extends along the whole of the eastern coast of India northwards of Cape Calimere. The equivalent type of boats used on the west coast are the beach lighters. Masula boats are generally smaller, although they can be up to 9 m in length. The pattern varies across the coast, namely, padava on the Andhra coast and bar boat in Orissa coast. A variant found in the region between Kakinada and Machilipatnam has ribs inside. The masula boats were mainly used by Europeans in the 19th century before the building of Chennai Port. The dimensions of the masula boat generally varies from 30 to 35 feet in length, 10 to 11 feet in breadth, and 7 to 8 feet in depth. On the Coromandel Coast, it is distinctly short, measuring as short as about 28 feet in length. In the northern region of the coast, chiefly in Godavari and Visakhapatnam districts of the Andhra coast, it exceeds 40 feet in length. However, the beam and the depth measures about 8 feet and 4 feet, respectively, across the region. An oculus is sometimes painted on the bows of the masula boats in the Madras region. They are rowed by a crew varying from 8 to 12 men using bamboo or casuarina paddles, which consist of a board measuring about 10 inches in width and 14 inches in length, fixed at the end of a bamboo or young casuarina tree. They are steered by one or two tindals (coxwains), and two men are constantly kept to bale out the water. Mast and sail are not used in the masula boats as they never go far from the shore. See also Abora Barge Cabin cruiser Dory Fishing boat Halkett boat Inflatable boat Launch (boat) Log canoe Narrowboat Naval architecture Panga (boat) Pirogue Rescue craft Sampan Ship's boat Skiff Yacht Traditional fishing boats Watercraft rowing References Category:Watercraft Category:Ship types Category:Nautical terminology	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Arnprior District High School Arnprior District High School is a high school in Arnprior, Renfrew County, Ontario, Canada. It is in the Renfrew County District School Board. The school's teams are known as the Rapids and its colours are red and white. Name Change In 2017, it was announced that Arnprior District High School would be changing their name for their sports teams from the historic Arnprior Redmen to the Arnprior Rapids. Sports The Arnprior Rapids compete in the Upper Ottawa Valley High School Athletics Association (UOVHSAA) at the county level and competes in the Eastern Ontario Secondary School Athletic Association (EOSSAA) at the district level. The Rapids senior football team went undefeated in 2011 and 2012, winning the National Capital Bowl AA provincial championship both years. The Rapids have found recent success in 2017 going 10-1 on their way to win the National Capital Bowl against Nantyr Shores High School.The Junior football team of 2018 also had recent success with their season going 8-0 throughout the season and going on to win the county finals The Rapids rugby team has also found success in the past years with winning 3 straight EOSSAA championships (2014-2017) and won 4th place at OFSAA in 2015 and 2017. Other School Sports Include; Hockey, Alpine Skiing, Badminton, Varsity Snowboarding, Tennis, Volleyball, Cross Country, Track and Field Rivalries As a result of Arnprior's rich athletic history, the Rapids have their fair share of local rivalry. Arnprior shares a historic rivalry with Renfrew Collegiate Institute Raiders (RCI). As a result of recent footballing success from both teams, the Rapids have also found a new football rivalry with Almonte and District High School Thunderbolts (ADHS). See also List of high schools in Ontario References External links Official web site Category:High schools in Renfrew County Category:1876 establishments in Ontario Category:Educational institutions established in 1876	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Amannus atriplicis Amannus atriplicis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Linsley in 1957. References Category:Trachyderini Category:Beetles described in 1957	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bhim Bahadur Dewan Havildar Bhim Bahadur Dewan was the leading section commander of 1/11 Gorkha Rifles under Captain Manoj Kumar Pandey, who was tasked to capture "Khalubar South" on 3 July 1999. He was awarded Vir Chakra (posthumously) for his contribution in Operation Vijay against Pakistani Army Vir Chakra Citation The citation for the Vir Chakra reads as follows Legacy In the movie LOC Kargil, he was portrayed by Bollywood actor Puru Raajkumar. References Category:1961 births Category:1999 deaths	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ganjali, Ardabil Ganjali is a village in the Ardabil Province of Iran. References Tageo Category:Populated places in Ardabil Province	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1191 papal election The papal election of 1191 (held on 21st March, 1191) took place after the death of Pope Clement III and chose the 85-year-old Cardinal Giacinto Bobone Orsini, who took the name Celestine III. References External links Sede Vacante 1191 Category:12th-century elections Category:1191 1191 Category:1191 in Europe Category:12th-century Catholicism	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
FK Cement FK Cement may refer to: FK Cement Beočin, Serbia FK Cement Popovac, Serbia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ceylonthelphusa nata Ceylonthelphusa nata is a species of decapod in the family Gecarcinucidae. The IUCN conservation status of Ceylonthelphusa nata is "CR", critically endangered. The species faces an extremely high risk of extinction in the immediate future. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2008. References Further reading Category:Ceylonthelphusa Category:Articles created by Qbugbot Category:Animals described in 2001	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sheridan, California Sheridan is a census-designated place in Placer County, California, United States. It is located at the western edge of the county, along State Route 65. Sheridan is northwest of Lincoln. Its ZIP code is 95681 and area code 530. The elevation is . The population was 1,238 at the 2010 census. History The Sheridan post office opened in 1868, closed for a time in 1870, and re-opened. Governance Sheridan is governed by the Placer County Board of Supervisors. The Supervisor currently elected to the Sheridan area district is Robert Weygandt. The Sheridan area has its own Municipal Advisory Committee (Sheridan MAC) which serves as an advisory board to the County's Board of Supervisors. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 26.0 square miles (67.5 km²), 99.98% of it land, and 0.02% of it water. Climate Demographics The 2010 United States Census reported that Sheridan had a population of 1,238. The population density was 47.5 people per square mile (18.4/km²). The racial makeup of Sheridan was 1,026 (82.9%) White, 7 (0.6%) African American, 20 (1.6%) Native American, 13 (1.1%) Asian, 3 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 113 (9.1%) from other races, and 56 (4.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 253 persons (20.4%). The Census reported that 1,238 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized. There were 414 households, out of which 155 (37.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 238 (57.5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 54 (13.0%) had a female householder with no husband present, 27 (6.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 32 (7.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 2 (0.5%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 68 households (16.4%) were made up of individuals and 24 (5.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.99. There were 319 families (77.1% of all households); the average family size was 3.32. The population was spread out with 302 people (24.4%) under the age of 18, 108 people (8.7%) aged 18 to 24, 286 people (23.1%) aged 25 to 44, 387 people (31.3%) aged 45 to 64, and 155 people (12.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.7 males. There were 447 housing units at an average density of 17.2 per square mile (6.6/km²), of which 309 (74.6%) were owner-occupied, and 105 (25.4%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 0%. 907 people (73.3% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 331 people (26.7%) lived in rental housing units. References Category:Census-designated places in Placer County, California Category:Census-designated places in California	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Maryborough School of Arts Maryborough School of Arts is a heritage-listed school of arts building at 427 Kent Street, Maryborough, Fraser Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John Harry Grainger and built from 1887 to 1888 by Jacob & John Rooney. It is also known as Museum and Technical College and Recreation Club. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992. It is a two storeyed masonry building opposite the City Hall. It replaced the first Maryborough School of Arts which was a small brick building constructed in 1861 soon after the establishment of a local School of Arts committee in 1860. Design It is a smooth rendered brick building with a hipped roof. The principal, south western façade of the School of Arts, which addresses Kent Street, is symmetrically arranged and employs classical proportion and detailing. The keystone of the moulding surrounding the central archway has a plaster moulded bust of Minerva, goddess of the city and protector of civilised life. Internally the building is arranged around a large central hall, accessed from the principal entrance off Kent Street. Rooms are found off either side of the hall on the ground floor and the hall is terminated in the eastern corner of the building with the stair hall. The entrance is through an elaborate double timber door opening from the recessed porch. History The Maryborough School of Arts was constructed in 1887–1888 to the design of Melbourne and Adelaide architect, John Grainger. The substantial two-storeyed rendered brick building replaced the first Maryborough School of Arts which was a small brick building constructed in 1861 soon after the establishment of a local School of Arts committee in 1860. The original township of Maryborough was situated, not in its current place, but on the north of the Mary River, after wharves were established in 1847–1848 providing transport for wool from sheep stations on the Burnett River. In 1850 Surveyor, Hugh Roland Labatt arrived in Maryborough with instructions to "examine the River Mary...to suggest ...the best site or sites for the laying out of the town, having regard to the convenience of shipping on one hand and internal communication on the other...also...point out the spots desirable as reserves for public building, church, quay and for places for public recreation." The site recommended by Labatt was not where settlement was established but further east and from the early 1850s this is where the growing town developed. By 1860 the local community had decided upon the erection of a School of Arts, where technical classes could be held for adults and provision made for a public library. Schools of Arts were established all over Queensland in the nineteenth century, with the Brisbane School of Arts being the first in 1849. The institutions were part of a nineteenth-century British movement encouraging widespread popular education, particularly in industrial areas. Mechanics Institutes and later Schools of Arts, co-operative societies, working men's colleges and the university extension movement were all formed to improve the education of working men and instruct them in various trades. This movement broadened to include all types of adult education, both technical and cultural. Applied or useful arts, rather than fine arts, formed the basis of the education provided at the Schools of Arts, as they became the forerunners to the technical education movement and in fact usually provided class rooms for what latter became technical colleges. Four tenders were received by the School of Arts Committee on 10 October 1860 for the erection of a timber building and that of local contractor, W Holland for was accepted. In January of the following year it was reported that the Queensland Government had granted a site to the Committee for the erection of their building, describes as Allotment 4 on Section 85 containing an area of two roods. The Queensland Government generally supported the establishment of Schools of Arts throughout Queensland and often provided some sort of subsidy, in the form of a loan for construction as well as a land grant for their construction. The land granted was in Kent Street where the current School of Arts building stands, opposite the early police and justice reserve. The foundation stone was laid on 5 February 1861 by Gilbert Eliott, the newly elected member for Wide Bay in the Queensland Legislative Assembly. On 17 October 1861 the building was officially opened with the hope that it would "be the first of a number of links which would unite all classes for the common good, it was a place where all could meet without distinction." The building constructed was of brick with a steeply pitched gabled roof and ornamental bargeboard, symmetrically arranged with a central entrance and simple flat arched window openings. Although Maryborough was proclaimed a municipality (the Borough of Maryborough) in October 1861 it was not until 1874 that the town acquired a Town Hall which was constructed beside the first School of Arts. In 1884 a Maryborough School of Arts Land Sale Act (1884) was passed to enable the trustees of the School of Arts to sell a portion of their grant to finance the construction of a new School of Arts. As early as 1885 sections of the allotment were sold with the largest section retained as the site of the new School of Arts. Competitive designs were invited from architects for a substantial School of Arts in Maryborough and prize money being offered. Thirty one entries were received and, at a meeting on 10 November 1886, that of John Grainger was awarded the first prize and the contract for the project. The prize winning entry was for a substantial two-storeyed rendered brick building, with a prominent classically inspired facade which was to cost no more than . John Grainger was an architect of Adelaide and Melbourne who had opened an office in Brisbane after his partnership, Grainger and D'Ebro, won a design competition for the Brisbane Public Offices, later known as the Treasury Building. However, their design for the Brisbane building was overlooked in favour of John James Clark's. Grainger returned to Melbourne and his partnership with Charles D'Ebro ended before he entered the competition for the Maryborough School of Arts. After completion of that project he was appointed to the position of Chief Architect of the Western Australian Department of Public Works. The contract for the construction of the School of Arts was let on 1 March 1887 to local contractors, Jacob and John Rooney (J&J Rooney) and the final construction cost was . The foundation stone for the building was laid on 3 June 1887 in an elaborate ceremony. The building constructed was a substantial tw- storeyed rendered brick structure with a classically inspired facade reflecting the cultural and educational aspirations of the institution. Many public buildings constructed since the Renaissance employed elements of classical architecture to imbue the structure with a sense of tradition and authority. The principal facade of the Maryborough School of Arts employs classical proportion and symmetry as well as detailing like the round arched windows of the first floor, oculi openings above the ground floor windows, entablature surmounted by central triangular pediment flanked by acroteria, as well as a system of projecting pilasters and rustication encouraging a three dimensional quality. In a lengthy report on Maryborough in 1895, the Sydney Mail, described the School of Arts as the "lion of the town" to which "every visitor is duty bound to go over...and admire...with fervour." The building was opened in a discreet ceremony on 21 May 1888 and a short report in the Maryborough Chronicle, described the building and services offered in the improved structure. The library, with over 5,000 volumes, was housed on the ground floor as well as two large class rooms separated by cedar folding doors. On the first floor was a reading room with a groined ceiling and, adjacent to this, a smoking room. Later in 1888 the School of Arts Committee received a grant of from local benefactor, Janet Melville for the establishment of a museum in the new building. Glass cabinets were fixed in the foyer and reading room and an extensive collection was amassed including timber and mineral samples, works of art and examples of taxidermy. After a grant of was received from the Queensland Government for the establishment of technical classes in art and science in 1890, the Maryborough School of Arts commenced teaching classes. The popularity and success of these technical classes, which would in time lead to the establishment of the Maryborough Technical College, meant that a timber class room extension was added to the rear of the building in 1895. J & J Rooney's tender of was accepted on 11 January and the extension was completed in June 1895. In April 1896 a verandah and ground floor loggia was added to the eastern side of the School of Arts to the design of local contractor Charles Crystall from partnership, Crystall and Armstrong. The tender of another local contractor, Henry Neale, for was accepted for the construction of the verandah and loggia and the cast iron balustrading was sourced from the local Albion Foundry. The spaces thus formed were provided as a shady retreat in the "trying summer months". A verandah was also erected on the rear of the timber classroom extension in 1900, although this section was again extended in 1903–1904 with the erection of another lecture hall. A Recreation Club was established in one of the rear timber buildings and this was furnished with billiard tables and assumed the role of the smoking room on the first floor of the main building which was converted into a reference library. The next major alteration occurred in 1907 when Bundaberg architect, Frederic Herbert Faircloth was commissioned to design a gallery in the library of the School of Arts. Faircloth had previously designed a similar gallery for the School of Arts in Bundaberg. Tenders were called on 21 August 1907 and the lowest tender from T. McLeod of was accepted. The final cost of the gallery was and the timber structure provided a balustraded internal balcony on three sides of the library and was accessed by a narrow timber stair from the ground floor. This addition allowed the book shelving to be extended to the ceiling. The Maryborough Technical College, although still housed in the School of Arts, became a separately managed association with its own committee in 1910. When the Maryborough City Hall was erected opposite the School of Arts, the former town hall site was purchased for the erection of technical college buildings. By 1936 the Technical College had expanded and was removed from the School of Arts to the newly established Maryborough State High School, at the former Grammar School grounds. From the 1920s government subsidies to the School of Arts were reduced, in favour of the technical colleges and this further reduced their role in the community. Renovation projects were undertaken at the School of Arts from the 1910s and the building became used as offices for various local community bodies, including the Country Women's Association and the Grammarians Recreation Club. During the World War II the School of Arts was resumed by the Government for use by the Australian Comforts Fund when extra bathroom facilities were added. A servicemen's club for members of the RAAF stationed in Maryborough was established in the building. Although the library continued operating on the ground floor, the first floor of the School of Arts was maintained as tenancies for various bodies after the World War II. In 1949 the Australian Broadcasting Company (ABC) and the Engineering Section of the Post Master General's Department (PMG) moved into the first floor. Plans for offices and a broadcasting studio for the ABC were prepared by Brisbane architects, Hennessy & Hennessy, and the local ABC radio was established in the building. At this time the eastern verandah was enclosed to house offices of the PMG's Department. In 1943 the Libraries Act was passed which sought to make better provision for the establishment and management of public libraries. The Act empowered local authorities to establish libraries, and also to assume management of the libraries currently operated by Schools of Arts. However, it was not until 1972 that the Maryborough City Council and the School of Arts Committee drew up an agreement which meant resulted in the Council accepting trusteeship of the School of Arts land and buildings, and for the council to be responsible for any financial deficiencies of the Committee. The School of Arts Committee agreed to operate the library until a Municipal Library was established. The Maryborough Public Library was opened in May 1977 and this meant the closure of the library at the School of Arts. Following this the Maryborough Wide Bay and Burnett Historical Society remained in the building as tenants and were given a forty-year lease. Description The Maryborough School of Arts is a substantial two storeyed masonry building, prominently located on Kent Street adjacent to the new City Council Chambers and opposite the 1906 Town Hall. The site contains the building constructed to the line of the footpath with a two storeyed timber framed verandah to the south east covering a driveway to an open space at the rear. The School of Arts is a smooth rendered brick building with a hipped roof. The principal, south western facade of the School of Arts, which addresses Kent Street, is symmetrically arranged and employs classical proportion and detailing. The facade is divided into five bays divided by rusticated pilasters at the ground floor level and by single and double engaged columns with Corinthian capitals on the first floor. The central bay features a recessed arched entrance porch to which access is provided via two concrete steps from ground level. The keystone of the moulding surrounding the archway has a plaster moulded bust of Minerva, goddess of the city and protector of civilised life. From behind her head foliage, of two different types, emerges. Flanking the entrance, in the recesses formed by the rusticated pilasters, are two square arched openings surmounted by oculi with decorative mouldings joining the two windows. At first floor level are five, equally sized, round arched openings, in the recesses of the attached columns, with sills resting on blank balustraded panels. Mouldings surround the arched heads of these windows, and moulded swags are found on recessed panels above the windows. The engaged columns support an entablature which acts as a parapet, with a central projecting panel featuring the words, "SCHOOL OF ARTS". Above the signage panel is a triangular pediment supported on a rectangular panel divided by squat engaged columns aligned with those on the levels below. The north western facade of the building is attached to the adjacent City Council Chambers and a recent thoroughfare on the first floor of the School of Arts provides access to its neighbouring building. The south eastern elevation of the School of Arts is concealed by a double storeyed verandah covering a driveway on that side of the building. The verandah is supported, at ground level on a series of cast iron columns on masonry plinths, and has a deep scalloped timber frieze below first floor level. The first floor of the verandah structure is infilled with fibrous cement sheeting and glazing. The face of this side of the building continues the openings found on the principal facade for two bays. The rear of the School of Arts is unrendered brickwork, of two types of brick reflecting the growth of the building. There are only four small square openings at first floor level on this elevation. Internally the building is arranged around a large central hall, accessed from the principal entrance off Kent Street. Rooms are found off either side of the hall on the ground floor and the hall is terminated in the eastern corner of the building with the stair hall. The entrance is through an elaborate double timber door opening from the recessed porch. The doors are half glazed and panelled, surmounted by a triangular pedimented entablature and all surrounded by clear glazed sidelights and semicircular fanlight. Generally the interior has timber boarded floors, plastered walls and timber boarded ceilings. On the first floor level of the building the ceilings are of timber boards which rake downwards to meet original walls. The dog legged timber stair is cantilevered above the midway landing and has turned timber balusters and substantial turned and carved timber newels. Providing natural lighting to the stairwell is a large round arched opening on the south eastern wall of the building. On the ground level of the School of Arts, through a door on the north west side of the central hall is the early library of the building, now used by a local historical society. This large room, extending almost the full length of the building, has a timber gallery, which seems to be suspended with iron rods from roof beams, to which access is provided via a steep and narrow stair. The gallery is lined with a simple cast iron balustrade, comprising decorative iron newels joined by an iron rail, and a base skirting board of timber with trefoiled cutouts. The library is filled with early books and bookshelves, early museum display cabinets and other early items of importance to the understanding of the history of the building. Elsewhere on the ground and upper floor are smaller rooms with extant timber joinery and other fittings. Heritage listing School of Arts was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history. The Maryborough School of Arts building demonstrates the development of adult education in Queensland from the nineteenth-century movement concerned with providing popular education by local communities to twentieth century-state education programmes. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places. The building is characteristic of a large regional School of Arts, constructed in a classical style, and housing a reading room, library and class rooms. Though a standard feature of most Queensland towns of the nineteenth century, Schools of Art have been replaced by other education facilities and municipal libraries, and therefore a once prominent and integral feature of the town fabric, the civic role of the Maryborough School of Arts has been altered dramatically. The place is important because of its aesthetic significance. The building is an important element of the Kent Street streetscape, with a prominent, well composed facade. The building features fine joinery, well crafted plasterwork and well proportioned internal spaces. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. The building, a public facility for over one hundred years and the forerunner to the current municipal library and technical college, has special importance to the local community. The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history. The building, a public facility for over one hundred years and the forerunner to the current municipal library and technical college, has special importance to the local community. References Attribution External links Category:Queensland Heritage Register Category:Maryborough, Queensland Category:Schools of Arts in Queensland Category:Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register Category:School buildings completed in 1888	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lars Green Lars Green (born 30 November 1944) is a Swedish actor. He has appeared in more than 30 films and television shows since 1970. Selected filmography Jänken (1970) Codename Coq Rouge (1989) Första Kärleken (1992) Svart Lucia (1992) Call Girl (2012) References External links Category:1944 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century Swedish male actors Category:21st-century Swedish male actors Category:Swedish male film actors Category:Swedish male television actors Category:Male actors from Stockholm	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Steve O'Neill (disambiguation) Steve O'Neill (1891–1962) was an American baseball catcher. Steve O'Neill may also refer to: Steve O'Neill (owner) (1899–1983), American businessman and baseball team owner Steve O'Neill (rugby league), English former rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, and coached in the 1990s and 2000s See also Stephen O'Neill (born 1980), Irish footballer Steve O'Neal (born 1946), American football player	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ḫapantali Hapantali, also known as Hapantaliya, is an Anatolian and Luwian pastoral goddess. Hapantali cares for the sheep of Istanu. She also helps moon god Arma/Kaskuh, when he falls down from sky, and takes part in the conference of gods when Telipinu is back. Literature Volkert Haas: Die hethitische Literatur, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin 2006, pages 110 f., 120 f., Category:Hittite deities Category:Pastoral deities	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Victim Island Victim Island is an island in the U.S. state of Washington. Evidence of violence amongst local Native Americans caused the name Victim Island to be selected. References Category:Landforms of San Juan County, Washington Category:Islands of Washington (state)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Trellis Trellis may refer to: Structures Trellis (architecture), an architectural structure often used to support plants Trellis drainage pattern, a drainage system Technology Trellis (graph), a special kind of graph used in computer science Trellis chart, a series or grid of small similar graphics or charts, allowing them to be easily compared Trellis modulation or trellis coded modulation, in telecommunications Trellis quantization, a method of improving data compression, often used in lossy video compression People Jonathan Whitehead (born 1960), composer who sometimes publishes under the name "Trellis" Oswald Trellis (born 1935), Dean of St George's Cathedral Other uses Mrs. Trellis of North Wales, a fictional radio correspondent in I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue See also Lattice (disambiguation) Trestle, a bridge that consists of a number of short spans Truss, a structure typically made of five or more triangular units	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Khoshkehdar-e Malmir Khoshkehdar-e Malmir (, also Romanized as Khoshkehdar-e Mālmīr; also known as Khoshgehdar, Khoshkdar-e Bālā, Khoshkeh Dar, and Khoshkehdar) is a village in Malmir Rural District, Sarband District, Shazand County, Markazi Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 205, in 53 families. References Category:Populated places in Shazand County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of Christian Unions in the United Kingdom This list is drawn from the Universities and Colleges Christian Fellowship (UCCF) website. It is not necessarily exhaustive, nor are all the Christian Unions shown necessarily affiliated to UCCF. England East Central Amersham & Wycombe College Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford Bedford College University of Bedfordshire Brunel University, Uxbridge – CU Website Buckinghamshire New University, High Wycombe – CU Website Buckinghamshire New University, Newland Park – CU Website Cambridge Regional College University of Cambridge (Cambridge Inter-Collegiate Christian Union) – CU Website City College Norwich Colchester Institute Cranfield University, Cranfield De Montfort University, Bedford Downham Market High School – Sixth Form Centre University of East Anglia – Norwich CU Website University of Essex – CU Website The Henley College Hertford Regional College, Ware Centre University of Hertfordshire – CU Website Norwich University of the Arts Oaklands College, Welwyn Garden City Oxford Brookes University Oxford Institute of Legal Practice University of Oxford (Oxford Inter-Collegiate Christian Union) – CU Website Suffolk College, Ipswich – CU Website West Suffolk College Westminster Institute, Oxford Brookes University Writtle College London Goldsmiths, University of London – CU Website Heythrop College (Ecumenical Christian Union) Imperial College London – CU Website Roehampton University King's College London – CU Website King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry – CU Website Kingston University – CU Website University College London – CU Website University College London Medical School – CM Website London School of Economics – CU Website London Southbank University Queen Mary, University of London – CU Website Royal College of Art – CU Website Royal College of Music Royal Holloway, University of London – CU Website School of Oriental and African Studies – CU Website St Paul's School (London) – CU Website St. Mary's University College (Twickenham) University of East London University of West London (formerly Thames Valley University) Midlands Aston University Bishop Grosseteste University, Lincoln Birmingham City University – CU Website Coventry University – CU Website University of Derby - CU Facebook Page Keele University – CU website University of Leicester - CU Website Loughborough University – CU Website University of Lincoln – CU Website University of Nottingham – CU Website University of Nottingham (Sutton Bonington) —CU Website University of Warwick – CU Website University of Birmingham – CU Website Nottingham Trent University (City) – CU Website Nottingham Trent University (Clifton) University of Northampton – CU Website University of Staffordshire – CU Website - Stoke Campus and CU Website - Stafford Campus North East Barnsley College Bishop Burton College Bradford College University of Bradford – CU Website Bretton Hall College, University of Leeds Calderdale College Cleveland College of Art and Design, Hartlepool Cleveland College of Art and Design, Middlesbrough The College of Law, York Darlington College of Technology Dearne Valley College Dewsbury College Durham University (Durham Inter-Collegiate Christian Union) CU Website Durham University#Queen's Campus, Stockton – Stockton on Tees – CU Website; Evangelistic Sermons at QCCU Gilesgate Sixth Form College Greenhead College Grimsby College Huddersfield New College University of Huddersfield – CU Website University of Hull – CU Website University of Hull, Scarborough Leeds College of Technology University of Leeds - CU Website Leeds Metropolitan University – CU Website University of Lincoln, Hull Newcastle College Newcastle University – CU Website North Lindsey College Northumbria University, Newcastle – CU Website Park Lane College Sheffield Hallam University – CU Website University of Sheffield – CU Website Stockton Sixth Form College University of Sunderland – CU Website University of Teesside – CU Website Trinity and All Saints College, University of Leeds York College York St John University – CU Website University of York – CU Website North West Lancaster University – CU website Liverpool Universities (University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool Hope University) – CU website Manchester Metropolitan University – CU website University of Central Lancashire – CU website University of Cumbria (Lancaster campus) – CU website University of Cumbria (Carlisle campus) – CU website University of Manchester – CU website University of Salford – CU website University of Chester – CU website South East Solent University – CU website University of Brighton – CU website University of Kent – CU website University of Portsmouth – CU website University of Reading – CU website University of Winchester – CU website University of Southampton – CU website University of Surrey – CU website University of Sussex – CU website University of East Anglia – CU website University of Chichester Chichester College Eastbourne College Bournemouth University – CU website Royal Grammar School, Guildford - CU website South West University of Bath – CU website University of Bristol – CU website University of Exeter – CU website University of Gloucestershire – CU website Plymouth University – CU website University of the West of England – CU website Falmouth University/University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus – CU website University of St Mark & St John (Plymouth) Northern Ireland Belfast Methodist College Belfast Queen's University Belfast – CU website Scotland Glasgow Caledonian University - CU website Glasgow School of Art - CU Facebook Page Heriot-Watt University – CU website Herriot-Watt Scottish Borders Campus – CU Facebook Page Napier University – CU website Queen Margaret University - CU Website Robert Gordon University – CU website Royal Conservatoire of Scotland - CU Facebook Page Sabhal Mòr Ostaig - CU Facebook Page University of Aberdeen – CU website University of Abertay Dundee – CU website University of Dundee – CU website University of Edinburgh – CU website University of Glasgow – CU website University of St Andrews – CU website University of Stirling – CU website University of Strathclyde – CU website University of the Highlands and Islands - CU Facebook Page University of the West of Scotland - CU Facebook Page Wales Aberystwyth University – CU Website Bangor University – CU Website Cardiff University – CU Website Cardiff Metropolitan University University of Glamorgan – CU Website University of Wales, Newport Swansea University – CU Website References Category:Christian student societies in the United Kingdom Christian Unions in Great Britain Christian Unions	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Srock Srock is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Moszczenica, within Piotrków County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Moszczenica, north of Piotrków Trybunalski, and south-east of the regional capital Łódź. The village has a population of 720. References Srock	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Zohoor Alaa Zohoor Alaa (Arabic; زهور علاء) (born 18 March 1979) is an Iraqi TV actress. Early life Zohoor Alaa Jassim was born in Baghdad, Iraq. One of her most important serials is Beet Gazal in 2012 which presented Al Sharqiya, and resulted in her fame in Iraq. TV serials Hob wa Jonon 2004 Al Mario 2007 Nojjom Lalia 2008 Beet Gazal 2012 Madenatna 2016 References Category:1979 births Category:Living people Category:Iraqi television actresses Category:Iraqi comedians Category:20th-century Iraqi actresses Category:21st-century Iraqi actresses	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Invasion of Gozo (1551) The Invasion of Gozo took place in July 1551, and was accomplished by the Ottoman Empire against the island of Gozo, following an unsuccessful attempt to conquer nearby Malta on 18 July 1551. It was followed by a victorious campaign with the Siege of Tripoli. Attack Malta The Commander of the Ottoman fleet was Sinan Pasha, accompanied by Salah Rais and Dragut Reis. The Ottomans initially landed on Malta, at Marsamxett, and a force of 10,000 men marched upon Birgu and Fort St Angelo, but they realised that these were too well fortified to be conquered easily. Therefore, the Ottomans turned their attention to Mdina, looting and burning the villages on the way. Meanwhile, the Knights in Mdina, under the command of Fra Villeganion, asked the people living in the villages to seek refuge in the city and to help defend it. When the Ottomans arrived they discovered a large garrison defending the city so they decided against the plan of attacking the city since they did not want to fight a long siege. Meanwhile, a relief fleet attacked the Ottoman ships anchored at Marsamxett. Gozo The Ottoman then decided to attack nearby Gozo, which was under the command of Governor Gelatian de Sessa. After a few days of bombardment, de Sessa attempted to negotiate with Sinan Pasha, however the latter rejected the terms. A few days later the Citadel capitulated. About 300 people escaped from the Citadel by climbing down its walls and hid from the Ottomans. The other 6,000 people, including Governor de Sessa and the Knights, were taken captive and ended up in slavery, being sailed to Tripoli on 30 July. The Ottomans only spared a monk and forty elderly Gozitans. According to legend, one of the defenders named Bernardo Dupuo (also known as Bernardo da Fonte or de Opuo) fought bravely when Ottomans breached the city walls, and killed his own wife and two daughters preferring death over slavery before he himself was killed by the invading forces. A street in the Citadel is named after him, and outside his house lies a plaque commemorating his death. Consequences Since few Christians remained on Gozo, families from Malta were encouraged by the Order of Saint John to repopulate the island. However it took about 150 years for the population to reach pre-1551 levels. A few Gozitans managed to redeem themselves from slavery, such as the notable Reverend Lorenzo de Apapis, who returned to Gozo in 1554. Following the attack the Order set up a commission made up of Leone Strozzi and Pietro Pardo, who were engineers, to examine the Maltese Islands' fortifications and make suggestions for further improvements. The Grandmaster, Juan de Homedes, increased taxation and strengthened the coastal guards, the Dejma. Following Strozzi and Pardo's commission, Fort Saint Michael and Fort Saint Elmo were built to better defend the Grand Harbour. Bastions at Mdina and Birgu were strengthened, and the fortifications of Senglea were built. The failure to take all of the Maltese Islands was also one of the causes of the Great Siege of Malta in 1565. Two other unsuccessful attacks were made on Gozo in 1613 and 1709. During the sacking of Gozo, the archives of the Università were destroyed by the Ottomans. The only surviving pre-1551 records relating to Gozo are a few documents in the Notarial Archives as well as some records in the archives of Palermo, Sicily. Legacy A re-enactment of the invasion was made by Grade 5 students of San Andrea School in 1997, and a video entitled A Tale of a Gozitan City was released. The students played the roles of Turkish invaders, Knights, or Maltese peasants and filming was done on the schooner Charlotte Louise. Din l-Art Ħelwa produced a musical account of the invasion at Saint Michael's Bastion in the Citadel on 31 July 2009. This was centered on the legend of Don Bernardo de Opuo. In 2013 a memorial to the siege was set up at the gardens of Villa Rundle in Victoria, Gozo. The Siege of Gozo features in Marthese Fenech's book Eight Pointed Cross (2011), part of her historical fictional series set in Malta. The invasion of Gozo features prominently in Dorothy Dunnett's book The Disorderly Knights (1966), part of her fictional series Lymond Chronicles. Notes Category:Conflicts in 1551 Category:Gozo Gozo (1551) Gozo (1551) Category:1551 in Malta Category:Invasions by the Ottoman Empire in Europe Category:History of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2009–10 NHL suspensions and fines The following is a list of all suspensions and fines enforced in the National Hockey League during the 2009–10 NHL season. It lists which players or coaches of what team have been punished for which offense and the amount of punishment they have received. Suspensions Fines See also 2009-10 NHL transactions 2009 NHL Entry Draft 2009 in sports 2010 in sports List of 2009–10 NHL Three Star Awards References Suspension And Fines Category:National Hockey League suspensions and fines	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Aeoliscus strigatus Aeoliscus strigatus, also known as the razorfish, jointed razorfish or coral shrimpfish, is a member of the family Centriscidae of the order Syngnathiformes. This unique fish adopts a head-down tail-up position as an adaptation for hiding among sea urchin spines. The razorfish is found in coastal waters in the Indo-West Pacific. Its natural habitat includes beds of sea grass and coral reefs, where sea urchins are found. Description The razorfish is easily identifiable due to its particular body shape as well as its way of moving in synchrone group head down. It is a small fish with a maximum size of long, its body is stretched ending by a long fine "beak". Its fins are considerably reduced and transparent. The dorsal surface of the razorfish is covered by protective bony plates. They extend past the end of the body and over the tail fin, which terminates in a sharp spine. A black to brown median band runs the length of the fish crossing also the eyes. The color of the body is variable with the habitat. In seagrass environment, the background color of the body can be greenish-yellow with light brown stripes. In open areas like sand patch, rubble or close to coral reef, then the body coloration occurs to be light silver with a black to brown stripe. There is no known sexual dimorphism. Ecology The razorfish eats mainly small brine shrimp and other small invertebrates. They have also been known to eat minute crustaceans. In the wild they have been observed hiding in the spines of sea urchins, both as a defense mechanism and as a hunting mechanism. When threatened by larger fish, the razorfish darts away to a nearby sea urchin or staghorn coral for protection. Razorfish hunt among sea urchin spines, especially those of the genus Diadema, and wait for small invertebrates that feed on the urchins. When their prey gets close, the razorfish will dart out and try to catch its dinner. This species is oviparous and the eggs and larvae are pelagic, the juveniles settle when they attain in length, frequently choosing to live among the spines of Diadema sea urchins. References External links Category:Centriscidae Category:Taxa named by Albert Günther Category:Fish described in 1861	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jaume Llambi Jaume Llambi Riera (born February 25, 1974) is a wheelchair basketball player and table tennis player from Spain. A paraplegic as a result of a car accident when he was 8 years old, he went on to represent Spain at the 1992 Summer Paralympics in table tennis. He then switched sports to wheelchair basketball, making his national team debut in 1998. In 2012, he represented Spain in wheelchair basketball at the Paralympic Games in London where his team finished fifth. Personal Llambi was born on February 25, 1974 in Barcelona. He was hit by a car when he was 8 years old. The accident left him a paraplegic. He started participating in disability sport as a way to assist with rehabilitation. One of the first sports he participated in was swimming, with a Barcelona-based swimming club. Llambi now lives in Madrid. In August 2012, Llambi attended a conference organised by Groupama Seguro in Madrid. The group was one of the main sponsors for the Spanish Paralympic Committee in the lead up to the 2012 Summer Paralympics. Alongside several other Paralympians, he presented on athlete preparations for the Games. Table tennis Llambi competed at the 1992 Summer Paralympics in table tennis as an 18-year-old. Wheelchair basketball Llambi is a guard, and a 1.5 point player. He was a recipient of a 2012 Plan ADO scholarship. National team Llambi represented Spain as a member of Spain men's national wheelchair basketball team for the first time when he competed in the 1998 IWBF World Championships in Sydney, Australia. In 2011 in Nazareth, Poland, Llambi competed in the IWBF European Championships, where his team finished third. He competed in wheelchair basketball at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London. It was the first time the Spanish national team had qualified for the Paralympics in 16 years. The team, coached by Oscar Trigo, finished fifth. He was one of seven members of the 142 strong Spanish team that had also competed at the 1992 Games. With the national team, he won a bronze medal at the 2013 European Championships after defeating Sweden. In November 2013, he was awarded a €4,000 scholarship from the Madrid Olympic Foundation to support his efforts to qualify for the 2016 Summer Paralympics. Club As of 2013, Llambi has played club basketball for Fundosa CD ONCE since around 1997, when he was 23 years old. References Category:Living people Category:Paralympic wheelchair basketball players of Spain Category:Wheelchair basketball players at the 2012 Summer Paralympics Category:Spanish men's basketball players Category:1974 births Category:Plan ADOP alumni Category:Paralympic table tennis players of Spain Category:Spanish disability table tennis players Category:Catalan sportspeople Category:Sportspeople from Barcelona Category:Guards (basketball)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ait Ayach Ait Ayach is a commune in the Midelt Province of the Drâa-Tafilalet administrative region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 11260 people living in 1877 households. References Category:Populated places in Midelt Province Category:Rural communes of Morocco	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kuryk Kuryk (, Quryq) is a selo and the administrative center of Karakiya District in Mangystau Region in western Kazakhstan. Kuryk is being developed as a port to export crude oil from the Kashagan oil field across the Caspian Sea to Baku, where the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline will transport it to Turkey. References Category:Populated places on the Caspian Sea Category:Populated places in Mangystau Region	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Nikon Coolpix 8700 The Coolpix 8700 was a digital camera manufactured and distributed by Nikon. It was introduced in 2004. It featured 8.0 megapixels (effective), and a 8x optical/4x digital zoom. It was part of the Nikon Coolpix line of cameras. External links Digital Review 8700	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Violeta Andrei Violeta Andrei (; born 29 March 1941) is a Romanian actress and the widow of former Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania Ştefan Andrei. Andrei was born on 29 March 1941 in Braşov, Romania. She is a graduate of Caragiale University of Theatrical Arts and Cinematography in Bucharest. Her debut was the role in the movie Golgota (1966). Selected filmography The Moment (1979) The Pale Light of Sorrow (1981) See also Ştefan Andrei Cinema of Romania References Category:Living people Category:1941 births Category:Caragiale Academy of Theatrical Arts and Cinematography alumni	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rafael de Juan Rafael de Juan (12 August 1924 – November 2004) was a Spanish sports shooter. He competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics and 1960 Summer Olympics. References Category:1924 births Category:2004 deaths Category:Spanish male sport shooters Category:Olympic shooters of Spain Category:Shooters at the 1952 Summer Olympics Category:Shooters at the 1960 Summer Olympics Category:Sportspeople from Madrid	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tirahi language Tirahi, also called Dardù, is a nearly extinct if not already extinct Dardic language of the Kohistani group spoken in the Nangarhar Province of Northeastern Afghanistan. It is spoken by older adults, who are likewise fluent in Pashto. Geographic Distribution Spoken in the Nangarhar Province of Northeastern Afghanistan, there are about 100 native speakers today, if any. This is mainly due to the majority of the Tirahi people having assimilated into the dominant Pashtun culture of Afghanistan. In its place, Tirahi connects the Dardic languages spoken in Dardistan with languages which reach down to the mouth of the Indus River, showing Dardic influence. Thus, it could be the missing link connecting a chain of languages between the Hindu Kush and Goa. In possibly being the missing link, Dardic influence can even be found in the Central Indian Bhil Languages as well as the Konkani dialect of Marathi. Tirahi is also spoken in a couple of villages southeast of the Afghan city of Jalalabad, such as Jaba, Mitarani, and Bara-khel. Classification and Related Languages Tirahi is a Dardic language, along with Kalasha, Gawar-Bati, and Pashayi languages. Further, Tirahi is part of the sub-group of Kohistani languages along with languages such as Bateri, Chilisso, Gowro, and others. However, Tirahi also shares with languages spoken farther to the east, such as Kashmiri. As a Dardic Language, Tirahi strongly preserves some vocabulary of spoken Sanskrit (cow - dēn in Tirahi, dhēnuh in Sanskrit, hand - ast in Tirahi, hastah in Sanskrit). Being a language spoken in Afghanistan, Tirahi shares various words and grammatical constructs with Pashto, a language spoken throughout Afghanistan to which many Tirahi speakers have become accustomed to speaking. Since Tirahi is entirely separated from the other Dardic languages, located south of the Kabul River and west of the Khyber Pass, rendering it wholly encased by Pashto. Tirahi also shares some vocabulary with Kashmiri and Shina such as the Tirahi mala, for a father, the Kashmiri mol, and the Shina malo. Grammar Tirahi shows much influence from Pashto in phonology, lexicon and even morphology. However, its vocabulary exhibits a connection to Kohistani dialects. Therefore, Tirahi seems to occupy an intermediate position between Pashto and the Kohistani group. Morgenstirne claims that Tirahi is "probably the remnant of a dialect group extending from Tirahi through the Peshawar district into Swat and Dir" Nouns and Adjectives Tirahi is an inflected language, having 5 cases: Nominative, Oblique, Genitive, Dative, and Ablative. Adjectives, verbs, and nouns usually agree according to gender. Consonant-final nouns add e or a along with their traditional endings. There appears to be an indefinite article, added to the end of the word as an -ī, similar to Farsi. Pronouns 1st person pronouns: 2nd person pronouns: Verbs Non finite forms Infinitive: stem + an (karan - 'to do/make') Tense-aspect forms Imperative Singular: stem, Imperative Plural: stem + V Present-future: root + endings - 1st: - m, 2nd: -s, 3rd: -e, 1st plural: -en Definite Present: da/de + present-future Example Sentences Abo-e kata dur thi? ('Village' + 'how much far' + 'is') "How far is your village?" Pali de kham ('Bread' + Definite Future + 'Eat') "I am eating bread." La brok odasta ga ('He' + 'Very' + 'Hungry' + 'become/go') "He became very hungry" Ao mara ga-m ('I' + 'die' + 'become') "I died/am dead" References External links YouTube sample of Tirahi Category:Dardic languages Category:Languages of Afghanistan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Priz-One PRIZ-ONE (b. Ramon Augustine Martinez in Cuba on August 25, 1964) is the graffiti tag of a Cuban-American commercial artist, illustrator, and ex-golden glove boxer. History Martinez's parents immigrated to New York City during the turbulent Castro era. Martinez started street bombing under various aliases such as RM/MR, SWAN-ONE, PRISM as well as PRIZM, above ground and below Riverside Park. He started "motioning" on the inside of an IRT Broadway no. 1 train in the summer of 1979. His self-taught progression to painting subway car exteriors did not reach its full potential until several years later. While attending P.S. 9 located on the Upper West Side, he became heavily influenced by Dean, Jean13 and other writers from Brandeis High School, who would later be known as "BYB", the Bad Yard Boys. His tag pseudonym of Priz/Priz-One originated from the Prisma font of a letterset/typography book that was given as a gift by his high school art teacher because of the potential the teacher saw in Martinez’s black books. In the early 1980s Martinez was befriended by STAN-ONE, an older seasoned Broadway writer who was also president of a well-known graffiti crew called TS5/TSF (The Spanish Five). Martinez began teaming up with several members of TS5 on writing ventures and gaining access to layups and yards. Throughout his writing career he would be accepted into numerous graffiti crews. In the late 1980s Martinez was granted membership to Cool Art Creators (CAC), where he still holds a prominent role. Though his passion is for his artform, he has broadened his vision by presenting works in books and video. Priz-One has been interviewed for several websites, ezines and in The New York Times. He is Vice President of TS5 and continues to paint legally commissioned murals throughout the five boroughs with his partner STAN-ONE. References History of Graffiti "Design Fundamentals for New Media: Alternative Cultures & Design External links Events Brooklyn, NY - June 11, 2004 Push's 6th Annual Brooklyn Hip Hop History Celebration 2004 New York - January 21 -February 3, 2005 HISTORY IN THE MAKING PART II Magazines Graffit Shop Website MySpace page Newspaper articles Shadi Rahimi. "Cat-and-Mouse Game, With Spray Paint." The New York Times, August 5, 2005. Jen Chung. "Law & Graffiti Order." Gothamist, August 5, 2005. Joseph Wendelken. "Track Death Highlights Graffiti Game's Dangers." Queens Chronicle, January 18, 2007. Online articles Artcrimes.com SixCentz.com Writers Bench@149st WS&TR Wildstylers & TazReport Deep Inside The Mind Interview with Priz-One on Canned Goods Books Martha Cooper's Hip-Hop Files Photographs - 1979-1984 Graffiti World: Street Art from Five Continents After Eight - Still Rolling Burning New York - Graffiti NYC Taking the Train by Joe Austin Photographs Flickr Streets Are Saying Things The New York City Aerosol Artists Graffitinet.com Documentaries Just To Get a Rep graffiti documentary The Original Videograf Series Category:American graffiti artists Category:American people of Cuban descent Category:1964 births Category:Living people Category:Cuban contemporary artists Category:American contemporary artists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sarzeh Kharuk Sarzeh Kharuk (, also Romanized as Sarzeh Khārūk; also known as Sarzeh and Sarzeh Bālā) is a village in Shamil Rural District, Takht District, Bandar Abbas County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 903, in 194 families. References Category:Populated places in Bandar Abbas County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pseudopostega quadristrigella Pseudopostega quadristrigella is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Frey and Boll in 1876. It is known from Maine west to South Dakota and south to Texas. The length of the forewings is 4.4–5.2 mm. Adults have been recorded from May to August. References Category:Opostegidae Category:Moths described in 1876	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Soviet Star Soviet Star (20 April 1984 – 7 October 2014) was an American-bred French-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He was bred in Kentucky, sold as a yearling for $310,000 and sent to race in Europe where he proved to be an outstanding sprinter-miler, winning eight of his fourteen starts. After winning his only race as a two-year-old he became a top-class performer in 1987, winning the Prix de Fontainebleau on his debut and recording Group One victories in the Poule d'Essai des Poulains, Sussex Stakes and Prix de la Foret. He remained in training as a four-year-old and added wins in the Forte Mile, July Cup and Prix du Moulin. He was retired to stud at the end of the year and had considerable success as a breeding stallion. He died in 2014 at the age of 30. Background Soviet Star was a bay horse, standing 16 hands high, with a white star and snip bred in Kentucky by Kinderhill Farm. He was sired by Nureyev best known as a racehorse for being disqualified after beating Known Fact and Posse to "win" the 2000 Guineas in 1980. Apart from Soviet Star, Nureyev was the sire of the winners of at least forty-five Group One/Grade I including Peintre Celebre, Polar Falcon, Sonic Lady, Spinning World, Zilzal, Stravinsky and Miesque. Soviet Star's dam Veruschka produced several other winners, most notably the very successful American racemare The Very One. As a yearling the colt was consigned to the November sale at Keeneland where he was bought for $310,000 by the British Bloodstock Agency, acting on behalf of Sheikh Mohammed. The colt was sent to Europe and was trained throughout his racing career by Andre Fabre in France. Racing career 1986: two-year-old season Soviet Star made his racecourse debut in a thirteen-runner maiden race over 1500 metres at Saint-Cloud Racecourse in October. He started favourite and won by one and a half lengths from Falcon Eye. 1987: three-year-old season Soviet Star began his three-year-old season with a win in the Listed Prix de Fontainebleau over 1600 metres at Longchamp Racecourse in April, ridden, as in all his races that year by Greville Starkey. On 10 May, over the same course and distance, the colt started favourite for the Group One Poule d'Essai des Poulains. His main rivals in the fourteen runner field appeared to be the European Free Handicap winner Noble Minstrel, Air de France, Saint Andrews (Prix Djebel) and Fotitieng (Prix des Chenes). After turning into the straight in sixth place he was switched to the outside and made rapid progress, taking the lead and winning by a length and a neck from Noble Minstrel and Glory Forever. After the race, Starkey reportedly described the winner as "another Dancing Brave". The colt was then stepped up in distance for the Prix Jean Prat over 1800 metres and started favourite, but after taking the lead in the straight he tired on the soft ground and was beaten half a length by the British-trained Risk Me. Soviet Start was sent to England for his next two races, beginning with the St James's Palace Stakes at Royal Ascot on 16 June. He took second place in a five-runner field, beaten a length by the Luca Cumani-trained Half A Year, but finishing ahead of Risk Me, Don't Forget Me and Glory Forever. The Sussex Stakes at Goodwood Racecourse on 29 July saw Soviet Star take on older horses for the first time. The 4/6 favourite was the four-year-old Then Again, winner of the Lockinge Stakes and Queen Anne Stakes with Soviet Star next in the betting on 3/1. The other runners were Star Cutter (Premio Vittorio di Capua), Fair Judgment (Pacemaker International Stakes), Efisio (Emilio Turati), Hadeer (Hungerford Stakes) and Lauries Warrior (Diomed Stakes). Lauries Warrior took the early lead and set a very strong pace whilst Starkey restrained Soviet Star in sixth. Star Cutter went to the front in the straight but Soviet Star produced an impressive burst of acceleration to take the lead inside the final furlong and held of a renewed challenge from Star Cutter to win by half a length. Hadeer took third ahead of Then Again, who sustained an injury when slipping on the final turn. On 6 September, Soviet Star returned to France for the Prix du Moulin over 1600 metres at Longchamp and started second favourite behind the outstanding three-year-old filly Miesque. He moved up to challenge the favourite in the straight, but the filly drew away in the closing stages and won by two and a half lengths. Soviet Star finished second ahead of Hadeer and Grecian Urn. In his final appearance of the year, Soviet Star was dropped back in distance for the Group One Prix de la Foret over 1400 metres at Longchamp on 25 October. Racing on soft ground, he started favourite against thirteen opponents headed by the Irish sprinter Bluebird (King's Stand Stakes) the two-year-old Common Grounds (Prix de la Salamandre) and Grecian Urn. The other runners included Highest Honor (Prix d'Ispahan), Turkish Ruler (Prix du Palais-Royal), Glifahda (Prix de Seine-et-Oise), Grey Goddess (Matron Stakes), Balbonella (Prix Robert Papin), Tenue de Soiree (Prix du Gros Chene), Sakura Reiko (Prix Morny) and Cricket Ball (Prix de Meautry). Soviet Star won decisively by a length from Highest Honor, with Turkish Ruler taking third in front of Balbonella. 1988: four-year-old season In 1988, Cash Asmussen took over from Starkey as Soviet Star's jockey. The colt began his third season in the Group Two Trusthouse Forte Mile at Sandown Park Racecourse and started 5/4 favourite ahead of the Michael Stoute-trained Ascot Knight. He was fourth of the six runners entering the straight before taking the lead a furlong out and won by two and a half lengths from Shady Heights. At Royal Ascot in June, Soviet Star started odds-on favourite for the Queen Anne Stakes, but failed by a head to concede six pounds to the five-year-old Waajib, with Then Again a neck away in third. On 7 July Soviet Star was dropped back to sprinting for the July Cup at Newmarket Racecourse. The distance of six furlongs was the shortest he had attempted but he was nevertheless made 15/8 favourite in a nine-runner field. Cricket Ball and Glifahda were again in opposition, whilst his other rivals included Indian Ridge (King's Stand Stakes), Handsome Sailor (Temple Stakes), Gallic League (Middle Park Stakes), Big Shuffle (Cork and Orrery Stakes) and Governor General (Abernant Stakes). Asmussen held up the favourite towards the rear of the field as Governor General set the pace before Indian Ridge went to the front approaching the last quarter mile. Soviet Star took the lead a furlong out and was pushed out by Asmussen to win by two lengths from Big Shuffle with another two and a half lengths back to Handsome Sailor in third. At Deauville Racecourse in August, Soviet Star contested the Prix Jacques le Marois and finished fourth behind Miesque, Warning and Gabina, beaten three lengths by the winner. It was the first time that he had finished worse than second. In September, Soviet Star faced Miesque for the third time in the Prix du Moulin on soft ground at Longchamp, with Gabina and Blushing John also in opposition. The colt was held up by Asmussen as usual before turning into the straight in fourth place and then taking the lead 150 metres from the finish as Miesque also produced her challenge. Soviet Star and Miesque drew away from their opponents to fight out the finish with the colt prevailing by a head. The other runners finished strung out with gaps of four, five and eight lengths back to Gabina, Blushing John and Bluebook. On his final racecourse appearance, Soviet Star started 9/4 joint favourite for the Queen Elizabeth II Stakes at Ascot in October, but never looked likely to win and finished fourth, beaten eight lengths by Warning. Assessment In their annual Racehorses of 1976, the independent Timeform organisation did not give Soviet Star a rating but described him as being "sure to go on to better things". In the following year he was rated 128 by Timeform, placing him placing him eleven pounds behind their Horse of the Year Reference Point. In the International Classification for 1987 he was given a rating of 125, making him the sixth-best colt of his generation in Europe behind Reference Point, Trempolino, Entitled, Ajdal and Half A Year. The Racing Post's Tony Morris described Soviet Star as "highly strung" but raced game and consistent. Stud record Soviet Star was retired from racing to become a breeding stallion at Sheikh Mohammed's Dalham Hall in Newmarket. He was transferred to Japan in 1994, and was shuttled to New Zealand in 1999, before moving to Ireland in 2000 where he stood at the Ballylinch Stud, County Kilkenny. He lived out his last years in semi-retirement with his companion, Bertie the goat and died in his paddock at Ballylinch in October 2014 at age 30. Ballylinch's managing director John O'Connor said "He was a lovely, kind horse and it was a privilege to have had him here at the stud". The best of his offspring included Freedom Cry (runner-up in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe), Starcraft, Starborough, Ashkalani (Prix du Moulin), Soviet Line (Lockinge Stakes), Pressing (Premio Roma), Russian Pearl (Bayer Classic), Limpid (Grand Prix de Paris), Boris de Deauville (Prix d'Harcourt), Buccellati (Ormonde Stakes), Democratic Deficit (Craven Stakes), Eva's Request (Premio Lydia Tesio) and the steeplechaser Tiutchev. Pedigree References Category:1984 racehorse births Category:2014 racehorse deaths Category:Racehorses bred in Kentucky Category:Racehorses trained in France Category:Thoroughbred family 9-f	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
More than a Game More than a Game is a 2008 American documentary film that follows NBA superstar LeBron James and four of his teammates through the trials and tribulations of high school basketball in Akron, Ohio, and James's journey to fame. The film trailer was released in April featuring the single "Stronger" by Mary J. Blige, which she released in support of the film. The soundtrack titled Music Inspired by More Than a Game was released September 28, 2009. The film had limited theatrical release on October 2, 2009. Plot More Than A Game is a documentary that focuses in on 5 young basketball players - LeBron James, Dru Joyce III, Romeo Travis, Sian Cotton, Willie McGee - and their coach, Dru Joyce II, performing on an AAU team with the growing stardom of the future NBA superstar, LeBron James. Taking them through their pre-teens to high school, this film follows their incredible journey as the unknown Ohio team rises to the top of youth athletics. Cast LeBron James as himself Dru Joyce III as himself Romeo Travis as himself Sian Cotton as himself Willie McGee as himself (Coach) Dru Joyce II as himself Soundtrack The music is mainly inspired by A. J. Mighton and John Colwill. An executive producer of the movie, Harvey Mason, Jr., also is an executive producer of the soundtrack album, Music Inspired by More Than a Game. The album was due for release on September 28, 2009 in the UK and September 29 in the United States. Interscope is the main record label involved although Polow da Don's label Zone 4 inc/productions Mason's Harvey Mason Media the main production associates and publishers involved. Producers for the project include Boi-1da, Danielle Rayna, Polow da Don and Jerome Harmon amongst others. The soundtrack features songs from Ester Dean, Drake, T.I., Mary J. Blige, Jay-Z,. The album also features additional vocals or raps from Chris Brown, Kanye West, Lil Wayne, Eminem, Toni Braxton, JoJo, Jordin Sparks, Ya Boy, Omarion, and Faith Evans plus others. A number of songs were released as singles. First, "Stronger" by Mary J Blige is the soundtrack's lead single and was released on August 4, 2009 to support the film and later on August 21, 2009 as the second single from Blige's ninth studio album also titled Stronger. "Drop It Low" by Ester Dean (with Chris Brown) was released as a single on August 9, 2009 while "Forever" by Drake (featuring Kanye West, Lil Wayne, & Eminem) was released as a single on September 15, 2009. Reception Box office More Than a Game opened with $182,943 in its first weekend and grossed a total of $960,387, $950,675 in the United States and Canada, and $9,712 worldwide. Critical response On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 71%, based on 52 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Though the film may not delve as deep as some would prefer, More Than a Game is an inspiring documentary featuring likable youngsters, a positive message, and some exciting in-game footage." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 59 out of 100, based on 18 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews." References External links Category:2008 films Category:American basketball films Category:American documentary films Category:American films Category:Directorial debut films Category:Documentary films about basketball Category:Lions Gate Entertainment films Category:LeBron James Category:Sports in Akron, Ohio Category:Films set in Akron, Ohio Category:Films shot in Ohio Category:High school basketball in the United States Category:Basketball in Ohio	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Southern California Edison Southern California Edison (or SCE Corp), the largest subsidiary of Edison International, is the primary electricity supply company for much of Southern California. It provides 14 million people with electricity across a service territory of approximately 50,000 square miles. However, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, San Diego Gas & Electric, Imperial Irrigation District, and some smaller municipal utilities serve substantial portions of the southern California territory. The northern part of the state is generally served by the Pacific Gas & Electric Company of San Francisco. Southern California Edison (SCE) still owns all of its electrical transmission facilities and equipment, but the deregulation of California's electricity market in the late 1990s forced the company to sell many of its power plants, though some were probably sold by choice. In California, SCE retained only its hydroelectric plants, totaling about 1,200 MW, and its 75% share of the 2,150-MW San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station, which has been shut down since January 2012; in June 2013 the company announced its intention to permanently close and decommission the nuclear plant. The utility lost all of its natural gas-fired plants, which provided most of its electrical generation. The large, aging plants were bought by out-of-state companies such as Mirant and Reliant Energy, which allegedly used them to manipulate the California energy market. Southern California Edison's power grid is linked to PG&E's by the Path 26 wires that generally follow Interstate 5 over Tejon Pass. The interconnection takes place at a massive substation at Buttonwillow. PG&E's and WAPA's Path 15 and Path 66, respectively, from Buttonwillow north eventually connect to BPA's grid in the Pacific Northwest. There are several other interconnections with local and out-of-state utilities, such as Path 46. In addition, SCE operates a regulated gas and water utility. SCE is the sole commercial provider of natural gas and fresh water service to Santa Catalina Island, including the city of Avalon, California. SCE operates the utilities under the names of Catalina Island Gas Company and Catalina Island Water Company. History The origins of the company life with the grand scheme of magnate Henry E. Huntington and hydraulic engineer John S. Eastwood, developed around 1908, for a vast complex of reservoirs to be constructed in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of central California. Huntington founded Pacific Light and Power, one of the roughly two dozen companies he controlled at the time, to execute what would eventually become one of the largest hydropower systems in the United States, the Big Creek Hydroelectric Project. Pacific Light and Power was one of the predecessor companies to SCE, along with Edison Electric, Mt. Whitney Power & Electric Co., California Electric Power Co., Southern California Power Co., and others. In November, 2014, Southern California Edison announced a partnership with Ice Energy to provide more efficient energy storage by freezing water at night when electricity is cheaper. In 2015, Southern California Edison began laying off American information technology employees and replacing them with H-1B visa immigrants from India; the lay off of American employees affected 400 individuals, and was due to the utility hiring Infosys for its information technology needs. The layoffs were questioned by members of the United States Senate. Settlement for blackout Southern California Edison agreed to pay a $650,000 settlement for the 2011 blackout with FERC and NERC. Shooting On December 16, 2011, a shooting occurred when an employee of Southern California Edison opened fire at an office building in Irwindale. The employee killed two co-workers and seriously wounded two others before committing suicide. Renewable energy Southern California Edison allows its customer to obtain their electricity entirely from renewable sources by subscribing to a "green rate". In 2006, Southern California Edison planned to secure 1,500 megawatts or more of power generated from new projects to be built in the Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm area. The contract, which more than doubles SCE's wind energy portfolio, envisions more than of wind parks in the Tehachapi region, which is triple the size of any existing U.S. wind farm. In March 2008, Southern California Edison announced a $875 million project to build a network of 250 megawatts of photovoltaic solar power generation, making it the biggest solar cell project in the nation. The photovoltaic cells will cover of rooftops in southern California and will generate enough power to serve 162,000 homes. In 2009, Southern California Edison entered into a contract with Solar Millennium to purchase solar thermal power up to 726 MW. Southern California Edison also entered into a contract with Stirling Energy Systems to buy electricity from a 500 megawatt, 4,600 acre (19 km2), solar power plant which was due to open in 2009. The purchase was canceled in late 2010, as changes in technology reduced the cost of photovoltaic-based solar power to below that of solar Stirling generated power. This would have been the first commercial application of the dish stirling system. A different technology from the more familiar solar panel, the dish concentrates solar energy by the use of reflective surfaces and by the use of the Stirling heat engine to convert the heat into electricity. In 2014, Southern California Edison installed more than 600,000 lithium-ion battery cells at a substation in Tehachapi, California in order to test storing power generated from an area that currently has 5,000 wind turbines. In 2014 SCE had a renewables mix of 23%. By 2016, 28.2% of SCE's power sources were renewable. Natural gas and energy storage In 2017, the company opened two new hybrid electric gas turbine (EGT) units called peaker plants, that combine gas turbines and storage batteries at the same site. Each plant delivers around 50-megawatts; the batteries can provide 10-megawatts and four megawatt-hours of power. Both the turbines and the batteries are designed and manufactured by General Electric’s Power Division. The plant runs the battery first in a series of short bursts, saving gas usage for longer power demand. The combination of a 30-minute duration battery improves the environmental impact of the gas turbine. The SCE setup (the first of its kind) cut greenhouse gas emissions by 60%, reduced annual water usage by 2 million gallons and lowered the number of gas starts by 50%. Electric vehicles Southern California Edison has a number of resources and a rate designed specifically for electric vehicle users. As of July 2018, Southern California Edison plans to add thousands of new charging stations for passenger electric vehicles (EV). This addition is a component of the company's "Charge Ready" program, a pilot program with the aim of increasing the availability of charging ports for EVs. Since 2016, Southern California Edison has installed 1,000 charging stations throughout their Southern and Central California service area. The company also runs a rebate program for electric vehicle purchases. Southern California Edison gives people in its service area who purchase a new or used, or lease, an electric vehicle a $450 rebate. The program will run until 2020. Energy research and policy Southern California Edison has a long history of research in the energy arena. Often this includes working with other companies and government entities. One example is the SOLARII feasibility generator, which was a solar-powered energy plant that could produce electricity 24 hours a day. This was done by heating molten salts that would hold the heat during the day and would be used to generate power at night. Dr. John Jurewitz served as Director of Regulatory Policy for Southern California Edison for 15 years until his retirement in July 2007. His major areas of research are in oil, gas, and electricity policy and greenhouse gas regulation. He has testified and participated in government-sponsored proceedings addressing electric industry restructuring and energy policy at the state, federal, and international levels. Labor practice controversy In April 2015, Southern California Edison laid off about 400 IT employees, with an additional 100 IT workers leaving voluntarily. Meanwhile, the utility company hired Infosys, based in Bangalore, and Tata Consultancy Services in Mumbai, which are among the largest users of H-1B visas. About 70% of the work to be done by Tata and Infosys will be completed offshore, according to SCE. The company claimed it had to lay off US-based employees to stay competitive. SCE was subsequently investigated by the US Department of Labor for potential H1-B visa abuse. In October, Department of Labor concluded Infosys did not abuse the H1-B program in the dealings with SCE, while Tata's case remained open. See also Energy use in California Solar power plants in the Mojave Desert Wind power in California List of articles associated with nuclear issues in California References External links Southern California Edison website SCE Launches 250-MW Solar Project Southern California Edison’s Electric Vehicle (EV) Technical Center in Pomona, California Category:Energy in California Category:Electric power companies of the United States Category:Electric power transmission system operators in the United States Category:Hydroelectric power companies of the United States Category:Nuclear power companies of the United States Category:Southern California Category:Companies based in Los Angeles County, California Category:Rosemead, California Category:Energy companies established in 1908 Category:1908 establishments in California Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Category:Superfund sites in California Category:American companies established in 1908	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Manor House Publishing Manor House Publishing Incorporated is a small Canadian publishing company, established in 1998 and based in the Ancaster neighborhood of Hamilton Ontario. History and operations It publishes mostly in soft-cover books by Canadian authors, many previously unpublished. These books vary in subjects, including non-fiction, fiction, biography, business, New Age and poetry. Notable authors Ian Thomas Bequest (2006; fiction; ); The Lost Chord (2008; fiction; ) Pat MacAdam Gold Medal "Misfits" How the Unwanted 1948 Flyers Scored Olympic Glory (2007; non-fiction; ); Mulroney's Man See also Canadian literature Culture of Hamilton, Ontario List of English-language book publishing companies List of head offices in Hamilton, Ontario References Chiodo, Suzi. (August 24, 2007). "Two Minute Job Shadows: Manor House Publishing". The Hamilton Spectator. Bridges, Holly. (November 30, 2007). "One's a Mystery, One's a Miracle". Royal Canadian Air Force. Retrieved March 7, 2013. Ian Thomas Biography. Ian Thomas. External links , the company's official website Category:1998 establishments in Ontario Category:Book publishing companies of Canada Category:Companies based in Hamilton, Ontario Category:Culture of Hamilton, Ontario Category:Publishing companies established in 1998 Category:Canadian companies established in 1998	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bastra History Pişti was originally played mainly by shepherds, later the game was able to gain a foothold in the cities. Especially in the region Iğdır Pişti is considered a national sport. For this even tournaments are organized which are rewarded with a high prize money. Due to the immigrants from Turkey, this game also spread in Switzerland and Germany. It is often played by both the first generation and their descendants. The game The game is played with a 52 card deck and can involve two, three or four players, although the game is most interesting in the two or four player versions. In the four player version, the players can play for themselves or in two player teams. The first team or player to score 100 points is the winner. The play The dealer starts by dealing 1 card to each player, starting with the player on the dealer's left, until each player has 4 cards. The dealer then places 4 cards in the middle of the table, called the board. If 1 or more of the 4 cards is a jack, the dealer returns the jack(s) to the bottom of the deck and replaces it or them with the next card(s) from the top of the deck. The play begins with the player to the dealer's left until all cards are played out. The players either collect (fish) cards from the board or add a card to the board if they cannot fish any cards. After the cards are exhausted, the dealer then deals each player 4 more cards from the remaining deck. The dealer, however, does not deal 4 cards onto the board as done for the opening hand. The hands are played out until there are no remaining cards to be dealt. In the two player version, each round has six hands, in the three player version, each round has four hands, and in the four player version, each round consists of three hands. Scoring The scoring is as follows: The aces, which have a numeral value of 1, are worth 1 point each. The jacks are worth 1 point each. The two of clubs is worth 2 points. The ten of diamonds is worth 3 points. The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie, each player or team receives 3 points. The player or team that collects all the cards in play without benefit of a jack receives 10 points, or a Pishti. Collecting cards The object of the game is to collect total cards and cards that are worth various points. Cards are collected as follows: Pairing: Any card may be used to take another card or cards of the same denomination, i.e. a 7 takes a 7, a king takes a king, a 6 takes two 6s, etc. Combining: Multiple cards may be collected through adding the numeral value of the cards together. For example, the board shows 2, an ace, 5 and 4. A player with a 3 could take 2 and the ace (2+1=3), or a player holding a 9 could take 5 and 4 (5+4=9), or a player holding a 7 could take 2, the ace and 4 (2+1+4=7). A player may also collect combinations of the same sum. For example, if the board shows 5, 4, 2 and 7, a 9 would take all 4 cards, i.e. 5+4 and 2+7=9 (this would also be a Pishti). Pairing and combining: Taking cards through pairing and combining can occur on the same play. For example, if the board showed 3 6 5 4 and 9, a 9 would take all the cards, i.e. 3+6 and 5+4=9, plus the 9 would be paired with the 9 (this would also be a Pishti). On the last hand, there are often uncollected cards left on the board. These cards are awarded to the last player or team to collect a card. Jack The jack is the most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. However, if a jack is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another jack. Pishti The Pishti is the most important scoring play of the game since it is worth 10 points. A Pishti occurs when a player succeeds in clearing the board without benefit of a jack. For example, if the board shows just a 7 and a player collects it with another 7, that player or team receives 10 points. In another scenario, if the board shows 3 and 2 and a player collects them with a 5, that player or team also receives 10 points. In the rare event that a jack takes a solitary jack, no Pishti is awarded Placement of collected cards The players place the collected cards close to their position at the table. To record Pishtis, the player places the Pishti card face up, sticking out of the player's pile of collected cards. The dealer should be careful to place his or her collected cards away from the deck, so as to avoid confusion. Players are not allowed to look at their collected cards until the end of the hand. At the end of the hand, the players count their total cards and points. End of game The game ends when one player or team reaches 100 points. In the rare event of a tie (2 players or teams finish even beyond the 100 point mark) there are various tie-breaking options, determined by the players by mutual consent. The game can be declared a draw, or an extra hand or hands can be played until the tie is broken. Or the players can extend the game to a fixed number of points (20, 30 or 50). See also Cassino (card game) Escoba Scopa Pasur (card game) References External links The History of Playing Cards Category:Comparing card games Category:Fishing card games Category:Turkish games	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
BioShock 2: Minerva's Den BioShock 2: Minerva's Den is a single-player downloadable content (DLC) campaign for the 2010 first-person shooter BioShock 2, developed by 2K Marin. The expansion takes place in the underwater city of Rapture, where two scientists vie for control of the city's supercomputer, the Thinker. The player assumes the role of Subject Sigma, an armored human known as a Big Daddy who must travel through Rapture's technological hub, Minerva's Den, in order to download a copy of the Thinker. Minerva's Den was the last DLC developed for BioShock 2, and was created by a small team within 2K Marin led by Steve Gaynor, who based the game's setting partially on ideas from his hiring interview. The team conceived of a smaller, more personal story that grappled with themes of identity and free will, and explored an unseen part of Rapture. Minerva's Den was initially released for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 platforms in August 2010, followed by additional platforms and reissues at later dates. Minerva's Den was well received by critics, who praised the game's story, characters, and gameplay. Publications such as Kotaku and Paste considered it one of the best video game expansions of all time. The experience of creating a small, story-focused project inspired Gaynor and other 2K employees to form their own studio, The Fullbright Company, and led to the creation of the critically acclaimed Gone Home. Gameplay Like BioShock 2, Minerva's Den is a shooter game, with gameplay experienced from a first-person perspective. The expansion takes place in the underwater city of Rapture in the year 1968, eight years after the events of BioShock and concurrently with the events of BioShock 2s campaign. The expansion takes place in Minerva's Den, the city's eponymous high-tech district. The player character is known as Subject Sigma, a "Big Daddy"—a person fused with an armored diving suit. As Sigma, the player must work with the scientist Charles Milton Porter to acquire the plans of his creation, a sophisticated supercomputer known as the Thinker, and escape Rapture. Opposing the player are enemies known as "Splicers"—Rapture's residents who overused genetic modifications—along with other Big Daddies and automated security. The game can be completed in roughly three to five hours. The gameplay of Minerva's Den is similar to the base game. The player uses similar weapons and plasmids (genetic modifications that grant superpowers) though the player obtains access to these items in a different order. The expansion also adds new items for the player to use. These include the "Ion Lance", a laser weapon wielded by Minerva's Den's "Lancer" Big Daddies that comes with normal, burst, or incendiary ammunition; and the Gravity Well plasmid, which stuns and pulls enemies towards a central vortex. There are also new enemy types, including security robots armed with rockets or laser weapons, flame-wielding Brute Splicers, and ice-throwing Houdini Splicers. Plot Subject Sigma is guided by the voice of Charles Milton Porter as he approaches Minerva's Den, Rapture's central computer core. Porter wants to reach his supercomputer, the Thinker, and retrieve its blueprints so he can recreate the computer on the surface. Sigma is opposed by Porter's former colleague Reed Wahl, whom Porter warns has become insane from splicing and his obsession with the Thinker. Porter and Wahl each wanted to use the Thinker for their own ends. After becoming disillusioned with his role in World War II and the loss of his wife Pearl in The Blitz, Porter traveled to Rapture to pursue his dreams of artificial intelligence. Porter attempted to recreate his dead wife Pearl by emulating her personality with the Thinker, while Wahl believes he can program the computer to predict the future. Wahl betrayed Porter to Rapture's secret police to keep the Thinker for himself. Though Minerva's Den has been cut off from the rest of Rapture, the scientists have still taken to splicing, and attack the player. As Sigma progresses, the environment becomes increasingly more threatening due to the Thinker's sophisticated defense system, as well as interference from Wahl and his private army of Splicers. Sigma arrives at the Thinker's core, and Wahl sets multiple Big Daddies and ultimately himself against the player. Sampling Sigma's DNA to print out its schematics, the Thinker reveals Sigma's true identity—that of Porter, who was turned into a Big Daddy after being handed over to Rapture's authorities. Porter's "instructions" throughout the game were actually from the Thinker, imitating the voice of one of its creators. The final sequence of the game contains no combat, and has the player walk through Porter's living quarters, where he obsessed over bringing his wife back digitally. Sigma and Doctor Brigid Tenenbaum return to the surface in a bathysphere; Tenenbaum is able to undo Sigma's programming and restore Porter's original human body. Porter visits his wife's grave and leaves a letter in which he apologizes for trying to bring her back using the Thinker, and that he has finally decided to let her go. Development Development of Minerva's Den began after the completion of BioShock 2. Steve Gaynor and a team of nine other full-time workers were tasked with creating a 3–5 hour single-player experience; Gaynor served as lead designer, having worked as a level designer for BioShock 2 and on story elements such as audio logs and dialogue. As an Easter egg, the names of the members of the development team were given to slugs scattered around the game's levels. The development team were limited in what form the DLC could take as they had to reuse as many assets as possible; Gaynor felt that the constraints of limited time and resources was a blessing in disguise. Though Gaynor felt many companies could treat DLC as a "cash grab", the lower expectations also enabled more creative risks. With such a small team, the staff collaborated, without remaining in segregated roles. "It has to be organic as possible, and when someone has something that's not necessarily their primary responsibility but they have a passion for it and ideas for it [...] I think you have to take advantage of that," Gaynor said. In interviewing for his position at 2K Marin, Gaynor had been asked to propose a potential BioShock level. Gaynor recalled suggesting a story focusing on Rapture's computer core, and a character splicing to become smarter. During BioShock 2s development, level designer J.P. LeBreton and the lead level designer of BioShock suggested the possibility that technology from Rapture created a primitive A.I. that would lead to the development of the A.I. SHODAN from the video game System Shock. When it came time to develop ideas for what would become Minerva's Den, Gaynor suggested merging the ideas, doing a story on Rapture's computer core and a "steampunk" A.I., drawing from SHODAN's multiple identities and impersonations. Gaynor wanted the content to fit not only the world of BioShock, but the real historical era it took place. When the team decided to focus on Rapture's computer technology, they decided to base it on the early computing age spurred by advances in World War II, including Alan Turing and the cryptographers at Bletchley Park. Gaynor reasoned that while Rapture advanced using genetic technology, there may have been other technological dead ends the citizens of Rapture explored, and so they built areas into Minerva's Den devoted to robotics and automation. To prevent players from feeling like the gameplay was repetitive, the team tried to present a different experience within the required constraints. Shadowy level design and more dangerous enemies were crafted to give a subtle survival horror feel; they also adjusted the order players received equipment and plasmids to encourage players to interact with the environment rather than using purely aggressive weapons. In comparison to long development and narrative of the main game, Gaynor enjoyed the opportunity to tell a shorter story where players understood the characters. "We could take the themes of BioShock that are native to Rapture," Gaynor explained, "and make them relevant to the specific fiction of Minerva's Den. When you have a super computer that can do a million calculations a second, how does that fit into the ideas of free will and predestination and fate, and choice, that BioShock is built on?" Gaynor wanted to adapt the grand themes of BioShock to tell a different story about loss and changing the past, focused on a single character—Porter, who formed the "heart" of the game. The final gameplay sequence, walking through Porter's living space, was important to give players time to reflect on the character's journey; Gaynor resisted calls to make the interesting environment host to combat. Release Minerva's Den was announced as the final piece of BioShock 2 downloadable content (DLC) in August 2010; in contrast with previous DLC releases for the game, Minerva's Den was the only expansion to offer new single-player experiences. The DLC was released on August 31 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles, with minimal promotion. Initially, Minerva's Den and other BioShock 2 DLC was not going to be released on PC; 2K later resumed development of the PC ports, and Minerva's Den was released for Windows PC on May 31, 2011, and Mac in 2015. With the closure of the Games for Windows Live Marketplace in August 2013, BioShock 2 and all its DLC was released on Steam in October 2013. The game was also updated to support Steam achievements, Big Picture mode and controllers. Minerva's Den was released for free for players who owned BioShock 2 before the patch. Minerva's Den and the rest of BioShock 2 were rereleased in a bundle with BioShock in January 2013 as BioShock: Ultimate Rapture Edition. It was also included in the remastered 2016 BioShock compilation, BioShock: The Collection. Reception Minerva's Den received generally favorable reviews, with a Metacritic score of 82/100 for the Xbox 360 version based on 12 reviews. The Daily Telegraph praised Minerva's Den after the lackluster BioShock 2 DLC that preceded it, and Eurogamer and IGN called it an excellent finale story for the setting of Rapture. Minerva's Den has a reputation as one of the greatest DLC expansions of all time. Critics found that Minerva's Den played much the same as BioShock 2, but the new additions to gameplay were welcomed. Several reviewers considered the expansion as offering a complete, concentrated BioShock 2 experience, with Rock, Paper, Shotgun writing that Minerva's Den "hits the key beats of the ideas behind BioShock—manipulation, twisted technology, distorted values, ambition and folly—and it weaves all that into the improved combat system that, for some, makes BioShock 2 the superior of BioShock 1." Kotaku found the gameplay repetitious, especially in reusing "tedious" elements from the base game, while Engadget lamented that players had to perform certain gameplay sequences repeatedly. Reviewers praised the narrative of Minerva's Den, with Games Radar's Andrew Heyward calling the story what made Minerva's Den a "must-play extension" of the universe. GameSpot's Kevin VanOrd wrote that while the setup for the expansion was familiar to BioShock players—voices on the radio telling you where to go—the appeal lay with its "personal nature" and Porter's character. Reviews from GameSpot and Eurogamer noted that Reed Wahl was not a strong villain, but that Porter was a compelling protagonist. The game's twist ending was positively received, with VanOrd calling it "surprising from a plot perspective and thematically consistent with prior BioShock revelations," though Engadget thought that though the twist applied a retroactive motivation for the characters, it came at the expense of the player's link to Subject Sigma. Kotaku's Heather Alexandra contrasted the twist with that of BioShock 1 and BioShock Infinite, writing, "[those] games want to impress you. Minerva's Den wants to move you." Several reviews called the story stronger than that of the base game. Gaynor's credited the positive experience with a small development team as changing his perception of what it meant to make games. After moving to Irrational Games and his resulting dissatisfaction with the sprawling development of BioShock Infinite, Gaynor and two other Minerva's Den developers left to start their own game studio, The Fullbright Company. Fullbright developed the acclaimed Gone Home, which shared Minerva's Dens nonlinear exploration and character focus; Gaynor felt the final no-combat exploration sequence of Minerva's Den served as a template for what Gone Home would become. References External links The Cult of Rapture Category:2010 video games Category:Fiction set in 1968 Category:Alternate history video games Category:BioShock games Category:Dystopian video games Category:Feral Interactive games Category:First-person shooters Category:Games for Windows certified games Category:MacOS games Category:PlayStation 3 games Category:Take-Two Interactive games Category:Unreal Engine games Category:Video games developed in Australia Category:Video games developed in Canada Category:Video games developed in France Category:Video games developed in China Category:Video games developed in the United States Category:Video games set in 1968 Category:Windows games Category:Xbox 360 games Category:Video game downloadable content	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
George Bishop (astronomer) George Bishop (21 August 1785, in Leicester – 14 June 1861), was a noted English astronomer of the nineteenth century. Early life and fortune At the age of eighteen Bishop entered a British wine-making business in London, subsequently becoming its proprietor, during his tenure at which the business was so successful that its excise returns were said to exhibit half of all home-made wines as of his manufacture. Bishop's scientific career began with his admission to the Royal Astronomical Society in 1830, funded by the money he had earned from the wine business. He took lessons in algebra from Augustus De Morgan, with a view to reading Pierre-Simon Laplace's five volume work Mécanique Céleste (Celestial Mechanics), by the age of fifty achieving his goal of sufficient mathematical knowledge to comprehend the scope of its methods. Career in astronomy In 1836 Bishop was able to realise a long-held intention by erecting an astronomical observatory near his residence at the South Villa of Regent's Park, on which he spared no expense in order to ensure that it would be of practical use. "I am determined," he said when choosing its site, "that this observatory shall do something." A testimonial was awarded to Bishop by the Royal Astronomical Society in 1848 "for the foundation of an observatory leading to various astronomical discoveries" and presented to him with a warmly commendatory address by Sir John Herschel. He acted as secretary to the society from 1833–9 and as treasurer 1840–57, and was chosen president in two successive years, 1857 and 1858, although the state of his health rendered him unable to take the chair. Bishop was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 9 June 1848, was also a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, and sat for some years on the council of University College. After a long period of physical illness, but during which he retained his mental faculties, Bishop died on 14 June 1861 at the age of 76. Publications Astronomical Observations taken at the Observatory, South Villa, Regent's Park, during the years 1839-51, including a catalogue of double stars observed by Dawes and Hind, with valuable "historical and descriptive notes" by the latter, observations of new planets and comets, and of the temporary star discovered by Hind in Ophiuchus 27 April 1848, and a description of the observatory; London: Taylor, Walton and Maberly, 1852. References External links Astronomical Observations taken at the Observatory, South Villa, Regent's Park, during the years 1839-51 on Google Books Category:1785 births Category:1861 deaths Category:British astronomers Category:Fellows of the Royal Society Category:Presidents of the Royal Astronomical Society Category:Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Blancuntre Blancuntre is a village and municipality in Chubut Province in southern Argentina. References Category:Populated places in Chubut Province	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2016–17 Algerian Women's League Cup The 2016–17 Algerian Women's League Cup is the 1st season of the Algerian Women's League Cup. The competition is open to all Algerian Women's clubs participating in the Algerian Women's Championship. ASE Alger Centre wins the cup beating AS Sûreté Nationale in the final match played in Ahmed Zabana Stadium, Oran. Tournament Round of 16 \|} Quarter-finals \|} Semi-finals \|} Final \|} References External links Coupe de la Ligue 2016-17 - Ligue du Football Féminin official website Category:Algerian Women's League Cup	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Irish lexicography Lexicography evolved in order to serve one of two needs i.e. in order to explain in a simple way difficult words and expressions or in order to explain the words and expressions of one language in another. In this case we can trace the tradition of lexicography in Irish back to the 8th century. Würzburg Around 750 A.D. an anonymous Irish student studying in Würzburg in Germany, wrote down explanations in his native tongue on the Latin text of the Epistles of Saint Paul as an aid to help him understand the Latin. The text and explanations still survive in Würzburg. This is the earliest known attempt at bilingual lexicography in Irish. Lexicography of various kinds has been practised in Irish from that time down to our own day – a journey of about 1,250 years. Cormac The first dictionaries compiled in Irish independent of an accompanying text are described as Glossaries. It is most likely that these were put together from glosses already appended to other texts. Sanas Cormaic (Cormac's Glossary) is the most famous of these and was compiled over one thousand years ago. It was compiled by Cormac Mac Cuileannáin, the Bishop of Cashel and king of Munster, who died in 908. It is an encyclopaedic dictionary containing simple synonymous explanations in Irish or Latin of the headwords. In some cases he attempts to give the etymology of the words and in others he concentrates on an encyclopaedic entry. It is held to be the first linguistic dictionary in any of the non-classical languages of Europe. Ó Cléirigh Mícheál Ó Cléirigh was a Franciscan and head of the Four Masters. He compiled another famous glossary called ‘Sanasán Mhichíl Uí Chléirigh’ (Michael O’Clery's Glossary). This glossary was printed in 1643 during the author's lifetime. These two glossaries and others are valuable for the etymological and encyclopaedic information contained in them. They are of equal value for their explanations of difficult words and because they contain words for which there is no evidence to be had apart from the spoken language of the present day. Plunkett In 1662 Richard Plunkett, a Franciscan living in Trim, Co. Meath, finished the first great bilingual dictionary containing the Irish language, his Latin-Irish Dictionary. The manuscript was never published and is now held in Marsh's Library in Dublin. Despite this fact, subsequent lexicographers made copious use of this work. 18th century Edward Lhuyd, a Welsh speaker was one of the first to make good use of Plunkett's dictionary, in the dictionary of multilingual lists (encompassing the Celtic languages, Latin and English) which he published in 1707. During the 18th century two major English-Irish dictionaries and two Irish-English dictionaries were compiled. In Paris in 1732 the first comprehensive English-Irish dictionary was published and in the same city in 1768 a similar Irish-English work was published. Conchubhar Ó Beaglaoich, a priest and private tutor in Paris and Aodh Buí Mac Cruitín, a scholar from Co. Clare compiled the 1732 dictionary. Seán Ó Briain, bishop of Cloyne and Ross was the compiler or the 1768 dictionary. Francis Walsh and Tadhg Ó Neachtain’s Irish-English Dictionary (1739) and Crab's English-Irish dictionary remained in manuscript form and were never published. 19th century During the 19th century three English-Irish dictionaries and the same number of Irish-English dictionaries were compiled. Four of these were published, Tadhg Ó Coinnialláin’s English-Irish dictionary(1814), that produced by Domhnall Ó Foghludha (1855), Edward O’Reilly’s Irish-English dictionary (1817, 1821, 1864) and that compiled by Thomas de Vere Coneys (1849). Clareman, Peadar Ó Conaill’s Irish-English dictionary and Robert MacAdam’s English-Irish Dictionary (c. 1850) remain in manuscript form. MacAdam was a business man from Belfast, a Protestant and Irish revivalist. 20th century The 20th century witnessed the compilation of the first major Irish-Irish dictionary for centuries: Croidhe Cainnte Chiarraighe, by Seán Óg Mac Murchadha Caomhánach (aka Seán a' Chóta). Although originally intended to comprise mainly words particular to the Dingle dialect of Irish, it quickly outgrew its specification, swelling to over 60,000 headwords and over 2.2 million words in total. While this greatly added to its usefulness as a comprehensive dictionary for speakers of the Irish language, in a sad irony it was also the costs associated with this size that eventually resulted in its not being published during Seán a' Chóta's lifetime. It was over seventy five years after its completion before it was made accessible by the general public thanks to the work of Dr Tracey Ní Mhaonaigh of Maynooth University, who transcribed it. During the 20th century four English-Irish dictionaries were published and three major Irish-English dictionaries. The English-Irish dictionaries were produced by Edmund Fournier d’Albe (1903), Timothy O’Neill Lane (1904, 1918), Lambert McKenna (1935) and Tomás de Bhaldraithe (1959). The Irish-English dictionaries included Dinneen’s famous work (1904, 1927) also Contributions to a Dictionary of the Irish Language (1913–76) published by the Royal Irish Academy, which was a reference work of Old and Middle Irish, and Ó Dónaill’s Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla (1977). A considerable number of terminological dictionaries, dictionaries relating to specific dialects, dictionaries for school use and pocket dictionaries were also published in the last century. Two dictionaries were also produced containing Irish and a language other than English for the first time since Plunkett's dictionary in the 17th century. These were Risteárd de Hae’s Irish-French dictionary (1952) and the Irish-Breton dictionary compiled by Loeiz Andouard agus Éamon Ó Ciosáin (1987). 21st century The diversification of Irish lexicography has continued since the turn of the century, with an Irish-Spanish dictionary published by Coiscéim, an Irish-German dictionary published by Buske and an online Irish-Russian dictionary has been created by Alexey Shibakov, bringing the number of major European languages provided for to five. Meanwhile, of the other living Celtic languages the only one without an Irish dictionary is now Cornish thanks to the work of Kevin Scannell in creating dictionaries for the other Gaelic languages and of Joe Mitchell who has created a Welsh-Irish dictionary. The internet has notably become a far greater medium for dictionaries since the turn of the century. Ó Dónaill and de Bhaldraithe's bilingual dictionaries and the monolingual Foclóir Beag can be searched for free online and Foras na Gaeilge's New English-Irish Dictionary is available exclusively electronically, as is the national terminology database provided by Fiontar in DCU. Intergaelic, a resource for speakers of Gaelic languages is provided by Kevin Scannell and Michal Boleslav Měchura. The Royal Irish Academy also republished their comprehensive dictionary of early Irish online as the eDIL and work is ongoing on a comprehensive historical dictionary of Irish covering the period 1600-2000. Those great lexicographers who practiced lexicography in Irish were for the most part learned men who had a particular love for Irish. The precise methodologies employed by most of them remain unknown to us. They had no hesitancy, however, in borrowing from dictionaries that already existed. This point has been skillfully shown with no little humour in many articles written by one of the great lexicographers of the 20th century, Tomás de Bhaldraithe. In general their research and use of pre-existing sources greatly increased the value and scope of their work. They sometimes erred in selection of specific word versions which they gleaned from their sources, however. On other occasions one cannot be sure that it is not without a degree of humour that they chose to include certain comical versions. It is not clear whether ignorance or wit was responsible for the following examples from some of the aforementioned works – “giolla earbuill, a page or train-bearer”; “lachaim, I duck or dive”; “calaoiseach, a juggler”; “bol, a poet; a cow”. When in future appointing a dictionary editor perhaps the job description should state that a “siollaire” is required – “siollaire, a scanner of every word, a carper, a dictator; a beater, striker, smiter, a dexterous harper also a good singer; siollaire mná, a strong comely woman” – those are the descriptions found in some of the dictionaries for a person deemed a “siollaire”. It will be interesting to note how the word “siollaire will be employed by those lexicographers who come after us. In any case the journey of over one thousand two hundred years travelled by Irish lexicography from the glossist of Würzburg to the new Foras na Gaeilge dictionary is one of which we can be justifiably proud. References External links Foclóirí agus foclóirithe na Gaeilge at History Ireland Corpus Planning for Irish, Dictionaries and Terminology by Caoilfhionn Nic Pháidín Links relating to Irish Lexicography on the Sabhal Mòr Ostaig website Category:Irish dictionaries	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lami's theorem In physics, Lami's theorem is an equation relating the magnitudes of three coplanar, concurrent and non-collinear forces, which keeps an object in static equilibrium, with the angles directly opposite to the corresponding forces. According to the theorem, where A, B and C are the magnitudes of the three coplanar, concurrent and non-collinear forces, , which keep the object in static equilibrium, and α, β and γ are the angles directly opposite to the forces. Lami's theorem is applied in static analysis of mechanical and structural systems. The theorem is named after Bernard Lamy. Proof As the forces must balance , hence by making all the forces touch its tip and tail we can get a triangle with sides A,B,C and angles . By sine rule, See also Mechanical equilibrium Parallelogram of force Tutte embedding References Further reading R.K. Bansal (2005). "A Textbook of Engineering Mechanics". Laxmi Publications. p. 4. . I.S. Gujral (2008). "Engineering Mechanics". Firewall Media. p. 10. Category:Statics Category:Physics theorems	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
MJHL Top Goal Scorers The Manitoba Junior Hockey League goal-scoring leader during the regular season. MJHL Top Goal Scorers CJHL Leaders highlined See also List of top goal scorers in the Manitoba Junior Hockey League External links Manitoba Junior Hockey League Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame Hockey Hall of Fame Winnipeg Free Press Archives Brandon Sun Archives Goal	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Fitzwilliam Square Fitzwilliam Square () is a Georgian garden square in the south of central Dublin, Ireland. It was the last of the five Georgian squares in Dublin to be built, and is the smallest. The square was developed by Richard FitzWilliam, 7th Viscount FitzWilliam, hence the name. It was designed from 1789 and laid out in 1792. The center of the square was enclosed in 1813 through an Act of the Parliament of Ireland. To the north is the much larger Merrion Square, with which Richard FitzWilliam was also involved. The square was a popular place for the Irish Social Season of aristocrats entertaining in Dublin between January and Saint Patrick's Day each year. Shootings took place in the square during Bloody Sunday of 1920. Sir Thomas O'Shaughnessy (1850–1933), the last Recorder of Dublin, lived in Fitzwilliam Square and died there on 7 March 1933. See also Georgian Dublin List of streets and squares in Dublin References External links Irish architecture information (including photographs of doorways) DublinTourist.com information Category:Squares in Dublin (city) Category:1792 establishments in Ireland	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Trypanosoma lewisi Trypanosoma lewisi is a parasite of Rattus species and other rodents such as mice and kangaroo rats in America. Among these host species were two endemic species of rats: Rattus macleari and Rattus nativitatis. Both are now believed to be extinct. It is not very clear whether or not the same parasite infected both species. However, both parasites are very similar. The northern rat flea, Nosopsyllus fasciatus acts as the vector for the parasite, harboring the epimastigote stage in its midgut. The trypomastigote is the stage that is present in the main host, the rodent. The epimastigote form attaches itself to the rectum of the insect using its flagella to burrow through the rectal walls. The parasites also appear in the flea's feces. Ingestion of either the flea or its feces during grooming infects the host rodent with the parasites. T. lewisi is normally non-pathogenic but is known to have produced fatal infections in rats. History Trypanosomes in the blood of rats were first noted and described by Timothy Richards Lewis from Calcutta and the species was named after him. In the 1900s, a parasitologist noticed that Rattus macleari, a species of rat endemic to Christmas Island, were becoming sick. The suspected cause was a species of trypanosomes. There was no proof that this was actually correct until scientists from the American Museum of Natural History deposited some rats that had been collected from Christmas Island as specimens into museums. Scientists argue that Trypanosoma lewisi is partially or wholly responsible for the subsequent extinction of Rattus macleari. The parasites were transmitted from fleas infesting the then recently introduced black rats (Rattus rattus). Research T. lewisi can be cultured in various media including in vivo in rat serum and in vitro in mammalian cell culture media. The parasite can also be grown in mice if the host is supplemented with a controlled diet and intraperitoneal injection of rat serum. Ablastin, an antibody that arises during an infection in the host’s body, prevents the parasite from reproducing although they remain in adult form. A research paper suggests that the data on the aftermath of introduction of a Trypanosoma lewisi to immunologically naïve murine hosts on Christmas Island around 1900 matches reports of complete extinction within the range of 1–9 years. This gives some more information on the first pathogen introduction to a species to have caused species extinction. Although rare, there were also many cases in which human beings and primates were infected with Trypanosoma lewisi. In a recent study comparing Brazilian isolates in rats and primates, it was found the DNA sequences were the same when considering Trypanosoma lewisi. This further proves the potential of Trypanosoma lewisi's ability to infect human beings, despite being rare in most cases. Life cycle A flea bites an infected rodent and ingests its blood. Within six hours, the parasites migrate and reproduce in the epithelial cells of their host flea's stomach. They then go further into the lumen of the stomach and finally move into the insect's rectum. The parasite's metacyclic trypomastigote infects a rat after it eats the host flea or the flea's feces. Once inside the rat's body, the parasite will then begin reproducing epimastigotes in the blood capillaries of the host. After about five days, trypanosomes will begin appearing in the peripheral blood of the host, with the appearance of thick worms. These parasites are usually attacked by ablastin, a trypanocidal IgG antibody produced by their host's immune system beginning 2–4 days postinfection. After a few weeks, the trypanosomes stop growing and disappear from the bloodstream. The rat then develops immunity against re-infection. References Further reading December 25 – trypanosoma lewisi . (2010, December 25). Retrieved from http://dailyparasite.blogspot.com/2010/12/december-25-trypanosoma-lewisi.html Roberts, L., Janovy, J., & Schmidt, G. (2009). Foundations of parasitology. (8th ed., pp. 76–77). New York : McGraw-Hill. Dept. of Zoology, University of Manitoba. (2000). Trypanosoma lewisi. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20111117092743/http://umanitoba.ca/science/zoology/faculty/dick/z346/tryphome.html Category:Trypanosomatida Category:Parasitic excavates Category:Parasites of rodents	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Chung Dong-young Chung Dong-young (born 27 July 1953 in Sunchang County, North Jeolla) is a politician and was the United New Democratic Party nominee for President of South Korea in 2007. From April 2004 until December 2005, Chung was the South Korean Minister of Unification. Before holding that post, he served two terms in the National Assembly with the National Congress for New Politics and the Millennium Democratic Party, respectively; has twice been chairman of the Uri Party; and was considered a strong contender to succeed Roh Moo-hyun as president. Like Roh, Chung is also a Roman Catholic. He has a bachelor's degree in Korean History from Seoul National University (1979) and master's from the University of Wales, and before entering politics, he was a journalist and anchor at the Politics Section of the Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation. He served as an anchor at MBC Newsdesk from the late 1980s and early 1990s. During his tenure as Unification Minister, Chung was a strong supporter of the Sunshine Policy. One of his uncontroversial achievements is the foundation of Kaesong Industrial Complex, which is an exclusive industrial zone set up on the southernmost province of North Korea, Keasong. The establishment of the complex, by allowing South Korean small and middle sized companies hiring cheap labors from North Korea brought synergetic effect on the South Korean economy. The complex is now reputed to have promoted peace on the Korean peninsula and to have served as "the bastion of peace" whenever the North and South relationship is strained. Some people criticize that he has not taken a tougher stance on North Korea, and that he had rhetorical clashes with the United States that helped weaken relations between the two countries. He was once accused of attempting to distract reporters from a meeting of activists for human rights in North Korea. However, some of the criticisms are biased by the one-sided political perspective from the people who support the hard-line approach to North Korea. The contention that he had impeded on the relationship between South Korea and the United States can be counter proven by the process he had made the Keasong Complex realized. The Keasong Complex could not have made possible unless the then Bush administer had authorized the approve of foreign materials flowing into North Korea. The realization of the complex in the middle of hawk driven period of "axis of evil" can only be correctly explained by the quick and wide approach by the then Unification Ministry and the minister Chung to convince the US government and the Korean counterpart. In March 2007, while visiting the North Korean town of Kaesong where South Korean companies are set up, he proposed that an inter-Korean summit be organized there. However, since he had lost the presidential election that year, under the Lee Myung-bak government it never materialized. On October 15, 2007, the United New Democratic Party announced that Chung won about 44 percent of the votes in the party primary, beating two other candidates, to become the party's candidate for the presidential elections that year. Chung, however, lost the elections to the opposition's Grand National Party candidate Lee Myung-bak by the widest margin since direct elections began in 1987. The loss was attributed primarily to the people's disappointment of the economic situation and its dealings and continuous political strife under the Roh Mu-hyun government as well as the unsuccessful campaign strategies that overly relied on criticizing the other candidate, Lee Myung-bak. The issue of the presidential election in 2007 was predominantly about determining truth of the implication of the presidential candidate Lee Myung bak in the allegation of the investment advisory firm BBK ltd. which had then been accused of large scale stock price manipulation that hurt thousands of individual investors. The primary issue was to prove that he was the real owner of the company. Lee strongly denied the claim even thought there have been plenty of evidence he was at least closely related to the heads of the company and even there was a video tape showing he claiming himself to be the owner of the company. However, any hearings or legal trials of the case had not realized during the presidential election period and obviously after Lee become the president the case lost its force despite the wide public attention to it. Let alone the case, Lee Myung-bak was previously committed fourteen different cases of violations or crimes. However, the widespread perception of the people that the new president has to be the one who can efficiently control the economy has given him the strong edge over the opponent candidate. Evidently, the legitimacy of the president was an issue from the perspective of Chung and Chung's party. He stated that should the turnout for the presidential elections be under 50% that the legitimacy of the result may be an issue. However, the voter turnout was 62.9%. Earlier, Chung also criticized opposition leader Park Geun-hye of the Grand National Party that they exploited the event to make an image that she is a victim to emotionally move the voters by immediately campaigning during that party's primaries after her recovery from an attack by a man who slashed her face with a small knife. Later, he attributed the downfall of his party in the poll to the attack. Predictably, the Uri Party suffered a major defeat in the elections in which the opposition Grand National Party took 13 of the 16 provinces and major cities. See also Division of Korea Politics of South Korea 2007 South Korean presidential election Notes External links Official website "Uri Party leader quits following shocking local election defeat", Yonhap News, May 1, 2006. "Front-runners trade barbs as leadership competition heats up", The Korea Herald, February 2, 2006. Interview with OhmyNews 'I Will Work for an Inter-Korean Summit in 2005', December 6, 2004. "Unification a Personal Struggle for Chung Dong-young", The Korea Times, May 30, 2004. "Senior Citizens Demand Uri Party Chairman Quit Politics", The Korea Times, April 4, 2004. "New Chairman Chung Dong-young of the Uri Party", The Dong-A Ilbo, January 11, 2004. Category:1953 births Category:Alumni of the University of Wales Category:Living people Category:South Korean diplomats Category:South Korean Roman Catholics Category:Government ministers of South Korea Category:United New Democratic Party politicians Category:Democratic Party (South Korea, 2000) politicians Category:Uri Party politicians Category:Members of the National Assembly (South Korea)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Liwa Liwa may refer to: Places Chad Liwa (sub-prefecture) in Mamdi Department Indonesia Liwa, Indonesia Oman Liwa, Oman, place in Oman, area around Sohar University Liwa Province, Oman (wilayah) Poland Liwa, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, a village in northern Poland Liwa (river), a river in Poland United Arab Emirates Liwa Oasis, Abu Dhabi Other uses Liwa (Arabic), meaning district, banner, or a military rank Liwa (music), traditional dance in UAE Liwa Chemicals, chemicals company in UAE Long Island Wrestling Association, LIWA Sanjak, an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire also called a Liwa	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
James Copland James Copland (3 February 1834 – 9 November 1902) was a New Zealand presbyterian minister, doctor and writer. He was born in Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland on 3 February 1834 and emigrated to New Zealand in 1864. He was active as a minister in Lawrence and then in North Dunedin, because he resigned from the ministry. He then practised again as a doctor and moved to Gore, where he died on 9 November 1902. It is believed that the surveyor J. G. Roberts named the Copland River on the West Coast of New Zealand for Copland, with the name later adopted for an alpine pass and a glacier. References Category:1834 births Category:1902 deaths Category:19th-century New Zealand medical doctors Category:Scottish emigrants to New Zealand Category:New Zealand writers Category:New Zealand Presbyterians	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Marriage of Billie Ert and Antonio Molina The marriage of Billie Ert and Antonio Molina took place on October 5, 1972, in Houston, Texas, United States. Ert and Molina's marriage was called the first legal same-sex marriage in Texas and one of the first in the U.S., and their marriage license was the first granted to a same-sex couple in Texas. Ert, a drag queen, and Molina, a shipping clerk, received the license through having Ert dress in drag; the county clerk's office did not ask for their sexes and issued them a marriage license, which they used to marry one day later. At that time, homosexuality was illegal in Texas. Although it was later declared null and void by the Texas Attorney General after a long legal battle, the union made international headlines and became a media sensation. The failed lawsuit sparked Texas legislation that specifically defined marriage as between a man and a woman, which it had not yet done, and was seen as a large setback for LGBT rights in the United States. Background William "Billie" Ert (c. 1942–1976) was born in Toronto, Canada. He studied figure skating and dance and participated in the ballet of Ice Capades. His family later moved to Buffalo, New York, where he modeled for Amel of New York and Sears. After high school, he attended Marvell Hairdressing School and Bruno's, two beauty colleges in Toronto. In 1964 he began working part-time as a drag queen, performing as Mr. Vikki Carr mainly in straight nightclubs throughout the U.S. and Canada. Although he did perform internationally, most of his shows were in Toronto, Dallas, and Houston. His impersonations included the singer of the same name, Shirley Bassey, Cher, Connie Francis, Eartha Kitt, Melba Moore, and Patti Page. Ert was also a wig salesman and stylist until his marriage and was a hairstylist for actress Jayne Mansfield from 1963 to 1966. Antonio "Tony" Molina (c. 1939–1991) was formerly a football tackle at his high school in Brownsville, Texas. Molina was also a United States Navy veteran. After playing football for the University of Houston as a freshman, Molina joined the Texas Highway Patrol in 1965. He was working as a shipping clerk for U.S. Steel after his marriage. Ert and Molina began dating in 1967, after meeting in Chicago, where Ert was working as an entertainer. They decided to try to get married after Ert received back his voter registration, which mistakenly identified him as female; indeed, this was one of the documents that Ert used to obtain the license. Marriage Texas Attorney General Crawford Martin had ruled on September 14, 1972 that a marriage license could only be obtained by a man and a woman, but anyone in possession of a license could be married, in response to an attempt by two women in Austin to obtain a marriage license. Martin stated that national courts had always assumed marriage to be between opposite-sex couples. Ert and Molina obtained a license from the Wharton County Clerk Office in Wharton, west of Houston, on October 4, by having Ert dress as a female. Ert wore makeup, a blonde wig, and a dress, and excused his deep voice by saying he had contracted laryngitis. Both Ert and Molina produced valid paperwork, including voter registrations, Social Security cards, and drivers licenses. Deputy clerk Sandra Kalinowski did not ask for their sexes, believing the couple to be a man and a woman, and issued them a marriage license. One day later, on October 5, Ert and Molina were married at the Harmony Wedding Chapel in Houston. Located on the Gulf Freeway, Harmony Wedding Chapel was known as a hotspot for cheap, quickly-arranged marriage ceremonies. The marriage was conducted in front of a few of the couple's friends by Reverend Richard Vincent, a pastor at the Metropolitan Community Church of Dallas. Molina wore a tuxedo and bow tie. According to The Nuntius, Ert wore drag, dressed in "a white miniskirt, a blouse, a woman's wig and had his face made up as a woman". Ert and Molina immediately became a media sensation. Their story made national headlines and appeared in newspapers as far away as The Netherlands and Singapore. Additionally, the marriage was performed during the same time that other American same-sex couples were trying to obtain marriage licenses, and sparked more same-sex couples to join the movement. Although they and several media sources declared their union to be the first same-sex marriage in the U.S., a similar marriage had taken place in 1971 in Minnesota; Ert and Molina's marriage is today recognized as the first same-sex marriage in Texas. Additionally, some media claimed that Ert was transsexual, although he stated shortly after the wedding that he had no intention of going through sex reassignment surgery. Controversy Societal response After the wedding, Ert was fired from his job as a wig salesman, but continued to perform full-time as Mr. Vikki Carr in local nightclubs. The couple laid low until the media sensation passed, stating that they were "afraid of police harassment". While many LGBT rights activists celebrated the union, others found it distasteful. Several activists were not happy that Ert was a drag queen, and did not want their community to be represented as such, according to University at Buffalo Law Professor Michael Boucai. Clerk opposition and lawsuit When Molina and his attorney, Richard Cross, arrived at the Wharton County clerk office to record the marriage one day after the ceremony, the Wharton County clerk office refused because both Ert and Molina were male. Wharton County Clerk Delfin Marek stated that the office did not have the authority to give marriage licenses to two people of the same sex. Molina returned to the office on October 26 to try again, but was again rejected. Molina then asked a civil court judge to require the clerk to recognize his marriage and filed a lawsuit against the clerk office. Cross defended the couple by quoting Attorney General Martin's September 14 ruling, and stated since Ert and Molina had obtained a valid marriage license, they should be allowed to wed. Additionally, Cross said the only things that would void the marriage would be if they were related or already married to someone else, neither of which were true of the couple. Cross stated his intention to take the case as high as it would go, including to the U.S. Supreme Court, before getting a ruling in Molina's favor. He also quoted Section 2.02 of the Texas Family Code, which states: Martin's ruling did not state what would happen if a same-sex couple was wed after obtaining a license, through deception or otherwise; thus, the situation was unprecedented and Cross dubbed it a test case. Additionally, there was no law in Texas at that time preventing same-sex marriage, although homosexuality itself was illegal. The Houston Police Department threatened to arrest Ert and Molina for obtaining a license under false pretenses, although they did not follow through. Reverend Vincent stated, "We marry souls, not bodies. They met the requirements as set forth by the church; they love each other, and they had a license.... As far as I'm concerned, they are married in the eyes of God and in the eyes of Texas." Court response Shortly after the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear the related 1971 same-sex marriage case from Minnesota, the Texas district court declined Cross's appeal to record the marriage on November 20. Cross then appealed to the Texas Court of Civil Appeals. On December 8, Attorney General Crawford Martin, speaking through District Attorney for the 23rd Judicial District Jack Salyer, declared the union null and void, upheld the clerk's decision to not recognize the marriage, and said it was impossible for a same-sex couple to be married. Martin added that although county clerks could not cancel marriage licenses, the marriage was still invalid; Martin said when Texas state law was enacted, legislators had intended for marriage to only be between opposite-sex couples, and that this opinion could be presumed from the appearance of questions regarding a female's maiden name on the marriage license form. Furthermore, Martin stated that since Ert had filled out parts of the document intended for a female — although he never disclosed his sex — he had engaged in false swearing and could therefore face prison time of two to five years. Cross retaliated by again stating that there was nothing in Texas law that explicitly specified a married couple must be of the opposite sex, and that "if the attorney general would read his own opinion, he would find that it didn't require one of the applicants to be a woman." In response to Martin, Cross attempted to take the case to the Texas Supreme Court and prepared to take it to the U.S. Supreme Court. However, Cross's appeal was denied because it was filed too late, effectively ending the legal battle. The failed lawsuit was seen as a huge setback to LGBT rights in the U.S. It also caused a firestorm among Texas legislators, at a time when there was already turmoil in the legislature as a result of the Sharpstown scandal. These state legislators worked to change the language of the law to specify marriage as between "a man and a woman" instead of simply between "two persons" under 63R House Bill 103, which passed almost unanimously. In June 1973, Texas Governor Dolph Briscoe signed the legislation into law, which went into effect on January 1, 1974. Thus, Martin's ruling was upheld and sealed the loophole in Texas state law and officially restricted Texas marriage to opposite-sex couples. House Bill 103 was the first anti-gay marriage law in Texas, which would be followed in 1999, 2003, 2005, and 2015. Later life The media storm prompted the real Vikki Carr to meet Ert and Molina on CBS in Houston in November 1972, with Ert in drag. On October 15, 1973, Ert attempted suicide by firearm and was hospitalized in Houston in critical condition. A friend of Ert's said he was despondent after being deserted by Molina, who had earlier moved out of their Houston residence. By the same time in 1975, Ert had recovered and went back to performing, but put on his final show on October 24 of that year at Ursula's, a lesbian bar in Houston. Ert later began treatment at the MD Anderson Cancer Center and Tumor Research Center, but later returned to Canada. He died on September 12, 1976, "following a lengthy illness", as reported by The Advocate on November 6. His ailment was unrelated to his suicide attempt. His final resting place is currently unknown. Molina died in 1991 and is buried in Houston National Cemetery. See also Same-sex marriage in Texas LGBT culture in Houston Obergefell v Hodges References Category:Annulment Category:Legal history of Texas Category:LGBT history in Texas Category:Marriage law Category:Same-sex marriage in the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Data bank In telecommunications, computing, and information architecture, a data bank or databank is a repository of information on one or more subjects – a database – that is organized in a way that facilitates local or remote information retrieval and is able to process many continual queries over a long period of time. A data bank may be either centralized or decentralized, though most usage of this term refers to centralized storage and retrieval of information, by way of analogy to a monetary bank. The data in a data bank can be anything from scientific information like global temperature readings, and governmental information like census statistics, to financial-system records like credit card transactions, or the inventory available from various suppliers. Data bank may also refer to an organization primarily concerned with the construction and maintenance of such a database. The term databank is also obsolete (1960s through 1970s) computer jargon for database itself, and is frequently used in that sense in materials written in that period. See also Star Wars Databank Protein Data Bank National Trauma Data Bank Memory bank International Tree-Ring Data Bank Hazardous Substances Data Bank Electron microscopy data bank Dortmund Data Bank Casio Databank Conformational dynamics data bank Databank Systems Limited a former New Zealand banking agency Sources The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin, 2000. External links Category:Data management	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bugak Bugak () is a variety of vegetarian twigim (deep-fried dish) in Korean cuisine. It is made by deep frying dried vegetables or seaweed coated with chapssal-pul (; glutinous rice paste) and then drying them again. It is eaten as banchan (accompaniment to cooked rice) or anju (accompaniment to alcoholic beverages). Common ingredients are green chili peppers, perilla leaves, inflorescence, camellia leaves, chrysanthemum leaves, burdock leaves, tree of heaven shoots, potatoes, gim (laver), and dasima (kelp). Vegetable oils such as perilla oil or soybean oil are typically used for frying. Bugak is a relatively rare culinary technique in Korean cuisine, along with dasima twigak (; deep fried vegetables without coating). It is often associated with Korean temple cuisine. Varieties dangeun-bugak () – made with carrots dasima-bugak () – made with kelp deulkkae-songi-bugak () – made with perilla inflorescence dongbaek-ip-bugak () – made with camellia leaves dureup-bugak () – made with angelica tree shoots eumnamu-sun-bugak () – made with castor aralia shoots gajuk-bugak () – made with tree of heaven shoots gamja-bugak () – made with potatoes gamnnip-bugak () – made with persimmon leaves gim-bugak () – made with laver gochu-bugak () – made with green chili peppers gukhwa-ip-bugak () – made with chrysanthemum leaves kkaennip-bugak () – made with perilla leaves mosi-ip-bugak () – made with ramie leaves ogapi-ip-bugak () – made with eleuthero leaves parae-bugak () – made with green laver ssuk-bugak () – made with Korean mugwort ueong-ip-bugak () – made with burdock Gallery See also Twigak Korean temple cuisine References Category:Deep fried foods Category:Korean vegetable dishes	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Epipsestis cortigera Epipsestis cortigera is a moth of the family Drepanidae first described by Yoshimoto in 1995. It is found in Taiwan. The wingspan is about 28 mm. The ground color of the forewings is ocherous, irrorated (sprinkled) with fuscous in the antemedian and subcostal areas, and tinged with some olive in the basal area. The hindwings are pale grayish fuscous, a little paler in the basal and inner area. References Category:Moths described in 1995 Category:Thyatirinae	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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