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Vaibhav Mangle
Vaibhav Mangle () is a Marathi actor and Hindi film, television and stage actor, noted for his comic roles in Marathi theatre and Marathi films and television from India. Anand Ingle and Vaibhav Mangle are seen playing BL Pathak in Zee Marathi's TV series Shejari Shejari Pakke Shejari
Television
He is well known for his skits in Fu Bai Fu, a Marathi standup comedy TV show on Zee Marathi. He also plays the main role, along with Anand Ingle, in the comedy show Shejaari Shejaari Pakke Shejaari also aired on Zee Marathi. In this serial, he plays the character of Brijlal Pathak, also known as Birju.
Also working in Shirdi Ke Saibaba, on SONY .
Filmography
His movies include Harishchandrachi Factory, Kaksparsh, Shikshanachya Aaicha Gho,Navra Maza Navsacha, Shahanpan Dega Deva, Fakta Ladh Mhana, Shala, Touring Talkies, Timepass are some of the successful movies in which he played an important role.
Following table shows list of films
Drama
He played the main role in the Marathi play Ek Daav Bhatacha. He was also part of famous Marathi play Mukkam Post Bombilwadi.
He played one of the lead roles in Albattya Galbattya and Iblis.
References
External links
Marathi Comedy Videos
Category:Indian male film actors
Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema
Category:Living people
Category:Male actors in Marathi theatre
Category:Marathi actors
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
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Crystal River, Florida
Crystal River is a city in Citrus County, Florida, United States. The population was 3,108 in the 2010 census. According to the U.S Census estimates of 2018, the city had a population of 3,162. The city was incorporated in 1903 and is the self professed "Home of the Manatee". Crystal River Preserve State Park is located nearby, and Crystal River Archaeological State Park is located in the city's northwest side.
Crystal River is at the heart of the Nature Coast of Florida. The city is situated around Kings Bay, which is spring-fed and so keeps a constant temperature year round. A cluster of 50 springs designated as a first-magnitude system feeds Kings Bay. A first-magnitude system discharges 100 cubic feet or more of water per second, which equals about 64 million gallons of water per day. Because of this discharge amount, the Crystal River Springs group is the second largest springs group in Florida, the first being Wakulla Springs in Wakulla County near Tallahassee. Kings Bay can be home to over 400 manatees during the winter when the water temperature in the Gulf of Mexico cools, and is the only place in the United States where people can legally interact with them in their natural conditions without that interaction being viewed as harassment by law enforcement agencies. Tourism based on watching and swimming with manatee is the fastest growing contribution to the local economy. In 2005 there was a movement to dissolve the city which did not succeed, and the city has since grown by annexation.
Geography
Crystal River is located northwest of the center of Citrus County at , on the northeast side of Kings Bay and the Crystal River, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico. U.S. Routes 19 and 98 pass through the center of the city, leading south to Homasassa Springs and north to Chiefland. State Road 44 leads east from Crystal River to Inverness, the Citrus County seat.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city of Crystal River has a total area of , of which is land and 9.35% is water.
History
In the Pleistocene era, the land on which Crystal River is located was vastly different from today. The west coast of Florida is thought to have extended an additional into the Gulf of Mexico. During excavations for the Florida Nuclear Power Plant in 1969, scientists discovered rhinoceros and mastodon bones, as well as the shells of an extremely large armadillo and a large land tortoise.
Around 500 B.C. mound-building Native Americans (possibly Deptford culture) built a settlement along the Crystal River, which in the present day is the Crystal River Archaeological State Park. It was abandoned prior to European colonization for unknown reasons. The obsolete Native American name for Crystal River was Weewahi Iaca.
Following the Second Seminole War, settlers were encouraged into the area due to the passing of the Armed Occupation Act of 1842 by the United States federal government. Twenty-two men filed for patents for land in Crystal River. By the mid-1800s, families began to settle in the Crystal River area.
Mail was delivered by horse and buggy, and a stagecoach came from Ocala (Fort King) to Crystal River, stopping at the Stage Stand, which today is the Stage Stand Cemetery in Homosassa.
While no land battles were fought in the Crystal River area during the Civil War, there were many instances of skirmishes on the water directly off the coast of the Crystal and Homosassa rivers, as well as near Hickory Island in Yankeetown. By the time of the Civil War, Florida was an important source and supplier of food and other goods such as beef, pork, fish, corn, sugar, cotton, naval stores and salt. The Union was aware of this, and soon after the war began, the Union Navy blockaded the entire coast of Florida.
Following the Civil War, Crystal River grew. People from states to the north began to arrive, attracted by the area's mild climate and the potential of becoming wealthy growing citrus fruits. Early settlers to the area had found wild citrus trees growing in abundance, thanks in part to the Spanish explorers who had brought oranges with them on their ships and had discarded the seeds in the new world. This gave rise to the planting of citrus groves. The "Big Freeze" of 1894-1895 destroyed most of the citrus groves in the county.
A very early industry in the area was the turpentine business. Many of the barges during the Civil War blockade had been carrying turpentine, likely from the turpentine still of William Turner, who resided in Red Level. Other early industry in the Crystal River area included cedar mills. In 1882, James Williams moved his cedar mill to Crystal River, and began operating on King's Bay. The mill produced pencil boards, which were then shipped to Jersey City, New Jersey, by ship, and later on by train. The Dixon Cedar Mill was one of the largest industries in Crystal River, providing employment to many in the area, including women and African Americans.
Crystal River had been part of Hernando County since its inception in 1843. In 1844, the county name changed from "Hernando" to "Benton", in honor of Senator Thomas Hart Benton who had sponsored the Armed Occupation Act of 1842, which had brought settlers to the area. The county name returned to Hernando in 1850.
By the late 1800s, the area along the west side of the county was growing rapidly, and the citizens of the area began to see a need for a new county with a county seat that was easier to reach. In 1887, Hernando County was divided into three parts: Pasco County, Hernando County, and Citrus County. The town of Mannfield was named the temporary county seat for two years. Mannfield was chosen as it was in the geographic center of the new county and was more accessible to citizens. The site for the eventual county seat, Inverness, was decided by a vote in 1891.
Phosphate was discovered in 1889 in the east side of Citrus County, and the phosphate industry grew rapidly. Historians have claimed it to be "one of the richest phosphate deposits in the world." The phosphate industry would boom in Crystal River and Citrus County until 1914, when it could no longer be shipped due to World War I.
In 1888, the railroad reached Crystal River. The arrival of the railroad proved to be a boon; it provided an easier way to ship and receive goods, and it was an easier way for tourists to travel. Sport fishing became a draw for many wealthy northerners.
Crystal River became a town in 1903. It was officially incorporated as a city on July 3, 1923.
Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 3,108 people (2012 Estimate: 3,055), 1,401 households, and 794 families residing in the city. The population density was 455.19 people per square mile (1178.9/km²). There were 2,036 housing units at an average density of 343.4 per square mile (132.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 83.4% White, 7.4% Black or African American, 0.30% Native American, 2.1% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 0% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. 5.20% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 1,401 households out of which 18% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.0% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.3% were non-families. 56.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.61.
In the city, the population was spread out with 15.9% under the age of 18, 3.7% from 18 to 24, 15.7% from 25 to 44, 31% from 45 to 64, and 33.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 56 years. The population was composed of 1,477 males and 1,631 females.
The median income for a household in the city was $35,503, and the median income for a family was $58,398. Males had a median income of $39,357 versus $25,417 for females. The per capita income for the city was $38,219. About 3.5% of families and 9.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.4% of those under age 18 and 9.5% of those aged 65 or over.
Crystal River Mall opened north of the center of town in 1990.
Education
The city is served by Citrus County Schools. Residents are zoned to Crystal River Primary [ elementary] School, Crystal River Middle School, and Crystal River High School.
The Coastal Region Library of Citrus Libraries is in Crystal River.
Notable people
Wendi Richter, professional wrestler
Mike Hampton, professional Baseball Player
May Mann Jennings, former First Lady of Florida and civic activist
Gerald "Jerry" Wood Merrick songwriter
See also
West Indian manatee
References
External links
City of Crystal River official website
Crystal River News, historical newspaper for Crystal River openly accessible in the Florida Digital Newspaper Library
Citrus County Visitors & Convention Bureau
Springs Coast Watershed - Florida DEP
Category:Cities in Citrus County, Florida
Category:Cities in Florida
Category:Populated coastal places in Florida on the Gulf of Mexico
Category:1903 establishments in Florida
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Lane Taylor
Lane Dominick Taylor (born November 22, 1989) is an American football guard for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Oklahoma State. Taylor was signed by the Packers as an undrafted free agent in 2013.
Professional career
After going undrafted in the 2013 NFL Draft, Taylor signed with the Green Bay Packers on May 10, 2013. In his rookie season, he appeared in ten games, playing predominantly on special teams.
Taylor appeared in all 16 games in his second season in 2014, playing at left and right guard.
In his third season in 2015, Taylor started the first NFL game of his career against the Detroit Lions in Week 13 at right guard. He started his second game against the Minnesota Vikings at left guard in Week 17. ESPN staff writer Rob Demovsky cited that Taylor performed "nearly flawlessly" in both games.
On March 8, 2016, Taylor signed a two-year, $4.15 million contract with the Packers.
On September 4, 2017, Taylor signed a three-year, $16.5 million contract extension with the Packers after starting all 16 games for the first time in 2016.
On September 21, 2019, Taylor was placed on injured reserve with a biceps injury.
References
External links
Green Bay Packers bio
Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:Players of American football from Texas
Category:Sportspeople from Arlington, Texas
Category:American football offensive guards
Category:Oklahoma State Cowboys football players
Category:Green Bay Packers players
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Macha Rosenthal
Macha Louis Rosenthal (March 14, 1917 – July 21, 1996) was an American poet, critic, editor, and teacher. The W. B. Yeats Society of New York renamed their award for achievement in Yeats studies the M. L. Rosenthal Award after Rosenthal's death. His 1959 essay, Poetry as Confession, is credited with being the first application of the term 'confession' to the writing of poetry and therefore for the naming of the confessional poetry movement.
Biography
Rosenthal was born in Washington, D.C. He earned his B.A. (1937) and M.A. (1938) degrees at the University of Chicago. On January 7, 1939, he married Victoria Himmelstein, with whom he had three children: David, Alan, and Laura.
From 1939 to 1945, he taught as an instructor in English at Michigan State University. In 1946, he was hired as an instructor at New York University, where he earned his Ph.D. in 1949. In 1961, he served in the U.S. Cultural Exchange Program and was visiting specialist to Germany; in 1965, to Pakistan; in 1966, to Romania, Poland, and Bulgaria; and in 1980, to Italy and France. In 1974, he was a visiting poet in Israel. From 1977 to 1979 he served as director of the Poetics Institute at New York University, where he was a professor of English until 1996.
Rosenthal was a fellow of the American Council of Learned Societies and twice won Guggenheim Fellowships (1960–1964). He contributed poems, articles, and reviews to such leading journals as The New Yorker, the New Statesman, Poetry, The Spectator (London), ELH, and The Quarterly Review; he also served, from 1956–1961, as poetry editor of The Nation; from 1970-1978 as poetry editor of The Humanist; and from 1973-1990 as poetry editor of Present Tense. He published numerous books of criticism and collections of verse and edited various anthologies of poetry.
In 1973 Rosenthal was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto II.
M. L. Rosenthal died on July 21, 1996.
Works
Poetry
Blue Boy on Skates: Poems (1964)
Beyond Power: New Poems (1969)
Essays and Reviews
A primer of Ezra Pound (1960)
Our Life in Poetry: Selected Essays and Reviews (1991)
Running to Paradise: Yeats's Poetic Art (1994)
References
External links
Obituary at New York Times
Obituary in the Independent
Category:1917 births
Category:1996 deaths
Category:20th-century American poets
Category:American Jews
Category:Guggenheim Fellows
Category:The Nation (U.S. magazine) people
Category:Michigan State University faculty
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Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary
The Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary ( V.H.M., Latin: Ordo Visitationis Beatissimae Mariae Virginis) or the Visitation Order is an enclosed Roman Catholic religious order for women. Members of the order are also known as the Salesian Sisters (not to be confused with the Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco) or, more commonly, as the Visitandines or Visitation Sisters.
History of the Order
The Order of the Visitation was founded in 1610 by Saint Francis de Sales and Saint Jane Frances de Chantal in Annecy, Haute-Savoie, France. At first the founder had not a religious order in mind; he wished to form a congregation without external vows, where the cloister should be observed only during the year of novitiate, after which the sisters should be free to go out by turns to visit the sick and poor. The order was given the name of The Visitation of Holy Mary with the intention that the sisters would follow the example of Virgin Mary and her joyful visit to her kinswoman Elizabeth, (known as "The Visitation" in the Roman Catholic Church).
He invited Jane de Chantal to join him in establishing a new type of religious life, one open to older women and those of delicate constitution, that would stress the hidden, inner virtues of humility, obedience, poverty, even-tempered charity, and patience, and founded on the example of Mary in her journey of mercy to her cousin Elizabeth. The order was established to welcome those not able to practice austerities required in other orders. Instead of chanting the canonical office in the middle of the night the sisters recited the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin at half-past eight in the evening. There was no perpetual abstinence nor prolonged fast. The Order of the Visitation of Mary was canonically erected in 1618 by Paul V who granted it all the privileges enjoyed by the other orders. A Bull of Urban VIII solemnly approved it in 1626.
Charism
The special charism of the Visitation Order is an interior discipline expressed primarily through the practice of two virtues: humility and gentleness. The motto of the order is "Live Jesus".
Expansion
A foundation was established in Lyons in 1615 followed by Moulines (1616), Grenoble (1618), Bourges (1618), and Paris (1619). When Saint Francis de Sales died (1622) there were 13 convents established; at the death of Saint Jane Frances de Chantal in 1641 there were 86.
The Order spread from France throughout Europe and to North America. As of 2017, there are about 160 autonomous Visitation monasteries throughout the world.
Portugal
The Order of the Visitation has been present in Portugal since 1784, maintaining today three monasteries: in Braga, in Vila das Aves and in Batalha. The Sisters of the Visitation in Portugal produce and distribute the emblems of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (like devotional scapulars) as Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque did in the past.
England
At the French Revolution in 1789 when all the religious houses were suppressed many of the French Sisters took refuge in other Catholic countries. The sisters in Rouen, northern France, fled to Portuguese monasteries, having only escaped the guillotine by the death of Robespierre in 1794. In 1803 six sisters left Lisbon in an English packet ship and while at sea they were attacked by French pirates. They were spared because of their nationality (they were French not English) and were returned safely to the Spanish seaport of Vigo. After a brief sojourn in Spain three of the Sisters made a second attempt to cross from Porto and without further encounters with pirates arrived in Falmouth on 29 January 1804. They later journeyed to Acton and founded the first monastery of the Visitation on English soil on 19 March 1804.
Germany
In 1835, the Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary of Dietramszell acquired Beuerberg Abbey (Kloster Beuerberg), in Eurasburg, Germany. Between 1846 and 1938 they ran a girls' school and a home for nursing mothers at Beuerberg Abbey, and afterwards an old people's convalescent home. The abbey still belongs to the Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary.
Colombia
The nine Visitation Sisters from Madrid, Spain came to Colombia in 1892 and founded the first Monastery at Santa Fe, Bogotá.
Ireland
The Visitation Sisters came to Ireland in 1955 and founded a Monastery at Stamullen, Co. Meath. When Mother Mary Teresa O’ Dwyer, Superior of the Visitation Monastery of Roseland, England learned that the Brothers of St. John of God were moving out of Silverstream, she applied to the Bishop of Meath, Dr. Kyne for permission for the order of the Visitation to enter his diocese. Staffing problems were solved by borrowing three Sisters from America. The Visitation Monasteries of St. Paul Minnesota, Brooklyn New York and Atlanta Georgia each lent a Sister.
Korea
In 2005, The six Visitation Sisters from Manizales, Colombia came to South Korea. The Monastery of the Visitation was established in Jeongok-eup, Yeoncheon County in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea.
In the United States
In the United States there are 10 monasteries in two federations. The monasteries of the First Federation live the purely contemplative life, observing papal enclosure, with solemn vows, and have retained the traditional habit of the Order. Of the ten monasteries of the Visitation in the United States, six belong to the First Federation,
First federation
The Convent of the Visitation in Mobile, Alabama was founded in 1833 by Bishop Michael Portier, first bishop of Mobile. Aware of the lack of schools in his diocese, he remembered the fine work of the Visitation nuns throughout his native France. Five nuns from the monastery in Georgetown, Washington, D. C. boarded a sailing ship in November, 1832 and arrived in Mobile a month later. In March, 1840, a tornado leveled the buildings. In the 1950s the school was converted to a retreat house. The monastery also serves as a distribution center for communion breads used by churches throughout the Mobile Archdiocese and for many churches in surrounding states, a service extended to a number of non-Catholic churches as well
In 1866 Visitation Sisters from Baltimore, Maryland came to Richmond, Virginia at the request of Bishop John McGill. In 1987 the Visitation Sisters relocated to Rockville, Virginia (where they continue to bake altar breads as their main source of income).
In 1846, 11 of the Georgetown Visitation sisters relocated to Frederick, Maryland to carry on a school began by the Sisters of Charity in 1824, which from that date became the Visitation Academy of Frederick - which had an important part in Civil War history when it was occupied in September 1862 (until January 1863) by Union Troops and became General Hospital #5 following the Battles of South Mountain and Antietam. In the spring of 2005 the Visitation Monastery closed its doors and the remaining three Visitation Sisters transferred to the Monastery of the Visitation of Holy Mary Monte Maria in Rockville, Virginia.
The Visitation community of Tyringham, Massachusetts was founded in 1853 in Keokuk, Iowa by the Visitation Monastery of Montluel, France. In the 19th Century, it was necessary for Visitation communities, both in France and in the United States, to have academies for girls in order to support themselves. After having moved from Keokuk, Iowa, to Suspension Bridge, New York, and then, lastly, to Wilmington, Delaware in 1868, a generous benefactress enabled the community to close the school in 1893 and live the full contemplative life. In 1993 the community relocated to Massachusetts and moved into its present monastery, Mont Deux Coeurs, in December 1995.
The Visitation nuns have been in Toledo since 1915.
The Monastery of the Visitation was established in Atlanta Georgia and moved to Snellville, Georgia in 1974.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Second federation
Sisters of the Second Federation add apostolic monasteries to their contemplative life.
Georgetown Visitation Monastery was the first house of the Visitation founded in the United States. In 1799, three sisters in the order were given permission by Archbishop Leonard Neale to start a girls' school located next to Georgetown University, in Washington, D.C., called the Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School. In 1816, the Georgetown Visitation Monastery was founded with Teresa Lalor as superior.
On May 3 of 1833, eight sisters from the Georgetown Visitation founded the first Visitation Academy in the midwest at Kaskaskia, Illinois. On the final leg of their trip from Georgetown, the Sisters crossed the Mississippi River from Missouri into Illinois. First person accounts tell of the Sisters "sitting in a ferryboat that took them across the river. They sat dangerously close to the brown water." In April 1844, six sisters left to begin the Visitation Academy of St. Louis in St. Louis, Missouri. On June 24, the flooding Mississippi River forced evacuation from Kaskaskia, and a steamboat bearing visitors to the monastery rescued sisters, students, and furnishings through the second story windows, and transported them to St. Louis. In 1992, five sisters from the Rock Island, Illinois Visitation merged with the St. Louis community. Later eleven sisters from Rock Island re-located to the Mercy Sisters' retirement facility, Catherine's House, in Rock Island.
The Visitation monastery in Brooklyn, New York was founded in 1855.
In 1873, six Sisters of the Visitation from St. Louis, Missouri traveled by steamship for eight days up the Mississippi river to the fast-growing river town of St. Paul, Minnesota at the request of Bishop Grace who asked them to make a new foundation and open a school. In 1966 the sisters moved to Mendota Heights where the larger facility allowed for expanded programs and enrollment. In 1989, the Leadership of the Second Federation of the Visitation Order in the United States of America established an urban monastic community in Minneapolis, Minnesota. As part of their ministry to families they offer education sessions, such as cooking and nutrition, finance and budgeting, college preparation, etc. for neighborhood teens.
The Mount de Chantal Visitation Academy was founded in 1848 as the Wheeling Female Academy in downtown Wheeling, West Virginia and in 1865 assumed its current name. While grades five through twelve were all female, Mount de Chantal's Montessori and Elementary schools were co-ed. The school ceased operations on May 31, 2008, and the nuns re-located to the Georgetown Visitation in Washington, D.C. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, before being razed on November 7, 2011.
Noted Visitandines
The best known saint of the Order is St. Margaret Mary Alacoque, who reportedly received the revelations of the Sacred Heart resulting in the First Friday Devotions and Holy Hours. On May 10, 1998, seven Visitandines of the First Monastery of Madrid, Spain, martyred during the Spanish Revolution of 1936, were beatified in Rome by Pope John Paul II.
Blessed Maria Gabriela de Hinojosa Naveros (b. July 24, 1872 in Alhama, Granada)
Bl. Teresa Maria Cavestany y Anduaga (b. July 30, 1888 in Puerto Real, Cadiz)
Bl. Josefa Maria Barrera Izaguirre (b. May 23, 1881 in El Ferrol, La Coruna)
Bl. Maria Ines Zudaire Galdeano (b. January 28, 1900 in Echavarri, Navarre)
Bl. Maria Cecilia Cendoya Araquistain (b. January 10, 1910 in Azpeitia, Guipuzcoa)
Bl. Maria Engracia Lecuona Aramburu (b. July 2, 1897 in Oyarzun Guipuzcoa)
Bl. Maria Angela Olaizola Garagarza (b. November 12, 1893 in Azpeitia Guipuzcoa
The nuns were members of the Madrid House of the Order of the Visitation. In early 1936, during the Spanish Civil War, as religious persecution intensified, most of the community moved to Oronoz, leaving a group of six nuns in the charge of Sr Maria Gabriela de Hinojosa. By July they were confined to their apartment, When a neighbour reported them to the authorities, and in November 1936 their apartment searched. Nevertheless, they refused to seek refuge in the consulates.
The following evening, a patrol of the Iberian Anarchist Federation broke into the apartment and ordered all the sisters to leave. They were taken by van to a vacant area and shot. Sr Maria Cecilia, who had run when she felt the sister next to her fall, surrendered shortly after and was shot five days later at the cemetery wall in Vallecas on the outskirts of Madrid.
In 2010, in honor of the worldwide Jubilee Year for the Visitation order, Pope Benedict XVI granted a plenary indulgence to those who would make a visit to and pray in a Visitation monastery.
Léonie Martin, the sister of Saint Thérèse of the Child Jesus and the Holy Face, became a nun of the Order of the Visitation. She received the veil on the 2nd of July 1900 and took the name Sister Françoise-Thérèse Martin. On the 24 January 2015 the process for Leonie's beatification began and she is now known as Servant of God.
References
External links
The Visitation Spirit (USA)
The Monastery of the Visitation of Brooklyn
The Monastery of the Visitation of Toledo, Ohio
Order of the Visitation in UK
Order of the Visitation in German-speaking countries
Order of the Visitation in Italy
Order of the Visitation in Brasil
Order of the Visitation in Korea
Category:1610 establishments in France
Category:Catholic female orders and societies
Category:Christian religious orders established in the 17th century
Category:Religious organizations established in 1610
Category:Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
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Bessemer, Pennsylvania
Bessemer, Pennsylvania may refer to:
Bessemer, North Braddock, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Bessemer, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania
Bessemer, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
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Alex Pederzoli
Alex Pederzoli (born 6 March 1984) is a former Italian footballer who played as a midfielder.
Club career
Youth career
Born in Piacenza, Emilia–Romagna, Pederzoli started his career with Emilia–Romagna side Bologna. In mid-2000, Juventus signed Pederzoli (€516,457 or 1 billion lire), Giacomo Cipriani (€2.324M for 50% rights or 4.5 billion lire), Alessandro Gamberini (€2.324M for 50%rights or 4.5 billion lire) from Bologna and sold the remaining 50% registration rights of Jonatan Binotto to Bologna for 10 (short) billion Lire (€5.16 million), which the Emilia–Romagna club also retained 50% registration rights of Gamberini and Pederzoli.
In June 2002, Bologna bought back Gamberini for free and Pederzoli to Juventus for about €260,000. It made Juventus received a financial income of €257 thousands for Pederzoli, a disposals loss of €1.502 million and financial income of €2.324 million for Gamberini.
Juve, Como & Serie C1
In mid-2003, he was sold to Serie B side Como in co-ownership deal, along with Felice Piccolo (for a total fee of €1.6 million alleged by FIGC or €20,000 in Juventus financial report), made Juventus losses €393 thousand and €39 thousands respectively. Como finished as the bottom in the end of season, and Pederzoli was loaned to Serie C1 side Rimini. In June 2004, Juventus bought back both players for a nominal fee of €10,000 each and their registration rights now only €20,000 each in Juventus's account, signed a 3-year contract.
Both players were then farmed out again, which Pederzoli joined Serie C1 club Reggiana, often as substitutes. In mid-season he left for Lucchese from Serie C1/B (i.e. Group B) to Serie C/A (i.e. Group A).
In 2005–06 season, Pederzoli remained in Serie C1/B but for Sassari Torres along with Andrea Luci and Giovanni Bartolucci, made Juventus gained €20 thousands, €30 thousands and €15 thousands respectively from the loan. However, Pederzoli was sent to Serie C1/A side Pro Sesto in mid-season. Pro Sesto lost relegation playoffs that season and re-admitted; Sassari Torres entered the promotion playoffs but went bankrupt and relegated.
In mid-2006, the liquidator of Como Calcio 1907 (which went bankrupt in 2005, 2 years after Enrico Preziosi sold the team) claimed Juventus still had to pay the company €1,580,000 for the fees to bought Pederzoli and Piccolo back (as the price dropped from €1.6 million to €20,000 but in 2004 Juve acquired youth players Criscito and Volpe for €1.9million from Genoa, Preziosi's new club), but Juventus said the sum already paid and started a legal defense, but still budgeted that sum in the balance sheet few years later for ongoing legal process.
In the last year of his contract, Pederzoli at first left for Pistoiese of Serie C1/A. After a limited chance, he left for Serie C1/B side Manfredonia. Both teams finished in mid-table.
At the start of season, Pederzoli was signed by Serie C1/A side Venezia but on 31 August 2007 left for Serie C1/B Crotone. Pederzoli made a break through that season, played 31 league matches with the same club and played additional 2 with the club in playoffs, in although lost to Taranto in the first round (semi-final).
At the start of season he signed a 2-year contract with Lega Pro Prima Divisione/A (ex-Serie C1/A) side Padova. He followed the team entered into the promotion playoff, this time won Pro Patria in the final.
Serie B
Pederzoli was signed by Serie B newcomer Gallipoli in August 2009, the club at that time recently invested by businessmen from Udine. Before the investment, the team did not hire enough first team member and was forced to fill youth team players for the Coppa Italia opening match. Gallipoli finished as the 21st, just ahead Salernitana. After the season (formally on 16 July) Gallipoli was expelled from professional league due to its financial record, the club went bankrupt and all players were released.
On July 2010, he signed a 3-year contract with Serie B side Ascoli. He made his debut in the opening match of the season (and the first match in 2010–11 Coppa Italia). He partnered with Daniele Di Donato as the defensive midfielders in the "4–2–3–1" formation, which won Lumezzane 3–1 on 15 August.
2011 Italian football scandal
On 31 May 2012 Pederzoli was suspended for 1 year and 4 months due to involvement in 2011–12 Italian football scandal.
Return to Serie C
On 18 September 2013 he was signed by South Tyrol in a 2-year contract.
On 19 July 2014 he was signed by Pavia.
On 26 August 2015 Pederzoli was signed by Pordenone on a 3-year contract.
In the summer of 2016 he moved to Venezia. On 28 July 2017, Pederzoli moved to Piacenza on a temporary deal. It was reported that the loan deal was terminated in January 2018, as well as Pederzoli leaving Venice in the same month.
International career
Pederzoli was capped for the Italy under-16 side at the 2001 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship, losing out to eventual champions Spain in the quarter-finals of the competition. In that match, he was replaced by Paolo Facchinetti in the 35th minute. He partnered with Gabriele Perico, Francesco Lodi and Alessandro Moro in the team's midfield, while playmaker Alberto Aquilani played as a defender at the time. During the match, the Italian coach fielded five defenders (with Giorgio Chiellini serving as a wing-back) and only one striker. Italy lost 3–4 in a penalty shootout.
References
External links
National Team data
La Gazzetta dello Sport Profile
Football.it Profile
Category:1984 births
Category:People from Piacenza
Category:Living people
Category:Italian footballers
Category:Italy youth international footballers
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Bologna F.C. 1909 players
Category:Juventus F.C. players
Category:Como 1907 players
Category:Rimini F.C. 1912 players
Category:Reggio Audace F.C. players
Category:S.S.D. Lucchese 1905 players
Category:S.S.D. Pro Sesto players
Category:U.S. Pistoiese 1921 players
Category:Manfredonia Calcio players
Category:F.C. Crotone players
Category:Calcio Padova players
Category:A.S.D. Gallipoli Football 1909 players
Category:Ascoli Calcio 1898 F.C. players
Category:F.C. Südtirol players
Category:F.C. Pavia players
Category:Pordenone Calcio players
Category:Venezia F.C. players
Category:Piacenza Calcio 1919 players
Category:Serie B players
Category:Serie C players
Category:S.E.F. Torres 1903 players
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Committee Entertainment
The Committee is an EDM event production group founded in 2006 as Committee Entertainment by Sebastian Solano, Paul Campbell, Lukasz Tracz, and Patryk Tracz. At the time all four founders were friends and college students in Florida, and they originally started the Committee as an informal party promotion team. Since then, Committee Entertainment has founded the Dayglow tour series and Life in Color, an international EDM concert company. After jointly selling Dayglow/Life in Color to SFX Entertainment in 2012, all four members remained partners, and as of 2015 they continue to operate both Life in Color and Committee Entertainment. On January 5, 2015, Forbes included Life in Color CEO Solano on their annual list of "30 Under 30 In Music" for 2015.
Founder backgrounds
Sebastian Solano
Sebastian Solano is a Colombian-American business executive best known as co-founder, CEO, and President of Life in Color. When The Committee was formed, Solano was in charge of event negotiations, later becoming President. After the acquisition by SFX, Solano stayed on as CEO and President. As President and CEO of Dayglow, he oversaw the company's international expansion, as well as Dayglow's buyout by SFX Entertainment in 2012. The merger led to Dayglow changing into Life in Color, with Solano remaining President and CEO of both Committee Entertainment and Life in Color. Solano has been interviewed in media outlets such as Pollstar, and in January 2015, Forbes named him one of their "30 Under 30 In Music" for 2015. In November 2015, Solano was appointed the new of ID&T North America / Made Event by SFX Entertainment.
Lukasz Tracz
Lukasz Tracz (born April 4, 1985) is an entrepreneur and a businessman who currently lives in Miami Beach, Florida. Involved with several ventures, he is best known as the co-founder of Life in Color. In 2013, Lukasz and his business partners hosted their 1st Life in Color Festival in Miami. Committed to blending genres, the committee faced criticism when they added 2 Chainz to the event, with Lukasz defending the inclusion of hip hop. 2 Chainz was eventually added to the lineup.
Paul Campbell
Paul Campbell is an American entrepreneur and businessman best known as an owner and managing partner of Life in Color, as well as a co-founder and co-organizer of the Life in Color Festival. Campbell was born and raised in the United States, and after high school he began attending Florida State University (FSU). When he co-founded Committee Entertainment in 2006, Campbell was living at an apartment on the FSU campus. As the franchise grew, Campbell dropped out of FSU during his final semester to focus on Dayglow.
In 2010 DayGlow continued to tour, with Campbell and the other founders driving around the country to put on events. After the acquisition by SFX, Campbell remained a partner at Dayglow, and since then had been involved with various projects, including co-producing the halftime show for the Guinness International Champions Cup Final. As of 2014 Campbell lives in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
Patryk Tracz
Patryk Tracz (born April 4, 1985) is an executive, best known as the President of Life in Color. Born in Ziębice, Poland to Krystyna Janowski and Dariusz Tracz, when Tracz was nine years old he moved with his family from Poland to Boca Raton, Florida in search of financial stability. In Florida, Tracz and his twin brother Lukasz Tracz attended Spanish River High School. Starting in 2004, Tracz began studying marketing and business at Florida Atlantic University (FAU). While still attending FAU, by 2006 Tracz was living with his brother and several housemates at an apartment on the Florida State University campus. When he co-founded Committee Entertainment, Tracz began handling Operations and Production.
In January 2008 he began working at marketing at the company MDVIP, where he worked until April 2009. He also continued to work with DayGlow, and earned his degree from Florida Atlantic University in 2010, having extended his education to focus on the company. After the acquisition by SFX and renaming into Life in Color, Tracz remained Vice President. As of 2014 Tracz was based in West Palm Beach, Florida.
History
2006: Party promotion
Life in Color was founded as Dayglow by four students living in Florida in 2006. Sebastian Solano, Paul Campbell, Lukasz Tracz and Patryk Tracz all were housemates at an apartment on the Florida State University (FSU) campus. That year all four began throwing themed "super extravagant house parties" on a monthly basis, bringing in DJ Climax for the music. Reinvesting the monthly profits, often at a loss, eventually they began renting "half a nightclub" at a time with bottle and limousine service, then bringing the party back to their house afterwards. As the parties grew in size and popularity, the four founders named themselves Committee Entertainment, planning events as partners. All founders were avid fans of house music, and took different roles. Clubs soon began paying the small company to bring their parties, and according to Solano, they were some of the few local promoters at the time to focus on EDM.
2007: Dayglow tour series
Soon a friend introduced Solano to an informal party series called Dayglow, "a fraternity and sorority tradition at FSU" that involved hundreds of college students in white shirts throwing non-toxic paint on one-another. Solano, who was a fan of the Sensation events in Europe, was inspired by the idea of a traveling Dayglow tour. He and Committee Entertainment registered trademarks for Dayglow, and in 2007 their first Dayglow event was held in a Miami nightclub called Allure, with close to 600 attendees. The company then contacted other Florida cities such as Orlando, Tampa, and Gainesville, and began pitching the Dayglow parties. Eventually they decided to rent out the UCF Arena, though Solano stated that at the time, they "had no idea how to do a real concert." All four founders dropped out of college to pursue the venture.
As the tour increased in popularity, the shows grew more extravagant in nature: booking larger acts and increasing the magnitude of its artistic elements. When the Dayglow tour started traveling to cities outside of Florida, the founders custom-built paint cannons and guns, also hiring someone from Cirque du Soleil to run their performance department. In 2009 and 2010, a Dayglow stage was held at Ultra Music Festival. After moving their headquarters to Miami, also in 2010 DayGlow held their first arena show at the University of Central Florida, at Orlando. They also continued to tour, with Campbell recollecting that "It was actually really hard to manage it. One night, I drove my car from Tallahassee to Indiana with all the productions from LIC -- black lights, tarps, paint. We drove overnight, took mad energy drinks. We've done it all."
2012-present: Life in Color
Shortly after Dayglow's acquisition by SFX Entertainment in 2012, the company announced in September 2012 that it would re-brand itself as Life in Color. All four members of The Committee retained their positions in the company. In 2013, Life in Color began to hold larger music festival events, featuring multiple stages and a larger lineup, leading to the Life in Color Festival in Miami.
Further reading
Articles and interviews
Article on Tracz in Boca Magazine (December 2013) - Page 108
References
External links
Category:Entertainment companies of the United States
Category:Electronic music event management companies
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Heok Hee Ng
Heok Hee Ng is a Singaporean ichthyologist and researcher of biodiversity at the Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum of the National University of Singapore. He specialises in Asian catfish systematics with particular focus on sisoroid catfishes. As of 2018, Ng authored 14 species of Siluriformes
Publications
Ng has (co-)authored many publications.
See Wikispecies below.
References
External links
Category:Living people
Category:Taxon authorities
Category:Singaporean ichthyologists
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
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The Ballade
The Ballade is a Japanese-only compilation album by the American Rock band Journey. Released in 1991, it comprises fifteen of their most popular love songs, including the #2 chart hit "Open Arms", the top 40 hits "Faithfully," "I'll Be Alright Without You," "Who's Crying Now," and "Still They Ride". The songs featured on this compilation are from the U.S. releases Infinity, Evolution, Departure, Escape, Frontiers and Raised on Radio.
The album has been reissued throughout the years (as recently as 2006), however never domestically. Similar albums have been released by other artists on the same label; Santana, REO Speedwagon, Babyface and Toto. Of the artists mentioned, only REO Speedwagon and Babyface have had their versions released in the United States; the track list for the US editions of REO Speedwagon's The Ballads and Babyface's Love Songs are different from the Japanese editions.
Track listing
"Open Arms" - 3:20 (from the 1981 album Escape)
"Lights" - 3:11 (from the 1978 album Infinity)
"Too Late" - 2:59 (from the 1979 album Evolution)
"Faithfully" - 4:27 (from the 1983 album Frontiers)
"I'll Be Alright Without You" - 4:50 (from the 1986 album Raised on Radio)
"Patiently" - 3:23 (from Infinity)
"Who's Crying Now" - 5:02 (from Escape)
"After the Fall" - 5:01 (from Frontiers)
"The Eyes of a Woman" - 4:35 (from Raised on Radio)
"Opened the Door" - 4:33 (from Infinity)
"Good Morning Girl" - 1:44 (from the 1980 album Departure)
"Stay Awhile" - 2:50 (from Departure)
"Still They Ride" - 3:48 (from Escape)
"Send Her My Love" - 3:56 (from Frontiers)
"Why Can't This Night Go on Forever" - 3:43 (from Raised on Radio)
All of the songs are full album versions.
References
Category:1991 greatest hits albums
Category:Journey (band) compilation albums
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George Dustan
George Dustan (12 June 1900 – 27 July 1951) was a South African sprinter. He competed in three events at the 1924 Summer Olympics.
References
Category:1900 births
Category:1951 deaths
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Category:South African male sprinters
Category:Olympic athletes of South Africa
Category:Sportspeople from Cape Town
Category:Cape Colony people
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List of orthopaedic eponyms
Fractures
Aviator's fracture
Bankart's fracture
Barton's fracture
Bennett's fracture
Boxer's fracture
Bumper fracture
Burst fracture
Bosworth fracture
Chance fracture
Chopart's fracture-dislocation
Clay-Shoveller fracture
Colles' fracture
Cotton's fracture
Dupuytren's fracture
Duverney fracture
Essex-Lopresti fracture
Galeazzi fracture
Gosselin fracture
Hangman's fracture
Holstein–Lewis fracture
Holdsworth fracture
Hutchinson's fracture
Hoffa fracture
Hume fracture
Jefferson fracture
Jones fracture
Lisfranc fracture
March fracture
Maisonneuve fracture
Malgaigne's fracture
Monteggia fracture
Moore's fracture
Night-stick fracture
Pilon fracture
Pipkin fracture-dislocation
Plafond fracture
Pott's fracture
Rolando fracture
Segond fracture
Shepherd's fracture
Side-swipe fracture
Smith's fracture
Stieda fracture
Straddle fracture
Tillaux-Chaput avulsion fracture
Wagstaffe-Le Fort avulsion fracture
Volkmann avulsion fracture
Orthopedic classifications
Bado classification
Danis–Weber classification
Denis classification
Evans-Jensen classification
Ficat classification
Frykman classification
Garden classification
Gartland classification
Gruen zone
Gustilo open fracture classification
Haruguchi classification
Hawkin's classification
Herbert classification
Herscovici classification
Ideberg classification
Jupiter and Mehne classification
Lauge-Hansen classification
Le Fort fracture of skull
Loder classification
Mayfield classification
Milch classification
Neer classification
Pipkin classification
Pauwel's classification
Riseborough and Radin classification
Ruedi-Allgower classification
Salter–Harris fracture
Schatzker classification of tibia plateau fractures
Tile classification
Schatzker classification of olecranon fractures
Sanders classification
Seddon classification
Seinsheimer classification
Schenck classification
Teisen classification
Tscherne classification
Thompson and Epstein classification
Vancouver classification
Wassel classification
Winquist and Hansen classification
Young-Burgess classification
Procedures
Akin osteotomy
Bankart repair
Broström procedure
Brunelli procedure
Cotrel–Dubousset instrumentation
Cunningham Shoulder Reduction
Darrach's procedure
Darrah procedure
Evans technique
Girdlestone's Procedure
Keller procedure
Kocher manoeuvre
Krukenberg procedure
Latarjet procedure
Mumford procedure
Ponseti method
Swanson's Arthroplasty
Tommy John surgery
Weil's Osteotomy
Weaver–Dunn procedure
Zadek's procedure
Anatomy
Gerdy's tubercle
Guyon's Canal
Harrison's groove
Haversian canal
Humphrey's ligament
Lisfranc joint
Lisfranc ligament
Lister's tubercle
Martin-Gruber Anastomosis
Schmorl's nodes
Volkmann's canals
CPRs
Harris Hip Score
Kocher criteria
Mirel's Score
Rowe Score
Clinical signs
Andersson lesion
Baastrup's sign
Bouchard's nodes
Boutonniere deformity
Coopernail's sign
Codman triangle
Destot's sign
Frankel's sign
Heberden's node
Kanavel's sign
Larrey's sign
Trendelenburg gait
Clinical examination
Allis test
Apley grind test
Apley scratch test
Barlow's maneuver
Clarke's test
Cozen's test
Cotton test
Durkan's test
Finkelstein's test
Froment's sign
Jobe's test
Kapandji score
Gaenslen's test
Galeazzi test
Gerber's test
Hawkins–Kennedy test
Hubscher's maneuver
Lachman test
Lasègue's sign
McMurray test
Mulder's sign
Neer impingement sign
O'Brien's test
Ober's test
Ortolani test
Patrick's test
Phalen maneuver
Simmonds' test
Schober's test
Speed's test
Thomas test
Thompson test
Tinel sign
Trendelenburg's sign
Yergason's test
Waddell's signs
Watson's test
Wilson test
Congenital conditions
Albers-Schonberg disease
Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy
Antley–Bixler syndrome
Apert syndrome
Beals syndrome
Bechterew's
Bruck syndrome
Camurati–Engelmann disease
Catel–Manzke syndrome
Cole carpenter syndrome
Conradi–Hünermann syndrome
Currarino syndrome
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
Eiken syndrome
Ellis–van Creveld syndrome
Erlenmeyer flask deformity
Fairbanks disease
Hajdu–Cheney syndrome
Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia
Kashin–Beck disease
Klippel–Feil syndrome
Klippel–Trénaunay–Weber syndrome
Kniest dysplasia
Lobstein syndrome
Madelung's deformity
Maffucci syndrome
Marfan syndrome
Marie-Strümpell disease
Marshall syndrome
Marshall–Smith syndrome
McCune–Albright syndrome
Melnick–Needles syndrome
Morton's toe
Ollier disease
Rett syndrome
Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome
Scheuermann's disease
Schwartz–Jampel syndrome
Silver–Russell syndrome
Teunissen–Cremers syndrome
Trevor disease
Wiedemann syndrome
Acquired conditions
Baker's cyst
Bankart lesion
Barré–Liéou syndrome
Blount's disease
Brodie abscess
Chandler's disease
De Quervain syndrome
Dupuytren's contracture
Ewing's sarcoma
Freiberg disease
Garre's sclerosing osteomyelitis
Gorham's disease
Haglund's deformity
Hill–Sachs lesion
Iselin's disease
Kashin–Beck disease
Kienbock's disease
Köhler disease
Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome
Morton's neuroma
O'Donoghue's triad
Osgood–Schlatter disease
Paget's disease of bone
Panner disease
Perthes Lesion
Preiser disease
Sever's disease
Stener lesion
Sudeck's atrophy
Tietze syndrome
Volkmann's contracture
Orthopedic implants
Austin Moore prosthesis
Baksi's prosthesis
Charnley prosthesis
Denis Browne bar
Ender's nail
Grosse-Kempf nail
Harrington rod
Herbert screw
Kirschner wire
Kuntscher nail
Moore's pin
Neer's prosthesis
Rush nail
Schanz screw
Seidel nail
Smith Peterson nail
Steinmann pin
Swanson prosthesis
Talwalkar nail
Thompson prosthesis
Orthopaedic instruments
Bryant's traction
Charnley Retractor
Darrach elevator
Faraboeuf forceps
Gigli saw
Hohmann retractor
Ilizarov apparatus
Inge retractor
Jungbluth forceps
Matta forceps
Taylor Spatial Frame
Thomas splint
Verbrugge forceps
Volkmann retractor
Weber forceps
Surgical approaches
Hardinge lateral approach to the hip
Moore or Southern posterior approach to the hip
Smith-Petersen anterior approach to the hip
Watson-Jones anterolateral approach to the hip
Radiographic signs
Baumann's angle
Blumensaat's line
Bohler's angle
Cobb angle
Fairbank's changes
Gilula's Lines
Harris lines
Hilgenreiner's line
Kellgren-Lawrence grading scale
Klein's line
Loosers zone
Pauwel's angle
Perkin's line
Shenton's Line
Southwick angle
Thurstan Holland sign
Trethowan's sign
Terry Thomas sign
Radiographic projections
Judet view
Broden's view
Principles
Wolff's law
Hueter-Volkmann law
Charley's principles of three-point fixation
Orthopaedic
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George H. Winner Jr.
George H. Winner Jr. (born July 31, 1949) is a former New York state senator. A Republican, he served in the New York State Senate from 2005 to 2010, after having spent 13 terms in the New York State Assembly.
Political career and background
Born in Elmira, New York, George Winner is a 1971 graduate of St. Lawrence University. He was admitted to the practice of law in New York in 1977. He is a partner in the Elmira law firm of Keyser, Maloney, Winner LLP and is a member of the Chemung County, New York and New York State Bar Associations. Winner was counsel and legislative assistant to Senate Deputy Majority Leader William T. Smith from 1971 to 1978. He is married to the former Lynn Hardman, and they have three daughters.
He was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1979 to 2004, sitting in the 183rd, 184th, 185th, 186th, 187th, 188th, 189th, 190th, 191st, 192nd, 193rd, 194th and 195th New York State Legislatures.
He was a member of the New York State Senate from 2005 to 2010, sitting in the 196th, 197th and 198th New York State Legislatures. He represented the 53rd senatorial district which comprised Chemung, Schuyler, Steuben and Yates counties, the city and town of Ithaca, New York, and the towns of Enfield, Newfield and Ulysses in Tompkins County. He served as Chairman of the Committee on Investigations and Government Operations.
Winner, who received statewide attention after leading a Senate investigation of the Spitzer administration in 2007, considered running for New York State Attorney General in 2010. He was also mentioned as a potential candidate to run against Eric Massa for the United States House of Representatives seat representing New York's 29th congressional district in 2010.
Winner unexpectedly announced his retirement from the state senate on June 2, 2010. Since his retirement, he has operated the Rescue New York political action committee.
Notes
Category:New York (state) Republicans
Category:1949 births
Category:Living people
Category:St. Lawrence University alumni
Category:Members of the New York State Assembly
Category:New York state senators
Category:Politicians from Elmira, New York
Category:21st-century American politicians
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Albert Eckhout
Albert Eckhout (c.1610–1665) was a Dutch portrait and still life painter. Eckhout, the son of Albert Eckhourt and Marryen Roeleffs, was born in Groningen, but his training as an artist and early career are unknown. A majority of the works attributed to him are unsigned. He was among the first European artists to paint scenes from the New World. He was in the entourage of the Dutch governor-general of Brazil, Johan Maurits, Prince of Nassau-Siegen, who took him and fellow painter Frans Post to Dutch Brazil to have them record the country's landscape, inhabitants, flora and fauna. Eckhout is also famous for his still-life paintings of Brazilian fruits and vegetables. His paintings were intended for decoration in a domestic context.
Work
Eckhout focused on the people, plants and animals of the region when arriving in Dutch Brazil. He painted eight life-size ethnographic representations of Brazil's inhabitants, twelve still lifes, and a large piece of dancing indigenous people. These ethnographic works, done between 1641 and 1643 for Maurits, were subsequently gifted to Maurits's cousin, King Frederick III of Denmark, and they remain in Copenhagen to this day. His work is said to be the first realistic images of the Tupi and Tapuya tribes of the native population of Brazil. Alexander von Humboldt saw the paintings in 1827, as did Brazilian Emperor Dom Pedro II in 1876, both of whom praised the works enthusiastically.
Tapuyas
When painting the Tapuya, his goal was to be as accurate as possible by including various plants in the background, as well as indigenous animals and reptiles in the foreground. One of his ethnographic works is a calmly composed Tupuyan woman, who holds a human hand and has a human leg in her basket, which reflects the European stereotype that indigenous Americans practiced cannibalism. Eckhout's image of the Tapuya woman echoes another of his paintings, The Tapuya Dance, representing a dance performed by eight Tapuya Indians with their characteristic mushroom hair style, spear-throwers (atlatls) and war-clubs, depicting a spectacular a war dance ceremony. These pictures were accordance with the stereotypical mental image Europeans had of indigenous Brazilians.
Africans
Eckhout's paintings of the African man and women speak a multi-layered language of trade, gift giving, and political alliance to their contemporary audiences, Maurits and his court. These paintings are related to the area of Africa where the Dutch had conquered the greatest number of commercial contacts during the seventeenth century, Guinea and Angola. During this time, Dutch West India Company troops had established forts in these two areas of the West African Coast because the Dutch needed a reliable source of black Africans for enslaved labor on their Brazilian sugar plantations.
His painting of the black woman has the figure standing against the coast with palms, and a papaya tree. Amerindians are depicted fishing along the shoreline, and ships are on the horizon. In the image, the woman wears a hat with peacock feathers and a small white clay pipe that is tucked into the sash at her waist. The nude boy on her side is most likely her son, though the child's skin tone is several shades lighter than the woman's skin color. The white pearl double ropes and red coral beads that curve around her neck expose her breasts. This image's emphasis on sexuality, fecundity, and prosperity is reinforced by her cornucopia-like basket, which overflows with tropical fruit. When looking at Eckhout's image of the black man, the man's strength and virility are highlighted by his muscular appearance and the phallic form of the palm tree at his left. The man holds a ceremonial sword that is decorated with a large pink shell. At the bottom of his feet are shells laid out with an elephant's tusk on the ground, curving out of the picture plane to the right. This man's only piece of clothing, similar to the image of the African woman, is a piece of a blue and white striped cloth wrapped around his waist.
Mulattos/Mulacken
By the sixteenth century, the term mulatto, also referred as mulacken, was used in Portugal, Spain, and their colonial possessions to classify various people, often slaves and those of mixed racial background, on the basis of the color of their skin.
In Eckhout's image of the mulatto man, his weapons are visible as he stands in a three-quarter pose facing the viewer. Eckhout placed the man in a coastal setting against a cloudy grey sky with three European ships that are visible on the horizon. The man stands on the sandy ground, framed by a tall sugar cane field to the right and a large papaya tree to the left. His skin is a light brown color which is much lighter than Eckhout's paintings of indigenous Americans and Africans. The uncontrollable halo of frizzy, dark-brown hair grows out of his head with his light brown eyes staring out to the viewer in a confident manner.
Mameluca
The term mameluco is one that is used very little in Brazil, but like mulatto, mameluco can be traced back to Portuguese sources in the sixteenth century, following their establishment of a colonial outpost in Brazil. The first representation of a mameluco is in de Bry's version of Hans Staden's description of Brazil.
In Eckhout's painting of the mameluca woman, he presents a half-Brazilian and half-European woman holding a basket. Eckhout's depiction shows a woman in a flowing white dress balancing a basket of flowers in one hand. Her other hand is lifting her dress to reveal a small portion of her leg. This painting has many aspects that were characteristics of Eckhout's other paintings from his time in Brazil. The two guinea pigs at the woman's feet show his interest in the natural life of Brazil. In addition, the flowers she is carrying and the plant life around her were Eckhout's way of representing the fertility of Brazil, drawing attention to the successful production of crops there.
In the painting, the woman stands with a direct glance and a playful expression as she engages the viewer's eyes. The lips are slightly turned up at the ends assuming that she will soon break into a more fuller inviting smile. She is fully bejeweled, with necklace and matching earrings. The jewels are complemented by her small green hat, that is decorated with pearls and a sprig of orange tree blossoms. Her simple but yet, slightly rumpled, white dress is a wonderful companion to this finery, although its plainness is relieved on the shoulders by epaulettes of embroidery. This image of the mameluca refers to the fertility of the colony and even to the highly intoxicating cashew fruit wine that is made every year by the ethnic group of the mameluca mother, Tupinamba.
Exhibition
In 2002, through a major restoration campaign, all of the well known paintings by Eckhout, have been allowed to travel back to Brazil. This is the first time they were exhibited in the country where they were made since the early 1640s. The title of the exhibition was Albert Eckhourt volta ao Brasil 1644-2002 (Albert Eckhout Returns to Brazil). The show was presented at the Instituto Ricardo Brennand in Recife, a building that had been newly erected in the city where Maurits lived during the height of his career. Eight of the still life's in this exhibition were meant to be seen from a low viewpoint and were intended to be hung above the men and women. Though at this time no exhibition curator has ever thought of hanging the paintings as a decorative ensemble.
Gallery
See also
Colonial Brazil
Dutch Brazil
Dutch Golden Age painting
Frans Post
Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen
References
Further reading
Alpers, Svetlana. "The Art of Describing Albert Eckhout" in Albert Eckhout volta ao Brasil / Returns to Brazil: 1644-2002. Simposio Internacional de Especialistas / International Experts Symposium. São Paulo: Donigraph 2002, 355-8.
Berlowicz, Barbara. Albert Eckhout volta ao Brasil / Returns to Brazil (1644-2002). Copenhagen: Nationalmuseet 2002.
Boogaart, Ernse van den. "The Population of the Brazilian Plantation Colony depicted by Albert Eckhout, 1641-1643" in Barbara Berlowicz, ed. Albert Eckhout volta ao Brasil / Returns to Brazil (1644-2002). Copenhagen: Nationalmuseet 2002, 117-31.
Buvelot, Quentin, ed. Albert Eckhout: A Dutch Artist in Brazil. Zwolle: Waanders 2004.
Dutra, Francis A. "Albert Eckhout" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996, vol. 2, pp. 430–431.
Joppien, R., "The Dutch Vision of Brazil: Johan Maurits and his Artists," in Johan Marutis van Nassau-Siegen, 1604-1679, edited by E. van den Boogart (1979)
Parker Brienen, Rebecca. Visions of savage Paradise: Albert Eckhout, Court Painter in Colonial Dutch Brazil. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press 2006.
______, Albert Eckhout: Visões do Paraíso selvagem -- Obra Completa. Rio de Janeiro: Editoria Capivara 2010.
Prado Valladares, Clarival do and Luiz Emgydio de Millo Filho, Albert Eckhout: Pintor de Mauricio no Brasil, 1637-1644. (1981)
Thomsen, Thomas. Albert Eckhout, ein niederländischer Maler und sein Gönner Johan Maurits der Brasilianer: Ein Kulturbild aus dem 17 Jahrhundert. Copenhagen: Levin and Munksgaard 1938.
Prins, Harald E.L. 2010. “The Atlatl as Combat Weapon in 17th-Century Amazonia: Tapuya Indian Warriors in Dutch Colonial Brazil.” The Atlatl, Vol.23 (2):1-3.
Whitehead, Peter J.P. and Marinus Boesman, A Portrait of Dutch 17th century Brazil: Animals, Plants, and People by the Artists of Johan Maurits of Nassau. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing 1989.
External links
Eckhout on the site of the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen
Esther Schreuder - art historian
Category:1610 births
Category:1665 deaths
Category:Dutch Golden Age painters
Category:Dutch male painters
Category:People from Groningen (city)
Category:People of Dutch Brazil
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Koningin Regentes-class coastal defense ship
The Koningin Regentes class was a class of coastal defence ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy. The class comprised Koningin Regentes, De Ruyter and Hertog Hendrik.
Design
The ships of the class were long, had a beam of , a draught of , and had a displacement of 5,002 ton. The ships were equipped with 2 shaft reciprocating engines, which were rated at and produced a top speed of .
The ships had belt armour of , barbette armour and turret armour.
The main armament of the ships were two single turret guns. Secondary armament included four single guns and eight single guns.
Construction
Notes
External links
Description of class
Category:Coastal defence ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy
Category:19th-century naval ships of the Netherlands
Category:1900s ships
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Hembree
Hembree is an English surname almost exclusively found in the (southeastern) United States, where it represents an altered spelling of the English family name Hembr(e)y, which may be traced to one of at least three Germanic compound personal names (Emery, Amalric or Henry). Notable people with this name include:
Absalom J. Hembree (1813–1856), American soldier and politician
Bill Hembree, American politician
Heath Hembree (born 1989), American baseball player
References
Category:English-language surnames
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Riverside, Kanawha County, West Virginia
Riverside is an unincorporated community in Kanawha County, West Virginia, United States. Riverside is located on the north bank of the Kanawha River and U.S. Route 60 southeast of Glasgow.
The community most likely was named in reference to the nearby Kanawha River.
References
Category:Unincorporated communities in Kanawha County, West Virginia
Category:Unincorporated communities in West Virginia
Category:Populated places on the Kanawha River
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Kentucky Route 56
Kentucky Route 56 (KY 56) is a state highway in Kentucky that runs from Illinois Route 13 (IL 13) near Old Shawneetown, Illinois, on the Shawneetown Bridge at the Kentucky-Illinois state line to KY 81 near Owensboro via Morgantown and Sebree.
Major intersections
References
0056
Category:Transportation in Union County, Kentucky
Category:Transportation in Webster County, Kentucky
Category:Transportation in McLean County, Kentucky
Category:Transportation in Daviess County, Kentucky
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Juarez and Maximilian
Juarez or Juarez and Maximilian (Spanish: Juárez y Maximiliano) is a 1934 Mexican historical drama film directed by Miguel Contreras Torres and Raphael J. Sevilla. The film is set during the French intervention in Mexico during the 1860s, and features the battle between Maximilian I of Mexico and Benito Juárez, a theme used in the later 1939 American film Juarez. It was one of the few major commercial successes for the Mexican film industry in the early sound era, before the beginning of the Golden Age of Mexican cinema.
Partial cast
Froylan B. Tenes - Benito Juárez
Medea de Novara - Carlota
Enrique Herrera - Maximilian
References
Bibliography
Elena, Alberto & López, Marina Díaz. The Cinema of Latin America. Wallflower Press, 2003
External links
Category:1934 films
Category:1930s historical films
Category:Mexican films
Category:Mexican historical films
Category:Spanish-language films
Category:Mexican black-and-white films
Category:Mexican drama films
Category:Films set in the 1860s
Category:Films set in Mexico City
Category:Second French intervention in Mexico films
Category:Films directed by Miguel Contreras Torres
Category:1930s drama films
Category:Cultural depictions of Maximilian I of Mexico
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Kerisik
Kerisik is used in Malaysian and Singaporean cooking. Coconut is grated, toasted, then ground to a paste. It is sometimes referred to as coconut butter. It can be made at home or bought ready made. It is used in dishes such as kerabu salads and rendang.
It is not easily found outside Malaysia and Singapore, and will most likely only be found in Asian specialty food shops outside of these countries. However, pre-made kerisik can develop an unpleasant smell. Fresh kerisik can be easily made from fresh coconut which is grated and fried, then ground in a mortar and pestle. Dried grated coconut can also be used, however, the resulting paste is not as fragrant. Kerisik is divided into grade 'A', for kerisik that is fragrant and creamy, tastes sweet and has a nutty aftertaste, and grade 'B', which tends to have fewer of the fragrant notes which are the key point in choosing a good kerisik. As for the last grade, grade 'C', manufacturers tend to use coconut leftovers from the production of coconut milk. This leaves the kerisik with only the nutty taste and with a bland and husky aftertaste. This 'C' grade kerisik floods the market, confusing customers. In the Malaysian market, kerisik is mostly available in supermarkets and hypermarkets.
External links
How to toast coconut and make kerisik at pickles-and-spices.com
References
Category:Malaysian cuisine
Category:Singaporean cuisine
Category:Foods containing coconut
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Hortonia (plant)
Hortonia is a genus of trees and shrubs of the family Monimiaceae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka and comprises three species.
Species
Hortonia angustifolia Trimen.
Hortonia floribunda Wight. ex Arn.
Hortonia ovalifolia Wight.
References
http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Monimiaceae/Hortonia/
Category:Monimiaceae genera
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Mesosa mediofasciata
Mesosa mediofasciata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1942. It is known from Japan.
References
Category:Mesosini
Category:Beetles described in 1942
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Medium (website)
Medium is an online publishing platform developed by Evan Williams and launched in August 2012. It is owned by A Medium Corporation. The platform is an example of social journalism, having a hybrid collection of amateur and professional people and publications, or exclusive blogs or publishers on Medium, and is regularly regarded as a blog host.
Williams, previously co-founder of Blogger and Twitter, initially developed Medium as a way to publish writings and documents longer than Twitter's 140-character (now 280-character) maximum.
Background
Evan Williams, Twitter co-founder and former CEO, created Medium to encourage users to create posts longer than the then 140-character limit of Twitter. When it launched in 2012, Williams stated, "There's been less progress toward raising the quality of what's produced." By April 2013, Williams reported there were 30 full-time staff working on the platform, including a vacancy for a "Storyteller" role, and that it was taking "98 percent" of his time. By August, Williams reported that the site was still small, although he was still optimistic about it, saying "We are trying to make it as easy as possible for people who have thoughtful things to say".
Medium has been focusing on optimizing the time visitors spend reading the site (1.5 million hours in March 2015), as opposed to maximizing the size of its audience. In 2015, Williams criticized the standard web traffic metric of unique visitors as "a highly volatile and meaningless number for what we're trying to do". According to the company, as of May 2017, Medium.com had 60 million unique monthly readers.
Medium maintained an editorial department staffed by professional editors and writers, had several others signed on as contractors and served as a publisher for several publications. Matter operated from Medium Headquarters in San Francisco and was nominated for a 2015 National Magazine Award. In May 2015, Medium made deep cuts to its editorial budget forcing layoffs at dozens of publications hosted on the platform. Several publications left the platform.
In 2017, Medium introduced paywalled content accessible only to subscribers. In 2017, Medium began paying authors based on how much users expressed their appreciation for it through a like button which each user could activate multiple times. The formula for compensation was soon adapted to also include the amount of time readers spent reading, in addition to the use of the like button.
Medium has brought in revenue through native advertising and sponsorship of some article series.
Medium gained several new publishers to host their content on the platform.
There was an aborted attempt to introduce advertising to the site, leading to Medium cutting its staff by 50 employees in January 2017, and closing offices in New York and Washington, D.C. Williams explained that "we had started scaling up the teams to sell and support products that were, at best, incremental improvements on the ad-driven publishing model", but that, instead, Medium was aiming for a "new [business] model for writers and creators to be rewarded, based on the value they're creating for people". At that time, the company had raised $134 million in investment from venture capital firms and Williams himself.
In March 2017, Medium announced a membership program for $5 per month, offering access to "well-researched explainers, insightful perspectives, and useful knowledge with a longer shelf life", with authors being paid a flat amount per article. Subsequently, the sports and pop culture website The Ringer and the technology blog Backchannel, both Condé Nast publications, left Medium. Backchannel, which left Medium for Wired in June, said Medium was "no longer as focused on helping publications like ours profit."
In October 2017, Williams reaffirmed Medium was not planning to pursue banner advertising as part of their revenue model and was instead exploring micropayments, gratuities and patronage.
In 2016, 7.5 million posts were published on the platform, and 60 million readers used medium.com.
As of 2019, Medium is not profitable.
Corporate governance
Medium initially used holacracy as its structure of corporate governance. In 2016, they moved away from holacracy because they reported difficulty coordinating large-scale projects, dissatisfaction with the required record-keeping, and poor public perception of holacracy.
User information and features
Users
Medium does not publish official user stats on its website. According to US blogs, the platform had about 60 million monthly visitors in 2016. In 2015, the total numbers of users was about 25 million.
Platform
The platform software provides a full WYSIWYG user interface when editing online, with various options for formatting provided as the user edits over rich text format.
Once an entry is posted, it can be recommended and shared by other people, in a similar manner to Twitter. Posts can be upvoted in a similar manner to Reddit, and content can be assigned a specific theme, in the same way as Tumblr.
In August 2017, Medium replaced their Recommend button with a "clap" feature, which readers can click multiple times to signify how much they enjoyed the article. Medium announced that payment to authors will be weighted based on how many "claps" they receive. In October 2019 the company announced it would no longer pay authors according to claps but according to readership time spent on article instead.
Users can create a new account using a Facebook or Google account. Users may also sign up using an e-mail address, when they are signing up using the mobile app of Medium.com.
Memberships
Medium offers users subscriptions to become a member for a $5 monthly or $50 yearly fee. With a Medium membership, access to "exclusive content, audio narrations of popular stories, and an improved bookmark section" is enabled.
Tag system
Posts on Medium are sorted by topic rather than by writer, unlike most blogging platforms, including Williams' earlier Blogger. The platform uses a system of "claps" (formerly "recommendations"), similar to "likes" on Facebook, to upvote the best articles and stories, called the Tag system, and divides the stories into different categories to let the audiences choose.
Publications
"Publications" on Medium are distributing hosts that carry articles and blog posts, like a newspaper or magazine. The articles published or saved on it can be assigned editors, and can be saved as drafts.
Cuepoint, Medium's music publication, is edited by Jonathan Shecter, a music industry entrepreneur and co-founder of The Source magazine. It publishes essays on artists, trends, and releases, written by Medium community contributors, major record executives, and music journalists, including Robert Christgau, who contributed his Expert Witness capsule review column. Medium also published a technology publication called Backchannel, edited by Steven Levy.
On February 23, 2016, it was announced that Medium had reached a deal to host the new Bill Simmons website, The Ringer. In August 2017 it left Medium for Vox Media.
Reception
Reviewing the service at its launch in 2012, The Guardian enjoyed some of the collections that had been created, particularly a collection of nostalgic photographs created by Williams. TechCrunch's Drew Olanoff suggested the platform might have taken its name from being a "medium"-sized platform in between Twitter and full-scale blogging platforms such as Blogger.
Lawrence Lessig welcomed the platform's affordance of Creative Commons licensing for user content, a feature demonstrated in a Medium project with The Public Domain Review—an interactive online edition of Alice's Adventures In Wonderland, annotated by a dozen Carroll scholars, allowing free remixes of the public domain and Creative Commons licensed text and art resources, with reader-supplied commentaries and artwork.
However, in 2013 the service suffered criticism from writers, with some confused about exactly what it is expected to provide.
A 2019 Nieman Lab article chronicling Medium's first seven years described the site as having "undergone countless pivots", becoming "an endless thought experiment into what publishing on the internet could look like".
Criticism and controversy
freeCodeCamp
On May 27, 2019 freeCodeCamp - a major publication and content generator for Medium, left the platform citing extortion from Medium. As per the founder Quincy Larson's leaked email, Medium wanted the publication to include paywalls, which they refused. Medium then tried to buy the publication, which freeCodeCamp refused as well.
Censorship
Malaysia
In January 2016, Medium received a take down notice from the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission for one of the articles published by the Sarawak Report. The Sarawak Report had been hosting its articles on Medium since July 2015, when its own website was blocked by the Malaysian government.
Medium's legal team responded to the commission with a request for a copy of the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission's official statement that the post was untrue, for information on which parts of the article were found false, and for information on whether the dispute has been raised in court. The site declined to take the content down until directed to do so by an order from a court of competent jurisdiction. In response, on January 27, 2016, all content on Medium was made unavailable for Malaysian internet users.
The ban has been lifted as of 18 May 2018, with MCMC stating the ban lift was because "there was no reason (to block the website)" as the 1MDB report has been made public by the government.
Egypt
As of June 2017, Medium has been blocked in Egypt along with more than 60 media websites in a crackdown by the Egyptian government. The list of blocked sites also includes Al Jazeera, The Huffington Posts Arabic website and Mada Masr.
China
In April 2016, Medium was blocked in mainland China after information from the leaked Panama Papers was published on the site.
Software architecture
Medium's initial technology stack relied on a variety of AWS services including EC2, S3, and CloudFront. Originally, it was written in Node.js and the text editor that Medium users wrote blog posts with, was based on TinyMCE. As of 2017, the blogging platform's technology stack included AWS services, including EBS, RDS for Aurora, and Route 53, its image server was written in Go and the main app servers were still written in Node.
Notes
References
External links
Category:Blog hosting services
Category:Blog software
Category:Internet properties established in 2012
Category:Online publishing companies of the United States
Category:Subscription services
Category:Question-and-answer websites
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Arthur Poulter
Arthur Poulter (16 December 1893 – 29 August 1956) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
Details
Poulter was 24 years old, and a private in the 1/4th Battalion, Duke of Wellington's (West Riding) Regiment, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.
On 10 April 1916, during Operation Georgette, the German II Bavarian Corps put pressure on 34 Division holding the salient around Armentieres. From 7.00am and through the morning, the Bavarians renewed their fierce attacks against 101 Brigade (plus the 11 Suffolks of 121 Brigade) that were holding the Fort Rompu-Erquinghem-Lys-Bois Grenier line. Although they broke through the British defences enough troops were scratched together to make a counter-attack that drove them out again. Although 101 Brigade was reinforced by 1/4 Duke of Wellingtons of 147 Brigade, 49 (West Riding) Division, 3rd Australian Tunnelling Company and F Special (Gas) Company of the Royal Engineers, their difficult tactical position and the numerical superior enemy put the Bavarians on the western edge of Erquinghem-Lys. A fierce rear guard action prevented the destruction of 101 Brigade. Orders to evacuate Armentieres were issued at 1050 hours but with communications cut, it was not until the afternoon that a fighting withdrawal could begin. Street fighting took place in the town held by the British since 1914. Fewer and fewer bridges remained. 102 Brigade, having received the orders first, crossed its entire force to the north side of the Lys by 6.20pm to defend Nieppe. 101 Brigade, the most heavily engaged unit, crossed the river but the 18/Northumberland Fusiliers and 1/4 Duke of Wellingtons took casualties. The Duke’s found themselves on the wrong side of the river and surrounded with no bridges left to cross. It was in this context that no. 24066 Private Arthur Poulter of the Duke's won his Victoria Cross.
On 10 April 1918 at Erquinghem-Lys, France, Private Poulter, who was acting as a stretcher-bearer, on 10 occasions carried badly wounded men on his back through particularly heavy artillery and machine-gun fire. Two of the wounded were hit a second time whilst on his back. Again, after a withdrawal over the river had been ordered, Private Poulter returned in full view of the enemy and carried back another man who had been left behind wounded. He bandaged 40 men under fire and was seriously wounded when attempting another rescue in the face of the enemy.
Further information
Before the war he was employed at the Timothy Taylor Brewery, Keighley, West Yorkshire.
The Town of Erquinghem-Lys, France has erected a memorial to Pte Poulter, next to the railway line. In 2005 the keys to the town were presented to the Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding).
The medal
His Victoria Cross was donated, by his family (18 August 1999), to the Duke of Wellington's Regimental Museum in Bankfield Museum, Halifax, West Yorkshire, England where it was on public display. The medal is now in a safe place; a replica is currently on display following an attempted burglary at the museum.
References
Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
VCs of the First World War - Spring Offensive 1918 (Gerald Gliddon, 1997)
External links
Burial location of Arthur Poulter "West Yorkshire"
News item "Arthur Poulter's Victoria Cross donated to the Duke of Wellington's Regiment Museum"
Category:1893 births
Category:1956 deaths
Category:Duke of Wellington's Regiment soldiers
Category:British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
Category:British Army personnel of World War I
Category:People from Richmondshire (district)
Category:British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
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Joseph-Victor Monfette
Joseph-Victor Monfette (October 13, 1841 – September 16, 1924) was a farmer and political figure in Quebec. He represented Nicolet in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec as a member of the Parti National.
He was born in Saint-Pierre-les-Becquets, Canada East, the son of Jean-Baptiste Monfet and Rosalie Gagnon. Monfette was a justice of the peace and owned a farm at Sainte-Sophie-de-Lévrard. Monfette was married twice: to Elmire Tousignant in 1866 and to Célina Legendre (née Pépin) in 1901. He was mayor of Sainte-Sophie-de-Lévrard from 1882 to 1890, from 1896 to 1901 and from 1910 to 1913. He died in Sainte-Sophie-de-Lévrard at the age of 82.
References
Category:Quebec Liberal Party MNAs
Category:Mayors of places in Quebec
Category:1841 births
Category:1924 deaths
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Halphas
In demonology, Halphas (listed in Rudd's edition as Malthas, and in the Crowley/Mathers edition as Halphas, Malthus, or Malphas) is the thirty-eighth demon in the Ars Goetia in the Lesser Key of Solomon (forty-third in Johann Weyer's Pseudomonarchia Daemonum), ranked as an earl.
Most manuscripts describe Halphas as a hoarse-voiced stock dove (though Weyer and Colin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal describe him as a stork), who supplies weapons and ammunition for towers (Weyer and de Plancy have "towns" or "villes" instead), sends men to war, and commands 26 legions of spirits.
According to Rudd, Halphas is opposed by the Shemhamphorasch angel Haamiah.
See also
Goetia
Sources
References
Category:Goetic demons
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Ulmanis
Ulmanis (feminine: Ulmane) is a Latvian surname of German origin (from German surname Ullmann). Individuals with the surname include:
Guntis Ulmanis (born 1939), President of Latvia 1993–1999
Gunārs Ulmanis (1938–2010), Latvian footballer
Kārlis Ulmanis (1877–1942), First Prime Minister of Latvia
See also
Ullmann
Ulmann
Ullman
Ulman
Category:Latvian-language masculine surnames
Category:Surnames of German origin
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Tareh-ye Darkhatkari Chesh
Tareh-ye Darkhatkari Chesh (, also Romanized as Ţareḩ-ye Darkhatkārī Chesh) is a village in Bahu Kalat Rural District, Dashtiari District, Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 212, in 45 families.
References
Category:Populated places in Chabahar County
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Opie and Anthony's Traveling Virus Comedy Tour (2007)
Opie and Anthony's Traveling Virus was the second of three comedy event series, concert tour starring comedians featured on Opie and Anthony, a talk radio show which airs on XM Satellite Radio. It is the second annual Traveling Virus tour, the first one occurring in 2006 in four different US cities. At the debut 2007 show in Las Vegas, Nevada, seven additional shows were announced.
Consistently throughout the 2007 tour, comedians were booed, following Bill Burr's Philadelphia incident in 2006. According to Opie this led to the 2008 full tour to canceled in favor of one final show held on August 2, 2008. According to Opie and Anthony the tour was cancelled due to the crowd consistently booing new comedians off the stage.
History
The tour was a goal of Opie and Anthony's since coming together as a radio talk duo in Long Island in the early 1990s. The tour was intended to reward the comedians that had been guesting on the show over the years, and to serve as a thank you to fans nationwide. They were finally able to present the tour in 2006 because of their terrestrial radio deal with CBS.
Tour schedule
The following were the 2007 show dates:
References
Category:Comedy tours
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Cigaritis somalina
Cigaritis somalina, the Somali silverline, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Yemen, Ethiopia, Somalia and northern Kenya. The habitat consists of arid savanna, often along water courses.
Adults are attracted to flowers at the edge of irrigated fields.
The larvae possibly feed on Acacia species.
References
External links
Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 69 e
Category:Butterflies described in 1886
Category:Cigaritis
Category:Butterflies of Africa
Category:Taxa named by Arthur Gardiner Butler
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Kungahälla
Kungahälla (, ) was a medieval Viking settlement in southern Bohuslän at a site which is located in Kungälv Municipality in Västra Götaland County in Sweden. It is the site of the former fortification at Ragnhildsholmen (Borgen på Ragnhildsholmen).
History
The Norwegian Kings' sagas talk of Konghelle as a Viking Age settlement.
According to Snorri Sturluson, Konghelle was the location of two important royal summits to conclude peace between Sweden and Norway. The first saw the two King Olafs, Olaf II of Norway of Norway and Olof Skötkonung of Sweden, agree to a peace treaty, ca 1020. The second was called the meeting of the three kings during which the three Scandinavian kings Inge I of Sweden, Magnus Barefoot of Norway and Eric Evergood of Denmark met in Kungahälla in 1101. When King Sigurd I Magnusson returned to Norway in 1111 following his crusade, he made his capital in Konghelle.
Konghelle appears in writings by the English chronicler, Orderic Vitalis, who named the city as one of six Norwegian civitates. During August 1135, the city was attacked and sacked by the Pomeranians. After the destruction, the city was moved to a site slightly to the west of the original site. Snorri Sturluson, writing a century later, said that Konghelle never completely recovered.
The city was a center of royal authority during the early Middle Ages and especially the 13th century, when it was the Norwegian kingdom's southernmost outpost. At this time the fort on Ragnhildsholmen and a Franciscan monastery were constructed at the site, while Kastelle kloster monastery was rebuilt.
Kastelle kloster was founded by Archbishop Eysteinn Erlendsson and built in the middle of the 13th century. The monastery was under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Nidaros. King Frederick I of Denmark confiscated the monastery in 1529 as part of the closure of monasteries within his realm.
Ragnhildsholmen is an island in the Göta älv, a river that drains Vänern into Kattegat, across from Konghelle. In 1256 Norwegian King Haakon IV of Norway had invaded Halland, at that time a province held by Denmark. The castle was built by King Haakon and played a role in Haakon's expansionist politics. It was the most important Norwegian fortress in this area.
In the early 14th century, Konghelle was the fief of Eric Magnusson of Sweden, father of Magnus II of Sweden, the future king of Sweden and Norway. Duke Eric Magnusson received the fortress as a gift when he helped his father-in-law King Haakon V of Norway to attack his brother King Birger of Sweden.
After the construction of the stronghold Bohus in 1308 by King Haakon V, the castle on Ragnhildsholmen started to lose its importance as a royal seat. It is not mentioned after 1320. In the later Middle Ages the town's importance further declined. It burned down in 1612, and was afterwards moved to a location near Bohus and renamed Kungälv. Bohuslän continued to belong to Norway until it was ceded to Sweden in the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658.
Excavation
Archaeological excavations began in the late 19th century at Ragnhildsholmen and the monastery of Kastelle kloster site and continue to the present day. Excavation results indicate that major construction works were carried out by the middle of the 13th century. However, there is archaeological evidence for a royal estate slightly north of the city, dating back to the Viking Era.
During excavations by Swedish archaeologist Wilhelm Berg (1891–1892), the remains of the monastery were discovered. The principal excavations of the monastery were during 1953 to 1954 and in 1958 archaeological excavations were carried out of a medieval cemetery area in the ancient city. Several excavations in different places within the old city area were carried out between the years 1985-1994.
See also
Heimskringla
References
Other sources
Andersson, H. Kungahälla (Riksantikvarieämbetet och Statens Historiska Museer, Stockholm, 1981)
Berg, Wilhelm Bidrag till kännedom om Göteborgs och Bohusläns fornminnen (1883)
External links
Vikingatiden i Bohuslän
Kungahälla Medieval Festival
Ragnhildsholmen
Kastelle kloster
Category:Medieval Norway
Category:Former capitals of Norway
Category:History of Bohuslän
Category:Former Norwegian populated places
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Seyssel, Haute-Savoie
Seyssel is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.
The part of the town across the Rhône is also named Seyssel but located on the western bank of the Rhône in the Ain department. It is a rare case in France of two homonymous communes adjacent to each other, similar to the situation of the village of Saint-Santin, divided between the communes of Saint-Santin (Aveyron) and Saint-Santin-de-Maurs (Cantal).
Geography
The Fier forms most of the commune's southern border, then flows into the Rhone, which forms the commune's western border.
See also
Communes of the Haute-Savoie department
List of medieval bridges in France
References
INSEE
Category:Communes of Haute-Savoie
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Sakura Spirit
Sakura Spirit is a 2014 visual novel by British indie developer Winged Cloud and published by Sekai Project. The game was released on July 9, 2014 on Steam and MangaGamer. It is one of the few visual novels that are developed outside Japan and aimed at the English-speaking market. It is also one of the first projects published by Sekai Project that is not a translation of a Japanese visual novel, but rather an original English work.
The game is a visual novel where the player reads text on the screen combined with anime-styled artwork. However, unlike some other visual novels, Sakura Spirit does not allow the player to make selections (except for one at the end), which normally allows the visual novel's plot to progress in the direction of the player's choice.
Plot
Sakura Spirit follows the story of Gushiken Takahiro, a 17-year-old boy who aspires to become the #1 judo contender to represent Japan. After growing up to be a standout, soon he is a few weeks before a tournament giving him the chance to represent Japan. Becoming nervous, Takahiro follows advice from his friends and finds a temple hidden in the woods rumoured to contain spiritual power. After he begins to pray for good luck in his upcoming match, he meets a spirit telling him that he is to play a vital part to the road ahead to improving himself as a warrior, and is transported to a different world, where he runs into several different fox girls. Takahiro soon realizes that he has been sent back to feudal Japan, that is also populated by spirits.
Takahiro soon learns that the fox girls are not trusted by the humans in the village, as a result of a dispute between the humans and the girls. The game's plot focuses on Takahiro helping to bridge the divide between the humans and the spirits, while spending some personal time with the girls and trying to find his way back home.
Reception
Sakura Spirit has received mixed reviews, with some reviewers expressing satisfaction while others disappointment with the game. Bradly Storm of Hardcore Gamer gave Sakura Spirit a mixed review, stating "The problem with Sakura Spirit is not necessarily that it’s a niche of a niche [...] It lacks narrative depth and compelling characters, and while its humor will be good for a few laughs, comedy without any type of golden thread to tie it altogether ultimately comes off as a disjointed project that plays more like a series of jokes than a coherent piece of storytelling. Its reliance on overused tropes can be eye-rolling for those familiar with the genre and its nice presentation can only make up for so much. Simply put, there are better visual novels out there."
Cravis Bruno of Capsule Computers reviewed Sakura Spirit positively, writing "Sakura Spirit is a fun, albeit short, visual novel that takes a well-used storyline and makes it more enjoyable by putting its own spin on things and presenting players with a likable cast of girls. With plenty of humor and some very extremely suggestive dialogue at times, Sakura Spirit does have its faults but those faults only put a mild damper over an entertaining visual novel" and rating it a 7/10. The game's artwork and audio were praised, however, he found issues with spelling mistakes in the game's text and Sakura's Spirit'''s inability for the player to influence the plot. Chris Gollmer of Niche Gamer also enjoyed Sakura Spirit, stating: "I would love for the game to fully utilize its potential in being a visual novel rather than be something that could’ve been just done on paper, and take advantage of the type of media used to the utmost potential. I will say that though that this game definitely presents its main selling point to anyone interested in the $9.99 price tag, which would be its art." However, problems with the game's perceived lacklustre plot and spelling mistakes were brought up, giving the game a final score of also 7/10.
Jerimiah Mueller of Technology Tell reviewed the game negatively, finding fault in its story, artwork, and gameplay choices, summarizing that "players get a bunch of pre-teen fantasies haphazardly strung together, featuring a cast of Baywatch rejects in cosplay [...] I have no choice but to outright fail Sakura Spirit", for a rating of "F". Brittany Vincent of Destructoid criticised the game's perceived juvenile plot and lack of central direction, finding it to be "pretty to look at, but utterly devoid of any redeeming value," awarding it a low score of 3/10.
Further installments
A follow-up visual novel, titled Sakura Angels, was released in January 2015. Pitched as an "angelic love comedy", the game's plot has two girls, blessed with magical powers, tasked with saving the protagonist from the clutches of a mysterious witch and ancient evil. An update adding Japanese voice acting for the game was released on September 8, 2015.
A second follow-up, titled Sakura Fantasy, was later released in May 2015. Unlike the two previous Sakura games, Sakura Fantasy features a female protagonist and is also released in multiple chapters. Sakura Fantasy Chapter 1 was initially released as an all ages title on Steam. Two optional patches were later released that added adult content to the game. The first patch uncensored some of the existing CGs, making them more explicit. The second patch included the uncensored CGs from the first patch, and also added several new yuri sex scenes, with new CGs to accompany them. Sakura Fantasy Chapter 2'' was originally planned to release in July 2015, but has since entered development hell.
References
External links
Winged Cloud games on Steam
Category:2014 video games
Category:Linux games
Category:MacOS games
Category:Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Category:Video games set in feudal Japan
Category:Western visual novels
Category:Windows games
Category:Bishōjo games
Category:Indie video games
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Josh Koroma
Joshua Abdulai Koroma (born 8 November 1998) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for League One side Rotherham United on loan from club Huddersfield Town.
Career
Koroma was born in Southwark, London. He made his first-team debut for Leyton Orient on 9 April 2016 as a second-half substitute in a 3–0 league defeat away to Barnet. He scored his first goals on 4 March 2017 with a hat-trick in a 4–0 win away to Newport County.
Koroma signed for newly relegated Championship club Huddersfield Town on 21 June 2019 on a three-year contract with the option of a further year for an undisclosed fee.
On 31 January 2020, Koroma joined Rotherham United on a six-month loan deal.
Personal life
Koroma is of Sierra Leonean descent.
Career statistics
Honours
Leyton Orient
National League: 2018–19
FA Trophy runner-up: 2018–19
References
External links
Category:1998 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Southwark
Category:English footballers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Leyton Orient F.C. players
Category:Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Category:Rotherham United F.C. players
Category:English Football League players
Category:National League (English football) players
Category:Black English sportspeople
Category:English people of Sierra Leonean descent
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Mersin University
Mersin University is a public university, built in 1992 in Mersin province, Turkey. It has about 25,000 students, 1,405 academic staff, and a number of foreign and guest academic staff.
The university has research and sports facilities, in Mersin town centre and in other towns.
In 2005 the Mersin Technology Development Zone (Technoscope) was set up, creating a partnership between the university's research and development departments and industry, with the aim of developing new technologies that could be directly translated into industrial production.
Departments
Faculty of Engineering
Faculty of Economics and Managerial Sciences
Faculty of Arts and Science
Faculty of Fine Arts
Faculty of Water Resources
Faculty of Pharmacy
Faculty of Medicine
Faculty of Architecture
Faculty of Educational Sciences
Faculty of Tarsus Technical Education
Faculty of Communication
Notable alumni
Deniz Sağdıç, artist
Elçin Sangu, actress
Dirayet Taşdemir, politician
Nevin Yanıt, Turkish female sprinter
References
External links
Mersin University website
Website of Mersin University Students
Category:Educational institutions established in 1992
Category:Universities and colleges in Turkey
Category:Buildings and structures in Mersin
Category:State universities and colleges in Turkey
Category:2013 Mediterranean Games venues
Category:1992 establishments in Turkey
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National Animal Welfare Trust
The National Animal Welfare Trust (NAWT) is an animal welfare charity founded in 1971, which operates no-kill rescue centres for animals and birds. It currently has branches in Watford, Berkshire, Essex, Somerset and Cornwall; and caters for a variety of animals, both pets and wildlife. They operate a number of premises, including Trindledown Farm, the UK's only retirement home for elderly pets. Formerly known as the Animal Welfare Trust (AWT), it originated from the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection in the 1950s.
Origin
The NAWT was founded in 1971 as a charity, and was originally known as the Animal Welfare Trust (National was added in 1996 to celebrate the charity's 25th anniversary). The origin of the organisation can be traced to 1958 when the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV) established BUAV Dog Rescue. The ideals of this new rescue organisation was to prevent dogs or puppies being bought at markets, in order to prevent them from going to laboratories for vivisection. In 1965 the name was changed to BUAV Animal Aid, in recognition that the work was not limited to only dogs.
In 1971 BUAV members established a separate charity named the Animal Welfare Trust as they felt the work of BUAV Animal Aid was departing from its original aims. From 1979, the AWT began to work with the Dr Hadwen Trust for Humane Research from its Hendon & Aldenham Boarding Kennels, in Watford, sharing facilities and staff. The Dr Hadwen Trust is now separate from the NAWT, although they work together as appropriate.
The boarding kennels in Watford were purchased in 1981, and were established as the first AWT Rescue and Re-homing centre. The centre was expanded in 1986 with expanded facilities for larger animals and more exercise paddocks. The second centre at Heaven's Gate Farm in Somerset was acquired in the early 1990s, and the third centre at Trindledown Farm, Berkshire in the late 1990s. The centre in Cornwall was acquired on the request of Molly Wyatt in 1997 who had previously run it as an independent animal re-homing centre, with the site rebuilt in 2008. The Thurrock centre is currently run out of rented boarding kennels.
Trindledown Farm
Trindledown Farm is the UK's only sanctuary for elderly pets. It is set in of fields, near Great Shefford, Berkshire. Formerly used as an equestrian centre and livery yard, it has the capacity to home 25 dogs and 10 cats at a time. Other animals accommodated include alpacas, horses, pigs, sheep, cows and birds. Each cat or dog has a private area equipped with central heating, armchairs, sofas, beds and televisions. The idea is to make each private area similar to the set-up of "an old person's sitting room", which was developed by executive director Patricia Fraser. The centre was opened in June, 2001, by DJ Bruno Brookes.
References
External links
Official website
Category:Animal charities based in the United Kingdom
Category:1971 establishments in the United Kingdom
Category:Animal welfare organisations based in the United Kingdom
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Yesterday's Gone (song)
"Yesterday's Gone" is the title of a 1963 hit single by Chad & Jeremy. Although the English duo would have a string of successful records in the United States through the mid-1960s, this song would be their only hit in their native land.
History
The song was written in 1962 by Chad Stuart, who comprised Chad & Jeremy with Jeremy Clyde; it is the first song Stuart ever wrote. Stuart shares the song's writing credit with Wendy Kidd, the manager of a band Stuart belonged to at the time of the song's writing; according to Stuart, Kidd was given the songwriting credit in return for allowing him to compose "Yesterday's Gone" on her piano. Kidd also facilitated Stuart's being hired as a staff writer at Rogers Music, which published "Yesterday's Gone", although the song remained unrecorded until Stuart and Clyde began performing as a duo, eventually recording "Yesterday's Gone" in July 1963 in a session at Abbey Road Studios
produced and arranged by John Barry, who'd discovered Chad & Jeremy at a London club and signed them to Ember Records, a newly formed independent label in which Barry was a partner. According to Chad Stuart, John Barry was unhappy with the duo's first attempts to record their vocal for "Yesterday's Gone": "he told us...we sounded like a locker room full of football players...in the end in desperation he said: 'Whisper it', so we kind of backed off a bit and so that sort of slightly sotto voce sound came about".
Released 27 September 1963, "Yesterday's Gone" entered the UK Top 50 on the chart dated 30 November 1963 and remained on the chart for seven weeks and peaked at No. 37. The follow-up single "Like I Love You Today" was released in January 1964 with no evident reaction. Chad Stuart would recall: "There was just no way a little independent label could compete in those days...John Barry bought himself out of his contract and we were stuck. I think we would've broken up then and there except for the fact that Noel Rogers, who published 'Yesterday's Gone' fenced it off to this other company in America called World Artists". Stuart is referring to the Pittsburgh-based World Artists Records which released "Yesterday's Gone" in the US in March 1964 after label president Lou Guarino heard the single while visiting Great Britain in search of local tracks which World Artists might profitably release, the "British Invasion" of the US music scene then being in full swing. (Yesterday's Gone" had already had one international release: by Australia's Festival Records in February 1964, which was not a success.)
"Yesterday's Gone" wound up being the British duo's only UK hit. It would rise to No. 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 in July 1964, the first of eleven singles to chart in America. Chad & Jeremy would subsequently place three singles in the US Top 20, but only their one Top Ten hit, "A Summer Song", rivals "Yesterday's Gone" as the duo's signature song.
The American success of "Yesterday's Gone" occasioned a re-release of the track in Australia,
where it charted over the summer of 1964 with a No. 26 peak, and a major label cover in the UK, where in March 1964 Pye Records released a version of "Yesterday's Gone" recorded by the Overlanders with Tony Hatch producing; the Overlanders' version did not chart in the UK but was picked up by Hickory Records for US release in May 1964 and became a regional hit reaching No. 75 that July, marking the only Billboard Hot 100 appearance of the Overlanders which preceded that group's sole charting in their native UK (with the No. 1 "Michelle") by almost two years.
"Yesterday's Gone" has also been recorded by the Boxmasters, the Browns, the Carter Family, Brenda Lee, the Osborne Brothers, Anita Sarawak and Roy Drusky. A mid-1960s recording by the Bee Gees is featured on their 1998 Brilliant From Birth compilation CD. Translated as "Pas Aujourd'hui", "Yesterday's Gone" charted in France at No. 94 in France for Les Missiles (fr) in the autumn of 1964. "Yesterday's Gone" was also rendered in Spanish in 1964 as "En el verano" by Los Hermanos Carrión (es).
References
Category:1963 singles
Category:1964 singles
Category:Chad & Jeremy songs
Category:1963 songs
Category:Songs written by Chad Stuart
Category:Festival Records singles
Category:Ember Records (UK label) singles
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CESIS
Comitato Esecutivo per i Servizi di Informazione e Sicurezza (Executive Committee for Intelligence and Security Services) was an Italian government committee whose mission was the coordination of all the intelligence sector, and specifically between the two civilian and military intelligence agencies (respectively, SISDE and SISMI), with the aim to report all the relevant information collected by it to the political Authorities, represented by the Presidency of the Council of Ministers.
With the reform of the Italian Intelligence Services approved on 1 August 2007, CESIS was replaced by DIS.
History
Since the end of World War II, Italian intelligence agencies have been reorganized many times in an attempt to increase their effectiveness and bring them more fully under civilian control.
The committee was established as part of a broader reform of the Italian intelligence community, which represented the latest in a long string of government attempts to effectively manage Italy's intelligence agencies.
In 1977, with Legislative Act n.801 of 24/10/1977, this came after a former chief of SID, Vito Miceli, was arrested for "conspiration against the State" (See Golpe Borghese), and the intelligence agencies were reorganized in a democratic attempt. This re-organization mainly consisted of:
The split of SID, the intelligence agency at that time, into two separate agencies with different roles: SISDE (the domestic one) and SISMI (the military one).
The creation of CESIS, with a coordination role between the two intelligence agencies and the Presidency of the Council of Ministers.
The creation of the Parliamentary Committee, COPACO, to oversee the activities of the two agencies.
Since 1 August 2007, with Legislative Act n.124 of 08/03/2007, following the reform of the Italian intelligence agencies, SISDE, SISMI and CESIS were replaced respectively by AISI, AISE and DIS, and the COPACO was granted additional oversight and control powers.
CESIS's first Secretary General was Prefect Gaetano Napoletano, the last one was Lieutenant General Giuseppe Cucchi.
Mission
CESIS was a collective body, chaired by the President of Council, and composed of the main political, public security, military and intelligence agency top authorities:
The President of Council or, by proxy, another government authority.
The Secretary General of the President of the Council of Ministers' Office.
The Secretary General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
The Chief of the General Staff of the Italian Defence.
The Chief of Police (In Italy, the top authority of the Polizia di Stato).
The Commanding Generals of the Arma dei Carabinieri and the Guardia di Finanza (in Italy, the two top authorities of the Arma dei Carabinieri and the Guardia di Finanza).
The Directors of SISDE and SISMI.
The Secretary General of CESIS.
The Secretary General of CESIS was not only a member, but, as the chief of General Secretariat of CESIS (see below), he also acted as the Secretary of this body.
The General Secretariat
The General Secretariat, the Office of the Secretary General, was a focal point which, amongst other things:
Acted as a link interface between the information collected by the two intelligence agencies and the political Authority.
Acted as a filter interface between the intelligence sector and the other public administration departments.
Coordinated and directed intelligence agencies' personnel.
Decided which foreign intelligence and security agencies SISDE and SISMI were allowed to establish contacts with.
Through the UCSI (Central Security Office), a structure located within the General Secretariat of CESIS, it:
authorized persons and companies to deal with classified information.
attended to the managements of the State Secrets.
By means of the General Secretariat, the President of Council ensures the unity of political leadership and management of the intelligence agencies.
The Secretary General exerted, by proxy, the role of ANS ("National Security Authority"), peculiar of the President of Council.
The Secretaries General
Gaetano Napoletano (1977-1978)
Walter Pelosi (1978-1981)
Orazio Sparano (1981-1987)
Giuseppe Richero (1987-1991)
Francesco Paolo Fulci (1991-1993)
Giuseppe Taormina (1993-1994)
Umberto Pierantoni (1994-1996)
Francesco Berardino (1996-2001)
Fernando Masone (2001-2003)
Emilio del Mese (2003 - 20 November 2006)
Giuseppe Cucchi (21 November 2006 - 3 August 2007)
References
External links
The Italian Intelligence and Security Services Official Website - CESIS
The Italian Intelligence and Security Services Official Website - The General Secretariat of CESIS
The Italian Intelligence and Security Services Official Website - The ANS ("National Security Authority") and UCSI ("Central Security Office")
The Italian Intelligence and Security Services Official Website - Home Page
The Italian Intelligence and Security Services Official Website - A Brief History
Category:Italian intelligence agencies
Category:Political committees of Italy
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1959 Arizona State Sun Devils football team
The 1959 Arizona State Sun Devils football team was an American football team that represented Arizona State University in the Border Conference during the 1959 NCAA University Division football season. In their second season under head coach Frank Kush, the Sun Devils compiled a 10–1 record (5–0 against Border opponents), won the conferenceb championship and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 272 to 151.
The team's statistical leaders included Frank Urban with 536 passing yards, Nolan Jones with 689 rushing yards, and Bob Rembert with 232 receiving yards.
References
Arizona State
Category:Arizona State Sun Devils football seasons
Category:Border Conference football champion seasons
Category:1959 in Arizona
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Hidden Ridge station
Hidden Ridge Station is a planned DART Light Rail station located in the Las Colinas development of Irving, Texas, for service on the . The station will be located on Meadow Creek Drive, west of the Orange Line's grade crossing on Green Park Drive. Originally named Las Colinas Carpenter Ranch, it was originally planned to open in December 2012 to serve the surrounding neighborhood of Las Colinas. In April 2010, the station's construction and opening was deferred until further development justified a station.
The construction of a $1 billion office, residential, and entertainment development spearheaded by Verizon Wireless, which has an office campus across the street, prompted DART to resume plans for the station's construction. On April 24, 2019, DART announced that its board had officially approved the renaming of Carpenter Ranch Station to Hidden Ridge Station to tie in with the adjacent project. Construction was set to begin in summer 2019, with revenue service planned to begin in May 2020.
References
External links
Dallas Area Rapid Transit
Category:Dallas Area Rapid Transit light rail stations
Category:Unbuilt buildings and structures in the United States
Category:Railway stations scheduled to open in 2020
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Ried Glacier
The Ried Glacier () is a 6 km long glacier (2005) situated in the Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. In 1973 it had an area of 8.22 km2.
The glacier lies in the Mischabel range, at the foot of Nadelhorn and not far from Dom.
See also
List of glaciers in Switzerland
Swiss Alps
External links
Swiss glacier monitoring network
Category:Glaciers of the Alps
Category:Glaciers of Valais
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HMS Andromache (1832)
HMS Andromache was a 28-gun sixth rate launched in 1832. She was converted to a powder hulk in 1854 and was broken up in 1875.
She took William Napier to China and participated in the war with China at Canton in 1834.
References
Category:Sixth-rate frigates of the Royal Navy
Category:Corvettes of the Royal Navy
Category:Victorian-era corvettes of the United Kingdom
Category:1832 ships
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Virginie Pichet
Virginie Pichet (; born 28 January 1983) is a retired French tennis player.
In her career, she won seven singles and five doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. On 21 June 2004, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 120. On 22 June 2009, she peaked at No. 239 in the doubles rankings.
Pichet, who started playing tennis at the age of seven, competed in the main draw of the French Open in singles 2003, 2004, 2006, and in doubles in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 she lost her first round.
Virginie Pichet retired from tennis 2014.
ITF finals
Singles: 22 (7–15)
Doubles: 12 (5–7)
External links
Category:1983 births
Category:Living people
Category:French female tennis players
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The Bad Batch
The Bad Batch is a 2017 American dystopian thriller film directed and written by Ana Lily Amirpour. The film is about a young woman (Suki Waterhouse) exiled to a desert where she is attacked by a group of cannibals (led by Jason Momoa), barely escaping alive to a bizarre settlement run by a charismatic leader (Keanu Reeves). Other actors include Jim Carrey, Giovanni Ribisi, and Diego Luna.
It was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 73rd Venice International Film Festival. It was released in theaters on June 23, 2017, by Neon.
Plot
A young woman named Arlen is dropped inside a locked, fenced-in desert where people being deemed undesirable by society (the "bad batch") are forced to fend for themselves. A sign declares that the area is considered outside of the U.S., and that American laws and citizenship no longer apply. Arlen is soon kidnapped by two women in a golf cart. When she wakes chained up, a woman cuts off her right arm and leg. Arlen later tricks the woman into unchaining her, kills her, observes cannibalism of human limbs, and escapes crawling on a skateboard. She is rescued in the desert by a mute hermit who takes her to a makeshift settlement named Comfort, which resembles a rave, as there is a DJ and all-night dances.
Five months later a healed Arlen now has a prosthetic leg and a home in Comfort. She walks out to the desert with a pistol. She sees a golf cart similar to the one used by the cannibals who captured her, and finds a woman and little girl scavenging in a garbage dump. Accusing the woman of being part of the cannibal community, Arlen shoots her in the head. She takes the girl back to Comfort, observed by the hermit. Miami Man, a leader of the cannibals, and the father of the girl, goes looking for her, finding the dead woman, and then the hermit. The hermit, in exchange for a hand-sketched portrait, advises Miami Man to "find Comfort." In Comfort, Arlen takes a hallucinogen at a rave held by The Dream, the cult-like leader of Comfort, and loses track of the child, who is taken in by The Dream. Hallucinating, Arlen wanders out into the desert, where Miami Man finds her. Upon threat of death, he demands that she find his daughter in Comfort.
Arlen and Miami Man grow closer on their journey to Comfort, with Arlen beginning to look longingly at him. He kills another cannibal who is looking to trade gasoline for her flesh, and reveals that he was put into the lawless territory because he was an illegal immigrant from Cuba. However, another man shoots Miami Man in the chest, and rescues a somewhat reluctant Arlen back to Comfort. She searches for the girl, eventually discovering she is living in The Dream's mansion, along with his large harem of pregnant young women.
Arlen visits The Dream who explains that Comfort's economy is run on the drugs his concubines make, and that Comfort is free of feces because of the plumbing he provides. Arlen agrees to join his harem, but then uses a pistol she has hidden inside her prosthetic to hold one of the pregnant concubines hostage, managing to extract the girl. They head out of Comfort in a golf cart, and soon reunite with Miami Man, who had been found and healed by the hermit.
The child and Miami Man blissfully reunite, and Arlen implies she would rather stay with him in the desert than live in Comfort. Miami Man tries to discourage her, deeming her unable to survive out in the harsh desert; but does not send her away. The daughter asks for spaghetti, as she had started to grow accustomed to good things in the mansion. Instead, Miami Man takes his daughter's pet rabbit, and later the three of them lounge by a fire eating it. Miami Man rubs his teary daughter's back, and then he and Arlen look into each other's eyes, smiling.
Cast
Suki Waterhouse as Arlen
Jason Momoa as Miami Man
Keanu Reeves as The Dream, the leader of the Comfort settlement
Jim Carrey as the Hermit
Yolonda Ross as Maria
Giovanni Ribisi as Bobby
Jayda Fink as Honey
Diego Luna as Jimmy
Cory Roberts as the Bridgeman
E.R. Ruiz as Lone Man
Emily O'Brien as Dream Girl
Production
In January 2015, Ana Lily Amirpour was announced to be directing the film, while Megan Ellison would produce under her Annapurna Pictures banner, and Danny Gabai and Sina Sayyah would produce under their Vice Films banner. In March 2015, Keanu Reeves, Jim Carrey, Jason Momoa, Suki Waterhouse, and Diego Luna joined the film.
Filming
Principal photography on the film began on April 8, 2015 in Los Angeles. Film was also shot in Niland and Bombay Beach, California.
Release
The film had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on September 6, 2016. Shortly after, Netflix and Screen Media Films acquired SVOD and theatrical distribution rights to the film, respectively. However, Neon later acquired distribution rights to the film. The film also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2016. It was released in a limited release on June 23, 2017 and was made available on Digital HD from Amazon Video and iTunes on June 22, 2017. The Bad Batch DVD and Blu-ray were released on September 19, 2017.
Critical reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film had an approval rating of 42% based on 84 reviews, with a weighted average of 5.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "The Bad Batch has its moments, but it's too thinly written and self-indulgent to justify its length or compensate for its slow narrative drift." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 62 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Guy Lodge of Variety gave the film a negative review, writing that "though there's much to savor in the pic's lavishly distressed visuals and soundscape, its narrative feels increasingly stretched and desultory." Lee Marshall of Screen International also gave the film a negative review, concluding that "the story runs out of steam – with a full ninety minutes still to go." David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter concluded that "the movie is overlong and not without draggy patches, but it's sustained enough to keep you watching."
References
External links
Category:2016 films
Category:2016 horror films
Category:American films
Category:Films shot in Los Angeles
Category:Films shot in California
Category:Films set in Texas
Category:Cannibalism in fiction
Category:Dystopian films
Category:Romantic horror films
Category:Romantic Western (genre) films
Category:American romance films
Category:American horror thriller films
Category:2010s romantic thriller films
Category:Annapurna Pictures films
Category:Vice Films films
Category:Neon (distributor) films
Category:Films produced by Megan Ellison
Category:Films directed by Ana Lily Amirpour
Category:Films about cannibalism
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Simpson Creek
Simpson Creek may refer to:
Simpson Creek (Missouri), a stream in Ripley County, Missouri, United States
Simpson Creek (West Virginia), a tributary of the West Fork River in West Virginia, United States
See also
Simpson Branch (disambiguation)
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Saint-Médard, Haute-Garonne
Saint-Médard is commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department
References
INSEE
Category:Communes of Haute-Garonne
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Frank Cephous
Frank Cephous (born July 4, 1961) is a former American football running back. He played for the New York Giants in 1984.
References
Category:1961 births
Category:Living people
Category:American football running backs
Category:UCLA Bruins football players
Category:New York Giants players
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Snješko Cerin
Snježan "Snješko" Cerin (born 18 January 1955) is a retired Croatian association football striker who spent most of his career playing for his hometown club Dinamo Zagreb in the Yugoslav First League in the 1970s and 1980s.
A native of Zagreb, Cerin started playing at NK Trnje, a small local club, in the early 1970s. In 1976, he moved to another local side, the third level minnows NK Zagrebački Plavi (who later merged with NK Zagreb in 1980). In April 1976 the Yugoslavia national football team decided to play a training match against Zagrebački Plavi in preparation for their UEFA Euro 1976 qualifier versus Wales played in Zagreb. The game proved to be a turning point for Cerin as he scored a hat-trick versus the national team and their stalwart goalkeeper Ognjen Petrović.
Cerin instantly became sought after by top clubs. He was first invited by Tomislav Ivić to join Hajduk Split but the deal never materialised as Ivić had left Hajduk for Netherlands at the end of the 1975–76 season to take over Ajax. Dinamo Zagreb then offered him a contract and Cerin joined the club for the 1976–77 season. Cerin then had to wait for his Dinamo debut almost six months under coach Mirko Bazić - he scored his first goal for Dinamo in a 3–1 friendly win against GOŠK Dubrovnik on 10 November 1976 and his league debut came a week later on 17 November in a 6–1 home win against Budućnost in which he scored two goals. His first goal against international opposition came in a 4–0 win against Ajax led by Tomislav Ivić at the Trofej Marjan international tournament played in Split on 17 February 1977.
A very prolific scorer, he led the club to their first league title in 24 years in the 1981–82 season, also becoming the league's top scorer with 19 goals. In his ten seasons with Dinamo between 1976 and 1986 he also won two Yugoslav Cups (1980 and 1983) and was the club's leading goalscorer five times. He made a total of 474 appearances and scored 295 goals for the Blues, including 216 appearances and 101 goals in the Yugoslav First League, and holds the record as the club's top scorer of the Yugoslav era. Alongside players such as Marko Mlinarić and Zlatko Kranjčar Cerin is regarded as one of the symbols of one of the most successful periods in Dinamo's history, in which they also finished as runners-up in the league twice (1976–77, 1978–79) and runners-up in the cup three times (1982, 1985, 1986). However, in spite of his excellent scoring record, Cerin was constantly overlooked by national team managers and was never called up for Yugoslavia.
In late 1985 Cerin had a short stint in the American Major Indoor Soccer League (where he was referred to as John Cerin) and scored a single goal in three matches for Kansas City Comets before being recalled to Dinamo by manager Miroslav Blažević in the winter break of the 1985–86 season. Cerin finally left the club in 1986 and played a single season at SK Austria Klagenfurt (present-day FC Kärnten) in Austria. He then returned to Zagreb and appeared in a handful of games for another small local side NK Novi Zagreb (present-day Hrvatski Dragovoljac) before retiring from football.
Cerin then opened a pub in Zagreb which he ran into the 1990s. In 2001, he moved to Privlaka, a small town near the coastal city of Zadar, where he runs a small retirement home.
Honours
Club
Yugoslav First League (1): 1981–82
Yugoslav Cup (2): 1979–80, 1982–83
Individual
Yugoslav First League top scorer (1): 1981–82 (19)
References
External links
Career summary at Zagreb Blues, Dinamo Zagreb fan site
Category:1955 births
Category:Living people
Category:Yugoslav footballers
Category:Croatian footballers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:GNK Dinamo Zagreb players
Category:Sportspeople from Zagreb
Category:Yugoslav expatriate footballers
Category:Yugoslav First League players
Category:Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992)
Category:Kansas City Comets (original MISL) players
Category:Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Category:Expatriate footballers in Austria
Category:Yugoslav expatriates in the United States
Category:Yugoslav expatriates in Austria
Category:Croatian expatriate footballers
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Murder on the Dancefloor
"Murder on the Dancefloor" is a song written by Gregg Alexander and Sophie Ellis-Bextor, produced by Alexander and Matt Rowe for Ellis-Bextor's first album, Read My Lips. After the release of "Take Me Home" in August 2001, Ellis-Bextor released her best-selling single to date in December 2001.
The song peaked at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart and stayed on the charts for 23 weeks. It became a top 10 hit all around the world, except in the United States, where the song was not published as a physical single. The song is reported to have been the most played song in Europe in 2002. Grime artist Skepta sampled the track on "Love Me Not" on his 2019 album Ignorance Is Bliss.
Background and release
The follow-up single to "Take Me Home (A Girl Like Me)" was originally planned to be "Lover", an album track from Read My Lips, as read in first edition album stickers and announced by the label, but for unknown reasons the release was cancelled and replaced by "Murder on the Dancefloor" that turned out to be Sophie's biggest hit..
In January 2019, a re-recorded orchestal version was released as the third single off Ellis-Bextor's greatest hits package The Song Diaries.
Covers
A Chinese version by Hong Kong singer Kelly Chen entitled "最愛你的是我" was produced in 2003 and was included in her album, "心口不一". The songwriting was also attributed to Gregg Alexander.
Reception
Critical reception
The song is deemed to be among Ellis-Bextor's fan favourite songs, with over 32 million combined views on YouTube.
Charts and certifications
The song is Ellis-Bextor's greatest hit so far internationally. It was a hit in Australia, peaking at number 3, staying in the top fifty for twenty weeks, being accredited Platinum by ARIA and becoming the eleventh-highest selling single for 2002.
Music video
The music video was directed by Sophie Muller and it centres around a dance competition. The winner's prize consists of a pair of golden high-heel shoes and a substantial amount of money. Desperate to win, Ellis-Bextor proceeds to sneakily injure and disqualify the majority of the other dancers. She causes one to slip on butter, before tripping up another, who sees her do it and angrily points at her to no avail. Next she slyly poisons a trio of potential rivals by spiking the punch during a refreshment period and then unstraps a female contestant's clothes causing her to run off. She finally frames a male dancer for cheating on his partner, by planting a G-string on his person; this results in his partner slapping him and exiting the dance floor.
Ellis-Bextor then turns her attention to the trio of judges. By using what seems to be chloroform, she incapacitates the only female judge on the panel.
Once the competition is down to the final four couples, Ellis-Bextor notices that the lead judge (played by Colin Stinton) has a weak spot for beautiful women. Using this to her advantage, Ellis-Bextor approaches him when he is alone at the judging table and seduces him. Lovestruck, the lead judge succeeds in persuading the remaining judge to have Ellis-Bextor declared the winner, much to her fellow dancers' disapproval.
The video concludes with the other dancers grudgingly applauding (before promptly deserting) Ellis-Bextor and her dance partner, as she happily clutches her cash prize and the golden shoes on the winner's podium.
Track listing
UK CD single
"Murder on the Dancefloor" – 3:53
"Never Let Me Down" – 3:46
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (Parky & Birchy Remix) – 7:24
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (video) – 3:50
Cassette single
"Murder on the Dancefloor" – 3:37
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (Jewels & Stone Mix Edit) – 4:52
German CD single
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (radio edit) – 3:37
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (extended album version) – 5:32
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (Jewels & Stone Mix Edit) – 4:50
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (G-Club Vocal Mix Edit) – 5:10
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (Phunk Investigation Vocal Edit) – 5:07
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (Parky & Birchy Remix) – 7:22
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (Twin Murder Club Mix) – 7:11
France CD single
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (album version) – 3:57
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (French & Fresh Club Remix By RLS & Jeepee) – 6:20
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (Phunk Investigation Vocal Edit) – 5:09
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (Energized Mix By Guéna LG) – 5:32
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (G-Club Vocal Mix Edit) – 5:11
Brazil CD maxi-single
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (album version) – 3:50
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (extended album version) – 5:30
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (G-Club Vocal Mix Edit) – 5:08
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (G-Club Vocal Mix) – 8:05
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (G-Club Dub Mix) – 6:36
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (Jewels & Stone Mix Edit) – 4:51
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (Jewels & Stone Remix) – 5:39
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (Phunk Investigation Vocal Edit) – 5:07
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (Phunk Investigation Vocal Mix) – 8:30
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (Parky & Birchy Remix) – 7:23
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (Twin Murder Club Mix) - 7:07
"Murder on the Dancefloor" (Danny D Remix) – 7:56
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
References
External links
Category:2001 singles
Category:2001 songs
Category:Sophie Ellis-Bextor songs
Category:Number-one singles in Poland
Category:Polydor Records singles
Category:Songs written by Gregg Alexander
Category:Songs written by Sophie Ellis-Bextor
Category:Music videos directed by Sophie Muller
Category:Song recordings produced by Gregg Alexander
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2009 Abierto Mexicano Telcel
The 2009 Abierto Mexicano Telcel was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 16th edition of the men's tournament (9th for the women) of the Abierto Mexicano Telcel, and was part of the 500 series of the 2009 ATP World Tour, and was in the International category of tournaments on the 2009 WTA Tour. Both the men's and the women's events took place at the Fairmont Acapulco Princess in Acapulco, Mexico, from February 23 through February 28, 2009.
The men's singles draw included David Nalbandian, the 2008 runner-up in this event and winner in Sydney earlier this year; Gaël Monfils, a semifinalist in Doha and Rotterdam earlier this year; Nicolás Almagro, the defending champion; Tommy Robredo, a semifinalist in Viña del Mar and winner of Costa do Sauipe and Buenos Aires earlier this year; Carlos Moyá, a two-time champion of this event; Albert Montañés; José Acasuso, Viña del Mar runner-up and Costa do Sauipe semifinalist earlier this year; and Juan Mónaco.
The women's singles draw included two top 20 players: Dubai champion Venus Williams and Flavia Pennetta, who has reached the final of this event the last five years and won it twice. Carla Suárez Navarro, 2004 champion Iveta Benešová, Bogotá runner-up Gisela Dulko, Lucie Šafářová, Tathiana Garbin, and Bogotá champion María José Martínez Sánchez were also in the draw.
ATP entrants
Seeds
Rankings as of February 23, 2009.
Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the main draw:
Santiago González
Bruno Echagaray
Juan Ignacio Chela
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
Daniel Köllerer
Pablo Cuevas
Rubén Ramírez Hidalgo
Olivier Patience
WTA entrants
Seeds
Rankings as of February 23, 2009.
Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the main draw:
Anna Orlik
Émilie Loit
Melissa Torres Sandoval
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
Ioana Raluca Olaru
Arantxa Parra Santonja
Gréta Arn
Viktoriya Kutuzova
Ágnes Szávay (as a lucky loser)
Champions
Men's singles
Nicolás Almagro def Gaël Monfils, 6–4, 6–4
It was Almagro's first title of the year and 5th of his career. It was his second win at the event, also winning in 2008.
Women's singles
Venus Williams def Flavia Pennetta, 6–1, 6–2
It was Venus' second title of the year and 41st of her career.
Men's doubles
František Čermák / Michal Mertiňák def Łukasz Kubot / Oliver Marach, 4–6, 6–4, [10–7]
Women's doubles
Nuria Llagostera Vives / María José Martínez Sánchez def. Lourdes Domínguez Lino / Arantxa Parra Santonja, 6–4, 6–2
External links
Official website
Abierto Mexicano Telcel
Abierto Mexicano Telcel
Category:2009 Abierto Mexicano Telcel
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Amorphus suaedae
Amorphus suaedae is a Gram-negative, slightly halophilic, heterotrophic, rod-shaped and non-motile bacteria from the genus of Amorphus which has been isolated from the roots of the plant Suaeda maritima on the Namhae Island in Korea.
References
External links
Type strain of Amorphus suaedae at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Category:Methylocystaceae
Category:Bacteria described in 2013
Category:Halophiles
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Baptism
Baptism (from the Greek noun βάπτισμα baptisma; see below) is a Christian rite of admission and adoption, almost invariably with the use of water, into Christianity. It may be performed by sprinkling or pouring water on the head, or by immersing in water either partially or completely. The synoptic gospels recount that John the Baptist baptised Jesus. Baptism is considered a sacrament in most churches, and as an ordinance in others. Baptism is also called christening, although some reserve the word "christening" for the baptism of infants. It has also given its name to the Baptist churches and denominations.
Martyrdom was identified early in Church history as "baptism by blood", enabling the salvation of martyrs who had not been baptized by water. Later, the Catholic Church identified a baptism of desire, by which those preparing for baptism who die before actually receiving the sacrament are considered saved. Some Christians have regarded baptism as necessary for salvation, though others, such as Huldrych Zwingli (1484–1531), denied its necessity.
Quakers and the Salvation Army do not practice water baptism at all. Among denominations that practice water baptism, differences occur in the manner and mode of baptizing and in the understanding of the significance of the rite. Most Christians baptize "in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit" (following the Great Commission), but some baptize in Jesus' name only. Much more than half of all Christians baptize infants; many others regard only believer's baptism as true baptism.
The term "baptism" has also been used metaphorically to refer to any ceremony, trial, or experience by which a person is initiated, purified, or given a name.
Etymology
The English word baptism is derived indirectly through Latin from the neuter Greek concept noun baptisma (Greek , "washing-ism"), which is a neologism in the New Testament derived from the masculine Greek noun baptismos (), a term for ritual washing in Greek language texts of Hellenistic Judaism during the Second Temple period, such as the Septuagint. Both of these nouns are derived from the verb baptizō (, "I wash" transitive verb), which is used in Jewish texts for ritual washing, and in the New Testament both for ritual washing and also for the apparently new rite of baptisma. The Greek verb baptō (), "dip", from which the verb baptizo is derived, is in turn hypothetically traced to a reconstructed Indo-European root *gʷabh-, "dip". The Greek words are used in a great variety of meanings.
History
Baptism has similarities to Tvilah, a Jewish purification ritual of immersing in water, which is required for, among other things, conversion to Judaism, but which differs in being repeatable, while baptism is to be performed only once. (In fact, the Modern Hebrew term for "baptism" is "Christian Tvilah".) John the Baptist, who is considered a forerunner to Christianity, used baptism as the central sacrament of his messianic movement. The apostle Paul distinguished between the baptism of John, ("baptism of repentance") and baptism in the name of Jesus, and it is questionable whether Christian baptism was in some way linked with that of John. Christians consider Jesus to have instituted the sacrament of baptism.
Though some form of immersion was likely the most common method of baptism in the early church, many of the writings from the ancient church appeared to view this mode of baptism as inconsequential. The Didache 7.1–3 (AD 60–150) allowed for affusion practices in situations where immersion was not practical. Likewise, Tertullian (AD 196–212) allowed for varying approaches to baptism even if those practices did not conform to biblical or traditional mandates (cf. De corona militis 3; De baptismo 17). Finally, Cyprian (ca. AD 256) explicitly stated that the amount of water was inconsequential and defended immersion, affusion, and aspersion practices (Epistle 75.12). As a result, there was no uniform or consistent mode of baptism in the ancient church prior to the fourth century.
By the third and fourth centuries, baptism involved catechetical instruction as well as chrismation, exorcisms, laying on of hands, and recitation of a creed.
In the early middle ages infant baptism became common and the rite was significantly simplified. In Western Europe Affusion became the normal mode of baptism between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries, though immersion was still practiced into the sixteenth. In the medieval period, some radical Christians rejected the sacrament of baptism. Sects such as the Tondrakians, Cathars, Arnoldists, Petrobrusians, Henricans, Brethren of the Free Spirit and the Lollards were regarded as heretics by the Catholic Church. In the sixteenth century, Martin Luther retained baptism as a sacrament, but Swiss reformer Huldrych Zwingli considered baptism and the Lord's supper to be symbolic. Anabaptists denied the validity of the practice of infant baptism, and rebaptized converts.
Mode and manner
Baptism is practiced in several different ways. Aspersion is the sprinkling of water on the head, and affusion is the pouring of water over the head.
The word "immersion" is derived from late Latin immersio, a noun derived from the verb immergere (in – "into" + mergere "dip"). In relation to baptism, some use it to refer to any form of dipping, whether the body is put completely under water or is only partly dipped in water; they thus speak of immersion as being either total or partial. Others, of the Anabaptist belief, use "immersion" to mean exclusively plunging someone entirely under the surface of the water. The term "immersion" is also used of a form of baptism in which water is poured over someone standing in water, without submersion of the person. On these three meanings of the word "immersion", see Immersion baptism.
When "immersion" is used in opposition to "submersion", it indicates the form of baptism in which the candidate stands or kneels in water and water is poured over the upper part of the body. Immersion in this sense has been employed in West and East since at least the 2nd century and is the form in which baptism is generally depicted in early Christian art. In the West, this method of baptism began to be replaced by affusion baptism from around the 8th century, but it continues in use in Eastern Christianity.
The word submersion comes from the late Latin (sub- "under, below" + mergere "plunge, dip") and is also sometimes called "complete immersion". It is the form of baptism in which the water completely covers the candidate's body. Submersion is practiced in the Orthodox and several other Eastern Churches. In the Latin Church of the Catholic Church, baptism by submersion is used in the Ambrosian Rite and is one of the methods provided in the Roman Rite of the baptism of infants. It is seen as obligatory among some groups that have arisen since the Protestant Reformation, such as Baptists.
Meaning of the Greek verb baptizein
The Greek-English Lexicon of Liddell and Scott gives the primary meaning of the verb baptizein, from which the English verb "baptize" is derived, as "dip, plunge", and gives examples of plunging a sword into a throat or an embryo and for drawing wine by dipping a cup in the bowl; for New Testament usage it gives two meanings: "baptize", with which it associates the Septuagint mention of Naaman dipping himself in the Jordan River, and "perform ablutions", as in Luke 11:38.
Although the Greek verb baptizein does not exclusively mean dip, plunge or immerse (it is used with literal and figurative meanings such as "sink", "disable", "overwhelm", "go under", "overborne", "draw from a bowl"), lexical sources typically cite this as a meaning of the word in both the Septuagint and the New Testament.
"While it is true that the basic root meaning of the Greek words for baptize and baptism is immerse/immersion, it is not true that the words can simply be reduced to this meaning, as can be seen from Mark 10:38–39, Luke 12:50, Matthew 3:11 Luke 3:16 and Corinthians10:2."
Two passages in the Gospels indicate that the verb baptizein did not always indicate submersion. The first is Luke 11:38, which tells how a Pharisee, at whose house Jesus ate, "was astonished to see that he did not first wash (ἐβαπτίσθη, aorist passive of βαπτίζω—literally, "was baptized") before dinner". This is the passage that Liddell and Scott cites as an instance of the use of to mean perform ablutions. Jesus' omission of this action is similar to that of his disciples: "Then came to Jesus scribes and Pharisees, which were of Jerusalem, saying, Why do thy disciples transgress the tradition of the elders? for they wash () not their hands when they eat bread". The other Gospel passage pointed to is: "The Pharisees...do not eat unless they wash (, the ordinary word for washing) their hands thoroughly, observing the tradition of the elders; and when they come from the market place, they do not eat unless they wash themselves (literally, "baptize themselves"—βαπτίσωνται, passive or middle voice of βαπτίζω)".
Scholars of various denominations claim that these two passages show that invited guests, or people returning from market, would not be expected to immerse themselves ("baptize themselves") totally in water but only to practise the partial immersion of dipping their hands in water or to pour water over them, as is the only form admitted by present Jewish custom. In the second of the two passages, it is actually the hands that are specifically identified as "washed" (Mark 7:3), not the entire person, for whom the verb used is baptizomai, literally "be baptized", "be immersed" (Mark 7:4), a fact obscured by English versions that use "wash" as a translation of both verbs. Zodhiates concludes that the washing of the hands was done by immersing them. The Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon (1996) cites the other passage (Luke 11:38) as an instance of the use of the verb baptizein to mean "perform ablutions", not "submerge". References to the cleaning of vessels which use βαπτίζω also refer to immersion.
As already mentioned, the lexicographical work of Zodhiates says that, in the second of these two cases, the verb baptizein indicates that, after coming from the market, the Pharisees washed their hands by immersing them in collected water. Balz & Schneider understand the meaning of βαπτίζω, used in place of ῥαντίσωνται (sprinkle), to be the same as βάπτω, to dip or immerse,<ref>'βάπτω; ἐμβάπτω: to dip an object in a liquid—'to dip in., Louw, J. P., & Nida, E. A. (1996, c1989). Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament: Based on semantic domains (electronic ed. of the 2nd edition.) (1:522). New York: United Bible societies.</ref> a verb used of the partial dipping of a morsel held in the hand into wine or of a finger into spilled blood.
A possible additional use of the verb baptizein to relate to ritual washing is suggested by Peter Leithart (2007) who suggests that Paul's phrase "Else what shall they do who are baptized for the dead?" relates to Jewish ritual washing. In Jewish Greek the verb baptizein "baptized" has a wider reference than just "baptism" and in Jewish context primarily applies to the masculine noun baptismos "ritual washing" The verb baptizein occurs four times in the Septuagint in the context of ritual washing, baptismos; Judith cleansing herself from menstrual impurity, Naaman washing seven times to be cleansed from leprosy, etc. Additionally, in the New Testament only, the verb baptizein can also relate to the neuter noun baptisma "baptism" which is a neologism unknown in the Septuagint and other pre-Christian Jewish texts. This broadness in the meaning of baptizein is reflected in English Bibles rendering "wash", where Jewish ritual washing is meant: for example Mark 7:4 states that the Pharisees "except they wash (Greek "baptize"), they do not eat", and "baptize" where baptisma, the new Christian rite, is intended.
Derived nouns
Two nouns derived from the verb baptizo (βαπτίζω) appear in the New Testament: the masculine noun baptismos (βαπτισμός) and the neuter noun baptisma (βάπτισμα):baptismos (βαπτισμός) refers in Mark| 7:4 to a water-rite for the purpose of purification, washing, cleansing, of dishes; in the same verse and in Hebrews 9:10 to Levitical cleansings of vessels or of the body; and in Hebrews 6:2 perhaps also to baptism, though there it may possibly refer to washing an inanimate object. According to Spiros Zodhiates when referring merely to the cleansing of utensils baptismos (βαπτισμός) is equated with rhantismos (ῥαντισμός, "sprinkling"), found only in Hebrews 12:24 and Peter 1:2, a noun used to indicate the symbolic cleansing by the Old Testament priest.baptisma (βάπτισμα), which is a neologism appearing to originate in the New Testament, and probably should not be confused with the earlier Jewish concept of baptismos (βαπτισμός), Later this is found only in writings by Christians. In the New Testament, it appears at least 21 times:
13 times with regard to the rite practised by John the Baptist;
3 times with reference to the specific Christian rite (4 times if account is taken of its use in some manuscripts of Colossians 2:12, where, however, it is most likely to have been changed from the original baptismos than vice versa);
5 times in a metaphorical sense.
Manuscript variation: In Colossians, some manuscripts have neuter noun baptisma (βάπτισμα), but some have masculine noun baptismos (βαπτισμός), and this is the reading given in modern critical editions of the New Testament. If this reading is correct, then this is the only New Testament instance in which baptismos (βαπτισμός) is clearly used of Christian baptism, rather than of a generic washing, unless the opinion of some is correct that Hebrews 6:2 may also refer to Christian baptism.
The feminine noun baptisis, along with the masculine noun baptismos both occur in Josephus' Antiquities (J. AJ 18.5.2) relating to the murder of John the Baptist by Herod.William Whiston translator English translation This feminine form is not used elsewhere by Josephus, nor in the New Testament.
A Christian baptism is administered in one of the following forms, performing the action either once or thrice:Didache, chapter 7: "Pour out water three times upon the head".
Apparel
Until the Middle Ages, most baptisms were performed with the candidates naked—as is evidenced by most of the early portrayals of baptism (some of which are shown in this article), and the early Church Fathers and other Christian writers. Deaconesses helped female candidates for reasons of modesty.
Typical of these is Cyril of Jerusalem who wrote "On the Mysteries of Baptism" in the 4th century (c. 350 AD):
The symbolism is threefold:
1. Baptism is considered to be a form of rebirth—"by water and the Spirit"—the nakedness of baptism (the second birth) paralleled the condition of one's original birth. For example, St. John Chrysostom calls the baptism "λοχείαν", i.e., giving birth, and "new way of creation...from water and Spirit" ("to John" speech 25,2), and later elaborates:
2. The removal of clothing represented the "image of putting off the old man with his deeds" (as per Cyril, above), so the stripping of the body before for baptism represented taking off the trappings of sinful self, so that the "new man", which is given by Jesus, can be put on.
3. As St. Cyril again asserts above, as Adam and Eve in scripture were naked, innocent and unashamed in the Garden of Eden, nakedness during baptism was seen as a renewal of that innocence and state of original sinlessness. Other parallels can also be drawn, such as between the exposed condition of Christ during His crucifixion, and the crucifixion of the "old man" of the repentant sinner in preparation for baptism.
Changing customs and concerns regarding modesty probably contributed to the practice of permitting or requiring the baptismal candidate to either retain their undergarments (as in many Renaissance paintings of baptism such as those by da Vinci, Tintoretto, Van Scorel, Masaccio, de Wit and others) or to wear, as is almost universally the practice today, baptismal robes. These robes are most often white, symbolizing purity. Some groups today allow any suitable clothes to be worn, such as trousers and a T-shirt—practical considerations include how easily the clothes will dry (denim is discouraged), and whether they will become see-through when wet.
Meaning and effects
There are differences in views about the effect of baptism for a Christian. Some Christian groups assert baptism is a requirement for salvation and a sacrament, and speak of "baptismal regeneration". Its importance is related to their interpretation of the meaning of the "Mystical Body of Christ" as found in the New Testament. This view is shared by the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox denominations, and by Churches formed early during the Protestant Reformation such as Lutheran and Anglican. For example, Martin Luther said:
The Churches of Christ," Jehovah's Witnesses, Christadelphians, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints also espouse baptism as necessary for salvation.
For Roman Catholics, baptism by water is a sacrament of initiation into the life of the children of God (Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1212–13). It configures the person to Christ (CCC 1272), and obliges the Christian to share in the Church's apostolic and missionary activity (CCC 1270). The Catholic holds that there are three types of baptism by which one can be saved: sacramental baptism (with water), baptism of desire (explicit or implicit desire to be part of the Church founded by Jesus Christ), and baptism of blood (martyrdom). In his encyclical Mystici corporis Christi of June 29, 1943, Pope Pius XII spoke of baptism and profession of the true faith as what makes members of the one true Church, which is the body of Jesus Christ himself, as God the Holy Spirit has taught through the Apostle Paul:
By contrast, Anabaptist and Evangelical Protestants recognize baptism as an outward sign of an inward reality following on an individual believer's experience of forgiving grace. Reformed and Methodist Protestants maintain a link between baptism and regeneration, but insist that it is not automatic or mechanical, and that regeneration may occur at a different time than baptism. Churches of Christ consistently teach that in baptism a believer surrenders his life in faith and obedience to God, and that God "by the merits of Christ's blood, cleanses one from sin and truly changes the state of the person from an alien to a citizen of God's kingdom. Baptism is not a human work; it is the place where God does the work that only God can do." Thus, they see baptism as a passive act of faith rather than a meritorious work; it "is a confession that a person has nothing to offer God".
Christian traditions
The liturgy of baptism for Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran, Anglican, and Methodist makes clear reference to baptism as not only a symbolic burial and resurrection, but an actual supernatural transformation, one that draws parallels to the experience of Noah and the passage of the Israelites through the Red Sea divided by Moses. Thus, baptism is literally and symbolically not only cleansing, but also dying and rising again with Christ. Catholics believe baptism is necessary to cleanse the taint of original sin, and so commonly baptise infants.
The Eastern Churches (Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodoxy) also baptize infants on the basis of texts, such as Matthew 19:14, which are interpreted as supporting full Church membership for children. In these denominations, baptism is immediately followed by Chrismation and Communion at the next Divine Liturgy, regardless of age. Orthodox likewise believe that baptism removes what they call the ancestral sin of Adam. Anglicans believe that Baptism is also the entry into the Church and therefore allows them access to all rights and responsibilities as full members, including the privilege to receive Holy Communion. Most Methodists and Anglicans agree that it also cleanses the taint of what in the West is called original sin, in the East ancestral sin.
Eastern Orthodox Christians usually insist on complete threefold immersion as both a symbol of death and rebirth into Christ, and as a washing away of sin. Latin Church Catholics generally baptize by affusion (pouring); Eastern Catholics usually by submersion, or at least partial immersion. However, submersion is gaining in popularity within the Latin Catholic Church. In newer church sanctuaries, the baptismal font may be designed to expressly allow for baptism by immersion. Anglicans baptize by immersion or affusion.
According to evidence which can be traced back to about the year 200, sponsors or godparents are present at baptism and vow to uphold the Christian education and life of the baptized.
Baptists argue that the Greek word originally meant "to immerse". They interpret some Biblical passages concerning baptism as requiring submersion of the body in water. They also state that only submersion reflects the symbolic significance of being "buried" and "raised" with Christ. Baptist Churches baptize in the name of the Trinity—the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. However, they do not believe that baptism is necessary for salvation; but rather that it is an act of Christian obedience.
Some "Full Gospel" charismatic churches such as Oneness Pentecostals baptize only in the name of Jesus Christ, citing Peter's preaching baptism in the name of Jesus as their authority.
Ecumenical statements
In 1982 the World Council of Churches published the ecumenical paper Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry. The preface of the document states:
A 1997 document, Becoming a Christian: The Ecumenical Implications of Our Common Baptism, gave the views of a commission of experts brought together under the aegis of the World Council of Churches. It states:
Those who heard, who were baptized and entered the community's life, were already made witnesses of and partakers in the promises of God for the last days: the forgiveness of sins through baptism in the name of Jesus and the outpouring of the Holy Ghost on all flesh. Similarly, in what may well be a baptismal pattern, 1 Peter testifies that proclamation of the resurrection of Jesus Christ and teaching about new life lead to purification and new birth. This, in turn, is followed by eating and drinking God's food, by participation in the life of the community—the royal priesthood, the new temple, the people of God—and by further moral formation. At the beginning of 1 Peter the writer sets this baptism in the context of obedience to Christ and sanctification by the Spirit. So baptism into Christ is seen as baptism into the Spirit. In the fourth gospel Jesus' discourse with Nicodemus indicates that birth by water and Spirit becomes the gracious means of entry into the place where God rules.
Validity considerations by some churches
The vast majority of Christian denominations admit the theological idea that baptism is a sacrament, that has actual spiritual, holy and salvific effects. Certain key criteria must be complied with for it to be valid, i.e., to actually have those effects. If these key criteria are met, violation of some rules regarding baptism, such as varying the authorized rite for the ceremony, renders the baptism illicit (contrary to the church's laws) but still valid.
One of the criteria for validity is use of the correct form of words. The Roman Catholic Church teaches that the use of the verb "baptize" is essential. Catholics of the Latin Church, Anglicans and Methodists use the form "I baptize you...." Eastern Orthodox and some Eastern Catholics use a passive voice form "The Servant/(Handmaiden) of God is baptized in the name of...." or "This person is baptized by my hands...."
Use of the Trinitarian formula "in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit" is also considered essential; thus these churches do not accept as valid baptisms of non-Trinitarian churches such as Oneness Pentecostals.
Another essential condition is use of water. A baptism in which some liquid that would not usually be called water, such as wine, milk, soup or fruit juice was used would not be considered valid.
Another requirement is that the celebrant intends to perform baptism. This requirement entails merely the intention "to do what the Church does", not necessarily to have Christian faith, since it is not the person baptizing, but the Holy Spirit working through the sacrament, who produces the effects of the sacrament. Doubt about the faith of the baptizer is thus no ground for doubt about the validity of the baptism.
Some conditions expressly do not affect validity—for example, whether submersion, immersion, affusion or aspersion is used. However, if water is sprinkled, there is a danger that the water may not touch the skin of the unbaptized. As has been stated, "it is not sufficient for the water to merely touch the candidate; it must also flow, otherwise there would seem to be no real ablution. At best, such a baptism would be considered doubtful. If the water touches only the hair, the sacrament has probably been validly conferred, though in practice the safer course must be followed. If only the clothes of the person have received the aspersion, the baptism is undoubtedly void." For many communions, validity is not affected if a single submersion or pouring is performed rather than a triple, but in Orthodoxy this is controversial.
According to the Catholic Church, baptism imparts an indelible "seal" upon the soul of the baptized and therefore a person who has already been baptized cannot be validly baptized again. This teaching was affirmed against the Donatists who practiced rebaptism. The grace received in baptism is believed to operate ex opere operato and is therefore considered valid even if administered in heretical or schismatic groups.
Recognition by other denominations
The Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican, Presbyterian and Methodist Churches accept baptism performed by other denominations within this group as valid, subject to certain conditions, including the use of the Trinitarian formula. It is only possible to be baptized once, thus people with valid baptisms from other denominations may not be baptized again upon conversion or transfer. For Roman Catholics, this is affirmed in the Canon Law 864, in which it is written that "[e]very person not yet baptized and only such a person is capable of baptism." Such people are accepted upon making a profession of faith and, if they have not yet validly received the sacrament/rite of confirmation or chrismation, by being confirmed. Specifically, "Methodist theologians argued that since God never abrogated a covenant made and sealed with proper intentionality, rebaptism was never an option, unless the original baptism had been defective by not having been made in the name of the Trinity." In some cases it can be difficult to decide if the original baptism was in fact valid; if there is doubt, conditional baptism is administered, with a formula on the lines of "If you are not yet baptized, I baptize you...."Code of Canon Law, canon 869; cf. New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law By John P. Beal, James A. Coriden, Thomas J., pp. 1057–1059.
In the still recent past, it was common practice in the Roman Catholic Church to baptize conditionally almost every convert from Protestantism because of a perceived difficulty in judging about the validity in any concrete case. In the case of the major Protestant Churches, agreements involving assurances about the manner in which they administer baptism has ended this practice, which sometimes continues for other groups of Protestants. The Catholic Church has always recognized the validity of baptism in the Churches of Eastern Christianity, but it has explicitly denied the validity of the baptism conferred in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Practice in the Eastern Orthodox Church for converts from other communions is not uniform. However, generally baptisms performed in the name of the Holy Trinity are accepted by the Orthodox Christian Church. If a convert has not received the sacrament (mysterion) of baptism, he or she must be baptised in the name of the Holy Trinity before they may enter into communion with the Orthodox Church. If he has been baptized in another Christian confession (other than Orthodox Christianity) his previous baptism is considered retroactively filled with grace by chrismation or, in rare circumstances, confession of faith alone as long as the baptism was done in the name of the Holy Trinity (Father, Son and Holy Spirit). The exact procedure is dependent on local canons and is the subject of some controversy.
Oriental Orthodox Churches recognise the validity of baptisms performed within the Eastern Orthodox Communion. Some also recognise baptisms performed by Catholic Churches. Any supposed baptism not performed using the Trinitarian formula is considered invalid.
In the eyes of the Catholic Church, all Orthodox Churches, Anglican and Lutheran Churches, the baptism conferred by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is invalid. An article published together with the official declaration to that effect gave reasons for that judgment, summed up in the following words: "The Baptism of the Catholic Church and that of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints differ essentially, both for what concerns faith in the Father, Son and Holy Spirit, in whose name Baptism is conferred, and for what concerns the relationship to Christ who instituted it."
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints stresses that baptism must be administered by one having proper authority; consequently, the church does not recognize the baptism of any other church as valid.
Jehovah's Witnesses do not recognise any other baptism occurring after 1914 as valid, as they believe that they are now the one true church of Christ, and that the rest of "Christendom" is false religion.
Officiator
There is debate among Christian churches as to who can administer baptism. Some claim that the examples given in the New Testament only show apostles and deacons administering baptism. Ancient Christian churches interpret this as indicating that baptism should be performed by the clergy except in extremis, i.e., when the one being baptized is in immediate danger of death. Then anyone may baptize, provided, in the view of the Eastern Orthodox Church, the person who does the baptizing is a member of that Church, or, in the view of the Catholic Church, that the person, even if not baptized, intends to do what the Church does in administering the rite. Many Protestant churches see no specific prohibition in the biblical examples and permit any believer to baptize another.
In the Roman Catholic Church, canon law for the Latin Church lays down that the ordinary minister of baptism is a bishop, priest or deacon, but its administration is one of the functions "especially entrusted to the parish priest". If the person to be baptized is at least fourteen years old, that person's baptism is to be referred to the bishop, so that he can decide whether to confer the baptism himself. If no ordinary minister is available, a catechist or some other person whom the local ordinary has appointed for this purpose may licitly do the baptism; indeed in a case of necessity any person (irrespective of that person's religion) who has the requisite intention may confer the baptism By "a case of necessity" is meant imminent danger of death because of either illness or an external threat. "The requisite intention" is, at the minimum level, the intention "to do what the Church does" through the rite of baptism.
In the Eastern Catholic Churches, a deacon is not considered an ordinary minister. Administration of the sacrament is reserved to the Parish Priest or to another priest to whom he or the local hierarch grants permission, a permission that can be presumed if in accordance with canon law. However, "in case of necessity, baptism can be administered by a deacon or, in his absence or if he is impeded, by another cleric, a member of an institute of consecrated life, or by any other Christian faithful; even by the mother or father, if another person is not available who knows how to baptize."
The discipline of the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy and the Assyrian Church of the East is similar to that of the Eastern Catholic Churches. They require the baptizer, even in cases of necessity, to be of their own faith, on the grounds that a person cannot convey what he himself does not possess, in this case membership in the Church. The Latin Catholic Church does not insist on this condition, considering that the effect of the sacrament, such as membership of the Church, is not produced by the person who baptizes, but by the Holy Spirit. For the Orthodox, while Baptism in extremis may be administered by a deacon or any lay-person, if the newly baptized person survives, a priest must still perform the other prayers of the Rite of Baptism, and administer the Mystery of Chrismation.
The discipline of Anglicanism and Lutheranism is similar to that of the Latin Catholic Church. For Methodists and many other Protestant denominations, too, the ordinary minister of baptism is a duly ordained or appointed minister of religion.
Newer movements of Protestant Evangelical churches, particularly non-denominational, allow laypeople to baptize.
In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, only a man who has been ordained to the Aaronic priesthood holding the priesthood office of priest or higher office in the Melchizedek priesthood may administer baptism.
A Jehovah's Witnesses baptism is performed by a "dedicated male" adherent."The General Priesthood Today", The Watchtower, March 1, 1963, page 147, "Because he is a minister, any competent male member is called on to perform funerals, baptisms and weddings, and to conduct the service in annual commemoration of the Lord's death." Only in extraordinary circumstances would a "dedicated" baptizer be unbaptized (see section Jehovah's Witnesses).
Specific Christian groups practicing baptism
Anabaptists and Baptists recognize only believer's baptism or "adult baptism". Baptism is seen as an act identifying one as having accepted Jesus Christ as savior.
Anabaptist
Early Anabaptists were given that name because they re-baptized persons who they felt had not been properly baptized, having received infant baptism, sprinkling.
The traditional form of Anabaptist baptism was pouring or sprinkling, the form commonly used in the West in the early 16th century when they emerged. Since the 18th century immersion and submersion became more widespread. Today all forms of baptism can be found among Anabaptist.
Baptism memorializes the death, burial and resurrection of Jesus. It is considered a covenantal act, signifying entrance into the New Covenant of Christ.; ;
Baptist
For the majority of Baptists, Christian baptism is the immersion of a believer in water in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. It is an act of obedience symbolizing the believer's faith in a crucified, buried, and risen Saviour, the believer's death to sin, the burial of the old life, and the resurrection to walk in newness of life in Christ Jesus. It is a testimony to the believer's faith in the final resurrection of the dead. Baptism does not accomplish anything in itself, but is an outward personal sign that the person's sins have already been washed away by the blood of Christ's cross.
For a new convert the general practice is that baptism also allows the person to be a registered member of the local Baptist congregation (though some churches have adopted "new members classes" as a mandatory step for congregational membership).
Regarding rebaptism the general rules are:
baptisms by other than immersion are not recognized as valid and therefore rebaptism by immersion is required; and
baptisms by immersion in other denominations may be considered valid if performed after the person having professed faith in Jesus Christ (though among the more conservative groups such as Independent Baptists, rebaptism may be required by the local congregation if performed in a non-Baptist church – and, in extreme cases, even if performed within a Baptist church that wasn't an Independent Baptist congregation)
Churches of Christ
Baptism in Churches of Christ is performed only by full bodily immersion, based on the Koine Greek verb baptizo which means to dip, immerse, submerge or plunge. Submersion is seen as more closely conforming to the death, burial and resurrection of Jesus than other modes of baptism. Churches of Christ argue that historically immersion was the mode used in the 1st century, and that pouring and sprinkling later emerged as secondary modes when immersion was not possible. Over time these secondary modes came to replace immersion. Only those mentally capable of belief and repentance are baptized (i.e., infant baptism is not practiced because the New Testament has no precedent for it).
Churches of Christ have historically had the most conservative position on baptism among the various branches of the Restoration Movement, understanding baptism by immersion to be a necessary part of conversion. The most significant disagreements concerned the extent to which a correct understanding of the role of baptism is necessary for its validity. David Lipscomb insisted that if a believer was baptized out of a desire to obey God, the baptism was valid, even if the individual did not fully understand the role baptism plays in salvation. Austin McGary contended that to be valid, the convert must also understand that baptism is for the forgiveness of sins. McGary's view became the prevailing one in the early 20th century, but the approach advocated by Lipscomb never totally disappeared. As such, the general practice among churches of Christ is to require rebaptism by immersion of converts, even those who were previously baptized by immersion in other churches.
More recently, the rise of the International Churches of Christ has caused some to reexamine the issue.
Churches of Christ consistently teach that in baptism a believer surrenders his life in faith and obedience to God, and that God "by the merits of Christ's blood, cleanses one from sin and truly changes the state of the person from an alien to a citizen of God's kingdom. Baptism is not a human work; it is the place where God does the work that only God can do." Baptism is a passive act of faith rather than a meritorious work; it "is a confession that a person has nothing to offer God." While Churches of Christ do not describe baptism as a "sacrament", their view of it can legitimately be described as "sacramental." They see the power of baptism coming from God, who chose to use baptism as a vehicle, rather than from the water or the act itself, and understand baptism to be an integral part of the conversion process, rather than just a symbol of conversion. A recent trend is to emphasize the transformational aspect of baptism: instead of describing it as just a legal requirement or sign of something that happened in the past, it is seen as "the event that places the believer 'into Christ' where God does the ongoing work of transformation." There is a minority that downplays the importance of baptism in order to avoid sectarianism, but the broader trend is to "reexamine the richness of the biblical teaching of baptism and to reinforce its central and essential place in Christianity."
Because of the belief that baptism is a necessary part of salvation, some Baptists hold that the Churches of Christ endorse the doctrine of baptismal regeneration. However, members of the Churches of Christ reject this, arguing that since faith and repentance are necessary, and that the cleansing of sins is by the blood of Christ through the grace of God, baptism is not an inherently redeeming ritual. Rather, their inclination is to point to the biblical passage in which Peter, analogizing baptism to Noah's flood, posits that "likewise baptism doth also now save us" but parenthetically clarifies that baptism is "not the putting away of the filth of the flesh but the response of a good conscience toward God" (1 Peter 3:21). One author from the churches of Christ describes the relationship between faith and baptism this way, "Faith is the reason why a person is a child of God; baptism is the time at which one is incorporated into Christ and so becomes a child of God" (italics are in the source). Baptism is understood as a confessional expression of faith and repentance, rather than a "work" that earns salvation.
Methodism
The Methodist Articles of Religion, with regard to baptism, teach:
While baptism imparts regenerating grace, its permanence is contingent upon repentance and a personal commitment to Jesus Christ.
In the Methodist Churches, baptism is a sacrament of initiation into the visible Church. Wesleyan covenant theology further teaches that baptism is a sign and a seal of the covenant of grace:
Methodists recognize three modes of baptism as being valid—"immersion, sprinkling, or pouring" in the name of the Holy Trinity.
Reformed Protestantism
In Reformed baptismal theology, baptism is seen as primarily God's offer of union with Christ and all his benefits to the baptized. This offer is believed to be intact even when it is not received in faith by the person baptized. Reformed theologians believe the Holy Spirit brings into effect the promises signified in baptism. Baptism is held by almost the entire Reformed tradition to effect regeneration, even in infants who are incapable of faith, by effecting faith which would come to fruition later. Baptism also initiates one into the visible church and the covenant of grace. Baptism is seen as a replacement of circumcision, which is considered the rite of initiation into the covenant of grace in the Old Testament.
Reformed Christians believe that immersion is not necessary for baptism to be properly performed, but that pouring or sprinkling are acceptable. Only ordained ministers are permitted to administer baptism in Reformed churches, with no allowance for emergency baptism, though baptisms performed by non-ministers are generally considered valid. Reformed churches, while rejecting the baptismal ceremonies of the Roman Catholic church, accept the validity of baptisms performed with them and do not rebaptize.
Catholicism
In Catholic teaching, baptism is stated to be "necessary for salvation by actual reception or at least by desire". Catholic doctrine holds that the baptism ceremony is ordinarily performed by deacons, priests, or bishops, but in an emergency can be performed by any Catholic. This teaching is based on the Gospel according to John which says that Jesus proclaimed: "Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter into the Kingdom of God." It dates back to the teachings and practices of 1st-century Christians, and the connection between salvation and baptism was not, on the whole, an item of major dispute until Huldrych Zwingli denied the necessity of baptism, which he saw as merely a sign granting admission to the Christian community. The Catechism of the Catholic Church states that "Baptism is necessary for salvation for those to whom the Gospel has been proclaimed and who have had the possibility of asking for this sacrament." The Council of Trent also states in the Decree Concerning Justification from session six that baptism is necessary for salvation. A person who knowingly, willfully and unrepentantly rejects baptism has no hope of salvation. However, if knowledge is absent, "those also can attain to salvation who through no fault of their own do not know the Gospel of Christ or His Church, yet sincerely seek God and moved by grace strive by their deeds to do His will as it is known to them through the dictates of conscience."
The Catechism of the Catholic Church also states: "Since Baptism signifies liberation from sin and from its instigator the devil, one or more exorcisms are pronounced over the candidate". In the Roman Rite of the baptism of a child, the wording of the prayer of exorcism is: "Almighty and ever-living God, you sent your only Son into the world to cast out the power of Satan, spirit of evil, to rescue man from the kingdom of darkness and bring him into the splendour of your kingdom of light. We pray for this child: set him (her) free from original sin, make him (her) a temple of your glory, and send your Holy Spirit to dwell with him (her). Through Christ our Lord."
In the Catholic Church by baptism all sins are forgiven, original sin and all personal sins. Given once for all, baptism cannot be repeated. Baptism not only purifies from all sins, but also makes the neophyte "a new creature," an adopted son of God, who has become a "partaker of the divine nature," member of Christ and co-heir with him, and a temple of the Holy Spirit. Sanctifying grace, the grace of justification, given by God by baptism, erases the original sin and personal actual sins.
Catholics are baptized in water, by submersion, immersion or affusion, or aspersion (sprinkling), in the name (singular) of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit—not three gods, but one God subsisting in three Persons. While sharing in the one divine essence, the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are distinct, not simply three "masks" or manifestations of one divine being. The faith of the Church and of the individual Christian is based on a relationship with these three "Persons" of the one God. Adults can also be baptized through the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults.
It is claimed that Pope Stephen I, St. Ambrose and Pope Nicholas I declared that baptisms in the name of "Jesus" only as well as in the name of "Father, Son and Holy Spirit" were valid. The correct interpretation of their words is disputed. Current canonical law requires the Trinitarian formula and water for validity.
The Church recognizes two equivalents of baptism with water: "baptism of blood" and "baptism of desire". Baptism of blood is that undergone by unbaptized individuals who are martyred for their faith, while baptism of desire generally applies to catechumens who die before they can be baptized. The Catechism of the Catholic Church describes these two forms:
The Church has always held the firm conviction that those who suffer death for the sake of the faith without having received Baptism are baptized by their death for and with Christ. This Baptism of blood, like the desire for Baptism, brings about the fruits of Baptism without being a sacrament. (1258)
For catechumens who die before their Baptism, their explicit desire to receive it, together with repentance for their sins, and charity, assures them the salvation that they were not able to receive through the sacrament. (1259)
The Catholic Church holds that those who are ignorant of Christ's Gospel and of the Church, but who seek the truth and do God's will as they understand it, may be supposed to have an implicit desire for baptism and can be saved: "'Since Christ died for all, and since all men are in fact called to one and the same destiny, which is divine, we must hold that the Holy Spirit offers to all the possibility of being made partakers, in a way known to God, of the Paschal mystery.' Every man who is ignorant of the Gospel of Christ and of his Church, but seeks the truth and does the will of God in accordance with his understanding of it, can be saved. It may be supposed that such persons would have desired Baptism explicitly if they had known its necessity." As for unbaptized infants, the Church is unsure of their fate; "the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of God".
Eastern Orthodoxy
In Eastern Orthodoxy, baptism is considered a sacrament and mystery which transforms the old and sinful person into a new and pure one, where the old life, the sins, any mistakes made are gone and a clean slate is given. In Greek and Russian Orthodox traditions, it is taught that through Baptism a person is united to the Body of Christ by becoming an official member of the Orthodox Church. During the service, the Orthodox priest blesses the water to be used . The catechumen (the one baptised) is fully immersed in the water three times in the name of the Trinity. This is considered to be a death of the "old man" by participation in the crucifixion and burial of Christ, and a rebirth into new life in Christ by participation in his resurrection. Properly a new name is given, which becomes the person's name.
Babies of Orthodox families are normally baptized shortly after birth. Older converts to Orthodoxy are usually formally baptized into the Orthodox Church, though exceptions are sometimes made. Those who have left Orthodoxy and adopted a new religion, if they return to their Orthodox roots, are usually received back into the church through Chrismation.
Properly and generally, the Mystery of Baptism is administered by bishops and other priests; however, in emergencies any Orthodox Christian can baptize. In such cases, should the person survive the emergency, it is likely that the person will be properly baptized by a priest at some later date. This is not considered to be a second baptism, nor is it imagined that the person is not already Orthodox, but rather it is a fulfillment of the proper form.
The service of Baptism in Greek Orthodox (and other Eastern Orthodox) churches has remained largely unchanged for over 1500 years. This fact is witnessed to by St. Cyril of Jerusalem (d. 386), who, in his Discourse on the Sacrament of Baptism, describes the service in much the same way as is currently in use.
Jehovah's Witnesses
The Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses believes that baptism should be performed by complete immersion (submersion) in water and only when an individual is old enough to understand its significance. They believe that water baptism is an outward symbol that a person has made an unconditional dedication through Jesus Christ to do the will of God. Only after baptism, is a person considered a full-fledged Witness, and an official member of the Christian Congregation. They consider baptism to constitute ordination as a minister.
Prospective candidates for baptism must express their desire to be baptized well in advance of a planned baptismal event, to allow for congregation elders to assess their suitability (regarding true repentance and conversion). Elders approve candidates for baptism if the candidates are considered to understand what is expected of members of the religion and to demonstrate sincere dedication to the faith.
Most baptisms among Jehovah's Witnesses are performed at scheduled assemblies and conventions by elders and ministerial servants, in special pools, or sometimes oceans, rivers, or lakes, depending on circumstances,"The General Priesthood Today", The Watchtower, March 1, 1963, page 147 and rarely occur at local Kingdom Halls. Prior to baptism, at the conclusion of a pre-baptism talk, candidates must affirm two questions:
Only baptized males (elders or ministerial servants) may baptize new members. Baptizers and candidates wear swimsuits or other informal clothing for baptism, but are directed to avoid clothing that is considered undignified or too revealing."Questions From Readers", The Watchtower, April 15, 1973, page 254–255 Generally, candidates are individually immersed by a single baptizer, unless a candidate has special circumstances such as a physical disability. In circumstances of extended isolation, a qualified candidate's dedication and stated intention to become baptized may serve to identify him as a member of Jehovah's Witnesses, even if immersion itself must be delayed. In rare instances, unbaptized males who had stated such an intention have reciprocally baptized each other, with both baptisms accepted as valid. Individuals who had been baptized in the 1930s and 1940s by female Witnesses due to extenuating circumstances, such as in concentration camps, were later re-baptized but still recognized their original baptism dates.
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), baptism is recognized as the first of several ordinances (rituals) of the gospel. In Mormonism, baptism has the main purpose of remitting the sins of the participant. It is followed by confirmation, which inducts the person into membership in the church and constitutes a baptism with the Holy Spirit. Latter-day Saints believe that baptism must be by full immersion, and by a precise ritualized ordinance: if some part of the participant is not fully immersed, or the ordinance was not recited verbatim, the ritual must be repeated. It typically occurs in a baptismal font.
In addition, members of the LDS Church do not believe a baptism is valid unless it is performed by a Latter-day Saint one who has proper authority (a priest or elder). Authority is passed down through a form of apostolic succession. All new converts to the faith must be baptized or re-baptized. Baptism is seen as symbolic both of Jesus' death, burial and resurrection and is also symbolic of the baptized individual discarding their "natural" self and donning a new identity as a disciple of Jesus.
According to Latter-day Saint theology, faith and repentance are prerequisites to baptism. The ritual does not cleanse the participant of original sin, as Latter-day Saints do not believe the doctrine of original sin. Mormonism rejects infant baptism and baptism must occur after the age of accountability, defined in Latter-day Saint scripture as eight years old.
Latter-day Saint theology also teaches baptism for the dead in which deceased ancestors are baptized vicariously by the living, and believe that their practice is what Paul wrote of in Corinthians 15:29. This occurs in Latter-day Saint temples.
Non-practitioners
Quakers
Quakers (members of the Religious Society of Friends) do not believe in the baptism of either children or adults with water, rejecting all forms of outward sacraments in their religious life. Robert Barclay's Apology for the True Christian Divinity (a historic explanation of Quaker theology from the 17th century), explains Quakers' opposition to baptism with water thus:
Barclay argued that water baptism was only something that happened until the time of Christ, but that now, people are baptised inwardly by the spirit of Christ, and hence there is no need for the external sacrament of water baptism, which Quakers argue is meaningless.
Salvation Army
The Salvation Army does not practice water baptism, or indeed other outward sacraments. William Booth and Catherine Booth, the founders of the Salvation Army, believed that many Christians had come to rely on the outward signs of spiritual grace rather than on grace itself. They believed what was important was spiritual grace itself. However, although the Salvation Army does not practice baptism, they are not opposed to baptism within other Christian denominations.
Hyperdispensationalism
There are some Christians termed "Hyperdispensationalists" (Mid-Acts dispensationalism) who accept only Paul's Epistles as directly applicable for the church today. They do not accept water baptism as a practice for the church since Paul who was God's apostle to the nations was not sent to baptize. Ultradispensationalists (Acts 28 dispensationalism) who do not accept the practice of the Lord's supper, do not practice baptism because these are not found in the Prison Epistles. Both sects believe water baptism was a valid practice for covenant Israel. Hyperdispensationalists also teach that Peter's gospel message was not the same as Paul's. Hyperdispensationalists assert:
The great commission and its baptism is directed to early Jewish believers, not the Gentile believers of mid-Acts or later.
The baptism of Acts 2:36–38 is Peter's call for Israel to repent of complicity in the death of their Messiah; not as a Gospel announcement of atonement for sin, a later doctrine revealed by Paul.
Water baptism found early in the Book of Acts is, according to this view, now supplanted by the one baptism foretold by John the Baptist. Others make a distinction between John's prophesied baptism by Christ with the Holy Spirit and the Holy Spirit's baptism of the believer into the body of Christ; the latter being the one baptism for today. The one baptism for today, it is asserted, is the "baptism of the Holy Spirit" of the believer into the Body of Christ church.
Many in this group also argue that John's promised baptism by fire is pending, referring to the destruction of the world by fire.
John, as he said "baptized with water", as did Jesus's disciples to the early, Jewish Christian church. Jesus himself never personally baptized with water, but did so through his disciples. Unlike Jesus' first apostles, Paul, his apostle to the Gentiles, was sent to preach rather than to baptize in contradiction to the Great Commission. But Paul did occasionally still baptize Jews, for instance in Corinth and in Philippi. He also taught the spiritual significance of Spirit baptism in identifying the believer with the atoning death of Christ, his burial, and resurrection. Romans 6 baptism does not mention nor imply water but is rather a real baptism into Christ's death.
Other Hyperdispensationalists believe that baptism was necessary until mid-Acts. The great commission and its baptism was directed to early Jewish believers, not the Gentile believers of mid-Acts or later. Any Jew who believed did not receive salvation or the baptism of the Holy Spirit until they were water baptized. This period ended with the calling of Paul. Peter's reaction when the Gentiles received the Holy Spirit before baptism is seen as proof of transition from water to Spirit baptism. Also significant is the lack of any instructions in the Acts 15 apostolic conference requiring Gentiles to be water baptized.
Debaptism
Most Christian churches see baptism as a once-in-a-lifetime event that can be neither repeated nor undone. They hold that those who have been baptized remain baptized, even if they renounce the Christian faith by adopting a non-Christian religion or by rejecting religion entirely. But some other organizations and individuals are practicing debaptism.
Comparative summary
Comparative Summary of Baptisms of Denominations of Christian Influence. (This section does not give a complete listing of denominations, and therefore, it only mentions a fraction of the churches practicing "believer's baptism".)
Other initiation ceremonies
Many cultures practice or have practiced initiation rites, with or without the use of water, including the ancient Egyptian, the Hebraic/Jewish, the Babylonian, the Mayan, and the Norse cultures. The modern Japanese practice of Miyamairi is such as ceremony that does not use water. In some, such evidence may be archaeological and descriptive in nature, rather than a modern practice.
Mystery religion initiation rites
Apuleius, a 2nd-century Roman writer, described an initiation into the mysteries of Isis. The initiation was preceded by a normal bathing in the public baths and a ceremonial sprinkling by the priest of Isis, after which the candidate was given secret instructions in the temple of the goddess. The candidate then fasted for ten days from meat and wine, after which he was dressed in linen and led at night into the innermost part of the sanctuary, where the actual initiation, the details of which were secret, took place. On the next two days, dressed in the robes of his consecration, he participated in feasting. Apuleius describes also an initiation into the cult of Osiris and yet a third initiation, of the same pattern as the initiation into the cult of Isis, without mention of a preliminary bathing.
The water-less initiations of Lucius, the character in Apuleius's story who had been turned into an ass and changed back by Isis into human form, into the successive degrees of the rites of the goddess was accomplished only after a significant period of study to demonstrate his loyalty and trustworthiness, akin to catechumenal practices preceding baptism in Christianity.
Gnostic Catholicism and Thelema
The Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica, or Gnostic Catholic Church (the ecclesiastical arm of Ordo Templi Orientis), offers its Rite of Baptism to any person at least 11 years old. The ceremony is performed before a Gnostic Mass and represents a symbolic birth into the Thelemic community.
Baptism of objects
The word "baptism" or "christening" is sometimes used to describe the inauguration of certain objects for use.
Boats and shipsBaptism of Ships: at least since the time of the Crusades, rituals have contained a blessing for ships. The priest begs God to bless the vessel and protect those who sail in. The ship is usually sprinkled with holy water.
Church bells
The name Baptism of Bells has been given to the blessing of (musical, especially church) bells, at least in France, since the 11th century. It is derived from the washing of the bell with holy water by the bishop, before he anoints it with the oil of the infirm without and with chrism within; a fuming censer is placed under it and the bishop prays that these sacramentals of the Church may, at the sound of the bell, put the demons to flight, protect from storms, and call the faithful to prayer.
Dolls
"Baptism of Dolls": the custom of 'dolly dunking' was once a common practice in parts of the United Kingdom, particularly in Cornwall where it has been revived in recent years.
Mandaean baptism
Mandaeans revere John the Baptist and practice frequent baptism (masbuta) as a ritual of purification, not of initiation. They are possibly the earliest people to practice baptism. Mandaeans undergo baptism on Sundays (Habshaba), wearing a white sacral robe (Rasta) and consists of a triple full immersion in water, a triple signing of the forehead with water and a triple drinking of water. The priest (Rabbi) then removes a ring made of myrtle worn by the baptized and places it on his/her forehead. This is then followed by a handshake (kushta-hand of truth) with the priest. Living water is a requirement for baptism, therefore can only take place in rivers. All rivers are named Yardena (Jordan) and are believed to be nourished by the World of Light. By the river bank, a Mandaean's forehead is anointed with sesame oil and partakes in a communion of bread and water. Baptism for Mandaeans allows for salvation by connecting with the World of Light'' and for forgiveness of sins.
See also
Related articles and subjects
Amrit Sanchar, in Sikhism
Baptism by fire
Baptism of desire
Baptism of Jesus
Baptismal clothing
Baptismal vows
Baptistery
Believer's baptism
Catechumen
Christening
Chrismation
Christifideles
Conditional baptism
Consolamentum
Disciple (Christianity)
Divine filiation
Emergency baptism
Infant baptism
Jesus-Name doctrine
Prevenient Grace
Ritual purification
Sacrament
Theophany
Water and religion
People and ritual objects
Baptismal font
Baptistery
Chrism
Ghusl
Godparent
Holy water
Holy water in Eastern Christianity
John the Baptist
Mikvah
Misogi
Notes
References
Further reading
. 26 pp. N.B.: States the Evangelical Anglican position of the Reformed Episcopal Church.
External links
"Writings of the Early Church Fathers on Baptism"
"Baptism." Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Category:Christian terminology
Category:Conversion to Christianity
Category:Rites of passage
Category:Ritual purity in Christianity
Category:Sacraments
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Meine Seele erhebt den Herren
Meine Seele erhebt den Herren (My soul magnifies the Lord) is Martin Luther's translation of the Magnificat canticle. It is traditionally sung to a German variant of the , a rather exceptional psalm tone in Gregorian chant. The tonus peregrinus (or ninth tone) is associated with the ninth mode or Aeolian mode. For the traditional setting of Luther's German Magnificat that is the minor mode for which the last note of the melodic formula is the tonic, a fifth below its opening note.
Traditional setting
The tonus peregrinus is an exceptional psalm tone in Gregorian chant: there it was most clearly associated with Psalm 113, traditionally sung in vespers. In Lutheranism, the tonus peregrinus is associated with the Magnificat (also usually sung in vespers): the traditional setting of Luther's German translation of the Magnificat ("Meine Seele erhebt den Herren") is a German variant of the tonus peregrinus. Typical for all German variants of the tonus peregrinus, it starts with the same note as the tenor and then moves a minor third up before returning to the tenor note. Particular for the version associated with Luther's German translation of the Magnificat is that the same two notes are repeated at the start of the second half of the melodic formula.
Usage by various composers
Johann Sebastian Bach adopted text and/or melody of Luther's German Magnificat in various compositions:
Magnificat (instrumental cantus firmus in No. 10: "suscepit Israel")
Cantata BWV 10 (German Magnificat)
Chorale harmonisations BWV 323 ("Gott sei uns gnädig und barmherzig" text) and 324
Fourth Schübler Chorale, BWV 648, which is an organ transcription of the fifth movement of BWV 10.
Also in BWV 733, Fuga sopra il Magnificat, the melodic formula is used as a theme: this chorale prelude may however be the work of Bach pupil Johann Ludwig Krebs.
Other German Baroque composers that adopted Luther's German Magnificat in their compositions include Johann Hermann Schein, Samuel Scheidt, Heinrich Schütz, Johann Pachelbel, Dietrich Buxtehude, Johann Gottfried Walther and Johann Mattheson.
References
Sources
Mattias Lundberg. Tonus Peregrinus: The History of a Psalm-tone and its use in Polyphonic Music Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2012
External links
Meine Seele erhebt den Herren at The LiederNet Archive
Category:Lutheran hymns
Category:Works by Martin Luther
Category:German-language songs
Category:Magnificat settings
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Jothi (1939 film)
Jothi (alternatively titled Sri Jyothi Ramalinga Swamigal) is an Indian Tamil language film directed by T. R. Raghunath and was released in 1939. It is the life story of Saint Ramalinga Swamigal popularly known as Vallalar. No print of the film is known to survive, making it a lost film.
Cast
K. A. Muthu Bhagavathar as Ramalinga SwamigalP. G. VenkatesanV. B. Ramaiah as Ramalinga Swamigal's fatherM. G. ChakrapaniT. V. JanakamK. S. Sankara IyerK. S. VelayudhamMiss. Madurai A. Sundaram as Ramalinga Swamigal's motherSaravanabhavanandarN. S. KrishnanT. A. MathuramP. S. KrishnaveniM. R. SwaminathanK. K. SoundarB. GopalM. R. SubramaniamV. Nataraj‘Master’ Ramudu as Child Ramalinga Swamigal‘Master’ Mahadevan as teenager Ramalinga SwamigalRajammalT. M. PattammalM. S. KannammalH. S. TawkarS. R. SamiRamalakshmi‘Master’ Muthu
Crew
Director: T. R. Raghunath
Screenplay: Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar
Dialogues: C. A. Lakshmanadas
Cinematography: A. Kapoor
Audiography: V. B. Dathe
Studio: Bharath Lakshmi Pictures Studio (Calcutta)
Soundtrack
Madurai Mariappa Swamigal scored the music and wrote the lyrics. This is the first film he worked as Music Director. Singers are: P. G. Venkatesan, Muthuswamy, N. S. Krishnan and T. A. Mathuram.
There were many songs in the film and most of them became popular. The gramophone discs were by Odeon Records, a company owned by A. V. Meiyappan.
References
External links
Some Songs from the film
Category:1939 films
Category:Indian films
Category:1930s Tamil-language films
Category:Hindu mythological films
Category:Hindu devotional films
Category:Indian biographical films
Category:Indian films based on actual events
Category:Lost Indian films
Category:1930s lost films
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Bobby Langton
Robert Langton (8 September 1918 – 13 January 1996) was an English footballer who played for the majority of his career for Lancashire clubs. He played mostly on the left wing. He represented his country 11 times between (1946 and 1950) before retiring in 1957. He then engaged in a managerial career before sadly passing away due to illness in 1996.
Playing career
Born in Burscough, he signed for Blackburn Rovers from youth team Burscough Victoria in 1937. He became the team's leading scorer in his second season with fourteen goals but his career was curtailed by the Second World War which he spent part of as an infantryman in India, although when stationed in Northern Ireland he did help Glentoran to win the Irish Cup in 1945.
He won the first of eleven England caps in a 7–2 defeat of Ireland in 1946 and would go on to play for the national team until 1950 by which time he had changed clubs twice, first to Preston North End for £16,000 in 1948 and then on to Bolton Wanderers for a then club record of £20,000 in November 1949. At Bolton he provided many goals for Willie Moir and Nat Lofthouse, picking up a losers medal in the "Matthews Final", in which he made a goal for Moir.
In dispute with Bolton in the run up to the final, it proved to be Langton's final game for the club. He returned to Blackburn Rovers in September 1953 and served them for a further three years before seeing out his professional career back in Northern Ireland with Ards. Langton then went into non-league football, with three seasons at Wisbech Town before moving to Kidderminster Harriers and finally seeing his career out with a one-month spell at Colwyn Bay.
Management career
Scouting for Accrington Stanley followed, as well as coaching for King's Lynn and Wisbech before he finally returned home to Burscough to become manager of the local team where he won the Lancashire Combination Cup and the Lancashire Junior Cup. He finally left football in 1971. Bobby Langton died after a short illness in January 1996. Two years later the road that goes past Burscough's ground was renamed Bobby Langton Way after him.
References
External links
Biography on Burscough F.C. website
Category:1918 births
Category:1996 deaths
Category:English footballers
Category:Association football wingers
Category:English Football League players
Category:Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Category:Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Category:Preston North End F.C. managers
Category:England international footballers
Category:British Army personnel of World War II
Category:People from Burscough
Category:Glentoran F.C. players
Category:Ards F.C. players
Category:Wisbech Town F.C. players
Category:Kidderminster Harriers F.C. players
Category:Colwyn Bay F.C. players
Category:English Football League representative players
Category:Preston North End F.C. players
Category:English football managers
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Songshanhu District
Songshanhu is a district of Dongguan, Guangdong province, China.
References
Category:County-level divisions of Guangdong
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Cat and mouse (disambiguation)
Cat and mouse is an English idiom meaning a situation where a prey entity continually escapes its predator.
Cat and Mouse may also refer to:
Film and television
"Cat and Mouse", a mid-1950s episode of US television series The Adventures of Ellery Queen
Cat & Mouse (1958 film), a 1958 British crime drama film
Courageous Cat and Minute Mouse (1960–62) a US cartoon series
Cat and Mouse (1975 film), the English language title of the French 1975 film (original title: Le Chat et la souris)
"Cat and Mouse" (The Twilight Zone) a 1989 episode of US television series The New Twilight Zone
Cat and Mouse (2003 film), a 2003 Chinese film
"Cat and Mouse", a 2010 episode of US television series Star Wars: The Clone Wars
Games
Cat and mouse (playground game)
Cat and Mouse, an alternate name for the card game Spite and Malice
Literature
Cat and Mouse (novel), a 1997 novel by James Patterson
Cat and Mouse (novella), a 1961 German novella by Günter Grass
Cat and Mouse in a Haunted House, the third book in the children's series Geronimo Stilton
Other uses
Cat and Mouse Act, a 1913 British law
"Cat and Mouse", song by The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus on Don't You Fake It
The Cat and the Mouse, a 1920 piano composition by Aaron Copland
See also
Tom and Jerry, cartoon franchise
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John A. Farrell Stadium
John A. Farrell Stadium is a stadium in West Chester, Pennsylvania. It is primarily used by the West Chester University of Pennsylvania Golden Rams football and track & field teams. The stadium was also the temporary home of the Philadelphia Independence of the Women's Professional Soccer league during their inaugural season. Additionally, Farrell Stadium was home to the Philadelphia Eagles for their summer training camp, from 1980-1995. A statue of Michael Horrocks resides at one endzone of the field. Horrocks, a former Golden Rams quarterback, died 2001 in the September 11 attacks; he was a co-pilot of United Airlines Flight 175.
References
External links
Philadelphia Independence Will Play 2010 Season At West Chester University's John A. Farrell Stadium
Category:College football venues
Category:Philadelphia Independence
Category:Sports venues in Pennsylvania
Category:Women's Professional Soccer stadiums
Category:Soccer venues in Pennsylvania
Category:West Chester University
Category:West Chester Golden Rams football
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SMTPS
SMTPS (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Secure) is a method for securing the SMTP using transport layer security. It is intended to provide authentication of the communication partners, as well as data integrity and confidentiality.
SMTPS is not a proprietary protocol and not an extension of SMTP. It is a way to secure SMTP at the transport layer, by wrapping SMTP inside TLS. Conceptually, it is similar to how HTTPS wraps HTTP inside TLS.
This means that the client and server speak normal SMTP at the application layer, but the connection is secured by SSL or TLS. This happens when the TCP connection is established, before any mail data has been exchanged. Since whether or not to use SSL or TLS is not explicitly negotiated by the peers, services that speak SMTPS are usually reachable on a dedicated port of their own.
Difference between SMTPS and smtps
"smtps" is also the name of an IANA-registered service, with the TCP port number 465. The service was intended for use by MTAs, as a point of contact where these could exchange email in an encrypted form rather than in plaintext. The registration was quickly revoked however, as standardization efforts resulted in an alternate approach being standardized. The registration has never been reinstated.
When describing the IANA service registration, the official capitalization is "smtps". When describing the network protocol, the capitalization "SMTPS" is often used (similar to how HTTPS is capitalized).
Port 587 is the well-known port for submitting mail to a server, frequently (but not required to be) encrypted using STARTTLS. Some email service providers allow their customers to use the SMTPS protocol to access a TLS-encrypted version of the "submission" service on port 465. This is a different service from what the original IANA-registration dedicated the port to.
RFC 8314 aims to rectify this problem and integrate the use of port 465 as a TLS-encrypted "submission" port into the well-known port registrations published by IANA. The proposed service name is "submissions".
While there is no longer any official registered endpoint for the smtps service, it is still possible to exchange email over an encrypted transport with similar guarantees as those offered by smtps, in particular with the guarantee that either the exchange succeeds securely, or does not happen at all, by using DANE in combination with DNSSEC.
Many email servers are configured to either not deliver email securely at all, or to first try secure delivery with the STARTTLS mechanism, and if that fails, for example because the remote service does not offer it, or because a successful MITM-attack has stripped announcement of the feature, simply fall back to delivery by insecure means.
History
In early 1997, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority registered port 465 for smtps.
Late 1998 this was revoked when STARTTLS was standardized. With STARTTLS, the same port can be used with or without TLS. The use of well-known ports for mail exchanges communicating with SMTP was discussed in particular at the time. Port 465 currently shows as registered for both Source-Specific Multicast and submissions.
RFC 8314 "Cleartext Considered Obsolete: Use of TLS for Email Submission and Access" proposes to officially recognize port 465 for implicitly encrypted email submission.
See also
Email client#Port numbers
References
Category:Internet mail protocols
Category:Transport Layer Security
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Mokcheon Ma clan
Mokcheon Ma clan () is one of the Korean clans. Their Bon-gwan is in Cheonan, South Chungcheong Province. They were sorted the same kind of clans as Jangheung Ma clan. According to the research held in 2000, the number of the Mokcheon Ma clan was 2982. Ma clan began when () became the member of Gojoseon with Gija. Their founder was who was one of the leading members of Baekje’s foundation.
See also
Korean clan names of foreign origin
References
External links
Category:Korean clan names of Chinese origin
Category:Goguryeo people
Category:Baekje people
*
Category:Ma clans
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Shady Love
"Shady Love" is a song by American pop band Scissor Sisters which features front-man Jake Shears' pseudonym Krystal Pepsy and uncredited vocals from Harlem rapper Azealia Banks. The song was set for release in the United Kingdom on February 12, 2012 as the lead single from the band's fourth studio album (2012), but the release was cancelled for unconfirmed reasons. The track was written by frontman Jake Shears, Azealia Banks and was produced by Alex Ridha (who also co-wrote the song). "Shady Love" received its first play on January 2 by BBC Radio 1 DJ Annie Mac and was met with positive reviews, including NME who described it as "the first big hit of 2012".
The band did release the song as a 12-inch single, but to 300 of their Twitter and Facebook fans.
Background
Talking about the song, Babydaddy stated: "It's a song we had fun making so while it wasn't necessarily true to the direction of the album or what most people might think of as Scissors, we thought it would be good to just get out there in between albums."
Music video
A music video to accompany the release of "Shady Love" was first released onto YouTube on January 2, 2012 at a total length of four minutes and forty-one seconds. The video depicts a group of school children putting on a play, all lipsynching to the song.
Track listing
Release history
References
External links
Category:2011 songs
Category:Scissor Sisters songs
Category:Azealia Banks songs
Category:Songs written by Jake Shears
Category:Songs written by Azealia Banks
Category:Songs written by Babydaddy
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Nokia 3210
The Nokia 3210 is a GSM cellular phone, announced by Nokia on 18 March 1999.
A combination of cutting-edge features such as internal antennas and T9 text entry ensured the 3210 huge commercial success. Much of the phone's success can also be attributed to an advertising campaign aimed predominantly at young people, a first in the mobile phone industry. The inclusion of 3 games, changeable "Xpress-on" covers (as on the previous Nokia 5110), an internal antenna, customisable ringtones and competitive prices led to the handset's huge popularity with those aged 15–25. It was also thinner than previous Nokia models. With 160 million units sold, the 3210 is one of the most popular and successful phones in history. It is considered one of the most significant handsets Nokia ever developed.
Design
The Nokia 3210 has a total weight of 151 g. The handset measures 123.8 × 50.5 × 22.5 mm and features customisable fascias which clip on. It was the first mass market phone with an internal antenna, after the feature had been introduced by Nokia on the luxury phone Nokia 8810 in 1998. The 3210 was designed by Alastair Curtis in Nokia's Los Angeles Design Center. The development was led by Frank Nuovo, who had designed the sleek and curvy Nokia 8110 in 1996. The team wanted to create an "expressive" and personalisable handset beyond the usual business-oriented mobile phone market, inspired by the Casio G-Shock and Sony Walkman designs. The phone thus became highly influential.
Notable features
Three games came preinstalled: Snake, Memory (pairs-memory game) and Rotation. The addition of such games encouraged high sales within a youth market which was enlarging at a very fast rate. Some versions of the 3210 included the "hidden" games React and Logic. They were activated by special software using a data cable.
The 3210 was one of the first mobile phones to feature an internal antenna, distinguishing the handset from others which featured external antennae. Reception, although poorer than that of its predecessor, the 3110, was still very good.
The 3210 was the first device that came preloaded with Nokia's Composer software, which allowed users to manually 'compose' monotone ringtones.
Picture messages sent via the SMS texting service were implemented in the handset, allowing users to send preinstalled pictures to one another. These included a "Happy Birthday" picture amongst others.
The phone allowed creating single-channel ringtones via internal software. It was possible to send the ringtones to another Nokia phone.
The handset was competitively priced and aimed specifically at teenagers and young professionals. This was at a time when few young people had access to a mobile phone, being generally identified with older professionals and business people.
The 3210 was originally designed with a vibrate alert function. Nokia decided not to implement this feature on some handsets within certain jurisdictions. A few months after its UK release, some mobile phone repair shops offered customers a handset upgrade to the vibrate function for a small fee.
Handset specifications
Standby time (h): 55–260
Talk time (min): 180–270
Charge time (h): 4
Ringtone composer
Dual band: yes
Vibrating alert (optional)
Speed dialing
3 games
Internal antenna
Green backlight
Interchangeable fascias
See also
Nokia 3110
Nokia 3310
References
3210
Category:Mobile phones introduced in 1999
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Whistle Stop (album)
Whistle Stop is a jazz studio album by Kenny Dorham, featuring performances by acclaimed musicians Hank Mobley, Kenny Drew, Paul Chambers and Philly Joe Jones. It was recorded in January 1961 at Van Gelder Studio, in Englewood Cliffs, and was originally released on Blue Note Records as BST 84063 and BLP 4063. "In 1975", Blumenthal states in the CD liner notes, "five British critics picked Whistle Stop as one of 200 albums that belonged in a basic library of jazz recorded after World War II".
Notes about the album tracks
"Philly Twist" is dedicated to Philly Joe Jones. Kenny added "There is also the play on words with filly, a young horse."
"Buffalo" tries to portrait a buffalo in action, whilst "Sunset" tries to represent the feeling of an imaginary sunset. "Whistle Stop" is an attempt to depict a train in motion. About "Sunrise in Mexico", Dorham says: "The skies down there", in Mexico, "are low and everything looks different". "Windmill" talks about an old girlfriend of all of us, who can live by the windmill. Dorham explains that "a windmill, a weathered, gray-wood affair, is represented in the last four bars of the track".
"Dorham's Epitaph" was intended by Dorham to be a sort of musical epitaph, an "identifying song".
Track listing
All pieces by Kenny Dorham.
"Philly Twist" - 5:39
"Buffalo" - 7:43
"Sunset" - 6:20
"Whistle Stop" - 5:56
"Sunrise in Mexico" - 5:39
"Windmill" - 6:17
"Dorham's Epitaph" - 1:09
Personnel
Kenny Dorham - trumpet
Hank Mobley - tenor sax (except track 7)
Kenny Drew - piano
Paul Chambers - double bass
Philly Joe Jones - drums
References
Category:1961 albums
Category:Blue Note Records albums
Category:Kenny Dorham albums
Category:Albums produced by Alfred Lion
Category:Bebop albums
Category:Albums recorded at Van Gelder Studio
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List of Ashden Award winners
The following is a list of the winners of the Ashden Awards, grouped by year. Full details of their work can be found in the database on the Ashden Awards website.
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
See also
Renewable energy
Energy Globe Awards
External links
Ashden Awards
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Microscale metamaterials
Microscale structural metamaterials are synthetic structures that are aimed to yield specific desired mechanical advantages. These designs are often inspired by natural cellular materials such as plant and bone tissue which have superior mechanical efficiency due to their low weight to stiffness ratios.
Synthesis
Projection microstereolithography
This is a layer-by-layer additive printing technology which allows for the creation of arbitrary 3-D structures. Together with nanoscale coating techniques, microstereolithography can create ultralow density, complex microlattices.
The process usually involves a dynamically reconfigurable digital photomask. A 3-D model is decomposed into a series of 2-D planes, the pattern of which is transmitted to the photomask. When shined through by UV light, the mask will transmit the image of the planes onto a lens which subsequently project it onto a photosensitive polymer resin such as 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) causing the liquid to cure in the light exposed areas. These process is repeated for each layer and assembled together to form a 3-D system. Non-polymer lattices can also be created from this process by additional processing. For instance, metallic structures can be created by electroless plating onto the base structure followed by removal of the polymer through thermal heating. Similar deposition techniques can also be used to create ceramic structures.
Continuous liquid interface printing (CLIP)
This technique is an improvement of the layer-by-layer lithography. Additive manufacturing can be time consuming and create flawed structures. In conventional 3-D printing, oxygen inhibition often causes incomplete curing and bulky surfaces during photosensitive polymerization. By introducing controlled levels of oxygen, efficient initiation and propagation of continuous polymer chains will result. CLIP proceeds via projecting a continuous sequence of UV images (generated by a digital light-processing imaging unit) through an oxygen-permeable, UV-transparent window below a liquid resin bath. Above a permeable window, there is an oxygen inhibition “dead-zone” maintained by a liquid interface. Above the dead zone, the curing part is continuously drawn out of the resin bath, thereby creating suction forces that constantly renew reactive liquid resin. Unlike convention stereolithography which uses step-by-step processing, CLIP employs a continuous flow.
Type
At low relative density limits, these structures display coupled density to stiffness and strength relationships: and where E is the Young’s modulus, y is the yield stress, ρ is the density and subscript s denotes the bulk value of the specified property.
Stretch-dominated
Stretch dominated structures such as octet tress structure have reduced density to stiffness coupling with n around 1 over many magnitudes of density. This allows for the creation of structural metamaterials which are both ultralight, strong, and energy-absorbing, with elastic behavior up to and 50% compression strain. Often these structures are highly isotropic, with their behavior constant over different loading directions.
Bend-dominated
Bend dominated structures are usually such as tetrakaidecahedron structure have higher n values that result in non-linear density-to-stiffness ratio, since loading on these crystals are shear rather than tensile as in their stretch-dominated counterpart. However, these structures can also be highly compressive. For instance, 3-D simple cubic bulk graphene aerogels created using layer-by-layer lithography showed lightweight, highly conductive and supercompressible (up to 90% compressive strain) properties.
References
Category:3D printing processes
Category:Metamaterials
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John A. and Maggie Jones House
The John A. and Maggie Jones House is located in Columbus, Wisconsin.
History
John A. Jones was a noted pharmacist. The house was added to the State and the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.
References
Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Columbia County, Wisconsin
Category:Houses in Columbia County, Wisconsin
Category:Queen Anne architecture in Wisconsin
Category:Houses completed in 1900
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Elizabeth Meeke
Elizabeth Meeke (13 November 1761 – c. October 1826?) was a prolific English author, and the stepsister of Frances Burney. She wrote around 30 novels published by the Minerva Press during the late eighteenth and early 19th centuries, most under the name of Mrs. Meeke, some under the pseudonym Gabrielli, and a few anonymously. Formerly speculated to be Mary Meeke, the wife of a Staffordshire vicar, "Mrs. Meeke" was conclusively identified as Elizabeth Meeke in an article by Simon Macdonald in 2013. She is believed to have died around October 1826.
Meeke's first published novel was Count St Blanchard in 1795; others include The Abbey of Clugny, The Mysterious Wife, Anecdotes of the Altamont Family, and Which is the Man? Her works include several translations from French, e.g. Elizabeth, or the Exiles of Siberia.
The third edition of Chamber's Cyclopaedia of English Literature gave a disparaging assessment of her work:
Bibliography
Novels
Count St. Blancard, or the Prejudiced Judge (1795)
The Abbey of Clugny (1795)
Palmira and Ermance (1797)
The Mysterious Wife (as by Gabrielli) (1797)
The Sicilian (anonymous) (1798)
Harcourt (anonymous) (1799)
Ellesmere (1799)
Anecdotes of the Altamont Family (anonymous) (1800)
Which is the Man? (1801)
The Mysterious Husband (as by Gabrielli) (1801)
Midnight Weddings (1802)
Independence (as by Gabrielli) (1802)
Amazement! (1804)
The Old Wife and the Young Husband (1804)
The Nine Days' Wonder (1804)
Something Odd! (anonymous) (1804)
The Wonder of the Village (anonymous) (1805)
Something Strange (as by Gabrielli) (1806)
"There Is a Secret, Find It Out!" (1808)
Langhton Priory (as by Gabrielli) (1809)
Stratagems Defeated (as by Gabrielli) (1811)
Matrimony, the Height of Bliss or Extreme of Misery (1811)
Conscience (1814)
Spanish Campaigns, or The Jew (1815)
The Veiled Protectress, or the Mysterious Mother (1818)
What Shall Be, Shall Be (1823)
Translations
A Tale of Mystery, or Celina, by François Guillaume Ducray-Duminil (1803)
Lobenstein Village, by August Lafontaine (1804)
Julian, or, My Father's House, by François Guillaume Ducray-Duminil (1807)
The Unpublished Correspondence of Madame du Deffand (1810)
Messiah, by Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock (with Mary Collyer) (1811)
Elizabeth, or, the Exiles of Siberia, by Sophie Ristaud Cottin (1817)
Children's books
The Birth-Day Present
Mamma's Gift
The Parent's Offering to a Good Child
References
External links
Category:1761 births
Category:1826 deaths
Category:19th-century English novelists
Category:English women novelists
Category:19th-century British women writers
Category:19th-century British writers
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Colin Sturgess
Colin Andrew Sturgess (born 15 December 1968) is a retired English road and track cyclist who was active between 1986 and 2000. On the track, he won a gold and a bronze medal in the individual pursuit at the world championships in 1989 and 1991. He competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in the 4 km individual pursuit and finished in fourth place. On the road, he won the British National Road Race Championships in 1990. In 2010 he was inducted to the British Cycling Hall of Fame.
Early life
Sturgess was born in Ossett, Wakefield, England, the only child of Alan and Ann Sturgess, both from London. When he was six, his family moved to Johannesburg, South Africa. The family subsequently returned to the UK, settling in Leicester, in order to help Sturgess make progress in his cycling career. He took a silver medal in the individual pursuit at the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, finishing ahead of Chris Boardman.
Professional career
Sturgess turned professional after the 1988 Olympics. Among his professional teams was ADR, where he was a team-mate of Greg LeMond. He became celebrated for his showmanship on the bike; rather than maintaining an even pace as was the conventional tactic, he would hold back until the final lap and kick hard. In his World Championship win in 1989, where he trailed Dean Woods by over a second going into the last lap, he employed this tactic and crossed the finish line 1.66 seconds ahead of his rival.
He won the British National Individual Pursuit Championships professional event three times in 1989, 1990 and 1991.
Disillusioned with the sport, in part due to drug-taking in the peloton, he had interrupted his career around 1993, when he graduated in English literature from Loughborough University and moved with his partner to Sydney, Australia. In Australia, he resumed competing, while working as a sports journal editor, and later returned to England. He finally retired in 2000, after winning a silver medal at the 1998 Commonwealth Games as part of the England team pursuit squad alongside a young Bradley Wiggins, and worked as a wine maker and wine educator near Sydney, winning national awards for his work. According to Sturgess, the immediate reason for his retirement was a dispute with British Cycling's management regarding money, however he later identified the falling out as a symptom of a then-undiagnosed case of bipolar disorder, which contributed to the break-up of his two marriages, problems with alcoholism, and a suicide attempt.
Post-cycling career
Sturgess returned to the UK in 2013, and has since involved himself with coaching. In 2014 he returned to competition, winning the League of Veteran Racing Cyclists time trial championship in September of that year. In May 2016 he joined the Metaltek-Kuota team in a dual role as a rider in veterans' races and also as the team's directeur sportif. After guiding Metaltek rider Daniel Fleeman in the 2017 Rutland–Melton International CiCLE Classic, in October of that year Sturgess was announced as team manager with : he left the team one year later.
References
Category:1968 births
Category:Living people
Category:Olympic cyclists of Great Britain
Category:Cyclists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Category:People from Ossett
Category:UCI Track Cycling World Champions (men)
Category:Sportspeople from Yorkshire
Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
Category:English male cyclists
Category:Cyclists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in cycling
Category:Cyclists at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Category:People with bipolar disorder
Category:Sportspeople from Leicester
Category:British Cycling Hall of Fame inductees
Category:English track cyclists
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D. Sreedevi
D. Sreedevi was an Indian lawyer, court justice and social activist in Kerala (28 April 1939 – 5 March 2018). She was the Chairperson of Kerala State Women's Commission twice.
Early life and education
D Sreedevi was born in 1939 at Chirayankeezhu in Thiruvananthapuram District of Kerala as the daughter of Damodaran and Janaki Amma, both were teachers. She did her pre-graduation in NSS College, Thiruvananthapuram and graduation in Sree Narayana College, Kollam. She obtained her B.L. from Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram.
Career
Sreedevi was enrolled as Advocate and began her practice in Thiruvananthapuram in 1962. She began her career in the lower judiciary in Kerala. In 1971 she was appointed as the Munsiff at Kottarakkara in the Kerala Sub-ordinate Judicial Services. She promoted as District & Sessions Judge in 1984. She was then elevated to the High Court of Kerala as a Judge on 14 January 1997. She retired as the Judge of the High Court on 28 April 2001.
Chairperson of Kerala Women's Commission
She later went on to become the Chairperson of Kerala Women's Commission on 21 March 2001 and continued till 12 May 2002 with T. Devi, Adv. Nafeesath Beevi, Adv. K. Santhakumari, Smt. P. K. Sainaba, Prof. P. Gowri and Prof. Monamma Kokkad as the members of the commission. She once again become the Cheirperson of the commission for a term of 5 year from 2 March 2007 to 1 March 2012 with T. Devi, P.K.Sainaba, Rugmini Bhaskaran, Prof. Meenakshi Thampan (02-03-2007 to 15-07-2011) and Adv. Noorbeena Rasheed (16-08-2011 to 01-03-2012) as members.
According to the present Women's commission chairperson M. C. Josephine, Justice Sreedevi's legal expertise was instrumental in ensuring justice to women in distress and her efforts are a model for others in women empowerment(Times of India, March 5, 2018).
Family
Sreedevi married to U Balaji, who was a well known advocate. Her son Basant Balaji is also an advocate and served as Government Pleader.
Autobiography
Sreedevi's autobiography is titled ‘Aajanma Niyogam’ means a lifelong mission.
Awards
The Akkamma Cheriyan Award for the best social worker (2009).
The Guruvandanam award instituted by Asan Institute.
The P N Panickar Family Welfare Award
Death
Sreedevi died suddenly on 5 March 2018 from liver failure. She was 78. She was under treatment for liver disease on her last days
References
Category:Scholars from Thiruvananthapuram
Category:1939 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Indian women judges
Category:Indian women activists
Category:Women in Kerala politics
Category:Activists from Kerala
Category:20th-century Indian judges
Category:20th-century Indian lawyers
Category:Indian women lawyers
Category:Women educators from Kerala
Category:Educators from Kerala
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47Soul
47Soul is a Palestinian Jordanian electronic music group who are one of the main forces behind the Shamstep electronic dance music movement in the Middle East. The band's first album, Shamstep, was released in 2015.
Background
The group formed in Jordan in 2013. Their debut album Shamstep was released in 2015. In 2017, 47Soul released their second album Balfron Promise, which takes its name from the east London tower block Balfron Tower, where the record was created. It also refers to the Balfour Declaration of 1917 through which the British government committed itself to the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The group had been residents of Balfron Tower for two years while creating their album. The album received 4 out of 5 stars in a January 2018 review in The Guardian.
The band are playing at festivals in 2018 like Walthamstow Garden Party, Fusion festival and Festival Med. and NYU Abu Dhabi's Barzakh festival.
On August 26, 2019, NPR released a video of 47Soul appearing on its "Tiny Desk Concerts".
Band members
Tareq Abu Kwaik – vocals, darbuka, electronics – known independently as El Far3i
Ramzy Suleiman – vocals, synthesiser, keyboard – known independently as Z the People
Hamza Arnaout – guitar – known independently as El Jehaz
Walaa Sbait – vocals, bass drum
Musical style
47Soul's style, Shamstep, is based on mijwiz (a levantine folk musical style) and electronic dance. "Shamstep" is a portmanteau: 'Sham' refers to the levant region, which is locally referred to as "Bilad al-Sham", and 'step' refers to the musical style dubstep. The band's music is also associated with the traditional dance called Dabke.
References
Category:Middle East
Category:Middle Eastern music
Category:Palestinian music
Category:Jordanian music
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Ian Milne
Ian Milne (born 8 April 1954) is an Irish republican politician from Northern Ireland.
Background
Born in Bellaghy, County Londonderry, Milne joined the Official Irish Republican Army-linked Fianna Éireann youth group soon after its formation, but the following year moved to join the Provisional IRA. He was gaoled in 1971, after explosives went off in a car in which he was travelling. He was imprisoned in the Crumlin Road Jail, but escaped in January 1973. The following year, he was arrested in the Republic of Ireland after stealing a Garda car, and was sentenced to five years in Portlaoise Prison. However, he again escaped, and remained an active paramilitary based in Northern Ireland.
During the mid-1970s, the Royal Ulster Constabulary described Milne as one of its three "most wanted". In 1977, he was arrested and sentenced to life for killing a British soldier. Serving time at Long Kesh, he participated in the blanket protest. He was released in 1992.
At the 2005 Northern Ireland local elections, Milne was elected to Magherafelt District Council for Sinn Féin, and he held his seat in 2011. While on the council, he spent a period as chairman. In 2013, he was co-opted to the Northern Ireland Assembly in Mid Ulster, replacing Francie Molloy. He was elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly for Mid Ulster at the 2016 Northern Ireland Assembly election.
Milne has recently been served civil writs for his alleged involvement in the murder of Jimmy Speer on 9 November 1976.
In December 2018, he resigned as MLA to seek reelection to local government. He is was elected to Mid Ulster District Council in 2019.
References
Category:1954 births
Category:Members of Magherafelt District Council
Category:Members of Mid Ulster District Council
Category:Irish republicans
Category:Living people
Category:Northern Ireland MLAs 2011–2016
Category:Northern Ireland MLAs 2016–2017
Category:Northern Ireland MLAs 2017–
Category:People convicted of murder by Northern Ireland
Category:People from County Londonderry
Category:Politicians convicted of murder
Category:Provisional Irish Republican Army members
Category:Republicans imprisoned during the Northern Ireland conflict
Category:Sinn Féin MLAs
Category:Sinn Féin councillors in Northern Ireland
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Putevi Srbije
JP Putevi Srbije () or Roads of Serbia, is a Serbian construction company headquartered in Belgrade, Serbia. It is the national road construction company of Serbia.
Organization
Putevi Srbija was established by the Enactment of the Government of Serbia, as the state-owned enterprise responsible for "professional activities referring to permanent, continuous and good-quality maintenance and preservation, exploitation, construction, reconstruction, organization and control of toll collection, development and management of I and II category state roads in the Republic of Serbia". In current form, it operates since 20 February 2006.
Road network managed by "Putevi Srbije" consists of of I and II category state roads, valued at 4.445 billion euros as of December 2018.
As of December 2019, the total state roads network in Serbia is as follows:
Ia category (motorways) –
Ib category –
IIa category –
IIb category –
In January 2018, the Government of Serbia led by the Minister of Construction, Transportation and Infrastructure Zorana Mihajlović stated that the Government plans reorganization of "Putevi Srbije" and eventual merging of "Putevi Srbije" with specialized motorways construction company "Koridori Srbije".
See also
Roads in Serbia
Motorways in Serbia
References
External links
Sa 5 milijardi evra - putevi “k’o bombona” at b92.net
Category:2006 establishments in Serbia
Category:Companies based in Belgrade
Category:Companies established in 2006
Category:Construction and civil engineering companies of Serbia
Category:Government-owned companies of Serbia
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Mike Summers
Michael Victor Summers OBE (born 1952) is a Falkland Islands politician who served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly for the Stanley constituency from 2011 to 2017. He was previously a Member of the Legislative Council from 1996–2009.
Summers was born in Stanley and grew up in Port Howard. He moved to the UK at the age of eleven after winning a government scholarship to Shaftesbury Grammar School, a Dorset boarding school. He went on to read business studies at Middlesex University. After university, Summers worked for various construction and engineering companies all round the world, before returning to the Falklands in 1989 when he became General Manager of the Falkland Islands Development Corporation. During his time as General Manager, Summers negotiated the air link between the Falklands and mainland South America with the Chilean airline LAN, which remains the only commercial airline to fly to the islands.
Summers resigned as General Manager in 1996 to pursue a political career. Later that year he was elected in a by-election to the Legislative Council (which was reconstituted as the Legislative Assembly in the 2009 constitution). Summers was re-elected in 1997, 2001 and 2005, but he lost his seat in the 2009 general election.
In 2011, Summers returned to the Legislative Assembly after winning a by-election to fill the seat left vacant by Glenn Ross. At the time of the election, Summers was in the Isle of Wight for the 2011 Island Games in his role as Team Leader of the Falkland Islands Overseas Games Association. In April 2017, Mike Summers was the only member to vote against same-sex marriage, but did vote in favour of civil partnerships.
He won re-election in 2013 but stepped down from the assembly at the 2017 general election.
In September 2019 Summers was elected Chair of the Falkland Islands Chamber of Commerce Board following the 2019 Annual General Meeting.
References
Category:1952 births
Category:Living people
Category:Alumni of Middlesex University
Category:Falkland Islands businesspeople
Category:Falkland Islands Councillors 1993–1997
Category:Falkland Islands Councillors 1997–2001
Category:Falkland Islands Councillors 2001–2005
Category:Falkland Islands Councillors 2005–2009
Category:Falkland Islands MLAs 2009–2013
Category:Falkland Islands MLAs 2013–2017
Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Category:People from Stanley, Falkland Islands
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Catherine Louisa Pirkis
Catherine Louisa Pirkis (6 October 1839 – 4 October 1910) was a British author of detective fiction. Throughout her career as a writer, Pirkis would sometimes write under the name of "C.L. Pirkis", as to avoid gender association.
Early life
Catherine Louisa Lyne was born to Lewis Stephens Lyne and his wife Susan, who were of a middle-class family. Her father was an accountant and comptroller for the Inland Revenue. Her grandfather was Reverend Richard Lyne, master of a grammar school at Liskeard, Cornwall and best known for authoring a widely used manual, The Latin Primer (1794).
Catherine was baptized at Saint John The Baptist, Shoreditch, London on 6 November 1839. She had eight siblings in her family, and they moved around quite frequently.
Personal life
On 19 September 1872, at the age of 32, Catherine Lyne married Frederick Edward Pirkis, who was three years her senior and a fleet-paymaster for the English Royal Navy at St Luke's Church, Chelsea, in Kensington and Chelsea. In the 1881 England Census, the couple is listed as living at 1 Marsh Gate Road in Surrey, with Frederick's older brother George Ignatius Pirkis, their children's governess Tabitha Wright, and six servants.
They appear to have had two children, Norah Catherine Lyne Pirkis, born in 1873 in Putney, Surrey, and Frederick Chandos Lyne Pirkis, born in 1876 in Brussels, Belgium, as the more accurate 1891 census clarifies. Wrongly specified as the couple's children in the 1881 census, are their nephew George Middleton Cecil Perkis, born in 1878 and designated "nephew" in the 1891 census and their niece, Margaret K.E. Perkis, who is two years younger than her brother George. The 1891 census also shows they employed three servants and a governess, Evelyn Morehouse. Their home in Nutfield, Surrey was called the High Elms; Catherine appears to have appropriated the distinctive name in her first novel Disappeared from Her Home (1877), for the cheerful house of Mr. and Mrs. Warden that Lord Hardcastle asks to visit for comfort.
Pirkis passed away on 4 October 1910 after suffering from a long illness, with her husband passing away only a few days afterward on 6 October. As revealed by Frederick's will, administered by the couple's eldest daughter, Norah, they had been living at 29 Redcliffe Square, Middle-sex, and left £17,190 17s.5d. Catherine Lyne Pirkis is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery in London.
Career
Pirkis wrote a total of 14 novels in the years spanning between 1877 and 1894 and contributed to periodicals and magazines such as Belgravia. Her first major novel, Disappeared from Her Home, represented her foray into the mystery genre with the story of a young girl disappearing from her home. This would also serve as a prelude to the creation of the female detective character Loveday Brooke, which she is best known for.
The collection was serialized and featured in The Ludgate Monthly from February to July 1893, and formally published in physical book form by Hutchinson in 1894. The series followed a "casebook format", which was made popular by other reigning literary protagonists of the time like Sherlock Holmes, where detective characters had to identify the suspects of the mystery and actively set traps to capture them. The series was notable for being the first collection of detective stories that featured a female heroine created by a female author, which was unheard of in a time when most female protagonists were solely invented and described by male authors.
The character Loveday Brooke was featured in "The May Magazines" edition of Glasgow Herald in 1893, where they reviewed Brooke as a character who "continues to outshine the detective Sherlock Holmes in preternatural prescience... We are just afraid Miss Brooke is too clever in catching criminals ever to catch a husband.” Specifically, this character was featured in Pirkis's final literary endeavor in 1894,The Experiences of Loveday Brooke, Lady Detective; a collection of seven detective stories that enjoyed a glowing reception. Loveday Brooke was dubbed the "female Sherlock Holmes" and her collection of stories were one of the bestselling successors to Sherlock Holmes.
Activism
Later in life, Pirkis would transition from literary endeavors to championing for animal rights. Together with her husband, Pirkis was one of the founders of the British National Canine Defense League in 1891. Pirkis and her husband helped to create the organization in cooperation with British aristocrat and fellow writer Lady Gertrude Georgina Stock, who wrote under the pseudonym George Douglas. Pirkis actively participated in the organization's "anti-vivisetionist movement," which fought against cruel muzzling, chaining, experimentation, or treatment of dogs. In Pirkis' The Murder at Troyte's Hill in her collection The Experiences of Loveday Brooke, Lady Detective, Pirkis dramatizes the anti-vivisetionist movement by bridging the connection of human and animal physiology, satirizing vivisection, and comparing the experimentation of animals to the experiences of the working class.
Known today by the name Dogs Trust, the organization is a nonprofit animal welfare charity and humane society whose mission is to "bring about the day when all dogs can enjoy a happy life, free of maltreatment, cruelty, and the threat of unnecessary destruction." It is currently the largest charity for the welfare of dogs in the UK with 20 re-homing centers and an international re-homing center opened in November 2009 in Dublin, Ireland. The organization focuses on rehabilitation, neutering, and re-homing services for abandoned dogs while also focusing on protecting mentally-ill dogs from being euthanized.
Works
Novels
Disappeared from Her Home (1877)
In a World of His Own (1878)
Trooping with Crows. 1 vol. London: Chatto and Windus, 1880.
A Very Opal. 3 vol. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1880.
Wanted, an Heir. 3 vol. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1881.
Saint and Sibyl: A Story of Old Kew. 3 vol. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1882.
Di Fawcett: One Year of her Life. 3 vol. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1883.
Judith Wynne: A Novel. 3 vol. London: F. V. White, 1884.
Lady Lovelace: A Novel. 3 vol. London: Chatto and Windus, 1885.
A Dateless Bargain. 3 vol. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1887.
The Road from Ruin: A Novel. 2 vol. London: Spencer Blackett, 1888.
At the Moment of Victory: A Novel. 3 vol. London: Ward and Downey, 1889.
A Red Sister: A Story of Three Days and Three Months. 3 vol. London: Sampson Low, 1891.
Collections
The Experiences of Loveday Brooke, Lady Detective. 1 vol. London: Hutchinson, 1894.
Part of The Experiences of Loveday Brooke, Lady Detective Collection
The Black Bag Left on a Door-Step (February 1883, The Ludgate Magazine)
The Murder at Troyte's Hill (March 1883, The Ludgate Magazine)
A Princess's Vengeance (May 1883, The Ludgate Magazine)
Drawn Daggers (June 1883, The Ludgate Magazine)
The Ghost of Fountain Lane (July 1883, The Ludgate Magazine)
Missing (1894, The Experiences of Loveday Brooke)
The Redhill Sisterhood
References
Notes
Bibliography
Author Profile: Catherine Louisa Pirkis, Canterbury Christ Church University, Not Your Average Josephine, 2019.
Bassett, Troy J. "Catherine Louisa Pirkis." At the Circulating Library Author Information: A Database of Victorian Fiction, 1837-1901. At the Circulating Library, 2018.
Catherine Louisa Lyne, AncestryLibrary.com, 2019.
The History of Dogs Trust Limited, 2019.
Hitchen, W.E. Surrey at the Opening of the Twentieth Century. Pike, 1906.
Pittard, Christopher. Animal Voices: Catherine Louisa Pirkis’ The Experiences of Loveday Brooke, Lady Detective and the Crimes of Animality, ResearchGate, 2018, Doi: 10.3390/h7030065
External links
Works by or about Catherine Louisa Pirkis at HathiTrust
The Experiences of Loveday Brooke, Lady Detective at UPenn Digital Library
"Miss Loveday Brooke." The Thrilling Detective Web Site.
Loveday Brooke, Lady Detective (1894) by Catherine Louisa Pirkis, VictorianClare, 2014.
Category:1841 births
Category:1910 deaths
Category:English crime fiction writers
Category:English mystery writers
Category:English short story writers
Category:Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
Category:People associated with animal welfare and rights
Category:Women mystery writers
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Mason's Beach, Nova Scotia
Mason's Beach is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Lunenburg Municipal District in Lunenburg County.
References
Mason's Beach on Destination Nova Scotia
Category:Communities in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia
Category:General Service Areas in Nova Scotia
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MS Sea Wind
MS Sea Wind is a Tallink-owned cargo ship, which operates on the Vuosaari–Tallinn route. The ship was built in 1972 Helsingørs Skipsværft dock in Helsingør. The vessel is registered under the Estonian flag, and its home port is Tallinn.
Description
As built, the ship was long, with a beam of and a draught of . She was powered by four Ruston and Paxman 9 ATCM diesel engines, with a total power of . The engines are connected in pairs, each pair driving a variable pitch screw propeller. She was assessed at , , . She had accommodation for 36 passengers and 600 lane metres of vehicle accommodation.
After she was rebuilt by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft, Kiel, West Germany she was assessed at , . She had accommodation for 77 passengers. Following rebuild by Seebeckwerft, Bremerhaven, she had accommodation for 220 passengers.
After she was rebuilt by Blohm & Voss, she was assessed at , , . She had 1,270 metres of vehicle accommodation.
History
Svealand was ordered in 1969 by Linjebuss International AB, Svea, Stockholm. She was built as yard number 397 by Helsingør Skibsværft, Helsingør, Denmark. She was launched at 11:11 on 17 November 1971 and was completed on 11 March 1972. Her port of registry was Stockholm and the IMO Number 7128332 was allocated. Her call sign was SDNE. She entered service with Stockholms Rederi AB / Trave Line on the Helsingborg–Travemünde route. She was transferred to Saga Line in October 1976, continuing to be employed on the Helsingborg–Travemünde route. Saga Line became TT-Saga Line on 1 January 1981, during which year Svealand was transferred to the Trelleborg–Travemünde route. On 25 November 1981, she was sold to Johnson Line AB. During April and May 1982, she was rebuilt by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft, Kiel, West Germany.
On 28 December 1982, Svealand was sold to Svenska Landfils AB, Stockholm. On 7 January 1983, she was sold to Scandinavian Ferry Line AB, Helsingborg. Between July and September 1984, new Mak 8M453 AK diesel engines were fitted by Fosen Mekaniske Verksted, Trondheim, Norway, giving a slight increase in power to . She was renamed Saga Wind on 22 September 1984 and re-entered service on the Trelleborg–Travemünde route. Scandinavian Ferry Line was renamed Swecarrier Rederi AB on 8 December 1986. In that month, she was rebuilt by Seebeckwerft, Bremerhaven, West Germany to give her more cabins.
On 29 January 1989, Saga Wind arrived at Blohm & Voss, Hamburg, West Germany for rebuilding as a train ferry. She was chartered to Sea Wind Line, Stockholm in April 1989 and was renamed Sea Wind on 18 April. She was placed on the Stockholm–Turku route. On 5 January 1992, she was sold to Silja OY, operating under the management of Sweferry.
On 5 March 1997, Sea Wind ran aground off Mjölkö. Her passengers were evacuated by the Waxholmsbolaget ferry . She was refloated the next day and taken into Stockholm. Following repairs, she returned to service in April. In July 1997, she was placed on the Stockholm–Långnäs–Turku route. In 2001, her bridge was rebuilt. On 1 January 2008, she returned to the Stockholm–Turku route. On 8 September 2008, she was sold to Tallink Swedish Line, Cyprus. On 2 December 2008, a fire broke out in her engine room when the ship was off Mariehamn. The cause was a broken oil line. Her eleven passengers were evacuated by a Finnish helicopter. The ship was towed into Turku, where she arrived on 3 December. She returned to service in January 2009. Sea Wind was withdrawn from the Stockholm–Tallinn route on 21 December 2014 and laid up at Naantali.
Sea Wind was transferred to the Estonian flag in January 2015. She entered service on the Tallinn–Vuosaari route on 8 January.
References
Category:1971 ships
Category:Ships built in Helsingør
Category:Ferries of Sweden
Category:Ferries of Estonia
Category:Train ferries
Category:Maritime incidents in 1997
Category:Maritime incidents in 2008
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Corcyra (disambiguation)
Corcyra is Latin for Corfu, a Greek island in the Ionian Sea.
Corcyra or Korkyra may also refer to:
Korkyra (mythology), a mythical figure whose name was given to the Greek island
Places
Korkyra (polis), the ancient city on the island of Corfu
Korkyra (Acarnania), a city founded in ancient Acarnania by Corinthians in 706 BC. See List of cities in ancient Acarnania
Corcyre, a former French department (1797-1799) in present Greece
Corcyra Nigra or Korkyra Melaina, ancient name of Korčula island, in Croatia, also known as Black Corcyra
Insects
Corcyra cephalonica, the rice moth
Corcyra nidicolella, a type of snout moth
Corcyra brunnea, a type of snout moth
Corcyra, a type of snout moth
Corcyra asthenitis, a type of snout moth
Corcyranillus, a genus of beetles
Horses
Corcyra, one of the UK's top stallions, a sire of Cleopatra
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2018 USA Team Handball Nationals - Men's Elite Division
The 2018 Nationals was the 48th Men's Nationals. The Nationals was a team handball tournament to determine the National Champion from 2018 from the US.
Venues
The championship was played at venues at the Myrtle Beach Sports Center in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.
Qualification
The Air Force Academy which ranked 3rd at the Wildcard Standings will not attending the competition.
Modus
First there is a playoff game between Houston Firehawks and Los Angeles THC for the last wildcard. The loser play in the Open Division
After that the eight teams are split in two pools A and B and they play a round roubin.
The last two teams per group were qualified for the 5-8th place semifinals.
The losers from the 5-8th place semis played a 7th place game and the winners the 5th place game.
The best two teams per group were qualified for the semifinals.
The losers from the semis played a small final and the winners the final.
Results
4th Wildcard Playoff
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Championship
Semifinals
Small Final
Final
Consolation
5-8th Place Semifinals
7th Place
5th Place
Final ranking
Statistics
Awards
Top Scorers
Source:
All-Tournament Team
References
External links
Tournament Results
Category:USA Team Handball Nationals by year
Category:Sports in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
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Muriel Mussells Seyfert
Muriel E. Mussells Seyfert (born Muriel Elizabeth Mussells, 3 February 1909 – 9 November 1997) was an American astronomer best known for discovery of "ring nebulae" (planetary nebulae) in the Milky Way while working at the Harvard College Observatory in 1936.
Early life
Muriel was born on 3 February 1909 in Danvers, Massachusetts, the daughter of George and Stella Mussells.
Scientific contributions
Mussells Seyfert was employed as a human computer at the Harvard College Observatory. She is best known for discovery of new ring nebulae in the Milky Way.
Personal life
In May 20, 1935, Muriel married Carl Keenan Seyfert after whom the Seyfert galaxies and the Seyfert's Sextet were named. The couple had two children.
Sylvia Mussells Lindsay, wife of Eric Mervyn Lindsay, was Muriel's sister.
References
Category:1909 births
Category:1997 deaths
Category:American women astronomers
Category:Harvard Computers
Category:20th-century women scientists
Category:20th-century American scientists
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Virtual displacement
In analytical mechanics, a branch of applied mathematics and physics, a virtual displacement δri "is an assumed infinitesimal change of system coordinates occurring while time is held constant. It is called virtual rather than real since no actual displacement can take place without the passage of time." Also, virtual displacements are spatial displacements exclusively - time is fixed while they occur. When computing virtual differentials of quantities that are functions of space and time coordinates, no dependence on time is considered (formally equivalent to saying δt = 0).
In modern terminology virtual displacement is a tangent vector to the manifold representing the constraints at a fixed time. Unlike regular displacement which arises from differentiating with respect to time parameter t along the path of the motion (thus pointing in the direction of the motion), virtual displacement arises from differentiating with respect to the parameter ε enumerating paths of the motion varied in a manner consistent with the constraints (thus pointing at a fixed time in the direction tangent to the constraining manifold). The symbol δ is traditionally used to denote the corresponding derivative
Comparison between virtual and actual displacements
Here we consider the total differential of any set of system position vectors, ri, that are functions of other variables
and time t. These position vectors are "on-shell" meaning they satisfy the Euler-Lagrange equations and solve for the true evolution trajectories of the system.
In other words, these vectors move according to the constraint forces and actual forces of the system at every instant in time. The actual displacement is the differential of the on-shell solution:
Now, imagine if we have an arbitrary path through the configuration space/manifold. This means it has to satisfy the constraints of the system but not the actual applied forces.
We can think of that as the off-shell differential:
This equation is used in Lagrangian mechanics to relate generalized coordinates, qj, to virtual work, δW, and generalized forces, Qj.
In the two degree-of-freedom example on the right, the actual displacement is the true trajectory of the particle moving on the two-dimensional surface. The virtual displacement is any tangent vector to the surface.
Virtual work
In analytical mechanics the concept of a virtual displacement, related to the concept of virtual work, is meaningful only when discussing a physical system subject to constraints on its motion. A special case of an infinitesimal displacement (usually notated dr), a virtual displacement (denoted δr) refers to an infinitesimal change in the position coordinates of a system such that the constraints remain satisfied .
For example, if a bead is constrained to move on a hoop, its position may be represented by the position coordinate θ, which gives the angle at which the bead is situated. Say that the bead is at the top. Moving the bead straight upwards from its height z to a height z + dz would represent one possible infinitesimal displacement, but would violate the constraint. The only possible virtual displacement would be a displacement from the bead's position, θ to a new position θ + δθ (where δθ could be positive or negative).
See also
D'Alembert principle
Virtual work
References
Category:Dynamical systems
Category:Mechanics
Category:Classical mechanics
Category:Lagrangian mechanics
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2017 Latvian Higher League
The 2017 Latvian Higher League is the 26th season of top-tier football in Latvia. Spartaks Jūrmala are the defending champions, having won their first title in the previous season.
Teams
The bottom-placed team from the 2016 season, BFC Daugavpils, were directly relegated to the 2017 Latvian First League. They were replaced by Babīte, champions of the 2016 Latvian First League.
The seventh-placed team from the 2016 season, FS METTA/LU, retained their top-flight spot for the 2017 season by defeating 2016 First League runners-up, AFA Olaine in the play-offs.
Babīte was removed from the league on 22 June 2017 after the Latvian Football Federation received a notice from UEFA's Betting Fraud Detection System for 6 separate games involving Babīte. All the results for Babīte games were invalidated and do not count for the standings.
Source: Scoresway
Kits manufacturer and sponsors
League table
Results
Each team will play the other seven teams home-and-away twice, for a total of 28 games each.
Relegation play-offs
The seventh-placed side faced the runners-up of the 2017 Latvian First League in a two-legged play-off, with the winner being awarded a spot in the 2018 Higher League competition.
Season statistics
Top scorers
References
External links
Category:Latvian Higher League seasons
1
Latvia
Latvia
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Rough-scaled python
Morelia carinata, commonly known as the rough-scaled python, is a large-scaled python species endemic to Australia. No subspecies are currently recognized.
Description
The rough-scaled python is able to grow to around in total length. It has a triangular shaped head with a conspicuous constriction at the neck area. M. carinata is distinguished by the presence of a large parietal scale and by having distinct keeled dorsal scales. The body is slim and muscular. The color pattern is light honey-tan with darker reddish-brown markings or dark brown with pale brown blotches. The blotches become larger toward the tail so the patter appears to be reversed. The belly is white, possibly with black spots. The markings are thought to assist in providing camouflage. The wrinkled to corrugated scales also assist the snake in climbing up sandstone and crevices.
The species was first formally identified by the biologist L.A.Smith in 1981 as part of the work A revision of the python genera Aspidites and Python (Serpentes: Boidae) in Western Australia as published in the Records of the Western Australian Museum.
Captivity
They are now available to private owners, originating from a few wild caught specimens, as it was found they breed readily in captivity.
Three males and two females were collected and transferred to the Australian Reptile Park in 2000 and had produced 71 offspring by 2012. These in turn had produced another offspring.
Distribution and habitat
Found in Australia, northwestern Western Australia in the lower sections of the Mitchell and Hunter Rivers, just inland from the coast.
The type locality given is "Mitchell River Falls, Western Australia (14°50'S, 125°42'E)" [Australia].
They are found in rocky valleys of Kimberley region in far northern Western Australia where they climb on low trees and shrubs of monsoon rainforest. The species has one of the smallest distributions of any snake.
The species is often associated with fruit-bearing trees, possibly indicating a preference of ambush sites for herbivorous animals, and also close to permanent freshwater.
Behavior
So far reported to be strictly crepuscular. The temperament is quite docile with rarely any attempts to bite.
Reproduction
This species is confirmed to be an egg-layer (oviparous) like other pythons. The mating season is between July and August. Females usually lay around ten eggs and coils about them providing warmth until they hatch. Once the eggs do hatch the female does not take care of the young.
Media
This species was only filmed for the first time by wildlife conservationist Malcolm Douglas, and shown on his Kimberley Adventure Part 1.
See also
List of pythonid species and subspecies.
.
.
References
Further reading
Smith, L.A. 1981. A Revision of the Python Genera Aspidites and Python (Serpentes: Boidae) in Western Australia. Rec. West. Australian Mus. 9 (2): 211-226. ("Python carinatus sp. nov.", pp. 220–222, Figures 5 & 6.)
External links
Category:Morelia (snake)
Category:Reptiles described in 1981
Category:Reptiles of Western Australia
Category:Snakes of Australia
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Weston, Missouri
Weston is a city in Platte County, Missouri within the United States. The population was 1,641 at the 2010 census. It lies within the Kansas City metropolitan area.
History
Lewis and Clark Expedition stopped at "Bear Medison" island, near the location of today's city hall. Weston was the oldest settlement in the Platte Purchase of 1836 and was therefore also the farthest western settlement (thus, "West Town") in the United States until the admission of Texas as a state in 1845. Another suggested theory of origin is related to a story about a discharged US Army dragoon by the name of Joseph Moore. He bought the land and then had First Sergeant Tom Weston of D Company, First Dragoons, stationed at Fort Leavenworth across the Missouri River, lay out a town plan. It is this individual after whom the town is named.
William "Buffalo Bill" Cody was at one time a resident of Weston, and the town was a major "jumping off" point for the Santa Fe Trail, the Oregon Trail and the California Gold Rush.
In 1881, Weston was the site of the lynching of the biracial Charles Reese after he was accused of the rape and murder of the sixteen-year-old Nancy Stillwell.
Weston was, at one time, the second largest port on the Missouri River, surpassing both Kansas City and St. Joseph and at one point shortly after its founding, claimed to be the second largest city in Missouri. A flood in 1881 shifted the river into an old channel some two miles away. In 1850, over 265 steamboats a year docked at the Port of Weston.
The Weston Brewing Company was first established in 1842 by German immigrant John Georgian, and was one of the first lager beer breweries in the U.S. Five arched, limestone cellars, dug to a depth of 55 feet below ground, were constructed to create the ideal conditions for Georgian’s lager beer, which needed to be stored below 60 degrees. The brewery closed in 1919 when Prohibition was signed into law. In 2005, the Weston Brewing Company reopened and one of the cellars now houses a unique bar which requires patrons to descend down through a small rock faced tunnel to get to the large, cool, cavern like bar.
The McCormick Distillery, Missouri District Warehouse, Pleasant Ridge United Baptist Church, Sugar Creek Site, and Weston Historic District are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Geography
Weston is located at (39.413370, -94.897780).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,641 people, 702 households, and 457 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 781 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 96.9% White, 0.4% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.4% of the population.
There were 702 households of which 31.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.1% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.9% were non-families. 30.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.93.
The median age in the city was 42 years. 23.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.4% were from 25 to 44; 29.5% were from 45 to 64; and 16.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.0% male and 52.0% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,631 people, 676 households, and 459 families living in the city. The population density was 994.8 people per square mile (384.0/km²). There were 724 housing units at an average density of 441.6 per square mile (170.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 97.49% White, 0.67% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.49% from other races, and 1.16% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.10% of the population.
There were 676 households out of which 32.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.7% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.95.
In the city the population was spread out with 25.0% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $43,214, and the median income for a family was $53,015. Males had a median income of $36,466 versus $27,132 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,794. About 5.2% of families and 7.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.9% of those under age 18 and 12.7% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
Weston is the home of McCormick Distilling Company, producers of a large number of liquors, it was founded in 1856, and is the oldest whiskey distillery west of the Mississippi River and the oldest continuously operated distillery in the United States.
Weston was, prior to its cultivation being prohibited by the 1937 Marihuana Tax Act, the world's leading producer of industrial hemp. It is the world's leading producer of twist tobacco. Today about 2.8 million pounds of tobacco is grown annually in Platte County.
Education
West Platte County School District operates two schools at Weston: Central Elementary School and West Platte High School.
Weston has a public library, a branch of the Mid-Continent Public Library.
References
External links
Historic maps of Weston in the Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection at the University of Missouri
Category:Cities in Platte County, Missouri
Category:Cities in Missouri
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Hubert Rohault de Fleury (architect)
Charles Hubert Rohault de Fleury (2 July 1777 – 1846) was a French architect who was responsible for many public buildings in Paris in the first half of the 19th century.
Early years
The Rohault family originated in Abbeville.
Jean-Baptiste Louis Rohault, a cloth and silk merchant, established himself in Paris on the rue Saint-Honoré in the middle of the 18th century. He married into the nobility. His son, Hubert Jean-Baptiste Rohault de Fleury, born in 1750, was an advocate of the Parliament of Paris and keeper of the records of the Company of the Indies.
Charles Hubert Rohault de Fleury was one of his two sons, born on 2 July 1777.
His brother, Baron Hubert Rohault de Fleury, had a distinguished military career.
Charles Hubert Rohault de Fleury entered the École polytechnique in October 1794, where he elected to study architecture.
He was among the first group of students at the institute, which had just been established by the Convention.
He was taught by Jean-Louis-Nicolas Durand, a theoretician who had great influence on several generations of architects through his teaching and writings.
Durand was the author of Précis des leçons.
Rohault de Fleury later wrote that Durand had drummed into him that beauty in architecture came from economy combined with convenience.
In 1800 Rohault de Fleury won a grand prize in architecture from the Institute of Sciences and Arts, and in 1802 won the first grand prize, the Prix de Rome, which let him travel to Rome.
His prize was awarded for the design of a fairground on the banks of a river in a city.
While functional, the design drew on classical elements of the Doric and Corinthian orders.
He studied in Rome between 1803 and 1806, at the same time as Auguste-Victor Grandjean de Montigny and Auguste Famin, and developed a pronounced taste for Italian architecture.
Career
On his return from Italy in 1806 Rohault de Fleury was named inspector of works of the Arc de Triomphe in the Place de l'Étoile. In 1812 he was named commissioner of roads at the prefecture of police, holding this position until 1840, when he became inspector general of this service.
In 1819 Rohault de Fleury was named an honorary member of the council of civil buildings.
He began the Code de la voire (street regulations), which was completed by his son, Charles. In 1821 and 1822 the council of civil buildings proposed, based on Hubert's report, regulations that did not limit the width of streets but that required that they be in proportion to the height of the buildings.
Hubert Rohault de Fleury was an architect of hospices in Paris from 1817 to 1833.
In 1821 he was made responsible for the gendarmerie and fire brigade barracks, and for the halls and markets of the city. In this position he designed the fish and butter markets in 1821, the fire brigade barracks in the rue de la Paix (1823), conversion of the old hotel of the Marshall d'Ancre into a gendarmerie barracks (1823) and the barracks of the Republican Guard on rue Mouffetard (1824). This last was completed by his son Charles Rohault de Fleury, who was also an architect.
The barracks on rue Mouffetard are his best-known work, and show his love of Italian architecture.
In 1824 Rohault de Fleury was named inspector general of civil buildings in the departments, and became a member of the council of civil buildings.
In the late 1820s he restored the chapel of the Orphelins. He was made a knight of the Legion of Honour in 1828.
In 1828 he was made inspector general of the first division of civil buildings of Paris and also placed in charge of the barracks of the municipal guard and the fire brigade, holding this position until 1837. In 1832 he was named architect for the city's markets.
Hubert Rohault de Fleury died in 1846.
The drawings he brought back from Italy fascinated his grandson Georges Rohault de Fleury, who became a distinguished writer on Italian monuments.
References
Citations
Sources
Category:1777 births
Category:1846 deaths
Category:19th-century French architects
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Gosset
Gosset, founded in 1584, is the oldest wine house in Champagne. In 1584, Pierre Gosset, alderman of Aÿ and wine-grower, made still, mostly red, wines from the grapes he harvested from his own vines. In those days, two wines vied for pride of place at the table to the Kings of France: the wine of Aÿ and, from some hundreds of leagues further South, the wine of Beaune. Then, in the 18th century the wine made in around Aÿ began to bubble and the Gosset family turned naturally to the production of champagne.
History
In 1994, the house was sold to the Renaud-Cointreau group (family owned and also the owners of Cognac Frapin). Under the new management, Gosset succeeded in increasing its production to one million bottles in 2005. The house is now successfully headed by Jean-Pierre Cointreau and exports 65% of its production to more than 70 countries. In 2009, as he prepared to celebrate Gosset’s 425th birthday, Jean-Pierre Cointreau took the decision to buy new premises in Epernay: 2 hectares of parkland with buildings dating back to the 19th century, 1.7 km of cellars with a storage capacity of 2,5 million bottles and a cuverie of 26.000 hectoliters. Part of the production is still in Aÿ which remains Gosset’s registered office. Today the US importer is Napa Valley-based Wilson Daniels.
Wines
Gosset wines are made from a blend of Pinot noir, Chardonnay and Pinot Meunier. The house is known for its slightly sweet Brut Excellence and its vintage prestige cuvee Célebris and Grand Millésime. The house also produced a commemorative wine the Quatrième Centenaire.
Grande Réserve Brut (Non-vintage). A blend of 46% Chardonnay, 39% Pinot noir, and 15% Pinot Meunier. 12% reserve wines with an average age of 2 years. In the 1980s, the blend had been 65% Pinot noir and 35% Chardonnay. Also available in magnum and in jeroboam (fully bottled in jeroboam from the beginning of the making)
Grand Rosé Brut (Non-vintage). 56% Chardonnay, 35% Pinot noir Grand Cru and 9% red wines from Bouzy and Ambonnay. Also available in magnum
Grand Millésime Brut (Vintage, latest is 2000). 56% Chardonnay and 44% Pinot noir from grand and premier cru vineyards. In the 1980s, the blend was 60% Pinot noir and 40% Chardonnay.
Grand Blanc de Blancs (Non-vintage)
Celebris Vintage Extra Brut (latest is 2004). 64% Chardonnay and 36% Pinot noir. Vintages produced, 2002, 1998, 1995, 1990 and 1988.
Celebris Rosé Extra Brut (Vintage, latest is 2007)
Brut Excellence (Non-vintage). A blend of 42% Chardonnay, 45% Pinot noir and 13% Pinot Meunier. Also available as rosé, and in magnum.
Previous wines
Cuvée Quatrième Centenaire (Non-vintage Prestige Cuvée). This wine was produced in 1984 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the foundation of Gosset and contained some wine from the 1971 vintage. It was a blend of 36% Pinot noir and 63% Chardonnay. Less than 2,500 cases were produced. Bottles were numbered. Numbers 1-200 were for the use of the Gosset family, 201-1,500 were magnums and numbers 1,501 to 2,500 were other sizes.
See also
Champagne Riots of 1911
French wine
List of Champagne houses
References
External links
Champagne Gosset
Category:1584 establishments in France
Category:Champagne producers
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One String Leads to Another
One String Leads to Another is the third solo recording by American guitarist Tim Sparks, released in 1999.
History
The title is taken from a quote by John Renbourn. While speaking of Davey Graham's travels in Morocco "where he came across a tuning used on an exotic, North African string instrument. Davey tried to adapt this to his guitar. Well, one string leads to another and before you know it, he's come up with DADGAD guitar tuning."
Sparks wrote the songs while spending time in Mexico. "I found myself exploring the sounds of where I grew up in North Carolina, you know, more native American sounds, and cross-pollinating them, if you will, with sounds from around the world. Sounds I have explored in music from other cultures".
Reception
Stacia Proefrock wrote for Allmusic "Tim Sparks has issued another winner. Rather than merely imitating one particular style throughout a certain song, he instead absorbs the techniques and melodies of many different cultures and fuses them together to make them his own." Andy Ellis of Guitar Player magazine stated "There are many skilled solo-acoustic guitarists making CDs today, but few can match Sparks' verve and intensity. On this live and natural-sounding record, we hear a restless, probing mind, rather than a series of refined techniques." The June 2000 issue of Down Beat magazine gave a favorable review stating: "While Sparks' music includes jazz and world music sensibilities, the overall thrust to this set of original compositions (minus one) suggests a blend of folksy, backwoods fingerpicking that's strongly melodic and very intimate. The pacing is very good, and Sparks' fingerstyle, musical sleight-of-hand has one hearing classical technique one moment, flat-out blues the next."
Track listing
All compositions by Tim Sparks except "Eu So Quero Em Xodo" by Dominguinhos.
"L'etoile de Mer" – 3:26
"Waltz with a Mermaid" – 2:51
"Cornbread and Baklava" – 5:35
"La Soledad" – 4:02
"Mr. Marques" – 3:30
"Eu So Quero Em Xodo" – 8:35
"Elegy for Max" – 2:56
"Trap Hill Breakdown" – 3:57
"One String Leads to Another" – 2:19
"Pata Negra" – 4:44
"The Amersterdam Cakewalk" – 3:45
"A Lucky Hand" – 2:32
Personnel
Tim Sparks - acoustic guitar
Dean Magraw - acoustic guitar on "Eu So Quero Em Xodo"
Production notes
Produced by Peter Finger
Engineered by Peter Finger at Acoustic Music Studio in Osnabruck, Germany
References
Category:1999 albums
Category:Tim Sparks albums
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Shah Alami
Shahalmi (or Shah Almi) is one of the largest markets in Lahore, Pakistan.
The "Shah-Almi Gate" is named after Mughal emperor Shah Alam I, son of Aurangzeb. Prior to his death, the gate was called the "Bherwala Gate". During the 1947 partition riots, the gate was burned. Today only the name survives. One of Lahore's biggest commercial markets, "Shah Almi Market" or Shahalmi as locals call it, exists near the site of the gate. This is one of the 12 Doors of Lahore. Its location can be traced at the sidelines of Shah Almi Market, Lahore.
Partition
Before partition Shahalmi was mostly a Hindu populated area with businesses owned by Hindus. During the 1947 partition riots Shahalmi market was entirely burnt. Most of the Hindus fled to India because of this.
Location
Shahalmi market is near Mayo Chowk, Lahore. Mayo Chowk is next to Mayo Hospital gate. After arriving at Mayo Chowk a one-way traffic road leads toward the entrance of Shahalmi Market. The place is very populated and has a small road.
References
Category:Buildings and structures in Lahore
Category:Retail markets in Pakistan
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Mexica Movement
The Mexica Movement is an "Indigenous rights educational organization" based in Los Angeles, California. Their organization views Mexicans of Native Mexican and Amerindian descent, as one people who are falsely divided by European-imposed borders. Their ultimate objective is the non-violent, democratic "liberation" of the Western Hemisphere from European-descendants. The organization seeks to create a future nation called Cemanahuac. The group views "White" people as Europeans who are squatting on indigenous lands, and who must be repatriated back to Europe. The group rejects the "Aztlán ideology" as being too limited, seeking instead to unite the entire American continents under indigenous control.
Name and origin
The name Mexica is derived from the Nahuatl word Mēxihcah (), the name the Aztecs used for themselves.
The organization is named after the Mexica (a.k.a. Aztec) civilization. This civilization is seen as the best chance from which the continent's indigenous-descent peoples can reconstruct themselves as a nation, similar to the way that modern Italians unified their nation under Roman-Italic identity and the Tuscan dialect.
Nican Tlaca, literal translation means "Man Here", was first used in an ethnic context in the book We People Here by John Lockhart (who was the first person to create Nican Tlaca as an identity). Nican Tlaca is grammatically incorrect. Contemporary native Nahuatl speakers are dumbfounded by it since it is incomplete. In ancient text, it was used as a pronoun, not as an ethnic group as the Mexica Movement claim.
Flag symbolism
The Mexica Movement's flag features indigenous Mesoamerican and new age spirituality symbolism. The black-and-white design in the center is a symbol used in New Age Mayanism which depicts duality (life and death, male and female, matter and non-matter, seen and unseen, etc.) This design is referred to as Hunab Ku in Mayanism which was borrowed from the Yucatec Maya word for "The Only God", which refers to the Christian God. Mexica Movement also referred to as Ometeotl in the Nahuatl language though there is evidence that Miguel Portilla created that term. The two dualities complement one another and are unified in balance. The four colors and four elements are from the Greek's Classical Element; Red represent fire, Black for Earth, White for Air and Blue for water
Issues
Historical awareness
Mexica Movement is a non-violent, educational organization. It focuses on teaching the public about the pre-European civilizations of Nican Tlaca (indigenous people). In addition, the group promotes the study of incidents of alleged "European genocidal crimes against [Indigenous People]". The group advocates this historical awareness in order to reframe the context of discussions about indigenous people and the current governments they live under.
In 2015, the movement protested the canonization of Junípero Serra due to his alleged genocide of native people.
Identity
The organization is not part of MeCha, National Council of La Raza, Brown Berets, "Aztlanistas" or other "Latino/Hispanic" organizations; nor do they support the Latino/Hispanic agenda which they view as pro-colonial and anti-Nican Tlaca (anti-Indigenous). They are also not part of the Spain-centric "Aztlan" ("Southwest" liberation) agenda because it does not align to their view of total liberation of the Cemanahuac continent ("North and South America").
The organization considers the vast majority of Mexicans and Central Americans to be indigenous people of the Western Hemisphere. The group rejects all labels that originate from European-descent people. This would include Latino, Hispanic, Chicano, Indian, and mestizo. Such labels are considered to be "European-colonial" imposed. The group includes mixed-bloods, full-bloods, and individuals who self-identify as being indigenous.
Language
The organization uses the spoken and written European languages English and Spanish to communicate in daily life, but rejects the inclusion of European languages into their identity and vision for a future indigenous nation. All European languages are seen as foreign and instruments of European colonialism, even as most of the members of this organization are unable to speak or read in any of the native languages they represent.
Land ownership
The Mexica Movement believes that the entire continent of North America, which they refer to as "Anahuac", belongs collectively to the indigenous people of the Americas: Latin Americans of Amerindian descent, Native Americans, and Canadian First Nations. The entire Western Hemisphere is referred to as Cemanahuac ("The whole World Between The Waters" in the Nahuatl language).
Genocide
"Genocide def. Raphael Lemkin defines Genocide as, '...the planned annihilation [killing] of a national [Mexican/’Central American’] or racial group [indigenous] by a variety of actions [biological warfare, oppression, enslavement, denial of Indigenous identity] aimed at undermining the foundations essential [our Pre-European Anahuac history and the wealth of our land] to the survival of the group as a group.'"
The movement claims "Europeans intentionally used biological weapons of mass destruction to clear the way for European settlers." Based primarily on the books of American historian and professor of American studies at the University of Hawaii David Stannard, American Holocaust, Ward Churchill, "A little matter of Genocide", James Blaut, "The colonizer's Model of the world", "Eight Eurocentric Historians", and Charles C. Mann, along with circumstantial evidence, and by their own admission they documented themselves. Beginning in the Canary Islands, then in the Caribbean in 1492, and finally in the mainland in 1519. Europeans and their descendants committed a genocide that killed 95% of the indigenous peoples in the Americas. This allowed Europe and peoples of European descent to prosper materially and to develop themselves at the expense of indigenous peoples labor, land, and wealth.
Borders
All current accepted borders across the Western Hemisphere are regarded in the opinion of the Mexica Movement as "colonial" and are rejected by the group. The only true border for Europeans, the group feels, is the Atlantic Ocean seaboard. The group maintains that indigenous people have the right to move freely among their own people of the continent disregarding all laws and national borders with whom they believe they may share bloodlines and culture.
Liberation
In response to an article published by the Associated Press, the Mexica Movement states that it has a strict non-violence policy. The group is committed to a long-term liberation-by-education methodology which seeks to "change hearts and minds" by educating people of the civilized achievements of indigenous people before 1492, and of the alleged genocide and land/resource appropriations by Europeans since that date. The group supports the preservation of the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights as a legal framework to protect both indigenous and European peoples' rights during the multi-generational process of liberation. The movement does not consider any form of migration by indigenous peoples, as illegal since they consider it to be their land.
Repatriation of white population back to Europe
The Mexica Movement wishes to have white supremacists returned to Europe. The next phase that the group wishes for should be a negotiation to repatriate the majority white population back into Europe; this is to be accomplished over the course of a few generations. Also to be addressed will be discussions of how the Mexica Movement demands Europe and European-descent people collectively deliver reparations to the peoples of the Western Hemisphere.
On its website, the movement states that "Europeans have a homeland: EUROPE. We are only asking unwelcomed guests to leave our home. These Europeans have a home to go to. The non-racists can be part of a transition to our full independence, it's not as if Europeans are being asked to go into the Atlantic Ocean. They have a beautiful home called Europe."
See also
Manifest Destiny
References
External links
Olin Tezcatlipoca blog
Category:Indigenous nationalism in the Americas
Category:Native American nationalism
Category:Irredentism
Category:Mexican-American culture in California
Category:Mexican-American organizations
Category:Organizations based in Los Angeles
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Avtandil Kapanadze
Avtandil Kapanadze (, born 1 December 1962) is a Soviet/Georgian striker.
He has a twin brother Tariel Kapanadze who is also a football player.
External links
Category:1962 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Tbilisi
Category:Footballers from Georgia (country)
Category:Expatriate footballers from Georgia (country)
Category:Expatriate footballers in Ukraine
Category:Expatriates from Georgia (country) in Ukraine
Category:Expatriate footballers in Russia
Category:Soviet footballers
Category:Ukrainian Premier League players
Category:FC Nyva Ternopil players
Category:FC Temp Shepetivka players
Category:FC Rustavi players
Category:FC Torpedo Kutaisi players
Category:FC Guria Lanchkhuti players
Category:Twin people from Georgia (country)
Category:Twin sportspeople
Category:Georgian emigrants to Russia
Category:Association football forwards
Category:FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod players
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HMS Sapphire (1675)
HMS Sapphire was a 32-gun fifth rate of the Royal Navy. She was designed and built by Sir Anthony Deane at Harwich in 1675, at a cost of £4,175.
In 1677 Sapphire was the first command of Cloudesley Shovell, who later became Admiral of the Fleet and eventually died in the Scilly naval disaster of 1707.
Sapphire was cornered in Bay Bulls Harbour by a French squadron in August–September 1696. Her master, Captain Thomas Cleasby, in fear that the French would capture the ship, scuttled her and escaped across land to the colony of Ferryland.
In popular culture
In the video game Assassin's Creed Rogue, Sapphires wreck could be visited by the protagonist Shay Cormac at the North Atlantic. Once Shay collects all 24 Templar artifacts, he could claim an armor belonging from the original Knights Templar of the 11th century.
References
Winfield, Rif (2009) British Warships in the Age of Sail 1603-1714: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth Publishing. .
Lavery, Brian (1981) Deanes Doctrine of Naval Architecture Conway Maritime Press. .
Barber, V.C. (1976) International Journal of Nautical Archaeology Vol. 5(4) pp. 353–356.
Canadian Geographic Feb/Mar 1979 - An article that appeared in Canadian Geographic about the Sapphire.
International Journal of Nautical Archaeology - 6.4, 1977 pp. 305–313
Initial Report on the Underwater Survey and Excavation of the wreck of HMS Sapphire in Bay Bulls, 1977 (Newfoundland Marine Archaeological Society)
Second Report on the Underwater Survey and Excavation of the wreck of HMS Sapphire in Bay Bulls, 1977 (Newfoundland Marine Archaeological Society)
Third Report on the Underwater Survey and Excavation of the wreck of HMS Sapphire in Bay Bulls, 1977. Additional notes on wreck 1 are included. (Newfoundland Marine Archaeology Society)
Final Report on the Underwater Survey and Excavation of the wreck of HMS Sapphire in Bay Bulls, 1977. (Newfoundland Marine Archaeological Society)
Canadian Collector Vol 20(2), March 1985 - Artifacts of the Sapphire
Category:Ships built in Harwich
Category:1670s ships
Category:Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Category:Maritime incidents in 1696
Category:Scuttled vessels of the United Kingdom
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Antoinette Ockerse
Antonia or Antoinette Ockerse or Kleyn-Ockerse (1762 – 1828) was a Dutch poet.
Ockerse was born in Vianen and married Joannes Petrus Kleyn in 1784, also a poet. She and her husband lived in Drimmelen and published poems, and they were both members of an orangist-circle that wrote patriotic poetry, along with the poet Jacobus Bellamy. Antonia Kleyn published several "Odes" and Bellamy also called his poems "Odes" in her style. She survived her husband and her son, the painter Pieter Rudolph Kleijn who died from battle wounds in 1815. Her daughter Adelaide Geertruid Kleyn also became a poet.
She died in Leiden and the Antoinette Kleynstraat there is named after her.
References
Ockerse, Antonia (1762-1828) in 1001 Vrouwen
Author page in the Digital Library for Dutch Literature
Category:1762 births
Category:1828 deaths
Category:People from Vianen
Category:Dutch women poets
Category:Dutch women writers
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Joe Murphy (footballer, born 1873)
James Joseph Murphy (1873 – unknown) was an English footballer who played in the Scottish League for Hibernian, and in the Football League for Stoke and Woolwich Arsenal. He often went by the nickname Judge because he wore a wig.
Career
Murphy was born in Stockton-on-Tees but started his career in Scotland with Benburb, then joined Scottish League Second Division club Hibernian, where he made 70 appearances scoring twelve goals in four seasons. On 31 May 1894, he played in the final of the Rosebery Charity Cup against Hearts. Hibs won the match 4–2, despite an own goal from Murphy. He also featured in the finals of the competition in 1896 and 1897, both also against Hearts, with Hibs winning the latter.
Murphy joined Stoke in time for the 1897–98 season. Stoke struggled throughout the campaign and finished in bottom place. They entered the end of season test matches with Newcastle United and Burnley. Murphy played in all four matches including the final match against Burnley where both teams went into the match knowing that a draw would see them remain in the First Division and throughout the 90 minutes not a single attempt on goal was made. This led to the introduction of automatic promotion and relegation. He played nineteen times during 1898–99 scoring once and left the club in January 1899 to join Woolwich Arsenal. He joined Raith Rovers in October 1900, moving on to Cowdenbeath the following year. He appeared for Forfar Athletic during the 1902–03 season.
Murphy played for the Northern Football League in a Dundee vs. League Select game in April 1902, which was won by the latter 1–0. In December 1902, he played with Hearts of Beath against Cowdenbeath in the East of Scotland Qualifying Cup final. Cowdenbeath won 3–2.
Career statistics
References
Category:1873 births
Category:Year of death missing
Category:Sportspeople from Stockton-on-Tees
Category:Footballers from County Durham
Category:English footballers
Category:Association football wing halves
Category:Benburb F.C. players
Category:Hibernian F.C. players
Category:Arsenal F.C. players
Category:Stoke City F.C. players
Category:Raith Rovers F.C. players
Category:Cowdenbeath F.C. players
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Houia
Houia is a genus of dekatriatan, a group of extinct aquatic arthropods. Fossils of the single and type species, H. yueya, have been discovered in deposits of the Early Devonian period (Lochkovian epoch) in Yunnan, China. The name of the genus is derived from the Chinese character 鲎 (hòu), meaning "horseshoe crab". The species name yueya comes from the Chinese characters 月 (yuè, meaning "Moon") and 牙 (yá, meaning "crescent"), referring to the crescentic shape of its carapace (the dorsal plate of the head).
References
Category:Dekatriata
Category:Early Devonian first appearances
Category:Devonian arthropods
Category:Fossils of China
Category:Fossil taxa described in 2015
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Elysium in popular culture
Elysium features often in popular culture.
Contemporary music
A single released by the British trio; Bear's Den in July 2014.
Elysium is the name of the eleventh studio album by British synthpop duo Pet Shop Boys, released on 5 September 2012.
Sounds of Elysium 008 – Sunny Lax 2010 Mix (Progressive Trance)
Elysium is the title of Finnish power metal band Stratovarius's 2011 album.
Elysium is referenced in progressive metal band Symphony X's song The Odyssey, which is largely based around the adventures of Odysseus.
The American deathcore band Chelsea Grin has a track titled "Elysium" on their album "Desolation of Eden"
A song by the American rock band, Clutch, in their song "Burning Beard", features the following lyrics: "The power of the Holy Ghost comes to town / Shadow of the New Praetorian / Tipping cows in fields Elysian / Saturnalia for all you have / The seven habits of the highly infected calf".
A song by the British hip-hop group Rhyme Asylum titled 'Iller Instinct' contains the lyric "I hope this beat's flame resistant, when I come off the top I've lost the plot like books with pages missing. I won't break tradition, I'm keeping it real, plant seeds of destruction in the Elysium fields."
A song by former Glasgow metal band Lithium
"Elysian Fields" is the title of a song by the metal band Megadeth from their album Youthanasia. It is about souls sentenced to eternal damnation fighting to storm heaven.
The song "Reeses Pieces, I Don't Know Who John Cleese Is?" by I Set My Friends On Fire has a lyric:"Those Elysian smiles I thought I'd keep forever!"
"Elysian Fields" is a song by Irish Post-Rock band God Is An Astronaut from the album A Moment of Stillness. This song is an instrumental.
"Elysian Fields" is a New York City-based rock band formed in 1995.
Mary Chapin Carpenter's album 'Between Here and Gone' contains the song 'Elysium', where, following a long personal journey, paradise is found in the heart of her soulmate.
Elizium is the title of an album by Fields of the Nephilim. The album contains track-titles such as '(Paradise Regained)' and lyrics including "over to the window, where the night has become Elizium for the sleepless souls" and references to "some kind of Heaven" (from 'At the Gates of Silent Memory'); whilst an overall theme of voyages towards a blissful afterlife/otherworld dominates the entire album.
Elysium is a bond's track that appears on their album "Play" 2011.
"Elysium" is the title of a dance and happy hardcore music track by Scott Brown. The chorus line lyrics have potential links to interpersonal, spiritual, and higher-order concepts or ideologies.
The track, Elysium, by Scott Brown has remixed by Trance/House group Ultrabeat with additional lyrics and the BPM reduced. That version has then been remixed back into happy hardcore by Scott Brown.
Elysium is a song by the Band LostAlone.
"Devoured Elysium" is a song by Vital Remains from their album Dechristianize, released in 2003.
Portishead has a song entitled Elysium on their 1997 self-titled album.
Wings Of Severance has a song called Elysium on their self-titled album.
The Velvet Teen's second full-length album was entitled Elysium.
In the movie Gladiator, "Elysium" is the name of the song played during Maximus's death. The film shows the character walking through fields of crops. It is ambiguous whether this is supposed to be Elysium or his family farm, it is likely that it represents both.
The video to the song "It Means Nothing" by the Stereophonics shows the spirits of the dead in white robes walking through fields of crops to be taken away in hot air balloons
David Gray's song The One I Love has the lyrics "Don’t see Elysium, Don’t see no fiery Hell".
Hardcore band named Elysia from Sacramento, California
A song titled "Elysium" appears on the album Wonderful by British 1990s band Madness.
A song titled "Elysium" appears on Phoenix, Az rock band Vayden's albu"Children of Our Mistakes".
An indie/rock band from Britain is called "Elysium".
A death-metal Band from Germany is called "Elysium".
A punk-metal band from Tampa, Florida is called Elysium.
A rock band from Newton, IA is called Elysium.
The line "As the sands slowly turn to Elysian Fields" is featured in the song "Sahara" by Finnish metal band Nightwish.
The line "and cross the river of styx, you will reach elysian fields" is featured in the song "Into the light" by the Hardcore metal band John Doe.
The Alaskan metal/post-hardcore band 36 Crazyfists has a song entitled "Elysium" featuring Killswitch Engage singer Howard Jones on their 'Rest Inside the Flames' album.
The phrase "Why is it called Elysian Fields when love builds only grief" is featured in the song "The Seer", by Finnish soprano Tarja Turunen, in the album My Winter Storm.
Polish blackned/death metal band Behemoth mentions an Elysium in their song "Conquer All" in the line "Mightiest self! Cast out ov thy Elysium with blood ov nazarene." And in the song "as above so below" they reference it in the line "art thou nephilim child are you looking for thy elysium here." In addition to the songs before, in the song "Be Without Fear", a line follows "materialize the ashes ov Elysium burned".
Swedish pop singer and former A*Teens band member Amit Paul has a song entitled "My Elysium" on his debut solo album "Songs in a Key of Mine."
UK Hardcore DJ Scott Brown has a song entitled "Elysium+", found on many Hardcore compilations.
Canadian progressive death metal band Into Eternity have a song titled "Elysium Dream" on their 2002 album Dead or Dreaming.
A metalcore band called Elysion Fields is from Antioch, Illinois (myspace.com/elysionfieldsband).
Swedish melodic death metal Arch Enemy's song "Dead Bury Their Dead" off of the first CD of Wages of Sin, contains the line ... "..I walk through Elysian Fields... the light is shining.. on me!"
A sideband of Ann and Nancy Wilson of Heart called "the Lovemongers" recorded a song called "Elysian".
Charlotte Church's song "Dream a Dream" from her album of the same name contains the line "We will find Elysium."
A progressive power metal band Into Eternity's song titled "Elysium Dream".
A song by singer/songwriter, Davis Howley, entitled "Our Elysium".
An album by singer / songwriter, Azam Ali, entitled "Elysium for the Brave".
Bristol metalcore band Evita have a song titled "The Elysium Fields".
The Branford Marsalis Quartet 1999 album, Requiem, has a song titled "Elysium". The album is the last recording made by the quartet's pianist Kenny Kirkland. Marsalis writes, "This record represents first takes of most of the songs and, unfinished as it is, it is a documentation of what, for me, was one of the most challenging and enduring musical relationships I have ever experienced." Presumably, the title is intended to speak of Kirkland's afterlife experience.
A Progressive Death-Thrash band from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is called "Slaughter of Elysium"
UK band Madness included a song "Elysium" on their 1999 album "Wonderful".
Sound Horizon's albums Elysion ~Rakuen e no Zensōkyoku~ and Elysion ~Rakuen Gensō Monogatari Kumikyoku~.
EXO's fourth tour's name was Exo Planet #4 – The EℓyXiOn.
"West of the Fields"the final song on the R.E.M. album Murmur features the lyric 'dream now- of Elysium' in the first verse of the song. The song then equates dream states with being beyond the land of the dead.
Kelley Polar's song "Roseband" has repeated line, "And all around us was Elysium".
Elysium is referenced in The Chronicles of Vladimir Tod, a popular series among youth in the United States centered on a teenage human-vampire hybrid. In the series vampire-kind calls itself collectively as Elysia and is also known as such by the human Slayer Society as a point of clarity. Their hidden connections and influences in humanity's industries and business have granted them more than sufficient wealth and luxury to accompany their "immortality", hence the reference to the Elysian afterlife paradise.
Elysian Night is a song by the Swedish Doom metal band Draconian on the 2011 album A Rose for the Apocalypse
The chorus of Mark Lanegan's 2012 song "Quiver Syndrome" includes the lyrics "The moon don't smile on Saturday's Child / lying still in Elysium Fields"
Elysium is referenced in the aria Ein Mädchen oder Weibchen from Mozart's The Magic Flute.
"Elysian" is a 1991 album and song by German band M. Walking on the Water.
"Elysian Blaze" is a Black / Funeral Doom Metal band..
In the New Albion musical series, Elysium is a realm highly sought after.
Television
In the fourth season of the anime Sailor Moon, the guardian of dreams, Helios, resides in Elysion. In the manga version of that plotline, Elysion is equally important to the arc.
In Doctor Who, Davros, creator of the Daleks, was said to have been lost at the Gates of Elysium during the first year of the Time War, when his command ship was swallowed by the Nightmare Child.
In the third and fifth seasons of the anime Digimon, Dukemon has an attack called "Final Elysium", where he fires a red beam from his Shield.
In the Hades arc of both the anime and manga of Saint Seiya, the bronze saints infiltrate Elysion to rescue Athena from Hades.
In the fifth-season episode "Lineage" of the television show Angel Wesley Wyndam-Pryce uses the word Elysium as a password to enter his high secure vaults within his office.
In the final episode of the British sitcom Green Wing, Martin hears that Mac will be going to "Elyssian Fields", which he thinks is a place in Dorset. He later learns that it actually means that he is going to die.
In the anime series Spawn (season 3, episode 2), the Elysium Fields were mentioned by the bounty hunter Jade, asking Spawn to kill her so she would die in battle and have peace in the Fields instead of going to Hell for sparing HellSpawn.
In the fourth season of the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica, it is shown that the Fields of Elysium are part of the Colonial religion's teachings about the afterlife. Colonial religion is heavily influenced by real-world Greek mythology.
In Xena Warrior Princess and Hercules: The Legendary Journeys the Elysian Fields was a wide, open garden centered on a tower. There is a crack in this dimension to access Tartarus.
In the episode "Last Call" of the television show Dead Like Me, the reaper Mason is sent to "Elysian Lake" to reap a man. The man dies after being struck by lightning while swimming in the lake.
In the episode "Hammer of the Gods" in the fifth season of the television show Supernatural, Sam and Dean Winchester are lured to the Elysian Fields Hotel by a diverse group of gods holding counsel there.
In the Netflix series House of Cards (season 5, episode 8), a secret society mentions Elysium and Elysium Fields.
In the Stan series Romper Stomper (Season 1), one of the characters works at the Elysium nursing home
Films
In Mister Roberts, the ship The USS Reluctant, was sent to the "Limbo Islands", specifically to Elysium Island for liberty. The capitol of the island is "Elysium City". Elysium is the largest of the Limbo Islands. It is often referred to as the Polynesian paradise. Vanilla, sugar, cocoa, coffee, phosphates and rum are the chief exports.
In Gladiator Maximus: "Three weeks from now, I will be harvesting my crops. Imagine where you will be, and it will be so. Hold the line! Stay with me! If you find yourself alone, riding in the green fields with the sun on your face, do not be troubled. For you are in Elysium, and you're already dead!" Additionally, Maximus' description of his home in Hispania to Marcus Aurelius evokes Elysium, an idealic paradise on earth that Maximus calls home. It is these golden fields that Maximus imagines himself walking through at the start of the movie. When Maximus is dying in the Coliseum at the movie's end, he hallucinates a gate, which when pushed open reveals a giant poplar, inhabited by his deceased wife and son. When he finally dies, he is seen one last time walking through this field towards his family. This evocation of Elysium is evidently an intentional link made by Ridley Scottby basing Maximus' imagination of heaven on his description of home, he gives the concept of Elysium itself a tangible link to the real world.
In The Man from Elysian Fields (2001 film), Mick Jagger plays a high priced male escort.
Phantom of the Opera, In the opening scene of "The Masqurade" Andre sings the line "Of Elysian Peace." in reference to the Phantom's three-month absence.
In the 2009 science fiction thriller Pandorum, Elysium is the name of the ill-fated starship on which the film takes place. In the film, the Elysium is a large sleeper ship built in Earth orbit and designed for a 123-year one way journey to a fictional planet called Tanis. The Elysium carries 60,000 colonists in suspended animation along with substantial specimens of Earth's biosphere to assist in colonization of Tanis. The ship is piloted by flight teams who rotate on two year duty shifts where they are awake and monitor the ship's systems. The Elysium is powered by an unspecified form of nuclear power.
Wanderlust (2012). Was the hippie-like self-sustained community where the main characters end up living after they have lost everything.
Beasts of the Southern Wild (2012) The main character Hushpuppy and her friends are carried by a boat from their island home, the Bathtub, to a floating night club called Elysian Fields.
In the science fiction film titled Elysium (2013), by District 9 director Neill Blomkamp, Elysium is the name of space-station projecting the image of a paradise without disease, poverty or war. Elysium is juxtaposed with Earth where the constraints of sickness, poverty and population make life a fight for survival.
In Tennessee Williams' play A Streetcar Named Desire, Stella's apartment is called Elysian Fields, which is symbolic of Blanche's eventual descent into madness.
Games
In Aion: The Tower of Eternity, the name of the angelic faction is "Elyos", and their homelands are called "Elysea".
In the Deponia series, Elysium is the city in the clouds that the rich, intelligent, and beautiful people live in, from which Goal falls, and to which Rufus is trying to go.
In DragonVale, there is an Olympus/Dream type dragon called the Elysium Dragon, said to hail from a mountain beyond Mount Oly, where old witches and wizards reflect on their lives.
In earlier editions of the Dungeons & Dragons role playing game, Elysium is the outer (spiritual) plane of absolute and purist good alignmentalso referred to as Neutral Goodwithout any partisan regard towards law (as with the Seven Heavens) or chaos (as with Olympus/Arvandor/Arborea).
An early antagonist in Dragon's Dogma is the leader of armageddon cult "Salvation", who "...was given the name Elysion to refer to the paradise that they expect to follow death."
In God of War: Chains of Olympus, the Elysium Fields is accessed through a portal in Persephone's garden, and sits at the bottom of the pillar that holds the world above Hades.
In L.A. Noire, Elysian Fields is an antagonistic organisation involved with property development.
The Last Remnant makes several references. Elysion being the name of a weapon, Remnant, and most prominently, a city; "Home of the Congress and the Sacred Lands, Elysion is generally considered the heart of the continent. Its long history gives it a unique flavor, both modern and historic."
In Mass Effect, Elysium is a human colony in the Skyllian Verge.
In Megaman Legends 2, Elysium is the name of an artificial planet where the ancient humans lived for thousands years.
In Megaman X5, Megaman X's dream is to create a future utopia, where war and suffering are non-existent and the human race and the Reploids live in peace. This utopia is named Elysium. Appears it in one the 3 endings of the game.
In the game Rise of the Argonauts in a re-telling of the Classic "Jason and the Golden Fleece" in RPG form, Elysium is where the virtuous are sent and Jason must obtain the fleece to bring his Wife back from the Dead.
In RuneScape, an Elysian Spirit Shield is available to players.
Elysium is the domain of Persephone, the goddess of Life, in Sacrifice.
In Saints Row 2, there is neighborhood called Elysian Fields located in the Trailer Park distract of Stilwater near the Suburbs. The entire neighborhood is a trailer park and is a stronghold of the Sons of Samedi who use several Mobile homes as Loa Dust drug labs, which The Protagonist must destroy during the Elysian Fields Trailer Park stronghold mission, in order to take control of the neighborhood. It is located next to Mourning Wood Cemetery, which is somewhat ironic (possibly intentional on the developer's part) given the Elysian Fields being the final resting place of virtuous souls in Greek mythology.
In Soul Calibur V, Elysium is an unlockable character resembling series veteran, Sophitia Alexandra. According to the game's story, she is the spirit of the titular weapon, Soul Calibur. She is a mimic character, capable of using the fighting styles and weapons of all the game's female characters.
Titan Quests expansion Immortal Throne takes place in the Greek underworld, with one significant section taking place in Elysium itself. The player must defend Elysium from the enemy daemon army and is aided by several well known Greek heroes.
In Vampire: The Masquerade Elysium is the status of a place or a meeting, where vampires are not allowed to harm each other, hence carrying weapons and using disciplines is prohibited.
In Dust: An Elysian Tail Elysium is the home of The Five Blades of Elysium.
In Xenoblade Chronicles 2, Elysium is the fabled paradise atop the World Tree, a colossal tree in the middle of the world Alrest, and the ultimate goal of the journey of the protagonists Rex and Pyra. The memories of the blade born there, Pyra, describes Elysium as expansive fertile land, large enough to save humanity from the decline of titans, creatures the size of continents.
In Age of Wonders: Planetfall, Elysium Parks is a location on a planet Leave-6, described as a "place with all the booze, gambling and promiscuous androids." From an included picture, it is a cyberpunk-like megacity.
Companies
Numerous companies globally have adopted the Elysium name as part of their brand:
Elysium Inc.a provider of 3D CAD/CAM systems ()
Elysium Creativea web agency with offices in the US and Canada ()
Elysium Productionsa wedding videography firm from Los Angeles()
References
Category:Greco-Roman mythology in popular culture
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Six Minutes
"Six Minutes" is the thirty-sixth episode of the American television drama series The Killing, which aired on July 28, 2013. The episode is written by series creator Veena Sud and directed by Nicole Kassell. In the episode, Sarah Linden (Mireille Enos) spends Ray Seward's (Peter Sarsgaard) remaining twelve hours with him. He allows his son Adrian (Rowan Longworth) to visit, but Becker (Hugh Dillon) denies entry. Seward's execution occurs, despite Linden's belief that he is innocent of his wife's murder.
Plot
Twelve hours before the execution, Seward's execution team conducts a run-through of the hanging. Linden arrives to ask Seward if he recognizes any of four unidentified rings that were recently recovered. He identifies a fake silver wedding band that he gave Trisha by noting a scratch inside the band. In the prison waiting room, she calls the state attorney general to request a stay of execution for Seward. She thinks more evidence could be in the Seward file and calls Holder (Joel Kinnaman) to ask him to bring it to the prison.
At Seward's cell, Becker tells him about the unclaimed bodies in the prison cemetery. He asks Seward who is claiming him, then informs Henderson (Aaron Douglas) he's on watch until the 6 p.m. execution. Adrian and his adoptive mother (Ingrid Torrence) join Linden at the prison. Becker summons Linden to see Seward. She tells Seward she's waiting for photos which show Trisha wearing the wedding ring. He asks about Adrian and Becker ends the visit.
Linden threatens to call Becker's captain and notes that D.O.C. policy grants Seward a right to speak with visitors for another five hours. She joins Seward again and he tells her he fears a slow death, to which she urges him to see his son. He proclaims himself a "monster" who beat his wife. She replies she's trying to save him to correct her own mistake.
She meets an intoxicated Holder in the waiting room. He gives her the Seward file and comments that the scratched ring is a long shot. While taking a smoke break in the prison courtyard, he sees Adrian, who comments on his intoxication. Inside, Linden tells Seward the A.G. will soon have a photo of Trisha wearing the identified ring, then again urges him to see his son. She speaks with the A.G., who considers a stay. Adrian apologizes to her for lying about Joe Mills. He didn't want his dad to get in trouble again, but adds that Ray is the man he saw in the apartment the night of the murder.
Holder returns from a beer run and discovers the prison cemetery. Still upset, he begins to throw beer cans at the anonymous tombstones.
Inside, Seward laughs when Linden says the AG is considering a stay. Becoming angry, she asks him why he was in the apartment on the night of the murder, why he played her. She marches into the prison parking lot, where Holder accuses her of always running away from situations. She then gets a call from the AG. Seward's stay has been denied.
Back inside, she tells Seward the news and he thanks her for trying. He says he returned to the apartment because he wanted to take Adrian away and give him a better life. He then agrees to see his son. Adrian checks his appearance in the men's room mirror and Holder fixes Adrian's hair using liquid soap as styling gel. While waiting for Adrian, Seward mentions building a treehouse for him in the park. Out in the hall, Becker blocks Adrian and his mother at a gate, then informs Seward and Linden that visiting hours are officially over. Seward screams at the guards, as Linden tells him to look out his window.
She calls the district attorney to remedy the situation. Holder takes her phone, telling her it's over. The guards dress Seward for the hanging, then escort him to the gallows. En route, he stops to look out a window and sees Linden standing with Adrian just outside the prison fence. His son waves to him. Linden sits in the viewing gallery as the warden reads his death sentence. Seward is given a chance to make a final statement. He comments on Salisbury steak being ground beef and asks to get on with the execution. Becker falters when the time comes to place the hood over Seward's head and Henderson takes his place. The trapdoor opens, and Seward's body falls through. As he feared, his neck does not snap. Linden watches in horror as Seward slowly chokes to death.
Production
In an interview about the episode, series creator and writer Veena Sud spoke about how she decided to end Ray Seward's story this way: "We debated a little bit what should be the end of Ray's story, and very quickly realized: Let's tell the truth. And let the audience have their heart broken in the way the families of these prisoners have their hearts broken. It's a great credit to Peter [Sarsgaard] that over time we get to really understand that this man — and everybody — has humanity. Everybody has a reason for what they do, good and bad. It doesn't always end well."
In the same interview, Peter Sarsgaard (Ray Seward) spoke about the episode: "I had lots of anxiety. It’s interesting playing Ray, because I so in my heart believe that I’m guilty — because I am guilty on some level — that it wasn’t like I was filled with self-righteous indignation. He’s not the right guy to be defending himself. He’s filled with a lot of self-loathing. In terms of acting it, I was really excited to act with Mireille. She was the first person to have told me that Episode 10 would be a lot of the two of us...I was really excited about that."
Reception
Critical reception
"Six Minutes" received critical acclaim from most reviewers, with many naming the episode as one of the best in the series. Alan Sepinwall of HitFix thought "Six Minutes" was "largely an illustration of the things that The Killing can do very well, given both its structure and the personnel on-hand. But it was also at times a reminder of the limitations of this particular creative team." Chris King of TVOvermind stated, "For a show as dark and gritty as The Killing, this may have been the show's bleakest episode to date, but the sad tone and difficult material did not take away from the astounding performances...and the expertly written drama that filled 'Six Minutes' from beginning to end." The A.V. Club's Phil Dyess-Nugent gave the episode a perfect "A" grade, to become the best-reviewed episode of the entire series by that website.
Ratings
The episode was watched by 1.47 million viewers with a rating of 0.4 in the 18-49 ages demographic, a slight rise from the previous episode.
References
External links
"Six Minutes" at AMC
Category:The Killing (American TV series) episodes
Category:2013 American television episodes
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The Climbers (1919 film)
The Climbers is a 1919 American silent comedy drama film produced and distributed by the Vitagraph Company of America. It is based on Clyde Fitch's Broadway play. This film was directed by Tom Terriss and stars Corinne Griffith.
A previous version of Fitch's play had been made in 1915 as The Climbers with Gladys Hanson and a later version in 1927 again as The Climbers with Irene Rich.
A print is preserved in the Library of Congress.
Plot
In order to keep his social-climbing wife and daughters in the lifestyle they are accustomed to, wealthy George Hunter makes some large investments in the stock market, but the stocks crash and he loses a great deal of money. His wealthy aunt offers to bail the family out, but complications ensue.
Cast
Corinne Griffith as Blanche Sterlin
Hugh Huntley as Richard Sterling
Percy Marmont as Ned Warden
Henry Hallam as George Hunter
Josephine Whittell as Clara Hunter
Jane Jennings as Aunt Ruth
James Spottswood as James Garfield Trotter
Corinne Barker as Julia Godesby
Emily Fitzroy as Mrs. Hunter
Charles Halton as Jordan
James A. Furey
References
External links
allmovie/synopsis; The Climbers
Lantern slide promotional
Category:1919 films
Category:American films
Category:American silent feature films
Category:American comedy-drama films
Category:1910s comedy-drama films
Category:American black-and-white films
Category:Vitagraph Studios films
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Walter Tyler
Walter Tyler may refer to:
Wat Tyler, 14th century British rebellion leader
Walter H. Tyler (1909–1990), American film art director
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Gao Yaojie
Gao Yaojie (; born 1927) is a Chinese gynecologist, academic, and AIDS activist in Zhengzhou, Henan province, China. Gao has been honored for her work by the United Nations and Western organizations, and had spent time under house arrest. Her split with the Chinese authority on the transmission and the seriousness of the AIDS epidemic in China hinders her further activities and resulted in her leaving for the United States in 2009. She is now living alone in uptown Manhattan, New York City.
Biography
Gao was born in Cao County, Shandong Province in 1927. A retired professor at the Henan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gao is a medical doctor who specialized in ovarian gynecology, and in particular gynecological tumors. She graduated from the School of Medicine at Henan University in 1954. However, because of her intellectual background Dr. Gao was persecuted during the Cultural Revolution, leaving her in ill health. She worked as a gynecologist in the Henan Chinese Medicine Hospital in 1974, was promoted to professor in 1986, and retired in 1990. Dr. Gao was a member of the Henan People’s Congress.
Henan was the site of the Bloodhead scandal which resulted in rapid spread of the HIV virus during the 1990s among the impoverished rural population who sold blood at unsanitary Henan provincial and private collection centers where blood was collected from paid blood donors into a central tank, the plasma separated out, and the remainder of the blood pumped back from the central tank into the donors of the same blood type. Gao is well known in China and worldwide for her AIDS prevention work in during the HIV epidemic in Henan, and for advocating much greater attention to people suffering from AIDS and children orphaned by AIDS.
Gao is well known for her writings and visits to Henan villages to educate people on HIV/AIDS prevention and for her work on behalf of the many children orphaned by the AIDS epidemic in Henan Province, home to 100 million people. In 1996 Gao Yaojie started doing AIDS prevention work and treating people afflicted with AIDS in Henan's villages at her own expense. She visited over 100 Henan villages and treated over 1000 people. She self-published her book "Prevention of AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Diseases" and distributed 300,000 copies of the book. Her newsletter "Knowledge for HIV Prevention" went to 15 issues and a total printing of 530,000 copies. She used the $20,000 Jonathan Mann Award and $10,000 in contribution to reprint her book. Since 2000, most of her efforts has been focused on helping "AIDS orphans" ("AIDS orphans" in Chinese refer to healthy children whose parents died of HIV.) in Henan's villages.
Life as a gynecologist and experience during the Cultural Revolution
Uncovering the epidemic after retirement
First contact with an AIDS patient
It was by accident that Gao embarked on the road of anti-AIDS education. On April 7, 1996, a Henan hospital received a woman patient but found it difficult to diagnose her disease. Gao was invited to attend the consultation. At last, the patient, surnamed Ba, was diagnosed with HIV due to a blood transfusion several years earlier. The patient cried and appealed to Gao, saying, "Doctor Gao, how is it that I cannot be cured, for I just took a blood transfusion?"
"I don't want to die!" Ba said. "My husband and my child can't live without me."
Ten days later, the patient died, at the age of 42. Fortunately, neither her husband nor her child was infected by HIV.
It was Gao's first time to see an AIDS patient. Ba's painful expression and heartbreaking cry deeply hurt Gao's heart. As a doctor, she could do nothing but watch the disease take the life of her patient. For several consecutive days, Gao had no appetite and slept poorly. And the worst thing was that patient's blood transfusion came from an infected blood bank, which meant she was the tip of an iceberg that had just emerged from the water and even more lives would be lost if no measures were taken to stem the spread of HIV. In the meantime, Gao also noticed that in the two years from the patient's infection to her death, none of her family was infected, proving the possibility of successful control of the spread of the disease. But the premise is that people should be aware of the urgency in AIDS prevention and grasp prevention knowledge as much as possible.
Commitment to AIDS prevention
Gao sponsored and edited a tabloid, Knowledge of AIDS Prevention, which has published 530,000 copies in 15 issues. Except for the first issue, all the following issues were funded by Gao herself, costing her 3,000 yuan to 5,000 yuan each. She also bought medicine on her own expenses for patients and sends money to them. In the autumn of 2001, Gao carried out a survey on the knowledge of AIDS prevention. Of the more than 10,000 people surveyed, less than 15 percent had a correct understanding of HIV transmission and AIDS prevention, and most of them were utterly ignorant of HIV transmission through blood.
In order to expand AIDS prevention education, Gao edited the book The Prevention of AIDS / Venereal Disease, which has been published four times for more than 300,000 copies. She spent all her $20,000 in award money from Jonathan Mann Award for Global Health and Human Rights and $10,000 in donations from the Ford Foundation in printing 150,000 copies of the book. Every day, 10 to 100 copies of the book are given free to medical staff, patients, and patients' families in rural areas. After the book's reprinting in August 2001, the Women's Federation of Henan Province, the provincial epidemic prevention station, and the provincial library were presented with some 20,000 copies each and were commissioned to transfer the books to grass-root units and individuals in rural areas. Soon, Gao received piles of letters from different places asking for the book; most of the letters came from Henan Province. Some provinces, including Hainan, Hubei, Guangdong, and Yunnan, and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, have used this book as the teaching material for their AIDS education classes.
Yaojie worked alongside Shuping Wang, a health researcher that had previously called out in China's poor practices in blood collection that lead to the spread of hepatitis C in 1993, and who had also been a whistleblower on the rise of HIV infection a few years later. Wang would provide data to help support Yaojie's advocacy messages.
Achievements
Gao’s hard work and persistence, however, have forced the government to admit that there is a problem with AIDS. In 2003, the Chinese government admitted officially that AIDS existed in China and promised funds to prevent and control the disease. In 2004 the United
Nations Theme Group on HIV/AIDS in China released a report estimating that somewhere between 850,000 and 1.5 million adults in China were infected with HIV as of 2001. In 2007, Chinese health officials estimated that only 750,000 adults were infected, but other sources
estimated that the true number was closer to 1.5 million. By October that year, China had officially recorded 183,733 HIV cases, including 12,464 deaths. Up until now, many people at risk remain untested—some are lurking in the shadows because of the stigma—and some
experts fear the actual number could be much higher.
Awards, Harassment and Publication of Autobiography
In 2001, Gao was awarded the Jonathan Mann Award for Health and Human Rights, In 2002, she was named Time Magazine's Asian Heroine. In 2003, she was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service in Manila, Philippines. In both instances she was denied permission to travel outside China to accept the awards. She was also designated one of the “Ten People Who Touched China in 2003” by China Central Television.
Gao was awarded the "Global Leadership Award, Women Changing Our World" by the Vital Voices Global Partnership along with three other women from China and three women from India, Guatemala, and Sudan at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts on March 14, 2007. She was reported in February, 2007 to have been held in house arrest and unable to travel. She had been pressured by local officials to sign a statement that she is "unable to travel due to poor health." A report on a visit to her apartment while she was still under house arrest by Henan Province Vice Party Secretary Chen Quanguo, Henan Vice Governor Wang Jumei, and Henan Province Communist Party Organization Department head Ye Dongsong presented her flowers and best wishes from the Henan Party and Government for the Chinese New Year appeared in the Henan Daily and other Chinese media. On February 16, 2007, bowing to international pressure, the government gave her permission to travel to the United States to receive the award. Gao left China from Guangdong province after receiving a warm company from her supporters. Upon arriving the United States, she stayed briefly with a Chinese family and then moved to New York with a visiting fellowship from Columbia University.
The house arrest of Gao was part of a continuing pattern of harassment, especially in Henan Province, of grassroots AIDS activists in China. In 2006, Wan Yanhai, another prominent activist, was detained and prevented from holding an AIDS conference in Beijing. Gao's blog, which she updated until 2009, had become what Gao called a "battleground" between her supporters and detractors. Gao in her blog entry of February 11 denounced a hacking of her blog and noted that one visitor left a message that people were being paid 50 RMB each to leave negative comments. Gao wrote that the attacks began after she began describing many cases of people continuing to contract HIV through blood transfusions in Henan Province.
On September 20, 2007, New York Academy of Sciences gave her "The Heinz R. Pagels Human Rights of Scientists Award." In 2007, the International Astronomical Union named asteroid No. 38980 after Dr. Gao.
In July 2008, Gao's autobiography "The Soul of Gao Yaojie" (written in Chinese) was published by Ming Pao Publications Limited (Hong Kong), and the English version, "The Soul of Gao Yaojie: A Memoir", was published in November, 2011.
On February 7, 2015, Gao received the 2014 annual “Liu Binyan Conscience Award.” The award ceremony was held at Dr. Gao’s New York apartment and more than 10 jury members and guests participated. The award was named after a renewed Chinese doctor Liu Binyan and the jury consisted of well-known Chinese writers.
See also
HIV/AIDS in the People's Republic of China
HIV in Yunnan
Plasma Economy
References
External links
AIDS Prevention Journey" by Dr. Gao Yaojie
"Gao Yaojie - A Crusader for AIDS Prevention" from February 4, 2005 PRC periodical China Pictorial
Gao Yaojie: Physician, Grandmother, and Whistleblower in China’s Fight against HIV/AIDS: Roundtable before the Congressional-Executive Commission on China, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, First Session, December 3, 2009
Dr. Gao Yaojie - A Hero Fighting Aids in China
Dr Gao Yaojie's Blog (in Chinese)
Group Honors Doctor Who Exposed China AIDS Scandal - Nora Boustany includes video interview with Dr. Gao in Chinese.
Gao Yaojie is Not Sensationalizing the Problem - Yan Lieshan (China Business Herald)
"Blood Money" an article on Dr. Gao's work by Regan Hoffmann from POZ
Exiled China Aids activist mourns her former life
China's 'AIDS granny' living in exile in New York following tireless crusade to expose blood-selling scandal
Category:1927 births
Category:Living people
Category:HIV/AIDS activists
Category:Chinese bloggers
Category:People from Zhengzhou
Category:HIV/AIDS in China
Category:Chinese gynaecologists
Category:Writers from Heze
Category:Ramon Magsaysay Award winners
Category:People's Republic of China science writers
Category:Physicians from Shandong
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Fontanelle (Campello sul Clitunno)
Fontanelle is a frazione of the comune of Campello sul Clitunno in the Province of Perugia, Umbria, central Italy. It stands at an elevation of 653 metres above sea level. At the time of the Istat census of 2001 it had 14 inhabitants.
References
Category:Frazioni of the Province of Perugia
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Spin foam
In physics, the topological structure of spinfoam or spin foam consists of two-dimensional faces representing a configuration required by functional integration to obtain a Feynman's path integral description of quantum gravity. Also, see loop quantum gravity.
Spin foam in loop quantum gravity
Covariant formulation of loop quantum gravity provides the best formulation of the dynamics of the theory of quantum gravity – a quantum field theory where the invariance under diffeomorphisms of general relativity applies. The resulting path integral represents a sum over all the possible configurations of spin foam.
Spin network
A spin network is a one-dimensional graph, together with labels on its vertices and edges which encode aspects of a spatial geometry.
A spin network is defined as a diagram like the Feynman diagram which makes a basis of connections between the elements of a differentiable manifold for the Hilbert spaces defined over them, and for computations of amplitudes between two different hypersurfaces of the manifold. Any evolution of the spin network provides a spin foam over a manifold of one dimension higher than the dimensions of the corresponding spin network. A spin foam is analogous to quantum history.
Spacetime
Spin networks provide a language to describe the quantum geometry of space. Spin foam does the same job for spacetime.
Spacetime can be defined as a superposition of spin foams, which is a generalized Feynman diagram where instead of a graph, a higher-dimensional complex is used. In topology this sort of space is called a 2-complex. A spin foam is a particular type of 2-complex, with labels for vertices, edges and faces. The boundary of a spin foam is a spin network, just as in the theory of manifolds, where the boundary of an n-manifold is an (n-1)-manifold.
In Loop Quantum Gravity, the present Spin Foam Theory has been inspired by the work of Ponzano–Regge model. The concept of a spin foam, although not called that at the time, was introduced in the paper "A Step Toward Pregeometry I: Ponzano–Regge Spin Networks and the Origin of Spacetime Structure in Four Dimensions" by Norman J. LaFave. In this paper, the concept of creating sandwiches of 4-geometry (and local time scale) from spin networks is described, along with the connection of these spin 4-geometry sandwiches to form paths of spin networks connecting given spin network boundaries (spin foams). Quantization of the structure leads to a generalized Feynman path integral over connected paths of spin networks between spin network boundaries. This paper goes beyond much of the later work by showing how 4-geometry is already present in the seemingly three dimensional spin networks, how local time scales occur, and how the field equations and conservation laws are generated by simple consistency requirements. The idea was reintroduced in a 1997 paper and later developed into the Barrett–Crane model. The formulation that is used nowadays is commonly called EPRL after the names of the authors of a series of seminal papers, but the theory has also seen fundamental contributions from the work of many others, such as Laurent Freidel (FK model) and Jerzy Lewandowski (KKL model).
Definition
The summary partition function for a spin foam model is
with:
a set of 2-complexes each consisting out of faces , edges and vertices . Associated to each 2-complex is a weight
a set of irreducible representations which label the faces and intertwiners which label the edges.
a vertex amplitude and an edge amplitude
a face amplitude , for which we almost always have
See also
Group field theory
Loop quantum gravity
Lorentz invariance in loop quantum gravity
String-net
References
External links
Category:Theoretical physics
Category:Loop quantum gravity
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