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wiki_11500_chunk_0 | Corticobulbar tract | In neuroanatomy, the corticobulbar (or corticonuclear) tract is a two-neuron white matter motor pathway connecting the motor cortex in the cerebral cortex to the medullary pyramids, which are part of the brainstem's medulla oblongata (also called "bulbar") region, and are primarily involved in carrying the motor functi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11501_chunk_0 | Medial lemniscus | In neuroanatomy, the medial lemniscus, also known as Reil's band or Reil's ribbon (for German anatomist Johann Christian Reil), is a large ascending bundle of heavily myelinated axons that decussate (cross) in the brainstem, specifically in the medulla oblongata. The medial lemniscus is formed by the crossings of the i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11502_chunk_0 | Decussation of pyramids | In neuroanatomy, the medullary pyramids are paired white matter structures of the brainstem's medulla oblongata that contain motor fibers of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts – known together as the pyramidal tracts. The lower limit of the pyramids is marked when the fibers cross (decussate). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11503_chunk_0 | Optic chiasm | In neuroanatomy, the optic chiasm, or optic chiasma ( ; from Greek χίασμα 'crossing', from Ancient Greek χιάζω 'to mark with an X'), is the part of the brain where the optic nerves cross. It is located at the bottom of the brain immediately inferior to the hypothalamus. The optic chiasm is found in all vertebrates, alt... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11504_chunk_0 | Optic nerve | In neuroanatomy, the optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve, cranial nerve II, or simply CN II, is a paired cranial nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. In humans, the optic nerve is derived from optic stalks during the seventh week of development and is composed of retinal... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11505_chunk_0 | Superior colliculus | The deeper layers also contain a population of motor-related neurons, capable of activating eye movements as well as other responses. In other vertebrates the number of layers in the homologous optic tectum varies.The general function of the tectal system is to direct behavioral responses toward specific points in body... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11506_chunk_0 | Superior colliculus | In other species, the superior colliculus is involved in a wide range of responses, including whole-body turns in walking rats. In mammals, and especially primates, the massive expansion of the cerebral cortex reduces the superior colliculus to a much smaller fraction of the whole brain. It remains nonetheless importan... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11507_chunk_0 | Trigeminal system | Adding to the complexity of this nerve is that autonomic nerve fibers as well as special sensory fibers (taste) are contained within it. The motor division of the trigeminal nerve derives from the basal plate of the embryonic pons, and the sensory division originates in the cranial neural crest. Sensory information fro... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11508_chunk_0 | Length constant | In neurobiology, the length constant (λ) is a mathematical constant used to quantify the distance that a graded electric potential will travel along a neurite via passive electrical conduction. The greater the value of the length constant, the farther the potential will travel. A large length constant can contribute to... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11509_chunk_0 | Length constant | In calculation, the effects of ro are negligible, so the equation is typically expressed as: λ = r m r i {\displaystyle \lambda ={\sqrt {\frac {r_{m}}{r_{i}}}}} The membrane resistance is a function of the number of open ion channels, and the axial resistance is generally a function of the diameter of the axon. The gre... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11510_chunk_0 | Length constant | The length constant is used to describe the rise of potential difference across the membrane V ( x ) = V max ( 1 − e − x / λ ) {\displaystyle V(x)=V_{\max }\left(1-e^{-x/\lambda }\right)} The fall of voltage can be expressed as: V ( x ) = V max e − x / λ {\displaystyle V(x)=V_{\max }e^{-x/\lambda }} Where voltage, V, i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11511_chunk_0 | Anti-Hebbian learning | In neuroethology and the study of learning, anti-Hebbian learning describes a particular class of learning rule by which synaptic plasticity can be controlled. These rules are based on a reversal of Hebb's postulate, and therefore can be simplistically understood as dictating reduction of the strength of synaptic conne... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11512_chunk_0 | SOX2 | In neurogenesis, Sox2 is expressed throughout developing cells in the neural tube as well as in proliferating central nervous system progenitors. However, Sox2 is downregulated during progenitors' final cell cycle during differentiation when they become post mitotic. Cells expressing Sox2 are capable of both producing ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11513_chunk_0 | SOX2 | Thus signals controlling Sox2 expression in the presumptive neuronal compartment, like Notch signaling, control what size the neuronal compartment finally reaches. Proliferation of Sox2+ neural stem cells can generate neural precursors as well as Sox2+ neural stem cell population. Differences in brain size between the ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11514_chunk_0 | Steady state visually evoked potential | In neurology and neuroscience research, steady state visually evoked potentials (SSVEPs) are signals that are natural responses to visual stimulation at specific frequencies. When the retina is excited by a visual stimulus ranging from 3.5 Hz to 75 Hz, the brain generates electrical activity at the same (or multiples o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11515_chunk_0 | Steady state visually evoked potential | SSVEPs also provide a means to characterize preferred frequencies of neocortical dynamic processes. SSVEPs are generated by stationary localized sources and distributed sources that exhibit characteristics of wave phenomena. SSVEPs have been widely used in vision, cognitive neuroscience (e.g., visual attention, binocul... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11516_chunk_0 | Anterograde amnesia | In neurology, anterograde amnesia is the inability to create new memories after an event that caused amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact. This is in contrast to retrograde amnesia, where memories created prior to the... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11517_chunk_0 | Calcium channel associated transcriptional regulator | In neuronal cells, CCAT is generated upon activation of a cryptic promoter in exon 46 of CACNA1C, the gene that encodes the voltage-gated calcium channel Cav1.2. == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11518_chunk_0 | Exocytosis | In neuronal exocytosis, the term priming has been used to include all of the molecular rearrangements and ATP-dependent protein and lipid modifications that take place after initial docking of a synaptic vesicle but before exocytosis, such that the influx of calcium ions is all that is needed to trigger nearly instanta... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11519_chunk_0 | Excitatory synapse | In neurons that are involved in chemical synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters are synthesized either in the neuronal cell body, or within the presynaptic terminal, depending on the type of neurotransmitter being synthesized and the location of enzymes involved in its synthesis. These neurotransmitters are stored in... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11520_chunk_0 | Excitatory synapse | There is high concentration of calcium in the synaptic cleft between the two participating neurons (presynaptic and postsynaptic). This difference in calcium concentration between the synaptic cleft and the inside of the presynaptic terminal establishes a strong concentration gradient that drives the calcium into the p... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11521_chunk_0 | Excitatory synapse | These neurotransmitters bind to a variety of receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane. In response to neurotransmitter binding, these postsynaptic receptors can undergo conformational changes that may open a transmembrane channel subunit either directly, or indirectly via a G-Protein signaling pathway. The selective... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11522_chunk_0 | GCaMP | In neurons, action potentials induce neurotransmitter release at axon terminals by opening voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, allowing for Ca2+ influx. As a result, GCaMP is commonly used to measure increases in intracellular Ca2+ in neurons as a proxy for neuronal activity in multiple animal models, including Caenorhabditis... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11523_chunk_0 | Autophagosome | In neurons, autophagosomes are generated at the neurite tip and mature (acidify) as they travel towards the cell body along the axon. This axonal transport is disrupted if huntingtin or its interacting partner HAP1, which colocalize with autophagosomes in neurons, are depleted. == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11524_chunk_0 | Calcium signalling | In neurons, concomitant increases in cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ are important for the synchronization of neuronal electrical activity with mitochondrial energy metabolism. Mitochondrial matrix Ca2+ levels can reach the tens of μM levels that are necessary for the activation of isocitrate dehydrogenase, which is o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11525_chunk_0 | Calcium signalling | These may communicate both locally and globally in the cell. These Ca2+ signals integrate extracellular and intracellular fluxes, and have been implicated to play roles in synaptic plasticity, memory, neurotransmitter release, neuronal excitability, and long term changes at the gene transcription level. ER stress is al... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11526_chunk_0 | Heart rate variability | In neuropathy associated with diabetes mellitus characterized by alteration in small nerve fibers, a reduction in time domain parameters of HRV seems not only to carry negative prognostic value but also to precede the clinical expression of autonomic neuropathy. In diabetic patients without evidence of autonomic neurop... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11527_chunk_0 | Degrees of Freedom Problem (Motor Control) | In neurophysiological studies, the motor system is modeled as a distributed, often hierarchical system with the spinal cord controlling the "most automatic" of movements such as stretch reflexes, and the cortex controlling the "most voluntary" actions such as reaching for an object, with the brainstem performing a func... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11528_chunk_0 | Dendritic spike | In neurophysiology, a dendritic spike refers to an action potential generated in the dendrite of a neuron. Dendrites are branched extensions of a neuron. They receive electrical signals emitted from projecting neurons and transfer these signals to the cell body, or soma. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11529_chunk_0 | Dendritic spike | Dendritic signaling has traditionally been viewed as a passive mode of electrical signaling. Unlike its axon counterpart which can generate signals through action potentials, dendrites were believed to only have the ability to propagate electrical signals by physical means: changes in conductance, length, cross section... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11530_chunk_0 | Dendritic spike | Depolarization of the dendritic membrane causes sodium and potassium voltage-gated ion channels to open. The influx of sodium ions causes an increase in voltage. If the voltage increases past a certain threshold, the sodium current activates other voltage-gated sodium channels transmitting a current along the dendrite. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11531_chunk_0 | Dendritic spike | Dendritic spikes can be generated through both sodium and calcium voltage-gated channels. Dendritic spikes usually transmit signals at a much slower rate than axonal action potentials. Local voltage thresholds for dendritic spike initiation are usually higher than that of action potential initiation in the axon; theref... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11532_chunk_0 | Commutative (neurophysiology) | In neurophysiology, commutation is the process by which the brain's neural circuits exhibit non-commutativity. Physiologist Douglas B. Tweed and coworkers have considered whether certain neural circuits in the brain exhibit noncommutativity and state: In noncommutative algebra, order makes a difference to multiplicatio... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11533_chunk_0 | Long term depression | In neurophysiology, long-term depression (LTD) is an activity-dependent reduction in the efficacy of neuronal synapses lasting hours or longer following a long patterned stimulus. LTD occurs in many areas of the CNS with varying mechanisms depending upon brain region and developmental progress.As the opposing process t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11534_chunk_0 | Quantitative models of the action potential | In neurophysiology, several mathematical models of the action potential have been developed, which fall into two basic types. The first type seeks to model the experimental data quantitatively, i.e., to reproduce the measurements of current and voltage exactly. The renowned Hodgkin–Huxley model of the axon from the Lol... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11535_chunk_0 | Quantitative models of the action potential | However, other ions such as calcium may be important and there is a great diversity of channels for all ions. As an example, the cardiac action potential illustrates how differently shaped action potentials can be generated on membranes with voltage-sensitive calcium channels and different types of sodium/potassium cha... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11536_chunk_0 | Myelin sheath gap | In neuroscience and anatomy, nodes of Ranvier ( RAHN-vee-ay), also known as myelin-sheath gaps, occur along a myelinated axon where the axolemma is exposed to the extracellular space. Nodes of Ranvier are uninsulated and highly enriched in ion channels, allowing them to participate in the exchange of ions required to r... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11537_chunk_0 | Synaptic weight | In neuroscience and computer science, synaptic weight refers to the strength or amplitude of a connection between two nodes, corresponding in biology to the amount of influence the firing of one neuron has on another. The term is typically used in artificial and biological neural network research. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11538_chunk_0 | Degrees of freedom problem | In neuroscience and motor control , the degrees of freedom problem or motor equivalence problem states that there are multiple ways for humans or animals to perform a movement in order to achieve the same goal. In other words, under normal circumstances, no simple one-to-one correspondence exists between a motor proble... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11539_chunk_0 | Trigger zone | In neuroscience and neurology, a trigger zone is an area in the body, or of a cell, in which a specific type of stimulation triggers a specific type of response. The term was first used in this context around 1914 by Hugh T. Patrick, who was writing about trigeminal neuralgia, a condition in which pain fibers in the tr... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11540_chunk_0 | Trigger zone | This area was first identified and named in 1951 by Herbert L. Borison and Kenneth R. Brizzee.Parts of cells, rather than parts of the body, can also behave as trigger zones. The axon hillock of a neuron possesses the highest density of voltage-gated Na+ channels, and is therefore the region where it is easiest for the... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11541_chunk_0 | Absolute threshold | In neuroscience and psychophysics, an absolute threshold was originally defined as the lowest level of a stimulus – light, sound, touch, etc. – that an organism could detect. Under the influence of signal detection theory, absolute threshold has been redefined as the level at which a stimulus will be detected a specifi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11542_chunk_0 | Bridge locus | In neuroscience the bridge locus for a particular sensory percept is a hypothetical set of neurons whose activity is the basis of that sensory percept. The term was introduced by D.N. Teller and E.Y. Pugh Jr. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11543_chunk_0 | Bridge locus | Thompson argues that there are good reasons to think that the notion of a bridge locus, which he calls a "localizationist approach", is misguided, questioning the premise that there has to be one particular neural stage whose activity forms the immediate substrate of perception. He argues, based upon work by Zeki & Shi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11544_chunk_0 | Lumpers and splitters | In neuroscience, "uncertainty aversion" and "uncertainty tolerance" in semantic representations appear to correlate with the terms "splitters" and "lumpers" respectively. As neuroscientist Marc-Lluís Vives observes:"Our survival is possible because every day we make use of previously acquired categories to navigate the... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11545_chunk_0 | Dale's principle | In neuroscience, Dale's principle (or Dale's law) is a rule attributed to the English neuroscientist Henry Hallett Dale. The principle basically states that a neuron performs the same chemical action at all of its synaptic connections to other cells, regardless of the identity of the target cell. However, there has bee... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11546_chunk_0 | Dale's principle | The term "Dale's principle" was first used by Sir John Eccles in 1954, in a passage reading, "In conformity with Dale's principle (1934, 1952) that the same chemical transmitter is released from all the synaptic terminals of a neurone…" Some modern writers have understood the principle to state that neurons release one... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11547_chunk_0 | Dale's principle | The source that Eccles referred to was a lecture published by Dale in 1934, called Pharmacology and nerve endings, describing some of the early research into the physiology of neurotransmission. At that time, only two chemical transmitters were known, acetylcholine and noradrenaline (then thought to be adrenaline). In ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11548_chunk_0 | Dale's principle | Dale was interested in the possibility that a neuron releasing one of these chemicals in the periphery might also release the same chemical at central synapses. He wrote: It is to be noted, further, that in the cases for which direct evidence is already available, the phenomena of regeneration appear to indicate that t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11549_chunk_0 | Dale's principle | In modern neuroscience, neurons are often classified by their neurotransmitter and most important cotransmitter, for example striatal GABA neurons utilize either opioid peptides or substance P as the primary cotransmitter. In a 1976 publication, however, Eccles interpreted the principle in a subtly different way: "I pr... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11550_chunk_0 | Golgi cells | In neuroscience, Golgi cells are inhibitory interneurons found within the granular layer of the cerebellum. They were first identified as inhibitory in 1964. It was also the first example of an inhibitory feedback network, where the inhibitory interneuron was identified anatomically. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11551_chunk_0 | Golgi cells | These cells synapse onto the dendrite of granule cells and unipolar brush cells. They receive excitatory input from mossy fibres, also synapsing on granule cells, and parallel fibers, which are long granule cell axons. Thereby this circuitry allows for feed-forward and feed-back inhibition of granule cells. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11552_chunk_0 | Golgi cells | The main synapse made by these cells is a synapse onto the mossy fibre - granule cell excitatory synapse in a glomerulus. The glomerulus is made up of the mossy fibre terminal, granule cell dendrites, the Golgi terminal and is enclosed by a glial coat. The Golgi cell acts by altering the mossy fibre - granule cell syna... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11553_chunk_0 | Golgi cells | The Golgi cells use GABA as their neurotransmitter. The basal level of GABA produces a postsynaptic leak conductance by tonically activating alpha 6-containing GABA-A receptors on the granule cell. These high-affinity receptors are located both synaptically and extrasynaptically on the granule cell. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11554_chunk_0 | Golgi cells | The synaptic receptors mediate phasic contraction, duration of around 20-30ms whereas the extrasynapatic receptors mediate tonic inhibition of around 200ms, and are activated by synapse spill over.Additionally the GABA acts on GABA-B receptors which are located presynaptically on the mossy fibre terminal. These inhibit... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11555_chunk_0 | F-I curve | In neuroscience, a frequency-current curve (fI or F-I curve) is the function that relates the net synaptic current (I) flowing into a neuron to its firing rate (F) Because the f-I curve only specifies the firing rate rather than exact spike times, it is a concept suited to the rate coding rather than temporal coding mo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11556_chunk_0 | Neurometric function | In neuroscience, a neurometric function is a mathematical formula relating the activity of brain cells to aspects of an animal's sensory experience or motor behavior. Neurometric functions provide a quantitative summary of the neural code of a particular brain region. In sensory neuroscience, neurometric functions meas... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11557_chunk_0 | Population vector | In neuroscience, a population vector is the sum of the preferred directions of a population of neurons, weighted by the respective spike counts. The formula for computing the (normalized) population vector, F {\displaystyle F} , takes the following form: F = ∑ j m j F j ∑ j m j {\displaystyle F={\frac {\sum _{j}m_{j}F_... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11558_chunk_0 | Orthogonal (computing) | In neuroscience, a sensory map in the brain which has overlapping stimulus coding (e.g. location and quality) is called an orthogonal map. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11559_chunk_0 | Silent synapse | In neuroscience, a silent synapse is an excitatory glutamatergic synapse whose postsynaptic membrane contains NMDA-type glutamate receptors but no AMPA-type glutamate receptors. These synapses are named "silent" because normal AMPA receptor-mediated signaling is not present, rendering the synapse inactive under typical... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11560_chunk_0 | F wave | In neuroscience, an F wave is one of several motor responses which may follow the direct motor response (M) evoked by electrical stimulation of peripheral motor or mixed (sensory and motor) nerves. F-waves are the second of two late voltage changes observed after stimulation is applied to the skin surface above the dis... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11561_chunk_0 | F wave | As such, various properties of F-wave motor nerve conduction are analyzed in nerve conduction studies (NCS), and often used to assess polyneuropathies, resulting from states of neuronal demyelination and loss of peripheral axonal integrity.With respect to its nomenclature, the F-wave is so named as it was initially stu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11562_chunk_0 | Excitatory postsynaptic potential | In neuroscience, an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a postsynaptic potential that makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential. This temporary depolarization of postsynaptic membrane potential, caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell, is a result of ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11563_chunk_0 | Excitatory postsynaptic potential | The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC). EPSPs, like IPSPs, are graded (i.e. they have an additive effect). When multiple EPSPs occur on a single patch of postsynaptic membrane, their combined effect is the sum of the individual EPSPs. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11564_chunk_0 | Excitatory postsynaptic potential | Larger EPSPs result in greater membrane depolarization and thus increase the likelihood that the postsynaptic cell reaches the threshold for firing an action potential. EPSPs in living cells are caused chemically. When an active presynaptic cell releases neurotransmitters into the synapse, some of them bind to receptor... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11565_chunk_0 | Excitatory postsynaptic potential | Many of these receptors contain an ion channel capable of passing positively charged ions either into or out of the cell (such receptors are called ionotropic receptors). At excitatory synapses, the ion channel typically allows sodium into the cell, generating an excitatory postsynaptic current. This depolarizing curre... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11566_chunk_0 | Anterograde labeling method | In neuroscience, anterograde tracing is a research method that is used to trace axonal projections from their source (the cell body, or soma) to their point of termination (the synapse). A hallmark of anterograde tracing is the labeling of the presynaptic and the postsynaptic neuron(s). The crossing of the synaptic cle... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11567_chunk_0 | Ball and chain inactivation | In neuroscience, ball and chain inactivation is a model to explain the fast inactivation mechanism of voltage-gated ion channels. The process is also called hinged-lid inactivation or N-type inactivation. A voltage-gated ion channel can be in three states: open, closed, or inactivated. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11568_chunk_0 | Functional specialization (brain) | In neuroscience, functional specialization is a theory which suggests that different areas in the brain are specialized for different functions. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11569_chunk_0 | Homeostatic plasticity | In neuroscience, homeostatic plasticity refers to the capacity of neurons to regulate their own excitability relative to network activity. The term homeostatic plasticity derives from two opposing concepts: 'homeostatic' (a product of the Greek words for 'same' and 'state' or 'condition') and plasticity (or 'change'), ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11570_chunk_0 | Long-term potentiation | In neuroscience, long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity. These are patterns of synaptic activity that produce a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between two neurons. The opposite of LTP is long-term depression, which produces a long-lastin... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11571_chunk_0 | Long-term potentiation | It is one of several phenomena underlying synaptic plasticity, the ability of chemical synapses to change their strength. As memories are thought to be encoded by modification of synaptic strength, LTP is widely considered one of the major cellular mechanisms that underlies learning and memory.LTP was discovered in the... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11572_chunk_0 | Nerve conduction velocity | In neuroscience, nerve conduction velocity (CV) is the speed at which an electrochemical impulse propagates down a neural pathway. Conduction velocities are affected by a wide array of factors, which include age, sex, and various medical conditions. Studies allow for better diagnoses of various neuropathies, especially... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11573_chunk_0 | SnRNA-seq | In neuroscience, neurons have an interconnected nature which makes it extremely hard to isolate intact single neurons. As snRNA-seq has emerged as an alternative method of assessing a cell's transcriptome through the isolation of single nuclei, it has been possible to conduct single-neuron studies from postmortem human... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11574_chunk_0 | SnRNA-seq | In 2019, Haojia et al compared both scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq in a genomic study around the kidney. They found snRNA-seq accomplishes an equivalent gene detection rate to that of scRNA-seq in adult kidney with several significant advantages (including compatibility with frozen samples, reduced dissociation bias and so on... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11575_chunk_0 | Predictive coding | In neuroscience, predictive coding (also known as predictive processing) is a theory of brain function which postulates that the brain is constantly generating and updating a "mental model" of the environment. According to the theory, such a mental model is used to predict input signals from the senses that are then co... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11576_chunk_0 | Quantum consciousness | In neuroscience, quantum brain dynamics (QBD) is a hypothesis to explain the function of the brain within the framework of quantum field theory.As described by Harald Atmanspacher, "Since quantum theory is the most fundamental theory of matter that is currently available, it is a legitimate question to ask whether quan... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11577_chunk_0 | Quantum consciousness | Mari Jibu and Kunio Yasue later popularized these results and discussed the implications towards consciousness.Umezawa emphasizes that macroscopic and microscopic ordered states are both of quantum origin according to quantum field theory and points out the shortcomings of classical neuronal models in describing them. ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11578_chunk_0 | Repolarization | In neuroscience, repolarization refers to the change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value just after the depolarization phase of an action potential which has changed the membrane potential to a positive value. The repolarization phase usually returns the membrane potential back to the resting memb... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11579_chunk_0 | Repolarization | Repolarization typically results from the movement of positively charged K+ ions out of the cell. The repolarization phase of an action potential initially results in hyperpolarization, attainment of a membrane potential, termed the afterhyperpolarization, that is more negative than the resting potential. Repolarizatio... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11580_chunk_0 | Repolarization | This phase occurs after the cell reaches its highest voltage from depolarization. After repolarization, the cell hyperpolarizes as it reaches resting membrane potential (−70 mV in neuron). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11581_chunk_0 | Repolarization | Sodium (Na+) and potassium ions inside and outside the cell are moved by a sodium potassium pump, ensuring that electrochemical equilibrium remains unreached to allow the cell to maintain a state of resting membrane potential. In the graph of an action potential, the hyper-polarization section looks like a downward dip... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11582_chunk_0 | Repolarization | In this afterhyperpolarization (the downward dip), the cell sits at more negative potential than rest (about −80 mV) due to the slow inactivation of voltage gated K+ delayed rectifier channels, which are the primary K+ channels associated with repolarization. At these low voltages, all of the voltage gated K+ channels ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11583_chunk_0 | Saltatory conduction | In neuroscience, saltatory conduction (from Latin saltus 'leap, jump') is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials. The uninsulated nodes of Ranvier are the only places along the axon where ions are exc... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11584_chunk_0 | Single-neuron activity | In neuroscience, single-unit recordings (also, single-neuron recordings) provide a method of measuring the electro-physiological responses of a single neuron using a microelectrode system. When a neuron generates an action potential, the signal propagates down the neuron as a current which flows in and out of the cell ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11585_chunk_0 | Single-neuron activity | Microelectrodes can be carefully placed close to the cell membrane, allowing the ability to record extracellularly. Single-unit recordings are widely used in cognitive science, where it permits the analysis of human cognition and cortical mapping. This information can then be applied to brain–machine interface (BMI) te... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11586_chunk_0 | Synaptic plasticity | In neuroscience, synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity. Since memories are postulated to be represented by vastly interconnected neural circuits in the brain, synaptic plasticity is one of the important neurochemical fou... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11587_chunk_0 | N100 | In neuroscience, the N100 or N1 is a large, negative-going evoked potential measured by electroencephalography (its equivalent in magnetoencephalography is the M100); it peaks in adults between 80 and 120 milliseconds after the onset of a stimulus, and is distributed mostly over the fronto-central region of the scalp. ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11588_chunk_0 | Critical brain hypothesis | In neuroscience, the critical brain hypothesis states that certain biological neuronal networks work near phase transitions. Experimental recordings from large groups of neurons have shown bursts of activity, so-called neuronal avalanches, with sizes that follow a power law distribution. These results, and subsequent r... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11589_chunk_0 | Default network | In neuroscience, the default mode network (DMN), also known as the default network, default state network, or anatomically the medial frontoparietal network (M-FPN), is a large-scale brain network primarily composed of the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus and angular gyrus. It is b... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11590_chunk_0 | Simultaneous localization and mapping | In neuroscience, the hippocampus appears to be involved in SLAM-like computations, giving rise to place cells, and has formed the basis for bio-inspired SLAM systems such as RatSLAM. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11591_chunk_0 | Lateralized readiness potential | In neuroscience, the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) is an event-related brain potential, or increase in electrical activity at the surface of the brain, that is thought to reflect the preparation of motor activity on a certain side of the body; in other words, it is a spike in the electrical activity of the brai... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11592_chunk_0 | Mass Action Principle (neuroscience) | In neuroscience, the mass action principle suggests that the proportion of the brain that is injured is directly proportional to the decreased ability of memory functions. In other words, memory cannot be localized to a single cortical area, but is instead distributed throughout the cortex. This theory is contrasted by... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11593_chunk_0 | Reward system | In neuroscience, the reward system is a collection of brain structures and neural pathways that are responsible for reward-related cognition, including associative learning (primarily classical conditioning and operant reinforcement), incentive salience (i.e., motivation and "wanting", desire, or craving for a reward),... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11594_chunk_0 | P200 | In neuroscience, the visual P200 or P2 is a waveform component or feature of the event-related potential (ERP) measured at the human scalp. Like other potential changes measurable from the scalp, this effect is believed to reflect the post-synaptic activity of a specific neural process. The P2 component, also known as ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11595_chunk_0 | P200 | This component is often distributed around the centro-frontal and the parieto-occipital areas of the scalp. It is generally found to be maximal around the vertex (frontal region) of the scalp, however there have been some topographical differences noted in ERP studies of the P2 in different experimental conditions. Res... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11596_chunk_0 | P200 | Part of the difficulty of clearly characterizing this component is that it appears to be modulated by a large and diverse number of cognitive tasks. Functionally, there seems to be partial agreement amongst researchers in the field of cognitive neuroscience that the P2 represents some aspect of higher-order perceptual ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11597_chunk_0 | Tractography | In neuroscience, tractography is a 3D modeling technique used to visually represent nerve tracts using data collected by diffusion MRI. It uses special techniques of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computer-based diffusion MRI. The results are presented in two- and three-dimensional images called tractograms.In ad... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11598_chunk_0 | Tractography | The existence of these tracts and circuits has been revealed by histochemistry and biological techniques on post-mortem specimens. Nerve tracts are not identifiable by direct exam, CT, or MRI scans. This difficulty explains the paucity of their description in neuroanatomy atlases and the poor understanding of their fun... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11599_chunk_0 | Band-pass filter | In neuroscience, visual cortical simple cells were first shown by David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel to have response properties that resemble Gabor filters, which are band-pass.In astronomy, band-pass filters are used to allow only a single portion of the light spectrum into an instrument. Band-pass filters can help with ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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