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Explaining the concept of state, briefly discuss the functions of the constitution. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduction: Give the definition/concept of State. Body : Briefly mention the concept of the Constitution and discuss the function of the constitution. Conclusion: Give a balanced conclusion mentioning some of the conditions required for the success of the constitution. Model Answer: A state is an entity that is created to exercise power to govern a country on behalf of the people but there is an inherent danger in giving powers to the state as it may misuse the same. Therefore powers of the state are limited by the rule book of the nation according to which it is supposed to function. This basic rule book apart from defining the powers and limitations on the state also define the rights of citizens of the nation. Such a basic rule book is referred to as CONSTITUTION which is nothing but a legal document that can also be termed as the fundamental law of the country. Functions of Constitution: To provide a set of basic rules that allow for minimal coordination amongst members of society and To define who has powers to make laws and enforce them i.e organizational framework.: For example, the constitution of India provides the basic framework and core principles for the functioning of various organs of the state namely Executive (Enforces laws), Legislature(Makes the laws), and Judiciary(Interprets the laws and decides the disputes). To set some limits on what the State can impose on its citizens: For example, Fundamental Rights in Indian Constitution enlists the rights of citizens and thus sets limits on what the State can impose on its citizens Reflects ideology and philosophy of a Nation: Preamble and other provisions like Directive Principles of State Policy of Indian Constitution reflects the ideology and philosophy of India as a nation, Provide for its own amendment provisions- Constitution of any country should not be static rather organic to suit the changing conditions. Article 368 in the Indian Constitution provides for the amendment procedure in the Indian Constitution and the Indian constitution has been amended more than 100 times. Thus, Constitution is crucial for the proper functioning of the state. However, for a constitution to be successful, it should be drawn by those people who have credibility, are popular, and represent various sections of society; should have constitutionalism and should be followed and respected by everyone.
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##Question:Explaining the concept of state, briefly discuss the functions of the constitution. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Give the definition/concept of State. Body : Briefly mention the concept of the Constitution and discuss the function of the constitution. Conclusion: Give a balanced conclusion mentioning some of the conditions required for the success of the constitution. Model Answer: A state is an entity that is created to exercise power to govern a country on behalf of the people but there is an inherent danger in giving powers to the state as it may misuse the same. Therefore powers of the state are limited by the rule book of the nation according to which it is supposed to function. This basic rule book apart from defining the powers and limitations on the state also define the rights of citizens of the nation. Such a basic rule book is referred to as CONSTITUTION which is nothing but a legal document that can also be termed as the fundamental law of the country. Functions of Constitution: To provide a set of basic rules that allow for minimal coordination amongst members of society and To define who has powers to make laws and enforce them i.e organizational framework.: For example, the constitution of India provides the basic framework and core principles for the functioning of various organs of the state namely Executive (Enforces laws), Legislature(Makes the laws), and Judiciary(Interprets the laws and decides the disputes). To set some limits on what the State can impose on its citizens: For example, Fundamental Rights in Indian Constitution enlists the rights of citizens and thus sets limits on what the State can impose on its citizens Reflects ideology and philosophy of a Nation: Preamble and other provisions like Directive Principles of State Policy of Indian Constitution reflects the ideology and philosophy of India as a nation, Provide for its own amendment provisions- Constitution of any country should not be static rather organic to suit the changing conditions. Article 368 in the Indian Constitution provides for the amendment procedure in the Indian Constitution and the Indian constitution has been amended more than 100 times. Thus, Constitution is crucial for the proper functioning of the state. However, for a constitution to be successful, it should be drawn by those people who have credibility, are popular, and represent various sections of society; should have constitutionalism and should be followed and respected by everyone.
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The preamble is key to the minds of the founding fathers of the Indian Constitution as it shows the general purposes behind many provisions of the Indian Constitution. Elaborate. Also, discuss the amenability of the Preamble of the Indian Constitution. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduce the answer with the nature, function, and significance of the Preamble of the Indian Constitution. Then Brings your arguments with the provisions of the Indian Constitution that have been provided as per the spirit of the Preamble. Then Discuss the contextual background and present status of the amendability of the Preamble. Answer: The preamble provides the summary and essence of the Constitution that reveals the source of authority, nature of the Indian state, objectives of the Constitution, and date of adoption of the Indian Constitution. It is key to understand the mind of the author or makers of the Constitution. It also tells about the philosophy of India as a nation. The Preamble reveals that the establishment of the sovereign democratic republic was the sole objective of the founding fathers. The goal was to achieve a just social and economic order based on justice, equality, and freedom. The various elements of the preamble reflect the general purpose behind provisions of the Constitution such as: JUSTICE, social, economic, and political: Constitution provides social Justice under Article 15 (3), 17, & Article 338A, 338B, provision for the reservation, and Economic Justice under Article 39 (b) & (c). The entire chapter on the Fundamental rights provided for Political Justice in India LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship: Article 19 provides for the freedom of speech and expression. Article 25 to Article 28 has been provided to ensure the right to religion to everyone including the minorities. EQUALITY of status and of opportunity: It talks about equality in the sphere of the civic, economic, and political areas that has been reflected under different provisions of the Constitution. Articles 14 to 18 provides for the absence of any privileges to any section of society and adequate opportunity for all without any discrimination. Directive Principle of State Policy (DPSP) in general and Article 39 (b) and (c) in particular provided for equality in the economic spheres such as the right to an adequate means of livelihood and equal pay for equal work. Articles 325 and 326 are provided for political justice and talk about the universal adult franchise and the right to participate in elections without any discrimination. FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation: It has been provided with single citizenship that tries to promote the feeling of the fraternity. The Fundamental duties also talk about the duty of citizens to promote and spirit of a common brotherhood. There has been ambiguity regarding whether Preamble is part of the Indian Constitution or not- In 1960, Re: Berubari Union Case , the Supreme Court of India held that Preamble is not the part of the Constitution and it is only an introduction to the Constitution. Since the Preamble is not part of the Indian Constitution. Thus, it cannot be amended. The preamble to the Indian Constitution carries no legal value. In the Kesvananda Bharti vs. State of Kerala Case, 1973 , the Supreme Court overturned its previous Judgment of the Berubari Case. Here, Supreme Court says that the Preamble is a part of the Indian Constitution and Parliament can amend the Preamble without changing the basic structure of the Constitution. Therefore, the Preamble of the Indian Constitution is subject to the amendment but cannot be legally enforced.
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##Question:The preamble is key to the minds of the founding fathers of the Indian Constitution as it shows the general purposes behind many provisions of the Indian Constitution. Elaborate. Also, discuss the amenability of the Preamble of the Indian Constitution. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the answer with the nature, function, and significance of the Preamble of the Indian Constitution. Then Brings your arguments with the provisions of the Indian Constitution that have been provided as per the spirit of the Preamble. Then Discuss the contextual background and present status of the amendability of the Preamble. Answer: The preamble provides the summary and essence of the Constitution that reveals the source of authority, nature of the Indian state, objectives of the Constitution, and date of adoption of the Indian Constitution. It is key to understand the mind of the author or makers of the Constitution. It also tells about the philosophy of India as a nation. The Preamble reveals that the establishment of the sovereign democratic republic was the sole objective of the founding fathers. The goal was to achieve a just social and economic order based on justice, equality, and freedom. The various elements of the preamble reflect the general purpose behind provisions of the Constitution such as: JUSTICE, social, economic, and political: Constitution provides social Justice under Article 15 (3), 17, & Article 338A, 338B, provision for the reservation, and Economic Justice under Article 39 (b) & (c). The entire chapter on the Fundamental rights provided for Political Justice in India LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship: Article 19 provides for the freedom of speech and expression. Article 25 to Article 28 has been provided to ensure the right to religion to everyone including the minorities. EQUALITY of status and of opportunity: It talks about equality in the sphere of the civic, economic, and political areas that has been reflected under different provisions of the Constitution. Articles 14 to 18 provides for the absence of any privileges to any section of society and adequate opportunity for all without any discrimination. Directive Principle of State Policy (DPSP) in general and Article 39 (b) and (c) in particular provided for equality in the economic spheres such as the right to an adequate means of livelihood and equal pay for equal work. Articles 325 and 326 are provided for political justice and talk about the universal adult franchise and the right to participate in elections without any discrimination. FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation: It has been provided with single citizenship that tries to promote the feeling of the fraternity. The Fundamental duties also talk about the duty of citizens to promote and spirit of a common brotherhood. There has been ambiguity regarding whether Preamble is part of the Indian Constitution or not- In 1960, Re: Berubari Union Case , the Supreme Court of India held that Preamble is not the part of the Constitution and it is only an introduction to the Constitution. Since the Preamble is not part of the Indian Constitution. Thus, it cannot be amended. The preamble to the Indian Constitution carries no legal value. In the Kesvananda Bharti vs. State of Kerala Case, 1973 , the Supreme Court overturned its previous Judgment of the Berubari Case. Here, Supreme Court says that the Preamble is a part of the Indian Constitution and Parliament can amend the Preamble without changing the basic structure of the Constitution. Therefore, the Preamble of the Indian Constitution is subject to the amendment but cannot be legally enforced.
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Explain the concept of Balance of Payment (BoP) and describe its various components. (10 Marks/150 words)
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Question: Explain the concept of Balance of Payment (BoP) and describe its various components. (10 Marks/150 words) Approach Write an introduction of Balance of Payment Discuss the components of Balance of Payment Write a brief conclusion supporting the relevance of Balance Payment as a record Balance of payment Accounts It records all the transactions between people and institutions in the Domestic economy with those of the foreign economy. It consists of two accounts: Current Account and Capital Account. The current account records all transactions which represent flows within a year. They are business-like transactions that happen very frequently and there is no change in Asset or liability. Components of Current Account 1. Export and import of commodities: these are called Visibles on the Current Account. The difference between them is called the Balance of Trade. 2. Export and Import of Services 3. Net unilateral inflows to a country. E.g. Remittances, aid in the form of grants 4. Income from Property i.e. rent and interest 5. Income from entrepreneurship- compensation to employees i.e. wages and salary in cash kind or social security Note- Invisible on Current Account = 2+3+4 All transactions which lead to the inflow of foreign exchange are recorded as Positive Transactions and that lead to outflow recorded as Negative Transactions. If net positive called Current Account Surplus and if Net negative is Current Account Deficit Component of the Capital Account It records all transactions which result in asset or liability change of the residents or its government. It includes: 1. Investments both in the form of FDI and FII 2. Borrowing from abroad or lending to abroad-These include External Commercial Borrowings, loans from multilateral institutions, short-term credit , etc. 3. Banking Capital-deposits by the NRIs 4. The change in official reserves Autonomous transactions- these transactions are made independent of the state of the BOP. They could be done for any motive e.g. earning profit Accommodating Transactions- these transactions are a consequence of Autonomous transactions that are done to make the surplus or the deficit position on Autonomous as zero. It involves the change in Foreign Exchange Reserves. Conclusion:- Balance of Payment Reveals the financial and economic status of a country and can be used as an indicator to determine whether the country’s currency value is appreciating or depreciating and thereby helps the Government to decide on fiscal and trade policies.
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##Question:Explain the concept of Balance of Payment (BoP) and describe its various components. (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Question: Explain the concept of Balance of Payment (BoP) and describe its various components. (10 Marks/150 words) Approach Write an introduction of Balance of Payment Discuss the components of Balance of Payment Write a brief conclusion supporting the relevance of Balance Payment as a record Balance of payment Accounts It records all the transactions between people and institutions in the Domestic economy with those of the foreign economy. It consists of two accounts: Current Account and Capital Account. The current account records all transactions which represent flows within a year. They are business-like transactions that happen very frequently and there is no change in Asset or liability. Components of Current Account 1. Export and import of commodities: these are called Visibles on the Current Account. The difference between them is called the Balance of Trade. 2. Export and Import of Services 3. Net unilateral inflows to a country. E.g. Remittances, aid in the form of grants 4. Income from Property i.e. rent and interest 5. Income from entrepreneurship- compensation to employees i.e. wages and salary in cash kind or social security Note- Invisible on Current Account = 2+3+4 All transactions which lead to the inflow of foreign exchange are recorded as Positive Transactions and that lead to outflow recorded as Negative Transactions. If net positive called Current Account Surplus and if Net negative is Current Account Deficit Component of the Capital Account It records all transactions which result in asset or liability change of the residents or its government. It includes: 1. Investments both in the form of FDI and FII 2. Borrowing from abroad or lending to abroad-These include External Commercial Borrowings, loans from multilateral institutions, short-term credit , etc. 3. Banking Capital-deposits by the NRIs 4. The change in official reserves Autonomous transactions- these transactions are made independent of the state of the BOP. They could be done for any motive e.g. earning profit Accommodating Transactions- these transactions are a consequence of Autonomous transactions that are done to make the surplus or the deficit position on Autonomous as zero. It involves the change in Foreign Exchange Reserves. Conclusion:- Balance of Payment Reveals the financial and economic status of a country and can be used as an indicator to determine whether the country’s currency value is appreciating or depreciating and thereby helps the Government to decide on fiscal and trade policies.
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Explain the concept of Balance of Payment (BoP) and describe its various components. (10 Marks/150 words)
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Question: Explain the concept of Balance of Payment (BoP) and describe its various components. (10 Marks/150 words) Approach Write an introduction of Balance of Payment Discuss the components of Balance of Payment Write a brief conclusion supporting the relevance of Balance Payment as a record Balance of payment Accounts It records all the transactions between people and institutions in the Domestic economy with those of the foreign economy. It consists of two accounts: Current Account and Capital Account. The current account records all transactions which represent flows within a year. They are business-like transactions that happen very frequently and there is no change in Asset or liability. Components of Current Account 1. Export and import of commodities: these are called Visibles on the Current Account. The difference between them is called the Balance of Trade. 2. Export and Import of Services 3. Net unilateral inflows to a country. E.g. Remittances, aid in the form of grants 4. Income from Property i.e. rent and interest 5. Income from entrepreneurship- compensation to employees i.e. wages and salary in cash kind or social security Note- Invisible on Current Account = 2+3+4 All transactions which lead to the inflow of foreign exchange are recorded as Positive Transactions and that lead to outflow recorded as Negative Transactions. If net positive called Current Account Surplus and if Net negative is Current Account Deficit Component of the Capital Account It records all transactions which result in asset or liability change of the residents or its government. It includes: 1. Investments both in the form of FDI and FII 2. Borrowing from abroad or lending to abroad-These include External Commercial Borrowings, loans from multilateral institutions, short-term credit , etc. 3. Banking Capital-deposits by the NRIs 4. The change in official reserves Autonomous transactions- these transactions are made independent of the state of the BOP. They could be done for any motive e.g. earning profit Accommodating Transactions- these transactions are a consequence of Autonomous transactions that are done to make the surplus or the deficit position on Autonomous as zero. It involves the change in Foreign Exchange Reserves. Conclusion:- Balance of Payment Reveals the financial and economic status of a country and can be used as an indicator to determine whether the country’s currency value is appreciating or depreciating and thereby helps the Government to decide on fiscal and trade policies.
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##Question:Explain the concept of Balance of Payment (BoP) and describe its various components. (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Question: Explain the concept of Balance of Payment (BoP) and describe its various components. (10 Marks/150 words) Approach Write an introduction of Balance of Payment Discuss the components of Balance of Payment Write a brief conclusion supporting the relevance of Balance Payment as a record Balance of payment Accounts It records all the transactions between people and institutions in the Domestic economy with those of the foreign economy. It consists of two accounts: Current Account and Capital Account. The current account records all transactions which represent flows within a year. They are business-like transactions that happen very frequently and there is no change in Asset or liability. Components of Current Account 1. Export and import of commodities: these are called Visibles on the Current Account. The difference between them is called the Balance of Trade. 2. Export and Import of Services 3. Net unilateral inflows to a country. E.g. Remittances, aid in the form of grants 4. Income from Property i.e. rent and interest 5. Income from entrepreneurship- compensation to employees i.e. wages and salary in cash kind or social security Note- Invisible on Current Account = 2+3+4 All transactions which lead to the inflow of foreign exchange are recorded as Positive Transactions and that lead to outflow recorded as Negative Transactions. If net positive called Current Account Surplus and if Net negative is Current Account Deficit Component of the Capital Account It records all transactions which result in asset or liability change of the residents or its government. It includes: 1. Investments both in the form of FDI and FII 2. Borrowing from abroad or lending to abroad-These include External Commercial Borrowings, loans from multilateral institutions, short-term credit , etc. 3. Banking Capital-deposits by the NRIs 4. The change in official reserves Autonomous transactions- these transactions are made independent of the state of the BOP. They could be done for any motive e.g. earning profit Accommodating Transactions- these transactions are a consequence of Autonomous transactions that are done to make the surplus or the deficit position on Autonomous as zero. It involves the change in Foreign Exchange Reserves. Conclusion:- Balance of Payment Reveals the financial and economic status of a country and can be used as an indicator to determine whether the country’s currency value is appreciating or depreciating and thereby helps the Government to decide on fiscal and trade policies.
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What are some provisions in India"s constitution that are inspired by other constitutions? It is often said that the Indian Constitution is a slavish imitation of the West. Do you agree? (10 Marks/150 words)
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Approach: 1. Introduction: Give a brief introduction to the Indian Constitution. 2. Body: Highlight the provisions of the Indian constitution that have been borrowed from other countries. Briefly give reasons on why the Indian Constitution is not the slavish imitation of the West. 3. Conclusion: Give a balanced conclusion reiterating your view. Model Answer: Constituent Assembly was given the responsibility of writing the Indian Constitution. With the adoption of the Constitution by the members of the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949, India became the largest democracy in the world. Indian constitution includes modern values such as equality, liberty, fraternity, ideas of social justice, secularism, etc. Several of these provisions have been borrowed from different constitutions of the world like: From the USA: Fundamental Rights; Judicial review; Independent Judiciary; Office of Vice-President. From the United Kingdom: Parliamentary system; Position of Prime Minister; Rule of Law; Election process(First Past the Post System); Single citizenship; Cabinet system etc. From France: Principles of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. From Canada: Working of Indian Federation/Federal system. From South Africa: Procedure of amendment of Indian Constitution. From Germany: Emergency Provisions. From Ireland: Directive Principles of State Policy. From Japan and UK: Concept of Procedure Established by Law. From USSR: Concept of Fundament Duties. Due to this borrowing, many criticized "Indian Constitution is a slavish imitation of the West". However, Dr. Ambedkar did not agree with this. He justified in taking the experiences/learnings (from failures and successes) from other constitutions with respect to these provisions. And there are well-established principles regarding the constitution and India had adopted them suiting to her own conditions and requirements. Also, the Indian constitution has several original and unique provisions like Articles-17, 18, 29, 30, etc. Hence, the Indian constitution is not a slavish imitation of the West, it is well-drafted as a mixture of existing and successful provisions from all parts of the world as well as its own novel and unique provisions suiting her requirements and necessities.
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##Question:What are some provisions in India"s constitution that are inspired by other constitutions? It is often said that the Indian Constitution is a slavish imitation of the West. Do you agree? (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduction: Give a brief introduction to the Indian Constitution. 2. Body: Highlight the provisions of the Indian constitution that have been borrowed from other countries. Briefly give reasons on why the Indian Constitution is not the slavish imitation of the West. 3. Conclusion: Give a balanced conclusion reiterating your view. Model Answer: Constituent Assembly was given the responsibility of writing the Indian Constitution. With the adoption of the Constitution by the members of the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949, India became the largest democracy in the world. Indian constitution includes modern values such as equality, liberty, fraternity, ideas of social justice, secularism, etc. Several of these provisions have been borrowed from different constitutions of the world like: From the USA: Fundamental Rights; Judicial review; Independent Judiciary; Office of Vice-President. From the United Kingdom: Parliamentary system; Position of Prime Minister; Rule of Law; Election process(First Past the Post System); Single citizenship; Cabinet system etc. From France: Principles of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. From Canada: Working of Indian Federation/Federal system. From South Africa: Procedure of amendment of Indian Constitution. From Germany: Emergency Provisions. From Ireland: Directive Principles of State Policy. From Japan and UK: Concept of Procedure Established by Law. From USSR: Concept of Fundament Duties. Due to this borrowing, many criticized "Indian Constitution is a slavish imitation of the West". However, Dr. Ambedkar did not agree with this. He justified in taking the experiences/learnings (from failures and successes) from other constitutions with respect to these provisions. And there are well-established principles regarding the constitution and India had adopted them suiting to her own conditions and requirements. Also, the Indian constitution has several original and unique provisions like Articles-17, 18, 29, 30, etc. Hence, the Indian constitution is not a slavish imitation of the West, it is well-drafted as a mixture of existing and successful provisions from all parts of the world as well as its own novel and unique provisions suiting her requirements and necessities.
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"The caste system has assumed new identities and associational forms. Hence it cannot be eradicated in India." Comment (10 Marks/150 words)
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Approach : Introduction: Briefly introduce the concept of caste system in Indian society. Body: Explain the new forms in which the caste system persists in contemporary India. Conclusion: Give a balanced conclusion with some way forward. Answer : The caste system, which is unique to Indian society, is a social system where the hereditary occupational division was sanctioned by rituals. Members of the same caste group were supposed to form a social community that practiced the same or similar occupation, married within the caste group and did not eat with members from other caste groups. Partly due to the government efforts and partly due to other socio-economic changes, castes and the caste system in modern India have undergone great changes. With economic development, large scale Urbanization, growth of literacy and education, OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY and the weakening of the position of landlords in the villages, the old notions of caste hierarchy are breaking down. Yet caste has not disappeared from contemporary India and in fact, the Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms in the following ways: The emergence of Caste associations like Kayastha Samaj, Kshatriya Sabha, Teli association, Vaishya Mahasabha, Jat Sabha, Kurmi Mahasabha, Koeri Mahasabha, Bhumihar-Brahmin Mahasabha. The main purpose of these caste associations has always been to safeguard the interests of their members by building hostels, hospitals, colleges, schools, houses on a cooperative basis, banks, and by founding journals and endowing scholarships. Therefore, after Independence caste associations tended to become political pressure groups demanding for their members" electoral tickets from the political parties. posts in the cabinet. Licenses for undertaking various economic activities, concessions and privileges in education and appointment to government jobs, and a variety of other benefits. The process of democratization bestows political power and activity upon groups that have numerical strength provided that strength could be politically mobilized, which is possible if the existential situation of the group as such is homogenous and uniform. These conditions are fulfilled more in the case of lower or subaltern castes. The emergence of lower caste-based political parties such as B.S.P., I.P.F. S.P., D.M.K., etc. are some good examples. The politicization of castes is so much that in order to be politically powerful distinct caste groups come together and act collectively. Their coming together sometimes takes the form of a political party or a faction or a pressure group. B.S.P., S.P., R.J.D., and D.M.K. are some of the examples. Even now most people marry within their own caste or tribe. The matrimonial advertisements in the newspaper are evidence of this. Untouchability has not ended completely, despite the constitutional prohibition. It tends to be visible from news stories of caste-based discrimination and prohibition and also from the presence of manual scavenging and honor killings. The caste system has always interacted with and responded to the economic and political forces of society. Changes in the economic and political structures and processes during the modem period have liquidated many traditional characteristics of the caste system and added new features and functions to it. The idea of the caste system has been so deeply ingrained in the Indian mind that, contrary to popular belief it still exists in many parts of India in different forms which need be addressed by the attitudinal changes as well as legislative actions.
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##Question:"The caste system has assumed new identities and associational forms. Hence it cannot be eradicated in India." Comment (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach : Introduction: Briefly introduce the concept of caste system in Indian society. Body: Explain the new forms in which the caste system persists in contemporary India. Conclusion: Give a balanced conclusion with some way forward. Answer : The caste system, which is unique to Indian society, is a social system where the hereditary occupational division was sanctioned by rituals. Members of the same caste group were supposed to form a social community that practiced the same or similar occupation, married within the caste group and did not eat with members from other caste groups. Partly due to the government efforts and partly due to other socio-economic changes, castes and the caste system in modern India have undergone great changes. With economic development, large scale Urbanization, growth of literacy and education, OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY and the weakening of the position of landlords in the villages, the old notions of caste hierarchy are breaking down. Yet caste has not disappeared from contemporary India and in fact, the Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms in the following ways: The emergence of Caste associations like Kayastha Samaj, Kshatriya Sabha, Teli association, Vaishya Mahasabha, Jat Sabha, Kurmi Mahasabha, Koeri Mahasabha, Bhumihar-Brahmin Mahasabha. The main purpose of these caste associations has always been to safeguard the interests of their members by building hostels, hospitals, colleges, schools, houses on a cooperative basis, banks, and by founding journals and endowing scholarships. Therefore, after Independence caste associations tended to become political pressure groups demanding for their members" electoral tickets from the political parties. posts in the cabinet. Licenses for undertaking various economic activities, concessions and privileges in education and appointment to government jobs, and a variety of other benefits. The process of democratization bestows political power and activity upon groups that have numerical strength provided that strength could be politically mobilized, which is possible if the existential situation of the group as such is homogenous and uniform. These conditions are fulfilled more in the case of lower or subaltern castes. The emergence of lower caste-based political parties such as B.S.P., I.P.F. S.P., D.M.K., etc. are some good examples. The politicization of castes is so much that in order to be politically powerful distinct caste groups come together and act collectively. Their coming together sometimes takes the form of a political party or a faction or a pressure group. B.S.P., S.P., R.J.D., and D.M.K. are some of the examples. Even now most people marry within their own caste or tribe. The matrimonial advertisements in the newspaper are evidence of this. Untouchability has not ended completely, despite the constitutional prohibition. It tends to be visible from news stories of caste-based discrimination and prohibition and also from the presence of manual scavenging and honor killings. The caste system has always interacted with and responded to the economic and political forces of society. Changes in the economic and political structures and processes during the modem period have liquidated many traditional characteristics of the caste system and added new features and functions to it. The idea of the caste system has been so deeply ingrained in the Indian mind that, contrary to popular belief it still exists in many parts of India in different forms which need be addressed by the attitudinal changes as well as legislative actions.
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To what extent, the inclusion of the dominant caste in the Other Backward Caste (OBC) list is the solution to the challenges they are facing in the job market. Comment. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly by giving the context and issue of dominant caste and demand for Other Backward Caste (OBC) Status In the body, analyse and give arguments both for and against the inclusion of the dominant caste in the OBC list Conclude briefly with the way forward Answer : The people from various castes like Patels in Gujarat, Jats in Haryana, Marathis in Maharashtra and Kapus in Andhra Pradesh are demanding reservations. This is an emerging trend where we are witnessing many dominant and landholding castes asking for a backward reservation preferably through their recognition as Other Backward Classes. The inclusion of the dominant caste in the OBC list may help address the challenges faced by them: The policy changes adopted by the central government have generated an atmosphere of uncertainty for some of these castes which were engaged In trade or manufacturing processes that became obsolete or some of the agricultural produce become unviable due to changing market conditions and new liberalized economic policies adopted by the union government over the years. These castes realized that if one wants to secure government jobs you can get it only if one belongs to the reserved category. This combination of factors such as social forwardness with economic backwardness; extreme status anxiety; resentment about reservation-driven mobility of lower castes; and an awareness of their own electoral clout drives poorer Jats or Patidars into movements demanding reservation. The upward mobility of SC’s show the dominant castes that because of reservation even they can benefit. For instance, because of reservation, they have chances of getting into a better educational institution or so. Today, the backward or left-behind sections of castes like Patidars or Jats find themselves faced with an unbearable gap between their sense of caste entitlement and their actual material circumstances. Since the past decade, this frustration is being channelled into demands for reservation and they demand reservation because they are confident that they can bend the state to their will, etc The inclusion of the dominant caste in the OBC list may not help address the challenges faced by them: Mere inclusion in the OBC list will not address structural deficiencies in the caste system and the societal hold it enjoys. This will lead to demand for reservations by more castes. Even in the OBC list, these castes will have to face stiff competition, not to mention opposition from other OBC castes, resistance among higher castes. Without education, mere inclusion will just give short term benefits. There also arises the problem of correct evaluation and inclusion of deserving castes to see who are the real people who deserve to be benefited from the reservation policy of the government. Reservation in government jobs may not be the right solution for the dominant castes because an increasingly large percentage of these jobs are occupied by contract workers who earn at least twice less than the directly employed ones. Some studies show that upper castes job problem has much to do with the hiatus between their expectations and their skills: They want good jobs but Quality is deteriorating day by day. Unemployment problem: protests are manifestations of India’s slow, inadequate job-creation and a failing education system creating thousands of “unemployable” graduates; India needs 23 million jobs annually, according to a Kotak Securities report, but over the last 30 years, the country has created about 7 million jobs every year. One of the ways of dismantling the quota raj is to ensure that the reserved category certificate is not a currency that is hoarded by groups who no longer need it. This involves periodic recertification into the reserved category. Appeasement tactics used by the political parties are mostly ineffective; they will neither reduce options for middle-income Indians nor will they really expand benefits for the poor among the forward castes. Under the Constitution, the government can only provide reservations for socially and educationally backward groups, not use it as an instrument for economic uplift It is high time that we need to rethink our reservation policies. The radical rethinking on the reservation should aim at developing the capabilities of the deprived and excluded beyond offering them admission to higher education or jobs on a platter. India must address the challenge of reservations honestly, fairly and innovatively by creating opportunities for all disadvantaged children. It must look for some other comprehensive criteria for reservation. Before, extending reservations to more groups, the entire reservation policy needs to be revisited. These efforts should be coupled with a vigorous national effort to provide opportunities to the disadvantaged.
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##Question:To what extent, the inclusion of the dominant caste in the Other Backward Caste (OBC) list is the solution to the challenges they are facing in the job market. Comment. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly by giving the context and issue of dominant caste and demand for Other Backward Caste (OBC) Status In the body, analyse and give arguments both for and against the inclusion of the dominant caste in the OBC list Conclude briefly with the way forward Answer : The people from various castes like Patels in Gujarat, Jats in Haryana, Marathis in Maharashtra and Kapus in Andhra Pradesh are demanding reservations. This is an emerging trend where we are witnessing many dominant and landholding castes asking for a backward reservation preferably through their recognition as Other Backward Classes. The inclusion of the dominant caste in the OBC list may help address the challenges faced by them: The policy changes adopted by the central government have generated an atmosphere of uncertainty for some of these castes which were engaged In trade or manufacturing processes that became obsolete or some of the agricultural produce become unviable due to changing market conditions and new liberalized economic policies adopted by the union government over the years. These castes realized that if one wants to secure government jobs you can get it only if one belongs to the reserved category. This combination of factors such as social forwardness with economic backwardness; extreme status anxiety; resentment about reservation-driven mobility of lower castes; and an awareness of their own electoral clout drives poorer Jats or Patidars into movements demanding reservation. The upward mobility of SC’s show the dominant castes that because of reservation even they can benefit. For instance, because of reservation, they have chances of getting into a better educational institution or so. Today, the backward or left-behind sections of castes like Patidars or Jats find themselves faced with an unbearable gap between their sense of caste entitlement and their actual material circumstances. Since the past decade, this frustration is being channelled into demands for reservation and they demand reservation because they are confident that they can bend the state to their will, etc The inclusion of the dominant caste in the OBC list may not help address the challenges faced by them: Mere inclusion in the OBC list will not address structural deficiencies in the caste system and the societal hold it enjoys. This will lead to demand for reservations by more castes. Even in the OBC list, these castes will have to face stiff competition, not to mention opposition from other OBC castes, resistance among higher castes. Without education, mere inclusion will just give short term benefits. There also arises the problem of correct evaluation and inclusion of deserving castes to see who are the real people who deserve to be benefited from the reservation policy of the government. Reservation in government jobs may not be the right solution for the dominant castes because an increasingly large percentage of these jobs are occupied by contract workers who earn at least twice less than the directly employed ones. Some studies show that upper castes job problem has much to do with the hiatus between their expectations and their skills: They want good jobs but Quality is deteriorating day by day. Unemployment problem: protests are manifestations of India’s slow, inadequate job-creation and a failing education system creating thousands of “unemployable” graduates; India needs 23 million jobs annually, according to a Kotak Securities report, but over the last 30 years, the country has created about 7 million jobs every year. One of the ways of dismantling the quota raj is to ensure that the reserved category certificate is not a currency that is hoarded by groups who no longer need it. This involves periodic recertification into the reserved category. Appeasement tactics used by the political parties are mostly ineffective; they will neither reduce options for middle-income Indians nor will they really expand benefits for the poor among the forward castes. Under the Constitution, the government can only provide reservations for socially and educationally backward groups, not use it as an instrument for economic uplift It is high time that we need to rethink our reservation policies. The radical rethinking on the reservation should aim at developing the capabilities of the deprived and excluded beyond offering them admission to higher education or jobs on a platter. India must address the challenge of reservations honestly, fairly and innovatively by creating opportunities for all disadvantaged children. It must look for some other comprehensive criteria for reservation. Before, extending reservations to more groups, the entire reservation policy needs to be revisited. These efforts should be coupled with a vigorous national effort to provide opportunities to the disadvantaged.
| 74,835
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What do you understand by market-determined exchange rate? Discuss factors affecting the demand and supply of dollars in the Indian Economy (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduce with the definition of Market determined the exchange rate Discuss the factors affecting demand and supply of the foreign Exchange (dollar) Mention exchange rate as a factor affecting the demand and supply of the dollar Market determined the exchange rate: Foreign Exchange Rate is the amount of domestic currency that must be paid in order to get a unit of foreign currency. Thus, an exchange rate can be regarded as the price of one currency in terms of another . When the exchange rate is determined by the forces of demand and supply playing in the market, then it is called the market-determined exchange rate. Factors affecting the demand of Foreign Exchange (dollars):- The demand for foreign commodities and services Demand for investment in foreign countries Sending remittances to the outside country for travel and education purposes and speculative demand. The factors affecting the supply of Foreign Exchange (dollars):- Demand for Indian goods and services in the USA Demand for investments in India by the USA Remittances flow to India Foreigners coming to India for tourism and transport Speculative demand Factors affecting the Exchange rate I nflation: If Inflation in India is more than the inflation in the USA, the price of goods in India will increase. Cheaper imports will come from the US A thereby increasing the demand for the dollar. Also, exports to the USA will decrease thereby reducing the supply of dollars. This will lead to the depreciation of the rupee. Depreciation is the loss of value of the rupee due to the change in the demand and supply forces. Interest Rate -if there is a high-interest rate in India as compared to the USA, there will be an inflow of funds in India leading to enhance the supply of dollars and thereby leading to an appreciation of the currency. [Appreciation is an increase in the value of the rupee due to market forces of demand and supply.] Other factors which impact the exchange rate are the income levels, taste, preferences of the people, and demand for speculative activities. The capital inflows and outflows in the economy in the form of Foreign investment also impact the exchange rate. AndDevaluation or depreciation of the currency is beneficial for exports and reduces imports.
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##Question:What do you understand by market-determined exchange rate? Discuss factors affecting the demand and supply of dollars in the Indian Economy (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the definition of Market determined the exchange rate Discuss the factors affecting demand and supply of the foreign Exchange (dollar) Mention exchange rate as a factor affecting the demand and supply of the dollar Market determined the exchange rate: Foreign Exchange Rate is the amount of domestic currency that must be paid in order to get a unit of foreign currency. Thus, an exchange rate can be regarded as the price of one currency in terms of another . When the exchange rate is determined by the forces of demand and supply playing in the market, then it is called the market-determined exchange rate. Factors affecting the demand of Foreign Exchange (dollars):- The demand for foreign commodities and services Demand for investment in foreign countries Sending remittances to the outside country for travel and education purposes and speculative demand. The factors affecting the supply of Foreign Exchange (dollars):- Demand for Indian goods and services in the USA Demand for investments in India by the USA Remittances flow to India Foreigners coming to India for tourism and transport Speculative demand Factors affecting the Exchange rate I nflation: If Inflation in India is more than the inflation in the USA, the price of goods in India will increase. Cheaper imports will come from the US A thereby increasing the demand for the dollar. Also, exports to the USA will decrease thereby reducing the supply of dollars. This will lead to the depreciation of the rupee. Depreciation is the loss of value of the rupee due to the change in the demand and supply forces. Interest Rate -if there is a high-interest rate in India as compared to the USA, there will be an inflow of funds in India leading to enhance the supply of dollars and thereby leading to an appreciation of the currency. [Appreciation is an increase in the value of the rupee due to market forces of demand and supply.] Other factors which impact the exchange rate are the income levels, taste, preferences of the people, and demand for speculative activities. The capital inflows and outflows in the economy in the form of Foreign investment also impact the exchange rate. AndDevaluation or depreciation of the currency is beneficial for exports and reduces imports.
| 74,838
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What do you understand by market-determined exchange rate? Discuss factors affecting demand and supply of dollars in Indian Economy (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduce with the definition of Market determined the exchange rate Discuss the factors affecting demand and supply of the foreign Exchange (dollar) Mention exchange rate as a factor affecting the demand and supply of the dollar Market determined the exchange rate: Foreign Exchange Rate is the amount of domestic currency that must be paid in order to get a unit of foreign currency. Thus, an exchange rate can be regarded as the price of one currency in terms of another . When the exchange rate is determined by the forces of demand and supply playing in the market, then it is called the market-determined exchange rate. Factors affecting the demand of Foreign Exchange (dollars):- The demand for foreign commodities and services Demand for investment in foreign countries Sending remittances to the outside country for travel and education purposes and speculative demand. The factors affecting the supply of Foreign Exchange (dollars):- Demand for Indian goods and services in the USA Demand for investments in India by the USA Remittances flow to India Foreigners coming to India for tourism and transport Speculative demand Factors affecting the Exchange rate I nflation: If Inflation in India is more than the inflation in the USA, the price of goods in India will increase. Cheaper imports will come from the US A thereby increasing the demand for the dollar. Also, exports to the USA will decrease thereby reducing the supply of dollars. This will lead to the depreciation of the rupee. Depreciation is the loss of value of the rupee due to the change in the demand and supply forces. Interest Rate -if there is a high-interest rate in India as compared to the USA, there will be an inflow of funds in India leading to enhance the supply of dollars and thereby leading to an appreciation of the currency. [Appreciation is an increase in the value of the rupee due to market forces of demand and supply.] Other factors which impact the exchange rate are the income levels, taste, preferences of the people, and demand for speculative activities. The capital inflows and outflows in the economy in the form of Foreign investment also impact the exchange rate. And Devaluation or depreciation of the currency is beneficial for exports and reduces imports.
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##Question:What do you understand by market-determined exchange rate? Discuss factors affecting demand and supply of dollars in Indian Economy (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the definition of Market determined the exchange rate Discuss the factors affecting demand and supply of the foreign Exchange (dollar) Mention exchange rate as a factor affecting the demand and supply of the dollar Market determined the exchange rate: Foreign Exchange Rate is the amount of domestic currency that must be paid in order to get a unit of foreign currency. Thus, an exchange rate can be regarded as the price of one currency in terms of another . When the exchange rate is determined by the forces of demand and supply playing in the market, then it is called the market-determined exchange rate. Factors affecting the demand of Foreign Exchange (dollars):- The demand for foreign commodities and services Demand for investment in foreign countries Sending remittances to the outside country for travel and education purposes and speculative demand. The factors affecting the supply of Foreign Exchange (dollars):- Demand for Indian goods and services in the USA Demand for investments in India by the USA Remittances flow to India Foreigners coming to India for tourism and transport Speculative demand Factors affecting the Exchange rate I nflation: If Inflation in India is more than the inflation in the USA, the price of goods in India will increase. Cheaper imports will come from the US A thereby increasing the demand for the dollar. Also, exports to the USA will decrease thereby reducing the supply of dollars. This will lead to the depreciation of the rupee. Depreciation is the loss of value of the rupee due to the change in the demand and supply forces. Interest Rate -if there is a high-interest rate in India as compared to the USA, there will be an inflow of funds in India leading to enhance the supply of dollars and thereby leading to an appreciation of the currency. [Appreciation is an increase in the value of the rupee due to market forces of demand and supply.] Other factors which impact the exchange rate are the income levels, taste, preferences of the people, and demand for speculative activities. The capital inflows and outflows in the economy in the form of Foreign investment also impact the exchange rate. And Devaluation or depreciation of the currency is beneficial for exports and reduces imports.
| 74,839
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To what extent, the inclusion of the dominant caste in the Other Backward Caste (OBC) list is the solution to the challenges they are facing in the job market. Comment. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach : Introduce briefly by giving the context and issue of dominant caste and demand for Other Backward Caste (OBC) Status In the body, analyse and give arguments both for and against the inclusion of the dominant caste in the OBC list Conclude briefly with the way forward Answer : The people from various castes like Patels in Gujarat, Jats in Haryana, Marathis in Maharashtra and Kapus in Andhra Pradesh are demanding reservations. This is an emerging trend where we are witnessing many dominant and landholding castes asking for a backward reservation preferably through their recognition as Other Backward Classes. The inclusion of the dominant caste in the OBC list may help address the challenges faced by them: The policy changes adopted by the central government have generated an atmosphere of uncertainty for some of these castes which were engaged In trade or manufacturing processes that became obsolete or some of the agricultural produce become unviable due to changing market conditions and new liberalized economic policies adopted by the union government over the years. These castes realized that if one wants to secure government jobs you can get it only if one belongs to the reserved category. This combination of factors such as social forwardness with economic backwardness; extreme status anxiety; resentment about reservation-driven mobility of lower castes; and an awareness of their own electoral clout drives poorer Jats or Patidars into movements demanding reservation. The upward mobility of SC’s show the dominant castes that because of reservation even they can benefit. For instance, because of reservation, they have chances of getting into a better educational institution or so. Today, the backward or left-behind sections of castes like Patidars or Jats find themselves faced with an unbearable gap between their sense of caste entitlement and their actual material circumstances. Since the past decade, this frustration is being channelled into demands for reservation and they demand reservation because they are confident that they can bend the state to their will, etc The inclusion of the dominant caste in the OBC list may not help address the challenges faced by them: Mere inclusion in the OBC list will not address structural deficiencies in the caste system and the societal hold it enjoys. This will lead to demand for reservations by more castes. Even in the OBC list, these castes will have to face stiff competition, not to mention opposition from other OBC castes, resistance among higher castes. Without education, mere inclusion will just give short term benefits. There also arises the problem of correct evaluation and inclusion of deserving castes to see who are the real people who deserve to be benefited from the reservation policy of the government. Reservation in government jobs may not be the right solution for the dominant castes because an increasingly large percentage of these jobs are occupied by contract workers who earn at least twice less than the directly employed ones. Some studies show that upper castes job problem has much to do with the hiatus between their expectations and their skills: They want good jobs but Quality is deteriorating day by day. Unemployment problem: protests are manifestations of India’s slow, inadequate job-creation and a failing education system creating thousands of “unemployable” graduates; India needs 23 million jobs annually, according to a Kotak Securities report, but over the last 30 years, the country has created about 7 million jobs every year. One of the ways of dismantling the quota raj is to ensure that the reserved category certificate is not a currency that is hoarded by groups who no longer need it. This involves periodic recertification into the reserved category. Appeasement tactics used by the political parties are mostly ineffective; they will neither reduce options for middle-income Indians nor will they really expand benefits for the poor among the forward castes. Under the Constitution, the government can only provide reservations for socially and educationally backward groups, not use it as an instrument for economic uplift It is high time that we need to rethink our reservation policies. The radical rethinking on the reservation should aim at developing the capabilities of the deprived and excluded beyond offering them admission to higher education or jobs on a platter. India must address the challenge of reservations honestly, fairly and innovatively by creating opportunities for all disadvantaged children. It must look for some other comprehensive criteria for reservation. Before, extending reservations to more groups, the entire reservation policy needs to be revisited. These efforts should be coupled with a vigorous national effort to provide opportunities to the disadvantaged.
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##Question:To what extent, the inclusion of the dominant caste in the Other Backward Caste (OBC) list is the solution to the challenges they are facing in the job market. Comment. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce briefly by giving the context and issue of dominant caste and demand for Other Backward Caste (OBC) Status In the body, analyse and give arguments both for and against the inclusion of the dominant caste in the OBC list Conclude briefly with the way forward Answer : The people from various castes like Patels in Gujarat, Jats in Haryana, Marathis in Maharashtra and Kapus in Andhra Pradesh are demanding reservations. This is an emerging trend where we are witnessing many dominant and landholding castes asking for a backward reservation preferably through their recognition as Other Backward Classes. The inclusion of the dominant caste in the OBC list may help address the challenges faced by them: The policy changes adopted by the central government have generated an atmosphere of uncertainty for some of these castes which were engaged In trade or manufacturing processes that became obsolete or some of the agricultural produce become unviable due to changing market conditions and new liberalized economic policies adopted by the union government over the years. These castes realized that if one wants to secure government jobs you can get it only if one belongs to the reserved category. This combination of factors such as social forwardness with economic backwardness; extreme status anxiety; resentment about reservation-driven mobility of lower castes; and an awareness of their own electoral clout drives poorer Jats or Patidars into movements demanding reservation. The upward mobility of SC’s show the dominant castes that because of reservation even they can benefit. For instance, because of reservation, they have chances of getting into a better educational institution or so. Today, the backward or left-behind sections of castes like Patidars or Jats find themselves faced with an unbearable gap between their sense of caste entitlement and their actual material circumstances. Since the past decade, this frustration is being channelled into demands for reservation and they demand reservation because they are confident that they can bend the state to their will, etc The inclusion of the dominant caste in the OBC list may not help address the challenges faced by them: Mere inclusion in the OBC list will not address structural deficiencies in the caste system and the societal hold it enjoys. This will lead to demand for reservations by more castes. Even in the OBC list, these castes will have to face stiff competition, not to mention opposition from other OBC castes, resistance among higher castes. Without education, mere inclusion will just give short term benefits. There also arises the problem of correct evaluation and inclusion of deserving castes to see who are the real people who deserve to be benefited from the reservation policy of the government. Reservation in government jobs may not be the right solution for the dominant castes because an increasingly large percentage of these jobs are occupied by contract workers who earn at least twice less than the directly employed ones. Some studies show that upper castes job problem has much to do with the hiatus between their expectations and their skills: They want good jobs but Quality is deteriorating day by day. Unemployment problem: protests are manifestations of India’s slow, inadequate job-creation and a failing education system creating thousands of “unemployable” graduates; India needs 23 million jobs annually, according to a Kotak Securities report, but over the last 30 years, the country has created about 7 million jobs every year. One of the ways of dismantling the quota raj is to ensure that the reserved category certificate is not a currency that is hoarded by groups who no longer need it. This involves periodic recertification into the reserved category. Appeasement tactics used by the political parties are mostly ineffective; they will neither reduce options for middle-income Indians nor will they really expand benefits for the poor among the forward castes. Under the Constitution, the government can only provide reservations for socially and educationally backward groups, not use it as an instrument for economic uplift It is high time that we need to rethink our reservation policies. The radical rethinking on the reservation should aim at developing the capabilities of the deprived and excluded beyond offering them admission to higher education or jobs on a platter. India must address the challenge of reservations honestly, fairly and innovatively by creating opportunities for all disadvantaged children. It must look for some other comprehensive criteria for reservation. Before, extending reservations to more groups, the entire reservation policy needs to be revisited. These efforts should be coupled with a vigorous national effort to provide opportunities to the disadvantaged.
| 74,840
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The amendment process for the Indian Constitution follows a middle path between rigidity and flexibility. Analyze. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduce the answer by mentioning the amendment procedure of the Indian Constitution. Give arguments that it is neither too flexible nor too rigid with help of the comparison with the constitution of other nations. Conclude. Answer: Article 368 defines the Power of the parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure thereof. In the last 75 years, after Constitution came into being it has been amended more than 100 times. Constitutions are classified as rigid and flexible. The nature of the amendment determines whether a constitution is rigid or flexible. Constitutions could be rigid like that of America or flexible like that of the UK based on amendability. India’s Constitution is a synthesis of both, adapting best features from the prominent constitution: In the USA , for a proposed amendment to become a part of the Constitution, it must be ratified by either the legislatures of three-quarters of the states. This makes the amendment process a little difficult in the USA. Thus, it has been amended only 33 times so far in 250 years. Even though the process of amending the Constitution in India has been borrowed from South Africa, the process is much more arduous since some of the amendments required three fourth majority. Only seventeen amendments have been done to the Constitution of South Africa till now. On the other hand, the Indian Constitution is also not completely amendable as well. Under Kesavananda Bharati Case , the amendment that affects the basic structure of the Constitution like the Parliamentary system, Judicial Independence, Fundamental Rights is not allowed. Further, in order to protect from the unnecessary and frequent changes, Article 368 has been made stricter with the provisions of the special majority and in cases approval from half of the states. Thus, it is not flexible when compared to the United Kingdom (UK) . However, certain provisions of the Constitution can be amended by a simple majority of Parliament and without the approval of the states which adds to the flexibility of the Constitution. Hence, Indian Constitution is flexible enough to accommodate the changing conditions and at the same time rigid enough to ensure that it cannot be modified on the whims and fancies of legislators. These characteristics make Indian Constitution a living document rather than a closed and static rulebook.
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##Question:The amendment process for the Indian Constitution follows a middle path between rigidity and flexibility. Analyze. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the answer by mentioning the amendment procedure of the Indian Constitution. Give arguments that it is neither too flexible nor too rigid with help of the comparison with the constitution of other nations. Conclude. Answer: Article 368 defines the Power of the parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure thereof. In the last 75 years, after Constitution came into being it has been amended more than 100 times. Constitutions are classified as rigid and flexible. The nature of the amendment determines whether a constitution is rigid or flexible. Constitutions could be rigid like that of America or flexible like that of the UK based on amendability. India’s Constitution is a synthesis of both, adapting best features from the prominent constitution: In the USA , for a proposed amendment to become a part of the Constitution, it must be ratified by either the legislatures of three-quarters of the states. This makes the amendment process a little difficult in the USA. Thus, it has been amended only 33 times so far in 250 years. Even though the process of amending the Constitution in India has been borrowed from South Africa, the process is much more arduous since some of the amendments required three fourth majority. Only seventeen amendments have been done to the Constitution of South Africa till now. On the other hand, the Indian Constitution is also not completely amendable as well. Under Kesavananda Bharati Case , the amendment that affects the basic structure of the Constitution like the Parliamentary system, Judicial Independence, Fundamental Rights is not allowed. Further, in order to protect from the unnecessary and frequent changes, Article 368 has been made stricter with the provisions of the special majority and in cases approval from half of the states. Thus, it is not flexible when compared to the United Kingdom (UK) . However, certain provisions of the Constitution can be amended by a simple majority of Parliament and without the approval of the states which adds to the flexibility of the Constitution. Hence, Indian Constitution is flexible enough to accommodate the changing conditions and at the same time rigid enough to ensure that it cannot be modified on the whims and fancies of legislators. These characteristics make Indian Constitution a living document rather than a closed and static rulebook.
| 74,841
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The pattern of land ownership and the methods of assessment for the collection of land revenue introduced by the British in India had a profound impact on the agrarian economy. Discuss (150 words / 10 marks)
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Approach: Discuss different revenue settlement methods introduced by the Britishers in India Discuss their impacts on various aspects of the agrarian economy Answer: Before the beginning of British colonial rule, traditional Indian village society was characterized by common ownership of land and a certain division of labor. The British violated a variety of traditional ownership rights and adopted different land revenue collection policies which suited their exploitative agenda. In 1793, Permanent Settlement was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal and Bihar. Under this, the Zamindars were converted into landlords with hereditary and transferable land rights with land revenue fixed in perpetuity. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Ryotwari settlement was introduced in parts of Madras and Bombay presidencies. Under this cultivator was given land ownership and revenue demands was to be revised periodically In parts of central India and Ganga Valley, Mahalwari System was introduced where revenue settlement was made at village or estate (mahal) level with periodic revision However, irrespective of the collection method, the revenue was exorbitant and led to the impoverishment of the peasantry. They had a profound impact on land ownership pattern and consequently on the agrarian economy in the following manner: Tenure Insecurity:- Permanent settlement system caused great insecurity to the tenants who lost all their traditional rights over land Landlessness: Because of high revenue assessments, indebtedness among peasants grew, and the distribution of land became highly unequal as a result peasantry became landless. Overburdened peasants : Due to an increase in the number of intermediaries and exploitation by money lenders, the exploitation of peasants achieved a new peak. Lack of investment in agriculture: Cultivators had neither means nor incentives to invest in agriculture, and with the evolution of a new class of zamindars absentee landlords arise who further did not find any interest in investing in the land thus deteriorating the productivity of the land. By making land a tradable commodity that could be freely bought and sold, Britishers introduced a fundamental change in the existing land revenue system of the country. They gave birth to many rent-seeking intermediaries, different land revenue systems, high inequality in landholdings, and exploitative regimes which continue to be a part of the modern-day agrarian economy.
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##Question:The pattern of land ownership and the methods of assessment for the collection of land revenue introduced by the British in India had a profound impact on the agrarian economy. Discuss (150 words / 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Discuss different revenue settlement methods introduced by the Britishers in India Discuss their impacts on various aspects of the agrarian economy Answer: Before the beginning of British colonial rule, traditional Indian village society was characterized by common ownership of land and a certain division of labor. The British violated a variety of traditional ownership rights and adopted different land revenue collection policies which suited their exploitative agenda. In 1793, Permanent Settlement was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal and Bihar. Under this, the Zamindars were converted into landlords with hereditary and transferable land rights with land revenue fixed in perpetuity. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Ryotwari settlement was introduced in parts of Madras and Bombay presidencies. Under this cultivator was given land ownership and revenue demands was to be revised periodically In parts of central India and Ganga Valley, Mahalwari System was introduced where revenue settlement was made at village or estate (mahal) level with periodic revision However, irrespective of the collection method, the revenue was exorbitant and led to the impoverishment of the peasantry. They had a profound impact on land ownership pattern and consequently on the agrarian economy in the following manner: Tenure Insecurity:- Permanent settlement system caused great insecurity to the tenants who lost all their traditional rights over land Landlessness: Because of high revenue assessments, indebtedness among peasants grew, and the distribution of land became highly unequal as a result peasantry became landless. Overburdened peasants : Due to an increase in the number of intermediaries and exploitation by money lenders, the exploitation of peasants achieved a new peak. Lack of investment in agriculture: Cultivators had neither means nor incentives to invest in agriculture, and with the evolution of a new class of zamindars absentee landlords arise who further did not find any interest in investing in the land thus deteriorating the productivity of the land. By making land a tradable commodity that could be freely bought and sold, Britishers introduced a fundamental change in the existing land revenue system of the country. They gave birth to many rent-seeking intermediaries, different land revenue systems, high inequality in landholdings, and exploitative regimes which continue to be a part of the modern-day agrarian economy.
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One Party System or Communism in polity survived in China but failed in USSR. Discuss (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach Introduction: write some similarities and differences between USSR and China"s Communism Main body: Write in the main demand of the question causing the ultimate demise of Communism in the Soviet Union Conclusion: give a general ending statement Answer: The Communist Party in the Soviet Union and the Communist Party in China both had similarities. Among them were immoral leaders as well as effective leaders, a way of keeping their constituents in line, and the end of Communism as the party began with. However, among the few similarities, both parties possessed the ultimate demise of Communism in the Soviet Union was their failure to adapt to times. 1. The Soviet Union’s miscalculation of national identity, the lack of a strong connection between Soviet-led bloc states, and having a leader that supported Western-Democracy more than Communism were essentially the three paramount factors that led to the disintegration of the Soviet Union and of Communism in it. 2. While Communist China did have an immoral leader, Mao Tse-tung, the Communist Party was able to adapt to the times by putting economic reform before political reform. Ultimately this historically brilliant move led by Deng Xiaoping was arguably what kept the Communist Party in rule in China for many years to come, among other things. 3. While China had a historical uprising of the masses, namely the peasants, the Soviet Union did not have a revolution supported by the majority of the people. October 1st, 1949 was the date when the Communist Party in China officially came to power and established a China that was led by one party. However, it was a long process from a regime-change from the Qing Dynasty, similar to the change of regimes in the Soviet Union from Tsarist Russia. 1937 marked an important year for the Chinese because it was the start of Communist ideology spreading to the masses. The Japanese are mainly acclaimed as the catalyst for the widespread of Communist thought in China, because the country invaded China on July 7tth of 1937. During the years the Second Sino-Japanese War was being fought, puppet governments supported by the Communist Party were set up in rural villages. Peasants supported these governments because not only did they give them a say, but the governments “provided self-defense, education agricultural cooperation, support for full-time guerillas, and other needs of the villages”. 4. Essentially these local institutions taught peasants the meaning of government, especially during times of war. In addition to teaching government, the mass movements endorsed by the Communist Party sparked “the feeling of belonging and of having a stake in government [which] grew up in this period 5. This was entirely novel to the Chinese masses, and it brought an exhilarating sense of self-determination. As a result of the peasants’ reaction to the local governments, the Communist Party in China gained massive support from the peasants. Moreover, the peasants of China had a significant influence under Mao’s reign. Without the poor peasants, it would never have been possible to bring about in the countryside the present state of revolution, to overthrow the local bullies and bad gentry, or to complete the democratic revolution. Being the most revolutionary, the poor peasants have won the leadership in the peasant association This leadership of the poor peasants is absolutely necessary. Without the poor peasants, there can be no revolution. To reject them is to reject the revolution. To attack them is to attack the revolution. Their general direction of the revolution has never been wrong The Communist ideology is one that is clearly widespread among the masses, and because of this it"s not only the most viable form of government for China but also the most productive. While China had a massive revolution from the bottom up, the Communist Party in the Soviet Union came to power without the masses.
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##Question:One Party System or Communism in polity survived in China but failed in USSR. Discuss (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Introduction: write some similarities and differences between USSR and China"s Communism Main body: Write in the main demand of the question causing the ultimate demise of Communism in the Soviet Union Conclusion: give a general ending statement Answer: The Communist Party in the Soviet Union and the Communist Party in China both had similarities. Among them were immoral leaders as well as effective leaders, a way of keeping their constituents in line, and the end of Communism as the party began with. However, among the few similarities, both parties possessed the ultimate demise of Communism in the Soviet Union was their failure to adapt to times. 1. The Soviet Union’s miscalculation of national identity, the lack of a strong connection between Soviet-led bloc states, and having a leader that supported Western-Democracy more than Communism were essentially the three paramount factors that led to the disintegration of the Soviet Union and of Communism in it. 2. While Communist China did have an immoral leader, Mao Tse-tung, the Communist Party was able to adapt to the times by putting economic reform before political reform. Ultimately this historically brilliant move led by Deng Xiaoping was arguably what kept the Communist Party in rule in China for many years to come, among other things. 3. While China had a historical uprising of the masses, namely the peasants, the Soviet Union did not have a revolution supported by the majority of the people. October 1st, 1949 was the date when the Communist Party in China officially came to power and established a China that was led by one party. However, it was a long process from a regime-change from the Qing Dynasty, similar to the change of regimes in the Soviet Union from Tsarist Russia. 1937 marked an important year for the Chinese because it was the start of Communist ideology spreading to the masses. The Japanese are mainly acclaimed as the catalyst for the widespread of Communist thought in China, because the country invaded China on July 7tth of 1937. During the years the Second Sino-Japanese War was being fought, puppet governments supported by the Communist Party were set up in rural villages. Peasants supported these governments because not only did they give them a say, but the governments “provided self-defense, education agricultural cooperation, support for full-time guerillas, and other needs of the villages”. 4. Essentially these local institutions taught peasants the meaning of government, especially during times of war. In addition to teaching government, the mass movements endorsed by the Communist Party sparked “the feeling of belonging and of having a stake in government [which] grew up in this period 5. This was entirely novel to the Chinese masses, and it brought an exhilarating sense of self-determination. As a result of the peasants’ reaction to the local governments, the Communist Party in China gained massive support from the peasants. Moreover, the peasants of China had a significant influence under Mao’s reign. Without the poor peasants, it would never have been possible to bring about in the countryside the present state of revolution, to overthrow the local bullies and bad gentry, or to complete the democratic revolution. Being the most revolutionary, the poor peasants have won the leadership in the peasant association This leadership of the poor peasants is absolutely necessary. Without the poor peasants, there can be no revolution. To reject them is to reject the revolution. To attack them is to attack the revolution. Their general direction of the revolution has never been wrong The Communist ideology is one that is clearly widespread among the masses, and because of this it"s not only the most viable form of government for China but also the most productive. While China had a massive revolution from the bottom up, the Communist Party in the Soviet Union came to power without the masses.
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One Party System or Communism in polity survived in China but failed in USSR. Discuss (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach Introduction: write some similarities and differences between USSR and China"s Communism Main body: Write in the main demand of the question causing the ultimate demise of Communism in the Soviet Union Conclusion: give a general ending statement Answer: The Communist Party in the Soviet Union and the Communist Party in China both had similarities. Among them were immoral leaders as well as effective leaders, a way of keeping their constituents in line, and the end of Communism as the party began with. However, among the few similarities, both parties possessed the ultimate demise of Communism in the Soviet Union was their failure to adapt to times. 1. The Soviet Union’s miscalculation of national identity, the lack of a strong connection between Soviet-led bloc states, and having a leader that supported Western-Democracy more than Communism were essentially the three paramount factors that led to the disintegration of the Soviet Union and of Communism in it. 2. While Communist China did have an immoral leader, Mao Tse-tung, the Communist Party was able to adapt to the times by putting economic reform before political reform. Ultimately this historically brilliant move led by Deng Xiaoping was arguably what kept the Communist Party in rule in China for many years to come, among other things. 3. While China had a historical uprising of the masses, namely the peasants, the Soviet Union did not have a revolution supported by the majority of the people. October 1st, 1949 was the date when the Communist Party in China officially came to power and established a China that was led by one party. However, it was a long process from a regime-change from the Qing Dynasty, similar to the change of regimes in the Soviet Union from Tsarist Russia. 1937 marked an important year for the Chinese because it was the start of Communist ideology spreading to the masses. The Japanese are mainly acclaimed as the catalyst for the widespread of Communist thought in China, because the country invaded China on July 7tth of 1937. During the years the Second Sino-Japanese War was being fought, puppet governments supported by the Communist Party were set up in rural villages. Peasants supported these governments because not only did they give them a say, but the governments “provided self-defense, education agricultural cooperation, support for full-time guerillas, and other needs of the villages”. 4. Essentially these local institutions taught peasants the meaning of government, especially during times of war. In addition to teaching government, the mass movements endorsed by the Communist Party sparked “the feeling of belonging and of having a stake in government [which] grew up in this period 5. This was entirely novel to the Chinese masses, and it brought an exhilarating sense of self-determination. As a result of the peasants’ reaction to the local governments, the Communist Party in China gained massive support from the peasants. Moreover, the peasants of China had a significant influence under Mao’s reign. Without the poor peasants, it would never have been possible to bring about in the countryside the present state of revolution, to overthrow the local bullies and bad gentry, or to complete the democratic revolution. Being the most revolutionary, the poor peasants have won the leadership in the peasant association This leadership of the poor peasants is absolutely necessary. Without the poor peasants, there can be no revolution. To reject them is to reject the revolution. To attack them is to attack the revolution. Their general direction of the revolution has never been wrong The Communist ideology is one that is clearly widespread among the masses, and because of this it"s not only the most viable form of government for China but also the most productive. While China had a massive revolution from the bottom up, the Communist Party in the Soviet Union came to power without the masses.
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##Question:One Party System or Communism in polity survived in China but failed in USSR. Discuss (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Introduction: write some similarities and differences between USSR and China"s Communism Main body: Write in the main demand of the question causing the ultimate demise of Communism in the Soviet Union Conclusion: give a general ending statement Answer: The Communist Party in the Soviet Union and the Communist Party in China both had similarities. Among them were immoral leaders as well as effective leaders, a way of keeping their constituents in line, and the end of Communism as the party began with. However, among the few similarities, both parties possessed the ultimate demise of Communism in the Soviet Union was their failure to adapt to times. 1. The Soviet Union’s miscalculation of national identity, the lack of a strong connection between Soviet-led bloc states, and having a leader that supported Western-Democracy more than Communism were essentially the three paramount factors that led to the disintegration of the Soviet Union and of Communism in it. 2. While Communist China did have an immoral leader, Mao Tse-tung, the Communist Party was able to adapt to the times by putting economic reform before political reform. Ultimately this historically brilliant move led by Deng Xiaoping was arguably what kept the Communist Party in rule in China for many years to come, among other things. 3. While China had a historical uprising of the masses, namely the peasants, the Soviet Union did not have a revolution supported by the majority of the people. October 1st, 1949 was the date when the Communist Party in China officially came to power and established a China that was led by one party. However, it was a long process from a regime-change from the Qing Dynasty, similar to the change of regimes in the Soviet Union from Tsarist Russia. 1937 marked an important year for the Chinese because it was the start of Communist ideology spreading to the masses. The Japanese are mainly acclaimed as the catalyst for the widespread of Communist thought in China, because the country invaded China on July 7tth of 1937. During the years the Second Sino-Japanese War was being fought, puppet governments supported by the Communist Party were set up in rural villages. Peasants supported these governments because not only did they give them a say, but the governments “provided self-defense, education agricultural cooperation, support for full-time guerillas, and other needs of the villages”. 4. Essentially these local institutions taught peasants the meaning of government, especially during times of war. In addition to teaching government, the mass movements endorsed by the Communist Party sparked “the feeling of belonging and of having a stake in government [which] grew up in this period 5. This was entirely novel to the Chinese masses, and it brought an exhilarating sense of self-determination. As a result of the peasants’ reaction to the local governments, the Communist Party in China gained massive support from the peasants. Moreover, the peasants of China had a significant influence under Mao’s reign. Without the poor peasants, it would never have been possible to bring about in the countryside the present state of revolution, to overthrow the local bullies and bad gentry, or to complete the democratic revolution. Being the most revolutionary, the poor peasants have won the leadership in the peasant association This leadership of the poor peasants is absolutely necessary. Without the poor peasants, there can be no revolution. To reject them is to reject the revolution. To attack them is to attack the revolution. Their general direction of the revolution has never been wrong The Communist ideology is one that is clearly widespread among the masses, and because of this it"s not only the most viable form of government for China but also the most productive. While China had a massive revolution from the bottom up, the Communist Party in the Soviet Union came to power without the masses.
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Recently, Chief Justice of India has supported for the National Court of Appeal for restructuring of judiciary. In this context, highlight the possible advantages and disadvantages of National Court of Appeal. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction: In the introduction, the need for NCA can be given. Main body: Highlight the advantages and disadvantages of having NCA Conclusion: A way forward can be given Answer: The Supreme Court, as early as 1986, had recommended the establishment of the National Court of Appeal. Currently, the Supreme Court is overburdened with work, much of which comprises appeals from lower courts. Due to this, it is not able to fulfill its primary duty of deciding upon constitutional matters and acting as the final interpreter of the Constitution. The National Court Appeal with regional benches in Chennai, Mumbai, and Kolkata is meant to act as the final court of justice in dealing with appeals from the decisions of the High Courts and tribunals within their region in civil, criminal, labor and revenue matters. Advantages: Constitutional obligation: Article 39-A directs the State to ensure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities. Thus, it is essential to ensure that the additional transaction cost of litigation for people of north-eastern states or southern states should be minimal. • High pendency of cases : More than 65,000 cases are pending in the Supreme Court, and disposal of appeals takes many years. • Litigation as a measure of well-being: An empirical study on litigation in India, finds that there is a direct correlation between civil case filing and economic prosperity (more prosperous states have higher civil litigation rates). However, in recent years civil case backlog has discouraged civil case filings which may impact India’s future economic growth. Thus, setting up a regional bench is a step in the right direction. • Higher accessibility- The accessibility to SC due to its seat in Delhi is less, especially to the poor and those living in far-off places like the northeast. Challenges/ Disadvantages: Dilute the authority of the Supreme Court: Setting up regional benches may dilute the superiority of the Supreme Court’s decisions. Additional cost- It will increase the financial burden on the state to set up the required infrastructure. Affect integrated judiciary system: The Indian Constitution has established an integrated judicial system with the Supreme Court at the top and the state high courts below it. The setting up of this court may dilute this unitary character. Way forward: National Court of Appeal is a drastic measure, the last resort with a lot of practical problems. Till then other measures need to be taken to address the issue - like reducing appellate burden (rationalization of Special Leave, Petitions, subordinate judiciary reforms, improving judicial strength, quality, infrastructure, etc). For proximity issue benches of SC like that of HC can be set up in 4 important cities.
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##Question:Recently, Chief Justice of India has supported for the National Court of Appeal for restructuring of judiciary. In this context, highlight the possible advantages and disadvantages of National Court of Appeal. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: In the introduction, the need for NCA can be given. Main body: Highlight the advantages and disadvantages of having NCA Conclusion: A way forward can be given Answer: The Supreme Court, as early as 1986, had recommended the establishment of the National Court of Appeal. Currently, the Supreme Court is overburdened with work, much of which comprises appeals from lower courts. Due to this, it is not able to fulfill its primary duty of deciding upon constitutional matters and acting as the final interpreter of the Constitution. The National Court Appeal with regional benches in Chennai, Mumbai, and Kolkata is meant to act as the final court of justice in dealing with appeals from the decisions of the High Courts and tribunals within their region in civil, criminal, labor and revenue matters. Advantages: Constitutional obligation: Article 39-A directs the State to ensure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities. Thus, it is essential to ensure that the additional transaction cost of litigation for people of north-eastern states or southern states should be minimal. • High pendency of cases : More than 65,000 cases are pending in the Supreme Court, and disposal of appeals takes many years. • Litigation as a measure of well-being: An empirical study on litigation in India, finds that there is a direct correlation between civil case filing and economic prosperity (more prosperous states have higher civil litigation rates). However, in recent years civil case backlog has discouraged civil case filings which may impact India’s future economic growth. Thus, setting up a regional bench is a step in the right direction. • Higher accessibility- The accessibility to SC due to its seat in Delhi is less, especially to the poor and those living in far-off places like the northeast. Challenges/ Disadvantages: Dilute the authority of the Supreme Court: Setting up regional benches may dilute the superiority of the Supreme Court’s decisions. Additional cost- It will increase the financial burden on the state to set up the required infrastructure. Affect integrated judiciary system: The Indian Constitution has established an integrated judicial system with the Supreme Court at the top and the state high courts below it. The setting up of this court may dilute this unitary character. Way forward: National Court of Appeal is a drastic measure, the last resort with a lot of practical problems. Till then other measures need to be taken to address the issue - like reducing appellate burden (rationalization of Special Leave, Petitions, subordinate judiciary reforms, improving judicial strength, quality, infrastructure, etc). For proximity issue benches of SC like that of HC can be set up in 4 important cities.
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Till 1991, the emphasis of Industrial Policy was on "regulation” and not “development” which led to the 1991 crisis. Discuss with examples. (150 words/10 marks).
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Introduction- Briefly mention the features of Industrial Policy till 1991 1. Socialist Economy- Monopoly of Public sector 2. Private players were negligible in number. 3. Nationalization of key industries such as –coal sector, banks, textiles etc. 4. Restriction on foreign investments. 5. Heavy machinery given preference. 6. Compulsory licensing policy 7. MRTP Act- to promote competition. Body- How emphasis was on regulation? 1. License, Permit, Quota Raj- Too much discretion to Bureaucracy, corruption, redtapism 2. MRTP Act- Strict regulation in the name of competition 3. FERA restrictions- Foreign investments were heavily regulated. 4. Difficult to raise capital by private companies. 5. Administered price mechanism- Prices of industrial products like steel, coal were controlled by the government. Not only the price of inputs but also the prices at which goods could be sold in the market. 5. Plethora of labour laws- Easy to hire, but difficult to fire. Exit problem of companies even when facing loss. Conclusion- Excessive regulation led to poor results. Backwardness of industrial sector in the country which led to crisis in 1990. This paved the way for opening of the Economy via Industrial Policy 1991.
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##Question:Till 1991, the emphasis of Industrial Policy was on "regulation” and not “development” which led to the 1991 crisis. Discuss with examples. (150 words/10 marks).##Answer:Introduction- Briefly mention the features of Industrial Policy till 1991 1. Socialist Economy- Monopoly of Public sector 2. Private players were negligible in number. 3. Nationalization of key industries such as –coal sector, banks, textiles etc. 4. Restriction on foreign investments. 5. Heavy machinery given preference. 6. Compulsory licensing policy 7. MRTP Act- to promote competition. Body- How emphasis was on regulation? 1. License, Permit, Quota Raj- Too much discretion to Bureaucracy, corruption, redtapism 2. MRTP Act- Strict regulation in the name of competition 3. FERA restrictions- Foreign investments were heavily regulated. 4. Difficult to raise capital by private companies. 5. Administered price mechanism- Prices of industrial products like steel, coal were controlled by the government. Not only the price of inputs but also the prices at which goods could be sold in the market. 5. Plethora of labour laws- Easy to hire, but difficult to fire. Exit problem of companies even when facing loss. Conclusion- Excessive regulation led to poor results. Backwardness of industrial sector in the country which led to crisis in 1990. This paved the way for opening of the Economy via Industrial Policy 1991.
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What do you mean by "Poverty"? Also, discuss the measurement of poverty in terms of "absolute" and "relative" poverty. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Define poverty and cover basic points related to it in the introduction. Explain about the measurement of poverty. Discuss about absolute poverty. Discuss about Relative poverty. Conclude accordingly Answer: Poverty can be seen as a state of not having enough income or material possessions which are required to meet a person"s basic needs. Poverty may comprise of social, economic & political dimensions. Poverty is deprived of multiple dimensions of wellbeing. The World Bank defines Poverty as "Poverty is pronounced deprivation in wellbeing and comprises many dimensions. It includes low incomes, and the inability to acquire basic goods & services necessary for survival with dignity. Poverty also encompasses low levels of health and education, poor access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate physical security, lack of voice , and insufficient capacity and opportunity to better one"s life." Measurement of poverty: Poverty even though defined as comprehensively as can be or can not be measured using multiple dimensions of wellbeing. These dimensions are subjective that is there will be differences of opinions with respect to how to measure deprivation on these dimensions. Further, there is subjectivity in deciding the standard that would be chosen on these dimensions to judge whether a person is poor or not. As such we try to measure poverty more objectively using those dimensions of wellbeing that can be objectively measured. We use consumption expenditure (rather than income) as the objectively measurable dimension of deprivation to assess poverty. Poverty is measured based on Absolute poverty & Relative poverty. Absolute poverty : Absolute poverty is measured by set standards (that is statements of opinion, usually given by an expert) that is consistent over time and between countries/regions. These standards help in temporal (over a period of time) as well as spatial (across different regions/space) comparisons. That is we can compare poverty across the regions at a particular point in time using these standards, also we can compare poverty that is checked on the progress of poverty reduction over a period of time for a given region. It is normative poverty but not positive poverty. Absolute poverty is the complete lack of the means necessary to meet basic personal needs such as food, clothing, shelter, etc. The set standard usually refers to "a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. It depends not only on income but also on access to services." Relative poverty : Relative poverty refers to poverty that is observed by comparison of two people or two sets of people. It is a comparison (comparison between people or groups or set of population or individuals). It basically signifies inequality. That is a person is relatively poorer or richer in comparison to someone else. Similarly, one set of people are poorer with respect to another set of people or they are poorer with respect to average incomes of the society, etc. Thus, t he meaning of poverty is the state of being poor & deprived of multiple dimensions of wellbeing .
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##Question:What do you mean by "Poverty"? Also, discuss the measurement of poverty in terms of "absolute" and "relative" poverty. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Define poverty and cover basic points related to it in the introduction. Explain about the measurement of poverty. Discuss about absolute poverty. Discuss about Relative poverty. Conclude accordingly Answer: Poverty can be seen as a state of not having enough income or material possessions which are required to meet a person"s basic needs. Poverty may comprise of social, economic & political dimensions. Poverty is deprived of multiple dimensions of wellbeing. The World Bank defines Poverty as "Poverty is pronounced deprivation in wellbeing and comprises many dimensions. It includes low incomes, and the inability to acquire basic goods & services necessary for survival with dignity. Poverty also encompasses low levels of health and education, poor access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate physical security, lack of voice , and insufficient capacity and opportunity to better one"s life." Measurement of poverty: Poverty even though defined as comprehensively as can be or can not be measured using multiple dimensions of wellbeing. These dimensions are subjective that is there will be differences of opinions with respect to how to measure deprivation on these dimensions. Further, there is subjectivity in deciding the standard that would be chosen on these dimensions to judge whether a person is poor or not. As such we try to measure poverty more objectively using those dimensions of wellbeing that can be objectively measured. We use consumption expenditure (rather than income) as the objectively measurable dimension of deprivation to assess poverty. Poverty is measured based on Absolute poverty & Relative poverty. Absolute poverty : Absolute poverty is measured by set standards (that is statements of opinion, usually given by an expert) that is consistent over time and between countries/regions. These standards help in temporal (over a period of time) as well as spatial (across different regions/space) comparisons. That is we can compare poverty across the regions at a particular point in time using these standards, also we can compare poverty that is checked on the progress of poverty reduction over a period of time for a given region. It is normative poverty but not positive poverty. Absolute poverty is the complete lack of the means necessary to meet basic personal needs such as food, clothing, shelter, etc. The set standard usually refers to "a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. It depends not only on income but also on access to services." Relative poverty : Relative poverty refers to poverty that is observed by comparison of two people or two sets of people. It is a comparison (comparison between people or groups or set of population or individuals). It basically signifies inequality. That is a person is relatively poorer or richer in comparison to someone else. Similarly, one set of people are poorer with respect to another set of people or they are poorer with respect to average incomes of the society, etc. Thus, t he meaning of poverty is the state of being poor & deprived of multiple dimensions of wellbeing .
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अर्ध-न्यायिक संस्थाओं से आप क्या समझते हैं? केंद्रीय प्रशासनिक न्यायाधिकरण के विशेष संदर्भ में, इन अर्ध-न्यायिक संस्थाओं की विशेषताओं और सीमाओं की चर्चा कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) What do you understand by quasi-judicial bodies.? Discuss the features and limitations of these quasi-judicial bodies, with special reference to the Central Administrative Tribunal. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण उत्तर की शुरुआत अर्ध -न्यायिक संस्थाओं के बारे में सामान्य चर्चा करते हुए कीजिए। इसके पश्चात केंद्रीय प्रशासनिक न्यायाधिकरण की चर्चा कीजिए। पुनः अर्ध न्यायिक संस्थाओं की विशेषताओं/लाभों चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिए। अंत में अर्ध न्यायिक निकायों की सीमाओं की चर्चा कीजिए और सकारात्मक रूप से उत्तर का समापन कीजिए। उत्तर - अर्ध-न्यायिक निकाय ऐसे संगठन या निकाय होते हैं जिनके पास कानून लागू करने वाली संस्थाओं के समान शक्तियाँ होती हैं लेकिन यह अदालतें नहीं हैं। इन निकायों का गठन किसी विशेष उद्देश्य के लिए किया जाता है, उदाहरण के लिए, राष्ट्रीय ग्रीन ट्रिब्यूनल की स्थापना पर्यावरण संबंधी मामलों के त्वरित निपटान के लिए की गई है।अर्ध -न्यायिक निकाय/अधिकरण के द्वारा ऐसे विवादों का निपटारा या समाधान किया जाता है जिसमें एक पक्ष सरकार हो। अनुच्छेद 323A (प्रशासनिक अधिकरण) और 323B (अन्य विषयों के लिए अधिकरण) के प्रावधानों को 42 वें संविधान संशोधन अधिनियम 1976 के द्वारा शामिल किया गया। अनुच्छेद 323A के प्रावधानों के द्वारा संसद द्वारा प्रशासनिक अधिकरण अधिनियम 1995 को निर्मित किया गया है। इस अधिनियम के अंतर्गत केंद्रीय प्रशासनिक अधिकरण, राज्य प्रशासनिक अधिकरण, राज्य प्रशासनिक अधिकरण एवं संयुक्त प्रशासनिक अधिकरण के गठन का प्रावधान किया गया है जिसका सम्बंध लोक सेवकों के भर्ती एवं सेवा शर्तों से सम्बंधित शिकायतों एवं विवादों के निराकरण से है। केंद्रीय प्रशासनिक न्यायाधिकरण केंद्रीय प्रशासनिक न्यायाधिकरण (CAT) की स्थापना 1985 में दिल्ली में मुख्य पीठ और विभिन्न राज्यों में अतिरिक्त पीठों के साथ की गई थी। कैट भर्ती के संबंध में और इसके द्वारा कवर किए गए लोक सेवकों के सभी सेवा मामलों के संबंध में मूल अधिकार क्षेत्र का प्रयोग करता है। इसका अधिकार क्षेत्र अखिल भारतीय सेवाओं, केंद्रीय सिविल सेवाओं, केंद्र के अधीन सिविल पदों और रक्षा सेवाओं के नागरिक कर्मचारियों तक फैला हुआ है। हालाँकि, रक्षा बलों के सदस्य, सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के अधिकारी और सेवक और संसद के सचिव स्तर के कर्मचारी इसके दायरे में नहीं आते हैं। अर्ध-न्यायिक निकायों की विशेषतायें ये निकाय वैकल्पिक विवाद निवारण के उपकरण के रूप में कार्य करते है। इन अर्ध-न्यायिक निकायों की सहायता से न्यायपालिका का कार्य कम हो जाता है। ये निकाय प्राकृतिक न्याय के सिद्धांत और कानून के प्रशासनिक शासन के आधार पर हैं। अर्ध-न्यायिक निकायों के तहत, कार्यवाही अधिक तेज़, किफायती होती है और इसलिए अर्ध-न्यायिक निकायों तक अधिक पहुंच होती है। अर्ध-न्यायिक निकाय केवल साक्ष्य के नियम के साथ-साथ पूर्वता के नियम के आधार पर कार्य नहीं करते हैं और इसलिए इसका निर्णय अधिक स्थिति वाला होता है। अर्ध-न्यायिक निकायों के लाभ इसके माध्यम से सामान्य न्यायालय का कार्यभार कम होता है ताकि न्यायालय के द्वारा अधिक समय एवं ध्यान विधिक मामलों पर केंद्रित किया जा सके। न्यायिक प्रक्रिया अधिक सरलीकृत, कम खर्चीला एवं त्वरित होता है अतः आम व्यक्तियों की पहुँच अधिक होती है। अर्ध न्यायिक निकाय के द्वारा विवाद का निपटारा तकनीकी वास्तविकताओं के आधार पर किया जाना सम्भव हो पाता है। अर्ध न्यायिक निकाय की प्रक्रिया में अधिक लचीलापन होता है एवं इसका निर्णय विशिष्ट मामलों के आधार पर होता है (केस टू केस आधार पर), अतः इसका निर्णय अधिक वास्तविक होता है। अर्ध-न्यायिक निकायों की सीमाएँ अर्ध न्यायिक निकायों के द्वारा तकनीकी पक्ष पर विशेष बल दिए जाने के कारण विधिक पक्ष की उपेक्षा की सम्भावनाएँ बनी रहती हैं। अर्ध न्यायिक निकाय विधि के शासन के सिद्धांत के अनुरूप नहीं है। अर्ध न्यायिक निकाय की कार्य प्रणाली न्याय के प्राकृतिक सिद्धांत के अनुरूप नहीं है। अर्ध न्यायिक निकाय के निर्णय एवं कार्यवाही का व्यापक एवं समुचित प्रचार एवं प्रसार नहीं किया जाता है अतः इसको लेकर जन जागरूकता की कमी या अभाव देखने को मिलता है जो कि ग़ैर-प्रजातांत्रिक प्रकृति को दर्शाती है। अर्ध न्यायिक निकाय की कार्य प्रणाली शक्ति के पृथक्करण के सिद्धांत के अनुरूप नहीं माना गया है। अर्ध न्यायिक निकाय कार्यपालिका की शक्तियों का एक प्रकार से विस्तारीकरण है जो कि कार्यपालिका के शक्तियों के दुरुपयोग के सम्भावनाओं को दर्शाती है। कानून के शासन के सिद्धांत का उल्लंघन करता है। निर्णय की कार्यवाही में एकरूपता और निरंतरता का अभाव। यह न्यायिक निकायों के काम के बोझ को कम करने में मदद नहीं करता है क्योंकि व्यवहार में भारत में अर्ध न्यायिक निकायों के अधिकांश निर्णय न्यायपालिका के समक्ष अपील के अधीन होते हैं। इन निकायों में मामलों से निपटने के लिए कानूनी दृष्टिकोण का अभाव है। राजकोष पर बोझ एवं अन्य। निष्कर्ष सर्वोच्च न्यायालय में लंबित मामलों, अंतर-राज्यीय नदी जल विवाद आदि जैसे विभिन्न मुद्दों को हल करने के लिए अर्ध-न्यायिक निकायों की आवश्यकता महत्वपूर्ण है।
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##Question:अर्ध-न्यायिक संस्थाओं से आप क्या समझते हैं? केंद्रीय प्रशासनिक न्यायाधिकरण के विशेष संदर्भ में, इन अर्ध-न्यायिक संस्थाओं की विशेषताओं और सीमाओं की चर्चा कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) What do you understand by quasi-judicial bodies.? Discuss the features and limitations of these quasi-judicial bodies, with special reference to the Central Administrative Tribunal. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण उत्तर की शुरुआत अर्ध -न्यायिक संस्थाओं के बारे में सामान्य चर्चा करते हुए कीजिए। इसके पश्चात केंद्रीय प्रशासनिक न्यायाधिकरण की चर्चा कीजिए। पुनः अर्ध न्यायिक संस्थाओं की विशेषताओं/लाभों चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिए। अंत में अर्ध न्यायिक निकायों की सीमाओं की चर्चा कीजिए और सकारात्मक रूप से उत्तर का समापन कीजिए। उत्तर - अर्ध-न्यायिक निकाय ऐसे संगठन या निकाय होते हैं जिनके पास कानून लागू करने वाली संस्थाओं के समान शक्तियाँ होती हैं लेकिन यह अदालतें नहीं हैं। इन निकायों का गठन किसी विशेष उद्देश्य के लिए किया जाता है, उदाहरण के लिए, राष्ट्रीय ग्रीन ट्रिब्यूनल की स्थापना पर्यावरण संबंधी मामलों के त्वरित निपटान के लिए की गई है।अर्ध -न्यायिक निकाय/अधिकरण के द्वारा ऐसे विवादों का निपटारा या समाधान किया जाता है जिसमें एक पक्ष सरकार हो। अनुच्छेद 323A (प्रशासनिक अधिकरण) और 323B (अन्य विषयों के लिए अधिकरण) के प्रावधानों को 42 वें संविधान संशोधन अधिनियम 1976 के द्वारा शामिल किया गया। अनुच्छेद 323A के प्रावधानों के द्वारा संसद द्वारा प्रशासनिक अधिकरण अधिनियम 1995 को निर्मित किया गया है। इस अधिनियम के अंतर्गत केंद्रीय प्रशासनिक अधिकरण, राज्य प्रशासनिक अधिकरण, राज्य प्रशासनिक अधिकरण एवं संयुक्त प्रशासनिक अधिकरण के गठन का प्रावधान किया गया है जिसका सम्बंध लोक सेवकों के भर्ती एवं सेवा शर्तों से सम्बंधित शिकायतों एवं विवादों के निराकरण से है। केंद्रीय प्रशासनिक न्यायाधिकरण केंद्रीय प्रशासनिक न्यायाधिकरण (CAT) की स्थापना 1985 में दिल्ली में मुख्य पीठ और विभिन्न राज्यों में अतिरिक्त पीठों के साथ की गई थी। कैट भर्ती के संबंध में और इसके द्वारा कवर किए गए लोक सेवकों के सभी सेवा मामलों के संबंध में मूल अधिकार क्षेत्र का प्रयोग करता है। इसका अधिकार क्षेत्र अखिल भारतीय सेवाओं, केंद्रीय सिविल सेवाओं, केंद्र के अधीन सिविल पदों और रक्षा सेवाओं के नागरिक कर्मचारियों तक फैला हुआ है। हालाँकि, रक्षा बलों के सदस्य, सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के अधिकारी और सेवक और संसद के सचिव स्तर के कर्मचारी इसके दायरे में नहीं आते हैं। अर्ध-न्यायिक निकायों की विशेषतायें ये निकाय वैकल्पिक विवाद निवारण के उपकरण के रूप में कार्य करते है। इन अर्ध-न्यायिक निकायों की सहायता से न्यायपालिका का कार्य कम हो जाता है। ये निकाय प्राकृतिक न्याय के सिद्धांत और कानून के प्रशासनिक शासन के आधार पर हैं। अर्ध-न्यायिक निकायों के तहत, कार्यवाही अधिक तेज़, किफायती होती है और इसलिए अर्ध-न्यायिक निकायों तक अधिक पहुंच होती है। अर्ध-न्यायिक निकाय केवल साक्ष्य के नियम के साथ-साथ पूर्वता के नियम के आधार पर कार्य नहीं करते हैं और इसलिए इसका निर्णय अधिक स्थिति वाला होता है। अर्ध-न्यायिक निकायों के लाभ इसके माध्यम से सामान्य न्यायालय का कार्यभार कम होता है ताकि न्यायालय के द्वारा अधिक समय एवं ध्यान विधिक मामलों पर केंद्रित किया जा सके। न्यायिक प्रक्रिया अधिक सरलीकृत, कम खर्चीला एवं त्वरित होता है अतः आम व्यक्तियों की पहुँच अधिक होती है। अर्ध न्यायिक निकाय के द्वारा विवाद का निपटारा तकनीकी वास्तविकताओं के आधार पर किया जाना सम्भव हो पाता है। अर्ध न्यायिक निकाय की प्रक्रिया में अधिक लचीलापन होता है एवं इसका निर्णय विशिष्ट मामलों के आधार पर होता है (केस टू केस आधार पर), अतः इसका निर्णय अधिक वास्तविक होता है। अर्ध-न्यायिक निकायों की सीमाएँ अर्ध न्यायिक निकायों के द्वारा तकनीकी पक्ष पर विशेष बल दिए जाने के कारण विधिक पक्ष की उपेक्षा की सम्भावनाएँ बनी रहती हैं। अर्ध न्यायिक निकाय विधि के शासन के सिद्धांत के अनुरूप नहीं है। अर्ध न्यायिक निकाय की कार्य प्रणाली न्याय के प्राकृतिक सिद्धांत के अनुरूप नहीं है। अर्ध न्यायिक निकाय के निर्णय एवं कार्यवाही का व्यापक एवं समुचित प्रचार एवं प्रसार नहीं किया जाता है अतः इसको लेकर जन जागरूकता की कमी या अभाव देखने को मिलता है जो कि ग़ैर-प्रजातांत्रिक प्रकृति को दर्शाती है। अर्ध न्यायिक निकाय की कार्य प्रणाली शक्ति के पृथक्करण के सिद्धांत के अनुरूप नहीं माना गया है। अर्ध न्यायिक निकाय कार्यपालिका की शक्तियों का एक प्रकार से विस्तारीकरण है जो कि कार्यपालिका के शक्तियों के दुरुपयोग के सम्भावनाओं को दर्शाती है। कानून के शासन के सिद्धांत का उल्लंघन करता है। निर्णय की कार्यवाही में एकरूपता और निरंतरता का अभाव। यह न्यायिक निकायों के काम के बोझ को कम करने में मदद नहीं करता है क्योंकि व्यवहार में भारत में अर्ध न्यायिक निकायों के अधिकांश निर्णय न्यायपालिका के समक्ष अपील के अधीन होते हैं। इन निकायों में मामलों से निपटने के लिए कानूनी दृष्टिकोण का अभाव है। राजकोष पर बोझ एवं अन्य। निष्कर्ष सर्वोच्च न्यायालय में लंबित मामलों, अंतर-राज्यीय नदी जल विवाद आदि जैसे विभिन्न मुद्दों को हल करने के लिए अर्ध-न्यायिक निकायों की आवश्यकता महत्वपूर्ण है।
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In what ways would the ongoing U.S-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation? [150 words/10Marks]
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Approach: Introduction : Start with the intro of this controvesy Body : Write down about the Nation interest of India in this controversy and india response. Conclusion : Conclude accrodigly. Answer : The unilateral US withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), the historic nuclear deal between the permanent members of the UN Security Council, E.U. (P5+1) and Iran, which limited Iran’s nuclear programme and lifted the crippling economic sanctions, will have serious ramifications for nations having strategic interests in the West Asia. India’s relations with Iran extend beyond the geopolitical and geo-economic binary. The cultural relations between India and Iran extend centuries, but the recent US behaviour has led India on crossroads. This controversy would affect India in following ways- Strategic Autonomy - Strategic Autonomy has been the guiding principle of Indian foreign policy since independence. India maintains that it abides by only UN sanctions and not unilateral sanctions by any one country. In this case, US is coercing India and other countries to sever ties with Iran. This has direct implications on autonomous policy making. Oil Supply - Iran has been one of the top three oil suppliers to India. Sanctions on Iran, which would be the next logical step by the Trump administration, will disrupt the crude oil supplies. US has presented India with shale imports, but the Gulf region has regional proximity to India. The withdrawal will also raise the crude oil prices, this fluctuation has a direct impact on the Indian economy (inflation, Balance of Payment, Current Account Deficit). Indian Investments - India’s plans to acquire stakes in Iranian natural gas field, build pipelines as well as develop the Chabahar port – a key Indian connectivity initiative – all stand to be seriously affected. Indian Diaspora - In case this spirals out into direct confrontation between US allies and Iran, then lives Indians living in the Gulf region would be at stake. Their protection and evacuation would be a huge diplomatic and military manoeuvre. Terrorism - Instability in the region has already resulted in rise of extremist group and more uncertainty will only provide them with more safe havens. This might have a direct effect on India’s national security. Other partners of the agreement are willing to move forward despite the US withdrawal. India is an important stakeholder in the issue. So, India should work with like minded countries to defuse the situation and if possible, bring US back to the table if not, then prepare a separate mechanism for dealing with Iran including other stakeholders. India has always maintained that the Iranian nuclear issue should be resolved peacefully through dialogue and diplomacy by respecting Iran’s right to peaceful uses of nuclear energy international community’s strong interest in the exclusively peaceful nature of Iran’s nuclear programme.
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##Question:In what ways would the ongoing U.S-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation? [150 words/10Marks]##Answer:Approach: Introduction : Start with the intro of this controvesy Body : Write down about the Nation interest of India in this controversy and india response. Conclusion : Conclude accrodigly. Answer : The unilateral US withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), the historic nuclear deal between the permanent members of the UN Security Council, E.U. (P5+1) and Iran, which limited Iran’s nuclear programme and lifted the crippling economic sanctions, will have serious ramifications for nations having strategic interests in the West Asia. India’s relations with Iran extend beyond the geopolitical and geo-economic binary. The cultural relations between India and Iran extend centuries, but the recent US behaviour has led India on crossroads. This controversy would affect India in following ways- Strategic Autonomy - Strategic Autonomy has been the guiding principle of Indian foreign policy since independence. India maintains that it abides by only UN sanctions and not unilateral sanctions by any one country. In this case, US is coercing India and other countries to sever ties with Iran. This has direct implications on autonomous policy making. Oil Supply - Iran has been one of the top three oil suppliers to India. Sanctions on Iran, which would be the next logical step by the Trump administration, will disrupt the crude oil supplies. US has presented India with shale imports, but the Gulf region has regional proximity to India. The withdrawal will also raise the crude oil prices, this fluctuation has a direct impact on the Indian economy (inflation, Balance of Payment, Current Account Deficit). Indian Investments - India’s plans to acquire stakes in Iranian natural gas field, build pipelines as well as develop the Chabahar port – a key Indian connectivity initiative – all stand to be seriously affected. Indian Diaspora - In case this spirals out into direct confrontation between US allies and Iran, then lives Indians living in the Gulf region would be at stake. Their protection and evacuation would be a huge diplomatic and military manoeuvre. Terrorism - Instability in the region has already resulted in rise of extremist group and more uncertainty will only provide them with more safe havens. This might have a direct effect on India’s national security. Other partners of the agreement are willing to move forward despite the US withdrawal. India is an important stakeholder in the issue. So, India should work with like minded countries to defuse the situation and if possible, bring US back to the table if not, then prepare a separate mechanism for dealing with Iran including other stakeholders. India has always maintained that the Iranian nuclear issue should be resolved peacefully through dialogue and diplomacy by respecting Iran’s right to peaceful uses of nuclear energy international community’s strong interest in the exclusively peaceful nature of Iran’s nuclear programme.
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By defining precipitation, highlight the conditions necessary for precipitation. Also, explain the different types of rainfall processes. (150 words/10 marks)
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APPROACH Brief introduction about Precipitation including definition. Highlight the conditions necessary for precipitation of precipitation. Explanation of different types of rainfall processes. The student should preferably draw a diagram to explain the various types of rainfall. ANSWER Precipitation is any liquid or frozen water that forms in the atmosphere and falls back to the Earth. Precipitation involves the process of water coming back to earth in different forms after it has evaporated and condensed into the atmosphere. Water that falls to the ground as rain, snow, etc.At greater altitudes, with the cooling of the atmosphere, these vapours tend to condense and form droplets of water/ice . Tiny droplets come together to form larger droplets, which under the influence of gravity, fall on the earth as precipitation which can be in solid or liquid form depending on the temperature at the surface of the earth. The conditions necessary for precipitation are : Mechanism to uplift the moist air . Saturation and cooling of air below the dew point . Presence of dust particles or hygroscopic nuclei around which water drops accumulates. Types of rainfall/precipitation & processes: 1) Convectional rainfall: It occurs in the regions of intense heating near the ground surface causing air to expand and rise. Often, it is accompanied by thunderstorms, and lightning due to the formation of cumulonimbus clouds. Eg: In equatorial regions, throughout the year, and in tropical regions in summer. 2) Orographic rainfall: When warm & moist air currents are obstructed by a mountain range, it is forced to ascent along its slopes It gets cooled while ascending & when it"s temp. falls below the dew point. When warm and moist air is forced to rise across mountain slopes, it cools down causing precipitation along the windward side. However, on the leeward side, the descending air will not cause precipitation leading to the formation of the rain shadow region. Here, they get warm & dry & causes only a little rain (Rainshadow areas) Eg: the Western Ghats of India. 3) Frontal rainfall: It occurs along the zones of fronts due to the convergence of warm and cold air masses. At the warm front, the warm lighter wind rises gently over the heavier cold air, which being heavy stays close to the ground. As the warm air rises, it cools, and the moisture present in it condenses to form clouds altostratus clouds. This rain falls steadily for a few hours to a few days.
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##Question:By defining precipitation, highlight the conditions necessary for precipitation. Also, explain the different types of rainfall processes. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:APPROACH Brief introduction about Precipitation including definition. Highlight the conditions necessary for precipitation of precipitation. Explanation of different types of rainfall processes. The student should preferably draw a diagram to explain the various types of rainfall. ANSWER Precipitation is any liquid or frozen water that forms in the atmosphere and falls back to the Earth. Precipitation involves the process of water coming back to earth in different forms after it has evaporated and condensed into the atmosphere. Water that falls to the ground as rain, snow, etc.At greater altitudes, with the cooling of the atmosphere, these vapours tend to condense and form droplets of water/ice . Tiny droplets come together to form larger droplets, which under the influence of gravity, fall on the earth as precipitation which can be in solid or liquid form depending on the temperature at the surface of the earth. The conditions necessary for precipitation are : Mechanism to uplift the moist air . Saturation and cooling of air below the dew point . Presence of dust particles or hygroscopic nuclei around which water drops accumulates. Types of rainfall/precipitation & processes: 1) Convectional rainfall: It occurs in the regions of intense heating near the ground surface causing air to expand and rise. Often, it is accompanied by thunderstorms, and lightning due to the formation of cumulonimbus clouds. Eg: In equatorial regions, throughout the year, and in tropical regions in summer. 2) Orographic rainfall: When warm & moist air currents are obstructed by a mountain range, it is forced to ascent along its slopes It gets cooled while ascending & when it"s temp. falls below the dew point. When warm and moist air is forced to rise across mountain slopes, it cools down causing precipitation along the windward side. However, on the leeward side, the descending air will not cause precipitation leading to the formation of the rain shadow region. Here, they get warm & dry & causes only a little rain (Rainshadow areas) Eg: the Western Ghats of India. 3) Frontal rainfall: It occurs along the zones of fronts due to the convergence of warm and cold air masses. At the warm front, the warm lighter wind rises gently over the heavier cold air, which being heavy stays close to the ground. As the warm air rises, it cools, and the moisture present in it condenses to form clouds altostratus clouds. This rain falls steadily for a few hours to a few days.
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Pressure groups are both similar to and different from political parties. Substantiate in the context of India with adequate examples. (10 marks / 150 words)
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Approach: Briefly explain what you understand by political parties and pressure groups. State the similarities between political parties and pressure groups. Mention the differences between political parties and pressure groups. Substantiate the answer with examples in the Indian context. Answer: Political parties are organized groups of individuals who share the same political views and try to gain political power through constitutional means. for eg. National and regional parties like BJP, INC, etc. Pressure groups are also organized social groups whose members share common interests and attitudes and seek to influence public policies in the light of these interests/attitudes. eg. FICCI. Bhartiya Kisan Sangh, etc. Similarities between a pressure group and political parties: 1. Both political parties and pressure groups are structured groups of people, who are directly or indirectly related to the political system of a country 2. Both rely on recruited members to fund and serve their organization 3. Both political parties and pressure groups are voluntary organizations as people are free to join or leave them without any compulsion Differences between a pressure group and political parties: 1. Political parties seek power to form the government; they nominate candidates, contest elections, and participate in election campaigns. Pressure groups do not seek direct power, they only influence those who are in power for molding decisions in their favor. 2. Pressure groups use conventional and non-conventional means to demonstrate their demand such as demonstrations, protests, lobbying, etc. Political parties use constitutional and legal means to contest elections and then execute their legal duties. 3. Pressure groups work on self-interest and emerge and dissolve as per the needs of interested parties. for example, Narmada Dharangrastha Samiti demanded justice for people affected by the Sardar Sarovar dam. Political parties exist in continuity, while pressure groups exist according to the goals to be achieved. 4. The interests of the pressure groups are usually specific and particular whereas political parties have policies and programs with national and international ramifications. 5. Pressure groups do not necessarily have political ideologies whereas political parties are inclined towards a particular ideology. Thus, political parties and pressure groups are not the same but their relationship is markedly close and both play a vital role in the democratic functioning of a polity.
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##Question:Pressure groups are both similar to and different from political parties. Substantiate in the context of India with adequate examples. (10 marks / 150 words)##Answer:Approach: Briefly explain what you understand by political parties and pressure groups. State the similarities between political parties and pressure groups. Mention the differences between political parties and pressure groups. Substantiate the answer with examples in the Indian context. Answer: Political parties are organized groups of individuals who share the same political views and try to gain political power through constitutional means. for eg. National and regional parties like BJP, INC, etc. Pressure groups are also organized social groups whose members share common interests and attitudes and seek to influence public policies in the light of these interests/attitudes. eg. FICCI. Bhartiya Kisan Sangh, etc. Similarities between a pressure group and political parties: 1. Both political parties and pressure groups are structured groups of people, who are directly or indirectly related to the political system of a country 2. Both rely on recruited members to fund and serve their organization 3. Both political parties and pressure groups are voluntary organizations as people are free to join or leave them without any compulsion Differences between a pressure group and political parties: 1. Political parties seek power to form the government; they nominate candidates, contest elections, and participate in election campaigns. Pressure groups do not seek direct power, they only influence those who are in power for molding decisions in their favor. 2. Pressure groups use conventional and non-conventional means to demonstrate their demand such as demonstrations, protests, lobbying, etc. Political parties use constitutional and legal means to contest elections and then execute their legal duties. 3. Pressure groups work on self-interest and emerge and dissolve as per the needs of interested parties. for example, Narmada Dharangrastha Samiti demanded justice for people affected by the Sardar Sarovar dam. Political parties exist in continuity, while pressure groups exist according to the goals to be achieved. 4. The interests of the pressure groups are usually specific and particular whereas political parties have policies and programs with national and international ramifications. 5. Pressure groups do not necessarily have political ideologies whereas political parties are inclined towards a particular ideology. Thus, political parties and pressure groups are not the same but their relationship is markedly close and both play a vital role in the democratic functioning of a polity.
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Examine the linkages between 19th centuries ‘Indian Renaissance’ and the emergence of national identity. [150 words/10Marks]
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Approach: Introduction- Start with definition and linkage between the emergence of modernity in India and Indian Renaissance Body- Write down the points which explain the 19th century Indian Renaissance’ and the emergence of national identity. Conclusion- Conclude Accordingly Answer : In the historiography of modern India, the renaissance is generally marked as the pre-political phase of the anti-colonial struggle, a period when Indians were mainly engaged in social and cultural preparation for participation in the more “progressive” and “radical”, political program. The social and religious movements, popularly termed the renaissance, which preceded the political struggles, are considered a necessary precursor to the coming of nationalism. Hence, nationalism is conceptualized as a natural outcome of the renaissance. Indian Rennaissance: The beginning of modernity was heralded by the onset of the social and religious reforms, which is popularly called the renaissance, following the European experience. Its beginning is traced to the efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy in Bengal to ameliorate the conditions of the life of women and to reform religious practices. In north India, it took root in the activities of Dayananda Saraswati and in Maharashtra in the Prarthana Samaj founded by M.G. Ranade and in Andhra Pradesh the movement initiated by Viresalingam. A defining feature of all these movements was that they were all upper caste–class phenomena and catered to meet the social and spiritual demands of the newly emerging middle class. Indian Renaissance and National Identity: With the starting of a fight against the “oppressive caste system”, the Dalit section of society emerged to the forefront as the citizen of the country first and then belonging to some other community. The infrastructural development that the British undertook, like railways, the system of communication, and secular educational facilities enabled the Extremists and the Moderates later to make an appeal to the mass for an uprising. Starting with Ram Mohan Roy, who championed the abolition of Sati, almost all reformers advocated the urgent need to free women from the shackles of moribund custom. This led to women"s participation in the National freedom struggle initiated by Gandhiji. The Indian intelligentsia realized the importance of combining political and cultural activities. The evolution of an alternative cultural-ideological system and the regeneration of traditional institutions emerged as twin concerns of the socio-religious reform movements. It got expressed in a variety of ways like- attempts to reconstruct traditional knowledge, cultivation of vernacular languages, creation of an alternative system of education, defense of religion, efforts to regenerate Indian art and literature, emphasis on Indian food and dress, attempts to revitalize the Indian system of medicine and to probe the potentialities of pre-colonial technologies.
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##Question:Examine the linkages between 19th centuries ‘Indian Renaissance’ and the emergence of national identity. [150 words/10Marks]##Answer:Approach: Introduction- Start with definition and linkage between the emergence of modernity in India and Indian Renaissance Body- Write down the points which explain the 19th century Indian Renaissance’ and the emergence of national identity. Conclusion- Conclude Accordingly Answer : In the historiography of modern India, the renaissance is generally marked as the pre-political phase of the anti-colonial struggle, a period when Indians were mainly engaged in social and cultural preparation for participation in the more “progressive” and “radical”, political program. The social and religious movements, popularly termed the renaissance, which preceded the political struggles, are considered a necessary precursor to the coming of nationalism. Hence, nationalism is conceptualized as a natural outcome of the renaissance. Indian Rennaissance: The beginning of modernity was heralded by the onset of the social and religious reforms, which is popularly called the renaissance, following the European experience. Its beginning is traced to the efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy in Bengal to ameliorate the conditions of the life of women and to reform religious practices. In north India, it took root in the activities of Dayananda Saraswati and in Maharashtra in the Prarthana Samaj founded by M.G. Ranade and in Andhra Pradesh the movement initiated by Viresalingam. A defining feature of all these movements was that they were all upper caste–class phenomena and catered to meet the social and spiritual demands of the newly emerging middle class. Indian Renaissance and National Identity: With the starting of a fight against the “oppressive caste system”, the Dalit section of society emerged to the forefront as the citizen of the country first and then belonging to some other community. The infrastructural development that the British undertook, like railways, the system of communication, and secular educational facilities enabled the Extremists and the Moderates later to make an appeal to the mass for an uprising. Starting with Ram Mohan Roy, who championed the abolition of Sati, almost all reformers advocated the urgent need to free women from the shackles of moribund custom. This led to women"s participation in the National freedom struggle initiated by Gandhiji. The Indian intelligentsia realized the importance of combining political and cultural activities. The evolution of an alternative cultural-ideological system and the regeneration of traditional institutions emerged as twin concerns of the socio-religious reform movements. It got expressed in a variety of ways like- attempts to reconstruct traditional knowledge, cultivation of vernacular languages, creation of an alternative system of education, defense of religion, efforts to regenerate Indian art and literature, emphasis on Indian food and dress, attempts to revitalize the Indian system of medicine and to probe the potentialities of pre-colonial technologies.
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Discuss the effects of the proclamation of National Emergency on Centre-state relations and the life of the Lok Sabha and state legislative assembly provided under the constitution. (10 Marks/ 150 words)
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Discuss the effects of the proclamation of National Emergency on Centre-state relations and the life of the Lok Sabha and state legislative assembly provided under the constitution. (10 Marks/ 150 words) Approach: Introduce an answer by highlighting grounds for enforcement of a national emergency. Discuss the effects of a national emergency on Centre-state relations, and on the life of the Lok Sabha and State Assembly. Conclude the answer accordingly. Answer: Under Article 352 , the President can declare a national emergency when the security of India or a part of it is threatened by War, External Aggression or Armed Rebellion . Effects of National Emergency A proclamation of Emergency has drastic and wide-ranging effects on the political system. These consequences can be grouped into three categories: Effect on the Centre-state relations. Effect on the life of the Lok Sabha and State Assembly. 1. Effect on the Centre-State Relations While a Proclamation of Emergency is in force, the normal fabric of the Centre-state relations undergoes a basic change. This can be studied under three heads, namely, executive, legislative and financial. (a) Executive During a national emergency, the executive power of the Centre extends to directing any state regarding the manner in which its executive power is to be exercised. In normal times, the Centre can give executive directions to a state only on certain specified matters. However, during a national emergency, the Centre becomes entitled to give executive directions to a state on ‘any’ matter. Thus, the state governments are brought under the complete control of the Centre, though they are not suspended. (b) Legislative During a national emergency, the Parliament becomes empowered to make laws on any subject mentioned in the State List. Although the legislative power of a state legislature is not suspended, it becomes subject to the overriding power of the Parliament. Thus, the normal distribution of the legislative powers between the Centre and states is suspended, though the state Legislatures are not suspended. In brief, the Constitution becomes unitary rather than federal. The laws made by Parliament on the state subjects during a National Emergency become inoperative six months after the emergency has ceased to operate. Notably, while a proclamation of national emergency is in operation, the President can issue ordinances on the state subjects also, if the Parliament is not in session. Further, the Parliament can confer powers and impose duties upon the Centre or its officers and authorities in respect of matters outside the Union List, in order to carry out the laws made by it under its extended jurisdiction as a result of the proclamation of a National Emergency. The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 provided that the two consequences mentioned above (executive and legislative) extend not only to a state where the Emergency is in operation but also to any other state. (c) Financial While a proclamation of national emergency is in operation, the President can modify the constitutional distribution of revenues between the centre and the states. This means that the president can either reduce or cancel the transfer of finances from the centre to the states. Such modification continues until the end of the financial year in which the Emergency ceases to operate. Also, every such order of the President has to be laid before both the Houses of Parliament. 2. Effect on the Life of the Lok Sabha and State Assembly While a proclamation of National Emergency is in operation, the life of the Lok Sabha may be extended beyond its normal term (five years) by a law of Parliament for one year at a time (for any length of time). However, this extension cannot continue beyond a period of six months after the emergency has ceased to operate. For example, the term of the Fifth Lok Sabha (1971–1977) was extended two times by one year at a time. Similarly, the Parliament may extend the normal tenure of a state legislative assembly (five years) by one year each time (for any length of time) during a national emergency, subject to a maximum period of six months after the emergency has ceased to operate. Emergency provision is a unique feature of the Indian Constitution that allows the Centre to assume wide powers so as to handle special situations. And the constitution framers did mention that in the future it will be a dead provision as it won’t be used by the government. However, it has been observed that the biased use of this provision by various governments has contradicted the view of the constitution framers.
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##Question:Discuss the effects of the proclamation of National Emergency on Centre-state relations and the life of the Lok Sabha and state legislative assembly provided under the constitution. (10 Marks/ 150 words)##Answer:Discuss the effects of the proclamation of National Emergency on Centre-state relations and the life of the Lok Sabha and state legislative assembly provided under the constitution. (10 Marks/ 150 words) Approach: Introduce an answer by highlighting grounds for enforcement of a national emergency. Discuss the effects of a national emergency on Centre-state relations, and on the life of the Lok Sabha and State Assembly. Conclude the answer accordingly. Answer: Under Article 352 , the President can declare a national emergency when the security of India or a part of it is threatened by War, External Aggression or Armed Rebellion . Effects of National Emergency A proclamation of Emergency has drastic and wide-ranging effects on the political system. These consequences can be grouped into three categories: Effect on the Centre-state relations. Effect on the life of the Lok Sabha and State Assembly. 1. Effect on the Centre-State Relations While a Proclamation of Emergency is in force, the normal fabric of the Centre-state relations undergoes a basic change. This can be studied under three heads, namely, executive, legislative and financial. (a) Executive During a national emergency, the executive power of the Centre extends to directing any state regarding the manner in which its executive power is to be exercised. In normal times, the Centre can give executive directions to a state only on certain specified matters. However, during a national emergency, the Centre becomes entitled to give executive directions to a state on ‘any’ matter. Thus, the state governments are brought under the complete control of the Centre, though they are not suspended. (b) Legislative During a national emergency, the Parliament becomes empowered to make laws on any subject mentioned in the State List. Although the legislative power of a state legislature is not suspended, it becomes subject to the overriding power of the Parliament. Thus, the normal distribution of the legislative powers between the Centre and states is suspended, though the state Legislatures are not suspended. In brief, the Constitution becomes unitary rather than federal. The laws made by Parliament on the state subjects during a National Emergency become inoperative six months after the emergency has ceased to operate. Notably, while a proclamation of national emergency is in operation, the President can issue ordinances on the state subjects also, if the Parliament is not in session. Further, the Parliament can confer powers and impose duties upon the Centre or its officers and authorities in respect of matters outside the Union List, in order to carry out the laws made by it under its extended jurisdiction as a result of the proclamation of a National Emergency. The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 provided that the two consequences mentioned above (executive and legislative) extend not only to a state where the Emergency is in operation but also to any other state. (c) Financial While a proclamation of national emergency is in operation, the President can modify the constitutional distribution of revenues between the centre and the states. This means that the president can either reduce or cancel the transfer of finances from the centre to the states. Such modification continues until the end of the financial year in which the Emergency ceases to operate. Also, every such order of the President has to be laid before both the Houses of Parliament. 2. Effect on the Life of the Lok Sabha and State Assembly While a proclamation of National Emergency is in operation, the life of the Lok Sabha may be extended beyond its normal term (five years) by a law of Parliament for one year at a time (for any length of time). However, this extension cannot continue beyond a period of six months after the emergency has ceased to operate. For example, the term of the Fifth Lok Sabha (1971–1977) was extended two times by one year at a time. Similarly, the Parliament may extend the normal tenure of a state legislative assembly (five years) by one year each time (for any length of time) during a national emergency, subject to a maximum period of six months after the emergency has ceased to operate. Emergency provision is a unique feature of the Indian Constitution that allows the Centre to assume wide powers so as to handle special situations. And the constitution framers did mention that in the future it will be a dead provision as it won’t be used by the government. However, it has been observed that the biased use of this provision by various governments has contradicted the view of the constitution framers.
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संविधान के अंतर्गत कुछ ऐसे क्षेत्रों में, जिन्हें "अनुसूचित क्षेत्र" और "जनजातीय क्षेत्र" कहा गया है, प्रशासन की विशेष व्यवस्था की परिकल्पना की गई है| इस संदर्भ में, अनुसूचित क्षेत्रों एवं जनजातीय क्षेत्रों में प्रशासन पर चर्चा कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Under the Constitution, a special system of administration has been envisaged in some such areas, which have been called "Scheduled Areas" and "Tribal Areas". In this context, discuss administration in Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)
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एप्रोच - अनुसूचित क्षेत्र" और "जनजातीय क्षेत्र संबंधित संवैधानिक प्रावधानों को बताते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए| पहले भाग में, अनुसूचित क्षेत्रों में प्रशासन पर चर्चा कीजिए| अंतिम भाग में, जनजातीय क्षेत्रों में प्रशासन पर चर्चा कीजिए| उत्तर - संविधान के भाग -10 अनुच्छेद 244 के अंतर्गत कुछ ऐसे क्षेत्रों में जिन्हें "अनुसूचित क्षेत्र" और "जनजातीय क्षेत्र" कहा गया है, प्रशासन की विशेष व्यवस्था की परिकल्पना की गई है| संविधान की 5वीं अनुसूची में राज्यों के अनुसूचित क्षेत्र एवं अनुसूचित जनजातियों के प्रशासन एवं नियंत्रण के बारे में चर्चा की गई है(असम, मिजोरम, मेघालय और त्रिपुरा को छोड़कर) वहीँ दूसरी ओर संविधान की 6वीं अनुसूची में 4 उत्तर-पूर्वी राज्यों असम, मिजोरम, मेघालय और त्रिपुरा के प्रशासन के बारे में उपबंध हैं| 5वीं अनुसूची के तहत प्रशासन तथा उसकी प्रमुख विशेषताएं 5वीं अनुसूची में असम, मिजोरम, मेघालय और त्रिपुरा को छोड़कर अन्य राज्यों को स्थान जिनको चिन्हित करने की जिम्मेदारी राष्ट्रपति के हाथों में होती है| आंध्रप्रदेश, तेलंगाना, झारखंड, छतीसगढ़, ओड़िसा, गुजरात, हिमाचल प्रदेश, मध्य प्रदेश, राजस्थान और महाराष्ट्र 5वीं अनुसूची में शामिल हैं| दूसरे राज्यों की तुलना में अनुसूचित क्षेत्रों के साथ भिन्न रूप से व्यवहार किया जाता है क्योंकि वहां आदिम निवासी रहते हैं तथा वे सामाजिक एवं आर्थिक रूप से पिछड़े हैं और उनके उत्थान के लिए विशेष प्रयास की आवश्यकता होती है| अनुसूचित क्षेत्र का निर्धारण संबंधित राज्य के राज्यपाल के परामर्श से राष्ट्रपति के द्वारा राज्यपाल को प्रशासन की विशेष जिम्मेदारी और उसके द्वारा राष्ट्रपति को संबंधित प्रतिवेदन संघीय सरकार के द्वारा इस क्षेत्र के प्रशासन हेतु निर्देश देना संभव अनुसूचित जनजातियों के विकास और कल्याण के लिए जनजातीय परामर्शदायी परिषद् का प्रत्येक राज्य में गठन (20 सदस्य) राज्यपाल को यह शक्ति प्राप्त है कि वह यह तय करे कि संघ या राज्य की कौन सी विधि अनुसूचित क्षेत्रों में लागू नहीं होंगी| राष्ट्रपति समय-समय पर आयोग का गठन करके अनुसूचित क्षेत्र के प्रशासन हेतु आवश्यक कदम उठाने के लिए रिपोर्ट प्राप्त कर सकता है| जनजातीय क्षेत्र में प्रशासन(अनुसूची 6) राज्यपाल को यह शक्ति प्राप्त है कि वह स्वायत्त जिलों(ऑटोनोमस डिस्ट्रिक्ट) के गठन का निर्णय ले सके| एक स्वायत्त जिले में अनेक जनजातियाँ हो सकती हैं| प्रत्येक स्वायत्त जिले के लिए एक परिषद् का गठन होता है जिसे जिला परिषद् कहते हैं| कुल सदस्य संख्या 30 जिसमें से 4 राज्यपाल द्वारा मनोनीत होते हैं और अन्य का 5 वर्षों के लिए चुनाव होता है| मनोनीत सदस्यों का कार्यकाल राज्यपाल के प्रसादपर्यंत होता है| प्रत्येक स्वायत्त क्षेत्र में पृथक क्षेत्रीय(रीजनल) परिषद् भी होती है| जिला परिषद् तथा इन क्षेत्रीय परिषदों द्वारा भूमि, वन, जल, नहर, ग्रामीण प्रशासन आदि के संबंध में आवश्यक विधि बनाने का अधिकार है| इन विधियों पर राज्यपाल की सहमति आवश्यक है| (शादी-विवाह, तलाक, सामाजिक रीतिरिवाज जैसे मुद्दों पर भी विधियां बनाई जा सकती हैं) जिला परिषद् द्वारा प्राथमिक विद्यालय, दवाखाना, सड़क आदि का निर्माण कराया जा सकता है और भूमि-राजस्व का आंकलन और संग्रहण किया जा सकता है| राज्यपाल के द्वारा आयोग का गठन कर संबंधित क्षेत्र के प्रशासन संबंधी गतिविधियों पर रिपोर्ट प्राप्त किया जा सकता है|
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##Question:संविधान के अंतर्गत कुछ ऐसे क्षेत्रों में, जिन्हें "अनुसूचित क्षेत्र" और "जनजातीय क्षेत्र" कहा गया है, प्रशासन की विशेष व्यवस्था की परिकल्पना की गई है| इस संदर्भ में, अनुसूचित क्षेत्रों एवं जनजातीय क्षेत्रों में प्रशासन पर चर्चा कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Under the Constitution, a special system of administration has been envisaged in some such areas, which have been called "Scheduled Areas" and "Tribal Areas". In this context, discuss administration in Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)##Answer:एप्रोच - अनुसूचित क्षेत्र" और "जनजातीय क्षेत्र संबंधित संवैधानिक प्रावधानों को बताते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए| पहले भाग में, अनुसूचित क्षेत्रों में प्रशासन पर चर्चा कीजिए| अंतिम भाग में, जनजातीय क्षेत्रों में प्रशासन पर चर्चा कीजिए| उत्तर - संविधान के भाग -10 अनुच्छेद 244 के अंतर्गत कुछ ऐसे क्षेत्रों में जिन्हें "अनुसूचित क्षेत्र" और "जनजातीय क्षेत्र" कहा गया है, प्रशासन की विशेष व्यवस्था की परिकल्पना की गई है| संविधान की 5वीं अनुसूची में राज्यों के अनुसूचित क्षेत्र एवं अनुसूचित जनजातियों के प्रशासन एवं नियंत्रण के बारे में चर्चा की गई है(असम, मिजोरम, मेघालय और त्रिपुरा को छोड़कर) वहीँ दूसरी ओर संविधान की 6वीं अनुसूची में 4 उत्तर-पूर्वी राज्यों असम, मिजोरम, मेघालय और त्रिपुरा के प्रशासन के बारे में उपबंध हैं| 5वीं अनुसूची के तहत प्रशासन तथा उसकी प्रमुख विशेषताएं 5वीं अनुसूची में असम, मिजोरम, मेघालय और त्रिपुरा को छोड़कर अन्य राज्यों को स्थान जिनको चिन्हित करने की जिम्मेदारी राष्ट्रपति के हाथों में होती है| आंध्रप्रदेश, तेलंगाना, झारखंड, छतीसगढ़, ओड़िसा, गुजरात, हिमाचल प्रदेश, मध्य प्रदेश, राजस्थान और महाराष्ट्र 5वीं अनुसूची में शामिल हैं| दूसरे राज्यों की तुलना में अनुसूचित क्षेत्रों के साथ भिन्न रूप से व्यवहार किया जाता है क्योंकि वहां आदिम निवासी रहते हैं तथा वे सामाजिक एवं आर्थिक रूप से पिछड़े हैं और उनके उत्थान के लिए विशेष प्रयास की आवश्यकता होती है| अनुसूचित क्षेत्र का निर्धारण संबंधित राज्य के राज्यपाल के परामर्श से राष्ट्रपति के द्वारा राज्यपाल को प्रशासन की विशेष जिम्मेदारी और उसके द्वारा राष्ट्रपति को संबंधित प्रतिवेदन संघीय सरकार के द्वारा इस क्षेत्र के प्रशासन हेतु निर्देश देना संभव अनुसूचित जनजातियों के विकास और कल्याण के लिए जनजातीय परामर्शदायी परिषद् का प्रत्येक राज्य में गठन (20 सदस्य) राज्यपाल को यह शक्ति प्राप्त है कि वह यह तय करे कि संघ या राज्य की कौन सी विधि अनुसूचित क्षेत्रों में लागू नहीं होंगी| राष्ट्रपति समय-समय पर आयोग का गठन करके अनुसूचित क्षेत्र के प्रशासन हेतु आवश्यक कदम उठाने के लिए रिपोर्ट प्राप्त कर सकता है| जनजातीय क्षेत्र में प्रशासन(अनुसूची 6) राज्यपाल को यह शक्ति प्राप्त है कि वह स्वायत्त जिलों(ऑटोनोमस डिस्ट्रिक्ट) के गठन का निर्णय ले सके| एक स्वायत्त जिले में अनेक जनजातियाँ हो सकती हैं| प्रत्येक स्वायत्त जिले के लिए एक परिषद् का गठन होता है जिसे जिला परिषद् कहते हैं| कुल सदस्य संख्या 30 जिसमें से 4 राज्यपाल द्वारा मनोनीत होते हैं और अन्य का 5 वर्षों के लिए चुनाव होता है| मनोनीत सदस्यों का कार्यकाल राज्यपाल के प्रसादपर्यंत होता है| प्रत्येक स्वायत्त क्षेत्र में पृथक क्षेत्रीय(रीजनल) परिषद् भी होती है| जिला परिषद् तथा इन क्षेत्रीय परिषदों द्वारा भूमि, वन, जल, नहर, ग्रामीण प्रशासन आदि के संबंध में आवश्यक विधि बनाने का अधिकार है| इन विधियों पर राज्यपाल की सहमति आवश्यक है| (शादी-विवाह, तलाक, सामाजिक रीतिरिवाज जैसे मुद्दों पर भी विधियां बनाई जा सकती हैं) जिला परिषद् द्वारा प्राथमिक विद्यालय, दवाखाना, सड़क आदि का निर्माण कराया जा सकता है और भूमि-राजस्व का आंकलन और संग्रहण किया जा सकता है| राज्यपाल के द्वारा आयोग का गठन कर संबंधित क्षेत्र के प्रशासन संबंधी गतिविधियों पर रिपोर्ट प्राप्त किया जा सकता है|
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Highlight the financial emergency provisions. Along with this, differentiate between a National emergency and President"s Rule. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach:- Introduction: Explain Financial Emergency Body: Differentiate between National emergency and State emergency Conclusion: Conclude your answer accordingly Answer: The President of India declares a Financial Emergency if he believes that a situation has emerged that endangers India"s financial stability or credit, or any part of its territory. A financial emergency in India is declared under Article 360 of the Indian Constitution.Proclamation in this case also has to be approved by the Parliament as in the case of two other cases of emergency. During the Financial emergency, the executive authority of the Union shall extend to giving the directions to any state to observe such canons of financial propriety as may be specified in the direction or any other direction, the president may deem necessary for the purpose. Such directions may include those requiring the reduction of salaries and allowances of the Government servants and even those of the Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. A financial emergency has never been proclaimed in India. The emergency provisions are contained in part XVIII of the constitution, from articles 352 to 360. National Emergency is mentioned in article 352 and the president’s rule is mentioned in article 356 of the Indian constitution. NATIONAL EMERGENCY (ARTICLE 352) PRESIDENT RULE (ARTICLE 356) 1.Grounds of proclamation: Proclaimed when the security of India or a part of it is threatened by War; External aggression or Armed rebellion 1. Grounds of proclamation : Proclaimed on two grounds - Article 356 : President can issue a proclamation if he is satisfied that the govt in a state cannot be carried out in accordance with the Constitution. He can act with or without the governor’s report. Article 365: If a state fails to comply with or give effect to any direction from the Centre 2. Type of majority: Every such resolution must be passed by both houses via a special majority. 2. Every such resolution must be passed by both houses via a simple majority. 3. Parliamentary approval: A proclamation imposing National Emergency must be approved by both houses of the Parliament within 1 month from the date of its issue. 3. Parliamentary approval : A proclamation imposing President’s rule must be approved by both houses of the Parliament within 2 months from the date of its issue. 4. Extension of National Emergency: Can be extended to an indefinite period with Parliamentary approval every 6 months 4. Extension of President’s rule :Can be extended to a maximum period of 3 years with Parliamentary approval every 6 months 5. Effect: Centre gets concurrent powers of administration and legislation in the state 5. Effect : State executive is dismissed and the state legislature is either suspended or dissolved. Parliament makes laws for the state 6. It affects the Fundamental Rights of the citizens 6. It has no effect on the Fundamental Rights of the citizens 7. Revocation: The emergency must be revoked if the Lok Sabha passes a resolution by a simple majority disapproving its continuation. 7. Revocation :President can do so at any time by a subsequent proclamation. Such a proclamation does not require parliamentary approval. Emergency provisions under Part XVIII allow the central government to meet any unforeseen and abnormal situation effectively. Despite the abuse of powers the emergency provisions still have an important role to play in the conditions prevailing in India, though it still remains a controversial issue in the country.
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##Question:Highlight the financial emergency provisions. Along with this, differentiate between a National emergency and President"s Rule. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- Introduction: Explain Financial Emergency Body: Differentiate between National emergency and State emergency Conclusion: Conclude your answer accordingly Answer: The President of India declares a Financial Emergency if he believes that a situation has emerged that endangers India"s financial stability or credit, or any part of its territory. A financial emergency in India is declared under Article 360 of the Indian Constitution.Proclamation in this case also has to be approved by the Parliament as in the case of two other cases of emergency. During the Financial emergency, the executive authority of the Union shall extend to giving the directions to any state to observe such canons of financial propriety as may be specified in the direction or any other direction, the president may deem necessary for the purpose. Such directions may include those requiring the reduction of salaries and allowances of the Government servants and even those of the Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. A financial emergency has never been proclaimed in India. The emergency provisions are contained in part XVIII of the constitution, from articles 352 to 360. National Emergency is mentioned in article 352 and the president’s rule is mentioned in article 356 of the Indian constitution. NATIONAL EMERGENCY (ARTICLE 352) PRESIDENT RULE (ARTICLE 356) 1.Grounds of proclamation: Proclaimed when the security of India or a part of it is threatened by War; External aggression or Armed rebellion 1. Grounds of proclamation : Proclaimed on two grounds - Article 356 : President can issue a proclamation if he is satisfied that the govt in a state cannot be carried out in accordance with the Constitution. He can act with or without the governor’s report. Article 365: If a state fails to comply with or give effect to any direction from the Centre 2. Type of majority: Every such resolution must be passed by both houses via a special majority. 2. Every such resolution must be passed by both houses via a simple majority. 3. Parliamentary approval: A proclamation imposing National Emergency must be approved by both houses of the Parliament within 1 month from the date of its issue. 3. Parliamentary approval : A proclamation imposing President’s rule must be approved by both houses of the Parliament within 2 months from the date of its issue. 4. Extension of National Emergency: Can be extended to an indefinite period with Parliamentary approval every 6 months 4. Extension of President’s rule :Can be extended to a maximum period of 3 years with Parliamentary approval every 6 months 5. Effect: Centre gets concurrent powers of administration and legislation in the state 5. Effect : State executive is dismissed and the state legislature is either suspended or dissolved. Parliament makes laws for the state 6. It affects the Fundamental Rights of the citizens 6. It has no effect on the Fundamental Rights of the citizens 7. Revocation: The emergency must be revoked if the Lok Sabha passes a resolution by a simple majority disapproving its continuation. 7. Revocation :President can do so at any time by a subsequent proclamation. Such a proclamation does not require parliamentary approval. Emergency provisions under Part XVIII allow the central government to meet any unforeseen and abnormal situation effectively. Despite the abuse of powers the emergency provisions still have an important role to play in the conditions prevailing in India, though it still remains a controversial issue in the country.
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In India geography, identity and a sense of deprivation have historically combined to drive regionalism. Elaborate. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach Define regionalism Show with examples how geography, identity, and sense of deprivation led to regionalism in India briefly highlight the role played by regionalism in the integration of India. Logically conclude. Answer - Regionalism is a strong attachment to one’s own region. For Example, in India people identify themselves based on their states like a Tamilian, a Bengali, a Bihari etc, more than the identity of an ‘Indian’. India is a country with a wide diversity and plurality. This unity in the diversity of India is praised by many countries around the world. Historically there are some factors that have been considered for fuelling a feeling of regionalism as explained below - GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS The geographical factors are as follows: 1) Presence of natural resources such as Chota Nagpur region. 2) Climatic variation which leads to varying clothing and fooding habits such as Hilly areas like Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand etc have distinct habits as compared to plain regions. 3) Border region - For example, in the North East (NE) India- 99% of their borders are international leading to the issues of illegal migration, drug trafficking etc. 4)Geographical connectivity - For example, NE connects with the mainland India only through the narrow Siliguri Corridor, leading to the building of regionalism there instead of nationalism (belongingness to the region rather than the nation). IDENTITY FACTORS Identity of a region based on ethnicity, religion, language etc further promoted the feeling of regionalism for example - Ethnicity - Separate demand for the greater Nagalim by the ethnic Naga tribes in the north-eastern region, similarly demand for the Bodoland by Assamese tribes. Language - re-organisation of the states especially in the southern India based on the language such as Tamil Nadu for the Tamil speaking population. SENSE OF DEPRIVATION It is related to the economic deprivation of a region. Failure of the government to promote balanced approach of growth across the country which alienated some regions of the country and such deprivations resulted into demand for a separate state. For example - Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh remained economically undeveloped when it was the part of the united Andhra Pradesh. It led to discontent among the people who started Telangana movement and which finally led to the creation of the state of Telangana. Similar demands are seen from other areas such as from the Vidarbha region of Mharashtra, Saurashtra region of Gujarat etc. However despite these regional challenges, Regionalism in India has promoted unity in diversity and led to the national integration. Creation of state on the linguistic basis within the framework of the Indian constitution further enhanced in national integration while respecting the regional aspirations. It is also reflected in the quote of Mahatma Gandhi when he said, “I am a proud Gujarati and a proud India and I do not see any difference between the two”.
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##Question:In India geography, identity and a sense of deprivation have historically combined to drive regionalism. Elaborate. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Define regionalism Show with examples how geography, identity, and sense of deprivation led to regionalism in India briefly highlight the role played by regionalism in the integration of India. Logically conclude. Answer - Regionalism is a strong attachment to one’s own region. For Example, in India people identify themselves based on their states like a Tamilian, a Bengali, a Bihari etc, more than the identity of an ‘Indian’. India is a country with a wide diversity and plurality. This unity in the diversity of India is praised by many countries around the world. Historically there are some factors that have been considered for fuelling a feeling of regionalism as explained below - GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS The geographical factors are as follows: 1) Presence of natural resources such as Chota Nagpur region. 2) Climatic variation which leads to varying clothing and fooding habits such as Hilly areas like Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand etc have distinct habits as compared to plain regions. 3) Border region - For example, in the North East (NE) India- 99% of their borders are international leading to the issues of illegal migration, drug trafficking etc. 4)Geographical connectivity - For example, NE connects with the mainland India only through the narrow Siliguri Corridor, leading to the building of regionalism there instead of nationalism (belongingness to the region rather than the nation). IDENTITY FACTORS Identity of a region based on ethnicity, religion, language etc further promoted the feeling of regionalism for example - Ethnicity - Separate demand for the greater Nagalim by the ethnic Naga tribes in the north-eastern region, similarly demand for the Bodoland by Assamese tribes. Language - re-organisation of the states especially in the southern India based on the language such as Tamil Nadu for the Tamil speaking population. SENSE OF DEPRIVATION It is related to the economic deprivation of a region. Failure of the government to promote balanced approach of growth across the country which alienated some regions of the country and such deprivations resulted into demand for a separate state. For example - Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh remained economically undeveloped when it was the part of the united Andhra Pradesh. It led to discontent among the people who started Telangana movement and which finally led to the creation of the state of Telangana. Similar demands are seen from other areas such as from the Vidarbha region of Mharashtra, Saurashtra region of Gujarat etc. However despite these regional challenges, Regionalism in India has promoted unity in diversity and led to the national integration. Creation of state on the linguistic basis within the framework of the Indian constitution further enhanced in national integration while respecting the regional aspirations. It is also reflected in the quote of Mahatma Gandhi when he said, “I am a proud Gujarati and a proud India and I do not see any difference between the two”.
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“As far as Collegium system is concerned, it needs to be reconsidered". Discuss. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Explain the Collegium system in the introduction. Discuss the present system and issues related to it Conclude accordingly. Answer: Collegium system is the system by which the judges are appointed and transferred only by the judges. The system has evolved by means of the judgments of the Supreme Court, and not by an Act of Parliament or by a Constitutional provision. The Supreme Court collegium is headed by the Chief Justice of India and comprises four other senior-most judges of the court. India’s Constitution originally stipulated that the judges of the Supreme Court and high courts would be appointed by the President based on a process of “consultation” with senior judges. The present collegium system emerged later based on three key rulings- In 1981, the “First Judges Case” ruled that the process of consultation with the CJI and other judges did not require a consensus about recommendations. Essentially, the ruling gave the central government “primacy in judicial appointments.” In 1993, the “Second Judges Case” overturned this decision and introduced the collegium system, arguing that “consultation” required “concurrence.” Specifically, the ruling said that the process of appointing judges would be based on “an institutional opinion formed in consultation with the two senior-most judges in the Supreme Court” and the CJI. In 1998, the “Third Judges Case” ruled that the collegium would be a five-member body, establishing a system that is most similar to the one currently being followed. Criticism regarding Collegium System- Opaqueness and a lack of transparency. Scope for nepotism . It is seen as a closed-door affair with no prescribed norms regarding eligibility criteria or even the selection procedure There is no public knowledge of how and when a collegium meets and how it takes its decisions Overlooks several talented junior judges and advocates. The government can raise objections and seek clarifications regarding the collegium choices, but if the collegium reiterates the same names, the government is bound, under Constitution Bench judgments, to appoint them as judges Parliament tried to replace the collegium system in 2014 by amending the Constitution and bringing in the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) to appoint judges to high courts and the Supreme Court. The NJAC was to comprise of the CJI, two judges of the Supreme Court next in seniority to the CJI, the Union Law Minister, and two eminent jurists. However, the Supreme Court in 2015, struck down the NJAC as unconstitutional for violating the independence of the judiciary. The subjectivity and the inconsistency of the collegium system highlight the need to relook at the process of appointment of judges. The NJAC should be amended to make sure that the judiciary retains independence in its decisions and re-introduced in some form or the other.
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##Question:“As far as Collegium system is concerned, it needs to be reconsidered". Discuss. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Explain the Collegium system in the introduction. Discuss the present system and issues related to it Conclude accordingly. Answer: Collegium system is the system by which the judges are appointed and transferred only by the judges. The system has evolved by means of the judgments of the Supreme Court, and not by an Act of Parliament or by a Constitutional provision. The Supreme Court collegium is headed by the Chief Justice of India and comprises four other senior-most judges of the court. India’s Constitution originally stipulated that the judges of the Supreme Court and high courts would be appointed by the President based on a process of “consultation” with senior judges. The present collegium system emerged later based on three key rulings- In 1981, the “First Judges Case” ruled that the process of consultation with the CJI and other judges did not require a consensus about recommendations. Essentially, the ruling gave the central government “primacy in judicial appointments.” In 1993, the “Second Judges Case” overturned this decision and introduced the collegium system, arguing that “consultation” required “concurrence.” Specifically, the ruling said that the process of appointing judges would be based on “an institutional opinion formed in consultation with the two senior-most judges in the Supreme Court” and the CJI. In 1998, the “Third Judges Case” ruled that the collegium would be a five-member body, establishing a system that is most similar to the one currently being followed. Criticism regarding Collegium System- Opaqueness and a lack of transparency. Scope for nepotism . It is seen as a closed-door affair with no prescribed norms regarding eligibility criteria or even the selection procedure There is no public knowledge of how and when a collegium meets and how it takes its decisions Overlooks several talented junior judges and advocates. The government can raise objections and seek clarifications regarding the collegium choices, but if the collegium reiterates the same names, the government is bound, under Constitution Bench judgments, to appoint them as judges Parliament tried to replace the collegium system in 2014 by amending the Constitution and bringing in the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) to appoint judges to high courts and the Supreme Court. The NJAC was to comprise of the CJI, two judges of the Supreme Court next in seniority to the CJI, the Union Law Minister, and two eminent jurists. However, the Supreme Court in 2015, struck down the NJAC as unconstitutional for violating the independence of the judiciary. The subjectivity and the inconsistency of the collegium system highlight the need to relook at the process of appointment of judges. The NJAC should be amended to make sure that the judiciary retains independence in its decisions and re-introduced in some form or the other.
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What is the importance of modulation in information & communication technology(ICT)? also write the types of modulation. (10 Marks/150 words)
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Brief Approach: In the Introduction try to Define Modulation. In the body try to Explain why it is required and its importance in telecommunication. Try to highlight types of modulation in brief. Conclude briefly by highlighting the importance of modulation. Answer: Modulation is the process of converting data into radio waves by adding information to an electronic or optical carrier signal. A carrier signal is one with a steady waveform -- constant height, amplitude, and frequency. Modulation is required because the electromagnetic waves that are used for communication do not carry any information themselves we need to encode the information by varying one or more properties of the wave and this needs to be decoded at the destination. This encoding of an input wave on a carrier wave is called modulation. For example, an audio signal can be electronically added to a carrier signal to produce a new signal that has undergone amplitude modulation (AM). There are three main approaches to Modulation: Pulse modulation: By simply switching on and off a wave Morse code can be sent to distant regions using pulse modulation. Analogue modulation: These are time-varying signals. There are three methods of Analog modulation: Amplitude modulation: The height of the signal carrier is varied to represent the data. Frequency modulation: The frequency of the carrier signals varied to represent data. FM signals are largely immune to background noise because of the same amplitude while in Amplitude modulation(AM) the noise is higher. FM uses a higher frequency compared to AM hence it can travel less distance. Using higher frequency, we can send more data with more speed but the wave is susceptible to scattering, absorption. Phase modulation In phase modulation, the massive signal is encoded as variations in the phase of carrier waves. Digital Modulation: Digital signals are comprised of discrete values of 0s and 1s which can be modulated and such modulation has many advantages compared to analogue. It allows the communication to be more clear and accurate without losses. Conclusion In order to keep communication cheap and convenient and require less power to carry as much information as possible, modulation is used.
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##Question:What is the importance of modulation in information & communication technology(ICT)? also write the types of modulation. (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Brief Approach: In the Introduction try to Define Modulation. In the body try to Explain why it is required and its importance in telecommunication. Try to highlight types of modulation in brief. Conclude briefly by highlighting the importance of modulation. Answer: Modulation is the process of converting data into radio waves by adding information to an electronic or optical carrier signal. A carrier signal is one with a steady waveform -- constant height, amplitude, and frequency. Modulation is required because the electromagnetic waves that are used for communication do not carry any information themselves we need to encode the information by varying one or more properties of the wave and this needs to be decoded at the destination. This encoding of an input wave on a carrier wave is called modulation. For example, an audio signal can be electronically added to a carrier signal to produce a new signal that has undergone amplitude modulation (AM). There are three main approaches to Modulation: Pulse modulation: By simply switching on and off a wave Morse code can be sent to distant regions using pulse modulation. Analogue modulation: These are time-varying signals. There are three methods of Analog modulation: Amplitude modulation: The height of the signal carrier is varied to represent the data. Frequency modulation: The frequency of the carrier signals varied to represent data. FM signals are largely immune to background noise because of the same amplitude while in Amplitude modulation(AM) the noise is higher. FM uses a higher frequency compared to AM hence it can travel less distance. Using higher frequency, we can send more data with more speed but the wave is susceptible to scattering, absorption. Phase modulation In phase modulation, the massive signal is encoded as variations in the phase of carrier waves. Digital Modulation: Digital signals are comprised of discrete values of 0s and 1s which can be modulated and such modulation has many advantages compared to analogue. It allows the communication to be more clear and accurate without losses. Conclusion In order to keep communication cheap and convenient and require less power to carry as much information as possible, modulation is used.
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Despite the ambiguity created by Article 12 of the Indian Constitution for the definition of "State" for Part III of the Indian Constitution, different judicial pronouncements have broadened the scope of the definition of the State for the Part III of the Indian Constitution. Elaborate. (150 words/ 10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduce by defining State as per Article 12. Then explain the reason for the ambiguity. Discuss the Judicial pronouncement that brought clarity on the definition of the State under Article 12. Concluded accordingly. Answer: Fundamental Rights in most cases are available against the arbitrary action of the State. Article 12 decides that the State for the purpose of Part III of the Constitution. As per Article 12, the State includes the Government and the legislature of the Center and States, local authorities, and other authorities. There has been ambiguity regarding the local authority and other authorities as it has not been clearly defined. That requires explanation, and the interpretation of the same has been provided by the Supreme Court in various cases. Mohanlal vs. Rajasthan Electricity Board The Supreme Court held that the term other authorities would include all the authorities on whom powers have been conferred by law or they have been created by law. Thus, it has expanded the definition of the State. In this case, the court changed its earlier stance and held that it is not necessary for an entity to perform government-like or sovereign functions to be called as the State under Article 12. As a result of it, in future cases after the Mohanlal case, it was held that statutory corporations such as the ONGC, NGT, IOCL, BPCL, LIC, tribunals, Different Commissions, RBI, SAIL, etc. will come under the definition of the State. Ajay Hasia vs. Khalid Mujib Case, 1981 The Supreme Court further expanded the meaning of the State and held that it would apply a test of instrumentality to decide whether a particular body falls under the definition of the State. Instrumentality means that any entity which is carrying out the state functions will be included in the definition of the State. If the entire share capital of an entity is held by the government then that entity will be considered as the instrumentality of the State. If financial assistance provided to an entity is so much that it needs the entire expenditure of the entity or organization, it will be termed as the State. If an entity enjoyed a state conferred monopoly then it will also come under the State. BARC, MTNL, BSNL, HAL, are examples of the state conferred monopoly. If the State enjoys deep and pervasive control over the entity. If the functions performed by the entity are in nature of public functions or for the welfare of the People. Fundamental Rights have been given special protection in the Indian Constitution and one of the most important objects of Fundamental Rights is to limit the powers of the State. Thus, under these cases, the Supreme Court has considerably expanded the scope of the term State under the local authorities and other authorities.
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##Question:Despite the ambiguity created by Article 12 of the Indian Constitution for the definition of "State" for Part III of the Indian Constitution, different judicial pronouncements have broadened the scope of the definition of the State for the Part III of the Indian Constitution. Elaborate. (150 words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce by defining State as per Article 12. Then explain the reason for the ambiguity. Discuss the Judicial pronouncement that brought clarity on the definition of the State under Article 12. Concluded accordingly. Answer: Fundamental Rights in most cases are available against the arbitrary action of the State. Article 12 decides that the State for the purpose of Part III of the Constitution. As per Article 12, the State includes the Government and the legislature of the Center and States, local authorities, and other authorities. There has been ambiguity regarding the local authority and other authorities as it has not been clearly defined. That requires explanation, and the interpretation of the same has been provided by the Supreme Court in various cases. Mohanlal vs. Rajasthan Electricity Board The Supreme Court held that the term other authorities would include all the authorities on whom powers have been conferred by law or they have been created by law. Thus, it has expanded the definition of the State. In this case, the court changed its earlier stance and held that it is not necessary for an entity to perform government-like or sovereign functions to be called as the State under Article 12. As a result of it, in future cases after the Mohanlal case, it was held that statutory corporations such as the ONGC, NGT, IOCL, BPCL, LIC, tribunals, Different Commissions, RBI, SAIL, etc. will come under the definition of the State. Ajay Hasia vs. Khalid Mujib Case, 1981 The Supreme Court further expanded the meaning of the State and held that it would apply a test of instrumentality to decide whether a particular body falls under the definition of the State. Instrumentality means that any entity which is carrying out the state functions will be included in the definition of the State. If the entire share capital of an entity is held by the government then that entity will be considered as the instrumentality of the State. If financial assistance provided to an entity is so much that it needs the entire expenditure of the entity or organization, it will be termed as the State. If an entity enjoyed a state conferred monopoly then it will also come under the State. BARC, MTNL, BSNL, HAL, are examples of the state conferred monopoly. If the State enjoys deep and pervasive control over the entity. If the functions performed by the entity are in nature of public functions or for the welfare of the People. Fundamental Rights have been given special protection in the Indian Constitution and one of the most important objects of Fundamental Rights is to limit the powers of the State. Thus, under these cases, the Supreme Court has considerably expanded the scope of the term State under the local authorities and other authorities.
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Elucidate the different factors which affect the atmospheric temperature of the earth. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: · We can start with a background of atmospheric temperature on earth; we can refer to its utility in sustaining life on earth. · We can then mention the factors which affect atmospheric temperature and emphasize how their influence. · We can conclude by mentioning the urgency to maintain the atmospheric temperature against the backdrop of global warming. Answer : Atmospheric temperature is a function of the modification of the incident solar energy by air, clouds, land, sea, and other water surfaces. Along with liquid water, adequate atmospheric temperature is indispensable for life on earth. The atmospheric temperature depends on various factors as: (1) Latitude: The temperature rises from the equator to the tropics, and it later falls as we go from the tropics to the poles. This is due to the relatively more cloudy condition at the equator due to the generally low pressure whereas, the tropical regions are in general clear sky regions for the most part of the year and hence get maximum insolation. From the tropics onwards, the temperature goes on decreasing due to the higher angle of inclination of the insolation as also the larger distance to be travelled by the insolation in the atmosphere. Hence, we see more scattering, reflection, refraction, etc. (2) Altitude: The temperature decreases at the normal lapse rate in general with an increase in altitude (temperature decreases 1 degree Celsius for every 165 m of increase in height). The rate is not constant and it depends upon the time of the day, season, and latitude. (3) Continentality and Maritime effect (oceanic): During the hotter seasons or hotter periods (summer/day), the land becomes much hotter by receiving the same amount of heat as compared to the water body. Whereas, during the colder season or colder period (winter/night) the land will remain much cooler as compared to the water bodies, or the oceans. This is because the specific heat (heat needed to change the temperature) for land (continent) is much lesser than the water body (ocean). The thermal effects are then also shared with the air in contact with the landmass and oceans. (4) Ocean Currents: Ocean currents help in the transport of colder water from the poles to equators and tropics and hotter tropical and equatorial waters to the poles to maintain the overall heat budget. They also affect both the atmosphere and the adjacent land thermal conditions where they travel and strike. (5) Air Mass: It is understood as a large body of air with horizontally uniform levels of temperature, humidity, and pressure. Colder air masses moving to warmer regions make the region cold, and vice versa. (6) Slope, aspect, and shelter: Depending on the angle of the slope, the sunlight’s inclination on the surface will vary, affecting the temperature. Aspect decides which slope of the mountains will receive the sunlight, and which will not, and accordingly, the temperatures will vary. Shelter/shade decides whether sunlight is directly reaching any place, and hence they affect the temperature. (7) Natural vegetation: Natural vegetation in the warmer regions (equatorial, tropical sub-tropical) has a cooling effect due to shelter and shade effects. However, in the cooler regions(polar, sub-polar) they have a warming effect due to darker colour albedo (darker vegetation absorbing more heat as compared to snow which reflects more heat) So in the colder season, they keep the region warm, and in warmer regions, they keep the region cold. (8) Types of surface: Wet surfaces (wet soil) have a moderating effect, and dry surfaces (desert soils) have a severe effect. Darker colour surfaces absorb heat, and lighter colour surfaces reflect heat, which is also called the albedo of the surface. This absorption and reflection of heat affect the local ambient temperatures too. Hence, it can be seen that diverse factors contribute to maintaining atmospheric temperatures to hospitable levels. Potent, participative, and proactive steps will ensure that the balance is not disturbed through human activities.
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##Question:Elucidate the different factors which affect the atmospheric temperature of the earth. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: · We can start with a background of atmospheric temperature on earth; we can refer to its utility in sustaining life on earth. · We can then mention the factors which affect atmospheric temperature and emphasize how their influence. · We can conclude by mentioning the urgency to maintain the atmospheric temperature against the backdrop of global warming. Answer : Atmospheric temperature is a function of the modification of the incident solar energy by air, clouds, land, sea, and other water surfaces. Along with liquid water, adequate atmospheric temperature is indispensable for life on earth. The atmospheric temperature depends on various factors as: (1) Latitude: The temperature rises from the equator to the tropics, and it later falls as we go from the tropics to the poles. This is due to the relatively more cloudy condition at the equator due to the generally low pressure whereas, the tropical regions are in general clear sky regions for the most part of the year and hence get maximum insolation. From the tropics onwards, the temperature goes on decreasing due to the higher angle of inclination of the insolation as also the larger distance to be travelled by the insolation in the atmosphere. Hence, we see more scattering, reflection, refraction, etc. (2) Altitude: The temperature decreases at the normal lapse rate in general with an increase in altitude (temperature decreases 1 degree Celsius for every 165 m of increase in height). The rate is not constant and it depends upon the time of the day, season, and latitude. (3) Continentality and Maritime effect (oceanic): During the hotter seasons or hotter periods (summer/day), the land becomes much hotter by receiving the same amount of heat as compared to the water body. Whereas, during the colder season or colder period (winter/night) the land will remain much cooler as compared to the water bodies, or the oceans. This is because the specific heat (heat needed to change the temperature) for land (continent) is much lesser than the water body (ocean). The thermal effects are then also shared with the air in contact with the landmass and oceans. (4) Ocean Currents: Ocean currents help in the transport of colder water from the poles to equators and tropics and hotter tropical and equatorial waters to the poles to maintain the overall heat budget. They also affect both the atmosphere and the adjacent land thermal conditions where they travel and strike. (5) Air Mass: It is understood as a large body of air with horizontally uniform levels of temperature, humidity, and pressure. Colder air masses moving to warmer regions make the region cold, and vice versa. (6) Slope, aspect, and shelter: Depending on the angle of the slope, the sunlight’s inclination on the surface will vary, affecting the temperature. Aspect decides which slope of the mountains will receive the sunlight, and which will not, and accordingly, the temperatures will vary. Shelter/shade decides whether sunlight is directly reaching any place, and hence they affect the temperature. (7) Natural vegetation: Natural vegetation in the warmer regions (equatorial, tropical sub-tropical) has a cooling effect due to shelter and shade effects. However, in the cooler regions(polar, sub-polar) they have a warming effect due to darker colour albedo (darker vegetation absorbing more heat as compared to snow which reflects more heat) So in the colder season, they keep the region warm, and in warmer regions, they keep the region cold. (8) Types of surface: Wet surfaces (wet soil) have a moderating effect, and dry surfaces (desert soils) have a severe effect. Darker colour surfaces absorb heat, and lighter colour surfaces reflect heat, which is also called the albedo of the surface. This absorption and reflection of heat affect the local ambient temperatures too. Hence, it can be seen that diverse factors contribute to maintaining atmospheric temperatures to hospitable levels. Potent, participative, and proactive steps will ensure that the balance is not disturbed through human activities.
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Explain the reasons that led to the Chinese Civil war. Also, state the factors behind the success of the Chinese Communist Party(CPC). (10 marks, 150 words)
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Approach: Introduce by briefly mentioning the details of the Chinese Civil war. Mention the reasons that led to the Chinese Civil war. State the factors behind the success of the Chinese Communist Party(CPC). Conclude appropriately. Answer: The Chinese Civil War was a civil war in China fought between the Kuomintang (KMT)-led government of the Republic of China (ROC) and forces of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It was fought in two distinct stages: between 1927 and 1936, and then again between 1945 and 1949. Reasons for the war: Chinese Communist Party-CCP was formed in 1921 with Mao Zedong as the founding member. Communists in China were inspired by the establishment of a Communist government in Russia. Slowly but gradually the communists were getting popular in China. Dr. Sun Yat Sen (former head of KMT) died and KMT came under the control of Chiang Kai Shek. Chiang Kai Shek was radically anti-communist and saw CCP as a threat to KMT. He favored capitalism and supported industrialists and big landlords. Therefore, from 1927, his government started eliminating communist. The Purification campaign and encirclement campaigns were launched against members of CCP. Thus, beginning the civil war. Due to Japanese invasion of China beginning in 1937, KMT made a truce with CCP to jointly fight with Japan. By 1945, Japan was defeated and the civil war between KMT and CCP resumed. However, CCP had gained considerable mass support and by 1949 CCP won the civil war. Factors behind the success of the Chinese Communist Party (CPC): Guerrilla warfare tactics led to more success of CCP against Japan, therefore, got more support of nationalist Chinese. It also contributed to military victory over KMT. Mao did not wait for complete victory over KMT and did land redistribution in favor of small peasants in areas that came under CCP"s control. Therefore, increasing the support base of CCP. Support of the USSR- Although KMT was supported by the USA, however, Russian help was crucial for the CPC. Mainland China came under the CCP and KMT formed the government of China in exile in Taiwan under US military protection.
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##Question:Explain the reasons that led to the Chinese Civil war. Also, state the factors behind the success of the Chinese Communist Party(CPC). (10 marks, 150 words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce by briefly mentioning the details of the Chinese Civil war. Mention the reasons that led to the Chinese Civil war. State the factors behind the success of the Chinese Communist Party(CPC). Conclude appropriately. Answer: The Chinese Civil War was a civil war in China fought between the Kuomintang (KMT)-led government of the Republic of China (ROC) and forces of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It was fought in two distinct stages: between 1927 and 1936, and then again between 1945 and 1949. Reasons for the war: Chinese Communist Party-CCP was formed in 1921 with Mao Zedong as the founding member. Communists in China were inspired by the establishment of a Communist government in Russia. Slowly but gradually the communists were getting popular in China. Dr. Sun Yat Sen (former head of KMT) died and KMT came under the control of Chiang Kai Shek. Chiang Kai Shek was radically anti-communist and saw CCP as a threat to KMT. He favored capitalism and supported industrialists and big landlords. Therefore, from 1927, his government started eliminating communist. The Purification campaign and encirclement campaigns were launched against members of CCP. Thus, beginning the civil war. Due to Japanese invasion of China beginning in 1937, KMT made a truce with CCP to jointly fight with Japan. By 1945, Japan was defeated and the civil war between KMT and CCP resumed. However, CCP had gained considerable mass support and by 1949 CCP won the civil war. Factors behind the success of the Chinese Communist Party (CPC): Guerrilla warfare tactics led to more success of CCP against Japan, therefore, got more support of nationalist Chinese. It also contributed to military victory over KMT. Mao did not wait for complete victory over KMT and did land redistribution in favor of small peasants in areas that came under CCP"s control. Therefore, increasing the support base of CCP. Support of the USSR- Although KMT was supported by the USA, however, Russian help was crucial for the CPC. Mainland China came under the CCP and KMT formed the government of China in exile in Taiwan under US military protection.
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A number of judicial pronouncements and Constitutional Amendments have altered the balance between the power of the judiciary under Article 13 and the power of the Parliament to amend the constitution under Article 368 since the Commencement of the Constitution. Explain. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach: Start with defining the power of Judiciary and Parliament provided under Article 13 and 368 respectively. Discuss the judicial pronouncement and reaction from the Parliament. Bring the present situation regarding the power of Judiciary and Parliament provided under Article 13 and 368 respectively. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Under Judicial Review any action of the executive or legislature that violates Fundamental Rights should be held null and void under Article 13 of the constitution of India. While Article 368 defines the Power of the parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure thereof. The conflict regarding the amending power of the Constitution by the Parliament and power of Judicial Review by the judiciary started just after one year after the commencement of the Indian Constitution. In the Shankari Prasad case (1951) , the constitutional validity of the First Amendment Act (1951), which curtailed the right to property, was challenged. The Supreme Court ruled that the power of the Parliament to amend the Constitution under Article 368 also includes the power to amend Fundamental Rights. The word "law" in Article 13 includes only ordinary laws and not the constitutional amendment acts (constituent laws). Therefore, the Parliament can abridge or take away any of the Fundamental Rights by enacting a constitutional amendment act and such a law will not be void under Article 13. In the Golak Nath cases (1967) , the Supreme Court reversed its earlier stand. In that case, the constitutional validity of the Seventh Amendment Act, which inserted certain state acts in the Ninth Schedule, was challenged. The Supreme Court ruled that the Fundamental Rights are given a "transcendental and immutable" position and hence, the Parliament cannot abridge or take away any of the Fundamental Rights. A constitutional amendment act is also a law within the meaning of Article 13 and hence, would be void for violating any of the Fundamental Rights. The Parliament of India to overcome the judgment in the Golaknath Case enacted 24th and 25th Amendment Act 1971 . This Constitutional Amendment Acts amended Articles 13 and 368. It declared that the Parliament has the power to abridge or take away any of the Fundamental Rights under Article 368 and such an act will not be law under the meaning of Article 13. In the response, the Kesvananda Bharati case held that the 24th Constitutional Amendment Act is valid. Thus Constitutional Amendment Act can abrogate or reduce the effect of Fundamental Rights. At the same time, the Supreme Court of India said that it does not mean that Parliament has unlimited powers to amend the Constitution. The Parliament"s power to amend the Constitution under Article 368 is limited. Thus it held that the power of the parliament to amend the constitution is subject to the Doctrine of Basic Structure of the Constitution. Again, the Parliament reacted to this judicially innovated doctrine of "basic structure" by enacting the 42nd Amendment Act (1976). This Act amended Article 368 and declared that there is no limitation on the constituent power of Parliament and no amendment can be questioned in any court on any ground including the contravention of any of the fundamental rights. However, the Supreme Court in the Minerva Mills case (1980) invalidated this provision as it excludes judicial review which is a "basic feature" of the Constitution. Thus, it established the balance between the power of the Judicial Power of the Judiciary under Article 13 and the power of the parliament to amend the constitution under Article 368.
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##Question:A number of judicial pronouncements and Constitutional Amendments have altered the balance between the power of the judiciary under Article 13 and the power of the Parliament to amend the constitution under Article 368 since the Commencement of the Constitution. Explain. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Start with defining the power of Judiciary and Parliament provided under Article 13 and 368 respectively. Discuss the judicial pronouncement and reaction from the Parliament. Bring the present situation regarding the power of Judiciary and Parliament provided under Article 13 and 368 respectively. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Under Judicial Review any action of the executive or legislature that violates Fundamental Rights should be held null and void under Article 13 of the constitution of India. While Article 368 defines the Power of the parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure thereof. The conflict regarding the amending power of the Constitution by the Parliament and power of Judicial Review by the judiciary started just after one year after the commencement of the Indian Constitution. In the Shankari Prasad case (1951) , the constitutional validity of the First Amendment Act (1951), which curtailed the right to property, was challenged. The Supreme Court ruled that the power of the Parliament to amend the Constitution under Article 368 also includes the power to amend Fundamental Rights. The word "law" in Article 13 includes only ordinary laws and not the constitutional amendment acts (constituent laws). Therefore, the Parliament can abridge or take away any of the Fundamental Rights by enacting a constitutional amendment act and such a law will not be void under Article 13. In the Golak Nath cases (1967) , the Supreme Court reversed its earlier stand. In that case, the constitutional validity of the Seventh Amendment Act, which inserted certain state acts in the Ninth Schedule, was challenged. The Supreme Court ruled that the Fundamental Rights are given a "transcendental and immutable" position and hence, the Parliament cannot abridge or take away any of the Fundamental Rights. A constitutional amendment act is also a law within the meaning of Article 13 and hence, would be void for violating any of the Fundamental Rights. The Parliament of India to overcome the judgment in the Golaknath Case enacted 24th and 25th Amendment Act 1971 . This Constitutional Amendment Acts amended Articles 13 and 368. It declared that the Parliament has the power to abridge or take away any of the Fundamental Rights under Article 368 and such an act will not be law under the meaning of Article 13. In the response, the Kesvananda Bharati case held that the 24th Constitutional Amendment Act is valid. Thus Constitutional Amendment Act can abrogate or reduce the effect of Fundamental Rights. At the same time, the Supreme Court of India said that it does not mean that Parliament has unlimited powers to amend the Constitution. The Parliament"s power to amend the Constitution under Article 368 is limited. Thus it held that the power of the parliament to amend the constitution is subject to the Doctrine of Basic Structure of the Constitution. Again, the Parliament reacted to this judicially innovated doctrine of "basic structure" by enacting the 42nd Amendment Act (1976). This Act amended Article 368 and declared that there is no limitation on the constituent power of Parliament and no amendment can be questioned in any court on any ground including the contravention of any of the fundamental rights. However, the Supreme Court in the Minerva Mills case (1980) invalidated this provision as it excludes judicial review which is a "basic feature" of the Constitution. Thus, it established the balance between the power of the Judicial Power of the Judiciary under Article 13 and the power of the parliament to amend the constitution under Article 368.
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What are the different methods of calculating National Income? Also, mention the challenges involved in the calculation of the National Income. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: 1. Briefly define National Income 2. Explain all the three methods used for the calculation of National Income in India. 3. Enlist the challenges faced while calculating National Income. 4. Conclude the answer Answer: National income is the aggregate money value of all incomes earned by individuals and enterprises. It may also be defined as the money value of the net aggregates of all commodities and services accruing to the inhabitants of an economy during a financial year. It includes payments made to all resources in the form of wages, interest, rent, and profits. The three methods used for the calculations of National Income include: Income Method: Under this method, National Income is estimated by adding up the incomes of all the factors of production. This follows from the simple idea that the revenues earned by all the firms put together must be distributed among the factors of production as salaries, wages, profits, interest earnings, and rents. Expenditure Method: An alternative way to calculate the GDP is by looking at the demand side of the products. This method is referred to as the expenditure method. In this method, national income is measured as a flow of expenditure. GDP is the sum total of private consumption expenditure. Government consumption expenditure, gross capital formation (Government and private), and net exports (Export-Import). The formula for the Expenditure method(Y) is: Y= C+I+G+(X-M) C – Private final consumption expenditure G – Government final consumption expenditure I – Expenditure On capital goods (X-M) – Net Exports Product Method: In this method, national income is measured as a flow of goods and services. Here, we calculate the monetary value of all final goods and services produced in an economy during a year. Final goods here refer to those goods which are directly consumed and not used in the further production process. The problems faced while calculating National Income includes both the practical/statistical and conceptual one. The Practical/Statistical problems are: 1. Non-availability of reliable data. 2. Activities of the Unorganised sector (under and non-reporting of data etc) 3. Non-Market activities like self-consumption (Farming producing for consumption) etc. 4. Lack of occupational specialization 5. Black money The Conceptual problems: 1. What should or should not be included in national income. For example, Housewife services are not included while calculating National Income. 2. Use of statistical techniques. Example - selection of sampling methods. 3. Different methodologies to be adopted like basic prices, Market price or factor costs, etc. 4. Selection of data sources Though various challenges do exist while calculating the National Income, however, it is important to calculate as it shows the economic development of the country and helps in understanding the contribution of various sectors in the national income. Also, National income accounts provide information on the pattern of economic activity which further explains various economic and social phenomena and also helps policy-makers in formulating good economic policies both in government and in private industry.
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##Question:What are the different methods of calculating National Income? Also, mention the challenges involved in the calculation of the National Income. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Briefly define National Income 2. Explain all the three methods used for the calculation of National Income in India. 3. Enlist the challenges faced while calculating National Income. 4. Conclude the answer Answer: National income is the aggregate money value of all incomes earned by individuals and enterprises. It may also be defined as the money value of the net aggregates of all commodities and services accruing to the inhabitants of an economy during a financial year. It includes payments made to all resources in the form of wages, interest, rent, and profits. The three methods used for the calculations of National Income include: Income Method: Under this method, National Income is estimated by adding up the incomes of all the factors of production. This follows from the simple idea that the revenues earned by all the firms put together must be distributed among the factors of production as salaries, wages, profits, interest earnings, and rents. Expenditure Method: An alternative way to calculate the GDP is by looking at the demand side of the products. This method is referred to as the expenditure method. In this method, national income is measured as a flow of expenditure. GDP is the sum total of private consumption expenditure. Government consumption expenditure, gross capital formation (Government and private), and net exports (Export-Import). The formula for the Expenditure method(Y) is: Y= C+I+G+(X-M) C – Private final consumption expenditure G – Government final consumption expenditure I – Expenditure On capital goods (X-M) – Net Exports Product Method: In this method, national income is measured as a flow of goods and services. Here, we calculate the monetary value of all final goods and services produced in an economy during a year. Final goods here refer to those goods which are directly consumed and not used in the further production process. The problems faced while calculating National Income includes both the practical/statistical and conceptual one. The Practical/Statistical problems are: 1. Non-availability of reliable data. 2. Activities of the Unorganised sector (under and non-reporting of data etc) 3. Non-Market activities like self-consumption (Farming producing for consumption) etc. 4. Lack of occupational specialization 5. Black money The Conceptual problems: 1. What should or should not be included in national income. For example, Housewife services are not included while calculating National Income. 2. Use of statistical techniques. Example - selection of sampling methods. 3. Different methodologies to be adopted like basic prices, Market price or factor costs, etc. 4. Selection of data sources Though various challenges do exist while calculating the National Income, however, it is important to calculate as it shows the economic development of the country and helps in understanding the contribution of various sectors in the national income. Also, National income accounts provide information on the pattern of economic activity which further explains various economic and social phenomena and also helps policy-makers in formulating good economic policies both in government and in private industry.
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What are the different methods of calculating National Income? Also, mention the challenges involved in the calculation of the National Income. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: In the introduction Briefly define National Income In the body try to Explain all the three methods used for the calculation of National Income in India. Try to highlight the challenges faced while calculating National Income. Conclude the answer Answer: National income is the aggregate money value of all incomes earned by individuals and enterprises. It may also be defined as the money value of the net aggregates of all commodities and services accruing to the inhabitants of an economy during a financial year. It includes payments made to all resources in the form of wages, interest, rent, and profits. The three methods used for the calculations of National Income include: Income Method: Under this method, National Income is estimated by adding up incomes of all the factors of production. This follows from the simple idea that the revenues earned by all the firms put together must be distributed among the factors of production as salaries, wages, profits, interest earnings, and rents. Expenditure Method: An alternative way to calculate the GDP is by looking at the demand side of the products. This method is referred to as the expenditure method. In this method, national income is measured as a flow of expenditure. GDP is the sum total of private consumption expenditure. Government consumption expenditure, gross capital formation (Government and private), and net exports (Export-Import). The formula for Expenditure method(Y) is: Y= C+I+G+(X-M) C – Private final consumption expenditure G – Government final consumption expenditure I – Expenditure On capital goods (X-M) – Net Exports Product Method: In this method, national income is measured as a flow of goods and services. Here, we calculate the monetary value of all final goods and services produced in an economy during a year. Final goods here refer to those goods which are directly consumed and not used in the further production process. The problems faced while calculating National Income includes both the practical/statistical and conceptual one. The Practical/Statistical problems are: Non-availability of reliable data. Activities of Unorganised sector (under and non-reporting of data etc) Non-Market activities like self-consumption (Farming producing for consumption) etc. Lack of occupational specialization Black money The Conceptual problems: What should or should not be included in national income. For example, Housewife services are not included while calculating National Income. Use of statistical techniques. Example - selection of sampling methods. Different methodologies to be adopted like basic prices, Market price or factor costs, etc. Selection of data sources Conclusion/Wayforward Though various challenges do exist while calculating the National Income, however, it is important to calculate as it shows the economic development of the country and helps in understanding the contribution of various sectors in the national income. Also, National income accounts provide information on the pattern of economic activity which further explains various economic and social phenomena and also helps policy-makers in formulating good economic policies both in government and in private industry.
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##Question:What are the different methods of calculating National Income? Also, mention the challenges involved in the calculation of the National Income. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: In the introduction Briefly define National Income In the body try to Explain all the three methods used for the calculation of National Income in India. Try to highlight the challenges faced while calculating National Income. Conclude the answer Answer: National income is the aggregate money value of all incomes earned by individuals and enterprises. It may also be defined as the money value of the net aggregates of all commodities and services accruing to the inhabitants of an economy during a financial year. It includes payments made to all resources in the form of wages, interest, rent, and profits. The three methods used for the calculations of National Income include: Income Method: Under this method, National Income is estimated by adding up incomes of all the factors of production. This follows from the simple idea that the revenues earned by all the firms put together must be distributed among the factors of production as salaries, wages, profits, interest earnings, and rents. Expenditure Method: An alternative way to calculate the GDP is by looking at the demand side of the products. This method is referred to as the expenditure method. In this method, national income is measured as a flow of expenditure. GDP is the sum total of private consumption expenditure. Government consumption expenditure, gross capital formation (Government and private), and net exports (Export-Import). The formula for Expenditure method(Y) is: Y= C+I+G+(X-M) C – Private final consumption expenditure G – Government final consumption expenditure I – Expenditure On capital goods (X-M) – Net Exports Product Method: In this method, national income is measured as a flow of goods and services. Here, we calculate the monetary value of all final goods and services produced in an economy during a year. Final goods here refer to those goods which are directly consumed and not used in the further production process. The problems faced while calculating National Income includes both the practical/statistical and conceptual one. The Practical/Statistical problems are: Non-availability of reliable data. Activities of Unorganised sector (under and non-reporting of data etc) Non-Market activities like self-consumption (Farming producing for consumption) etc. Lack of occupational specialization Black money The Conceptual problems: What should or should not be included in national income. For example, Housewife services are not included while calculating National Income. Use of statistical techniques. Example - selection of sampling methods. Different methodologies to be adopted like basic prices, Market price or factor costs, etc. Selection of data sources Conclusion/Wayforward Though various challenges do exist while calculating the National Income, however, it is important to calculate as it shows the economic development of the country and helps in understanding the contribution of various sectors in the national income. Also, National income accounts provide information on the pattern of economic activity which further explains various economic and social phenomena and also helps policy-makers in formulating good economic policies both in government and in private industry.
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"On one hand, an increase in violence against women justifies strong laws, whereas on the other hand, these laws are misused." Explain the paradox in Indian society. (10 marks/ 150 words).
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Approach:- 1. Brief introduction about violence against women 2. Mention how strong laws are addressing the issue 3. Explain how and why these Laws are misused by women. 4. Suggest steps to be taken Answer:- Violence against women has become a norm as part of patriarchy institution itself in our society. It makes India one of the most dangerous country for women as per Thomson Reuters Foundation survey. Strong laws and violence against women:- Women in our traditional society face violence at workplace and home as well. Legislatures have made many laws to protect women from the violence of any type. For example- the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005. Increasing rape cases in recent years and involving of males under adult age has made the Parliament make stringent laws. It shows the seriousness and commitment of the state to protect women. Strong laws against the violence of women have improved the situation of women. Many women are coming in light against the violence and stringent provisions of the laws provide them justice. More and more educated women are being aware of their rights Though strong laws are made against violence, these laws are in many cases are misused against males. For example- Anti Dowry laws. Reasons for the misuse of Laws:- • In many cases, it is found that these laws are used to settle a personal score against male members. This problem is found more in urban areas where women are more aware of their rights. • There is no provision of counteraction if the complaint is false • One of the most prominent reason is materialism, the culture of consumerism. Many women use these laws for material gains in the lieu of getting compensation to settle the cases. • Corruption of value systems. Women in many cases are found ignorant of the ill impact of these cases on their families. • Declining status of an institution of marriage- Marriage is not considered to be a sacrosanct institute anymore by many women. Steps to be taken: • Gender neutral laws should be their women cannot take unnecessary advantages of the laws which are biased in their favour. Laws should be such that it is equal for both men and women. • Mindset needs to be changed where personal issues between male and female can be effectively used by involving family members first. • Community policing can be an alternative where neighbours and domestic workers can be an effective source of information f0r police. • Fast track courts can be of great help because it may end the plight of males in case of any false complaints. Though in most of the cases, women are on the weaker side, but gender-neutral laws and consideration of all stakeholders can make these laws more effective. We need to adopt a holistic approach to look into these matters with the help of all section of society.
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##Question:"On one hand, an increase in violence against women justifies strong laws, whereas on the other hand, these laws are misused." Explain the paradox in Indian society. (10 marks/ 150 words).##Answer:Approach:- 1. Brief introduction about violence against women 2. Mention how strong laws are addressing the issue 3. Explain how and why these Laws are misused by women. 4. Suggest steps to be taken Answer:- Violence against women has become a norm as part of patriarchy institution itself in our society. It makes India one of the most dangerous country for women as per Thomson Reuters Foundation survey. Strong laws and violence against women:- Women in our traditional society face violence at workplace and home as well. Legislatures have made many laws to protect women from the violence of any type. For example- the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005. Increasing rape cases in recent years and involving of males under adult age has made the Parliament make stringent laws. It shows the seriousness and commitment of the state to protect women. Strong laws against the violence of women have improved the situation of women. Many women are coming in light against the violence and stringent provisions of the laws provide them justice. More and more educated women are being aware of their rights Though strong laws are made against violence, these laws are in many cases are misused against males. For example- Anti Dowry laws. Reasons for the misuse of Laws:- • In many cases, it is found that these laws are used to settle a personal score against male members. This problem is found more in urban areas where women are more aware of their rights. • There is no provision of counteraction if the complaint is false • One of the most prominent reason is materialism, the culture of consumerism. Many women use these laws for material gains in the lieu of getting compensation to settle the cases. • Corruption of value systems. Women in many cases are found ignorant of the ill impact of these cases on their families. • Declining status of an institution of marriage- Marriage is not considered to be a sacrosanct institute anymore by many women. Steps to be taken: • Gender neutral laws should be their women cannot take unnecessary advantages of the laws which are biased in their favour. Laws should be such that it is equal for both men and women. • Mindset needs to be changed where personal issues between male and female can be effectively used by involving family members first. • Community policing can be an alternative where neighbours and domestic workers can be an effective source of information f0r police. • Fast track courts can be of great help because it may end the plight of males in case of any false complaints. Though in most of the cases, women are on the weaker side, but gender-neutral laws and consideration of all stakeholders can make these laws more effective. We need to adopt a holistic approach to look into these matters with the help of all section of society.
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What do you mean by Continental Drift Theory. Explain the evidance given by Alfred Wegenr to prove his Continental Drift Theory? [250 words/15Marks]
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Introduction: Start with the intro of Continental Drift Theory Body: The answer body must discuss the following aspects – the concept in detail with relevant evidence supporting it. Conclusion: Conclude with the significance of the theory. Answer: Continental Drift theory was put forth by Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, polar explorer, astronomer, and geologist. He is in fact known as the father of continental drift. Continental drift theory was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. It was first put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1596 before fully being developed by Alfred Wegener. The theory deals with the distribution of the oceans and the continents. According to Wegener’s Continental Drift theory, all the continents were one single continental mass (called a Super Continent) – Pangaea and a Mega Ocean surrounded this supercontinent. The mega ocean is known by the name Panthalassa. Evidences from Wegner side : 1. Jig-Saw-Fit Evidence (The Matching of Continents) The coastlines of South America and Africa fronting each other have a remarkable and unique match. In 1964, Bullard created a map using a computer program to find the right fit of the Atlantic margin and it proved to be quiet. 2. Geological Evidence (Rocks of the Same Age across the Oceans) The radiometric dating methods have helped in correlating the formation of rocks present in different continents across the ocean. The ancient rocks belts on the coast of Brazil match with those found in Western Africa. The old marine deposits found on the coasts of South America and Africa belong to the Jurassic Age. This implies that the ocean never existed before that time. 3. Glacial Striation and Glacial Tillite It is a sedimentary rock made from glacier deposits. The Gondwana system of sediments from India is recognized as having its counterparts in 6 different landmasses in the Southern Hemisphere. Counterparts of this series are found in Madagascar, Africa, Antarctica, Falkland Island, and Australia not to mention India. At the base, the system has thick tillite signifying widespread and sustained glaciation. Generally, the similarity of the Gondwana-type sediments shows that these landmasses had exceptionally similar origins. The glacial tillite gives clear evidence for palaeoclimates and the drifting of continents. 4. Paleontological Evidence (Placer Deposits) The presence of abundant placer deposits of gold along the Ghana coast and the complete lack of its source rocks in the area is a phenomenal fact. The gold-bearing veins are present in Brazil and it is evident that the gold deposits of Ghana in Africa are obtained from the Brazil plateau from the time when the two continents were beside each other. The widespread distribution of Permo-Carboniferous glacial sediments in South America, Africa, Madagascar, Arabia, India, Antarctica, and Australia was one of the major pieces of evidence for the theory of continental drift. The continuity of glaciers, inferred from oriented glacial striations and deposits called tillites, suggested the existence of the supercontinent of Gondwana, which became a central element of the concept of continental drift. 5. Distribution of Fossils Evidence or Coal or Sedimentary Evidence. The interpretations that Lemurs occur in India, Africa, and Madagascar led to the theory of a landmass named “Lemuria” connecting these 3 landmasses. Mesosaurus was a tiny reptile adapted to shallow brackish water. The skeletons of these creatures are found in the Traver formations of Brazil and the Southern Cape Province of South Africa. The theory of continental drift is and has been important because it has helped scientists explain the different formations of mountains and mountain ranges. It also managed to change the perspective of how the world began, because at first, it was thought to have originated from a large fused mass.
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##Question:What do you mean by Continental Drift Theory. Explain the evidance given by Alfred Wegenr to prove his Continental Drift Theory? [250 words/15Marks]##Answer:Introduction: Start with the intro of Continental Drift Theory Body: The answer body must discuss the following aspects – the concept in detail with relevant evidence supporting it. Conclusion: Conclude with the significance of the theory. Answer: Continental Drift theory was put forth by Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, polar explorer, astronomer, and geologist. He is in fact known as the father of continental drift. Continental drift theory was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. It was first put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1596 before fully being developed by Alfred Wegener. The theory deals with the distribution of the oceans and the continents. According to Wegener’s Continental Drift theory, all the continents were one single continental mass (called a Super Continent) – Pangaea and a Mega Ocean surrounded this supercontinent. The mega ocean is known by the name Panthalassa. Evidences from Wegner side : 1. Jig-Saw-Fit Evidence (The Matching of Continents) The coastlines of South America and Africa fronting each other have a remarkable and unique match. In 1964, Bullard created a map using a computer program to find the right fit of the Atlantic margin and it proved to be quiet. 2. Geological Evidence (Rocks of the Same Age across the Oceans) The radiometric dating methods have helped in correlating the formation of rocks present in different continents across the ocean. The ancient rocks belts on the coast of Brazil match with those found in Western Africa. The old marine deposits found on the coasts of South America and Africa belong to the Jurassic Age. This implies that the ocean never existed before that time. 3. Glacial Striation and Glacial Tillite It is a sedimentary rock made from glacier deposits. The Gondwana system of sediments from India is recognized as having its counterparts in 6 different landmasses in the Southern Hemisphere. Counterparts of this series are found in Madagascar, Africa, Antarctica, Falkland Island, and Australia not to mention India. At the base, the system has thick tillite signifying widespread and sustained glaciation. Generally, the similarity of the Gondwana-type sediments shows that these landmasses had exceptionally similar origins. The glacial tillite gives clear evidence for palaeoclimates and the drifting of continents. 4. Paleontological Evidence (Placer Deposits) The presence of abundant placer deposits of gold along the Ghana coast and the complete lack of its source rocks in the area is a phenomenal fact. The gold-bearing veins are present in Brazil and it is evident that the gold deposits of Ghana in Africa are obtained from the Brazil plateau from the time when the two continents were beside each other. The widespread distribution of Permo-Carboniferous glacial sediments in South America, Africa, Madagascar, Arabia, India, Antarctica, and Australia was one of the major pieces of evidence for the theory of continental drift. The continuity of glaciers, inferred from oriented glacial striations and deposits called tillites, suggested the existence of the supercontinent of Gondwana, which became a central element of the concept of continental drift. 5. Distribution of Fossils Evidence or Coal or Sedimentary Evidence. The interpretations that Lemurs occur in India, Africa, and Madagascar led to the theory of a landmass named “Lemuria” connecting these 3 landmasses. Mesosaurus was a tiny reptile adapted to shallow brackish water. The skeletons of these creatures are found in the Traver formations of Brazil and the Southern Cape Province of South Africa. The theory of continental drift is and has been important because it has helped scientists explain the different formations of mountains and mountain ranges. It also managed to change the perspective of how the world began, because at first, it was thought to have originated from a large fused mass.
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“Parliament’s power to amend the constitution is a limited power and it cannot be enlarged into absolute power”. In the light of this statement explain whether parliament under article 368 of the constitution can destroy the basic structure of the constitution by expanding its amending power? (250 Words/15 marks)
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Approach: Introduction: briefly state what the basic structure doctrine of the Indian Constitution is. Main Body: Elaborate how plain reading of article 368 seems to place no explicit limit on the power of the Parliament while acting as a constituent body- mention 368 (1) and 368 (2). Conclusion: Stress how this limit on the power of the Parliament acts as a deterrence against the Legislative excesses. Answer: The case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (Kesavananda Bharati) is perhaps the most well-known constitutional decision of the Supreme Court of India (Supreme Court). While ruling that there is no implied limitation on the powers of Parliament to amend the Constitution, it held that no amendment can do violence to its basic structure (the “Basic Structure Doctrine”). Further, it established the Supreme Court’s right to review and, therefore, established its supremacy on constitutional matters. Basic Structure of the Constitution Doctrine: The “ basic features” principle was first expounded in 1953, by Justice J.R. Mudholkar in his dissent, in the case of Sajjan Singh v. the State of Rajasthan. In 1967, the Supreme Court reversed its earlier decisions in Golaknath v. State of Punjab. It held that Fundamental Rights included in Part III of the Constitution are given a “transcendental position” and are beyond the reach of Parliament. It also declared any amendment that “takes away or abridged” a Fundamental Right conferred by Part III as unconstitutional. Kesavananda Bharati’s case- was considered a historical landmark case, where the first-time Supreme Court recognized the basic structure concept. In this case, the validity of the 25th Amendment was challenged by the 24th and 29th Amendments. The court by majority overruled the judgment of the Golaknath case. The inherent ambiguity of the doctrine, as well as that of the ratio in Kesavananda Bharati, resulted in various challenges both to and under the doctrine before the Supreme Court. The period following Kesavananda Bharati was one where the doctrine evolved on a case-to-case basis, resulting in a gradual expansion of the doctrine. In Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain, a Constitutional amendment to regularise Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s election was struck down citing the basic features of democracy, rule of law, and equality. From 1975 onwards, the courts have interpreted and expanded the doctrine to include judicial review of decisions by the High Court and Supreme Court under Articles 226 and 32, secularism and federalism, the freedoms under Article 19, judicial independence, and recently, judicial primacy in the judicial appointment process to the basic structure and framework of the Constitution. Can Parliament destroy the Basic Structure of the Constitution by expanding its amending power: I n Minerva Mills v. Union of India- The Parliament, through the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976, attempted to circumvent Kesavananda Bharati by making Parliamentary power unlimited. Immediately after the decision of the Supreme court in Kesavananda Bharati and Indira Gandhi’s case, the parliament introduced the 42nd Amendment and added the word secular and socialist in the preamble, and added clauses 4 and 5 to Article 368 of the Constitution. It indirectly declares that there is no limitation on the power of the parliament regarding the Amendment. The Court in this case struck down the amendment on the grounds that the judicial review of Parliamentary enactments, and the limitation of Parliamentary power to amend the Constitution, were themselves part of the basic structure of the Constitution. However, it was not until much later that the Supreme Court ruled on the question of whether an addition to the Ninth Schedule would make the listed statute immune from the requirement of not infringing on a fundamental right. In I. Coelho v State of Tamil Nadu- The Supreme Court held that all laws were subject to the test of being consistent with fundamental rights, which are a part of the basic structure. Hence we can summarize that: Parliament has limited powers to amend the constitution. Parliament cannot damage or destroy the basic features of the Constitution. The procedure prescribed for the amendment is mandatory. Non-compliance with it will result in the invalidity of the amendment. Clauses (4) and (5) inserted in Art. 368 by the 42nd Amendment Act is invalid because they take away the right of judicial review. Parliament cannot increase its amending power by amending Art. 368. However, experts have had major objections against the doctrine of basic structure like- i)Amending power is not necessary to amend non-essential parts of the constitution. This power is needed to make changes in the basic features of the constitution. ii)The doctrine leads to the uncertainty in the mind of the parliament as to where it stands as to the extent of its amending power. One certainty that emerged out of various SC judgments is that all laws and constitutional amendments are now subject to judicial review and laws that transgress the basic structure is likely to be struck down by the SC. In essence Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution is not absolute and the Supreme Court is the final arbiter over and interpreter of all constitutional amendments.
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##Question:“Parliament’s power to amend the constitution is a limited power and it cannot be enlarged into absolute power”. In the light of this statement explain whether parliament under article 368 of the constitution can destroy the basic structure of the constitution by expanding its amending power? (250 Words/15 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: briefly state what the basic structure doctrine of the Indian Constitution is. Main Body: Elaborate how plain reading of article 368 seems to place no explicit limit on the power of the Parliament while acting as a constituent body- mention 368 (1) and 368 (2). Conclusion: Stress how this limit on the power of the Parliament acts as a deterrence against the Legislative excesses. Answer: The case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (Kesavananda Bharati) is perhaps the most well-known constitutional decision of the Supreme Court of India (Supreme Court). While ruling that there is no implied limitation on the powers of Parliament to amend the Constitution, it held that no amendment can do violence to its basic structure (the “Basic Structure Doctrine”). Further, it established the Supreme Court’s right to review and, therefore, established its supremacy on constitutional matters. Basic Structure of the Constitution Doctrine: The “ basic features” principle was first expounded in 1953, by Justice J.R. Mudholkar in his dissent, in the case of Sajjan Singh v. the State of Rajasthan. In 1967, the Supreme Court reversed its earlier decisions in Golaknath v. State of Punjab. It held that Fundamental Rights included in Part III of the Constitution are given a “transcendental position” and are beyond the reach of Parliament. It also declared any amendment that “takes away or abridged” a Fundamental Right conferred by Part III as unconstitutional. Kesavananda Bharati’s case- was considered a historical landmark case, where the first-time Supreme Court recognized the basic structure concept. In this case, the validity of the 25th Amendment was challenged by the 24th and 29th Amendments. The court by majority overruled the judgment of the Golaknath case. The inherent ambiguity of the doctrine, as well as that of the ratio in Kesavananda Bharati, resulted in various challenges both to and under the doctrine before the Supreme Court. The period following Kesavananda Bharati was one where the doctrine evolved on a case-to-case basis, resulting in a gradual expansion of the doctrine. In Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain, a Constitutional amendment to regularise Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s election was struck down citing the basic features of democracy, rule of law, and equality. From 1975 onwards, the courts have interpreted and expanded the doctrine to include judicial review of decisions by the High Court and Supreme Court under Articles 226 and 32, secularism and federalism, the freedoms under Article 19, judicial independence, and recently, judicial primacy in the judicial appointment process to the basic structure and framework of the Constitution. Can Parliament destroy the Basic Structure of the Constitution by expanding its amending power: I n Minerva Mills v. Union of India- The Parliament, through the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976, attempted to circumvent Kesavananda Bharati by making Parliamentary power unlimited. Immediately after the decision of the Supreme court in Kesavananda Bharati and Indira Gandhi’s case, the parliament introduced the 42nd Amendment and added the word secular and socialist in the preamble, and added clauses 4 and 5 to Article 368 of the Constitution. It indirectly declares that there is no limitation on the power of the parliament regarding the Amendment. The Court in this case struck down the amendment on the grounds that the judicial review of Parliamentary enactments, and the limitation of Parliamentary power to amend the Constitution, were themselves part of the basic structure of the Constitution. However, it was not until much later that the Supreme Court ruled on the question of whether an addition to the Ninth Schedule would make the listed statute immune from the requirement of not infringing on a fundamental right. In I. Coelho v State of Tamil Nadu- The Supreme Court held that all laws were subject to the test of being consistent with fundamental rights, which are a part of the basic structure. Hence we can summarize that: Parliament has limited powers to amend the constitution. Parliament cannot damage or destroy the basic features of the Constitution. The procedure prescribed for the amendment is mandatory. Non-compliance with it will result in the invalidity of the amendment. Clauses (4) and (5) inserted in Art. 368 by the 42nd Amendment Act is invalid because they take away the right of judicial review. Parliament cannot increase its amending power by amending Art. 368. However, experts have had major objections against the doctrine of basic structure like- i)Amending power is not necessary to amend non-essential parts of the constitution. This power is needed to make changes in the basic features of the constitution. ii)The doctrine leads to the uncertainty in the mind of the parliament as to where it stands as to the extent of its amending power. One certainty that emerged out of various SC judgments is that all laws and constitutional amendments are now subject to judicial review and laws that transgress the basic structure is likely to be struck down by the SC. In essence Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution is not absolute and the Supreme Court is the final arbiter over and interpreter of all constitutional amendments.
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Explain the Right to Equality provided under Article 14 with special emphasis on the “Equality Before Law” and “Equal Protection of Law”. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduce the Right to Equality under Article 14. Explain the “Equality Before Law” and “Equal Protection of Law”. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Article 14 of the Indian Constitution highlights that State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or equal protection of Laws. The language is negatively worded right and It imposes the limitation on the State. Article 14 has used any person that means citizens as well non-citizens. Thus Article 14 is available to both citizens as well non-citizens. This is based on the concepts of Equality before the Law and Equal Protection of the Law. Equality Before Law Equality before Law is a British concept that means that the Law is supreme and everyone is equal in the eyes of the law. In a broad sense, it means the absence of any special privileges in favour of any person. It also means that no one is above the law and there should be no discrimination between two people. This concept emanates from the Concept of the Rule of Law given by Professor A V Dicey. Rule of Law- It means Law is supreme. Law would be equally applicable to everyone. The constitution is a result of the Rights of the People. In the Indian context, the first two principles are applicable. The third element of the Rule of Law does not apply to India as in Indian Constitution is the source of the Rights and not vice versa. Equal Protection of the Law The concept of Equal protection of the law emanates from the USA and highlights that laws should not be applied universally. This concept recognizes the principle that people placed in unequal circumstances should not be treated equally. The reservation for marginalized communities is an example of the equal protection of laws. It allows the state to make positive discrimination in favour of the people who are placed in a disadvantageous position. Thus it allows for providing ‘affirmative action to the weaker section or creating differential tax rates for different income categories of people. Many laws like the Juvenile Justice Act, Child Labour Protection Act, Prevention of Atrocity Act etc. have been passed to safeguard the interest of special groups of society. A society, like India, is highly unequal and has no meaning of Equality before the law if we are not providing for Equal protection of the law. Thus, the founding fathers of the Indian Constitution gave it special importance by including it under the Preamble of the Indian Constitution.
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##Question:Explain the Right to Equality provided under Article 14 with special emphasis on the “Equality Before Law” and “Equal Protection of Law”. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the Right to Equality under Article 14. Explain the “Equality Before Law” and “Equal Protection of Law”. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Article 14 of the Indian Constitution highlights that State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or equal protection of Laws. The language is negatively worded right and It imposes the limitation on the State. Article 14 has used any person that means citizens as well non-citizens. Thus Article 14 is available to both citizens as well non-citizens. This is based on the concepts of Equality before the Law and Equal Protection of the Law. Equality Before Law Equality before Law is a British concept that means that the Law is supreme and everyone is equal in the eyes of the law. In a broad sense, it means the absence of any special privileges in favour of any person. It also means that no one is above the law and there should be no discrimination between two people. This concept emanates from the Concept of the Rule of Law given by Professor A V Dicey. Rule of Law- It means Law is supreme. Law would be equally applicable to everyone. The constitution is a result of the Rights of the People. In the Indian context, the first two principles are applicable. The third element of the Rule of Law does not apply to India as in Indian Constitution is the source of the Rights and not vice versa. Equal Protection of the Law The concept of Equal protection of the law emanates from the USA and highlights that laws should not be applied universally. This concept recognizes the principle that people placed in unequal circumstances should not be treated equally. The reservation for marginalized communities is an example of the equal protection of laws. It allows the state to make positive discrimination in favour of the people who are placed in a disadvantageous position. Thus it allows for providing ‘affirmative action to the weaker section or creating differential tax rates for different income categories of people. Many laws like the Juvenile Justice Act, Child Labour Protection Act, Prevention of Atrocity Act etc. have been passed to safeguard the interest of special groups of society. A society, like India, is highly unequal and has no meaning of Equality before the law if we are not providing for Equal protection of the law. Thus, the founding fathers of the Indian Constitution gave it special importance by including it under the Preamble of the Indian Constitution.
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Discuss the demands & contributions of moderates during the early phase of the Indian freedom struggle movement. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Briefly write about moderates in the introduction. Cover points on roles of moderates during the early phase of freedom struggle. Discuss contributions of moderates. Also, highlight some limitations/drawbacks of moderates. Conclusion. Answer: The leaders of the moderate phase (1885-1905) of Indian freedom struggle movements are called moderates. They believed in 3Ps i.e, Prayers, petitions, and passing resolutions. Their goals were not about the demand for full independence rather the demand for limited self-government. Demands of moderates during the early phase of the freedom struggle: They demanded limited self-government (Indirect elections, some participation in the legislature, executive, etc by some Indians). Demanded to expand central and provincial legislative councils by having 50% elected members. Indianization of civil services. Also, they demanded an increase in the age limit for the exam of Civil Services. Moderates highlighted for the British should share the military expenditure. Moderates highlighted for Indians to be appointed at officer rank in the military. Other demands of the moderates: Extension of trial by jury that is more in line with justice. Repeal of Arms Act, 1878. Against over assessment of land revenue. Extend permanent settlement outside Bengal. Abolish tax salt. Against the exploitation of indentured labours of Assam tea gardens. Contributions of moderates were the followings: They built a sense of national unity and therefore began the project of a nation in making. The first INC Session, Bombay, in 1885 the goal was "Development & Consolidation Sentiments of National Unity". Held sessions of INC in different parts of India. In 1888, a decision was taken that there will no resolution be passed if an overwhelming majority of Hindu/Muslimdelegates oppose it. In 1889, a resolution on the demand for reforms in legislative councils had a minority cause. Sessions of the INC were conducted like the sessions of a parliament therefore in a democratic manner. They developed an economic critique of the British Raj (Drain Theory). Eg: Contributions of R. C Dutt (The Economic History of India in 1901), Dadabhai Naoroji (Drain of wealth Theory), M G Ranade, etc. Despite all these contributions, there were also some weaknesses/drawbacks of moderates & INC: INC was not a truly representative organization of Indians. Eg: uneven representation of members & total exclusion of non-elites, etc. Limited commitments like Moderates were part-time leaders/politicians, etc. Limited goals like limited self-governments etc. Methods were 3Ps: They relied on Prayers, petitions and passing resolutions. No mass action and no wider base. Social background alienated them from the masses. Demanded gradual reforms (followed gradualism) and did not demand radical reforms. They followed the strategy of mendicancy (begging) as called by extremists. They did not take the pro-working class where Indian capitalists/employers were there. Moderates/INC leaders did not take the anti-zamindars stand, etc. Moderates created a base for the extremists and other national leaders for further development in the Indian national movement. Also, they built a sense of national unity and therefore began the project of a nation in making.
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##Question:Discuss the demands & contributions of moderates during the early phase of the Indian freedom struggle movement. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Briefly write about moderates in the introduction. Cover points on roles of moderates during the early phase of freedom struggle. Discuss contributions of moderates. Also, highlight some limitations/drawbacks of moderates. Conclusion. Answer: The leaders of the moderate phase (1885-1905) of Indian freedom struggle movements are called moderates. They believed in 3Ps i.e, Prayers, petitions, and passing resolutions. Their goals were not about the demand for full independence rather the demand for limited self-government. Demands of moderates during the early phase of the freedom struggle: They demanded limited self-government (Indirect elections, some participation in the legislature, executive, etc by some Indians). Demanded to expand central and provincial legislative councils by having 50% elected members. Indianization of civil services. Also, they demanded an increase in the age limit for the exam of Civil Services. Moderates highlighted for the British should share the military expenditure. Moderates highlighted for Indians to be appointed at officer rank in the military. Other demands of the moderates: Extension of trial by jury that is more in line with justice. Repeal of Arms Act, 1878. Against over assessment of land revenue. Extend permanent settlement outside Bengal. Abolish tax salt. Against the exploitation of indentured labours of Assam tea gardens. Contributions of moderates were the followings: They built a sense of national unity and therefore began the project of a nation in making. The first INC Session, Bombay, in 1885 the goal was "Development & Consolidation Sentiments of National Unity". Held sessions of INC in different parts of India. In 1888, a decision was taken that there will no resolution be passed if an overwhelming majority of Hindu/Muslimdelegates oppose it. In 1889, a resolution on the demand for reforms in legislative councils had a minority cause. Sessions of the INC were conducted like the sessions of a parliament therefore in a democratic manner. They developed an economic critique of the British Raj (Drain Theory). Eg: Contributions of R. C Dutt (The Economic History of India in 1901), Dadabhai Naoroji (Drain of wealth Theory), M G Ranade, etc. Despite all these contributions, there were also some weaknesses/drawbacks of moderates & INC: INC was not a truly representative organization of Indians. Eg: uneven representation of members & total exclusion of non-elites, etc. Limited commitments like Moderates were part-time leaders/politicians, etc. Limited goals like limited self-governments etc. Methods were 3Ps: They relied on Prayers, petitions and passing resolutions. No mass action and no wider base. Social background alienated them from the masses. Demanded gradual reforms (followed gradualism) and did not demand radical reforms. They followed the strategy of mendicancy (begging) as called by extremists. They did not take the pro-working class where Indian capitalists/employers were there. Moderates/INC leaders did not take the anti-zamindars stand, etc. Moderates created a base for the extremists and other national leaders for further development in the Indian national movement. Also, they built a sense of national unity and therefore began the project of a nation in making.
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Discuss the demands and contributions of moderates during the early phase of Indian freedom struggle movement. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Briefly write about moderates in the introduction. Cover points on demands of moderates during the early phase of the freedom struggle. Discuss contributions of moderates. Also, highlight some limitations/drawbacks of moderates. Conclusion. Answer: The leaders of the moderate phase (1885-1905) of Indian freedom struggle movements are called moderates. They believed in 3Ps i.e, Prayers, petitions, and passing resolutions. Their goals were not about the demand for full independence but rather the demand for limited self-government. Demands of moderates during the early phase of the freedom struggle: They demanded limited self-government ( Indirect elections, some participation in the legislature, executive, etc by some Indians). Demanded to expand central and provincial legislative councils by having 50% elected members. Indianization of civil services. Also, they demanded an increase in the age limit for the exam of Civil Services. Moderates highlighted for the British should share the military expenditure. Moderates highlighted for Indians to be appointed at officer rank in the military. Other demands of the moderates: Extension of trial by jury is more in line with justice. Repeal of Arms Act, 1878. Against over assessment of land revenue. Extend permanent settlement outside Bengal. Abolish tax salt. Against the exploitation of indentured labors of Assam tea gardens. Contributions of moderates were the followings : They built a sense of national unity and therefore began the project of a nation in making. In the first INC Session, Bombay, in 1885 the goal was "Development & Consolidation Sentiments of National Unity". Held sessions of INC in different parts of India. In 1888, a decision was taken that there will no resolution be passed if an overwhelming majority of Hindu/Muslimdelegates oppose it. In 1889, a resolution on the demand for reforms in legislative councils had a minority cause. Sessions of the INC were conducted like the sessions of a parliament therefore in a democratic manner. They developed an economic critique of the British Raj (Drain Theory). Eg: Contributions of R. C Dutt (The Economic History of India in 1901), Dadabhai Naoroji (Drain of wealth Theory), M G Ranade, etc. However, there were also some weaknesses/drawbacks of moderates & INC: INC was not a truly representative organization of Indians. Eg: uneven representation of members & total exclusion of non-elites, etc. Limited commitments like Moderates were part-time leaders/politicians, etc. Limited goals like limited self-governments etc. Methods were 3Ps: They relied on Prayers, petitions, and passing resolutions. No mass action and no wider base. Social background alienated them from the masses. Demanded gradual reforms (followed gradualism) and did not demand radical reforms. They followed the strategy of mendicancy (begging) as called by extremists. They did not take the pro-working class where Indian capitalists/employers were there. Moderates/INC leaders did not take the anti-zamindars stand. Moderates created a base for the extremists and other national leaders for further development in the Indian national movement. Also, they built a sense of national unity and therefore began the project of a nation in making.
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##Question:Discuss the demands and contributions of moderates during the early phase of Indian freedom struggle movement. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Briefly write about moderates in the introduction. Cover points on demands of moderates during the early phase of the freedom struggle. Discuss contributions of moderates. Also, highlight some limitations/drawbacks of moderates. Conclusion. Answer: The leaders of the moderate phase (1885-1905) of Indian freedom struggle movements are called moderates. They believed in 3Ps i.e, Prayers, petitions, and passing resolutions. Their goals were not about the demand for full independence but rather the demand for limited self-government. Demands of moderates during the early phase of the freedom struggle: They demanded limited self-government ( Indirect elections, some participation in the legislature, executive, etc by some Indians). Demanded to expand central and provincial legislative councils by having 50% elected members. Indianization of civil services. Also, they demanded an increase in the age limit for the exam of Civil Services. Moderates highlighted for the British should share the military expenditure. Moderates highlighted for Indians to be appointed at officer rank in the military. Other demands of the moderates: Extension of trial by jury is more in line with justice. Repeal of Arms Act, 1878. Against over assessment of land revenue. Extend permanent settlement outside Bengal. Abolish tax salt. Against the exploitation of indentured labors of Assam tea gardens. Contributions of moderates were the followings : They built a sense of national unity and therefore began the project of a nation in making. In the first INC Session, Bombay, in 1885 the goal was "Development & Consolidation Sentiments of National Unity". Held sessions of INC in different parts of India. In 1888, a decision was taken that there will no resolution be passed if an overwhelming majority of Hindu/Muslimdelegates oppose it. In 1889, a resolution on the demand for reforms in legislative councils had a minority cause. Sessions of the INC were conducted like the sessions of a parliament therefore in a democratic manner. They developed an economic critique of the British Raj (Drain Theory). Eg: Contributions of R. C Dutt (The Economic History of India in 1901), Dadabhai Naoroji (Drain of wealth Theory), M G Ranade, etc. However, there were also some weaknesses/drawbacks of moderates & INC: INC was not a truly representative organization of Indians. Eg: uneven representation of members & total exclusion of non-elites, etc. Limited commitments like Moderates were part-time leaders/politicians, etc. Limited goals like limited self-governments etc. Methods were 3Ps: They relied on Prayers, petitions, and passing resolutions. No mass action and no wider base. Social background alienated them from the masses. Demanded gradual reforms (followed gradualism) and did not demand radical reforms. They followed the strategy of mendicancy (begging) as called by extremists. They did not take the pro-working class where Indian capitalists/employers were there. Moderates/INC leaders did not take the anti-zamindars stand. Moderates created a base for the extremists and other national leaders for further development in the Indian national movement. Also, they built a sense of national unity and therefore began the project of a nation in making.
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What characteristics can be assigned to monsoon climate that succeeds in feeding more than 50 percent of the world population residing in Monsoon Asia? [250 words/15 Marks]
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Approach: Intro: Start with the intro of climate and Monsoon Body: Explain the characteristics that can be assigned to monsoon climate Conclusion : Conclude Accrodigly. Answer: Climate is the average weather condition of a large area for the past several years. According to the Koeppen system of climatic classification, the world is divided into five climatic groups and 13 climatic types- based on the temperature, precipitation, and vegetation. The first climatic group among them is (A) Tropical climates: It consists of three climatic types i) Tropical rain forest ii) Savanna climate iii) Monsoon climate - which is found over the Indian sub-continent, North Eastern part of South America, and Northern Australia. The notable characteristics of the Monsoon climate are as follows: Unlike other places of the world which usually have only two seasons 1) summer and 2) winter, a tropical monsoon region has FOUR seasons viz. 1) The cold weather season (December to February): Mid-December: “Western disturbances” originating from the Mediterranean region arrive in India via Iraq, Iran, and Pakistan. They cause widespread snowfall over the western Himalayas and crop-destroying hailstorms in the northwestern plains. January: It is the coldest month because the sun shines vertically over the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. 2) The hot weather season – (March to May): As the sun moves towards the north, the temperature rises. Heat is so stifling that outdoor life is unbearable. Loo: Hot dry wind in the Northern plains of India. Mango showers in Kerala, Northwesters/ Kal-Baisakhi / Violent thunderstorms in W.Bengal / Assam. 3) The advancing southwest monsoon season – (June to September): Heavy rainfall in summer is the defining characteristic of Monsoon climate. Although, The spatial distribution of rainfall is uneven – some regions may receive heavy rains & floods, while the others will have to be contented with meager rains, droughts & famines. The amount and timing of rainfall varies from year to year. This is known as the vagaries of the monsoons. Since nearly 70% of the Indian population live in rural areas, and rainfed subsistence farming has been the oldest occupation of the village communities, the vagaries of the monsoon have a profound impact on the Indian economy. 4) The retreating southwest monsoons season – (October and November): Sun moves towards the equator, the temperature falls, low pressure weakens over the Pakistan-Punjab region. Therefore, monsoon winds begin to retreat. Indeed, among all the climate regions of the world, the Monsoon climate is unique for its temperature, precipitation and the resultant seasons, which in turn have profound impact on the vegetation of the associated countries and the lifestyle and economic habits of its inhabitants.
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##Question:What characteristics can be assigned to monsoon climate that succeeds in feeding more than 50 percent of the world population residing in Monsoon Asia? [250 words/15 Marks]##Answer:Approach: Intro: Start with the intro of climate and Monsoon Body: Explain the characteristics that can be assigned to monsoon climate Conclusion : Conclude Accrodigly. Answer: Climate is the average weather condition of a large area for the past several years. According to the Koeppen system of climatic classification, the world is divided into five climatic groups and 13 climatic types- based on the temperature, precipitation, and vegetation. The first climatic group among them is (A) Tropical climates: It consists of three climatic types i) Tropical rain forest ii) Savanna climate iii) Monsoon climate - which is found over the Indian sub-continent, North Eastern part of South America, and Northern Australia. The notable characteristics of the Monsoon climate are as follows: Unlike other places of the world which usually have only two seasons 1) summer and 2) winter, a tropical monsoon region has FOUR seasons viz. 1) The cold weather season (December to February): Mid-December: “Western disturbances” originating from the Mediterranean region arrive in India via Iraq, Iran, and Pakistan. They cause widespread snowfall over the western Himalayas and crop-destroying hailstorms in the northwestern plains. January: It is the coldest month because the sun shines vertically over the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. 2) The hot weather season – (March to May): As the sun moves towards the north, the temperature rises. Heat is so stifling that outdoor life is unbearable. Loo: Hot dry wind in the Northern plains of India. Mango showers in Kerala, Northwesters/ Kal-Baisakhi / Violent thunderstorms in W.Bengal / Assam. 3) The advancing southwest monsoon season – (June to September): Heavy rainfall in summer is the defining characteristic of Monsoon climate. Although, The spatial distribution of rainfall is uneven – some regions may receive heavy rains & floods, while the others will have to be contented with meager rains, droughts & famines. The amount and timing of rainfall varies from year to year. This is known as the vagaries of the monsoons. Since nearly 70% of the Indian population live in rural areas, and rainfed subsistence farming has been the oldest occupation of the village communities, the vagaries of the monsoon have a profound impact on the Indian economy. 4) The retreating southwest monsoons season – (October and November): Sun moves towards the equator, the temperature falls, low pressure weakens over the Pakistan-Punjab region. Therefore, monsoon winds begin to retreat. Indeed, among all the climate regions of the world, the Monsoon climate is unique for its temperature, precipitation and the resultant seasons, which in turn have profound impact on the vegetation of the associated countries and the lifestyle and economic habits of its inhabitants.
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Explain the Biological Diversity Act 2002 in the context of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD).(150 words/ 10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduce with the contextual background under which the Biological Diversity Act 2002 was enacted. Explain the important features of the Biological Diversity Act 2002. Conclude accordingly Answer: The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD) is a United Nations treaty that is responsible for the conservation of Biological Diversity around the world. India is a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD) 1992 which recognizes the sovereign rights of states to use their own Biological Resources. In order to help in realizing the objectives of CBD, India has enacted umbrella legislation called the biological Diversity Act (2002) aimed at the conservation of biological resources and associated knowledge as well as facilitating access to them in a sustainable manner and through a just process. Features of biological Diversity Act (2002) The Act prohibits the following activities without prior approval from the National Biodiversity Authority: Any person or organization (either based in India or not) obtaining any biological resource occurring in India for its research or commercial utilization. The transfer of the results of any research relating to any biological resources occurring in, or obtained from, India. The claim of any intellectual property rights on any invention is based on the research made on the biological resources obtained from India. The act envisaged a three-tier structure to regulate the access to biological resources: The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) The State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs) The Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) (at the local level) The Act provides these authorities with special funds and a separate budget in order to carry out any research project dealing with the biological natural resources of the country. It shall supervise any use of biological resources and the sustainable use of them and shall take control over the financial investments and their return and dispose of those capitals as correct. Under this act, the Central Government in consultation with the NBA: Shall notify threatened species and prohibit or regulate their collection, rehabilitation, and conservation Designate institutions as repositories for different categories of biological resources The act stipulates all offenses under it as cognizable and non-bailable. Any grievances relating to the determination of benefit sharing or order of the National Biodiversity Authority or a State Biodiversity Board under this Act shall be taken to the National Green Tribunal (NGT). As the Biological Diversity Act is not given due importance, the protection of forests and wildlife has become secondary in many parts of India, leading to water scarcity and human-animal conflict. Thus, a concerted effort from the central and state governments needs to be made to implement the Biological Diversity Act in its true spirit. It will not only safeguard the traditional knowledge but also help in the improvement of the condition of the community safeguarding the traditional knowledge and resources.
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##Question:Explain the Biological Diversity Act 2002 in the context of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD).(150 words/ 10 Marks) ##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the contextual background under which the Biological Diversity Act 2002 was enacted. Explain the important features of the Biological Diversity Act 2002. Conclude accordingly Answer: The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD) is a United Nations treaty that is responsible for the conservation of Biological Diversity around the world. India is a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD) 1992 which recognizes the sovereign rights of states to use their own Biological Resources. In order to help in realizing the objectives of CBD, India has enacted umbrella legislation called the biological Diversity Act (2002) aimed at the conservation of biological resources and associated knowledge as well as facilitating access to them in a sustainable manner and through a just process. Features of biological Diversity Act (2002) The Act prohibits the following activities without prior approval from the National Biodiversity Authority: Any person or organization (either based in India or not) obtaining any biological resource occurring in India for its research or commercial utilization. The transfer of the results of any research relating to any biological resources occurring in, or obtained from, India. The claim of any intellectual property rights on any invention is based on the research made on the biological resources obtained from India. The act envisaged a three-tier structure to regulate the access to biological resources: The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) The State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs) The Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) (at the local level) The Act provides these authorities with special funds and a separate budget in order to carry out any research project dealing with the biological natural resources of the country. It shall supervise any use of biological resources and the sustainable use of them and shall take control over the financial investments and their return and dispose of those capitals as correct. Under this act, the Central Government in consultation with the NBA: Shall notify threatened species and prohibit or regulate their collection, rehabilitation, and conservation Designate institutions as repositories for different categories of biological resources The act stipulates all offenses under it as cognizable and non-bailable. Any grievances relating to the determination of benefit sharing or order of the National Biodiversity Authority or a State Biodiversity Board under this Act shall be taken to the National Green Tribunal (NGT). As the Biological Diversity Act is not given due importance, the protection of forests and wildlife has become secondary in many parts of India, leading to water scarcity and human-animal conflict. Thus, a concerted effort from the central and state governments needs to be made to implement the Biological Diversity Act in its true spirit. It will not only safeguard the traditional knowledge but also help in the improvement of the condition of the community safeguarding the traditional knowledge and resources.
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Explain the Biological Diversity Act 2002 in the context of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD). (150 words/ 10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduce with the contextual background under which the Biological Diversity Act 2002 was enacted. Explain the important features of the Biological Diversity Act 2002. Conclude accordingly Answer: The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD) is a United Nations treaty that is responsible for the conservation of Biological Diversity around the world. India is a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD) 1992 which recognizes the sovereign rights of states to use their own Biological Resources. In order to help in realizing the objectives of CBD, India has enacted umbrella legislation called the biological Diversity Act (2002) aimed at the conservation of biological resources and associated knowledge as well as facilitating access to them in a sustainable manner and through a just process. Features of biological Diversity Act (2002) The Act prohibits the following activities without prior approval from the National Biodiversity Authority: Any person or organization (either based in India or not) obtaining any biological resource occurring in India for its research or commercial utilization. The transfer of the results of any research relating to any biological resources occurring in, or obtained from, India. The claim of any intellectual property rights on any invention is based on the research made on the biological resources obtained from India. The act envisaged a three-tier structure to regulate the access to biological resources: The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) The State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs) The Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) (at the local level) The Act provides these authorities with special funds and a separate budget in order to carry out any research project dealing with the biological natural resources of the country. It shall supervise any use of biological resources and the sustainable use of them and shall take control over the financial investments and their return and dispose of those capitals as correct. Under this act, the Central Government in consultation with the NBA: Shall notify threatened species and prohibit or regulate their collection, rehabilitation, and conservation Designate institutions as repositories for different categories of biological resources The act stipulates all offenses under it as cognizable and non-bailable. Any grievances relating to the determination of benefit sharing or order of the National Biodiversity Authority or a State Biodiversity Board under this Act shall be taken to the National Green Tribunal (NGT). As the Biological Diversity Act is not given due importance, the protection of forests and wildlife has become secondary in many parts of India, leading to water scarcity and human-animal conflict.Thus a concerted effort from the central and state governments needs to be made to implement the Biological Diversity Act in its true spirit. It will not only safeguard the traditional knowledge but also help in the improvement of the condition of the community safeguarding the traditional knowledge and resources.
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##Question:Explain the Biological Diversity Act 2002 in the context of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD). (150 words/ 10 Marks) ##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the contextual background under which the Biological Diversity Act 2002 was enacted. Explain the important features of the Biological Diversity Act 2002. Conclude accordingly Answer: The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD) is a United Nations treaty that is responsible for the conservation of Biological Diversity around the world. India is a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD) 1992 which recognizes the sovereign rights of states to use their own Biological Resources. In order to help in realizing the objectives of CBD, India has enacted umbrella legislation called the biological Diversity Act (2002) aimed at the conservation of biological resources and associated knowledge as well as facilitating access to them in a sustainable manner and through a just process. Features of biological Diversity Act (2002) The Act prohibits the following activities without prior approval from the National Biodiversity Authority: Any person or organization (either based in India or not) obtaining any biological resource occurring in India for its research or commercial utilization. The transfer of the results of any research relating to any biological resources occurring in, or obtained from, India. The claim of any intellectual property rights on any invention is based on the research made on the biological resources obtained from India. The act envisaged a three-tier structure to regulate the access to biological resources: The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) The State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs) The Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) (at the local level) The Act provides these authorities with special funds and a separate budget in order to carry out any research project dealing with the biological natural resources of the country. It shall supervise any use of biological resources and the sustainable use of them and shall take control over the financial investments and their return and dispose of those capitals as correct. Under this act, the Central Government in consultation with the NBA: Shall notify threatened species and prohibit or regulate their collection, rehabilitation, and conservation Designate institutions as repositories for different categories of biological resources The act stipulates all offenses under it as cognizable and non-bailable. Any grievances relating to the determination of benefit sharing or order of the National Biodiversity Authority or a State Biodiversity Board under this Act shall be taken to the National Green Tribunal (NGT). As the Biological Diversity Act is not given due importance, the protection of forests and wildlife has become secondary in many parts of India, leading to water scarcity and human-animal conflict.Thus a concerted effort from the central and state governments needs to be made to implement the Biological Diversity Act in its true spirit. It will not only safeguard the traditional knowledge but also help in the improvement of the condition of the community safeguarding the traditional knowledge and resources.
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Clarify how mid-eighteenth century India was beset with the spectre of a fragmented polity? (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduce in brief the condition of fragmented polity in mid-18th century India In the body, clarify with instances and examples how it created grounds for the unpleasant and dangerous occurrence Conclude accordingly by relating it to the impacts it had. Answer: The 18th century in India is often regarded as a challenging time when anarchy and chaos engulfed the entire country. It was a spectre because of frequent wars/invasions by foreign and neighbouring rulers. Though some states were very prosperous, and some achieved considerable military powers, none could achieve the resources and power to maintain an all-India polity. There were multiple reasons for such a fragmented polity in the mid-18th Century: 1. Fall of the Mughals: Weak central leadership was one of the most important reasons for fragmented polity across the country. Aurangzeb"s misguided policies weakened the stable Mughal rule. His death was followed by weak successive rulers and wars among them. Though Muhammad Shah ruled for more quite some time but was an incompetent ruler. Rather, his incompetence led to the breaking away of members of the Mughal nobility to establish their own kingdoms. 2. Multiple Successor States: Muhammad Shah’s reign witnessed the establishment of the independent states of Awadh under Saadat Khan, Bengal under Murshid Quli Khan and Hyderabad under Nizam-ul-Mulk. Though they did not challenge the sovereignty of the Mughal ruler, the establishment of virtually independent and hereditary authority by their governors/nobles showed the emergence of autonomous polity in these territories. 3. External Challenges: Weak Mughal rulers could not put up a tough front against external challenges which came in the form of several invasions from the north-west ie by Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali which crushed the Mughal Empire to an extent that they were no longer the dominant power in the country. This also impacted the finances of the state during that time. 4. Rise of insurgents and rebels: Insurgent states were set up by the Marathas, Sikhs, Jats and Afghans. There was a continuous struggle among the Mughals, Marathas and Afghans which eventually led to the third battle of Panipat which shook the Mughal rule to the core and weakened of Marathas as alternate rulers of India. 5. Rise of Independent Kingdoms: These states came into existence majorly due to the destabilization of the Mughal control over the provinces. For example, Mysore, Kerala and Rajput states. 6. Economic crisis: One of the major crises in the Mughal economic system was the Jagirdari crisis. This was caused by a shortage of jagirs and an overabundance of Jagirdars, making the agrarian system more exploitative. This sparked off multiple revolts which ruined imperial stability. 7. The rise of British power: This period also transformation of the English East India Company from a trading enterprise to a political power. The lack of strong imperial power, the decline of Marathas and the limitations of successor states opened space for the Britishers. The beginning of the empire is usually traced to when the British defeated the Bengal Nawab at Plassey. Also, they laid the foundation in South India with military might and diplomatic strategy. This was evident in the Anglo-Carnatic wars where the fragmented polity led to competition between the British and French. These reasons for fragmented polity created grounds for a spectre in the sense that masses had to bear the burnt. Masses suffered hardships due to heavy taxation, inflation, mass murder, etc. To finance the wars the regional rulers used to loot the standing crops and seize the prosperous states. Also, the Jagirdars and Izaradars used to exploit the agrarian economy which impacted the farmers the most. Thus from the above, it is evident that the third battle of Panipat proved significant as the British significantly gained with the Maratha defeat and the British got a tremendous opportunity to expand their influence in Bengal and India. Also, with the Battle of Plassey and Buxar, the British gained substantial resources and territory. Ironically, it was only under colonial rule, that the fragmented nature of the Indian Polity could be unified under the imperial hold of the British crown in the 19th century. Eventually, they were on the way to rule India till 1947 when finally India gained independence because of the freedom fighters
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##Question:Clarify how mid-eighteenth century India was beset with the spectre of a fragmented polity? (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief the condition of fragmented polity in mid-18th century India In the body, clarify with instances and examples how it created grounds for the unpleasant and dangerous occurrence Conclude accordingly by relating it to the impacts it had. Answer: The 18th century in India is often regarded as a challenging time when anarchy and chaos engulfed the entire country. It was a spectre because of frequent wars/invasions by foreign and neighbouring rulers. Though some states were very prosperous, and some achieved considerable military powers, none could achieve the resources and power to maintain an all-India polity. There were multiple reasons for such a fragmented polity in the mid-18th Century: 1. Fall of the Mughals: Weak central leadership was one of the most important reasons for fragmented polity across the country. Aurangzeb"s misguided policies weakened the stable Mughal rule. His death was followed by weak successive rulers and wars among them. Though Muhammad Shah ruled for more quite some time but was an incompetent ruler. Rather, his incompetence led to the breaking away of members of the Mughal nobility to establish their own kingdoms. 2. Multiple Successor States: Muhammad Shah’s reign witnessed the establishment of the independent states of Awadh under Saadat Khan, Bengal under Murshid Quli Khan and Hyderabad under Nizam-ul-Mulk. Though they did not challenge the sovereignty of the Mughal ruler, the establishment of virtually independent and hereditary authority by their governors/nobles showed the emergence of autonomous polity in these territories. 3. External Challenges: Weak Mughal rulers could not put up a tough front against external challenges which came in the form of several invasions from the north-west ie by Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali which crushed the Mughal Empire to an extent that they were no longer the dominant power in the country. This also impacted the finances of the state during that time. 4. Rise of insurgents and rebels: Insurgent states were set up by the Marathas, Sikhs, Jats and Afghans. There was a continuous struggle among the Mughals, Marathas and Afghans which eventually led to the third battle of Panipat which shook the Mughal rule to the core and weakened of Marathas as alternate rulers of India. 5. Rise of Independent Kingdoms: These states came into existence majorly due to the destabilization of the Mughal control over the provinces. For example, Mysore, Kerala and Rajput states. 6. Economic crisis: One of the major crises in the Mughal economic system was the Jagirdari crisis. This was caused by a shortage of jagirs and an overabundance of Jagirdars, making the agrarian system more exploitative. This sparked off multiple revolts which ruined imperial stability. 7. The rise of British power: This period also transformation of the English East India Company from a trading enterprise to a political power. The lack of strong imperial power, the decline of Marathas and the limitations of successor states opened space for the Britishers. The beginning of the empire is usually traced to when the British defeated the Bengal Nawab at Plassey. Also, they laid the foundation in South India with military might and diplomatic strategy. This was evident in the Anglo-Carnatic wars where the fragmented polity led to competition between the British and French. These reasons for fragmented polity created grounds for a spectre in the sense that masses had to bear the burnt. Masses suffered hardships due to heavy taxation, inflation, mass murder, etc. To finance the wars the regional rulers used to loot the standing crops and seize the prosperous states. Also, the Jagirdars and Izaradars used to exploit the agrarian economy which impacted the farmers the most. Thus from the above, it is evident that the third battle of Panipat proved significant as the British significantly gained with the Maratha defeat and the British got a tremendous opportunity to expand their influence in Bengal and India. Also, with the Battle of Plassey and Buxar, the British gained substantial resources and territory. Ironically, it was only under colonial rule, that the fragmented nature of the Indian Polity could be unified under the imperial hold of the British crown in the 19th century. Eventually, they were on the way to rule India till 1947 when finally India gained independence because of the freedom fighters
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Enumerate the factors that led to establishment of the EU. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Start with a brief description of the European Union (EU) Mention the historical background which fostered closer ties between European nations, which later culminated in the formation of the European Union. Also mention some of the precursor bodies of the EU. Cover the aspects in a chronological manner. Answer: European Union (EU) is a supranational organization with 27 member nations of Europe. After world war 2, European cooperation was initially envisaged for the economical area, and today EU governs the common, social, commercial, and security policies. Some major members of the EU are Germany, France, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, etc. The factors believed to have led to the formation of the EU are:- The decline of Europe by the end of World War 2 also saw the rise of the USA and USSR as superpowers. Individually, western European countries could not match the status of the USA or USSR and would struggle for recovery after the war. Therefore by coming together they could pool resources and with joint planning, they could have a faster recovery from war. To become so economically interdependent that the Western European countries have stakes in a peaceful order in Western Europe, and to prevent devastations of war The USA"s largesse through Marshall Plan 1947 ($13 Billion) also enticed many war-ravaged European countries to unite. After the need for European Unity gained nearly consensus in Eastern Europe, various initiatives were taken so as to materialize the unification. It led to the setting up of bodies like:- 1) Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) 1947-1961: The main purpose was the effective distribution and best use of the Marshall Aid given by the USA, among western European countries. They set up a European Payments Union (EPU) to pay for imports in their own currency. This ensured lower transaction costs on currency exchange and faster transactions. OEEC got converted to OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) in 1961 when USA and Canada joined OEEC. 2) European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) 1951: The goal was to establish a common market for iron, coal, and steel sectors by having zero duties in these sectors, similar to a free trade agreement. The members were to have joint planning i.e. common policy for industrial expansion in these sectors. 3) European Economic Community (EEC) 1957: It was formed by the Treaty of Rome in 1957. Western European nations were motivated by the great economic results of ECSC in 1951 and they wished to replicate the successful results seen in iron, steel, and coal in other sectors. EEC led to the establishment of a common market in Europe and customs duties in all other industrial sectors were removed or minimized. 4) European Community 1967: It was formed by merging ECSC (1951), EEC (1957), and European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) (1957). The main goal was to minimize the costs of bureaucratic work. In 1979, direct elections were introduced to the European parliament, and Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) was set up. Under ERM, the currencies of members were to move in tandem with each other, i.e. members were to manage their monetary and fiscal policies in such a manner that in the future, there could be a single currency. 5) European Union 1993: Maastricht criteria or Convergence Criteria is for joining Eurozone (where the currency is Euro). Copenhagen criteria i.e. a checklist of criteria that should be met before any member could be added to the European Union. It includes political criteria such as democracy, fundamental rights, protection of minorities, etc. Economic criteria are related to economic credentials like independent monetary policy, etc. More than just another international organization, the EU symbolizes the fact that economic well-being can iron out decades and even centuries of bitterness and bring peaceful coexistence. Due to some incidents like the 2016 Brexit, the idea of EU might have taken a bump, but looking at the five pending applications for EU membership by Turkey, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Albania, we can say that the idea of prosperity driven peace is still going strong.
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##Question:Enumerate the factors that led to establishment of the EU. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Start with a brief description of the European Union (EU) Mention the historical background which fostered closer ties between European nations, which later culminated in the formation of the European Union. Also mention some of the precursor bodies of the EU. Cover the aspects in a chronological manner. Answer: European Union (EU) is a supranational organization with 27 member nations of Europe. After world war 2, European cooperation was initially envisaged for the economical area, and today EU governs the common, social, commercial, and security policies. Some major members of the EU are Germany, France, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, etc. The factors believed to have led to the formation of the EU are:- The decline of Europe by the end of World War 2 also saw the rise of the USA and USSR as superpowers. Individually, western European countries could not match the status of the USA or USSR and would struggle for recovery after the war. Therefore by coming together they could pool resources and with joint planning, they could have a faster recovery from war. To become so economically interdependent that the Western European countries have stakes in a peaceful order in Western Europe, and to prevent devastations of war The USA"s largesse through Marshall Plan 1947 ($13 Billion) also enticed many war-ravaged European countries to unite. After the need for European Unity gained nearly consensus in Eastern Europe, various initiatives were taken so as to materialize the unification. It led to the setting up of bodies like:- 1) Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) 1947-1961: The main purpose was the effective distribution and best use of the Marshall Aid given by the USA, among western European countries. They set up a European Payments Union (EPU) to pay for imports in their own currency. This ensured lower transaction costs on currency exchange and faster transactions. OEEC got converted to OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) in 1961 when USA and Canada joined OEEC. 2) European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) 1951: The goal was to establish a common market for iron, coal, and steel sectors by having zero duties in these sectors, similar to a free trade agreement. The members were to have joint planning i.e. common policy for industrial expansion in these sectors. 3) European Economic Community (EEC) 1957: It was formed by the Treaty of Rome in 1957. Western European nations were motivated by the great economic results of ECSC in 1951 and they wished to replicate the successful results seen in iron, steel, and coal in other sectors. EEC led to the establishment of a common market in Europe and customs duties in all other industrial sectors were removed or minimized. 4) European Community 1967: It was formed by merging ECSC (1951), EEC (1957), and European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) (1957). The main goal was to minimize the costs of bureaucratic work. In 1979, direct elections were introduced to the European parliament, and Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) was set up. Under ERM, the currencies of members were to move in tandem with each other, i.e. members were to manage their monetary and fiscal policies in such a manner that in the future, there could be a single currency. 5) European Union 1993: Maastricht criteria or Convergence Criteria is for joining Eurozone (where the currency is Euro). Copenhagen criteria i.e. a checklist of criteria that should be met before any member could be added to the European Union. It includes political criteria such as democracy, fundamental rights, protection of minorities, etc. Economic criteria are related to economic credentials like independent monetary policy, etc. More than just another international organization, the EU symbolizes the fact that economic well-being can iron out decades and even centuries of bitterness and bring peaceful coexistence. Due to some incidents like the 2016 Brexit, the idea of EU might have taken a bump, but looking at the five pending applications for EU membership by Turkey, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Albania, we can say that the idea of prosperity driven peace is still going strong.
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Enumerate the factors that led to establishment of the EU. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Start with a brief description of the European Union (EU) Mention the historical background which fostered closer ties between European nations, which later culminated in the formation of the European Union. Also mention some of the precursor bodies of the EU. Cover the aspects in a chronological manner. Answer: European Union (EU) is a supranational organization with 27 member nations of Europe. After world war 2, European cooperation was initially envisaged for the economical area, and today EU governs the common, social, commercial, and security policies. Some major members of the EU are Germany, France, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, etc. The factors believed to have led to the formation of the EU are:- The decline of Europe by the end of World War 2 also saw the rise of the USA and USSR as superpowers. Individually, western European countries could not match the status of the USA or USSR and would struggle for recovery after the war. Therefore by coming together they could pool resources and with joint planning, they could have a faster recovery from war. To become so economically interdependent that the Western European countries have stakes in a peaceful order in Western Europe, and to prevent devastations of war The USA"s largesse through Marshall Plan 1947 ($13 Billion) also enticed many war-ravaged European countries to unite. After the need for European Unity gained nearly consensus in Eastern Europe, various initiatives were taken so as to materialize the unification. It led to the setting up of bodies like:- 1) Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) 1947-1961: The main purpose was the effective distribution and best use of the Marshall Aid given by the USA, among western European countries. They set up a European Payments Union (EPU) to pay for imports in their own currency. This ensured lower transaction costs on currency exchange and faster transactions. OEEC got converted to OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) in 1961 when USA and Canada joined OEEC. 2) European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) 1951: The goal was to establish a common market for iron, coal, and steel sectors by having zero duties in these sectors, similar to a free trade agreement. The members were to have joint planning i.e. common policy for industrial expansion in these sectors. 3) European Economic Community (EEC) 1957: It was formed by the Treaty of Rome in 1957. Western European nations were motivated by the great economic results of ECSC in 1951 and they wished to replicate the successful results seen in iron, steel, and coal in other sectors. EEC led to the establishment of a common market in Europe and customs duties in all other industrial sectors were removed or minimized. 4) European Community 1967: It was formed by merging ECSC (1951), EEC (1957), and European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) (1957). The main goal was to minimize the costs of bureaucratic work. In 1979, direct elections were introduced to the European parliament, and Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) was set up. Under ERM, the currencies of members were to move in tandem with each other, i.e. members were to manage their monetary and fiscal policies in such a manner that in the future, there could be a single currency. 5) European Union 1993: Maastricht criteria or Convergence Criteria is for joining Eurozone (where the currency is Euro). Copenhagen criteria i.e. a checklist of criteria that should be met before any member could be added to the European Union. It includes political criteria such as democracy, fundamental rights, protection of minorities, etc. Economic criteria are related to economic credentials like independent monetary policy, etc. More than just another international organization, the EU symbolizes the fact that economic well-being can iron out decades and even centuries of bitterness and bring peaceful coexistence. Due to some incidents like the 2016 Brexit, the idea of EU might have taken a bump, but looking at the five pending applications for EU membership by Turkey, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Albania, we can say that the idea of prosperity driven peace is still going strong.
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##Question:Enumerate the factors that led to establishment of the EU. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Start with a brief description of the European Union (EU) Mention the historical background which fostered closer ties between European nations, which later culminated in the formation of the European Union. Also mention some of the precursor bodies of the EU. Cover the aspects in a chronological manner. Answer: European Union (EU) is a supranational organization with 27 member nations of Europe. After world war 2, European cooperation was initially envisaged for the economical area, and today EU governs the common, social, commercial, and security policies. Some major members of the EU are Germany, France, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, etc. The factors believed to have led to the formation of the EU are:- The decline of Europe by the end of World War 2 also saw the rise of the USA and USSR as superpowers. Individually, western European countries could not match the status of the USA or USSR and would struggle for recovery after the war. Therefore by coming together they could pool resources and with joint planning, they could have a faster recovery from war. To become so economically interdependent that the Western European countries have stakes in a peaceful order in Western Europe, and to prevent devastations of war The USA"s largesse through Marshall Plan 1947 ($13 Billion) also enticed many war-ravaged European countries to unite. After the need for European Unity gained nearly consensus in Eastern Europe, various initiatives were taken so as to materialize the unification. It led to the setting up of bodies like:- 1) Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) 1947-1961: The main purpose was the effective distribution and best use of the Marshall Aid given by the USA, among western European countries. They set up a European Payments Union (EPU) to pay for imports in their own currency. This ensured lower transaction costs on currency exchange and faster transactions. OEEC got converted to OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) in 1961 when USA and Canada joined OEEC. 2) European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) 1951: The goal was to establish a common market for iron, coal, and steel sectors by having zero duties in these sectors, similar to a free trade agreement. The members were to have joint planning i.e. common policy for industrial expansion in these sectors. 3) European Economic Community (EEC) 1957: It was formed by the Treaty of Rome in 1957. Western European nations were motivated by the great economic results of ECSC in 1951 and they wished to replicate the successful results seen in iron, steel, and coal in other sectors. EEC led to the establishment of a common market in Europe and customs duties in all other industrial sectors were removed or minimized. 4) European Community 1967: It was formed by merging ECSC (1951), EEC (1957), and European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) (1957). The main goal was to minimize the costs of bureaucratic work. In 1979, direct elections were introduced to the European parliament, and Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) was set up. Under ERM, the currencies of members were to move in tandem with each other, i.e. members were to manage their monetary and fiscal policies in such a manner that in the future, there could be a single currency. 5) European Union 1993: Maastricht criteria or Convergence Criteria is for joining Eurozone (where the currency is Euro). Copenhagen criteria i.e. a checklist of criteria that should be met before any member could be added to the European Union. It includes political criteria such as democracy, fundamental rights, protection of minorities, etc. Economic criteria are related to economic credentials like independent monetary policy, etc. More than just another international organization, the EU symbolizes the fact that economic well-being can iron out decades and even centuries of bitterness and bring peaceful coexistence. Due to some incidents like the 2016 Brexit, the idea of EU might have taken a bump, but looking at the five pending applications for EU membership by Turkey, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Albania, we can say that the idea of prosperity driven peace is still going strong.
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Discuss the course of the Anglo-Maratha relations along with the various wars fought between them? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach : Introduce briefly the relation of the British and the Marathas In body mention the various manifestation of the relation and the wars Conclude briefly Answer : The Marathas were the most powerful of all the Indian powers dominating not only the Deccan but also the large parts of both South and North India. They had also established their domination in the Mughal Court and it is generally accepted that among all the Indian powers only Marathas had the potential to emerge as the Paramount power succeeding the Mughals. But this could not happen because the Marathas also suffered from the same ideological and institutional weakness causing the decline of Mughals and preventing the rise of other powers to paramountcy. The Maratha potential was heavily compromised due to the Maratha defeat in the third battle of Panipat. However, the Marathas maintained their position for a long resisting the British interventions before falling victim to emerging British paramountcy. In the Anglo-Maratha relations, we find three important wars and these are as follows: The first Anglo Maratha war (1775-82): It was the direct outcome of British intervention initiated by the Bombay Council, in the internal affairs of the Marathas related to success and disputes. After the death of Peshwa Madhav Rao I, who had revived the Marthas fortunes after the 3rd Battle of Panipat In the year 1772, his younger brother Narayan Rao because the new Maratha Peshwa. But the position of Narayan Rao was challenged by Raghunath Rao (Raghoba), the younger brother of Balaji Bajo Rao This led to a contest for powers and Narayan Rao was assassinated at the behest of Raghunath Rao who became the new Peshwa. But the position of Raghoba was not accepted by a powerful faction of Maratha Nobles laid by Nana Phadnavis Soon, the faction laid by Nana Phadnavis placed a posthumous son of Narayan Rao on the Maratha Throne forming regency headed by Nana Phadnavis to manage the affairs of the state. Raghunath Rao helplessly asked the Bombay Council to intervene to restore his lost position Raghunath Rao signed a treaty with the Bombay Council known as the Treaty of Surat in 1775 which is the first treaty between the Marathas and the British. As per the treaty, Raghunath Rao was to be restored in lieu of surrendering Salsette and Bassein; also a part of the revenue of Surat and Bharuch; and the promise not to employ any foreigner without the consent of the company Ragunath Rao also promised to make the Bombay Council a party to any negotiation with the Poona Regency Hence, Raguntah Rao was restored but this treaty was not accepted by the Calcutta Council which had powers to make supervise the matter related to war and peace in relation to the other Presindcies as part of the Regulating Act of 1773. But Governor-General of Bengal, Warren Hastings supported the treaty but was sidelined by the majority of the Council Members who were hostile towards him The Treaty of Surat was cancelled and a new treaty was signed by Calcutta Council with the Poona faction. However, the Board of Directors and the Governor-General of Bengal favoured the Treaty of Surat and decided to continue with the intervention which took the form of armed clashes between the two parties Thus we find the outbreak of the First Anglo-Maratha War. The peace between the parties was made in 1782 with the Treaty of Salbai. The treaty of Salbai proved quite beneficial to Britishers in the sense that they not only maintained their position even against the Marathas, received Salsette and also 20 years of peace with the Marathas This period was utilized by the British East India Company for consolidating its positions against all the major powers which also included the establishment of domination on the dominions of Nizams the elimination of rivals like Tipu Sultan 2nd Anglo Maratha War: The beginning of the new 19th century was also a product of weaknesses of the Maratha political system offering an opportunity to the British to intervene in the Maratha affairs. At a time when an ambitious Governor-General Lord Wellesley was trying to establish domination on Indian powers through the system of subsidiary alliances Marathas has been quite successful in avoiding the pressure on them to accept the Subsidiary Alliance Treaty. The Maratha factional politics and internal feuds led to the invasion of Poona by Holkars of Indore defeating both the Peshwa and Scindia The Peshwa Baji Rao II took shelter with the British who got him to sign the Treaty of Bassein in 1802 which was in the nature of the Subsidiary Alliance Treaty. Treaty of Bassein is said to have changed the legal basis of the position of the East India Company in the Maratha areas as now the nominal head of the Maratha Confederacy the Maratha Peshwa was a subsidiary ally of the company The company was capable enough to use this legal position against the other Maratha Sardars This apprehension on the part of Maratha Sardars led to their declaration of war against the company but all of them accept Gaekwad of Baroda came to defecated by the company (as they did not participate) They were forced to sign different treaties in the nature of Subsidiary Alliance treaties. The maximum resistance in the Anglo-Martha war was offered by Holkars. It was during the course of the 2nd Anglo-Maratha war, where Delhi was occupied by Lord Lake. Thus the 2nd Anglo-Maratha war ended with the domination not only on the Pesha but also on the Maratha Sardars But the Maratha power was yet not completely destroyed which awaited the third Anglo-Maratha War Third Anglo-Maratha War: This war started when Lord Hastings started his campaign against the Pindaris who have been the mercenaries of the Marathas known for their plundering raids Lord Hastings wanted to mobilize Maratha support for the same and in order to tighten the grip on the Maratha Sardars wanted a revision of the Subsidiary Alliance Treaties When Peshwa was forced to sign the Treaty of Poona against his will. His long-accumulated discontent due to ever-increasing British domination took the form of an attack on Poona Residency marking the beginning of the 3rd Anglo-Maratha War Here the Marthas attempted to revive their position but failed and Peshwa was exiled to Bithur near Kanpur (UP) with a pension. He lost his dominions and a small state of Satara was carved out which was given to a descendent of Shivaji to pacify the popular sentiments Other Maratha Sardars were restored to their territories but in a well-defined subordinate position. Thus, the British Paramountcy which was one of the objectives of Lord Hastings came to be established over a vast territory and on the major Maratha powers. Marathas in many ways had the potential to become the next pan-Indian empire after the Mughal in the 18th century in India. Thus they failed to do due to the nature of Maratha polity itself. Also, though the Marathas managed to expand rapidly into North and Central India, they failed to consolidate their hold over these regions.
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##Question:Discuss the course of the Anglo-Maratha relations along with the various wars fought between them? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce briefly the relation of the British and the Marathas In body mention the various manifestation of the relation and the wars Conclude briefly Answer : The Marathas were the most powerful of all the Indian powers dominating not only the Deccan but also the large parts of both South and North India. They had also established their domination in the Mughal Court and it is generally accepted that among all the Indian powers only Marathas had the potential to emerge as the Paramount power succeeding the Mughals. But this could not happen because the Marathas also suffered from the same ideological and institutional weakness causing the decline of Mughals and preventing the rise of other powers to paramountcy. The Maratha potential was heavily compromised due to the Maratha defeat in the third battle of Panipat. However, the Marathas maintained their position for a long resisting the British interventions before falling victim to emerging British paramountcy. In the Anglo-Maratha relations, we find three important wars and these are as follows: The first Anglo Maratha war (1775-82): It was the direct outcome of British intervention initiated by the Bombay Council, in the internal affairs of the Marathas related to success and disputes. After the death of Peshwa Madhav Rao I, who had revived the Marthas fortunes after the 3rd Battle of Panipat In the year 1772, his younger brother Narayan Rao because the new Maratha Peshwa. But the position of Narayan Rao was challenged by Raghunath Rao (Raghoba), the younger brother of Balaji Bajo Rao This led to a contest for powers and Narayan Rao was assassinated at the behest of Raghunath Rao who became the new Peshwa. But the position of Raghoba was not accepted by a powerful faction of Maratha Nobles laid by Nana Phadnavis Soon, the faction laid by Nana Phadnavis placed a posthumous son of Narayan Rao on the Maratha Throne forming regency headed by Nana Phadnavis to manage the affairs of the state. Raghunath Rao helplessly asked the Bombay Council to intervene to restore his lost position Raghunath Rao signed a treaty with the Bombay Council known as the Treaty of Surat in 1775 which is the first treaty between the Marathas and the British. As per the treaty, Raghunath Rao was to be restored in lieu of surrendering Salsette and Bassein; also a part of the revenue of Surat and Bharuch; and the promise not to employ any foreigner without the consent of the company Ragunath Rao also promised to make the Bombay Council a party to any negotiation with the Poona Regency Hence, Raguntah Rao was restored but this treaty was not accepted by the Calcutta Council which had powers to make supervise the matter related to war and peace in relation to the other Presindcies as part of the Regulating Act of 1773. But Governor-General of Bengal, Warren Hastings supported the treaty but was sidelined by the majority of the Council Members who were hostile towards him The Treaty of Surat was cancelled and a new treaty was signed by Calcutta Council with the Poona faction. However, the Board of Directors and the Governor-General of Bengal favoured the Treaty of Surat and decided to continue with the intervention which took the form of armed clashes between the two parties Thus we find the outbreak of the First Anglo-Maratha War. The peace between the parties was made in 1782 with the Treaty of Salbai. The treaty of Salbai proved quite beneficial to Britishers in the sense that they not only maintained their position even against the Marathas, received Salsette and also 20 years of peace with the Marathas This period was utilized by the British East India Company for consolidating its positions against all the major powers which also included the establishment of domination on the dominions of Nizams the elimination of rivals like Tipu Sultan 2nd Anglo Maratha War: The beginning of the new 19th century was also a product of weaknesses of the Maratha political system offering an opportunity to the British to intervene in the Maratha affairs. At a time when an ambitious Governor-General Lord Wellesley was trying to establish domination on Indian powers through the system of subsidiary alliances Marathas has been quite successful in avoiding the pressure on them to accept the Subsidiary Alliance Treaty. The Maratha factional politics and internal feuds led to the invasion of Poona by Holkars of Indore defeating both the Peshwa and Scindia The Peshwa Baji Rao II took shelter with the British who got him to sign the Treaty of Bassein in 1802 which was in the nature of the Subsidiary Alliance Treaty. Treaty of Bassein is said to have changed the legal basis of the position of the East India Company in the Maratha areas as now the nominal head of the Maratha Confederacy the Maratha Peshwa was a subsidiary ally of the company The company was capable enough to use this legal position against the other Maratha Sardars This apprehension on the part of Maratha Sardars led to their declaration of war against the company but all of them accept Gaekwad of Baroda came to defecated by the company (as they did not participate) They were forced to sign different treaties in the nature of Subsidiary Alliance treaties. The maximum resistance in the Anglo-Martha war was offered by Holkars. It was during the course of the 2nd Anglo-Maratha war, where Delhi was occupied by Lord Lake. Thus the 2nd Anglo-Maratha war ended with the domination not only on the Pesha but also on the Maratha Sardars But the Maratha power was yet not completely destroyed which awaited the third Anglo-Maratha War Third Anglo-Maratha War: This war started when Lord Hastings started his campaign against the Pindaris who have been the mercenaries of the Marathas known for their plundering raids Lord Hastings wanted to mobilize Maratha support for the same and in order to tighten the grip on the Maratha Sardars wanted a revision of the Subsidiary Alliance Treaties When Peshwa was forced to sign the Treaty of Poona against his will. His long-accumulated discontent due to ever-increasing British domination took the form of an attack on Poona Residency marking the beginning of the 3rd Anglo-Maratha War Here the Marthas attempted to revive their position but failed and Peshwa was exiled to Bithur near Kanpur (UP) with a pension. He lost his dominions and a small state of Satara was carved out which was given to a descendent of Shivaji to pacify the popular sentiments Other Maratha Sardars were restored to their territories but in a well-defined subordinate position. Thus, the British Paramountcy which was one of the objectives of Lord Hastings came to be established over a vast territory and on the major Maratha powers. Marathas in many ways had the potential to become the next pan-Indian empire after the Mughal in the 18th century in India. Thus they failed to do due to the nature of Maratha polity itself. Also, though the Marathas managed to expand rapidly into North and Central India, they failed to consolidate their hold over these regions.
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Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP) was launched with the clear objective of boosting the production of oil & gas in the Indian sedimentary basin. Discuss. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Briefly introduce Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy Discuss the provision under it and their importance Conclude accordingly. Answer Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy In the line with the vision of reducing hydrocarbon import dependency by 10% by 2022, the Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP) was launched with the clear objective of boosting the production of oil & gas in the Indian sedimentary basin. Provisions and Importance The single license will cover exploration and production of all types of hydrocarbon viz. conventional oil and gas, coal-bed methane, shale oil, gas hydrates, etc. Open Acreage Policy- a bidder can apply for exploration of any block/acreage (not already covered by exploration) at any time and without waiting for the announcement of bids, by submitting an initial Expression of Interest ("EOI"). The Government will examine the EOI and, if suitable, call for competitive bids after obtaining necessary environmental and other clearances. For OALP to be effective, a national data repository ("NDR") is a prerequisite. An NDR is a government-sponsored data bank to preserve and disseminate upstream oil and gas information and data, and in terms of the PNG Amendment Rules 2006, every E&P operator in India is obliged to provide all data pertaining to the entire E&P value chain to the DGH. R evenue Sharing Model: Simple, easy to monitor; only two monitoring parameters for the government revenue & production of the contractor, no cost recovery; no micro-management by the Government Reduced and graded royalty rates: Further to encourage exploration in deep water and ultra-deepwater areas, the royalty was exempted for the first seven years (and subsequently royalty of 5% and 2% applicable in deep water and ultra-deepwater areas) Other fiscal incentives viz. exemption of cess on crude oil and custom duty applicable on equipment/ services for exploration and production activities. Full marketing and pricing freedom of gas produced on an arms-length basis. Extended period for exploration and production i.e. 8 years for onland/ shallow water and 10 years for deepwater/ frontier areas. Providing option of Reconnaissance Contract (RC) to interested E&P and Oil Field Services (OFS) companies. A Reconnaissance Contract allows interested companies to undertake exploration activities, seismic surveys, and exploratory drilling to gather E&P data and exclusive rights to lease out the same for a period of 12 years with an option to migrate to the development and production phase subject to competitive bidding. Thus, the Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP) was launched with the clear objective of boosting the production of oil & gas in the Indian sedimentary basin
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##Question:Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP) was launched with the clear objective of boosting the production of oil & gas in the Indian sedimentary basin. Discuss. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Briefly introduce Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy Discuss the provision under it and their importance Conclude accordingly. Answer Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy In the line with the vision of reducing hydrocarbon import dependency by 10% by 2022, the Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP) was launched with the clear objective of boosting the production of oil & gas in the Indian sedimentary basin. Provisions and Importance The single license will cover exploration and production of all types of hydrocarbon viz. conventional oil and gas, coal-bed methane, shale oil, gas hydrates, etc. Open Acreage Policy- a bidder can apply for exploration of any block/acreage (not already covered by exploration) at any time and without waiting for the announcement of bids, by submitting an initial Expression of Interest ("EOI"). The Government will examine the EOI and, if suitable, call for competitive bids after obtaining necessary environmental and other clearances. For OALP to be effective, a national data repository ("NDR") is a prerequisite. An NDR is a government-sponsored data bank to preserve and disseminate upstream oil and gas information and data, and in terms of the PNG Amendment Rules 2006, every E&P operator in India is obliged to provide all data pertaining to the entire E&P value chain to the DGH. R evenue Sharing Model: Simple, easy to monitor; only two monitoring parameters for the government revenue & production of the contractor, no cost recovery; no micro-management by the Government Reduced and graded royalty rates: Further to encourage exploration in deep water and ultra-deepwater areas, the royalty was exempted for the first seven years (and subsequently royalty of 5% and 2% applicable in deep water and ultra-deepwater areas) Other fiscal incentives viz. exemption of cess on crude oil and custom duty applicable on equipment/ services for exploration and production activities. Full marketing and pricing freedom of gas produced on an arms-length basis. Extended period for exploration and production i.e. 8 years for onland/ shallow water and 10 years for deepwater/ frontier areas. Providing option of Reconnaissance Contract (RC) to interested E&P and Oil Field Services (OFS) companies. A Reconnaissance Contract allows interested companies to undertake exploration activities, seismic surveys, and exploratory drilling to gather E&P data and exclusive rights to lease out the same for a period of 12 years with an option to migrate to the development and production phase subject to competitive bidding. Thus, the Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP) was launched with the clear objective of boosting the production of oil & gas in the Indian sedimentary basin
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What do you understand by a "biogeographic region"? Also, briefly explain the "bio-geographical zones" of India. (10 marks/150 marks)
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Approach: Cover points on the "biogeographic regions" in the Introduction. Explain the ten different "bio-geographical zones" of India. Conclusion. Answer: A biogeographic region is an area of animal and plant distribution having similar or shared characteristics throughout. Biogeography is the study of animal and plant distributions (and known individually as zoogeography and phytogeography, respectively), was a subject that began to receive much attention in the 19th century. H S Panwar and W A Rodgers of Wildlife Institute of India classified the biogeographical regions into 10 bio-geographical zones in 1988. Different "bio-geographical zones" of India: India"s bio-geographical zones (based on climatic conditions-temperature, moisture, etc & soil type, slopes of the land, altitude, topography, etc) were divided into 10 zones . They are the followings: The Trans-Himalaya: The Himalayan ranges immediately north of the Great Himalayan range. Its sparse vegetation has the richest wild sheep & goat community in the world. The important faunas are Yaks, Tibetan Ass, GazelleFour horned antelopes, Tibetan wolf, Himalayan marmot, etc. Migratory species are snow leopards & black-necked cranes. The Himalayas: The forests are very dense. Vegetations like Oak, chestnuts, Ash, Pine, Spruce, Deodar (the softest hardwoods & only found in the western Himalayas and not in the eastern Himalayas). No vegetation above the snow line. Several animals in Himalayan regions like Monal pheasants, wild sheep, mountain goats, Musk deer, Cheetal, Ibex, etc. The Deserts: Species like Great Indian Bustard, Camels, Honbara bustard, wild ass, Chinkaras, Flamingoes, Indian desert cats, etc. Floras like Babul, Kikal, Wild palm, Acacia nilotica, etc Semi-Arid zone: Natural vegetation is thorn forests and Savanna scrubland. Few species of Xerophytic herbs and some Ephemeral herbs are found. Species like Acacia, Grewia, Capparis & Babhul are found. Faunas like Asiatic lions, Chinkaras, Jackals, Leopards (Cheetah were lost from this region), eagles, snakes, foc, buffaloes, Chowsingha, Florican & wolf are found. Western Ghats: The Western Ghats are among the 36 biodiversity hotspots recognized in the world. A high level of endemism is found. Deccan Peninsular: Faunas include Elephant, Leopard, Mouse Deer, Panther, Sambar, Chital, Sloth Bear, Gaur, Slender Loris, Muntjac, Pangolin, Langurs, Macaques, Wild Boar, Giant Squirrel, Barking Deer, Nilgiri Tahr, Sloth Bears, Otters, Gaur, Nilgiri Langurs, Lion Tailed Macaques, Bonnet Macaques, Porcupines, Malabar Squirrels, Wild Boars, etc. Gangetic plains: Trees in forests like Teak, Sal, Shisham, Mahua, Khair, etc. Faunas include royal Bengal tigers, Gangetic Dolphins, Gharials, Leopards, blackbucks, etc. Coastal zones: Mangroves (eg: Ratnagiri in MH, Myristica mangroves in Kerela, etc) were found. Rice is the main growing crop. Coconuts are grown all along the coasts. North-East India: Floral species like Shrubs, climbers, Orchids, ferns, bamboos etc found. Faunas like One-horned rhinos, Gaur, Pigmy hog, Amur Falcon, Antlered deers, Shanghai deer, cheetah, Sambar, etc. Islands: Plant species are found. India is a mega biodiversity country and has rich biological diversity (four biodiversity hotspots and ten bio-geographical zones) located. India has only 2.4 % of the total landmass of the world it contains about 7% to 8% of the world"s known wildlife.
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##Question:What do you understand by a "biogeographic region"? Also, briefly explain the "bio-geographical zones" of India. (10 marks/150 marks)##Answer:Approach: Cover points on the "biogeographic regions" in the Introduction. Explain the ten different "bio-geographical zones" of India. Conclusion. Answer: A biogeographic region is an area of animal and plant distribution having similar or shared characteristics throughout. Biogeography is the study of animal and plant distributions (and known individually as zoogeography and phytogeography, respectively), was a subject that began to receive much attention in the 19th century. H S Panwar and W A Rodgers of Wildlife Institute of India classified the biogeographical regions into 10 bio-geographical zones in 1988. Different "bio-geographical zones" of India: India"s bio-geographical zones (based on climatic conditions-temperature, moisture, etc & soil type, slopes of the land, altitude, topography, etc) were divided into 10 zones . They are the followings: The Trans-Himalaya: The Himalayan ranges immediately north of the Great Himalayan range. Its sparse vegetation has the richest wild sheep & goat community in the world. The important faunas are Yaks, Tibetan Ass, GazelleFour horned antelopes, Tibetan wolf, Himalayan marmot, etc. Migratory species are snow leopards & black-necked cranes. The Himalayas: The forests are very dense. Vegetations like Oak, chestnuts, Ash, Pine, Spruce, Deodar (the softest hardwoods & only found in the western Himalayas and not in the eastern Himalayas). No vegetation above the snow line. Several animals in Himalayan regions like Monal pheasants, wild sheep, mountain goats, Musk deer, Cheetal, Ibex, etc. The Deserts: Species like Great Indian Bustard, Camels, Honbara bustard, wild ass, Chinkaras, Flamingoes, Indian desert cats, etc. Floras like Babul, Kikal, Wild palm, Acacia nilotica, etc Semi-Arid zone: Natural vegetation is thorn forests and Savanna scrubland. Few species of Xerophytic herbs and some Ephemeral herbs are found. Species like Acacia, Grewia, Capparis & Babhul are found. Faunas like Asiatic lions, Chinkaras, Jackals, Leopards (Cheetah were lost from this region), eagles, snakes, foc, buffaloes, Chowsingha, Florican & wolf are found. Western Ghats: The Western Ghats are among the 36 biodiversity hotspots recognized in the world. A high level of endemism is found. Deccan Peninsular: Faunas include Elephant, Leopard, Mouse Deer, Panther, Sambar, Chital, Sloth Bear, Gaur, Slender Loris, Muntjac, Pangolin, Langurs, Macaques, Wild Boar, Giant Squirrel, Barking Deer, Nilgiri Tahr, Sloth Bears, Otters, Gaur, Nilgiri Langurs, Lion Tailed Macaques, Bonnet Macaques, Porcupines, Malabar Squirrels, Wild Boars, etc. Gangetic plains: Trees in forests like Teak, Sal, Shisham, Mahua, Khair, etc. Faunas include royal Bengal tigers, Gangetic Dolphins, Gharials, Leopards, blackbucks, etc. Coastal zones: Mangroves (eg: Ratnagiri in MH, Myristica mangroves in Kerela, etc) were found. Rice is the main growing crop. Coconuts are grown all along the coasts. North-East India: Floral species like Shrubs, climbers, Orchids, ferns, bamboos etc found. Faunas like One-horned rhinos, Gaur, Pigmy hog, Amur Falcon, Antlered deers, Shanghai deer, cheetah, Sambar, etc. Islands: Plant species are found. India is a mega biodiversity country and has rich biological diversity (four biodiversity hotspots and ten bio-geographical zones) located. India has only 2.4 % of the total landmass of the world it contains about 7% to 8% of the world"s known wildlife.
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Explaining the reasons for the decolonization, briefly discuss the trends of decolonization.(250 words/15 Marks)
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Approach: 1. Introduction: Define decolonization. 2. Body: Discuss the reasons for Decolonisation and the trends in decolonization with examples. Model Answer: Decolonization means giving independence to the colonies by their respective colonial powers. Reasons for Decolonisation: 1. The decline of European economies because of the 2 world wars and the great depression 1929. Therefore could not bear the cost of maintaining colonies. eg. In many cases nationalists were inspired by guerilla warfare tactics and in some cases like Algeria, Indonesia, India there were strong nationalist movements. 2. External Pressures of US, USSR, and UN: United Nations-favoured liberty and independence plus UN would become more representative organization with the expansion of membership. US was sympathetic to the anti-colonial struggle of colonies as it itself fought against British colonialism(AR 1765-83). Decolonization would boost US exports. To prevent colonies turning pro-USSR or communist after independence which would eventually come. Colonies were poor, therefore many nationalist leaders were attracted to the ideology of socialism and the USSR, therefore, supported the anti-colonial struggle. USSR-Communist favored the ideology of decolonization as based on ideas of equality, internationalism, and the idea that colonialism is the product of capitalism plus decolonization will weaken capitalist powers. 3. Neocolonialism: Colonial powers especially Britain wanted to continue the benefits of colonialism in the form of neo-colonialism(exploitation and domination by foreigners despite political independence). Was done by ex-colonial powers either directly or via international institutions like IMF and World Bank. Therefore, colonial powers adopted a threshold approach where they resisted decolonization up to a point but then they exited so as to maintain special relationships post-independence. For example, via tools of the commonwealth; aid and loans; Trade and Investment agreements; IMF, and World Bank. 4. Exposure to soldiers from colonies during World War-2: Allied powers were fighting for the preservation of democracy and liberty and in many cases, soldiers from colonies defeated Axis armies. This led to rising of nationalism among these soldiers and contributed to disaffection against the colonial power. 5. Communist Russia gave arms and aid to freedom fighters of many colonies. For example, Angola, Namibia 6. Western Education led to rising of modern nationalism among colonies who now demanded democracy and self-rule. Also, an economic critique of colonialism was developed. Example: By moderates in India-Drain theory. And therefore now colonies intellectually and patriotically challenged colonialism and many western educated leaders led freedom struggles. Trends during Decolonisation : 1.1945-51: British decolonized some colonies. 1951-57: British resisted decolonization as conservatives were in power; 1957 onwards: Realisation that its must to decolonization-therefore British now followed threshold approach. 2. There was a link between the number of white settlers and decolonization. West Africa had fewer white settlers. Therefore, decolonization from British rule happened earlier and more easily. In East Africa, it was tough and in Southern Africa, it was toughest as they were a high number of white settlers. White settlers resisted black majority rule and when Britain pressurized them, they declared independence under the white minority government. For example, Zimbabwe and South Africa. In the case of Algeria of France, the French army in Algeria revolted against the French government of Charles Degually when he hinted at decolonizing Algeria. French soldiers and French settlers were present in high numbers in Algeria. 3. Chances of decolonization under Black majority rule increased when neighboring colonies got independence under black majority rule. For Example, the Freedom struggle of SWAPO in today"s Namibia against South Africa got a boost when Angola became independent in 1975. Similarly for Ziambwe, when Mozambique got independence in 1975. And For South Africa, when the black majority was established in Zimbabwe in 1890. The black majority countries applied sanctions on white minority governments, gave safe haven, arms, and aid to guerilla freedom fighters. 4. Power was transferred to modern and western educated leaders against the pro-rebel leaders so that the life and property of white settlers is preserved and post-independence the colony does not join the communist camp. 5. Britain was a responsible decoloniser while others like France and Portugal were reluctant -British followed a step-by-step approach whereby: First step-Threshold i.e., the realization that decolonization is a must. The second step-Gave limited self-government within the British empire so the people gave the experience of governance. Third step-Full Independence. Fourth Step-Reluctant decolonizes militarily suppressed freedom struggle at their end and then exited suddenly leaving the country in the hands of inexperienced leaders.
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##Question:Explaining the reasons for the decolonization, briefly discuss the trends of decolonization.(250 words/15 Marks)##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduction: Define decolonization. 2. Body: Discuss the reasons for Decolonisation and the trends in decolonization with examples. Model Answer: Decolonization means giving independence to the colonies by their respective colonial powers. Reasons for Decolonisation: 1. The decline of European economies because of the 2 world wars and the great depression 1929. Therefore could not bear the cost of maintaining colonies. eg. In many cases nationalists were inspired by guerilla warfare tactics and in some cases like Algeria, Indonesia, India there were strong nationalist movements. 2. External Pressures of US, USSR, and UN: United Nations-favoured liberty and independence plus UN would become more representative organization with the expansion of membership. US was sympathetic to the anti-colonial struggle of colonies as it itself fought against British colonialism(AR 1765-83). Decolonization would boost US exports. To prevent colonies turning pro-USSR or communist after independence which would eventually come. Colonies were poor, therefore many nationalist leaders were attracted to the ideology of socialism and the USSR, therefore, supported the anti-colonial struggle. USSR-Communist favored the ideology of decolonization as based on ideas of equality, internationalism, and the idea that colonialism is the product of capitalism plus decolonization will weaken capitalist powers. 3. Neocolonialism: Colonial powers especially Britain wanted to continue the benefits of colonialism in the form of neo-colonialism(exploitation and domination by foreigners despite political independence). Was done by ex-colonial powers either directly or via international institutions like IMF and World Bank. Therefore, colonial powers adopted a threshold approach where they resisted decolonization up to a point but then they exited so as to maintain special relationships post-independence. For example, via tools of the commonwealth; aid and loans; Trade and Investment agreements; IMF, and World Bank. 4. Exposure to soldiers from colonies during World War-2: Allied powers were fighting for the preservation of democracy and liberty and in many cases, soldiers from colonies defeated Axis armies. This led to rising of nationalism among these soldiers and contributed to disaffection against the colonial power. 5. Communist Russia gave arms and aid to freedom fighters of many colonies. For example, Angola, Namibia 6. Western Education led to rising of modern nationalism among colonies who now demanded democracy and self-rule. Also, an economic critique of colonialism was developed. Example: By moderates in India-Drain theory. And therefore now colonies intellectually and patriotically challenged colonialism and many western educated leaders led freedom struggles. Trends during Decolonisation : 1.1945-51: British decolonized some colonies. 1951-57: British resisted decolonization as conservatives were in power; 1957 onwards: Realisation that its must to decolonization-therefore British now followed threshold approach. 2. There was a link between the number of white settlers and decolonization. West Africa had fewer white settlers. Therefore, decolonization from British rule happened earlier and more easily. In East Africa, it was tough and in Southern Africa, it was toughest as they were a high number of white settlers. White settlers resisted black majority rule and when Britain pressurized them, they declared independence under the white minority government. For example, Zimbabwe and South Africa. In the case of Algeria of France, the French army in Algeria revolted against the French government of Charles Degually when he hinted at decolonizing Algeria. French soldiers and French settlers were present in high numbers in Algeria. 3. Chances of decolonization under Black majority rule increased when neighboring colonies got independence under black majority rule. For Example, the Freedom struggle of SWAPO in today"s Namibia against South Africa got a boost when Angola became independent in 1975. Similarly for Ziambwe, when Mozambique got independence in 1975. And For South Africa, when the black majority was established in Zimbabwe in 1890. The black majority countries applied sanctions on white minority governments, gave safe haven, arms, and aid to guerilla freedom fighters. 4. Power was transferred to modern and western educated leaders against the pro-rebel leaders so that the life and property of white settlers is preserved and post-independence the colony does not join the communist camp. 5. Britain was a responsible decoloniser while others like France and Portugal were reluctant -British followed a step-by-step approach whereby: First step-Threshold i.e., the realization that decolonization is a must. The second step-Gave limited self-government within the British empire so the people gave the experience of governance. Third step-Full Independence. Fourth Step-Reluctant decolonizes militarily suppressed freedom struggle at their end and then exited suddenly leaving the country in the hands of inexperienced leaders.
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What are the features of Indian Agriculture during pre-independent India? Also, discuss the implications and challenges of the zamindari abolition post-independence. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Briefly mention the status of Indian Agriculture in the Introduction. Highlight various features of Indian Agriculture during pre-independent India. Briefly mentions various implications of Abolition of Zamindari/intermediaries in such land reforms. Then write down the challenges faced during the implementation of Zamindari abolitions Conclude your answer based on the above points. Model Answer: Agriculture in India is one of the most important economic activities for its potential in food security, employment, and welfare. It contributes about 20.2 % to India"s GDP (2020-21). As per PLFS data, a total of 45.6 million jobs were created in India during 2018-19 to 2019-20 out of which there are around 70% jobs in the agricultural sector. India"s agriculture sector today has been evolved from a pre-independent structure to a modern structure through many land reforms initiatives taken by Indian govt. in the post-independence era. Features of Indian Agriculture before Independence It was characterized by absentee land ownership. The rents didn"t have any relationship with the output value of the land. Investment in agriculture suffered due to the insecurity of the tenure of the tenant. The rise in population at the increasing pressure of population on land led to a decrease in the average size of landholdings. 1/5th of agricultural families were landless laborers. Among families who had land to cultivate, 38% of them has land less than 2.5 acres and this total constituted 6% of the cultivated area. 59% of these families have land less than 5 acres which constituted 16% of the total cultivable area. To correct the above issues, the Agrarian reforms committee under the chairmanship of J.C.Kumarappa was constituted in 1949 which suggested numerous land reforms. On the suggestions of the same, the Govt. of India has taken numerous land reforms initiatives like the abolition of zamindari, tenancy reforms, land consolidation, land ceiling, etc. Out of all these reforms, abolition of Zamindari was most successfully implemented land reforms whose implications and challenges are given as below: Implications of Abolition of Zamindari/Intermediaries: It ended the system of the exploitative system of rent collection. 63 million hectares of land was released from the hand of intermediaries. At least 20 million tenants were brought directly in relation to the government. The ownership of common property resources like forests, lakes, ponds, etc. was vested in the state governments for proper planning and development. The wasteland amounting to some 6 million hectares was distributed among the landless. Challenges of Abolition of Zamindari/Intermediaries: State governments took 4 to 9 years to formulate proposals and to pass from the legislature. This gave enough time to Zamindars to prepare for its eventual implementation and they manipulated the land records by registering it under relatives" names, reclassifying land under different heads, etc. The zamindars went to the court against these legislations and in most cases, the court verdict was in favor of zamindars and declared the legislation unconstitutional. Most legislation allowed zamindars to retain ownership of Land if they themselves were willing to cultivate their land. By using this provision, a large no. of tenants was evicted and the class of zamindars became the new class of landowners. The absence of written and updated land records led to a major failure of the implementation of these reforms. Many state legislation gave the right to tenants to voluntarily give up their tenancy and use by the zamindars whereas forces were used to evict the tenants and it was shown as voluntary surrender. Thus, though these reforms" initiative faces numerous challenges their implications were huge in the development of the Indian agriculture sector. Along with numerous modern initiatives like digitalization of land records, agricultural marketing reforms, this sector not only makes India sufficient in food grains but also makes it one of the major exporters of agricultural produces.
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##Question:What are the features of Indian Agriculture during pre-independent India? Also, discuss the implications and challenges of the zamindari abolition post-independence. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Briefly mention the status of Indian Agriculture in the Introduction. Highlight various features of Indian Agriculture during pre-independent India. Briefly mentions various implications of Abolition of Zamindari/intermediaries in such land reforms. Then write down the challenges faced during the implementation of Zamindari abolitions Conclude your answer based on the above points. Model Answer: Agriculture in India is one of the most important economic activities for its potential in food security, employment, and welfare. It contributes about 20.2 % to India"s GDP (2020-21). As per PLFS data, a total of 45.6 million jobs were created in India during 2018-19 to 2019-20 out of which there are around 70% jobs in the agricultural sector. India"s agriculture sector today has been evolved from a pre-independent structure to a modern structure through many land reforms initiatives taken by Indian govt. in the post-independence era. Features of Indian Agriculture before Independence It was characterized by absentee land ownership. The rents didn"t have any relationship with the output value of the land. Investment in agriculture suffered due to the insecurity of the tenure of the tenant. The rise in population at the increasing pressure of population on land led to a decrease in the average size of landholdings. 1/5th of agricultural families were landless laborers. Among families who had land to cultivate, 38% of them has land less than 2.5 acres and this total constituted 6% of the cultivated area. 59% of these families have land less than 5 acres which constituted 16% of the total cultivable area. To correct the above issues, the Agrarian reforms committee under the chairmanship of J.C.Kumarappa was constituted in 1949 which suggested numerous land reforms. On the suggestions of the same, the Govt. of India has taken numerous land reforms initiatives like the abolition of zamindari, tenancy reforms, land consolidation, land ceiling, etc. Out of all these reforms, abolition of Zamindari was most successfully implemented land reforms whose implications and challenges are given as below: Implications of Abolition of Zamindari/Intermediaries: It ended the system of the exploitative system of rent collection. 63 million hectares of land was released from the hand of intermediaries. At least 20 million tenants were brought directly in relation to the government. The ownership of common property resources like forests, lakes, ponds, etc. was vested in the state governments for proper planning and development. The wasteland amounting to some 6 million hectares was distributed among the landless. Challenges of Abolition of Zamindari/Intermediaries: State governments took 4 to 9 years to formulate proposals and to pass from the legislature. This gave enough time to Zamindars to prepare for its eventual implementation and they manipulated the land records by registering it under relatives" names, reclassifying land under different heads, etc. The zamindars went to the court against these legislations and in most cases, the court verdict was in favor of zamindars and declared the legislation unconstitutional. Most legislation allowed zamindars to retain ownership of Land if they themselves were willing to cultivate their land. By using this provision, a large no. of tenants was evicted and the class of zamindars became the new class of landowners. The absence of written and updated land records led to a major failure of the implementation of these reforms. Many state legislation gave the right to tenants to voluntarily give up their tenancy and use by the zamindars whereas forces were used to evict the tenants and it was shown as voluntary surrender. Thus, though these reforms" initiative faces numerous challenges their implications were huge in the development of the Indian agriculture sector. Along with numerous modern initiatives like digitalization of land records, agricultural marketing reforms, this sector not only makes India sufficient in food grains but also makes it one of the major exporters of agricultural produces.
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Explain the various fluvial landforms formed during the mature and old stages of a river. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction- The answer will start with explaining the fluvial processes. Body- Briefly discuss the landforms formed in the mature and old stages of a river. Note- The students are expected to draw small simple diagrams to explain the landforms. Answer: Fluvial processes are associated with the movement of rivers and erosional and depositional activity involved with them. The landforms created as a result of degradational action (erosion) or aggradational work (deposition) of running water are called fluvial landforms. They occur in different stages of the course of the river. Stages of Course of the river and associated landforms: 1. Mature stage- The speed reduces in this stage, thus it shows both erosional and depositional activity. a. Interlocking spurs Due to the sinuous path of the river at the foothill, the land gets carved just like the tooth of the zip interlocking one against the other. Such an interlocking of the land is called an interlocking spur. b. Meanders It is a curved path in which the river moves in the plain. Meanders are formed because the river cannot cut the hard rocks in the path due to lower energy and it is unable to erode the rocks. On the concave bank, continuous erosion occurs and on the convex bank, continuous deposition occurs. On the concave bank, river cliffs are formed while on the convex bank, slip-offs are formed. 2. Old stage - This is the final stage of the course of the river which will have the minimum speed and greatest depositional activity. Various landforms are: a. Ox-bow lakes It is formed due to the bisection of the river meander due to the erosion along the concave banks of the river. Oxbow lakes are crescent-shaped lakes. Example: Gogabheel lake on Mahananda river in Bihar. b. Braided channels When the sediments get deposited within the channel of the river obstructing the flow of the river water, such a deposition of sediments within the river channel is called a braid. When the river is having a number of braids, then such a channel is known as a braided channel. Example: Brahmaputra river at Jorhat district of Assam c. Riverine islands When a few braids combine to form a larger braid and surface above the water level, such a larger braid is called a riverine island. Example- Majuli island of Assam on the Brahmaputra. d. Distributaries They are the streams of a river found at the mouth of the river. One river channel gets bifurcated into a number of minor streams known as distributaries. Example- Ganga river in the state of West Bengal is bifurcated and forms the largest distributary of India known as the Hugli river. Godavari river after crossing the Eastern Ghats(Papikonda) of Andhra Pradesh is bifurcated into a number of distributaries. e. Deltas Delta is a Greek term that is a triangle in shape. Most of the rivers while getting confluence at the sea or ocean forms a triangle-shaped landform called delta. Example: Ganga-Brahmaputra delta, Godavari river delta, etc.
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##Question:Explain the various fluvial landforms formed during the mature and old stages of a river. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction- The answer will start with explaining the fluvial processes. Body- Briefly discuss the landforms formed in the mature and old stages of a river. Note- The students are expected to draw small simple diagrams to explain the landforms. Answer: Fluvial processes are associated with the movement of rivers and erosional and depositional activity involved with them. The landforms created as a result of degradational action (erosion) or aggradational work (deposition) of running water are called fluvial landforms. They occur in different stages of the course of the river. Stages of Course of the river and associated landforms: 1. Mature stage- The speed reduces in this stage, thus it shows both erosional and depositional activity. a. Interlocking spurs Due to the sinuous path of the river at the foothill, the land gets carved just like the tooth of the zip interlocking one against the other. Such an interlocking of the land is called an interlocking spur. b. Meanders It is a curved path in which the river moves in the plain. Meanders are formed because the river cannot cut the hard rocks in the path due to lower energy and it is unable to erode the rocks. On the concave bank, continuous erosion occurs and on the convex bank, continuous deposition occurs. On the concave bank, river cliffs are formed while on the convex bank, slip-offs are formed. 2. Old stage - This is the final stage of the course of the river which will have the minimum speed and greatest depositional activity. Various landforms are: a. Ox-bow lakes It is formed due to the bisection of the river meander due to the erosion along the concave banks of the river. Oxbow lakes are crescent-shaped lakes. Example: Gogabheel lake on Mahananda river in Bihar. b. Braided channels When the sediments get deposited within the channel of the river obstructing the flow of the river water, such a deposition of sediments within the river channel is called a braid. When the river is having a number of braids, then such a channel is known as a braided channel. Example: Brahmaputra river at Jorhat district of Assam c. Riverine islands When a few braids combine to form a larger braid and surface above the water level, such a larger braid is called a riverine island. Example- Majuli island of Assam on the Brahmaputra. d. Distributaries They are the streams of a river found at the mouth of the river. One river channel gets bifurcated into a number of minor streams known as distributaries. Example- Ganga river in the state of West Bengal is bifurcated and forms the largest distributary of India known as the Hugli river. Godavari river after crossing the Eastern Ghats(Papikonda) of Andhra Pradesh is bifurcated into a number of distributaries. e. Deltas Delta is a Greek term that is a triangle in shape. Most of the rivers while getting confluence at the sea or ocean forms a triangle-shaped landform called delta. Example: Ganga-Brahmaputra delta, Godavari river delta, etc.
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ओज़ोन क्षरण (Ozone depletion) तथा जलवायु पर इसके प्रभाव का विवरण प्रस्तुत कीजिए| साथ ही, ओज़ोन परत के संरक्षण में मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल की भूमिका पर प्रकाश डालिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Give an account of ozone depletion and its impact on climate. Also, discuss the role of Montreal Protocol in the protection of the ozone layer. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)
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एप्रोच - ओज़ोन क्षरण(Ozone depletion) एवं ओज़ोन विघटनकारी पदार्थ या Ozone depleting substances(ODS) की चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए| पहले भाग में, ओज़ोन क्षरण (Ozone depletion) की वजह से जलवायु पर इसके प्रभाव का विवरण प्रस्तुत कीजिए| अगले भाग में, ओज़ोन परत के संरक्षण में मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल की भूमिका पर प्रकाश डालिए| निष्कर्षतः, इस संदर्भ में आगे की राह(जैसे - किगाली संशोधन का जिक्र आदि) के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| उत्तर - ओज़ोन क्षरण(Ozone depletion) ---> CFC क्लोरिन, फ़्लोरिन तथा कार्बन परमाणुओं से युक्त कृत्रिम औद्योगिक रासायनिक यौगिक है तथा CFC का सबसे ज्यादा इस्तेमाल रेफ्रीजरेशन प्रक्रिया में किया जाता है| जब CFC वायु में उत्सर्जित होते हैं तो लंबबत वायुमंडलीय परिसंचरण के द्वारा समतापमंडल में ओज़ोन परत तक पहुँच जाते हैं| इन प्रदूषकों के कारण समतापमंडलीय ओज़ोन का परत क्षीण हुआ है| CFC पराबैंगनी किरणों को अवशोषित कर क्लोरिन परमाणु को मुक्त कर देता है| क्लोरिन परमाणु ओज़ोन के साथ अभिक्रिया करके क्लोरिन मोनोऑक्साइड का निर्माण करता है तथा ओज़ोन को ऑक्सीजन अणुओं के रूप में विघटित कर देते हैं| क्लोरिन मोनोऑक्साइड पुनः ऑक्सीजन परमाणु से अभिक्रिया कर ऑक्सीजन अणु और क्लोरिन परमाणु को मुक्त कर देता है| इस प्रकार CFCs से प्राप्त क्लोरिन परमाणु एक श्रृंखला अभिक्रिया के रूप में ओज़ोन परत का ह्रास करते हैं| ओज़ोन परत में सबसे अधिक गिरावट ध्रुवीय क्षेत्रों के आसपास देखी जाती है| इसका कारण समताप मंडल में पोलर स्ट्रेटोस्फीयरिक बादलों अथवा नेक्रियस बादलों की उपस्थिती है| इन बादलों में नाइट्रिक एसिड तथा सल्फ्यूरिक एसिड उपस्थित होते हैं| नाइट्रिक एसिड की उपस्थिति के कारण क्लोरिन उत्प्रेरित ओज़ोन ह्रास की प्रक्रिया तीव्र हो जाती है| इन बादलों का निर्माण मुख्य रूप से शीतकाल में पोलर वर्टेक्स की उपस्थिति के कारण समतापमंडल में तापमान में अत्यधिक गिरावट होने से होता है| पोलर वर्टेक्स एक तरह के परिध्रुवीय चक्रवात होते हैं जो ध्रुवीय क्षेत्रों में उपरी परिसंचरण के रूप में कायम रहते हैं| इनकी उपस्थिति दक्षिणी ध्रुव पर अधिक सक्रीय होती है| इस कारण उत्तरी ध्रुव की अपेक्षा दक्षिणी ध्रुव पर (अंटार्कटिका के ऊपर) ओज़ोन परत का सबसे अधिक ह्रास होता है| ओज़ोन विघटनकारी पदार्थ या Ozone depleting substances(ODS) के उदाहरण ---> क्लोरो फ्लोरो कार्बन/ Chloro fluoro carbons (CFCs); हाइड्रो क्लोरो फ्लोरो कार्बन/ Hydro chloro fluoro carbons (HCFCs); हाइड्रो ब्रोमो फ्लोरो कार्बन/ Hydro bromo fluro carbons (HBFCs); हैलोंस(Halons); मिथाइल ब्रोमाइड; कार्बन टेट्राकलोराइड; मिथाइल क्लोरोफॉर्म ओजोन परिवर्तन एवं जलवायु पर इसका प्रभाव जलवायु प्रणाली में ओज़ोन महत्वपूर्ण है और इसमें होने वाला परिवर्तन क्षोभमंडल और समतापमंडल दोनों को प्रभावित कर सकता है| समतापमंडलीय जलवायु पर प्रभाव ---> ODS में वृद्धि के परिणामस्वरूप समतापमंडलीय ओजोन में कमी समतापमंडलीय शीतलन के लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण योगदानकर्ता रही है| ODS 1979-2005 के मध्य उपरी समतापमंडल के शीतलन के लगभग एक-तिहाई भाग के लिए उत्तरदायी है वहीँ, दो-तिहाई शीतलन अन्य ग्रीनहाउस गैसों में वृद्धि के परिणामस्वरुप हुआ है| धरातलीय जलवायु और महासागरों पर प्रभाव ---> 20 वीं सदी के उत्तरार्ध में दक्षिणी गोलार्ध की जलवायु में ग्रीष्मकाल के दौरान होने वाले परिवर्तन का मुख्य कारण ओजोन क्षरण के परिणामस्वरूप निचले समतापमंडल का शीतलन है| इन परिवर्तनों के अंतर्गत धरातलीय तापमान और वर्षा से संबंधित प्रभावों सहित, दक्षिणी गोलार्ध के क्षोभमंडलीय परिसंचरण का दक्षिणी ध्रुव की ओर विस्थापन शामिल है| ओजोन क्षरण के परिणामस्वरूप समतापमंडलीय परिसंचरण में हुए परिवर्तनों ने दक्षिणी महासागर के तापमान और परिसंचरण की हालिया प्रवृति में योगदान दिया है| अंटार्कटिक सागर के हिमाच्छादन पर इसका प्रतिकूल प्रभाव स्पष्ट रहा है| ओज़ोन परत के संरक्षण में मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल की भूमिका वियना कन्वेंशन(1985 में हस्ताक्षरित) के बाद ओज़ोन परत संरक्षण के संदर्भ में 1987 में हस्ताक्षरित मांट्रियल प्रोटोकॉलका मुख्य लक्ष्य संवेदनशील ओज़ोन परत की रक्षा के क्रम में ओज़ोन क्षयकारी पदार्थों के उत्पादन और खपत को कम करना है| मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल एक अंतरराष्ट्रीय संधि है जिसके माध्यम से ओजोन परत के क्षरण हेतु जिम्मेदार पदार्थों के उत्पादन एवं उपभोग में कमी लाने का प्रयास किया गया था| संयुक्त राष्ट्र पर्यावरण कार्यक्रम के प्रयासों से 1987 में इस प्रोटोकॉल को अपनाया गया था| इस प्रोटोकॉल के माध्यम से बाध्यकारी समझौते के तहत उत्सर्जन कम करने हेतु तथा क्लोरोफ्लोरोकार्बन के उपयोग एवं उत्पादन को पूरी तरीके से प्रतिबंधित करने हेतु विकसित एवं विकासशील देशों को अलग अलग समय सीमा का पालन करना था| मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल का आंकलन तथा उपलब्धियां ओजोन विघटनकारी पदार्थों का खात्मा - 2010 तक इस प्रोटोकॉल के माध्यम से सीएफसीसी तथा हेलॉन जैसे कई प्रमुख विघटनकारी तत्वों के उत्पादन तथा उपभोग पर अंकुश लगा लिया गया है| ओजोन परत का संरक्षण तथा उसकी मोटाई में बढ़ोतरी; मांट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल के अंतर्गत दीर्घावधि तक विद्यमान रहने वाले ODSs के नियंत्रण के परिणामस्वरुप कुल समतापमंडलीय क्लोरिन और कुल समतापमंडलीय ब्रोमीन दोनों की वायुमंडलीय मात्रा में 2014 के आंकलन के बाद से गिरावट जारी है| वैश्विक तापन रोकने में भूमिका - सीएफसी हेलॉन, कार्बन टेट्राक्लोराइड जैसे ओजोन विघटनकारी पदार्थों द्वारा वैश्विक तापन में भी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई जाती थी| मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल के तहत इनपर रोक लगने से वैश्विक तापन की समस्या को भी हल करने में मदद मिलेगी| वैश्विक सहयोग का अनूठा उदाहरण यह प्रोटोकॉल पेश करता है| वस्तुतः यह एकमात्र ऐसी पर्यावरण संधि है जिसे संयुक्त राष्ट्र के सभी सदस्य देश अपनाते हैं| विकासशील देशों को संधि के क्रियान्वयन हेतु बहुपक्षीय फंड के माध्यम से विकसित देशों द्वारा वित की आपूर्ति सुनिश्चित हुई| लक्ष्यों को पूरा करने में विकसित एवं विकासशील देशों का व्यापक सहयोग एवं उत्साह; स्वास्थ्य एवं पर्यावरण संबंधी लाभ - इससे एक ओर जहाँ त्वचा कैंसर, सनबर्न जैसी बीमारियों से राहत मिली वहीं देशों को स्वास्थ्य क्षेत्र में कम सार्वजनिक करना पड़ा| मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल के क्रियान्वयन के 30 वर्षों के दौरान इस संधि ने असाधारण अंतरराष्ट्रीय सहयोग का उदाहरण पेश किया है| संयुक्त राष्ट्र के सभी 197 सदस्य देशों द्वारा मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल के अपनाने से इसे सार्वभौमिक समझौते के रूप में गिना जाता है| साथ ही, इसे इतिहास में सबसे अधिक सफल अंतरराष्ट्रीय पर्यावरण संधि माना गया है| इसमें जनता, उद्योगों तथा सरकारों की जागरूकता; गैर हस्ताक्षरकर्ता देशों के प्रति व्यापार प्रतिबंध जैसे कठोर कदम; प्रोटोकॉल के तहत मजबूत प्रवर्तन प्रावधानों के साथ-साथ सुव्यवस्थित प्रतिबद्धता; वैश्विक जानकारियों एवं शोधों के साथ इसे लचीला बनाया जाना जैसे कदम सफलता हेतु उत्तरदायी थें| आगे की राह कार्बन टेट्राक्लोराइड और डाइक्लोरो मीथेन जैसे पदार्थों के नियंत्रित और अनियंत्रित उत्सर्जन का पूर्ण उन्मूलन क्लोरोफ्लोरोकार्बन, हेलोन और हाइड्रोक्लोरोफ्लोरोकार्बन की अधिशेष मात्रा को पुनः प्राप्त करना और उसे नष्ट करना HCFC और मिथाइल ब्रोमाइड उत्पादन को समाप्त करना नाइट्रस ऑक्साइड उत्सर्जन का शमन किगाली लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करने पर ध्यान केंद्रित करना किगाली समझौता -> 2016 में 197 देशों के द्वारा हाइड्रो फ्लोरो कार्बन (HFCs) श्रेणी की ग्रीनहाउस गैसों के उत्सर्जन को कम करने हेतु किया गया ऐतिहासिक समझौता इसके द्वारा 1987 के मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल में संशोधन कर उसमें वैश्विक तापन हेतु जिम्मेदार गैसों को भी सम्मिलित्त किया गया है| सदस्य देशों के लिए बाध्यकारी तथा गैर अनुपालन के मामले में दंड का भी प्रावधान
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##Question:ओज़ोन क्षरण (Ozone depletion) तथा जलवायु पर इसके प्रभाव का विवरण प्रस्तुत कीजिए| साथ ही, ओज़ोन परत के संरक्षण में मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल की भूमिका पर प्रकाश डालिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Give an account of ozone depletion and its impact on climate. Also, discuss the role of Montreal Protocol in the protection of the ozone layer. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)##Answer:एप्रोच - ओज़ोन क्षरण(Ozone depletion) एवं ओज़ोन विघटनकारी पदार्थ या Ozone depleting substances(ODS) की चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए| पहले भाग में, ओज़ोन क्षरण (Ozone depletion) की वजह से जलवायु पर इसके प्रभाव का विवरण प्रस्तुत कीजिए| अगले भाग में, ओज़ोन परत के संरक्षण में मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल की भूमिका पर प्रकाश डालिए| निष्कर्षतः, इस संदर्भ में आगे की राह(जैसे - किगाली संशोधन का जिक्र आदि) के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| उत्तर - ओज़ोन क्षरण(Ozone depletion) ---> CFC क्लोरिन, फ़्लोरिन तथा कार्बन परमाणुओं से युक्त कृत्रिम औद्योगिक रासायनिक यौगिक है तथा CFC का सबसे ज्यादा इस्तेमाल रेफ्रीजरेशन प्रक्रिया में किया जाता है| जब CFC वायु में उत्सर्जित होते हैं तो लंबबत वायुमंडलीय परिसंचरण के द्वारा समतापमंडल में ओज़ोन परत तक पहुँच जाते हैं| इन प्रदूषकों के कारण समतापमंडलीय ओज़ोन का परत क्षीण हुआ है| CFC पराबैंगनी किरणों को अवशोषित कर क्लोरिन परमाणु को मुक्त कर देता है| क्लोरिन परमाणु ओज़ोन के साथ अभिक्रिया करके क्लोरिन मोनोऑक्साइड का निर्माण करता है तथा ओज़ोन को ऑक्सीजन अणुओं के रूप में विघटित कर देते हैं| क्लोरिन मोनोऑक्साइड पुनः ऑक्सीजन परमाणु से अभिक्रिया कर ऑक्सीजन अणु और क्लोरिन परमाणु को मुक्त कर देता है| इस प्रकार CFCs से प्राप्त क्लोरिन परमाणु एक श्रृंखला अभिक्रिया के रूप में ओज़ोन परत का ह्रास करते हैं| ओज़ोन परत में सबसे अधिक गिरावट ध्रुवीय क्षेत्रों के आसपास देखी जाती है| इसका कारण समताप मंडल में पोलर स्ट्रेटोस्फीयरिक बादलों अथवा नेक्रियस बादलों की उपस्थिती है| इन बादलों में नाइट्रिक एसिड तथा सल्फ्यूरिक एसिड उपस्थित होते हैं| नाइट्रिक एसिड की उपस्थिति के कारण क्लोरिन उत्प्रेरित ओज़ोन ह्रास की प्रक्रिया तीव्र हो जाती है| इन बादलों का निर्माण मुख्य रूप से शीतकाल में पोलर वर्टेक्स की उपस्थिति के कारण समतापमंडल में तापमान में अत्यधिक गिरावट होने से होता है| पोलर वर्टेक्स एक तरह के परिध्रुवीय चक्रवात होते हैं जो ध्रुवीय क्षेत्रों में उपरी परिसंचरण के रूप में कायम रहते हैं| इनकी उपस्थिति दक्षिणी ध्रुव पर अधिक सक्रीय होती है| इस कारण उत्तरी ध्रुव की अपेक्षा दक्षिणी ध्रुव पर (अंटार्कटिका के ऊपर) ओज़ोन परत का सबसे अधिक ह्रास होता है| ओज़ोन विघटनकारी पदार्थ या Ozone depleting substances(ODS) के उदाहरण ---> क्लोरो फ्लोरो कार्बन/ Chloro fluoro carbons (CFCs); हाइड्रो क्लोरो फ्लोरो कार्बन/ Hydro chloro fluoro carbons (HCFCs); हाइड्रो ब्रोमो फ्लोरो कार्बन/ Hydro bromo fluro carbons (HBFCs); हैलोंस(Halons); मिथाइल ब्रोमाइड; कार्बन टेट्राकलोराइड; मिथाइल क्लोरोफॉर्म ओजोन परिवर्तन एवं जलवायु पर इसका प्रभाव जलवायु प्रणाली में ओज़ोन महत्वपूर्ण है और इसमें होने वाला परिवर्तन क्षोभमंडल और समतापमंडल दोनों को प्रभावित कर सकता है| समतापमंडलीय जलवायु पर प्रभाव ---> ODS में वृद्धि के परिणामस्वरूप समतापमंडलीय ओजोन में कमी समतापमंडलीय शीतलन के लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण योगदानकर्ता रही है| ODS 1979-2005 के मध्य उपरी समतापमंडल के शीतलन के लगभग एक-तिहाई भाग के लिए उत्तरदायी है वहीँ, दो-तिहाई शीतलन अन्य ग्रीनहाउस गैसों में वृद्धि के परिणामस्वरुप हुआ है| धरातलीय जलवायु और महासागरों पर प्रभाव ---> 20 वीं सदी के उत्तरार्ध में दक्षिणी गोलार्ध की जलवायु में ग्रीष्मकाल के दौरान होने वाले परिवर्तन का मुख्य कारण ओजोन क्षरण के परिणामस्वरूप निचले समतापमंडल का शीतलन है| इन परिवर्तनों के अंतर्गत धरातलीय तापमान और वर्षा से संबंधित प्रभावों सहित, दक्षिणी गोलार्ध के क्षोभमंडलीय परिसंचरण का दक्षिणी ध्रुव की ओर विस्थापन शामिल है| ओजोन क्षरण के परिणामस्वरूप समतापमंडलीय परिसंचरण में हुए परिवर्तनों ने दक्षिणी महासागर के तापमान और परिसंचरण की हालिया प्रवृति में योगदान दिया है| अंटार्कटिक सागर के हिमाच्छादन पर इसका प्रतिकूल प्रभाव स्पष्ट रहा है| ओज़ोन परत के संरक्षण में मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल की भूमिका वियना कन्वेंशन(1985 में हस्ताक्षरित) के बाद ओज़ोन परत संरक्षण के संदर्भ में 1987 में हस्ताक्षरित मांट्रियल प्रोटोकॉलका मुख्य लक्ष्य संवेदनशील ओज़ोन परत की रक्षा के क्रम में ओज़ोन क्षयकारी पदार्थों के उत्पादन और खपत को कम करना है| मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल एक अंतरराष्ट्रीय संधि है जिसके माध्यम से ओजोन परत के क्षरण हेतु जिम्मेदार पदार्थों के उत्पादन एवं उपभोग में कमी लाने का प्रयास किया गया था| संयुक्त राष्ट्र पर्यावरण कार्यक्रम के प्रयासों से 1987 में इस प्रोटोकॉल को अपनाया गया था| इस प्रोटोकॉल के माध्यम से बाध्यकारी समझौते के तहत उत्सर्जन कम करने हेतु तथा क्लोरोफ्लोरोकार्बन के उपयोग एवं उत्पादन को पूरी तरीके से प्रतिबंधित करने हेतु विकसित एवं विकासशील देशों को अलग अलग समय सीमा का पालन करना था| मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल का आंकलन तथा उपलब्धियां ओजोन विघटनकारी पदार्थों का खात्मा - 2010 तक इस प्रोटोकॉल के माध्यम से सीएफसीसी तथा हेलॉन जैसे कई प्रमुख विघटनकारी तत्वों के उत्पादन तथा उपभोग पर अंकुश लगा लिया गया है| ओजोन परत का संरक्षण तथा उसकी मोटाई में बढ़ोतरी; मांट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल के अंतर्गत दीर्घावधि तक विद्यमान रहने वाले ODSs के नियंत्रण के परिणामस्वरुप कुल समतापमंडलीय क्लोरिन और कुल समतापमंडलीय ब्रोमीन दोनों की वायुमंडलीय मात्रा में 2014 के आंकलन के बाद से गिरावट जारी है| वैश्विक तापन रोकने में भूमिका - सीएफसी हेलॉन, कार्बन टेट्राक्लोराइड जैसे ओजोन विघटनकारी पदार्थों द्वारा वैश्विक तापन में भी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई जाती थी| मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल के तहत इनपर रोक लगने से वैश्विक तापन की समस्या को भी हल करने में मदद मिलेगी| वैश्विक सहयोग का अनूठा उदाहरण यह प्रोटोकॉल पेश करता है| वस्तुतः यह एकमात्र ऐसी पर्यावरण संधि है जिसे संयुक्त राष्ट्र के सभी सदस्य देश अपनाते हैं| विकासशील देशों को संधि के क्रियान्वयन हेतु बहुपक्षीय फंड के माध्यम से विकसित देशों द्वारा वित की आपूर्ति सुनिश्चित हुई| लक्ष्यों को पूरा करने में विकसित एवं विकासशील देशों का व्यापक सहयोग एवं उत्साह; स्वास्थ्य एवं पर्यावरण संबंधी लाभ - इससे एक ओर जहाँ त्वचा कैंसर, सनबर्न जैसी बीमारियों से राहत मिली वहीं देशों को स्वास्थ्य क्षेत्र में कम सार्वजनिक करना पड़ा| मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल के क्रियान्वयन के 30 वर्षों के दौरान इस संधि ने असाधारण अंतरराष्ट्रीय सहयोग का उदाहरण पेश किया है| संयुक्त राष्ट्र के सभी 197 सदस्य देशों द्वारा मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल के अपनाने से इसे सार्वभौमिक समझौते के रूप में गिना जाता है| साथ ही, इसे इतिहास में सबसे अधिक सफल अंतरराष्ट्रीय पर्यावरण संधि माना गया है| इसमें जनता, उद्योगों तथा सरकारों की जागरूकता; गैर हस्ताक्षरकर्ता देशों के प्रति व्यापार प्रतिबंध जैसे कठोर कदम; प्रोटोकॉल के तहत मजबूत प्रवर्तन प्रावधानों के साथ-साथ सुव्यवस्थित प्रतिबद्धता; वैश्विक जानकारियों एवं शोधों के साथ इसे लचीला बनाया जाना जैसे कदम सफलता हेतु उत्तरदायी थें| आगे की राह कार्बन टेट्राक्लोराइड और डाइक्लोरो मीथेन जैसे पदार्थों के नियंत्रित और अनियंत्रित उत्सर्जन का पूर्ण उन्मूलन क्लोरोफ्लोरोकार्बन, हेलोन और हाइड्रोक्लोरोफ्लोरोकार्बन की अधिशेष मात्रा को पुनः प्राप्त करना और उसे नष्ट करना HCFC और मिथाइल ब्रोमाइड उत्पादन को समाप्त करना नाइट्रस ऑक्साइड उत्सर्जन का शमन किगाली लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करने पर ध्यान केंद्रित करना किगाली समझौता -> 2016 में 197 देशों के द्वारा हाइड्रो फ्लोरो कार्बन (HFCs) श्रेणी की ग्रीनहाउस गैसों के उत्सर्जन को कम करने हेतु किया गया ऐतिहासिक समझौता इसके द्वारा 1987 के मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल में संशोधन कर उसमें वैश्विक तापन हेतु जिम्मेदार गैसों को भी सम्मिलित्त किया गया है| सदस्य देशों के लिए बाध्यकारी तथा गैर अनुपालन के मामले में दंड का भी प्रावधान
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What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology/? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of society? (150 words/10 marks)
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APPROACH Define biotechnology. Discuss achievement in biotechnology Role of Biotech in Uplifting Poor’s Conclude ANSWER Biotechnology is a broad area of biology, involving the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products. Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the related scientific fields. Achievement in biotechnology Vaccines - mRNA vaccines are developed using biotechnology. An mRNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that uses a copy of a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response. 3D Printing organs - Artificial limbs are common but with biotechnology, we can develop internal organs like the liver, kidney etc. Biotechnology is used to produce genetically modified crops that are resistant to pests, improve crop yield, and have higher nutritional value. For example, Bt Cotton, GM Soyabean, etc. Biotechnology is also employed in waste management and reducing pollution. For example, Phytoremediation uses plants for the removal, degradation, or containment of contaminants in soils, groundwater, etc. Targeted cancer therapies - Targeted cancer therapies are drugs that work either by interfering with the function of specific molecules or by only targeting known cancerous cells, in order to minimize damage to healthy cells. Diagnosis of various diseases has become possible due to modern techniques. For example, RT-PCR is based on genetic amplification to detect the presence of viruses like Dengue, SARS, etc. Role of Biotech in Uplifting Poor’s Biotechnology is helping to increase the income of marginal farmers by increasing crop yield and making them climate and pest resilient. The development of medicines using Biotech is reducing healthcare expenditure for the poor. E.g; the cost of Insulin has come down. It has revolutionized medical science resulting in controlling the death rate and world-class treatment possible in India itself. With the help of biotechnology, we are able to treat genetic diseases which are more prevalent in an unaware poor section of society. Biotechnology is also helping in the conversion of waste into assets for the poor. E.g.; Bio-composting turns waste into valuable fertilizer. The cost of various common medicines has come down due to biotechnology, like the cost of insulin has come down. Establishing R&D facilities for biotechnology increases employment that also plays a small role. Biotechnology is a revolutionary field that has the potential to alleviate poverty and hunger. However, there is a need to equitably distribute its benefits among all strata of society. CSIR, CCMB, Institution of Genomics, National Institute OF Virology, etc. are the prominent institutions that make India a world leader in the field of biotechnology.
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##Question:What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology/? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of society? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:APPROACH Define biotechnology. Discuss achievement in biotechnology Role of Biotech in Uplifting Poor’s Conclude ANSWER Biotechnology is a broad area of biology, involving the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products. Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the related scientific fields. Achievement in biotechnology Vaccines - mRNA vaccines are developed using biotechnology. An mRNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that uses a copy of a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response. 3D Printing organs - Artificial limbs are common but with biotechnology, we can develop internal organs like the liver, kidney etc. Biotechnology is used to produce genetically modified crops that are resistant to pests, improve crop yield, and have higher nutritional value. For example, Bt Cotton, GM Soyabean, etc. Biotechnology is also employed in waste management and reducing pollution. For example, Phytoremediation uses plants for the removal, degradation, or containment of contaminants in soils, groundwater, etc. Targeted cancer therapies - Targeted cancer therapies are drugs that work either by interfering with the function of specific molecules or by only targeting known cancerous cells, in order to minimize damage to healthy cells. Diagnosis of various diseases has become possible due to modern techniques. For example, RT-PCR is based on genetic amplification to detect the presence of viruses like Dengue, SARS, etc. Role of Biotech in Uplifting Poor’s Biotechnology is helping to increase the income of marginal farmers by increasing crop yield and making them climate and pest resilient. The development of medicines using Biotech is reducing healthcare expenditure for the poor. E.g; the cost of Insulin has come down. It has revolutionized medical science resulting in controlling the death rate and world-class treatment possible in India itself. With the help of biotechnology, we are able to treat genetic diseases which are more prevalent in an unaware poor section of society. Biotechnology is also helping in the conversion of waste into assets for the poor. E.g.; Bio-composting turns waste into valuable fertilizer. The cost of various common medicines has come down due to biotechnology, like the cost of insulin has come down. Establishing R&D facilities for biotechnology increases employment that also plays a small role. Biotechnology is a revolutionary field that has the potential to alleviate poverty and hunger. However, there is a need to equitably distribute its benefits among all strata of society. CSIR, CCMB, Institution of Genomics, National Institute OF Virology, etc. are the prominent institutions that make India a world leader in the field of biotechnology.
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Communalism arises either due to power struggle or relative deprivation. Discuss. [150 words/10Marks]
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Approach: Start with the introduction of communalism in India. Body: Explain that Communalism indeed arises due to power struggle and relative deprivation Conclusion: Conclude with way forward points. Answer: Communalism is rooted in India’s cultural (Religious) diversity. The practice of Religious tolerance was observed during Ancient and Medieval times(Although few incidences of communalism). Peaceful coexistence among people of different religious faiths. To trace the origin of communalism from the British period. However, the British policy of divide and rule laid the foundations of communalism which the Indian state has found hard to tackle post-independence. Communalism indeed arises due to power struggles and relative deprivation Power struggle: The power struggle between political parties leads to voting bank politics with each trying to garner votes based on identity markers such as religion. Eg. Congress and BJP both trying to appease Muslims and in turn, strengthen the Hindu Muslim divide. Between majority and minority groups. Eg. Sikhs and Hindus. Relative deprivation: Deprivation makes groups fight for limited resources. For example Case with Assamese and Non-Assamese. Deprivation of the native groups led to movements throughout the state. Deprivation makes it easier to influence a group. Rather than self-introspect, they blame others for their condition. It causes them to support anyone who can help them marginally move above their misery. The policy of appeasement followed by the political leadership has also fanned communal sentiments for to Indian society for eg: How Rajiv Gandhi govt. turn on Shah Bano"s case. Way Forward: There is a need to initiate the process of de-communalization of the people at all levels, say, by explaining to them the socio-economic and political roots of communalism, and by letting them know that what the communalists project as problems are not the real problem and what they suggest as remedies are not the real remedies.
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##Question:Communalism arises either due to power struggle or relative deprivation. Discuss. [150 words/10Marks]##Answer:Approach: Start with the introduction of communalism in India. Body: Explain that Communalism indeed arises due to power struggle and relative deprivation Conclusion: Conclude with way forward points. Answer: Communalism is rooted in India’s cultural (Religious) diversity. The practice of Religious tolerance was observed during Ancient and Medieval times(Although few incidences of communalism). Peaceful coexistence among people of different religious faiths. To trace the origin of communalism from the British period. However, the British policy of divide and rule laid the foundations of communalism which the Indian state has found hard to tackle post-independence. Communalism indeed arises due to power struggles and relative deprivation Power struggle: The power struggle between political parties leads to voting bank politics with each trying to garner votes based on identity markers such as religion. Eg. Congress and BJP both trying to appease Muslims and in turn, strengthen the Hindu Muslim divide. Between majority and minority groups. Eg. Sikhs and Hindus. Relative deprivation: Deprivation makes groups fight for limited resources. For example Case with Assamese and Non-Assamese. Deprivation of the native groups led to movements throughout the state. Deprivation makes it easier to influence a group. Rather than self-introspect, they blame others for their condition. It causes them to support anyone who can help them marginally move above their misery. The policy of appeasement followed by the political leadership has also fanned communal sentiments for to Indian society for eg: How Rajiv Gandhi govt. turn on Shah Bano"s case. Way Forward: There is a need to initiate the process of de-communalization of the people at all levels, say, by explaining to them the socio-economic and political roots of communalism, and by letting them know that what the communalists project as problems are not the real problem and what they suggest as remedies are not the real remedies.
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Communalism arises either due to power struggle or relative deprivation. Discuss. [150 words/10Marks]
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Approach: Start with the introduction of communalism in India. Body: Explain that Communalism indeed arises due to power struggle and relative deprivation Conclusion: Conclude with way forward points. Answer: Communalism is rooted in India’s cultural (Religious) diversity. The practice of Religious tolerance was observed during Ancient and Medieval times(Although few incidences of communalism). Peaceful coexistence among people of different religious faiths. To trace the origin of communalism from the British period. However, the British policy of divide and rule laid the foundations of communalism which the Indian state has found hard to tackle post-independence. Communalism indeed arises due to power struggles and relative deprivation Power struggle: The power struggle between political parties leads to voting bank politics with each trying to garner votes based on identity markers such as religion. Eg. Congress and BJP both trying to appease Muslims and in turn, strengthen the Hindu Muslim divide. Between majority and minority groups. Eg. Sikhs and Hindus. Relative deprivation: Deprivation makes groups fight for limited resources. For example Case with Assamese and Non-Assamese. Deprivation of the native groups led to movements throughout the state. Deprivation makes it easier to influence a group. Rather than self-introspect, they blame others for their condition. It causes them to support anyone who can help them marginally move above their misery. The policy of appeasement followed by the political leadership has also fanned communal sentiments for to Indian society for eg: How Rajiv Gandhi govt. turn on Shah Bano"s case. Way Forward: There is a need to initiate the process of de-communalization of the people at all levels, say, by explaining to them the socio-economic and political roots of communalism, and by letting them know that what the communalists project as problems are not the real problem and what they suggest as remedies are not the real remedies.
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##Question:Communalism arises either due to power struggle or relative deprivation. Discuss. [150 words/10Marks]##Answer:Approach: Start with the introduction of communalism in India. Body: Explain that Communalism indeed arises due to power struggle and relative deprivation Conclusion: Conclude with way forward points. Answer: Communalism is rooted in India’s cultural (Religious) diversity. The practice of Religious tolerance was observed during Ancient and Medieval times(Although few incidences of communalism). Peaceful coexistence among people of different religious faiths. To trace the origin of communalism from the British period. However, the British policy of divide and rule laid the foundations of communalism which the Indian state has found hard to tackle post-independence. Communalism indeed arises due to power struggles and relative deprivation Power struggle: The power struggle between political parties leads to voting bank politics with each trying to garner votes based on identity markers such as religion. Eg. Congress and BJP both trying to appease Muslims and in turn, strengthen the Hindu Muslim divide. Between majority and minority groups. Eg. Sikhs and Hindus. Relative deprivation: Deprivation makes groups fight for limited resources. For example Case with Assamese and Non-Assamese. Deprivation of the native groups led to movements throughout the state. Deprivation makes it easier to influence a group. Rather than self-introspect, they blame others for their condition. It causes them to support anyone who can help them marginally move above their misery. The policy of appeasement followed by the political leadership has also fanned communal sentiments for to Indian society for eg: How Rajiv Gandhi govt. turn on Shah Bano"s case. Way Forward: There is a need to initiate the process of de-communalization of the people at all levels, say, by explaining to them the socio-economic and political roots of communalism, and by letting them know that what the communalists project as problems are not the real problem and what they suggest as remedies are not the real remedies.
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The economic regulations of Alauddin were the greatest administrative achievement of the Sultanate period. In the light of the above statement, comment on major market and agrarian reforms by Alauddin Khilji. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction: A brief description of Alaudin Khilji Brief description of economic regulations of Alaudin Khilji Major market reforms and agrarian reforms adopted by Alaudin Khilji Conclusion: Conclude your answer by highlighting the significance of these reforms Answer: In 1296 A.D., Ala-ud-din Khilji succeeded Jalal-ud-din Firoz Khilji and ascended the throne. Alauddin was considered the master of Market reforms. As per Barni, the basic objective of these reforms was to maintain a large and efficient army for keeping the Mongols in check. Such a large army could not be maintained and kept content out of the normal revenues of the state, unless the prices of commodities were reduced. Thus, economic regulations were primarily a military measure. The most important economic reforms introduced by Alaudin were aimed at regulation of the market and control of prices of essential commodities. Alauddin Khilji’s market reforms were oriented more towards administrative and military necessities than internal restructuring. Medieval rulers were expected to ensure that necessities of life, especially food-grains, were available to the city folk at fair or reasonable prices. This was so because the cities were the symbol of power and authority all over the Islamic world. Major market reforms adopted by Alaudin Khilji were: He created three types of markets: food grains, fruits, and vegetables, apparel, and slave and animal trade. Detailed regulations (zawabit) were framed for the control and administration for all these markets. He issued a set of seven regulations which came to be known as market control measures. These measures were enacted to regulate the activities of the traders who brought grain to Delhi. The Sultan fixed the prices of all commodities from grain to cloths, slaves, cattle, etc. He standardized weights and measures. The shopkeepers who violated the price control regulations or tried to circumvent (such as, by using false weights) were given severe punishments. Alauddin fixed the prices of all basic commodities centrally. He implemented price control measures for a wide variety of market goods. He wanted to reduce the prices so that low salaries were acceptable to his soldiers, and thus, to maintain a large army. To ensure that the goods were sold at regulated prices, Alauddin appointed market supervisors and spies and received independent reports from them. He utilized the services of the Banjara community for doing trade. To prevent a black market, his administration prohibited peasants and traders from storing the grains and established government-run granaries, where the government’s share of the grain was stored. The government also forced the transport workers to re-settle in villages at specific distances along the Yamuna river to enable rapid transport of grain to Delhi. A controller of the market (shahna -i-mandi), intelligence officers (barids), and secret spies (munhiyan) were appointed. The grain merchants were placed under the Shahna-i-mandi. To reduce the prices of the costly or imported commodities, the state used to subsidize their costs. But such subsidized items were sold on a permit issued by the permit officer (Parwana Rais), appointed by the state. Agrarian reforms: Land revenue was assessed on the basis of measuring the land under cultivation Khuts and Muqadams also had to pay high taxes. During the Sultanate period, the village headman was known as the muqadam whereas the landowners were known as khuts. Amirs were hired for land revenue collection The market regulations and agrarian reforms of Alauddin were the greatest administrative achievement of the Sultanate period. The prices remained steady and there was no change in them even after lack of rain or other causes. It was a unique and remarkable achievement. The success of these economic measures was largely due to the genius and personal attention of the sultan. These measures failed to survive his death because they operated against economic laws.
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##Question:The economic regulations of Alauddin were the greatest administrative achievement of the Sultanate period. In the light of the above statement, comment on major market and agrarian reforms by Alauddin Khilji. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: A brief description of Alaudin Khilji Brief description of economic regulations of Alaudin Khilji Major market reforms and agrarian reforms adopted by Alaudin Khilji Conclusion: Conclude your answer by highlighting the significance of these reforms Answer: In 1296 A.D., Ala-ud-din Khilji succeeded Jalal-ud-din Firoz Khilji and ascended the throne. Alauddin was considered the master of Market reforms. As per Barni, the basic objective of these reforms was to maintain a large and efficient army for keeping the Mongols in check. Such a large army could not be maintained and kept content out of the normal revenues of the state, unless the prices of commodities were reduced. Thus, economic regulations were primarily a military measure. The most important economic reforms introduced by Alaudin were aimed at regulation of the market and control of prices of essential commodities. Alauddin Khilji’s market reforms were oriented more towards administrative and military necessities than internal restructuring. Medieval rulers were expected to ensure that necessities of life, especially food-grains, were available to the city folk at fair or reasonable prices. This was so because the cities were the symbol of power and authority all over the Islamic world. Major market reforms adopted by Alaudin Khilji were: He created three types of markets: food grains, fruits, and vegetables, apparel, and slave and animal trade. Detailed regulations (zawabit) were framed for the control and administration for all these markets. He issued a set of seven regulations which came to be known as market control measures. These measures were enacted to regulate the activities of the traders who brought grain to Delhi. The Sultan fixed the prices of all commodities from grain to cloths, slaves, cattle, etc. He standardized weights and measures. The shopkeepers who violated the price control regulations or tried to circumvent (such as, by using false weights) were given severe punishments. Alauddin fixed the prices of all basic commodities centrally. He implemented price control measures for a wide variety of market goods. He wanted to reduce the prices so that low salaries were acceptable to his soldiers, and thus, to maintain a large army. To ensure that the goods were sold at regulated prices, Alauddin appointed market supervisors and spies and received independent reports from them. He utilized the services of the Banjara community for doing trade. To prevent a black market, his administration prohibited peasants and traders from storing the grains and established government-run granaries, where the government’s share of the grain was stored. The government also forced the transport workers to re-settle in villages at specific distances along the Yamuna river to enable rapid transport of grain to Delhi. A controller of the market (shahna -i-mandi), intelligence officers (barids), and secret spies (munhiyan) were appointed. The grain merchants were placed under the Shahna-i-mandi. To reduce the prices of the costly or imported commodities, the state used to subsidize their costs. But such subsidized items were sold on a permit issued by the permit officer (Parwana Rais), appointed by the state. Agrarian reforms: Land revenue was assessed on the basis of measuring the land under cultivation Khuts and Muqadams also had to pay high taxes. During the Sultanate period, the village headman was known as the muqadam whereas the landowners were known as khuts. Amirs were hired for land revenue collection The market regulations and agrarian reforms of Alauddin were the greatest administrative achievement of the Sultanate period. The prices remained steady and there was no change in them even after lack of rain or other causes. It was a unique and remarkable achievement. The success of these economic measures was largely due to the genius and personal attention of the sultan. These measures failed to survive his death because they operated against economic laws.
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What is cooperative farming? What are its benefits? Why cooperative farming is not yet successful in India ? (10 marks / 150 words)
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APPROACH: Define cooperative farming, collective pooling, etc. Benefits of cooperatives, credit, better agri extension, etc. can be discussed. Finally, challenges, like awareness, corruption, etc. can be discussed. ANSWER: Cooperative Farming: It is a cooperative where farmers pool their resources in certain areas of activity. It allows little farms to do what big farms can do, like buy inputs at bulk rates, increase volume to open new markets, and lower the per-use cost of equipment. Farmers coming together and making cooperatives. A more formal approach is the Farmer Producer Organisation (FPO). Benefits of cooperative farming: Access to farming credit. Cooperatives can buy larger / costly machines, and farmers can take it on rent. Bulk purchase of fertilizers, etc. will save the cost. Government support programs, extension services, subsidized fertilizers can be utilized by the cooperatives. Knowledge, extension services of the government will be provided. At farmers’ level: Sharing best practices among each other. Higher risk-taking capacity, newer technology, etc. If they pool land: Economies of scale are possible. Better management of land, etc. At output levels: Aggregated production. Logistics and easy transport. Access to storage facilities. Better bargain: Higher price negotiation. Why farmers’ cooperatives failed? Lack of motivation for small farmers. Cheating by large farmers in the cooperatives. Lack of management, etc.: e.g. distribution of machinery, credit, etc. Lack of leadership: e.g. absence of government leadership, official support, etc. Hence, we can say that although cooperative farming has many benefits, without proper formalization like Farmer Producer Organisations, better management, etc. the dream of making it a success will take time. With proper implementation of Schemes, plans etc. it can also be turned into a success story like other cooperatives like Dairy, etc.
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##Question:What is cooperative farming? What are its benefits? Why cooperative farming is not yet successful in India ? (10 marks / 150 words)##Answer:APPROACH: Define cooperative farming, collective pooling, etc. Benefits of cooperatives, credit, better agri extension, etc. can be discussed. Finally, challenges, like awareness, corruption, etc. can be discussed. ANSWER: Cooperative Farming: It is a cooperative where farmers pool their resources in certain areas of activity. It allows little farms to do what big farms can do, like buy inputs at bulk rates, increase volume to open new markets, and lower the per-use cost of equipment. Farmers coming together and making cooperatives. A more formal approach is the Farmer Producer Organisation (FPO). Benefits of cooperative farming: Access to farming credit. Cooperatives can buy larger / costly machines, and farmers can take it on rent. Bulk purchase of fertilizers, etc. will save the cost. Government support programs, extension services, subsidized fertilizers can be utilized by the cooperatives. Knowledge, extension services of the government will be provided. At farmers’ level: Sharing best practices among each other. Higher risk-taking capacity, newer technology, etc. If they pool land: Economies of scale are possible. Better management of land, etc. At output levels: Aggregated production. Logistics and easy transport. Access to storage facilities. Better bargain: Higher price negotiation. Why farmers’ cooperatives failed? Lack of motivation for small farmers. Cheating by large farmers in the cooperatives. Lack of management, etc.: e.g. distribution of machinery, credit, etc. Lack of leadership: e.g. absence of government leadership, official support, etc. Hence, we can say that although cooperative farming has many benefits, without proper formalization like Farmer Producer Organisations, better management, etc. the dream of making it a success will take time. With proper implementation of Schemes, plans etc. it can also be turned into a success story like other cooperatives like Dairy, etc.
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"कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता के अंदर विश्व को बेहतर बनाने की संभावनाओं के साथ इसे अव्यवस्थित करने की चुनौती भी विद्यमान है।" कथन पर अपने विचार प्रस्तुत कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) "Within artificial intelligence lies the potential to improve the world, but also the challenge of disorganizing it." Present your views on the statement. (150-200 words, 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण: कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता को परिभाषित कर उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए। कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता की संभावनाओं और लाभों को लिखिए। इससे जुड़ी चुनौतियों को बताते हुए सुझावों के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: सरल शब्दों में कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता वह गतिविधि है जिसके द्वारा मशीनों को बुद्धिमान बनाने का काम किया जाता है, बुद्धिमत्ता वह गुण है जो उसे अपने वातावरण में उचित और दूरदर्शिता के साथ निर्णय लेने और कार्य करने में सक्षम बनाता है। जब कोई मशीन या उपकरण परिस्थितियों के अनुकूल सीखकर समस्याओं को हल करता है तो यह कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता के दायरे में आता है। इसके अंतर्गत विचार करने, नियोजन करने, सीखने, भाषा की प्रोसेसिंग आदि का सम्मिश्रण होता है। कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता के संभावित लाभ इस प्रकार हैं- नीति आयोग के अनुमान के अनुसार 2035 तक कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता को अपनाने से सकल वर्द्धित मूल्य में 15% तक की वृद्धि हो सकती है। स्वास्थ्य एवं शिक्षा की पँहुच, संरचना और गुणवत्ता के सामर्थ्य को बढ़ा सकता है। मेक इन इंडिया कार्यक्रम को बढ़ावा दिया जा सकता है और भारत एक नया विनिर्माण केंद्र बन सकता है। AI तेजी से निर्णय लेने में सहायक है एवं इन निर्णयों में त्रुटियाँ भी कम होती है। बाह्य अंतरिक्ष के अन्वेषण में यह अहम भूमिका निभा सकता है। उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण में स्पेस स्टेशन पर यानों की डॉकिंग में यह कारगर साबित हो सकता है। सोशल मीडिया की निगरानी में मददगार हो सकती है जिससे जुर्म रोका जा सकता है। AI देश में ऐसी नौकरियां विकसित कर सकता है जो नवाचार को बढ़ावा देंगी। इसके माध्यम से उच्च कौशल वाली नौकरियों की संख्या में इजाफा होने की संभावना है। लेकिन कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता के साथ विभिन्न चुनौतियाँ भी विद्यमान है, जो इस प्रकार हैं- यह तकनीकी आधारित नौकरियों में तो बढ़ोतरी करेगी लेकिन अकुशल मानव संसाधनों को नौकरी का नुकसान हो सकता है। मशीनों के साथ जिम्मेदारी निर्धारण की समस्या आ सकती है। साथ ही, मशीनों में सहानुभूति की कमी होती है। विकासशील एवं अविकसित देशों के लिए AI काफी महंगा है। AI में रचनात्मकता की कमी सदैव रहेगी। गोपनीयता एवं डेटा सुरक्षा एक चुनौती रहेगी। इससे निजता का खतरा जुड़ा हुआ है। AI अथवा रोबोट के आने से मनुष्यों में स्वास्थ्य के नवीन मुद्दे जागृत होंगे। विघटनकारी प्रवृत्तियों का भय भी इसके साथ जुड़ा हुआ है। अनुभव के साथ इसमें सुधार की संभावना कम होगी। सुपर बुद्धिमान रोबोट अथवा ग्रेगू की समस्या अर्थात रोबोटों द्वारा मानवों पर नियंत्रण की संभावना है। कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता प्रौद्योगिकीय क्रांति समृद्धि और विकास के लिए बेहतर अवसर प्रस्तुत करती है, लेकिन यह सुनिश्चित करना आवश्यक है कि इस प्रौद्योगिकी का सही दिशा में अनुप्रयोग किया जाए। इसके लिए विभिन्न स्तरों पर उचित निगरानी और विनियमन की व्यवस्था का निर्माण किया जाना चाहिए।
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##Question:"कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता के अंदर विश्व को बेहतर बनाने की संभावनाओं के साथ इसे अव्यवस्थित करने की चुनौती भी विद्यमान है।" कथन पर अपने विचार प्रस्तुत कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) "Within artificial intelligence lies the potential to improve the world, but also the challenge of disorganizing it." Present your views on the statement. (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता को परिभाषित कर उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए। कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता की संभावनाओं और लाभों को लिखिए। इससे जुड़ी चुनौतियों को बताते हुए सुझावों के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: सरल शब्दों में कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता वह गतिविधि है जिसके द्वारा मशीनों को बुद्धिमान बनाने का काम किया जाता है, बुद्धिमत्ता वह गुण है जो उसे अपने वातावरण में उचित और दूरदर्शिता के साथ निर्णय लेने और कार्य करने में सक्षम बनाता है। जब कोई मशीन या उपकरण परिस्थितियों के अनुकूल सीखकर समस्याओं को हल करता है तो यह कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता के दायरे में आता है। इसके अंतर्गत विचार करने, नियोजन करने, सीखने, भाषा की प्रोसेसिंग आदि का सम्मिश्रण होता है। कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता के संभावित लाभ इस प्रकार हैं- नीति आयोग के अनुमान के अनुसार 2035 तक कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता को अपनाने से सकल वर्द्धित मूल्य में 15% तक की वृद्धि हो सकती है। स्वास्थ्य एवं शिक्षा की पँहुच, संरचना और गुणवत्ता के सामर्थ्य को बढ़ा सकता है। मेक इन इंडिया कार्यक्रम को बढ़ावा दिया जा सकता है और भारत एक नया विनिर्माण केंद्र बन सकता है। AI तेजी से निर्णय लेने में सहायक है एवं इन निर्णयों में त्रुटियाँ भी कम होती है। बाह्य अंतरिक्ष के अन्वेषण में यह अहम भूमिका निभा सकता है। उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण में स्पेस स्टेशन पर यानों की डॉकिंग में यह कारगर साबित हो सकता है। सोशल मीडिया की निगरानी में मददगार हो सकती है जिससे जुर्म रोका जा सकता है। AI देश में ऐसी नौकरियां विकसित कर सकता है जो नवाचार को बढ़ावा देंगी। इसके माध्यम से उच्च कौशल वाली नौकरियों की संख्या में इजाफा होने की संभावना है। लेकिन कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता के साथ विभिन्न चुनौतियाँ भी विद्यमान है, जो इस प्रकार हैं- यह तकनीकी आधारित नौकरियों में तो बढ़ोतरी करेगी लेकिन अकुशल मानव संसाधनों को नौकरी का नुकसान हो सकता है। मशीनों के साथ जिम्मेदारी निर्धारण की समस्या आ सकती है। साथ ही, मशीनों में सहानुभूति की कमी होती है। विकासशील एवं अविकसित देशों के लिए AI काफी महंगा है। AI में रचनात्मकता की कमी सदैव रहेगी। गोपनीयता एवं डेटा सुरक्षा एक चुनौती रहेगी। इससे निजता का खतरा जुड़ा हुआ है। AI अथवा रोबोट के आने से मनुष्यों में स्वास्थ्य के नवीन मुद्दे जागृत होंगे। विघटनकारी प्रवृत्तियों का भय भी इसके साथ जुड़ा हुआ है। अनुभव के साथ इसमें सुधार की संभावना कम होगी। सुपर बुद्धिमान रोबोट अथवा ग्रेगू की समस्या अर्थात रोबोटों द्वारा मानवों पर नियंत्रण की संभावना है। कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता प्रौद्योगिकीय क्रांति समृद्धि और विकास के लिए बेहतर अवसर प्रस्तुत करती है, लेकिन यह सुनिश्चित करना आवश्यक है कि इस प्रौद्योगिकी का सही दिशा में अनुप्रयोग किया जाए। इसके लिए विभिन्न स्तरों पर उचित निगरानी और विनियमन की व्यवस्था का निर्माण किया जाना चाहिए।
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Discuss in detail the provisions of Article 20 that grants protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment to an accused person. [10 marks, 150 Words]
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Approach Highlight Article 20 in the introduction. Discussion each provision in detail along with associated safeguards. Give concluding remarks on the importance of the article and how it safeguards against arbitrary and excessive punishment Answer: Article 20 grants protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment to an accused person, whether citizen or foreigner. It contains thre provisions- Ex-post facto law (Art. 20(1)), Double Jeopardy (Art. 20(2), and Self-incrimination (Art. 20(3)). 1. Ex Post Facto Law [Art. 20(1)]: No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of the law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence. Art 20(1) prohibits retrospective effect of criminal legislation in India According to this Article, a person can be charged for an offence if he or she commits an act that is declared as an offence at the time of committing the Act This is important protection as it saves people from instances of political vendetta where those in power may enact laws with retrospective effect to declare an act as an offence This clause also prohibits greater punishment for an act in a retrospective manner In simple words, when a legislature declares an action to be an offence or provides a penalty to an offence it can"t apply law retrospectively to pre- judicially affect the individuals who have committed such acts before the enactment of that law On the other hand, civil laws may have retrospective application in India 2. Double Jeopardy [Art. 20(2)]: No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once Prohibits double punishment from the same offence This clause safeguards an individual from facing multiple punishments or successive criminal proceedings for the same offence If any law provides for double punishment it will be considered void Although Art. 20 disapproves of double punishment it doesn"t give immunity from proceedings before a tribunal A public servant who has been punished for an offence in a court may be subjected to departmental proceedings for the same offence This clause doesn"t prevent subsequent trials and convictions for another offence even if two offences were committed at the same time 3. Self Incrimination [Art. 20(3)]: According to this provision, a person cant be forced to accuse himself Therefore, this Article provides immunity from self-incrimination Court has widened the meaning of the word "witness" and it includes both oral and documentary evidence A person may be asked to provide an object or a document from his possession that is reasonably likely to support a prosecution against him. For the same reason, the clause doesn"t bar medical examination of the accused or obtaining of thumb impression or specimen signature from him The immunity u/a 20(3) is only limited to criminal proceedings SC in Selvi vs Karnataka held that Narco analysis can"t be compelled because it is a violation of a person"s mental privacy. It can be stated that the sheer applicability of Article 20 has been brought into existence to protect individuals against the very excess of legislature, executive and the judiciary, bringing into light the importance of the doctrine, identified as the separation of powers.
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##Question:Discuss in detail the provisions of Article 20 that grants protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment to an accused person. [10 marks, 150 Words]##Answer:Approach Highlight Article 20 in the introduction. Discussion each provision in detail along with associated safeguards. Give concluding remarks on the importance of the article and how it safeguards against arbitrary and excessive punishment Answer: Article 20 grants protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment to an accused person, whether citizen or foreigner. It contains thre provisions- Ex-post facto law (Art. 20(1)), Double Jeopardy (Art. 20(2), and Self-incrimination (Art. 20(3)). 1. Ex Post Facto Law [Art. 20(1)]: No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of the law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence. Art 20(1) prohibits retrospective effect of criminal legislation in India According to this Article, a person can be charged for an offence if he or she commits an act that is declared as an offence at the time of committing the Act This is important protection as it saves people from instances of political vendetta where those in power may enact laws with retrospective effect to declare an act as an offence This clause also prohibits greater punishment for an act in a retrospective manner In simple words, when a legislature declares an action to be an offence or provides a penalty to an offence it can"t apply law retrospectively to pre- judicially affect the individuals who have committed such acts before the enactment of that law On the other hand, civil laws may have retrospective application in India 2. Double Jeopardy [Art. 20(2)]: No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once Prohibits double punishment from the same offence This clause safeguards an individual from facing multiple punishments or successive criminal proceedings for the same offence If any law provides for double punishment it will be considered void Although Art. 20 disapproves of double punishment it doesn"t give immunity from proceedings before a tribunal A public servant who has been punished for an offence in a court may be subjected to departmental proceedings for the same offence This clause doesn"t prevent subsequent trials and convictions for another offence even if two offences were committed at the same time 3. Self Incrimination [Art. 20(3)]: According to this provision, a person cant be forced to accuse himself Therefore, this Article provides immunity from self-incrimination Court has widened the meaning of the word "witness" and it includes both oral and documentary evidence A person may be asked to provide an object or a document from his possession that is reasonably likely to support a prosecution against him. For the same reason, the clause doesn"t bar medical examination of the accused or obtaining of thumb impression or specimen signature from him The immunity u/a 20(3) is only limited to criminal proceedings SC in Selvi vs Karnataka held that Narco analysis can"t be compelled because it is a violation of a person"s mental privacy. It can be stated that the sheer applicability of Article 20 has been brought into existence to protect individuals against the very excess of legislature, executive and the judiciary, bringing into light the importance of the doctrine, identified as the separation of powers.
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Wood"s Dispatch of 1854 was a reconciliation between Anglicist and Orientalist debates. Do you agree? Give reasons. (150 Words / 10 Marks)
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Approach: Give a brief introduction of modern education in India and its need during the British Rule Bring out the arguments of Anglicists and Orientalists w.r.t. Education in India Mention how Wood"s Dispatch acts as a reconciliation for the controversy between Anglicists and Orientalists, give its provisions Conclude with its relevance in the current context Answer: The introduction of modern education which is identified with modern sciences both natural and social sciences, humanities, and modern secular literature is supposed to be one of the most progressive initiatives taken by the colonial rulers. Modern education with all its limitations has played a significant role not only in the spread of nationalistic sentiments but also in the wider or more deep-rooted process of transformation of India towards modernity. Need to introduce modern education: (student is required to draw a flow diagram to address this point for better presentation) Political need - it was expected that educated Indians with modern education would be more positively disposed towards the colonial rule Administrative need - For cost-effective administration manned by the Indians at lower levels (Clerks) Economic need - British Capitalists or entrepreneurs who had been allowed in India by the Charter Act of 1813 Colonial propaganda - Justification for colonization as it was Civilizational burden or White men"s burden Anglicist views: The Anglicists led by Macaulay and supported by the enlightened Indians like Raja Ram Mohan Roy and his supporters came up with the following arguments- The traditional Indian knowledge has lost its relevancy in the modern age and so the natives must be given the modern education. Since modern knowledge has been created in English it can be imparted in the same language and so the medium of instruction must be English. Since the allocated sum is not sufficient to undertake any program of mass education, the education should be given to a selected few Indians who after having received modern education would work for educating other Indians, thus education would percolate down to the masses. This theory came to be known as Downward Filteration Theory. Orientalists views: The Orientalists led by James Princeps came up with the following arguments: Traditional education has its utility for the natives and so it should not be ignored The natives can be taught in a better way through their own languages (vernacular) The available sum can be used even for a program of mass education if the traditional infrastructure is properly utilized. Thus they did not accept the Downward Filteration Theory. Wood"s Dispatch 1854: It was seen as an attempt to harmonize both the Anglicist and Orientalist perspectives related to education by incorporating the following provisions- Acceptance of the importance of traditional education which was to be promoted through a system of Grants-in-Aid Role for educated Indians in education but the assumption of the responsibility of mass education by the govt. Acceptance of the role of the Vernaculars at primary and secondary levels but the higher education only in English. Establishment of separate departments of education in all provinces A hierarchy of the educational institutions from primary schools to universities. on the pattern of London universities (examination conducting bodies) in three presidencies (Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras). These universities came to be established in 1857 Provision for Teacher training. Focus upon the education of women Vocational education The Dispatch is regarded as the Magna-Carta of the Modern Education in India, which created the ideological and institutional structures of modern education which continues without any major change till today.
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##Question:Wood"s Dispatch of 1854 was a reconciliation between Anglicist and Orientalist debates. Do you agree? Give reasons. (150 Words / 10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief introduction of modern education in India and its need during the British Rule Bring out the arguments of Anglicists and Orientalists w.r.t. Education in India Mention how Wood"s Dispatch acts as a reconciliation for the controversy between Anglicists and Orientalists, give its provisions Conclude with its relevance in the current context Answer: The introduction of modern education which is identified with modern sciences both natural and social sciences, humanities, and modern secular literature is supposed to be one of the most progressive initiatives taken by the colonial rulers. Modern education with all its limitations has played a significant role not only in the spread of nationalistic sentiments but also in the wider or more deep-rooted process of transformation of India towards modernity. Need to introduce modern education: (student is required to draw a flow diagram to address this point for better presentation) Political need - it was expected that educated Indians with modern education would be more positively disposed towards the colonial rule Administrative need - For cost-effective administration manned by the Indians at lower levels (Clerks) Economic need - British Capitalists or entrepreneurs who had been allowed in India by the Charter Act of 1813 Colonial propaganda - Justification for colonization as it was Civilizational burden or White men"s burden Anglicist views: The Anglicists led by Macaulay and supported by the enlightened Indians like Raja Ram Mohan Roy and his supporters came up with the following arguments- The traditional Indian knowledge has lost its relevancy in the modern age and so the natives must be given the modern education. Since modern knowledge has been created in English it can be imparted in the same language and so the medium of instruction must be English. Since the allocated sum is not sufficient to undertake any program of mass education, the education should be given to a selected few Indians who after having received modern education would work for educating other Indians, thus education would percolate down to the masses. This theory came to be known as Downward Filteration Theory. Orientalists views: The Orientalists led by James Princeps came up with the following arguments: Traditional education has its utility for the natives and so it should not be ignored The natives can be taught in a better way through their own languages (vernacular) The available sum can be used even for a program of mass education if the traditional infrastructure is properly utilized. Thus they did not accept the Downward Filteration Theory. Wood"s Dispatch 1854: It was seen as an attempt to harmonize both the Anglicist and Orientalist perspectives related to education by incorporating the following provisions- Acceptance of the importance of traditional education which was to be promoted through a system of Grants-in-Aid Role for educated Indians in education but the assumption of the responsibility of mass education by the govt. Acceptance of the role of the Vernaculars at primary and secondary levels but the higher education only in English. Establishment of separate departments of education in all provinces A hierarchy of the educational institutions from primary schools to universities. on the pattern of London universities (examination conducting bodies) in three presidencies (Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras). These universities came to be established in 1857 Provision for Teacher training. Focus upon the education of women Vocational education The Dispatch is regarded as the Magna-Carta of the Modern Education in India, which created the ideological and institutional structures of modern education which continues without any major change till today.
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Do you agree that regionalism in India appears to be a consequence of rising cultural assertiveness? Argue.[150 words/10Marks]
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Approach : Introduction: Definition of Regionalism Body: Linking statement: concretize Cultural Identity Cultural assertiveness: historical socio-cultural and other factors with the son of soil theory. Conclusion: Conclude Accordingly Answer: Regionalism is a concept of a Region or Homogenous area which Physically & Culturally distinct from neighboring areas. People of Particular regions have the awareness that they are similar but distinct from. People of other regions has its own political ideology that focuses on the interests of a particular region, group of regions or other subnational entity.” The region as a social system is the relation between different groups of people. Considering some cultures a threat or inferiority is cultural assertiveness. The consequence of rising cultural assertiveness: if you feel your unique cultural identity is getting discriminated dominated and hence to concretize your cultural identity if you resort to Regionalism. For example LSR. In order to avail betterment opportunities for purpose of socio-economic development. For example Telangana. If for the purpose of administrative convenience or for the purpose of good governance in this case it does not threaten national integration. Example: Uttarakhand, 5th schedule, 6th schedule. However, any demand for regionalism that is based on violence or that demand is communal in nature or you’re demanding secession means you’re threatening the territorial integrity of India i.e. son of soil policy. In a positive sense, regionalism encourages people to develop a sense of brotherhood and one which seeks to protect the interests of the people of that region and prompt its welfare and development. However, in the negative sense, it denotes excessive attachment to one own region to the extent of being detrimental to the interest of people belonging to another region. Historical factor: Eg: in Dravidian, it was supported by the theory that at one point in time the Dravidian-speaking area had non-brahminical polity and society that is it was unstratified however it was disrupted with the Aryan conquest and their hegemony. Geographical Factor: it depends on the presence of natural resources, International borders connectivity with mainland India landforms climate rainfall, Buffer region: eg: Bundelkhand, etc. Socio-cultural Basis: Language has been the most important mark of group identification hence has given rise to linguistic regionalism. eg: Bifurcation of greater Assam. PoliticalAdministrative: Politics doesn"t create regionalism it actuates regionalism. It takes advantage of regional discontent and converted in their favor to strengthen their vote bank. For example insider-outsider complexity Economic basis: It is the cure of regional politics, it is based on the fact that resources are limited however demands are disproportionate. Rising cultural assertiveness has not allowed different regions in India to develop cultural relationships with each other and within it. This is true for most states and their subregions. People belonging to a particular society want to experience their cultural ideas, customs, and social behavior in their mother tongue. They place it above any other language which is often quoted as regionalism. Linguistic priorities make people more assertive.
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##Question:Do you agree that regionalism in India appears to be a consequence of rising cultural assertiveness? Argue.[150 words/10Marks]##Answer:Approach : Introduction: Definition of Regionalism Body: Linking statement: concretize Cultural Identity Cultural assertiveness: historical socio-cultural and other factors with the son of soil theory. Conclusion: Conclude Accordingly Answer: Regionalism is a concept of a Region or Homogenous area which Physically & Culturally distinct from neighboring areas. People of Particular regions have the awareness that they are similar but distinct from. People of other regions has its own political ideology that focuses on the interests of a particular region, group of regions or other subnational entity.” The region as a social system is the relation between different groups of people. Considering some cultures a threat or inferiority is cultural assertiveness. The consequence of rising cultural assertiveness: if you feel your unique cultural identity is getting discriminated dominated and hence to concretize your cultural identity if you resort to Regionalism. For example LSR. In order to avail betterment opportunities for purpose of socio-economic development. For example Telangana. If for the purpose of administrative convenience or for the purpose of good governance in this case it does not threaten national integration. Example: Uttarakhand, 5th schedule, 6th schedule. However, any demand for regionalism that is based on violence or that demand is communal in nature or you’re demanding secession means you’re threatening the territorial integrity of India i.e. son of soil policy. In a positive sense, regionalism encourages people to develop a sense of brotherhood and one which seeks to protect the interests of the people of that region and prompt its welfare and development. However, in the negative sense, it denotes excessive attachment to one own region to the extent of being detrimental to the interest of people belonging to another region. Historical factor: Eg: in Dravidian, it was supported by the theory that at one point in time the Dravidian-speaking area had non-brahminical polity and society that is it was unstratified however it was disrupted with the Aryan conquest and their hegemony. Geographical Factor: it depends on the presence of natural resources, International borders connectivity with mainland India landforms climate rainfall, Buffer region: eg: Bundelkhand, etc. Socio-cultural Basis: Language has been the most important mark of group identification hence has given rise to linguistic regionalism. eg: Bifurcation of greater Assam. PoliticalAdministrative: Politics doesn"t create regionalism it actuates regionalism. It takes advantage of regional discontent and converted in their favor to strengthen their vote bank. For example insider-outsider complexity Economic basis: It is the cure of regional politics, it is based on the fact that resources are limited however demands are disproportionate. Rising cultural assertiveness has not allowed different regions in India to develop cultural relationships with each other and within it. This is true for most states and their subregions. People belonging to a particular society want to experience their cultural ideas, customs, and social behavior in their mother tongue. They place it above any other language which is often quoted as regionalism. Linguistic priorities make people more assertive.
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Discuss the salient aspect of Ordinance Making power of the President of India. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Briefly introduce the Ordinance Discuss the salient features including its misuse Conclude accordingly Answer: Ordinance-making power is the legislative power given to President and Governor as per Article 123 and 213 respectively. The provision of the constitution has been given in the constitution to tackle any emergency situation when the Parliament is not in session. Salient Features: The ordinance can be issued only when Parliament is not in session and therefore this power of the President cannot be considered to be a parallel power wrt Parliament. The President can issue an ordinance only on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers and therefore, it is not the discretion of the President. The power of the President to issue ordinances can be considered to be coextensive with the power of Parliament. The ordinance issued by the President must be approved by the Parliament within a period of 6 weeks from the date of the commencement of the subsequent session of Parliament, otherwise the ordinance lapses. The President can withdraw the ordinance at any time The ordinance cannot be issued w.r.t. Constitutional Amendments The ordinance can be issued by President only when the situation is necessary and therefore, the ordinance making power can be considered to be is an Extraordinary Power. The ordinance issued by President can be subject to Judicial Revie w on the ground of being malafide i.e. bad intention Misuse to serve political end: In many instances, after the ordinance gets lapsed without getting passed in the houses within 6 weeks of reassembly, the government re- promulgates it once the house is not in session. The Government of Bihar brazenly promulgated 256 ordinances between 1967 and 1981 whereas the state assembly passed only 189 acts in the same period. The judiciary has stepped in to fill in some of the gaps that would make the provision less exploitative. In R C Cooper v Union of India , it was decided that an ordinance could be challenged in case an ‘immediate action’ was not required. But the criterion of immediate action has to be on the satisfaction of the president, i.e. the cabinet and that can be very subjective and may tilt towards a particular political outcome. Thus, the opposition party needs to play a constructive role in the house of the parliament. The number of days that the Members of Parliament meet, has been reduced drastically to allow debates to take place on controversial issues. Therefore the number of days parliament houses meet should be increased.
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##Question:Discuss the salient aspect of Ordinance Making power of the President of India. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Briefly introduce the Ordinance Discuss the salient features including its misuse Conclude accordingly Answer: Ordinance-making power is the legislative power given to President and Governor as per Article 123 and 213 respectively. The provision of the constitution has been given in the constitution to tackle any emergency situation when the Parliament is not in session. Salient Features: The ordinance can be issued only when Parliament is not in session and therefore this power of the President cannot be considered to be a parallel power wrt Parliament. The President can issue an ordinance only on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers and therefore, it is not the discretion of the President. The power of the President to issue ordinances can be considered to be coextensive with the power of Parliament. The ordinance issued by the President must be approved by the Parliament within a period of 6 weeks from the date of the commencement of the subsequent session of Parliament, otherwise the ordinance lapses. The President can withdraw the ordinance at any time The ordinance cannot be issued w.r.t. Constitutional Amendments The ordinance can be issued by President only when the situation is necessary and therefore, the ordinance making power can be considered to be is an Extraordinary Power. The ordinance issued by President can be subject to Judicial Revie w on the ground of being malafide i.e. bad intention Misuse to serve political end: In many instances, after the ordinance gets lapsed without getting passed in the houses within 6 weeks of reassembly, the government re- promulgates it once the house is not in session. The Government of Bihar brazenly promulgated 256 ordinances between 1967 and 1981 whereas the state assembly passed only 189 acts in the same period. The judiciary has stepped in to fill in some of the gaps that would make the provision less exploitative. In R C Cooper v Union of India , it was decided that an ordinance could be challenged in case an ‘immediate action’ was not required. But the criterion of immediate action has to be on the satisfaction of the president, i.e. the cabinet and that can be very subjective and may tilt towards a particular political outcome. Thus, the opposition party needs to play a constructive role in the house of the parliament. The number of days that the Members of Parliament meet, has been reduced drastically to allow debates to take place on controversial issues. Therefore the number of days parliament houses meet should be increased.
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What are the targets and priority areas under the Sendai Declaration by the year 2030? Discuss the efforts taken in this direction. (10 Marks/150 words)
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Approach In the introduction give a brief about the Sendai Framework. Enumerate the targets and the primary areas covered under the Sendai Declaration to be achieved by the year 2030. Discuss the steps taken by the government in meeting the said targets. Give a suitable conclusion Answer : Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 was adopted at the Third UN World Conference in Sendai, Japan, on March 18, 2015, as the successor instrument to the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015. It is a non-binding agreement, which the signatory nations, including India, will attempt to comply with on a voluntary basis. Global targets: Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030, aiming to lower the average per 100,000 global mortality rate in the decade 2020-2030 compared to the period 2005-2015 Substantially reduce the number of affected people globally by 2030 Reduce direct disaster economic loss in relation to GDP Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services Substantially increase the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies by 2020 Substantially enhance international cooperation to developing countries Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information and assessments Priority Areas under Sendai Framework Understanding disaster risk, Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk, Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience, Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. Steps Taken by Government: Though it is a non-binding agreement, which the signatory nations, including India, will attempt to comply with on a voluntary basis. India is making all efforts to contribute to the realization of the global targets by improving the entire disaster management cycle in India by following the recommendations in the Sendai Framework and by adopting globally accepted best practices. India has put the Sendai framework in operation. In 2016, India released the country’s first ever National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP), a document based on the Sendai Framework. India is committed to achieving the targets. The uniqueness of this plan rests on the fact that it is totally aligned with the targets and priorities of the Sendai Framework. By launching this plan, India has also shown the way in the implementation of the Sendai Framework at the sub-national levels, which can be replicated by other countries across the world. National Disaster Management Plan has updated in 2019: Rationale - to bring coherence between Sendai Framework, SDGs and Paris Agreement; the time period for these is 2015-2030 6th Thematic area - Climate Change Risk Management (along with previous 5). A new chapter has been added for Mainstreaming and Social Inclusion. Time frameworks: Short term - 2022; medium-term -2017 and long term - 2030 Educating people in Disaster Risk Reduction is the need of the hour and it can be done through decentralised planning, implementation and monitoring and control. The major strategies which should get prominence are institutionalising national systems and capacities, strengthening governance mechanisms at local level, building community resilience, reducing the vulnerabilities of the communities at risk and public-private people partnerships etc. Disaster Management has to embark upon a strategy aimed at holistic human development integrating the sustainable development goals, policies and practices that harness people’s strengths instead of vulnerabilities.
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##Question:What are the targets and priority areas under the Sendai Declaration by the year 2030? Discuss the efforts taken in this direction. (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach In the introduction give a brief about the Sendai Framework. Enumerate the targets and the primary areas covered under the Sendai Declaration to be achieved by the year 2030. Discuss the steps taken by the government in meeting the said targets. Give a suitable conclusion Answer : Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 was adopted at the Third UN World Conference in Sendai, Japan, on March 18, 2015, as the successor instrument to the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015. It is a non-binding agreement, which the signatory nations, including India, will attempt to comply with on a voluntary basis. Global targets: Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030, aiming to lower the average per 100,000 global mortality rate in the decade 2020-2030 compared to the period 2005-2015 Substantially reduce the number of affected people globally by 2030 Reduce direct disaster economic loss in relation to GDP Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services Substantially increase the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies by 2020 Substantially enhance international cooperation to developing countries Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information and assessments Priority Areas under Sendai Framework Understanding disaster risk, Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk, Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience, Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. Steps Taken by Government: Though it is a non-binding agreement, which the signatory nations, including India, will attempt to comply with on a voluntary basis. India is making all efforts to contribute to the realization of the global targets by improving the entire disaster management cycle in India by following the recommendations in the Sendai Framework and by adopting globally accepted best practices. India has put the Sendai framework in operation. In 2016, India released the country’s first ever National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP), a document based on the Sendai Framework. India is committed to achieving the targets. The uniqueness of this plan rests on the fact that it is totally aligned with the targets and priorities of the Sendai Framework. By launching this plan, India has also shown the way in the implementation of the Sendai Framework at the sub-national levels, which can be replicated by other countries across the world. National Disaster Management Plan has updated in 2019: Rationale - to bring coherence between Sendai Framework, SDGs and Paris Agreement; the time period for these is 2015-2030 6th Thematic area - Climate Change Risk Management (along with previous 5). A new chapter has been added for Mainstreaming and Social Inclusion. Time frameworks: Short term - 2022; medium-term -2017 and long term - 2030 Educating people in Disaster Risk Reduction is the need of the hour and it can be done through decentralised planning, implementation and monitoring and control. The major strategies which should get prominence are institutionalising national systems and capacities, strengthening governance mechanisms at local level, building community resilience, reducing the vulnerabilities of the communities at risk and public-private people partnerships etc. Disaster Management has to embark upon a strategy aimed at holistic human development integrating the sustainable development goals, policies and practices that harness people’s strengths instead of vulnerabilities.
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विविध कारणों से हिमालय भारत के लिए महत्त्वपूर्ण है लेकिन विभिन्न कारणों से इसका क्षरण हो रहा है। कथन की चर्चा करते हुए हिमालयी क्षेत्र के संरक्षण के संदर्भ में कुछ सुझाव प्रस्तुत कीजिये। (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक ) Himalayas are important for India for various reasons but it is getting eroded due to various reasons. Discussing the statement, present some suggestions regarding the conservation of the Himalayan region. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण : 1- हिमालय का संक्षिप्त परिचय देते हुए भूमिका लिखिए । 2- भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप के जलवायु, अर्थव्यवस्था, सुरक्षा , संस्कृति आदि पर हिमालय के प्रभाव की बिन्दुवार चर्चा कीजिए 3- हिमालयी क्षेत्र के क्षरण को स्पष्ट करते हुए इसके लिए उत्तरदायी कारकों की चर्चा कीजिए 4- अंतिम में हिमालयी क्षेत्र के संरक्षण के संदर्भ में कुछ सुझाव प्रस्तुत करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। हिमालय एक नवीन वलित पर्वत है जिसकी उत्पत्ति भारतीय प्लेट के यूरेशियन प्लेट से टक्कर के परिणाम स्वरूप हुई । हिमालय भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप के उत्तर तथा उत्तर पूर्व में एक लंबी दीवार की तरह खड़ा है । हिमालय एक प्राकृतिक अवरोधक ही नहीं अपितु एक जलवायु, अपवाह, और सांस्कृतिक विभाजक भी है । भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप पर हम हिमालय के प्रभाव को हम निम्नलिखित रूपों में देख सकते हैं । जलवायु पर प्रभाव- मानसूनी पवनों को रोककर भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप में भारी वर्षा करवाता है। हिमालय के कारण उत्तरी गोलार्द्ध में इस क्षेत्र में उपोष्णकटिबंधीय उच्च वायुदाब के क्षेत्र का निर्माण नहीं हो पाता, जिससे वायुदाब प्रणाली, प्रचलित पवन का संचलन तथा वर्षा प्रणाली प्रत्यक्ष रूप से प्रभावित होती है । हिमालय ध्रुवीय पूरवा ( साइबेरियाई ठंडी हवा ) को शीतकाल में मैदानी क्षेत्र में आने से रोक देता है । जिससे इस क्षेत्र का सर्दियों में तापमान 3*-5* C तक ऊपर रहता है और इस प्रकार यह इस क्षेत्र को शीत मरुस्थल बनने से बचाता है । सर्दी के दिनों में पश्चिम से आने वाली उपोष्ण कटिबंधीय पछुआ धारा को ये दो भागों में विभाजित कर देती है । इसका दक्षिणी भाग उत्तरी मैदान के ऊपर से गुजरता है । ये जेट धारा अपने साथ भूमध्य सागर से शीतोष्ण कटिबंधीय चक्रवात को भारत की ओर लाती है, जिससे हिमालय के कारण उत्तरी मैदान में शीतकालीन वर्षा होती है । अर्थव्यवस्था पर प्रभाव- हिमालय कई प्रकार के फलों की खेती के लिए आदर्श जलवायु स्थिति प्रदान करता है । हिमालय का क्षेत्र मुलायम लकड़ियों का एक महत्वपूर्ण स्रोत है । कई प्रकार की जड़ी-बूटियाँ तथा चाय आदि के उत्पादन के लिए आदर्श स्थिति प्रदान करता है । अपवाह तंत्र पर प्रभाव- हिमालय उत्तरी भारत के सदानीरा नदियों की उत्पत्ति में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है। साथ ही हिमालय एक महत्वपूर्ण जलविभाजक के रूप में भी कार्य करता है। उत्तरी भारत के मैदान के निर्माण में हिमालय से निकलने वाली नदियों द्वारा लाए गए अवसादों की भूमिका सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण है , जो भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप के कृषि का मजबूत आधार निर्मित करती है । सुरक्षा पर प्रभाव- प्राचीन काल से हिमालय भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप में प्रवेश के लिए अवरोधक का कार्य करता रहा है और इस रूप में यह विदेशी आक्रान्ताओं से सुरक्षा प्रदान करने में भी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है ।साथ ही हिमालय का क्षेत्र प्राकृतिक आपदाओं से भी काफी प्रभावित रहा है ।उदाहरण के लिए इस क्षेत्र में भयानक भूकंपों की बारंबारता रहती है । संस्कृति पर प्रभाव- हिमालय ने इस क्षेत्र के जनजीवन को कई स्तर पर प्रभावित किया है जो यहाँ के रहन-सहन, खान-पान, पर्व-त्योहार आदि पर स्पष्ट रूप में देखने को मिलता है ।इस प्रकार उपरोक्त बिन्दुओं के आधार पर निष्कर्ष रूप में हम कह सकते हैं कि हिमालय ने भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप के लगभग सभी आयामों को गहरे स्तर पर प्रभावित किया है लेकिन विविध कारणों से हिमालयी क्षेत्र का क्षरण हो रहा है| हिमालय क्षेत्र से सम्बद्ध चुनौतियां असंधारणीय पर्यटन- पर्वतीय क्षेत्रों का अपनी एक सूक्ष्म जलवायु (Micro climate) होती है। इसके अद्वितीय जीवों और वनस्पतियों की एक संक्षिप्त प्रजनन समय-सीमा होती है और ये किसी भी हस्तक्षेप या परिवर्तन के प्रति संवेदनशील होते हैं। असंवहनीय पर्यटन प्राकृतिक संतुलन को बिगाड़ सकता है। उपयुक्त अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन का अभाव- हिमालय क्षेत्र के शहर बड़े होते जा रहे हैं और मैदानी शहरों की ही तरह कचरे एवं प्लास्टिक के बड़े ढेर, अनुपचारित सीवेज, अनियोजित शहरी विकास और यहाँ तक कि वाहनों के कारण स्थानीय वायु प्रदूषण की स्थिति का सामना करने लगे हैं जलवायु परिवर्तन- हिमालय क्षेत्र में लगभग 8,800 हिमनद झीलें हैं जो कई राष्ट्रों में विस्तृत हैं। इनमें से 200 से अधिक झीलों को खतरनाक या संकटग्रस्त के रूप में वर्गीकृत किया गया है। हिमनद झील के फटने से उत्पन्न बाढ़ (Glacial- lake outburst floods) का खतरा बढ़ सकता है। दोषपूर्ण अवसंरचना परियोजनायें- जलविद्युत परियोजनाओं की बढ़ती संख्या और बदतर निर्माण के कारण बाढ़ का खतरा एवं प्रभाव और बढ़ गया है। आगे की राह पर्यावरणीय प्रभाव आकलन (EIA) - नए पर्यटन क्षेत्रों को खोले जाने से पहले पर्यावरणीय प्रभाव का आकलन किया जाए। अखिल-हिमालयी रणनीति- सुस्थिर हिमालयी पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र हेतु राष्ट्रीय मिशन (National Mission on Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem) इस दिशा में स्वागतयोग्य कदम है नीतियों का पुनरीक्षण- पहाड़ी क्षेत्रों में कृषि अभ्यासों पर विचार कर हिमालयी राज्यों में वन मूल्य में सुधार के लिये एक साझा नीति विकसित की जानी चाहिये अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सहयोग- हिमालय क्षेत्र के देशों को एक अंतर्राष्ट्रीय नेटवर्क का निर्माण करने की आवश्यकता है जो विभिन्न जोखिमों (जैसे हिमनद झीलों से उत्पन्न खतरे की निगरानी करे और आसन्न खतरों के लिये पूर्व- चेतावनी दे । उल्लेखनीय है कि हिंद महासागर क्षेत्र में पिछले दशक में स्थापित सुनामी चेतावनी प्रणालियों ने इसके खतरे को कम करने में महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है अवसंरचना परियोजनाएँ- हिमालयी क्षेत्र के शहरों के बिल्डिंग डिज़ाइन में भूकंपीय नाजुकता और सुंदरता को शामिल करते हुए स्थानीय पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र को प्रतिबिंबित किया जाना चाहिये। अप्रबंधित और अनियंत्रित शहरी विकास की अनुमति नहीं दी जानी चाहिये। इसके लिये इन शहरों में सुदृढ़ नियामक संस्थाओं की आवश्यकता होगी। संवहनीय पर्यटन- पर्यटन के विकास को संवहनीय तरीके से प्राप्त करने के लिये उपयुक्त तंत्र तैयार किया जाना जो जैव विविधता पर न्यूनतम प्रभाव डालने के साथ ही स्थानीय समुदाय के लिये संवहनीय आजीविका विकल्प प्रदान करे। उपरोक्त उपायों के माध्यम से हिमालयी क्षेत्र के अवनयन को रोका जा सकता है|
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##Question:विविध कारणों से हिमालय भारत के लिए महत्त्वपूर्ण है लेकिन विभिन्न कारणों से इसका क्षरण हो रहा है। कथन की चर्चा करते हुए हिमालयी क्षेत्र के संरक्षण के संदर्भ में कुछ सुझाव प्रस्तुत कीजिये। (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक ) Himalayas are important for India for various reasons but it is getting eroded due to various reasons. Discussing the statement, present some suggestions regarding the conservation of the Himalayan region. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण : 1- हिमालय का संक्षिप्त परिचय देते हुए भूमिका लिखिए । 2- भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप के जलवायु, अर्थव्यवस्था, सुरक्षा , संस्कृति आदि पर हिमालय के प्रभाव की बिन्दुवार चर्चा कीजिए 3- हिमालयी क्षेत्र के क्षरण को स्पष्ट करते हुए इसके लिए उत्तरदायी कारकों की चर्चा कीजिए 4- अंतिम में हिमालयी क्षेत्र के संरक्षण के संदर्भ में कुछ सुझाव प्रस्तुत करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। हिमालय एक नवीन वलित पर्वत है जिसकी उत्पत्ति भारतीय प्लेट के यूरेशियन प्लेट से टक्कर के परिणाम स्वरूप हुई । हिमालय भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप के उत्तर तथा उत्तर पूर्व में एक लंबी दीवार की तरह खड़ा है । हिमालय एक प्राकृतिक अवरोधक ही नहीं अपितु एक जलवायु, अपवाह, और सांस्कृतिक विभाजक भी है । भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप पर हम हिमालय के प्रभाव को हम निम्नलिखित रूपों में देख सकते हैं । जलवायु पर प्रभाव- मानसूनी पवनों को रोककर भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप में भारी वर्षा करवाता है। हिमालय के कारण उत्तरी गोलार्द्ध में इस क्षेत्र में उपोष्णकटिबंधीय उच्च वायुदाब के क्षेत्र का निर्माण नहीं हो पाता, जिससे वायुदाब प्रणाली, प्रचलित पवन का संचलन तथा वर्षा प्रणाली प्रत्यक्ष रूप से प्रभावित होती है । हिमालय ध्रुवीय पूरवा ( साइबेरियाई ठंडी हवा ) को शीतकाल में मैदानी क्षेत्र में आने से रोक देता है । जिससे इस क्षेत्र का सर्दियों में तापमान 3*-5* C तक ऊपर रहता है और इस प्रकार यह इस क्षेत्र को शीत मरुस्थल बनने से बचाता है । सर्दी के दिनों में पश्चिम से आने वाली उपोष्ण कटिबंधीय पछुआ धारा को ये दो भागों में विभाजित कर देती है । इसका दक्षिणी भाग उत्तरी मैदान के ऊपर से गुजरता है । ये जेट धारा अपने साथ भूमध्य सागर से शीतोष्ण कटिबंधीय चक्रवात को भारत की ओर लाती है, जिससे हिमालय के कारण उत्तरी मैदान में शीतकालीन वर्षा होती है । अर्थव्यवस्था पर प्रभाव- हिमालय कई प्रकार के फलों की खेती के लिए आदर्श जलवायु स्थिति प्रदान करता है । हिमालय का क्षेत्र मुलायम लकड़ियों का एक महत्वपूर्ण स्रोत है । कई प्रकार की जड़ी-बूटियाँ तथा चाय आदि के उत्पादन के लिए आदर्श स्थिति प्रदान करता है । अपवाह तंत्र पर प्रभाव- हिमालय उत्तरी भारत के सदानीरा नदियों की उत्पत्ति में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है। साथ ही हिमालय एक महत्वपूर्ण जलविभाजक के रूप में भी कार्य करता है। उत्तरी भारत के मैदान के निर्माण में हिमालय से निकलने वाली नदियों द्वारा लाए गए अवसादों की भूमिका सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण है , जो भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप के कृषि का मजबूत आधार निर्मित करती है । सुरक्षा पर प्रभाव- प्राचीन काल से हिमालय भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप में प्रवेश के लिए अवरोधक का कार्य करता रहा है और इस रूप में यह विदेशी आक्रान्ताओं से सुरक्षा प्रदान करने में भी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है ।साथ ही हिमालय का क्षेत्र प्राकृतिक आपदाओं से भी काफी प्रभावित रहा है ।उदाहरण के लिए इस क्षेत्र में भयानक भूकंपों की बारंबारता रहती है । संस्कृति पर प्रभाव- हिमालय ने इस क्षेत्र के जनजीवन को कई स्तर पर प्रभावित किया है जो यहाँ के रहन-सहन, खान-पान, पर्व-त्योहार आदि पर स्पष्ट रूप में देखने को मिलता है ।इस प्रकार उपरोक्त बिन्दुओं के आधार पर निष्कर्ष रूप में हम कह सकते हैं कि हिमालय ने भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप के लगभग सभी आयामों को गहरे स्तर पर प्रभावित किया है लेकिन विविध कारणों से हिमालयी क्षेत्र का क्षरण हो रहा है| हिमालय क्षेत्र से सम्बद्ध चुनौतियां असंधारणीय पर्यटन- पर्वतीय क्षेत्रों का अपनी एक सूक्ष्म जलवायु (Micro climate) होती है। इसके अद्वितीय जीवों और वनस्पतियों की एक संक्षिप्त प्रजनन समय-सीमा होती है और ये किसी भी हस्तक्षेप या परिवर्तन के प्रति संवेदनशील होते हैं। असंवहनीय पर्यटन प्राकृतिक संतुलन को बिगाड़ सकता है। उपयुक्त अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन का अभाव- हिमालय क्षेत्र के शहर बड़े होते जा रहे हैं और मैदानी शहरों की ही तरह कचरे एवं प्लास्टिक के बड़े ढेर, अनुपचारित सीवेज, अनियोजित शहरी विकास और यहाँ तक कि वाहनों के कारण स्थानीय वायु प्रदूषण की स्थिति का सामना करने लगे हैं जलवायु परिवर्तन- हिमालय क्षेत्र में लगभग 8,800 हिमनद झीलें हैं जो कई राष्ट्रों में विस्तृत हैं। इनमें से 200 से अधिक झीलों को खतरनाक या संकटग्रस्त के रूप में वर्गीकृत किया गया है। हिमनद झील के फटने से उत्पन्न बाढ़ (Glacial- lake outburst floods) का खतरा बढ़ सकता है। दोषपूर्ण अवसंरचना परियोजनायें- जलविद्युत परियोजनाओं की बढ़ती संख्या और बदतर निर्माण के कारण बाढ़ का खतरा एवं प्रभाव और बढ़ गया है। आगे की राह पर्यावरणीय प्रभाव आकलन (EIA) - नए पर्यटन क्षेत्रों को खोले जाने से पहले पर्यावरणीय प्रभाव का आकलन किया जाए। अखिल-हिमालयी रणनीति- सुस्थिर हिमालयी पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र हेतु राष्ट्रीय मिशन (National Mission on Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem) इस दिशा में स्वागतयोग्य कदम है नीतियों का पुनरीक्षण- पहाड़ी क्षेत्रों में कृषि अभ्यासों पर विचार कर हिमालयी राज्यों में वन मूल्य में सुधार के लिये एक साझा नीति विकसित की जानी चाहिये अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सहयोग- हिमालय क्षेत्र के देशों को एक अंतर्राष्ट्रीय नेटवर्क का निर्माण करने की आवश्यकता है जो विभिन्न जोखिमों (जैसे हिमनद झीलों से उत्पन्न खतरे की निगरानी करे और आसन्न खतरों के लिये पूर्व- चेतावनी दे । उल्लेखनीय है कि हिंद महासागर क्षेत्र में पिछले दशक में स्थापित सुनामी चेतावनी प्रणालियों ने इसके खतरे को कम करने में महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है अवसंरचना परियोजनाएँ- हिमालयी क्षेत्र के शहरों के बिल्डिंग डिज़ाइन में भूकंपीय नाजुकता और सुंदरता को शामिल करते हुए स्थानीय पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र को प्रतिबिंबित किया जाना चाहिये। अप्रबंधित और अनियंत्रित शहरी विकास की अनुमति नहीं दी जानी चाहिये। इसके लिये इन शहरों में सुदृढ़ नियामक संस्थाओं की आवश्यकता होगी। संवहनीय पर्यटन- पर्यटन के विकास को संवहनीय तरीके से प्राप्त करने के लिये उपयुक्त तंत्र तैयार किया जाना जो जैव विविधता पर न्यूनतम प्रभाव डालने के साथ ही स्थानीय समुदाय के लिये संवहनीय आजीविका विकल्प प्रदान करे। उपरोक्त उपायों के माध्यम से हिमालयी क्षेत्र के अवनयन को रोका जा सकता है|
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Explaining the rationale for the constitutional amendment, also clarify its process. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Assignment Question- Explaining the rationale for the constitutional amendment, also clarify its process. (150 words/10 Marks) Approach- Briefly introduce the Constitutional Amendment Describe the rationale of Constitutional Amendment Mention the Process of Constitutional Amendment Briefly conclude Answer- The Constitution of India provides for its amendment in order to adjust itself to the changing conditions and needs. Article 368 in Part XX of the Constitution deals with the powers of Parliament to amend the Constitution and its procedure. Significance of Amendment Amendment provides dynamism into the constitution With the passage of time, socio-economic-political conditions keep on changing, and through amendment, Constitution can be made to respond to the prevailing situations. To incorporate the experiences on the basis of the practical working of the constitution. To respond to changing public aspirations. In a short span of nearly 70 years from the commencement of the constitution, more than 100 amendments happened. This itself signifies the importance of amendment. Because of limited separation of power as well as the division of Powers, there is a mutual inter-dependency among the 3 organs of government as well as union and the states respectively. Because of such interdependency, conflicts are bound to occur, and to resolve such emerging conflicts the amendments are considered to be essential. Through the amendment, the provisions of DPSPs can be more effectively enforced or implemented. Through the amendment, it becomes possible for the government to adopt or enforce various welfare measures for the weaker sections of society. Process of Constitutional Amendment Such Bills can be initiated or introduced in the case of Lok Sabha (LS) or in the case of Rajya Sabha (RS). There is no provision of Joint session w.r.t. Amendment Bills because such bills must be passed by both houses separately. It is mandatory for the President to give assent or approval to the Amendment Bills. Such bills require a Special majority to be passed by each house of the Parliament. (i) Special Majority The provisions which can be amended by this way include: Fundamental Rights, DPSP (ii)Special Majority+ratification of at least half the state legislatures [368(2)] Election of the President The extent of the executive power of the Union and the states Supreme Court and high courts Distribution of legislative powers between the states and the union Any of the lists in the seventh schedule The procedure of the Constitutional amendment is neither highly flexible as to allow the ruling parties to change it according to their whims nor is it very rigid as to be incapable of adapting itself to the changing needs.
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##Question:Explaining the rationale for the constitutional amendment, also clarify its process. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Assignment Question- Explaining the rationale for the constitutional amendment, also clarify its process. (150 words/10 Marks) Approach- Briefly introduce the Constitutional Amendment Describe the rationale of Constitutional Amendment Mention the Process of Constitutional Amendment Briefly conclude Answer- The Constitution of India provides for its amendment in order to adjust itself to the changing conditions and needs. Article 368 in Part XX of the Constitution deals with the powers of Parliament to amend the Constitution and its procedure. Significance of Amendment Amendment provides dynamism into the constitution With the passage of time, socio-economic-political conditions keep on changing, and through amendment, Constitution can be made to respond to the prevailing situations. To incorporate the experiences on the basis of the practical working of the constitution. To respond to changing public aspirations. In a short span of nearly 70 years from the commencement of the constitution, more than 100 amendments happened. This itself signifies the importance of amendment. Because of limited separation of power as well as the division of Powers, there is a mutual inter-dependency among the 3 organs of government as well as union and the states respectively. Because of such interdependency, conflicts are bound to occur, and to resolve such emerging conflicts the amendments are considered to be essential. Through the amendment, the provisions of DPSPs can be more effectively enforced or implemented. Through the amendment, it becomes possible for the government to adopt or enforce various welfare measures for the weaker sections of society. Process of Constitutional Amendment Such Bills can be initiated or introduced in the case of Lok Sabha (LS) or in the case of Rajya Sabha (RS). There is no provision of Joint session w.r.t. Amendment Bills because such bills must be passed by both houses separately. It is mandatory for the President to give assent or approval to the Amendment Bills. Such bills require a Special majority to be passed by each house of the Parliament. (i) Special Majority The provisions which can be amended by this way include: Fundamental Rights, DPSP (ii)Special Majority+ratification of at least half the state legislatures [368(2)] Election of the President The extent of the executive power of the Union and the states Supreme Court and high courts Distribution of legislative powers between the states and the union Any of the lists in the seventh schedule The procedure of the Constitutional amendment is neither highly flexible as to allow the ruling parties to change it according to their whims nor is it very rigid as to be incapable of adapting itself to the changing needs.
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Parliamentary control on the working of the Government is a Myth" Discuss. (150 Words/10Marks)
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Assignment Question-Parliamentary control on the working of the Government is a Myth" Discuss. (150 Words/10Marks) Approach Introduce answer by referring to the indirect control of the legislature over Government Various Ways by which Parliament control executive Why parliamentary control is limited Link parliament effectiveness to Good governance Answer The parliamentary system of government prevalent in India is based on the principle of collective responsibility. It means the ministers are responsible to the parliament for their policies and actions. Thus, the legislative control over Government is only indirect that is through ministers. Parliament exercise control over administration through the executive in the following way General control over policy and action of the Government Through Question, discussion, Motion, and resolution. Financial control through Budget and audit Detailed control over Financial/administrative and legislative matters through committees. Parliamentary control over government is more theoretical than practical. In reality, control is not as effective as it ought to be the following factor are responsible for the ineffectiveness of the Parliamentary control over government The parliament has neither time nor expertise to control the administration which has grown in volume and complexity. Parliament financial control is hindered by the technical nature of demand for grants .parliamentarians being laymen cannot understand them properly and fully. The legislative leadership lies with the executive in the parliament which helps them to play a significant role in policy formulation. legislative leadership of the executive reduces the effectiveness of the control. The very size of parliament is too large and unmanageable to be effective The financial committee like the public accounts committee examines the public expenditure after it has been incurred by the executive. thus they do Post mortem work The increased Recourse of Guillotine Reduced the scope of financial control. The Growth of delegated legislation reduces the role of Parliament in making detailed laws and increased the power of bureaucracy. The frequent promulgation of an ordinance by the president dilutes the Parliamentarians power of legislation The parliamentary control is Sporadic, general and mostly political in nature. Conclusion Lack of strong and steady Opposition in the Parliament and a setback in the parliamentary behaviour and ethics have also contributed to the ineffectiveness of legislative control over administration in India. Parliament is the supreme legislative organ of the state. Increased effectiveness of the parliament by reducing frequent disruption and good work ethics will help in making the Government of the day more accountable thus leading to Good governance.
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##Question:Parliamentary control on the working of the Government is a Myth" Discuss. (150 Words/10Marks)##Answer:Assignment Question-Parliamentary control on the working of the Government is a Myth" Discuss. (150 Words/10Marks) Approach Introduce answer by referring to the indirect control of the legislature over Government Various Ways by which Parliament control executive Why parliamentary control is limited Link parliament effectiveness to Good governance Answer The parliamentary system of government prevalent in India is based on the principle of collective responsibility. It means the ministers are responsible to the parliament for their policies and actions. Thus, the legislative control over Government is only indirect that is through ministers. Parliament exercise control over administration through the executive in the following way General control over policy and action of the Government Through Question, discussion, Motion, and resolution. Financial control through Budget and audit Detailed control over Financial/administrative and legislative matters through committees. Parliamentary control over government is more theoretical than practical. In reality, control is not as effective as it ought to be the following factor are responsible for the ineffectiveness of the Parliamentary control over government The parliament has neither time nor expertise to control the administration which has grown in volume and complexity. Parliament financial control is hindered by the technical nature of demand for grants .parliamentarians being laymen cannot understand them properly and fully. The legislative leadership lies with the executive in the parliament which helps them to play a significant role in policy formulation. legislative leadership of the executive reduces the effectiveness of the control. The very size of parliament is too large and unmanageable to be effective The financial committee like the public accounts committee examines the public expenditure after it has been incurred by the executive. thus they do Post mortem work The increased Recourse of Guillotine Reduced the scope of financial control. The Growth of delegated legislation reduces the role of Parliament in making detailed laws and increased the power of bureaucracy. The frequent promulgation of an ordinance by the president dilutes the Parliamentarians power of legislation The parliamentary control is Sporadic, general and mostly political in nature. Conclusion Lack of strong and steady Opposition in the Parliament and a setback in the parliamentary behaviour and ethics have also contributed to the ineffectiveness of legislative control over administration in India. Parliament is the supreme legislative organ of the state. Increased effectiveness of the parliament by reducing frequent disruption and good work ethics will help in making the Government of the day more accountable thus leading to Good governance.
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Outlining the various dynasty that ruled Vijayanagar Empire, discuss the administrative setup of the Vijayanagar Empire in detail. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction- Brief background about the Vijayanagar Empire. Main Body- Mention Various dynasties that ruled Vijayanagar Empire and also describe the administrative setup in detail. Conclude accordingly by mentioning the battle of Talikota. Answer: In the later part of Muhammad bin Tuglaq"s reign, a series of rebellions occurred and a lot of provinces declared their independence thus Harihara and Bukka founded the Vijayanagara principality. The kingdom of Vijayanagar was founded in the southwestern part of Andhra Pradesh on the banks of Tungabhadra in 1336. Harihara and Bukka with the blessings of saint Vidyaranya established the empire with Harihar as the 1st ruler. They originally were feudatories of Kakatiya rulers of Warangal but with the decline of Kakatiya and Hoysala kingdom very soon Vijayanagara empire expanded to a significant part of south India. The various dynasties that ruled the Vijayanagar empire: Sangam Dynasty (1336-1485): Harihara and Bukka established this dynasty. The most important ruler of this dynasty was Deya Raya II. He is known for enlisting many Muslim men in cavalry and giving them jagirs. It was during his reign that Abdul Razzaq visited the Vijayanagara empire. Saluva Dynasty(1485-1505): It was founded by Saluva Narsimha. However, the dynasty came to an end only after a brief period of 2 decades. Tuluva Dynasty(1505-1542): It was established by Vir Narsimha Raya. He was succeeded by his half-brother Sri Krishna Deva Raya(1509-1529) who is considered the greatest ruler of the empire. Krishna Deva Raya was able to repulse Bahamanis and extend his dominion in Orissa also. He was a great warrior, statesman, administrator, and patron of the arts. The Aravidu dynasty: The successors of Krishna deva Raya were incompetent, the real power lay with Rama Raya. And very soon he became the de-facto ruler. He was able to play off various Muslim rulers against each other. The administrative setup of the Vijayanagara empire: Political organization: The Vijayanagara empire was well organized with the king being the absolute authority. He was assisted by the council of the minister in his day-to-day administration. The empire was divided into administrative units 1st unit of the division was the Mandalams. In 1 Mandalams there were various Nadus. In 1 Nadus had some Sthalas. In 1 Sthalas there were many Gramas The governor of Mandalams was called Mandaleshwar or Nayaks. Vijaynagar rulers gave a lot of authority to Nayaks in the administration. Land revenue and sources of income: Besides the land revenue, tributes, and gifts from the vassal states and feudal chief, customs collected at ports and taxes on various professions were sources of income to the government. Land revenue was generally fixed at 1/6th of the produce. Organization and functioning of the army: The army was well organized and trained. High breed horses were priced from foreign traders The top army officers were known as poligars or Nayaks. They were granted land called Amaram for their services. Soldiers were usually paid in cash. In the battle of Talikota (1565) also known as battle Rakassa-Tangradi, the combined force of Bahmani defeated Rama Raya(the then ruler). Rama Raya was executed and the city was looted and sacked. The battle is generally considered to mark the end of the Vijayanagara empire, however, the Vijayanagara kingdom existed under the Aravidu dynasty for about a century.
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##Question:Outlining the various dynasty that ruled Vijayanagar Empire, discuss the administrative setup of the Vijayanagar Empire in detail. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction- Brief background about the Vijayanagar Empire. Main Body- Mention Various dynasties that ruled Vijayanagar Empire and also describe the administrative setup in detail. Conclude accordingly by mentioning the battle of Talikota. Answer: In the later part of Muhammad bin Tuglaq"s reign, a series of rebellions occurred and a lot of provinces declared their independence thus Harihara and Bukka founded the Vijayanagara principality. The kingdom of Vijayanagar was founded in the southwestern part of Andhra Pradesh on the banks of Tungabhadra in 1336. Harihara and Bukka with the blessings of saint Vidyaranya established the empire with Harihar as the 1st ruler. They originally were feudatories of Kakatiya rulers of Warangal but with the decline of Kakatiya and Hoysala kingdom very soon Vijayanagara empire expanded to a significant part of south India. The various dynasties that ruled the Vijayanagar empire: Sangam Dynasty (1336-1485): Harihara and Bukka established this dynasty. The most important ruler of this dynasty was Deya Raya II. He is known for enlisting many Muslim men in cavalry and giving them jagirs. It was during his reign that Abdul Razzaq visited the Vijayanagara empire. Saluva Dynasty(1485-1505): It was founded by Saluva Narsimha. However, the dynasty came to an end only after a brief period of 2 decades. Tuluva Dynasty(1505-1542): It was established by Vir Narsimha Raya. He was succeeded by his half-brother Sri Krishna Deva Raya(1509-1529) who is considered the greatest ruler of the empire. Krishna Deva Raya was able to repulse Bahamanis and extend his dominion in Orissa also. He was a great warrior, statesman, administrator, and patron of the arts. The Aravidu dynasty: The successors of Krishna deva Raya were incompetent, the real power lay with Rama Raya. And very soon he became the de-facto ruler. He was able to play off various Muslim rulers against each other. The administrative setup of the Vijayanagara empire: Political organization: The Vijayanagara empire was well organized with the king being the absolute authority. He was assisted by the council of the minister in his day-to-day administration. The empire was divided into administrative units 1st unit of the division was the Mandalams. In 1 Mandalams there were various Nadus. In 1 Nadus had some Sthalas. In 1 Sthalas there were many Gramas The governor of Mandalams was called Mandaleshwar or Nayaks. Vijaynagar rulers gave a lot of authority to Nayaks in the administration. Land revenue and sources of income: Besides the land revenue, tributes, and gifts from the vassal states and feudal chief, customs collected at ports and taxes on various professions were sources of income to the government. Land revenue was generally fixed at 1/6th of the produce. Organization and functioning of the army: The army was well organized and trained. High breed horses were priced from foreign traders The top army officers were known as poligars or Nayaks. They were granted land called Amaram for their services. Soldiers were usually paid in cash. In the battle of Talikota (1565) also known as battle Rakassa-Tangradi, the combined force of Bahmani defeated Rama Raya(the then ruler). Rama Raya was executed and the city was looted and sacked. The battle is generally considered to mark the end of the Vijayanagara empire, however, the Vijayanagara kingdom existed under the Aravidu dynasty for about a century.
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Discuss Article 3 of the constitution of India focusing on the process of re-organization of states. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach Briefly discuss the mandate of Article 3. Discuss the process of state reorganization. Conclude briefly. Answer- Article 3 of the constitution provides the procedure for the reorganization of states in India. As per this provision, Parliament by law can form new states, alter the area, alter the boundaries, alter the names of the states in India. Under this provision whatever parliament can do for the states can be done for the UTs as well. It states that Parliament may by law - (a) form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State; (b) increase the area of any State; (c) diminish the area of any State; (d) alter the boundaries of any State; (e) alter the name of any State; Process of state reorganization- Such a bill can be introduced in Parliament only on the prior recommendation of the President. The President before recommending the bill to the Parliament must seek the views of the state legislatures concerned where they are supposed to express their opinion on the bill within the specified time period as mentioned by the President. The centre may or may not accept the recommendations made by the state. If the legislature does not provide its views within the specified period or gives a contrary view the Parliament is free to proceed in the manner as it may choose since the opinion of the state legislature is not binding on the Parliament. After the state views are received the Parliament can pass the bill by simple majority. In the case of UTs, the prior recommendation of the president and referral to the legislature are not required. Any law made under articles 2 and 3 would not be considered as a constitutional amendment act under article 368 and would be treated as an ordinary law. Although article 3, highlights the vulnerability and reliance of the State"s" territorial integrity on the Union, it also provides flexibility to the Indian federation and is an example of the asymmetric federalism of India.
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##Question:Discuss Article 3 of the constitution of India focusing on the process of re-organization of states. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Briefly discuss the mandate of Article 3. Discuss the process of state reorganization. Conclude briefly. Answer- Article 3 of the constitution provides the procedure for the reorganization of states in India. As per this provision, Parliament by law can form new states, alter the area, alter the boundaries, alter the names of the states in India. Under this provision whatever parliament can do for the states can be done for the UTs as well. It states that Parliament may by law - (a) form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State; (b) increase the area of any State; (c) diminish the area of any State; (d) alter the boundaries of any State; (e) alter the name of any State; Process of state reorganization- Such a bill can be introduced in Parliament only on the prior recommendation of the President. The President before recommending the bill to the Parliament must seek the views of the state legislatures concerned where they are supposed to express their opinion on the bill within the specified time period as mentioned by the President. The centre may or may not accept the recommendations made by the state. If the legislature does not provide its views within the specified period or gives a contrary view the Parliament is free to proceed in the manner as it may choose since the opinion of the state legislature is not binding on the Parliament. After the state views are received the Parliament can pass the bill by simple majority. In the case of UTs, the prior recommendation of the president and referral to the legislature are not required. Any law made under articles 2 and 3 would not be considered as a constitutional amendment act under article 368 and would be treated as an ordinary law. Although article 3, highlights the vulnerability and reliance of the State"s" territorial integrity on the Union, it also provides flexibility to the Indian federation and is an example of the asymmetric federalism of India.
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Discuss the working of the Parliamentary Committee system in India with special reference to its role in parliamentary control over the executive. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduction: Defining the parliamentary committee in a brief manner Main Body: Need of the Parliamentary committees in the house Role of these committees in establishing parliamentary control over the executive. Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be given. Answer : Parliamentary Committees means such committees of the House which have been appointed or elected by the House or nominated by the Speaker/Chairman. No specific provision has been made in the Constitution regarding Parliamentary Committees but it is constituted under the rules made by both the Houses under Article 118 (1). On the basis of nature, there are two types of Parliamentary Committees – Standing Committees and Ad-hoc Committees. A significant feature of the Indian legislative process is the appointment of Parliamentary committees for various legislative purposes. Parliamentary committees play a vital role in increasing the efficiency and the expertise of parliament in the following manner- In-depth study of the issue under consideration: Since the Parliament has very limited time at its disposal, committees are able to give more attention and time to a particular issue. Performing important functions like studying the demands for grants made by various ministries, looking into expenditure incurred by various departments, investigating cases of corruption, etc. Effective Supervision: Departmentally related standing committees supervise the work of various departments, their budget, their expenditure, and bills. Reducing the burden on the Parliament: Joint Parliamentary Committees (JPCs) can be set up for the purpose of discussing a particular bill or for the purpose of investigating financial irregularities etc. Ironing out ideological and party differences- Committees provide a forum to build consensus across party lines, help develop expertise in subjects and enable consultation with independent experts and stakeholders, thus streamlining the decision-making process. The role of these committees in establishing parliamentary control over the executive- Public Accounts Committee- Parliamentary oversight on the finances of the government has been made possible through the Public Accounts Committee. The main function of the Public Accounts Committee is to examine the audit report submitted by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, from which it reveals unauthorized expenditure by the executive or activities related to expenditure in excess of the sanctioned limits. Committee on Government Undertakings- Control over the concerned departments and undertakings is established by examining the reports and accounts of the specified government undertakings by the Committee on Government Undertakings. It looks at whether the public sector undertakings are operating in accordance with proper business principles and prudent commercial objectives. Parliamentary oversight is maintained over the administration through the Department-related Standing Committees . It considers the Demands for Grants of the concerned Ministry/Department and inspects the Bills. The Estimates Committee suggests alternative policies without criticizing the current policies of the government so that the goal of efficiency and economy can be achieved. The committee sees whether the money that the government is spending for the above purpose is actually within the prescribed limit. Way Forward- Following measures will strengthen it further and aid it effectively checking the wrongdoings on the part of Executive- The time limit should be fixed for government departments to submit Action Taken Report. Sufficient technical assistance should be provided to them through Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha Secretariats. Testimony of witnesses should be made public either by telecasting it or allowing the Press or by making the transcript of testimony public. Minutes of the meetings should be made public.
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##Question:Discuss the working of the Parliamentary Committee system in India with special reference to its role in parliamentary control over the executive. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Defining the parliamentary committee in a brief manner Main Body: Need of the Parliamentary committees in the house Role of these committees in establishing parliamentary control over the executive. Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be given. Answer : Parliamentary Committees means such committees of the House which have been appointed or elected by the House or nominated by the Speaker/Chairman. No specific provision has been made in the Constitution regarding Parliamentary Committees but it is constituted under the rules made by both the Houses under Article 118 (1). On the basis of nature, there are two types of Parliamentary Committees – Standing Committees and Ad-hoc Committees. A significant feature of the Indian legislative process is the appointment of Parliamentary committees for various legislative purposes. Parliamentary committees play a vital role in increasing the efficiency and the expertise of parliament in the following manner- In-depth study of the issue under consideration: Since the Parliament has very limited time at its disposal, committees are able to give more attention and time to a particular issue. Performing important functions like studying the demands for grants made by various ministries, looking into expenditure incurred by various departments, investigating cases of corruption, etc. Effective Supervision: Departmentally related standing committees supervise the work of various departments, their budget, their expenditure, and bills. Reducing the burden on the Parliament: Joint Parliamentary Committees (JPCs) can be set up for the purpose of discussing a particular bill or for the purpose of investigating financial irregularities etc. Ironing out ideological and party differences- Committees provide a forum to build consensus across party lines, help develop expertise in subjects and enable consultation with independent experts and stakeholders, thus streamlining the decision-making process. The role of these committees in establishing parliamentary control over the executive- Public Accounts Committee- Parliamentary oversight on the finances of the government has been made possible through the Public Accounts Committee. The main function of the Public Accounts Committee is to examine the audit report submitted by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, from which it reveals unauthorized expenditure by the executive or activities related to expenditure in excess of the sanctioned limits. Committee on Government Undertakings- Control over the concerned departments and undertakings is established by examining the reports and accounts of the specified government undertakings by the Committee on Government Undertakings. It looks at whether the public sector undertakings are operating in accordance with proper business principles and prudent commercial objectives. Parliamentary oversight is maintained over the administration through the Department-related Standing Committees . It considers the Demands for Grants of the concerned Ministry/Department and inspects the Bills. The Estimates Committee suggests alternative policies without criticizing the current policies of the government so that the goal of efficiency and economy can be achieved. The committee sees whether the money that the government is spending for the above purpose is actually within the prescribed limit. Way Forward- Following measures will strengthen it further and aid it effectively checking the wrongdoings on the part of Executive- The time limit should be fixed for government departments to submit Action Taken Report. Sufficient technical assistance should be provided to them through Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha Secretariats. Testimony of witnesses should be made public either by telecasting it or allowing the Press or by making the transcript of testimony public. Minutes of the meetings should be made public.
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What is meant by the term ‘constitutional morality’? How does one uphold constitutional morality? (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Write the meaning of Constitutional morality Give the reference of related constitutional articles. Mention the cases and judgments related to Constitutional morality Explain the need to uphold Constitutional morality Conclude accordingly Answer: According to Dr. Ambedkar , Constitutional morality would mean effective coordination between conflicting interests of different people and the administrative cooperation to resolve them amicably without any confrontation amongst the various groups working for the realization of their ends at any cost. Constitutional morality has been regarded as a paramount reverence for the constitution. Constitutional morality provides a principled understanding for unfolding the work of governance. It specifies norms for institutions to survive and an expectation of behaviour that will meet not just the text but the soul of the Constitution. It also makes the governing institutions and representatives accountable. Constitutional Morality is scarcely a new concept. It is written largely in the Constitution itself like in the section of Fundamental Rights (Article 12 to 35), Directive Principle of State Policy (Article 36 to 51), Preamble, and Fundamental duties. Supreme Court"s Judgements and Constitutional Morality: Constitutional morality is not limited only to following the constitutional provisions literally but is based on values like individual autonomy and liberty; equality without discrimination; recognition of identity with dignity; the right to privacy. Constitutional morality means adherence to the core principles of constitutional democracy. The progressive and monumental precedents have been set up by the judiciary in the past few years, where this doctrine has been applied especially in relation to the cases of gender justice, institutional propriety, social uplift, checking majoritarianism, and other such evils. For Example- In Supreme Court’s Sabarimala verdict r eligious freedom, gender equality, and the right of women to worship guaranteed under Articles 14, 21, and 25 of the Constitution were reinstated which struck down the practice of banning entry of women of a certain age to the Sabarimala temple in Kerala as unconstitutional. Constitutional morality here went against social morality that discriminates against women based on biological reasons like menstruation. In Kesavananda Bharati Case, the Supreme Court restricted the power of the Parliament to violate the Basic Structure of the Constitution. In the Naz Foundation case , the Supreme Court opined that only Constitutional Morality and not Public Morality should prevail. In Lt Governor of Delhi case, SC proclaimed constitutional morality as a governing idea that "highlight the need to preserve the trust of people in the institution of democracy. In the Sabarimala case , the Supreme Court bypassed the “doctrine of essentiality” to uphold the Constitutional morality Need to Uphold Constitutional Morality: The central elements of constitutional morality are freedom and self-restraint. Self-restraint was a precondition for maintaining freedom under a proper constitutional government. To uphold constitutional morality, the constitutional methods must be used for achieving social and economic objectives. Commitment to the ideals and aspirations of the Constitution Awareness creation among the common public regarding their rights which are protected by the Constitution. Following the Fundamental Duties while exercising Fundamental Rights. Constitutional Morality is a sentiment to be cultivated in the minds of a responsible citizen. Upholding constitutional morality is not just the duty of the Judiciary or state but also of individuals. The preamble of the constitution explicitly mentions the type of society we wish to establish; it is only through constitutional morality it can become reality.
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##Question:What is meant by the term ‘constitutional morality’? How does one uphold constitutional morality? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Write the meaning of Constitutional morality Give the reference of related constitutional articles. Mention the cases and judgments related to Constitutional morality Explain the need to uphold Constitutional morality Conclude accordingly Answer: According to Dr. Ambedkar , Constitutional morality would mean effective coordination between conflicting interests of different people and the administrative cooperation to resolve them amicably without any confrontation amongst the various groups working for the realization of their ends at any cost. Constitutional morality has been regarded as a paramount reverence for the constitution. Constitutional morality provides a principled understanding for unfolding the work of governance. It specifies norms for institutions to survive and an expectation of behaviour that will meet not just the text but the soul of the Constitution. It also makes the governing institutions and representatives accountable. Constitutional Morality is scarcely a new concept. It is written largely in the Constitution itself like in the section of Fundamental Rights (Article 12 to 35), Directive Principle of State Policy (Article 36 to 51), Preamble, and Fundamental duties. Supreme Court"s Judgements and Constitutional Morality: Constitutional morality is not limited only to following the constitutional provisions literally but is based on values like individual autonomy and liberty; equality without discrimination; recognition of identity with dignity; the right to privacy. Constitutional morality means adherence to the core principles of constitutional democracy. The progressive and monumental precedents have been set up by the judiciary in the past few years, where this doctrine has been applied especially in relation to the cases of gender justice, institutional propriety, social uplift, checking majoritarianism, and other such evils. For Example- In Supreme Court’s Sabarimala verdict r eligious freedom, gender equality, and the right of women to worship guaranteed under Articles 14, 21, and 25 of the Constitution were reinstated which struck down the practice of banning entry of women of a certain age to the Sabarimala temple in Kerala as unconstitutional. Constitutional morality here went against social morality that discriminates against women based on biological reasons like menstruation. In Kesavananda Bharati Case, the Supreme Court restricted the power of the Parliament to violate the Basic Structure of the Constitution. In the Naz Foundation case , the Supreme Court opined that only Constitutional Morality and not Public Morality should prevail. In Lt Governor of Delhi case, SC proclaimed constitutional morality as a governing idea that "highlight the need to preserve the trust of people in the institution of democracy. In the Sabarimala case , the Supreme Court bypassed the “doctrine of essentiality” to uphold the Constitutional morality Need to Uphold Constitutional Morality: The central elements of constitutional morality are freedom and self-restraint. Self-restraint was a precondition for maintaining freedom under a proper constitutional government. To uphold constitutional morality, the constitutional methods must be used for achieving social and economic objectives. Commitment to the ideals and aspirations of the Constitution Awareness creation among the common public regarding their rights which are protected by the Constitution. Following the Fundamental Duties while exercising Fundamental Rights. Constitutional Morality is a sentiment to be cultivated in the minds of a responsible citizen. Upholding constitutional morality is not just the duty of the Judiciary or state but also of individuals. The preamble of the constitution explicitly mentions the type of society we wish to establish; it is only through constitutional morality it can become reality.
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Trace the rise and growth of socio-religious reform movements with special reference to Young Bengal and Brahmo Samaj. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction- Brief background of socio-religious reforms. Main Body- Rise and growth of socio-religious reform movement Special reference to Young Bengal and Brahmo Samaj. Conclusion- A suitable conclusion can be given by the student if the word limit permits. Answer: The socio-religious reform movements started in the early 19th century. They attacked bigotry, superstition, and the hold of the priestly class. They worked for the abolition of castes and untouchability, the purdah system, Sati, child marriage, social inequalities, and illiteracy. Rise and growth of socio-religious reforms: Shift away from orientalism- the rise of liberalism, utilitarianism, and evangelicism whereby Britishers wanted to civilize/ modernize India by reforming India and giving the best ideas of age (political, economic, religious, etc) to India ie to fulfill white man"s burden. Rise of western education- which led to the creation of Brown Sahib. Response of Indians- At present, there is degradation in Indian culture and therefore, there is indeed a need for social reforms. That focus needs to be on western sciences and western education as they are based on rationality. Young Bengal Movement: It was initiated by Anglo-Indian Henry Vivian Derozio. He taught at the Hindu college in Bengal between 1826-31. He was highly inspired by the french revolution and motivated his disciples to: Think freely and rationally. Question all authority. Liberty, equality, and freedom. And also oppose all the decadent customs of India. His followers were known as the Derozios. Brahmo samaj: Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded Brahmo Sabha in 1828, which was later renamed Brahmo Samaj. Its chief aim was the worship of the eternal God. It was against priesthood, rituals, and sacrifices. It focused on prayers, meditation, and reading of the scriptures. It believed in the unity of all religions. Rationality was at the core of Brahma Samaj. They challenged all those religious practices which were not rationally justified. From the beginning, the Brahma samaj remained limited to the intellectual, who approached British authority to introduce social reforms. These movements created the ground for other movements which facilitated the development of cultural nationalism in India, these movements also initiated the process of modernization in India which manifested itself as the national freedom struggle.
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##Question:Trace the rise and growth of socio-religious reform movements with special reference to Young Bengal and Brahmo Samaj. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction- Brief background of socio-religious reforms. Main Body- Rise and growth of socio-religious reform movement Special reference to Young Bengal and Brahmo Samaj. Conclusion- A suitable conclusion can be given by the student if the word limit permits. Answer: The socio-religious reform movements started in the early 19th century. They attacked bigotry, superstition, and the hold of the priestly class. They worked for the abolition of castes and untouchability, the purdah system, Sati, child marriage, social inequalities, and illiteracy. Rise and growth of socio-religious reforms: Shift away from orientalism- the rise of liberalism, utilitarianism, and evangelicism whereby Britishers wanted to civilize/ modernize India by reforming India and giving the best ideas of age (political, economic, religious, etc) to India ie to fulfill white man"s burden. Rise of western education- which led to the creation of Brown Sahib. Response of Indians- At present, there is degradation in Indian culture and therefore, there is indeed a need for social reforms. That focus needs to be on western sciences and western education as they are based on rationality. Young Bengal Movement: It was initiated by Anglo-Indian Henry Vivian Derozio. He taught at the Hindu college in Bengal between 1826-31. He was highly inspired by the french revolution and motivated his disciples to: Think freely and rationally. Question all authority. Liberty, equality, and freedom. And also oppose all the decadent customs of India. His followers were known as the Derozios. Brahmo samaj: Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded Brahmo Sabha in 1828, which was later renamed Brahmo Samaj. Its chief aim was the worship of the eternal God. It was against priesthood, rituals, and sacrifices. It focused on prayers, meditation, and reading of the scriptures. It believed in the unity of all religions. Rationality was at the core of Brahma Samaj. They challenged all those religious practices which were not rationally justified. From the beginning, the Brahma samaj remained limited to the intellectual, who approached British authority to introduce social reforms. These movements created the ground for other movements which facilitated the development of cultural nationalism in India, these movements also initiated the process of modernization in India which manifested itself as the national freedom struggle.
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Analyze the pros and cons of legalizing the Minimum Support Price(MSP) system in India. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Briefly introduce by giving a background of the demand for legalising the MSP. Analyse the pros and cons of legalising MSP. Conclude the answer appropriately. Answer: The Parliament passed three bills in September 2020: Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Bill, 2020; Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Bill, 2020; and Essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill 2020. This triggered a widespread farmer protest in the country. The farmers demanded the repeal of the three laws along with the demand for legalising the MSP. The three bills have been repealed, however, the issue of legalising the MSP remains a core demand of the farmers. Currently, there is no statutory backing for these prices or any law mandating their implementation. Decision on legalising the MSP can be a tricky one as it involves multiple dimensions: Benefits of legalising the MSP: Addressing regional disparities: About 80% of such wheat procured in 2020-21 is from Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana. If the MSP is legalised then the farmers of other states can also sell their produce to the government at MSP. Addressing interpersonal inequalities: Currently, small and marginal farmers are left behind. According to the Shanta Kumar Committee’s 2015 report, only 6% of the farm households sell wheat and rice to the government at the MSP rates. Addressing intercrop inequalities: Currently, the whole procurement is skewed in favour of rice and wheat and thus other crops like pulses and coarse cereals are neglected. Legalising the MSP on all 22 crops can address this challenge. Farmers receive less than MSP: In most crops grown across much of India, the prices received by farmers, especially during harvest time, are well below the officially-declared MSPs. And since MSPs have no statutory backing, they cannot demand these as a matter of right. Drawbacks of legalising the MSP: Statutory MSP is unsustainable: A policy paper by NITI Aayog has recommended against legalising MSP. It reasoned that any fixed pre-determined price will push away private traders whenever production is more than demand, and there is a price slump in the market. This, in turn, will lead to government de-facto becoming the primary buyer of most farm produce for which MSP is declared, which is unsustainable. For instance: In August 2018, the Maharashtra government decided to amend the state APMC Act, making it illegal for a private trader to purchase any agricultural produce below the government-fixed MSP. The decision led to strong objections from traders who withdrew from the market as open market rates were lower than the government fixed price. Govt finally withdrew the proposal. Huge scope for corruption and recycling/leakage of wheat and rice, from godowns, ration shops or in transit. Difficulty in building the procurement, storage and distribution infrastructure: It is very difficult to build this infrastructure. Even today the procurement of FCI is limited to a few crops from a few regions of India. Disposal problems: While cereals and pulses can be sold through the public distribution system, the disposal becomes complicated in the case of niger seed, sesamum or safflower. Inflation: Higher procurement cost would mean an increase in prices of foodgrains, leading to inflation, which would eventually affect the poor. It will also impact India’s farm exports if the MSP is higher than the prevailing rates in the international market. Farm exports account for 11% of the total exports of commodities. India’s price support measures have been continuously opposed by the developed countries at the WTO. India had invoked the Bali Peace Clause in 2020 because India had exceeded the ceiling on the support it can offer farmers for rice in the year 2018-19. With a legally guaranteed higher MSP, India will face stiffer opposition at the WTO. It would lead to a huge burden on the exchequer since the government would have to procure all marketable surplus in the absence of private participation. Demands from other sectors: If the Centre makes a law to guarantee 100% procurement in all the 22 crops where MSP is announced, farmers cultivating fruits and vegetables, spices, and other crops will also demand the same. Broadly, it is very difficult to legalise MSP in India as it is unsustainable. The government must open dialogue with the farm unions and must utilise its resources in finding a sustainable solution. Increasing capital expenditure in the sector can be a way forward as it will strengthen the agriculture sector structurally.
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##Question:Analyze the pros and cons of legalizing the Minimum Support Price(MSP) system in India. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Briefly introduce by giving a background of the demand for legalising the MSP. Analyse the pros and cons of legalising MSP. Conclude the answer appropriately. Answer: The Parliament passed three bills in September 2020: Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Bill, 2020; Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Bill, 2020; and Essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill 2020. This triggered a widespread farmer protest in the country. The farmers demanded the repeal of the three laws along with the demand for legalising the MSP. The three bills have been repealed, however, the issue of legalising the MSP remains a core demand of the farmers. Currently, there is no statutory backing for these prices or any law mandating their implementation. Decision on legalising the MSP can be a tricky one as it involves multiple dimensions: Benefits of legalising the MSP: Addressing regional disparities: About 80% of such wheat procured in 2020-21 is from Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana. If the MSP is legalised then the farmers of other states can also sell their produce to the government at MSP. Addressing interpersonal inequalities: Currently, small and marginal farmers are left behind. According to the Shanta Kumar Committee’s 2015 report, only 6% of the farm households sell wheat and rice to the government at the MSP rates. Addressing intercrop inequalities: Currently, the whole procurement is skewed in favour of rice and wheat and thus other crops like pulses and coarse cereals are neglected. Legalising the MSP on all 22 crops can address this challenge. Farmers receive less than MSP: In most crops grown across much of India, the prices received by farmers, especially during harvest time, are well below the officially-declared MSPs. And since MSPs have no statutory backing, they cannot demand these as a matter of right. Drawbacks of legalising the MSP: Statutory MSP is unsustainable: A policy paper by NITI Aayog has recommended against legalising MSP. It reasoned that any fixed pre-determined price will push away private traders whenever production is more than demand, and there is a price slump in the market. This, in turn, will lead to government de-facto becoming the primary buyer of most farm produce for which MSP is declared, which is unsustainable. For instance: In August 2018, the Maharashtra government decided to amend the state APMC Act, making it illegal for a private trader to purchase any agricultural produce below the government-fixed MSP. The decision led to strong objections from traders who withdrew from the market as open market rates were lower than the government fixed price. Govt finally withdrew the proposal. Huge scope for corruption and recycling/leakage of wheat and rice, from godowns, ration shops or in transit. Difficulty in building the procurement, storage and distribution infrastructure: It is very difficult to build this infrastructure. Even today the procurement of FCI is limited to a few crops from a few regions of India. Disposal problems: While cereals and pulses can be sold through the public distribution system, the disposal becomes complicated in the case of niger seed, sesamum or safflower. Inflation: Higher procurement cost would mean an increase in prices of foodgrains, leading to inflation, which would eventually affect the poor. It will also impact India’s farm exports if the MSP is higher than the prevailing rates in the international market. Farm exports account for 11% of the total exports of commodities. India’s price support measures have been continuously opposed by the developed countries at the WTO. India had invoked the Bali Peace Clause in 2020 because India had exceeded the ceiling on the support it can offer farmers for rice in the year 2018-19. With a legally guaranteed higher MSP, India will face stiffer opposition at the WTO. It would lead to a huge burden on the exchequer since the government would have to procure all marketable surplus in the absence of private participation. Demands from other sectors: If the Centre makes a law to guarantee 100% procurement in all the 22 crops where MSP is announced, farmers cultivating fruits and vegetables, spices, and other crops will also demand the same. Broadly, it is very difficult to legalise MSP in India as it is unsustainable. The government must open dialogue with the farm unions and must utilise its resources in finding a sustainable solution. Increasing capital expenditure in the sector can be a way forward as it will strengthen the agriculture sector structurally.
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What were the differences between Swarajists and No Changers? Also, discuss the achievements of the Swarajists. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Cover some points on the background & related points on the genesis of Swarajists and No Changers in the Introduction. Highlight the differences between Swarajists (Pro-changers) and No Changers. Cover points on achievements of the Swarajists. Also, highlight some issues/negatives/shortcomings. Conclude accordingly. Answer: NCM was withdrawn in 1922 and in between 1922-24, Gandhiji was in jail. Further, there was disintegration, disorganisation and demoralisation among nationalist ranks. A debate started among Congressmen on what to do during the transition period, i.e., the passive phase (1922-27) of the movement. Within INC, two groups emerged, one group called Swarajists or Pro Changers (Congress Khilafat Swarajya party or Swaraj Party) and another group was No Changers. Differences between Swarajists (Pro-changers) and No Changers : The disagreements occur among leaders of the Congress Party. While some wanted to continue non-cooperation , others wanted to end the legislature boycott and contest elections (those advocating entry into legislative councils came to be known as the Swarajists.). The former (opposed council entry) were called no-changers and leaders included Rajendra Prasad, C Rajagopalachari, Sardar Vallabhai Patel, M.A. Ansari etc. The " No-changers" opposed council entry, advocated, a continuation of boycott and noncooperation, concentration on constructive work, and quiet preparation for the resumption of the suspended civil disobedience programme. The others who wanted to enter the legislative council and obstruct the British government from within were called the pro-changers and they came to be known as the Swarajists. These leaders included C R Das, Motilal Nehru, L L Rai, M M Malviya, Srinivasa Iyengar , etc. Achievements of the Swarajists: They gave constructive speeches in the Assembly on self-rule and civil liberties. Swarajists were able to defeat the Public Safety Bill in 1928. Work for party cadre during politically inactive phase of 1922-27. Confidence of masses increased. Vithalbhai Patel, a Swarajist, became speaker of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1925. They exposed the weaknesses of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms. They outvoted the government several times even in matters related to budgetary grants. Issues/negatives/shortcomings: No support to work in council with work in the street relied only on newspapers. CR Das died in 1925 (a big blow). Lost support of Muslim League. Riots in 1924 (division on communal lines in council). The Swaraj Party, established as the Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party, sought greater self-government and political freedom for the Indian people from the British Raj during the passive phase of 1922-1927.
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##Question:What were the differences between Swarajists and No Changers? Also, discuss the achievements of the Swarajists. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Cover some points on the background & related points on the genesis of Swarajists and No Changers in the Introduction. Highlight the differences between Swarajists (Pro-changers) and No Changers. Cover points on achievements of the Swarajists. Also, highlight some issues/negatives/shortcomings. Conclude accordingly. Answer: NCM was withdrawn in 1922 and in between 1922-24, Gandhiji was in jail. Further, there was disintegration, disorganisation and demoralisation among nationalist ranks. A debate started among Congressmen on what to do during the transition period, i.e., the passive phase (1922-27) of the movement. Within INC, two groups emerged, one group called Swarajists or Pro Changers (Congress Khilafat Swarajya party or Swaraj Party) and another group was No Changers. Differences between Swarajists (Pro-changers) and No Changers : The disagreements occur among leaders of the Congress Party. While some wanted to continue non-cooperation , others wanted to end the legislature boycott and contest elections (those advocating entry into legislative councils came to be known as the Swarajists.). The former (opposed council entry) were called no-changers and leaders included Rajendra Prasad, C Rajagopalachari, Sardar Vallabhai Patel, M.A. Ansari etc. The " No-changers" opposed council entry, advocated, a continuation of boycott and noncooperation, concentration on constructive work, and quiet preparation for the resumption of the suspended civil disobedience programme. The others who wanted to enter the legislative council and obstruct the British government from within were called the pro-changers and they came to be known as the Swarajists. These leaders included C R Das, Motilal Nehru, L L Rai, M M Malviya, Srinivasa Iyengar , etc. Achievements of the Swarajists: They gave constructive speeches in the Assembly on self-rule and civil liberties. Swarajists were able to defeat the Public Safety Bill in 1928. Work for party cadre during politically inactive phase of 1922-27. Confidence of masses increased. Vithalbhai Patel, a Swarajist, became speaker of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1925. They exposed the weaknesses of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms. They outvoted the government several times even in matters related to budgetary grants. Issues/negatives/shortcomings: No support to work in council with work in the street relied only on newspapers. CR Das died in 1925 (a big blow). Lost support of Muslim League. Riots in 1924 (division on communal lines in council). The Swaraj Party, established as the Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party, sought greater self-government and political freedom for the Indian people from the British Raj during the passive phase of 1922-1927.
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What do you mean by Climate Change? What are the causes of Climate Change? Enumerate the climate change impacts on India. (150 words /10 marks)
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Approach : Define climate change. Highlight the causes responsible for Climate change Discuss various Impacts of Climate change in India. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Climate change is a change that is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to the natural climate observed over comparable time periods. It can also be defined as the changes in the climatic conditions viz wind, temperature, pressure, humidity, precipitation, ocean currents, etc. which occur due to global warming. Causes of Climate Change: Anthropogenic or Man-made causes Greenhouse gases Deforestation Coal mining Burning of fossil fuels Industrial processes Agriculture Natural Causes Continental Drift Plate Tectonics & Convective currents Volcanic eruptions Ocean currents Solar Variation Earth orbital changes: More tilt = warmer summers & colder winters; Less tilt = cooler summers & milder winters Impacts of Climate change in India: Extreme Heat: Unusual and unprecedented spells of hot weather are expected to occur far more frequently and cover much larger areas. Under 4°C warming, the west coast and southern India are projected to shift to new, high-temperature climatic regimes with significant impacts on agriculture. Changing Rainfall Patterns: A decline in monsoon rainfall since the 1950s has already been observed. The frequency of heavy rainfall events has also increased. Droughts : Evidence indicates that parts of South Asia have become drier since the 1970s with an increase in the number of droughts. Droughts have major consequences. In 1987 and 2002-2003, droughts affected more than half of India’s crop area and led to a huge fall in crop production. Groundwater: More than 60% of India’s agriculture is rain-fed, making the country highly dependent on groundwater. Even without climate change, 15% of India’s groundwater resources are overexploited. Glacier Melt : most Himalayan glaciers - where a substantial part of the moisture is supplied by the summer monsoon - have been retreating over the past century. Sea level rise: Mumbai has the world’s largest population exposed to coastal flooding, with large parts of the city built on reclaimed land, below the high tide mark. Rapid and unplanned urbanization further increases the risks of seawater intrusion. Agriculture and food security: Observations show that extremely high temperatures in northern India - above 34°C - have had a substantial negative effect on wheat yields, and rising temperatures can only aggravate the situation. While overall rice yields have increased, rising temperatures with lower rainfall at the end of the growing season have caused a significant loss in India’s rice production. Energy Security: Climate-related impacts on water resources can undermine the two dominant forms of power generation in India - hydropower and thermal power generation - both of which depend on adequate water supplies to function effectively. Water Security: Many parts of India are already experiencing water stress. Even without climate change, satisfying future demand for water will be a major challenge. Migration and conflict: The Indus and the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Basins are major transboundary rivers, and the increasing demand for water is already leading to tensions among countries over water sharing. Thus, Climate Change is the defining issue of our time and we are at a defining moment . From shifting weather patterns that threaten food production to rising sea levels that increase the risk of catastrophic flooding, the impacts of climate change are global in scope and unprecedented in scale
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##Question:What do you mean by Climate Change? What are the causes of Climate Change? Enumerate the climate change impacts on India. (150 words /10 marks)##Answer:Approach : Define climate change. Highlight the causes responsible for Climate change Discuss various Impacts of Climate change in India. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Climate change is a change that is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to the natural climate observed over comparable time periods. It can also be defined as the changes in the climatic conditions viz wind, temperature, pressure, humidity, precipitation, ocean currents, etc. which occur due to global warming. Causes of Climate Change: Anthropogenic or Man-made causes Greenhouse gases Deforestation Coal mining Burning of fossil fuels Industrial processes Agriculture Natural Causes Continental Drift Plate Tectonics & Convective currents Volcanic eruptions Ocean currents Solar Variation Earth orbital changes: More tilt = warmer summers & colder winters; Less tilt = cooler summers & milder winters Impacts of Climate change in India: Extreme Heat: Unusual and unprecedented spells of hot weather are expected to occur far more frequently and cover much larger areas. Under 4°C warming, the west coast and southern India are projected to shift to new, high-temperature climatic regimes with significant impacts on agriculture. Changing Rainfall Patterns: A decline in monsoon rainfall since the 1950s has already been observed. The frequency of heavy rainfall events has also increased. Droughts : Evidence indicates that parts of South Asia have become drier since the 1970s with an increase in the number of droughts. Droughts have major consequences. In 1987 and 2002-2003, droughts affected more than half of India’s crop area and led to a huge fall in crop production. Groundwater: More than 60% of India’s agriculture is rain-fed, making the country highly dependent on groundwater. Even without climate change, 15% of India’s groundwater resources are overexploited. Glacier Melt : most Himalayan glaciers - where a substantial part of the moisture is supplied by the summer monsoon - have been retreating over the past century. Sea level rise: Mumbai has the world’s largest population exposed to coastal flooding, with large parts of the city built on reclaimed land, below the high tide mark. Rapid and unplanned urbanization further increases the risks of seawater intrusion. Agriculture and food security: Observations show that extremely high temperatures in northern India - above 34°C - have had a substantial negative effect on wheat yields, and rising temperatures can only aggravate the situation. While overall rice yields have increased, rising temperatures with lower rainfall at the end of the growing season have caused a significant loss in India’s rice production. Energy Security: Climate-related impacts on water resources can undermine the two dominant forms of power generation in India - hydropower and thermal power generation - both of which depend on adequate water supplies to function effectively. Water Security: Many parts of India are already experiencing water stress. Even without climate change, satisfying future demand for water will be a major challenge. Migration and conflict: The Indus and the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Basins are major transboundary rivers, and the increasing demand for water is already leading to tensions among countries over water sharing. Thus, Climate Change is the defining issue of our time and we are at a defining moment . From shifting weather patterns that threaten food production to rising sea levels that increase the risk of catastrophic flooding, the impacts of climate change are global in scope and unprecedented in scale
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गुप्तकालीन प्रशासन का संक्षिप्त परिचय देते हुए, गुप्तकालीन अर्थव्यवस्था एवं समाज का विवरण प्रस्तुत कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Give a brief introduction to the administration of the gupta period and present the details of the economy and society of the gupta period. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)
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एप्रोच- गुप्तकाल तथा उस काल के जीवन के बारे में संक्षिप्तता से उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिये| अगले भाग में, गुप्तकालीन प्रशासन का संक्षिप्त परिचय दीजिये| अगले भाग में, गुप्तकालीन अर्थव्यवस्था का विवरण प्रस्तुत कीजिये| अंतिम भाग में, गुप्तकालीन समाज के बारे में बताईये| उत्तर - मौर्यों के 500 वर्ष के बाद उत्तर भारत में प्रभावशाली गुप्त वंश (275ई-550ई) का उदय हुआ जिसने सारे भारत को लगभग एक सदी तक राजनीतिक एकता के सूत्र में बांधे रखा| गुप्त कुषाणों के अधीन सामंत या अधिकारी थें तथा इनका संबंध वैश्य जाति से था| चंद्रगुप्त प्रथम, समुद्रगुप्त, चंद्रगुप्त द्वितीय जैसे प्रभावी राजाओं के कारण इस काल में कला एवं साहित्य के क्षेत्र में व्यापक विकास हुआ वहीँ, इसके प्रशासन तथा अर्थव्यवस्था का भी विशेष महत्व है| गुप्तकालीन प्रशासन राजा प्रशासन का सर्वोच्च अधिकारी तथा उसके द्वारा बड़ी-बड़ी उपाधियाँ धारण की जाती थी तथा वर्णाश्रम धर्म का संरक्षक माना जाता था| मौर्यों की तुलना में केंद्रीय अधिकारियों की संख्या कम सर्वोच्च अधिकारियों की श्रेणी को कुमार आमत्य कहते थें| गुप्तकाल में एक ही व्यक्ति को अलग-2 मंत्रालयों की जानकारी तथा मंत्रिपद के वंशानुगत होने के भी साक्ष्य मिलते हैं| महाप्रतिहार - राजमहल का रक्षक; संधिविग्राहिक - युद्ध एवं शांति का मंत्री आदि सेना में अश्वरोही सेना का विशेष महत्व मौर्यों की तुलना में करों की संख्या भी कम भूराजस्व को भाग या उद्रंग कहते थें और संग्रह करने वाले अधिकारी को ध्रुवाधिकरण उपज का 1/4 से लेकर 1/6 भाग भूराजस्व के रूप में विष्टि या बेगार का भी प्रचलन गुप्तकाल में न्याय व्यवस्था तुलनात्मक रूप से अधिक सुपरिभाषित अर्थात दीवानी व फ़ौजदारी मामले सुपरिभाषित अपराध एवं सजा के संदर्भ में वर्ण व्यवस्था का प्रभाव प्रशासनिक विभाजन -> केंद्र; प्रांत या भुक्ति तथा उसका प्रमुख उपरिक जिला एवं ग्रामीण स्तर पर सुपरिभाषित प्रशासन -> जिला या विषय तथा उसका प्रमुख विषयपति जिला प्रशासन में समिति की भी भूमिका -> नगर श्रेष्ठी(नगर के महाजनों का प्रमुख); सार्थवाह(व्यापारियों का प्रमुख); प्रथम कुलिक(शिल्पियों का प्रमुख) और प्रथम कायस्थ(लिपिकों का प्रमुख) ग्राम स्तर पर भी शासन की जानकारी -> महतर, ग्रामिक और पुरपाल(लिपिक) गुप्तों के प्रशासन में विकेंद्रीकरण के लक्षण राजकीय मुहर गरुड़ की छाप वाली मुद्राएँ गुप्तकालीन अर्थव्यवस्था गुप्तकाल में धार्मिक उद्देश्यों से भूमिदान की परंपरा लोकप्रिय - इससे कृषि संबंधी ज्ञान का प्रसार सुदूरवर्ती क्षेत्रों में हुआ| छठी सदी के मध्य तक पश्चिमी देशों से व्यापार में गिरावट के संकेत , जैसे - रोमन लोगों ने रेशम बनाने की कला सीखी जिससे रेशम की मांग में गिरावट साथ ही, 5वीं सदी के अंतिम दशकों तक गुजरात पर गुप्तों का नियंत्रण समाप्त जिनसे भी गुप्तों को आर्थिक नुकसान व्यापार में गिरावट के साथ शिल्पों की संख्या में भी गिरावट तथा भूमिदान के कारण स्थानीयता के तत्व प्रबल होने लगते हैं| व्यापार एवं शिल्पों में गिरावट का प्रभाव सिक्कों में गिरावट के रूप में भी देख सकते हैं| व्यापार, शिल्प आदि में गिरावट के साथ गुप्तकाल के अंतिम दौर में शहरों के पतन के भी संकेत मिलते हैं| आम लेनदेन में तांबे के सिक्कों के स्थान पर कौड़ियों का प्रचलन (फाह्यान का विवरण) हालाँकि, प्राचीनकाल में गुप्त शासकों ने सर्वाधिक सोने के सिक्के जारी कियें और इन्हें कलात्मक दृष्टिकोण से भी उच्च कोटि का माना गया है| इन सिक्कों पर बड़ी संख्या में हिंदू देवी देवताओं का उत्कीर्णन , जैसे - विष्णु, लक्ष्मी, शिव, पार्वती आदि शासकों को अलग-2 गतिविधियों के साथ उत्कीर्ण किया गया है, जैसे - समुद्रगुप्त को वीणा बजाते हुए एवं अश्वमेध यज्ञ करते हुए| कुछ सिक्कों पर बाघ का शिकार करते हुए धनुष वाण चलाते हुए शासकों को चित्रित किया गया है| गुप्तकालीन समाज वर्ण व्यवस्था, जातिप्रथा, छुआछूत आदि पूर्ववर्ती काल की तरह फाह्यान ने भी छुआछूत का उल्लेख किया है| जातियों की संख्या में वृद्धि - मुख्यतः विदेशियों को आत्मसात किये जाने के कारण, जनजाति बहुल क्षेत्रों में ब्राह्मण धर्म के प्रसार के कारण दास प्रथा का प्रचलन और नारद स्मृति में दासों की मुक्ति का प्रावधान महिलाओं की दशा पूर्ववर्ती काल की तरह दयनीय पहली बार सती प्रथा के अभिलेखीय साक्ष्य 510 ई. के एरण अभिलेख से मिलते हैं| धार्मिक क्षेत्र में शुद्र वर्ण एवं महिलाओं के द्वारा कृष्ण की पूजा किये जाने के साक्ष्य शूद्रों को कृषि व्यवस्था में लगाये जाने के संकेत; रामायण-महाभारत को सुनने तथा श्रीकृष्ण को पूजने के संकेत स्त्रियों की दशा में कुछ गिरावट के संकेत गुप्तों के पतन में अयोग्य उतराधिकारी, अधिकारियों की महत्वाकांक्षा, हूणों के आक्रमण आदि कारकों की भूमिका रही जिसके कारण इतने प्रभावशाली गुप्त साम्राज्य का पतन हो गया|
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##Question:गुप्तकालीन प्रशासन का संक्षिप्त परिचय देते हुए, गुप्तकालीन अर्थव्यवस्था एवं समाज का विवरण प्रस्तुत कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Give a brief introduction to the administration of the gupta period and present the details of the economy and society of the gupta period. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)##Answer:एप्रोच- गुप्तकाल तथा उस काल के जीवन के बारे में संक्षिप्तता से उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिये| अगले भाग में, गुप्तकालीन प्रशासन का संक्षिप्त परिचय दीजिये| अगले भाग में, गुप्तकालीन अर्थव्यवस्था का विवरण प्रस्तुत कीजिये| अंतिम भाग में, गुप्तकालीन समाज के बारे में बताईये| उत्तर - मौर्यों के 500 वर्ष के बाद उत्तर भारत में प्रभावशाली गुप्त वंश (275ई-550ई) का उदय हुआ जिसने सारे भारत को लगभग एक सदी तक राजनीतिक एकता के सूत्र में बांधे रखा| गुप्त कुषाणों के अधीन सामंत या अधिकारी थें तथा इनका संबंध वैश्य जाति से था| चंद्रगुप्त प्रथम, समुद्रगुप्त, चंद्रगुप्त द्वितीय जैसे प्रभावी राजाओं के कारण इस काल में कला एवं साहित्य के क्षेत्र में व्यापक विकास हुआ वहीँ, इसके प्रशासन तथा अर्थव्यवस्था का भी विशेष महत्व है| गुप्तकालीन प्रशासन राजा प्रशासन का सर्वोच्च अधिकारी तथा उसके द्वारा बड़ी-बड़ी उपाधियाँ धारण की जाती थी तथा वर्णाश्रम धर्म का संरक्षक माना जाता था| मौर्यों की तुलना में केंद्रीय अधिकारियों की संख्या कम सर्वोच्च अधिकारियों की श्रेणी को कुमार आमत्य कहते थें| गुप्तकाल में एक ही व्यक्ति को अलग-2 मंत्रालयों की जानकारी तथा मंत्रिपद के वंशानुगत होने के भी साक्ष्य मिलते हैं| महाप्रतिहार - राजमहल का रक्षक; संधिविग्राहिक - युद्ध एवं शांति का मंत्री आदि सेना में अश्वरोही सेना का विशेष महत्व मौर्यों की तुलना में करों की संख्या भी कम भूराजस्व को भाग या उद्रंग कहते थें और संग्रह करने वाले अधिकारी को ध्रुवाधिकरण उपज का 1/4 से लेकर 1/6 भाग भूराजस्व के रूप में विष्टि या बेगार का भी प्रचलन गुप्तकाल में न्याय व्यवस्था तुलनात्मक रूप से अधिक सुपरिभाषित अर्थात दीवानी व फ़ौजदारी मामले सुपरिभाषित अपराध एवं सजा के संदर्भ में वर्ण व्यवस्था का प्रभाव प्रशासनिक विभाजन -> केंद्र; प्रांत या भुक्ति तथा उसका प्रमुख उपरिक जिला एवं ग्रामीण स्तर पर सुपरिभाषित प्रशासन -> जिला या विषय तथा उसका प्रमुख विषयपति जिला प्रशासन में समिति की भी भूमिका -> नगर श्रेष्ठी(नगर के महाजनों का प्रमुख); सार्थवाह(व्यापारियों का प्रमुख); प्रथम कुलिक(शिल्पियों का प्रमुख) और प्रथम कायस्थ(लिपिकों का प्रमुख) ग्राम स्तर पर भी शासन की जानकारी -> महतर, ग्रामिक और पुरपाल(लिपिक) गुप्तों के प्रशासन में विकेंद्रीकरण के लक्षण राजकीय मुहर गरुड़ की छाप वाली मुद्राएँ गुप्तकालीन अर्थव्यवस्था गुप्तकाल में धार्मिक उद्देश्यों से भूमिदान की परंपरा लोकप्रिय - इससे कृषि संबंधी ज्ञान का प्रसार सुदूरवर्ती क्षेत्रों में हुआ| छठी सदी के मध्य तक पश्चिमी देशों से व्यापार में गिरावट के संकेत , जैसे - रोमन लोगों ने रेशम बनाने की कला सीखी जिससे रेशम की मांग में गिरावट साथ ही, 5वीं सदी के अंतिम दशकों तक गुजरात पर गुप्तों का नियंत्रण समाप्त जिनसे भी गुप्तों को आर्थिक नुकसान व्यापार में गिरावट के साथ शिल्पों की संख्या में भी गिरावट तथा भूमिदान के कारण स्थानीयता के तत्व प्रबल होने लगते हैं| व्यापार एवं शिल्पों में गिरावट का प्रभाव सिक्कों में गिरावट के रूप में भी देख सकते हैं| व्यापार, शिल्प आदि में गिरावट के साथ गुप्तकाल के अंतिम दौर में शहरों के पतन के भी संकेत मिलते हैं| आम लेनदेन में तांबे के सिक्कों के स्थान पर कौड़ियों का प्रचलन (फाह्यान का विवरण) हालाँकि, प्राचीनकाल में गुप्त शासकों ने सर्वाधिक सोने के सिक्के जारी कियें और इन्हें कलात्मक दृष्टिकोण से भी उच्च कोटि का माना गया है| इन सिक्कों पर बड़ी संख्या में हिंदू देवी देवताओं का उत्कीर्णन , जैसे - विष्णु, लक्ष्मी, शिव, पार्वती आदि शासकों को अलग-2 गतिविधियों के साथ उत्कीर्ण किया गया है, जैसे - समुद्रगुप्त को वीणा बजाते हुए एवं अश्वमेध यज्ञ करते हुए| कुछ सिक्कों पर बाघ का शिकार करते हुए धनुष वाण चलाते हुए शासकों को चित्रित किया गया है| गुप्तकालीन समाज वर्ण व्यवस्था, जातिप्रथा, छुआछूत आदि पूर्ववर्ती काल की तरह फाह्यान ने भी छुआछूत का उल्लेख किया है| जातियों की संख्या में वृद्धि - मुख्यतः विदेशियों को आत्मसात किये जाने के कारण, जनजाति बहुल क्षेत्रों में ब्राह्मण धर्म के प्रसार के कारण दास प्रथा का प्रचलन और नारद स्मृति में दासों की मुक्ति का प्रावधान महिलाओं की दशा पूर्ववर्ती काल की तरह दयनीय पहली बार सती प्रथा के अभिलेखीय साक्ष्य 510 ई. के एरण अभिलेख से मिलते हैं| धार्मिक क्षेत्र में शुद्र वर्ण एवं महिलाओं के द्वारा कृष्ण की पूजा किये जाने के साक्ष्य शूद्रों को कृषि व्यवस्था में लगाये जाने के संकेत; रामायण-महाभारत को सुनने तथा श्रीकृष्ण को पूजने के संकेत स्त्रियों की दशा में कुछ गिरावट के संकेत गुप्तों के पतन में अयोग्य उतराधिकारी, अधिकारियों की महत्वाकांक्षा, हूणों के आक्रमण आदि कारकों की भूमिका रही जिसके कारण इतने प्रभावशाली गुप्त साम्राज्य का पतन हो गया|
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The primary role of the governor is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law. Discuss. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Assignment Question- The primary role of the governor is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law. Discuss. (150 words/10 Marks) Approach- Briefly give an introduction about the office of the Governor Describe his role responsibilities and power vis-a-vis constitution, law, etc Briefly conclude Answer- As per article 153, There shall be a Governor for each state. The executive power of the State shall be vested in the Governor and shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with the Constitution of India (Article 154). Role of Governor to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law The Governor has been vested with responsibilities to work in tandem with the State Government and President. The institution of Governor juxtaposes the interest of Center and State at a common platform. To defend the constitution, he makes a fine balance with State government administrative and legislative machinery and to preserve the constitutional ethos he follows the constitutional provisions in letter and spirit through following way: Reservation of the State bill before the President of India is one of the discretion of the governor. Governor can reserve the State Bill for the consideration of the President of India in the 1st instance. Governor can refer the bill for reconsideration of the state legislature According to article 356, the Governor can submit a report to the President of India regarding the proclamation of Article 356 that is to say the Presidents proclaimed in the state without the advice of the State Council of Ministers. If a state bill has possibilities to encroach the powers of the High Court, the Governor has to make a reservation of the state bill before the President. In accordance with article 371 - 371J, the Governor of some of the states like Maharashtra, Gujrat, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh Telangana, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, and Karnataka , have been assigned with special responsibilities for the socio-economic development and welfare of the backward sections of the societies and the backward regions of the state. In addition to the assent to State Bills, the Governor has been assigned with various other legislative powers w.r.t. State legislature like- 1. the governor has the power to summon, prorogue the state legislature and dissolve the legislative assembly 2. In accordance with article 230 the state legislature if not in session, the governor has the power to issue ordinances 3. Money Bill requires the prior recommendation of the Governor or its introduction in the legislative assembly 4. Governor can send the messages and address the state legislature on 2 occasions of the address of the governor is considered to be mandatory. Thus, it can be said that the constitution has given responsibilities to Governor to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law of the state by exercising his roles and responsibilities.
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##Question:The primary role of the governor is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law. Discuss. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Assignment Question- The primary role of the governor is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law. Discuss. (150 words/10 Marks) Approach- Briefly give an introduction about the office of the Governor Describe his role responsibilities and power vis-a-vis constitution, law, etc Briefly conclude Answer- As per article 153, There shall be a Governor for each state. The executive power of the State shall be vested in the Governor and shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with the Constitution of India (Article 154). Role of Governor to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law The Governor has been vested with responsibilities to work in tandem with the State Government and President. The institution of Governor juxtaposes the interest of Center and State at a common platform. To defend the constitution, he makes a fine balance with State government administrative and legislative machinery and to preserve the constitutional ethos he follows the constitutional provisions in letter and spirit through following way: Reservation of the State bill before the President of India is one of the discretion of the governor. Governor can reserve the State Bill for the consideration of the President of India in the 1st instance. Governor can refer the bill for reconsideration of the state legislature According to article 356, the Governor can submit a report to the President of India regarding the proclamation of Article 356 that is to say the Presidents proclaimed in the state without the advice of the State Council of Ministers. If a state bill has possibilities to encroach the powers of the High Court, the Governor has to make a reservation of the state bill before the President. In accordance with article 371 - 371J, the Governor of some of the states like Maharashtra, Gujrat, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh Telangana, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, and Karnataka , have been assigned with special responsibilities for the socio-economic development and welfare of the backward sections of the societies and the backward regions of the state. In addition to the assent to State Bills, the Governor has been assigned with various other legislative powers w.r.t. State legislature like- 1. the governor has the power to summon, prorogue the state legislature and dissolve the legislative assembly 2. In accordance with article 230 the state legislature if not in session, the governor has the power to issue ordinances 3. Money Bill requires the prior recommendation of the Governor or its introduction in the legislative assembly 4. Governor can send the messages and address the state legislature on 2 occasions of the address of the governor is considered to be mandatory. Thus, it can be said that the constitution has given responsibilities to Governor to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law of the state by exercising his roles and responsibilities.
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Define the term unemployment. Also discuss the concepts of Labour force, unemployment rate, Dependency ratio and Labour Force Participation Rate. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Write about unemployment in the introduction. Cover points on the Labour Force. Cover points on the unemployment rate. Cover points on Dependency ratio. Cover points on Labour Force Participation Rate. Answer: Unemployment is the condition of one who is capable of working, actively seeking work, but unable to find any work. It is important to note that to be considered unemployed a person must be an active member of the labour force and in search of remunerative work. Unemployment occurs when workers who want to work are unable to find jobs, which lowers economic output. High rates of unemployment are a signal of economic distress while extremely low rates of unemployment may signal an overheated economy. Unemployment data are collected and published by government agencies in a variety of ways. Unemployment is considered to be a key measure of the health of the economy. Labour Force : It is the population that is looking for work. It is also called an economically active population. It consists of both those who are working and those who are looking for work but not yet working. Unemployment rate : The most frequent measure of unemployment is the unemployment rate, which is the number of unemployed people divided by the number of people in the labour force. The unemployment rate is the percentage of the labour force without a job. The working-age population is commonly defined as persons aged 15 years and older (more commonly from 16 years to 64 years but it is not uniform/same for all countries), but this varies from country to country. In addition to using a minimum age threshold, certain countries also apply a maximum age limit. Dependency ratio : It is the proportion of the non-working age population to the working-age population. Dependency ratio = dependent population (younger than 16 years and older than 65 years) / Total population. The more common expression is the dependence on those who are of working age. Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): LFPR = Labour Force/Total population of the cohort. LFPR can be further defined for any specific cohort on which some social studies need to be conducted. Eg: LFPR of graduate women = Total number of graduate women in the labour force/total population of graduate women.
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##Question:Define the term unemployment. Also discuss the concepts of Labour force, unemployment rate, Dependency ratio and Labour Force Participation Rate. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Write about unemployment in the introduction. Cover points on the Labour Force. Cover points on the unemployment rate. Cover points on Dependency ratio. Cover points on Labour Force Participation Rate. Answer: Unemployment is the condition of one who is capable of working, actively seeking work, but unable to find any work. It is important to note that to be considered unemployed a person must be an active member of the labour force and in search of remunerative work. Unemployment occurs when workers who want to work are unable to find jobs, which lowers economic output. High rates of unemployment are a signal of economic distress while extremely low rates of unemployment may signal an overheated economy. Unemployment data are collected and published by government agencies in a variety of ways. Unemployment is considered to be a key measure of the health of the economy. Labour Force : It is the population that is looking for work. It is also called an economically active population. It consists of both those who are working and those who are looking for work but not yet working. Unemployment rate : The most frequent measure of unemployment is the unemployment rate, which is the number of unemployed people divided by the number of people in the labour force. The unemployment rate is the percentage of the labour force without a job. The working-age population is commonly defined as persons aged 15 years and older (more commonly from 16 years to 64 years but it is not uniform/same for all countries), but this varies from country to country. In addition to using a minimum age threshold, certain countries also apply a maximum age limit. Dependency ratio : It is the proportion of the non-working age population to the working-age population. Dependency ratio = dependent population (younger than 16 years and older than 65 years) / Total population. The more common expression is the dependence on those who are of working age. Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): LFPR = Labour Force/Total population of the cohort. LFPR can be further defined for any specific cohort on which some social studies need to be conducted. Eg: LFPR of graduate women = Total number of graduate women in the labour force/total population of graduate women.
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Indian constitution has a separate part dealing with the Fundamental Rights of the citizens. In this context, explain the significance of Fundamental Rights. (150 words/10 marks)
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Brief introduction about Fundamental rights Explain the significance of Fundamental Rights Conclude briefly Answer: The Fundamental Rights are enshrined in Part III of the Constitution from Articles 12 to 35. Part III of the Constitution is rightly described as the Magna Carta of India. It contains a very long and comprehensive list of ‘justiciable’ Fundamental Rights. Fundamental Rights are protected and Guaranteed by the Constitution and they cannot be taken away by an ordinary law enacted by the legislature. This special privilege is given to Fundamental rights as they are the basic rights guaranteed to all citizens by the constitution. It is significant because: Liberty:-of thought and expressions promote, intellectual, spiritual and physical development of an individual. Individual rights-essential for healthy functioning of democracy. RIght to life (Art 21), education, the abolition of untouchability, Equality code etc, right to privacy. Social Justice-Establishes equality of all citizens, dissolves social hierarchies, upholds individual dignity, furthers equity and prohibits discriminatory practices. RIght to Constitutional Remedy (Article 32)- Prevents the state from becoming arbitrary or authoritarian. Establishes a culture of check and balance and judiciary as the resort for executive misadventure. Equality in opportunity- indifference to ascriptive characteristics in public employment They maintain the larger public interest and unity of the nation. Government of laws and not of men Freedom of the press as deduced from article 19, furthers dissemination of information and helps citizenry hold government of the day responsible for their acts. RIght to education brings to the reach of every child in the age group of 6-14 a chance to avail school education. They are thus called cornerstone of Indian democracy. In Keshavananda Bharati V/S state of Kerala, 1973, SC held that parliament has the power to amend any provision of the constitution including part 3, however, parliament’s amending power subjects to the Basic structure of the constitution. In essence Parliament"s power to amend the Fundamental Rights is not absolute and the Supreme Court is the final arbiter over and interpreter of all amendments. "Above all, the fundamental rights part of the Constitution is a salutary reminder that the powers of the state are not unlimited and that human personality is priceless. We need these reminders constantly." (Soli Sorabjee)
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##Question:Indian constitution has a separate part dealing with the Fundamental Rights of the citizens. In this context, explain the significance of Fundamental Rights. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Brief introduction about Fundamental rights Explain the significance of Fundamental Rights Conclude briefly Answer: The Fundamental Rights are enshrined in Part III of the Constitution from Articles 12 to 35. Part III of the Constitution is rightly described as the Magna Carta of India. It contains a very long and comprehensive list of ‘justiciable’ Fundamental Rights. Fundamental Rights are protected and Guaranteed by the Constitution and they cannot be taken away by an ordinary law enacted by the legislature. This special privilege is given to Fundamental rights as they are the basic rights guaranteed to all citizens by the constitution. It is significant because: Liberty:-of thought and expressions promote, intellectual, spiritual and physical development of an individual. Individual rights-essential for healthy functioning of democracy. RIght to life (Art 21), education, the abolition of untouchability, Equality code etc, right to privacy. Social Justice-Establishes equality of all citizens, dissolves social hierarchies, upholds individual dignity, furthers equity and prohibits discriminatory practices. RIght to Constitutional Remedy (Article 32)- Prevents the state from becoming arbitrary or authoritarian. Establishes a culture of check and balance and judiciary as the resort for executive misadventure. Equality in opportunity- indifference to ascriptive characteristics in public employment They maintain the larger public interest and unity of the nation. Government of laws and not of men Freedom of the press as deduced from article 19, furthers dissemination of information and helps citizenry hold government of the day responsible for their acts. RIght to education brings to the reach of every child in the age group of 6-14 a chance to avail school education. They are thus called cornerstone of Indian democracy. In Keshavananda Bharati V/S state of Kerala, 1973, SC held that parliament has the power to amend any provision of the constitution including part 3, however, parliament’s amending power subjects to the Basic structure of the constitution. In essence Parliament"s power to amend the Fundamental Rights is not absolute and the Supreme Court is the final arbiter over and interpreter of all amendments. "Above all, the fundamental rights part of the Constitution is a salutary reminder that the powers of the state are not unlimited and that human personality is priceless. We need these reminders constantly." (Soli Sorabjee)
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What are local winds? Discuss their origin and their effect on the local weather conditions of a region. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction: Define local winds with some examples. Body: Discuss the origin of local winds. With relevant examples discuss the effect of local weather conditions in a region. Discuss the impact that local winds have on the climate of a region such as an effect caused by the sea breeze and land breeze, sudden temperature changes caused in deserts due to local winds, help in melting ice such as Chinook, mention winds like Harmattan which results in decreased humidity, etc. Conclusion: Can conclude with local winds impact. Answer- Local winds refer to the pattern of wind that occurs in a particular area. Local winds are caused by the local differences in temperature and pressure locally. Local winds can be classified as warm winds and cold winds. Some examples of local winds are Khamsin, Chinook, Fohn, etc. Origin of Local Winds: The local winds originate due to the change in air pressure, caused by the local difference in temperature and pressure on the land. They are limited to small areas, usually on the scale of tens to hundreds of miles, and are known by local names. Local winds can be influenced by topographical proximity like the proximity to an ocean, a lake, or a mountain range . For example- The Loo mainly originates in the large desert regions of the northwestern Indian subcontinent: the Great Indian Desert and the desert areas of Southern Balochistan. How do local winds affect local weather conditions: The local winds moderates the climate of nearby areas with sudden increase or decrease in the temperature and humidity. They compel the clouds and moisture to move around and can make an area wetter or dryer. These winds are the result of the differential heating of the land and the sea. The sea breeze is active in the daytime, the cool air from the sea blows towards the land surface and moderates the local weather. The exact opposite phenomenon occurs during nighttime when the land breeze blows. Conclusion Local winds influence climatological characteristics like visibility and humidity. Above all, they have a significant economic impact on the country. The moderating effect of the local winds entirely depends upon the location of the place. The local winds moderates the climate of nearby areas with sudden increase or decrease in the temperature and humidity.
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##Question:What are local winds? Discuss their origin and their effect on the local weather conditions of a region. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Define local winds with some examples. Body: Discuss the origin of local winds. With relevant examples discuss the effect of local weather conditions in a region. Discuss the impact that local winds have on the climate of a region such as an effect caused by the sea breeze and land breeze, sudden temperature changes caused in deserts due to local winds, help in melting ice such as Chinook, mention winds like Harmattan which results in decreased humidity, etc. Conclusion: Can conclude with local winds impact. Answer- Local winds refer to the pattern of wind that occurs in a particular area. Local winds are caused by the local differences in temperature and pressure locally. Local winds can be classified as warm winds and cold winds. Some examples of local winds are Khamsin, Chinook, Fohn, etc. Origin of Local Winds: The local winds originate due to the change in air pressure, caused by the local difference in temperature and pressure on the land. They are limited to small areas, usually on the scale of tens to hundreds of miles, and are known by local names. Local winds can be influenced by topographical proximity like the proximity to an ocean, a lake, or a mountain range . For example- The Loo mainly originates in the large desert regions of the northwestern Indian subcontinent: the Great Indian Desert and the desert areas of Southern Balochistan. How do local winds affect local weather conditions: The local winds moderates the climate of nearby areas with sudden increase or decrease in the temperature and humidity. They compel the clouds and moisture to move around and can make an area wetter or dryer. These winds are the result of the differential heating of the land and the sea. The sea breeze is active in the daytime, the cool air from the sea blows towards the land surface and moderates the local weather. The exact opposite phenomenon occurs during nighttime when the land breeze blows. Conclusion Local winds influence climatological characteristics like visibility and humidity. Above all, they have a significant economic impact on the country. The moderating effect of the local winds entirely depends upon the location of the place. The local winds moderates the climate of nearby areas with sudden increase or decrease in the temperature and humidity.
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Explain the need to add DPSPs in the Indian Constitution. Analyze the rationale to keep DPSPs as non-justiciable in nature. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduce by explaining DPSPs in brief. Highlight the need for DPSPs. Provide arguments for the rationale behind keeping DPSPs non-justiciable in nature. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The Directive Principles along with the Fundamental Rights contain the philosophy of the Constitution and are the soul of the Constitution. The Directive Principles of State Policy are enumerated in Part IV of the Constitution from Articles 36 to 51. Dr. B R Ambedkar described these principles as ‘novel features’ of the Indian Constitution. Followings were the Need for the inclusion of DPSPs in the Constitution: The Founding fathers of the Indian Constitution wanted to bring social revolution with help of the Constitution and wanted to bring not just only bring political justice but also social and economic justice. Thus they tried to bring social and economic justice with help of the DPSPs. Inclusive Development: Developing a socio-economic democracy. They impose a moral obligation on the state to adhere to the principles of socio-economic democracy. The welfare state and Social Justice: For a newly independent nation suffering from abject poverty and resource crunch, DPSP envisaged a welfare state which aims at establishing justice, equality, liberty, and fraternity through various socio-economic policies of redistribution. Lighthouse to the Legislature and Judiciary: The directive principles place ideals before the legislator of India which shows the light while they frame the policies & laws. Helps judiciary in prioritizing and decision making. Balance Development with Environment: To balance growth and development with environmentalism. To nurture environmental care while formulating developmental policies. To help minimize the externalities of the development process and to make it sustainable. To provide a vision and mission: Since the resources at the helm of the executive were limited and state capacity was limited, DPSP provided a vision and mission for future generations, for example, education to all, etc. They facilitate stability and continuity in domestic and foreign policies in political, economic, and social spheres in spite of the changes of the party in power. Although DPSPs were no less important than fundamental rights yet they have been made non-justiciable in nature because of the following reasons: Resource crunch: Enforcement of DPSP needs a humongous amount of resources that a developing nation like has lacks. Also, our priorities among the equally important values and objectives may differ at the time and therefore, in that case, it becomes difficult for any government to enforce them all simultaneously. Also, diversity itself is a challenge in the enforcement of DPSPs. Abstract Nature: Many of the directives are abstract in nature which makes it difficult to be quantified and assessed. Being philosophical doctrines it would be very difficult for the courts to ensure their execution. Deliberately made Non-Justiciable: It was believed that no appointed legislature could afford to ignore these directives. This fact explains why DPSPs were deliberately made non-justiciable. Desirable but Difficult to achieve: Some of the DPSPs are, though desirable, are difficult to be achieved in a short time. Hence, making them justiciable in the short term is not feasible. eg - removing economic inequality Thus considering the importance of the DPSPs Supreme Court in the Minerva Mills case (1980), the Supreme Court also held that ‘the Indian Constitution is founded on the bedrock of the balance between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles. They together constitute the core of the commitment to social revolution. They are like two wheels of a chariot, one no less than the other. Though they are non-justiciable, they can be referred to by the Supreme Court while deciding whether a particular policy is unconstitutional or not. With time, Directive Principles can be converted to Fundamental Rights like Right to Education which was made a Fundamental Right in 2002.
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##Question:Explain the need to add DPSPs in the Indian Constitution. Analyze the rationale to keep DPSPs as non-justiciable in nature. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce by explaining DPSPs in brief. Highlight the need for DPSPs. Provide arguments for the rationale behind keeping DPSPs non-justiciable in nature. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The Directive Principles along with the Fundamental Rights contain the philosophy of the Constitution and are the soul of the Constitution. The Directive Principles of State Policy are enumerated in Part IV of the Constitution from Articles 36 to 51. Dr. B R Ambedkar described these principles as ‘novel features’ of the Indian Constitution. Followings were the Need for the inclusion of DPSPs in the Constitution: The Founding fathers of the Indian Constitution wanted to bring social revolution with help of the Constitution and wanted to bring not just only bring political justice but also social and economic justice. Thus they tried to bring social and economic justice with help of the DPSPs. Inclusive Development: Developing a socio-economic democracy. They impose a moral obligation on the state to adhere to the principles of socio-economic democracy. The welfare state and Social Justice: For a newly independent nation suffering from abject poverty and resource crunch, DPSP envisaged a welfare state which aims at establishing justice, equality, liberty, and fraternity through various socio-economic policies of redistribution. Lighthouse to the Legislature and Judiciary: The directive principles place ideals before the legislator of India which shows the light while they frame the policies & laws. Helps judiciary in prioritizing and decision making. Balance Development with Environment: To balance growth and development with environmentalism. To nurture environmental care while formulating developmental policies. To help minimize the externalities of the development process and to make it sustainable. To provide a vision and mission: Since the resources at the helm of the executive were limited and state capacity was limited, DPSP provided a vision and mission for future generations, for example, education to all, etc. They facilitate stability and continuity in domestic and foreign policies in political, economic, and social spheres in spite of the changes of the party in power. Although DPSPs were no less important than fundamental rights yet they have been made non-justiciable in nature because of the following reasons: Resource crunch: Enforcement of DPSP needs a humongous amount of resources that a developing nation like has lacks. Also, our priorities among the equally important values and objectives may differ at the time and therefore, in that case, it becomes difficult for any government to enforce them all simultaneously. Also, diversity itself is a challenge in the enforcement of DPSPs. Abstract Nature: Many of the directives are abstract in nature which makes it difficult to be quantified and assessed. Being philosophical doctrines it would be very difficult for the courts to ensure their execution. Deliberately made Non-Justiciable: It was believed that no appointed legislature could afford to ignore these directives. This fact explains why DPSPs were deliberately made non-justiciable. Desirable but Difficult to achieve: Some of the DPSPs are, though desirable, are difficult to be achieved in a short time. Hence, making them justiciable in the short term is not feasible. eg - removing economic inequality Thus considering the importance of the DPSPs Supreme Court in the Minerva Mills case (1980), the Supreme Court also held that ‘the Indian Constitution is founded on the bedrock of the balance between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles. They together constitute the core of the commitment to social revolution. They are like two wheels of a chariot, one no less than the other. Though they are non-justiciable, they can be referred to by the Supreme Court while deciding whether a particular policy is unconstitutional or not. With time, Directive Principles can be converted to Fundamental Rights like Right to Education which was made a Fundamental Right in 2002.
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Discuss various social problems which originated out of the speedy and disorderly process of urbanization in India. [10 marks/ 150 Words]
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Approach : Introduction: Start with the definition of Urbanization Body: write down the social problems which originated out of the speedy process of urbanization in India. Conclusion: Conclude accordingly. Answer: Urbanization is a form of social transformation from traditional rural societies to modern urban communities. It is a long-term continuous process. Urbanization can be defined as a process that identifies itself through secular and sectoral changes in the demographic, social, economic, technological, and environmental aspects of life in a given society. Urbanization is a Progressive cycle, is mainly a product of demographic explosion and poverty-induced rural-urban migration. Three types of urbanization: Over-Urbanization: when the level of urbanization ser passes the level of industrialization then it is referred to as over-urbanization or when the population is more than the infrastructure. Sub-Urbanization: When the cost of living in the core area is high due to urbanization it results in the expansion of cities in the fringes. Counter urbanization: It refers to the social & demographic process where people move back from urban areas to source regions due to inner-city deprivation, poor quality, Of life, lack of sustainable livelihood, pollution, etc. Social problems which originated out of the speedy process of urbanization in India: 1. Rapid urbanization had led to the development of cities without urban planning, which has made the entire process unsustainable. 2. It poses a great threat to development in terms of the delivery of services and living conditions. 3. A general perception existing was that migration was seen as the prime reason for the proliferation of slums, however, according to experts group on urban poverty observed it is the result of the failure of housing facilities. 3. Improper city planning i.e. existing heritage of past construction. 4. Lack of integrated planning i.e. the entire focus is on land used without taking note of transportation socio-economic means environmental concerns etc. 5. Private developers are not interested in affordable housing as it is less profit-yielding. The process of urbanization depends on the shift of surplus population from rural to urban areas along with the gradual growth of some industrialized urban centers. Tackling rural-urban migration i.e. smart cities can never be successful until and unless you develop smart villages. Needs to develop social security. Sustainable urban development makes cities safe and sustainable means ensuring access to safe and affordable housing upgrading slums settlements ensuring basic necessities like clean drinking water, health clinics, toilets, etc. It also includes reducing the vulnerability of women, the elderly or old age people, children, etc. The employment generation needs to create opportunities for migration and avenues. Capacity building in urban local bodies is needed. Affordable housing with the rising cost of land there is an urgent need to develop affordable housing for slum dwellers. for eg: the Scheme Housing for All.
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##Question:Discuss various social problems which originated out of the speedy and disorderly process of urbanization in India. [10 marks/ 150 Words]##Answer:Approach : Introduction: Start with the definition of Urbanization Body: write down the social problems which originated out of the speedy process of urbanization in India. Conclusion: Conclude accordingly. Answer: Urbanization is a form of social transformation from traditional rural societies to modern urban communities. It is a long-term continuous process. Urbanization can be defined as a process that identifies itself through secular and sectoral changes in the demographic, social, economic, technological, and environmental aspects of life in a given society. Urbanization is a Progressive cycle, is mainly a product of demographic explosion and poverty-induced rural-urban migration. Three types of urbanization: Over-Urbanization: when the level of urbanization ser passes the level of industrialization then it is referred to as over-urbanization or when the population is more than the infrastructure. Sub-Urbanization: When the cost of living in the core area is high due to urbanization it results in the expansion of cities in the fringes. Counter urbanization: It refers to the social & demographic process where people move back from urban areas to source regions due to inner-city deprivation, poor quality, Of life, lack of sustainable livelihood, pollution, etc. Social problems which originated out of the speedy process of urbanization in India: 1. Rapid urbanization had led to the development of cities without urban planning, which has made the entire process unsustainable. 2. It poses a great threat to development in terms of the delivery of services and living conditions. 3. A general perception existing was that migration was seen as the prime reason for the proliferation of slums, however, according to experts group on urban poverty observed it is the result of the failure of housing facilities. 3. Improper city planning i.e. existing heritage of past construction. 4. Lack of integrated planning i.e. the entire focus is on land used without taking note of transportation socio-economic means environmental concerns etc. 5. Private developers are not interested in affordable housing as it is less profit-yielding. The process of urbanization depends on the shift of surplus population from rural to urban areas along with the gradual growth of some industrialized urban centers. Tackling rural-urban migration i.e. smart cities can never be successful until and unless you develop smart villages. Needs to develop social security. Sustainable urban development makes cities safe and sustainable means ensuring access to safe and affordable housing upgrading slums settlements ensuring basic necessities like clean drinking water, health clinics, toilets, etc. It also includes reducing the vulnerability of women, the elderly or old age people, children, etc. The employment generation needs to create opportunities for migration and avenues. Capacity building in urban local bodies is needed. Affordable housing with the rising cost of land there is an urgent need to develop affordable housing for slum dwellers. for eg: the Scheme Housing for All.
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Discuss the factors responsible for the formation of the tropical cyclone. Why are cyclones more prevalent in the Bay of Bengal than in the Arabian Sea? (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduce by defining tropical cyclone Mention the factors responsible for their formation. Explain the causes for the high numbers of Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal than in the Arabian Sea. Conclude accordingly Answer: Tropical cyclones are violent storms that originate over oceans in tropical areas and are accompanied by irregular wind movements and storm surges involving the closed circulation of air around low pressure. They have a thermal origin (formed around ITCZ) and develop over tropical seas during late summers (August to mid-November in the northern hemisphere). At these locations, the strong local convectional currents acquire a whirling motion because of the Coriolis force. Factors responsible for their formation: Large sea surface with a temperature higher than 27° C. The presence of the Coriolis force is enough to create a cyclonic vortex. Small variations in the vertical wind speed. A pre-existing weak low-pressure area or low-level cyclonic circulation. Upper divergence above the sea level system. Following are the reasons for more cyclonic activity in the Bay of Bengal as compared to the Arabian Sea: More freshwater addition to the Bay of Bengal because of east-flowing rivers hence more evaporation and more cyclone formation The general temperature of the Bay of Bengal is slightly higher than the Arabian Sea due to the lack of the mixing of water from the Southern Ocean Tropical cyclones are more probable on the western side of the ocean which is the eastern side of the continent. Low salinity in the Bay of Bengal because of more number of rivers flowing in, the proportion of fresh water is high hence salinity is low. Due to this water gets heated fast and more frequently. Cyclones originating in the western North Pacific ocean generally travel towards the Bay of Bengal. A comparatively colder oceanic surface in the Arabian Sea due to the upwelling of cold Somalia current. Cyclones originating in the western North Indian ocean generally travel westward bypassing the Arabian Sea. The probability of tropical cyclones is higher on the western side of the Pacific Ocean (Japan and the South China Sea), some of these tropical cyclones move from the South China Sea to the Bay of Bengal, and only a few move to the Arabian Sea. According to Indian Meteorological Department, "Out of 10 recorded cases of very heavy loss of life in the world due to tropical cyclones, nine cases were in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea." Thus preparedness and a timely warning are the way forward for tackling these cyclones.
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##Question:Discuss the factors responsible for the formation of the tropical cyclone. Why are cyclones more prevalent in the Bay of Bengal than in the Arabian Sea? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce by defining tropical cyclone Mention the factors responsible for their formation. Explain the causes for the high numbers of Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal than in the Arabian Sea. Conclude accordingly Answer: Tropical cyclones are violent storms that originate over oceans in tropical areas and are accompanied by irregular wind movements and storm surges involving the closed circulation of air around low pressure. They have a thermal origin (formed around ITCZ) and develop over tropical seas during late summers (August to mid-November in the northern hemisphere). At these locations, the strong local convectional currents acquire a whirling motion because of the Coriolis force. Factors responsible for their formation: Large sea surface with a temperature higher than 27° C. The presence of the Coriolis force is enough to create a cyclonic vortex. Small variations in the vertical wind speed. A pre-existing weak low-pressure area or low-level cyclonic circulation. Upper divergence above the sea level system. Following are the reasons for more cyclonic activity in the Bay of Bengal as compared to the Arabian Sea: More freshwater addition to the Bay of Bengal because of east-flowing rivers hence more evaporation and more cyclone formation The general temperature of the Bay of Bengal is slightly higher than the Arabian Sea due to the lack of the mixing of water from the Southern Ocean Tropical cyclones are more probable on the western side of the ocean which is the eastern side of the continent. Low salinity in the Bay of Bengal because of more number of rivers flowing in, the proportion of fresh water is high hence salinity is low. Due to this water gets heated fast and more frequently. Cyclones originating in the western North Pacific ocean generally travel towards the Bay of Bengal. A comparatively colder oceanic surface in the Arabian Sea due to the upwelling of cold Somalia current. Cyclones originating in the western North Indian ocean generally travel westward bypassing the Arabian Sea. The probability of tropical cyclones is higher on the western side of the Pacific Ocean (Japan and the South China Sea), some of these tropical cyclones move from the South China Sea to the Bay of Bengal, and only a few move to the Arabian Sea. According to Indian Meteorological Department, "Out of 10 recorded cases of very heavy loss of life in the world due to tropical cyclones, nine cases were in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea." Thus preparedness and a timely warning are the way forward for tackling these cyclones.
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Integrity is a value that empowers human beings. Justify with a suitable illustration. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduction: Start with the definition of Integrity. Body: Write about Integrity is a value that empowers human beings with examples. Conclusion: Conclude accordingly Answer: Introduction: It is a quality of being & having strong moral principles. It is the practice of being & showing consistent and uncompromising adherence to strong moral and ethical principles & values. Features of a person with Integrity: taking respect for own action. putting others" needs above ourselves. manifesting Runileity choosing honesty in all things. Body: Hence, when a person is able to maintain integrity, he is destined for greatness as it empowers him in many ways: 1) Integrity as a value in the family is very crucial in building the character of children, as it will empower them to face any adversity with honesty as it will empower them to face any adversity with honesty. 2) Practicing integrity at work makes it easier to build trust take on responsibility & advance in career. 3) As a person of integrity owns for his mistakes & doesn"t even accept praise for else"s work. for example; professionalism in individuals. (Ratan Tata). 4) Integrity empowers a person in establishing good relations as one of the features of integrity is appreciative of people"s accounts. for example; According to H. Sheridon, mentioned how Dr. Kalam used to acknowledge the contributions of others. 6) Integrity helps in establishing the credibility of an individual as they are considered trustworthy and dependable. 7) It enables an individual to emerge as a leader. since the most undisputable trait of citizenship is integrity. for example; Suspension of NCM, Post Chauri-Chaura incident by Gandhi Ji, etc. Conclusion: Integrity enables an individual to follow the path of righteousness across time and space. Enables to build honest character: strong moral principles, uncompromising personal choice. These are founding pillars for an individual to achieve success in the future.
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##Question:Integrity is a value that empowers human beings. Justify with a suitable illustration. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Start with the definition of Integrity. Body: Write about Integrity is a value that empowers human beings with examples. Conclusion: Conclude accordingly Answer: Introduction: It is a quality of being & having strong moral principles. It is the practice of being & showing consistent and uncompromising adherence to strong moral and ethical principles & values. Features of a person with Integrity: taking respect for own action. putting others" needs above ourselves. manifesting Runileity choosing honesty in all things. Body: Hence, when a person is able to maintain integrity, he is destined for greatness as it empowers him in many ways: 1) Integrity as a value in the family is very crucial in building the character of children, as it will empower them to face any adversity with honesty as it will empower them to face any adversity with honesty. 2) Practicing integrity at work makes it easier to build trust take on responsibility & advance in career. 3) As a person of integrity owns for his mistakes & doesn"t even accept praise for else"s work. for example; professionalism in individuals. (Ratan Tata). 4) Integrity empowers a person in establishing good relations as one of the features of integrity is appreciative of people"s accounts. for example; According to H. Sheridon, mentioned how Dr. Kalam used to acknowledge the contributions of others. 6) Integrity helps in establishing the credibility of an individual as they are considered trustworthy and dependable. 7) It enables an individual to emerge as a leader. since the most undisputable trait of citizenship is integrity. for example; Suspension of NCM, Post Chauri-Chaura incident by Gandhi Ji, etc. Conclusion: Integrity enables an individual to follow the path of righteousness across time and space. Enables to build honest character: strong moral principles, uncompromising personal choice. These are founding pillars for an individual to achieve success in the future.
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Explain the temperate cyclone and compare it with the tropical cyclone. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduce with the definition of the temperate cyclone. Explain the difference between tropical and temperate cyclones. Conclude accordingly Answer: Temperate Cyclone or Extratropical cyclones form along the polar front. Initially, the front is stationary. In the northern hemisphere, warm air blows from the south and cold air from the north of the front. When the pressure drops along the front, the warm air moves northwards, and the cold air move towards, the south setting in motion an The key differences between Tropical and Temperate Cyclones (can be mentioned in tabular form) Location: Tropical cyclones form along with the 5 to 10-degree latitude {but never form along 0 to 5-degree latitude due to an absence of Coriolis force, whereas temperate cyclone is formed along the middle latitude (35 to 60 degree) where the convergence of thermally different masses collide each other. Origin: Tropical cyclones always originate in large water bodies, whereas temperate cyclones can originate on both landmass and water. Structure: Tropical cyclones have a definite structure of formation having a front end followed by a zone of calmness called “eye” and ends with a tail (rear end). In the temperate cyclone, two different air masses collide with each other so four different sectors are formed, they are cold sector (cold drier air mass), cold front, warm sector(warm moist air mass), and warm front. Size and speed: Tropical cyclones range from 150-200 km with high velocity whereas temperate cyclones are larger in size ranging around 1900 km and due to large size moves slower at the speed of 40-60 km/h. Movement direction: Tropical direction moves from east to west direction under the influence of trade winds on the other hand temperate cyclones move from west to east direction under the influence of westerly winds. Weather condition: The tropical cyclones are associated with heavy rainfall and high velocity of winds for a short duration in a small area, sometimes the rain and associated winds are so high that they can cause damage to life and property mostly in eastern coastal areas. In the temperate cyclone, the weather is the mild and overcast sky in an initial stage and followed by moderate to heavy rain for a long period of time on the large area. Explanation of prerequisites of Tropical cyclone formation like temperature(more than 27 degrees Celsius), the presence of Coriolis force, Low pressure, large surface area, etc. (Make appropriate diagrams for both)
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##Question:Explain the temperate cyclone and compare it with the tropical cyclone. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the definition of the temperate cyclone. Explain the difference between tropical and temperate cyclones. Conclude accordingly Answer: Temperate Cyclone or Extratropical cyclones form along the polar front. Initially, the front is stationary. In the northern hemisphere, warm air blows from the south and cold air from the north of the front. When the pressure drops along the front, the warm air moves northwards, and the cold air move towards, the south setting in motion an The key differences between Tropical and Temperate Cyclones (can be mentioned in tabular form) Location: Tropical cyclones form along with the 5 to 10-degree latitude {but never form along 0 to 5-degree latitude due to an absence of Coriolis force, whereas temperate cyclone is formed along the middle latitude (35 to 60 degree) where the convergence of thermally different masses collide each other. Origin: Tropical cyclones always originate in large water bodies, whereas temperate cyclones can originate on both landmass and water. Structure: Tropical cyclones have a definite structure of formation having a front end followed by a zone of calmness called “eye” and ends with a tail (rear end). In the temperate cyclone, two different air masses collide with each other so four different sectors are formed, they are cold sector (cold drier air mass), cold front, warm sector(warm moist air mass), and warm front. Size and speed: Tropical cyclones range from 150-200 km with high velocity whereas temperate cyclones are larger in size ranging around 1900 km and due to large size moves slower at the speed of 40-60 km/h. Movement direction: Tropical direction moves from east to west direction under the influence of trade winds on the other hand temperate cyclones move from west to east direction under the influence of westerly winds. Weather condition: The tropical cyclones are associated with heavy rainfall and high velocity of winds for a short duration in a small area, sometimes the rain and associated winds are so high that they can cause damage to life and property mostly in eastern coastal areas. In the temperate cyclone, the weather is the mild and overcast sky in an initial stage and followed by moderate to heavy rain for a long period of time on the large area. Explanation of prerequisites of Tropical cyclone formation like temperature(more than 27 degrees Celsius), the presence of Coriolis force, Low pressure, large surface area, etc. (Make appropriate diagrams for both)
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What do you understand by Values and Ethics? In what way it is important to be ethical along with being professionally competent. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduction: Start with the introduction of Values and Ethics Body: write down the point where you explain the importance of being ethical along with being professionally competent. Conclusion: Conclude Accordingly. Answer Values are the worth that you allocate to something. In general it determinant of behaviour. it denotes preference with respect to good or bad. These are guiding principles. It is expressed in terms of "SHOULD" It is the canvas that subsumes other parts. Ethics is the prescriptive rule of conduct i.e. correct way of doing things. The right way to act in a situation. Ethics are often found in the form of Norms. It is important to be ethical in the performance of professional or societal duty. An unethical person can mainly create corruption, harm to society, because professional competency, void of ethical practice, can only be a home for various vices. Whereas, an ethical person would strive for the common good, even if he lacks in the high standards of his profession. Ethics refer to rules conduct helps in determining correct conduct; a person with no ethical principles and high professional competency can become hazardous for society. Ethics is a benchmark of human behaviour. The conduct of human beings is influenced either by emotions or the actions people perform in a different situation. The coordination of action and emotions generates ethics. Establishing moral principles means determining the core values which should guide the organization. A practice that consistently demonstrates that values and ethics guide decision-making engenders trust among individuals.
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##Question:What do you understand by Values and Ethics? In what way it is important to be ethical along with being professionally competent. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduction: Start with the introduction of Values and Ethics Body: write down the point where you explain the importance of being ethical along with being professionally competent. Conclusion: Conclude Accordingly. Answer Values are the worth that you allocate to something. In general it determinant of behaviour. it denotes preference with respect to good or bad. These are guiding principles. It is expressed in terms of "SHOULD" It is the canvas that subsumes other parts. Ethics is the prescriptive rule of conduct i.e. correct way of doing things. The right way to act in a situation. Ethics are often found in the form of Norms. It is important to be ethical in the performance of professional or societal duty. An unethical person can mainly create corruption, harm to society, because professional competency, void of ethical practice, can only be a home for various vices. Whereas, an ethical person would strive for the common good, even if he lacks in the high standards of his profession. Ethics refer to rules conduct helps in determining correct conduct; a person with no ethical principles and high professional competency can become hazardous for society. Ethics is a benchmark of human behaviour. The conduct of human beings is influenced either by emotions or the actions people perform in a different situation. The coordination of action and emotions generates ethics. Establishing moral principles means determining the core values which should guide the organization. A practice that consistently demonstrates that values and ethics guide decision-making engenders trust among individuals.
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Elaborate on the life of the people in the Early Vedic age and how it changed in the Later Vedic period. (250 words/15 marks)
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Approach: Introduction: Write a brief introduction about the Vedic Age. Body: Write various important features of the Early Vedic age including Society, Polity, and economy with facts and examples. Also highlight the political, economic, societal, and religious changes that took place in the later Vedic period over the early Vedic period. Conclusion: Conclude your answer based on the above point Model Answer: The Vedic Age is the period in the history of India during which the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, were being composed. Based on literary evidence, the Vedic Civilization flourished between 1500 BC and 600 BC on the Indo-Gangetic Plains of the Indian subcontinent. There are two different phases of the Vedic age: Early Vedic age (1500 BC to 1000 BC) Later Vedic Age (1000 BC to 600 BC) Life in the Early Vedic age Life in the early Vedic age can be summarised under the following aspects: Society The society was tribal and largely egalitarian. Kinship was the basis of social structure. The basic social unit was kula (family) and Kulapa was the head of the family. The family was part of a larger grouping called vis or clan. One or more clans made Jana/ tribe. The Jana was the largest social unit. In the Rig Veda, no desire is expressed for daughters, though the desire for children and cattle is a recurrent theme in the hymns. Women also had an important position in society, could attend assemblies (Vidatha), and even composed hymns. The institution of marriage was established and there are no examples of child marriages, Sati, or purdah in the Rig Veda. There are instances of re-marriage and levirate (marrying the husband’s younger brother on the death of the husband). The marriages were usually monogamous, though there are some references to polygamy and polyandry. Society was not divided into caste lines and occupation was not based on birth. The Dasa and Dasyus, who were conquered by the Aryans were treated as slaves and Sudras. Polity & Administration The tribe was called Jana and the tribal chief was called Rajan, the main responsibility of the Rajan was to protect the Jana and cattle from the enemies along with offering prayers to gods on behalf of Janas. It seems that in the Rig Vedic period the King’s post was hereditary (similar to the monarchial form). Although his post was hereditary, we also have some traces of the election by the tribal assembly called Samiti. There is no evidence of any officer concerned with the collection of taxes. Probably, the chief received voluntary offerings called “bali” from the people. Assemblies: Sabha – Smaller body meant for elites. Samiti – Broad-based folk assembly, presided over by the Rajan. Vidatha – Tribal assembly with diverse functions. Gana – Assembly or troop. Women also attended the Sabha and Vidatha in Rig Vedic times. The Sabha and Samiti were important assemblies from a political point of view and the king showed eagerness to win their support. The king did not maintain any regular or standing army, but in times of war, he mustered a militia whose military functions were performed by different tribal groups called Vrata, Sardha, or Gana. Battles: The Aryans have engaged in two types of battles –With pre-Aryans called Dasa / Dasyus. Economy There are so many references to the cow in the Rig Veda that the Rig Vedic Aryans seem to have been pastoral people. Most of their wars were fought for the sake of cows. The term for war in the Rig Veda is “gavisthi” or search for cows. The land did not form a well-established type of private property. Mostly, trade was conducted on the barter system and the cow was an important unit of value. The kingdom was maintained by the voluntary offerings (Bali) of subjects and bounty won in a battle, as there was no regular revenue system. The Rig Veda mentions artisans such as the carpenter, the chariot maker (who enjoyed a special status), the weaver, the potter, the leather workers, etc. For transport – bullock carts, horses, and horse-drawn chariots were used. There are also references to the sea and boats. Changes in Life in the Later Vedic Age Around 1000 BC, with the discovery of iron, many changes happened in Vedic society. It created very sharp tools and weapons with iron which facilitated the clearing of the dense forests of upper and middle Gangetic plains which further causes penetration towards Eastern India and Central India. These changes led to the evolution of a new society named as Later Vedic Society and the age was named as Later Vedic Age . These changes in the Later Vedic age can be summarised under four different categories as follows: Political changes The position of "Rajan" became much more important at this point in time. He was assisted by the priestly class and nobles. His most important function was to organize battles to secure large tracts of land known as "Rashtra" The assemblies of the Early Vedic Period like Sabha and Samiti lost their former relevance. The assembly of the Vidhata disappeared completely The priestly class came up with the idea of sacrifices rituals to confer supreme power to the Rajan which are as follows: Rajsuiya: It was a consecration ceremony in which Rajan was appointed to the throne with the blessings of the priestly class. Vajpeya: It was a sports event in which a chariot race was organized. After the conclusion of the ceremony, a free feast was served to the participants. Ashwamedha Yajna: Ashwamedha was the most important ritual aimed at extending the territory of the kingdom. In this ceremony, a very young hoarse was chosen to carry the flag of the Ashwamedha kingdom. A small incision was made on the body of the hoarse by chief queen "Mahishi" and then the hoarse were let loose to venture into the other"s territory. If the horse was captured by another king then he needed to fight with the Ashwamedha king. If he doesn"t capture the horse, it meant that he has accepted the supremacy of Ashwamedha king. Economic changes Unlike cattle in the Early Vedic period, the land became the most important economic wealth during LVP. The Land was important from the perspective of agriculture. Apart from Yav (Barley) and Godhuma (wheat), Vrihi (rice) emerged as one of the most imp. crops. There was no formal system of taxation at this time and people voluntarily contributed to the Rajan in the form of Bagh or Bali. Societal changes As mentioned in the 10th mandala of Rig Veda, the society got divided into four Varnas on the basis of birth . It is mentioned under Purushashukta"s theory. The Women did not enjoy any political rights during LVP. They were no more members of Sabha and Vidhata was not existing. Educational discourses were still open to women. A great example of this was Vidhishi, Gargi, and her debates with Rishi Yajhyavalkya. There are no great instances of child marriage. Love marriage or Gandharva Vivah were no more allowed. Widow remarriage was allowed under Niyog Vivah. The concept of Gotra was further consolidated at this time, which is the lineage from common ancestors. The Priestly class advised exogamy of gotra in matters of matrimonial alliances. The priestly class consolidated the concepts of 16 samskaras e,g 1) Garbhadhan Samskar, Namkaran Samskar, Annaprashan Samskar. Upanayan Samskar The Ashrama Vyavastha/ System also started to emerge at this time. The first three stages of Ashrama were formally established at this time 1) Brahmacharya: (Maintaining Celibacy) 2) Grihastha: (religious duties and family responsibilities) 3) Vanaprastha: (partial retirement from householder"s life to attain divine wisdom) Religious changes The Early Vedic Period gods like Indra, Agri, Varun, etc., lost their former relevance. The "Prajapati" of Brahma (creator of the universe) emerged as the most important divinity. The concept of Rudra and Vishnu was also consolidated at this time (LVP) The objective of the worship was to get material gain. But in the rear end/ last of LVP, the spiritual tendencies started to emerge. The progressive sections of the society started to talk about reforms in the Vedic practices. They composed progressive ideas in the texts known as "Upanishads" Thus, changes and evolution with time were part of every society. Changes, innovations, evolutions, and development during the later Vedic age led to the rising of second urbanization in ancient India known as the period of Mahajanapadas.
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##Question:Elaborate on the life of the people in the Early Vedic age and how it changed in the Later Vedic period. (250 words/15 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Write a brief introduction about the Vedic Age. Body: Write various important features of the Early Vedic age including Society, Polity, and economy with facts and examples. Also highlight the political, economic, societal, and religious changes that took place in the later Vedic period over the early Vedic period. Conclusion: Conclude your answer based on the above point Model Answer: The Vedic Age is the period in the history of India during which the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, were being composed. Based on literary evidence, the Vedic Civilization flourished between 1500 BC and 600 BC on the Indo-Gangetic Plains of the Indian subcontinent. There are two different phases of the Vedic age: Early Vedic age (1500 BC to 1000 BC) Later Vedic Age (1000 BC to 600 BC) Life in the Early Vedic age Life in the early Vedic age can be summarised under the following aspects: Society The society was tribal and largely egalitarian. Kinship was the basis of social structure. The basic social unit was kula (family) and Kulapa was the head of the family. The family was part of a larger grouping called vis or clan. One or more clans made Jana/ tribe. The Jana was the largest social unit. In the Rig Veda, no desire is expressed for daughters, though the desire for children and cattle is a recurrent theme in the hymns. Women also had an important position in society, could attend assemblies (Vidatha), and even composed hymns. The institution of marriage was established and there are no examples of child marriages, Sati, or purdah in the Rig Veda. There are instances of re-marriage and levirate (marrying the husband’s younger brother on the death of the husband). The marriages were usually monogamous, though there are some references to polygamy and polyandry. Society was not divided into caste lines and occupation was not based on birth. The Dasa and Dasyus, who were conquered by the Aryans were treated as slaves and Sudras. Polity & Administration The tribe was called Jana and the tribal chief was called Rajan, the main responsibility of the Rajan was to protect the Jana and cattle from the enemies along with offering prayers to gods on behalf of Janas. It seems that in the Rig Vedic period the King’s post was hereditary (similar to the monarchial form). Although his post was hereditary, we also have some traces of the election by the tribal assembly called Samiti. There is no evidence of any officer concerned with the collection of taxes. Probably, the chief received voluntary offerings called “bali” from the people. Assemblies: Sabha – Smaller body meant for elites. Samiti – Broad-based folk assembly, presided over by the Rajan. Vidatha – Tribal assembly with diverse functions. Gana – Assembly or troop. Women also attended the Sabha and Vidatha in Rig Vedic times. The Sabha and Samiti were important assemblies from a political point of view and the king showed eagerness to win their support. The king did not maintain any regular or standing army, but in times of war, he mustered a militia whose military functions were performed by different tribal groups called Vrata, Sardha, or Gana. Battles: The Aryans have engaged in two types of battles –With pre-Aryans called Dasa / Dasyus. Economy There are so many references to the cow in the Rig Veda that the Rig Vedic Aryans seem to have been pastoral people. Most of their wars were fought for the sake of cows. The term for war in the Rig Veda is “gavisthi” or search for cows. The land did not form a well-established type of private property. Mostly, trade was conducted on the barter system and the cow was an important unit of value. The kingdom was maintained by the voluntary offerings (Bali) of subjects and bounty won in a battle, as there was no regular revenue system. The Rig Veda mentions artisans such as the carpenter, the chariot maker (who enjoyed a special status), the weaver, the potter, the leather workers, etc. For transport – bullock carts, horses, and horse-drawn chariots were used. There are also references to the sea and boats. Changes in Life in the Later Vedic Age Around 1000 BC, with the discovery of iron, many changes happened in Vedic society. It created very sharp tools and weapons with iron which facilitated the clearing of the dense forests of upper and middle Gangetic plains which further causes penetration towards Eastern India and Central India. These changes led to the evolution of a new society named as Later Vedic Society and the age was named as Later Vedic Age . These changes in the Later Vedic age can be summarised under four different categories as follows: Political changes The position of "Rajan" became much more important at this point in time. He was assisted by the priestly class and nobles. His most important function was to organize battles to secure large tracts of land known as "Rashtra" The assemblies of the Early Vedic Period like Sabha and Samiti lost their former relevance. The assembly of the Vidhata disappeared completely The priestly class came up with the idea of sacrifices rituals to confer supreme power to the Rajan which are as follows: Rajsuiya: It was a consecration ceremony in which Rajan was appointed to the throne with the blessings of the priestly class. Vajpeya: It was a sports event in which a chariot race was organized. After the conclusion of the ceremony, a free feast was served to the participants. Ashwamedha Yajna: Ashwamedha was the most important ritual aimed at extending the territory of the kingdom. In this ceremony, a very young hoarse was chosen to carry the flag of the Ashwamedha kingdom. A small incision was made on the body of the hoarse by chief queen "Mahishi" and then the hoarse were let loose to venture into the other"s territory. If the horse was captured by another king then he needed to fight with the Ashwamedha king. If he doesn"t capture the horse, it meant that he has accepted the supremacy of Ashwamedha king. Economic changes Unlike cattle in the Early Vedic period, the land became the most important economic wealth during LVP. The Land was important from the perspective of agriculture. Apart from Yav (Barley) and Godhuma (wheat), Vrihi (rice) emerged as one of the most imp. crops. There was no formal system of taxation at this time and people voluntarily contributed to the Rajan in the form of Bagh or Bali. Societal changes As mentioned in the 10th mandala of Rig Veda, the society got divided into four Varnas on the basis of birth . It is mentioned under Purushashukta"s theory. The Women did not enjoy any political rights during LVP. They were no more members of Sabha and Vidhata was not existing. Educational discourses were still open to women. A great example of this was Vidhishi, Gargi, and her debates with Rishi Yajhyavalkya. There are no great instances of child marriage. Love marriage or Gandharva Vivah were no more allowed. Widow remarriage was allowed under Niyog Vivah. The concept of Gotra was further consolidated at this time, which is the lineage from common ancestors. The Priestly class advised exogamy of gotra in matters of matrimonial alliances. The priestly class consolidated the concepts of 16 samskaras e,g 1) Garbhadhan Samskar, Namkaran Samskar, Annaprashan Samskar. Upanayan Samskar The Ashrama Vyavastha/ System also started to emerge at this time. The first three stages of Ashrama were formally established at this time 1) Brahmacharya: (Maintaining Celibacy) 2) Grihastha: (religious duties and family responsibilities) 3) Vanaprastha: (partial retirement from householder"s life to attain divine wisdom) Religious changes The Early Vedic Period gods like Indra, Agri, Varun, etc., lost their former relevance. The "Prajapati" of Brahma (creator of the universe) emerged as the most important divinity. The concept of Rudra and Vishnu was also consolidated at this time (LVP) The objective of the worship was to get material gain. But in the rear end/ last of LVP, the spiritual tendencies started to emerge. The progressive sections of the society started to talk about reforms in the Vedic practices. They composed progressive ideas in the texts known as "Upanishads" Thus, changes and evolution with time were part of every society. Changes, innovations, evolutions, and development during the later Vedic age led to the rising of second urbanization in ancient India known as the period of Mahajanapadas.
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Give an account of the developments that took place in India in the Post-Mauryan Period? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach : Introduce in brief the Post Mauryan dynasties In body mention the different dynasties both native and foreign and developments taken during that time. Conclude the answer in brief. Answer : The Post-Mauryan Period approximately existed from 200 BC to 300 AD. It had both foreign and indigenous rulers. Foreign Rules included the Indo Greeks, Sakas/Shalas, Parthians and Kushans. The Indigenous Rulers included Shunga, Kanava and Satvahanas. The process of economic growth going on from the Vedic and post-Vedic periods has reached its height dung the post-Mauryan period. The arrival of foreign ruling groups contributed to the progress of trade and commerce as India"s contact with the world increased. The dynasties and developments during this period are as follows: Shunga Dynasty (185 BC) : Pushyamitra Sunga was in the army of Brihadrarath who was the last king of the Mauryas He killed the king and established his own dynasty After him, his son Agnimitra Sunga came to the throne The story of Agnimitra and Malavika has been recorded in a play by Kalidas This dynasty is known for the revival of Vedic rituals and performance of different Yagnas Ayodhya Inscription which discusses Aswamedha Yagna being performed by Pushyamitra Sunga Kanva Dynasty: Devabhuti was the last Shunga King who was killed by his own minister Vasudev Kanva setting up a new dynasty in 73 BC Satvahanas/Andhras Dynasty : They defeated the Kanvas and established their power in parts of Central India and gradually to Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh They claimed themselves to be pure Brahmins and they also became the first rulers to make land grants to the Brahmins They issued Lead coins for the first time along with the copper and silver coins The name of the kings under this dynasty was after his mother however, the society remained patrilineal During this time period, a lot of development took place in the field of Buddhist art and architecture with the coming of Amravati and Nagarjunakonda as very important Buddhist Sites Nasik Inscriptions describing the achievements of Gautamiputra Satkarni has been composed by his mother Gautami It mentions him as the destroyer of Sakas Trade: He was highly involved in trade and navigation and this can be seen by the representation of ships on his coins.Gandhikas were perfumers but later on, this term was used for all shop-keepers and traders because of the flouring trade artists and merchants were in a position to give grants to different Buddhist institutions Foreign Dynasties : The construction of the Chinese Wall prevented the Scythians from entering China so their attention turned towards the Greeks pushed by the Scythian tribes, the Greeks and Parthians were forced to invade India The successors of Askoka were too weak to offer any substantial opposition Indo-Greeks (165 BC ): The group coming to India was known as Indo-Greeks They occupied a large part of North-Western India which was much larger than that conquered by Alexander The most celebrated Indo-Greek Ruler was Meander or Milinda He converted to Buddhism under the influence of Nagasena He has been mentioned in the famous text "Milindpanho" which contains philosophical questions that Milind asked Nagasena The impact of Indo-Greeks is seen in the most predominant way in the form of the development of coinage in India They were the first to issue coins in the name of the ruler and also the first to issue Gold coins They also gave a lot of patronage to the development of sculpture art in particular the Gandhara School of Art Sakas/Indo-Synthians: Sakas is the Indian term for the people called Synthians who originally belonged to Central Asia They ruled over parts of India and Afghanistan through 5 branches ie Afghanistan, Punjab, Mathira, Western India and the Deccan The western branch was the most prominent one and one of the most famous Saka Ruler Rudradaman I belonged to this branch He ruled over Sindh, Kutch and Gujrat He is known for the repair of the Sudarshan Lake in the semiarid region of Kathiawar This lake was originally built under the rule of Chandragupt Maurya He was greatly inclined towards Sanskrit and issued the first-ever inscription in Sanskrit which is the Junagarh Inscriptions This inscription praises Rudradaman I and talks about the repair of the Sudarshan Lake This inscription also holds accounts of Asoka and Skandagupta Rudradaman was able to defeat the Satvahanas and also entered into a matrimonial alliance settling the long term rivalry between Sakas and Satvahanas A prince of Ujjain effectively fought and defeated the Sakas; after this, he took the title Vikramaditya and from this time a new era called Vikram Samvat was started in 57 BC It is the official calendar of Nepal and is also being followed in parts of Gujrat and Maharashtra The day after Diwali is the first day of this calendar Parthians : In the middle of the 1st Century AD, Sakas domination in North-West India was followed by Parthians who were originally from Iran They occupied a very small portion of Northern Indian territory The most famous Parthian King was Gondopherenus During his reign, the first Christian Missionary St. Thomas came from Israel to preach Christianity Kushans : They were nomadic tribes from North-Central Asia neighbouring China After eliminating Sakas, Parthians and Greeks, the Kushan Empire included portions of Iran, Afghanistan and Northern India Kadphises I established a unified Kushan Empire and embraced Buddhism Kadphises II was the worshipper of Lord Shiva and even gave himself the title Mahiswara Kanishka started the Saka Era in 78 AD to mark the end of the Saka Rule This is the official calendar of India starting from the month of Chaitra from the 22nd Day of March He embraced Buddhism and convened the 4th Buddhist Councils in Srinagar The Kushans are known to be the first ones to issue Gold coins in a very large amount The coins exhibit images of not only Buddha but also Greek and Hindu Gods This reflects their tolerance towards all the religions Kushan was a part of the international silk trade and the empire Greatly benefited from that The Silk route which started from China crossed through Central Asia, Afghanistan and then to Iran and Western Asia was controlled by the Kushans Kaniska patronised the Gandhara and Mathura school of sculpture At Mathura, a headless statue of Kaniska depicting himself as a warrior has been found This statue gives an idea of the dress and its influences - trousers, long boots ad the long coat is considered to be a way towards the Sherwani Conclusion Thus from the above, it is evident that the Post-Mauryan dynasties played a significant role in shaping the history of India. Also, it has played a significant role in shaping the art, architecture, culture and traditions whose influence can be seen in the present times as well.
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##Question:Give an account of the developments that took place in India in the Post-Mauryan Period? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in brief the Post Mauryan dynasties In body mention the different dynasties both native and foreign and developments taken during that time. Conclude the answer in brief. Answer : The Post-Mauryan Period approximately existed from 200 BC to 300 AD. It had both foreign and indigenous rulers. Foreign Rules included the Indo Greeks, Sakas/Shalas, Parthians and Kushans. The Indigenous Rulers included Shunga, Kanava and Satvahanas. The process of economic growth going on from the Vedic and post-Vedic periods has reached its height dung the post-Mauryan period. The arrival of foreign ruling groups contributed to the progress of trade and commerce as India"s contact with the world increased. The dynasties and developments during this period are as follows: Shunga Dynasty (185 BC) : Pushyamitra Sunga was in the army of Brihadrarath who was the last king of the Mauryas He killed the king and established his own dynasty After him, his son Agnimitra Sunga came to the throne The story of Agnimitra and Malavika has been recorded in a play by Kalidas This dynasty is known for the revival of Vedic rituals and performance of different Yagnas Ayodhya Inscription which discusses Aswamedha Yagna being performed by Pushyamitra Sunga Kanva Dynasty: Devabhuti was the last Shunga King who was killed by his own minister Vasudev Kanva setting up a new dynasty in 73 BC Satvahanas/Andhras Dynasty : They defeated the Kanvas and established their power in parts of Central India and gradually to Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh They claimed themselves to be pure Brahmins and they also became the first rulers to make land grants to the Brahmins They issued Lead coins for the first time along with the copper and silver coins The name of the kings under this dynasty was after his mother however, the society remained patrilineal During this time period, a lot of development took place in the field of Buddhist art and architecture with the coming of Amravati and Nagarjunakonda as very important Buddhist Sites Nasik Inscriptions describing the achievements of Gautamiputra Satkarni has been composed by his mother Gautami It mentions him as the destroyer of Sakas Trade: He was highly involved in trade and navigation and this can be seen by the representation of ships on his coins.Gandhikas were perfumers but later on, this term was used for all shop-keepers and traders because of the flouring trade artists and merchants were in a position to give grants to different Buddhist institutions Foreign Dynasties : The construction of the Chinese Wall prevented the Scythians from entering China so their attention turned towards the Greeks pushed by the Scythian tribes, the Greeks and Parthians were forced to invade India The successors of Askoka were too weak to offer any substantial opposition Indo-Greeks (165 BC ): The group coming to India was known as Indo-Greeks They occupied a large part of North-Western India which was much larger than that conquered by Alexander The most celebrated Indo-Greek Ruler was Meander or Milinda He converted to Buddhism under the influence of Nagasena He has been mentioned in the famous text "Milindpanho" which contains philosophical questions that Milind asked Nagasena The impact of Indo-Greeks is seen in the most predominant way in the form of the development of coinage in India They were the first to issue coins in the name of the ruler and also the first to issue Gold coins They also gave a lot of patronage to the development of sculpture art in particular the Gandhara School of Art Sakas/Indo-Synthians: Sakas is the Indian term for the people called Synthians who originally belonged to Central Asia They ruled over parts of India and Afghanistan through 5 branches ie Afghanistan, Punjab, Mathira, Western India and the Deccan The western branch was the most prominent one and one of the most famous Saka Ruler Rudradaman I belonged to this branch He ruled over Sindh, Kutch and Gujrat He is known for the repair of the Sudarshan Lake in the semiarid region of Kathiawar This lake was originally built under the rule of Chandragupt Maurya He was greatly inclined towards Sanskrit and issued the first-ever inscription in Sanskrit which is the Junagarh Inscriptions This inscription praises Rudradaman I and talks about the repair of the Sudarshan Lake This inscription also holds accounts of Asoka and Skandagupta Rudradaman was able to defeat the Satvahanas and also entered into a matrimonial alliance settling the long term rivalry between Sakas and Satvahanas A prince of Ujjain effectively fought and defeated the Sakas; after this, he took the title Vikramaditya and from this time a new era called Vikram Samvat was started in 57 BC It is the official calendar of Nepal and is also being followed in parts of Gujrat and Maharashtra The day after Diwali is the first day of this calendar Parthians : In the middle of the 1st Century AD, Sakas domination in North-West India was followed by Parthians who were originally from Iran They occupied a very small portion of Northern Indian territory The most famous Parthian King was Gondopherenus During his reign, the first Christian Missionary St. Thomas came from Israel to preach Christianity Kushans : They were nomadic tribes from North-Central Asia neighbouring China After eliminating Sakas, Parthians and Greeks, the Kushan Empire included portions of Iran, Afghanistan and Northern India Kadphises I established a unified Kushan Empire and embraced Buddhism Kadphises II was the worshipper of Lord Shiva and even gave himself the title Mahiswara Kanishka started the Saka Era in 78 AD to mark the end of the Saka Rule This is the official calendar of India starting from the month of Chaitra from the 22nd Day of March He embraced Buddhism and convened the 4th Buddhist Councils in Srinagar The Kushans are known to be the first ones to issue Gold coins in a very large amount The coins exhibit images of not only Buddha but also Greek and Hindu Gods This reflects their tolerance towards all the religions Kushan was a part of the international silk trade and the empire Greatly benefited from that The Silk route which started from China crossed through Central Asia, Afghanistan and then to Iran and Western Asia was controlled by the Kushans Kaniska patronised the Gandhara and Mathura school of sculpture At Mathura, a headless statue of Kaniska depicting himself as a warrior has been found This statue gives an idea of the dress and its influences - trousers, long boots ad the long coat is considered to be a way towards the Sherwani Conclusion Thus from the above, it is evident that the Post-Mauryan dynasties played a significant role in shaping the history of India. Also, it has played a significant role in shaping the art, architecture, culture and traditions whose influence can be seen in the present times as well.
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Discuss the Mansabdari system with its characteristics and highlight the relationship between Mansabdars and the Emperor. (150 words/10 marks)
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APPROACH - Discuss briefly the Mansabdari system. Mention the characteristics of the Mansabdari system. Highlight the relationship between Mansabdars and the king. Conclude briefly. ANSWER - The Mansabdar was a military unit within the administrative system of the Mughal Empire introduced by Akbar. The system determined the rank and status of a government official and military general. Every civil and military officer was given a Mansab, which determined their salaries & allowances. Characteristics of the Mansabdari system - Under this system, every officer was assigned a rank (Mansab). The lowest rank was 10 and the highest was 5000 for the nobles. Princes of royal blood received even higher ranks. Ranks - The ranks were divided into two – Zat and Sawar. Zat means personal and it fixed the personal status of a person. Sawar rank indicated the number of cavalrymen a person was required to maintain. Every Sawar had to maintain at least two horses. Salary - Salary can be paid in Cash or in Jagirs (land). If the salary is paid in Cash - Naqdi Mansabdars and if the salary is paid in form of Jagirs - Jagirdari Mansabdar. 10% of land revenue is paid to the emperor as Peshkash. Corrupt Mansabdars won"t maintain a proper army as per his Sawar. Vatan Jagirs were given to more influential Mansabdars or to local Rajas/chiefs who the Mughals wanted to co-opt. Legally, only the King was the legal landowner of the land. Relationship between the King and the Mansabdars - It was a personal relationship based on Quid Pro Quo. The king gave Mansabs and Jagirs to the aristocracy and in return, the aristocracy pledged loyalty to the King and maintained armies for the king. Therefore, there existed personal relationships based on personal loyalty. If the aristocracy was dissatisfied with the Mansabs and Jagirs given by the King then it would impact their loyalty to the King. Therefore, it was a give-and-take relationship and impersonal loyalty could not develop among Mansabdars i.e., lack of loyalty or allegiance to any ethnicity or to any religion or to any constitution. Conclusion - The Mansabdars formed the ruling elite in the Mughal Empire. Consequently, the whole nobility, the bureaucracy as well as the military hierarchy, held Mansabs. The recruitment and promotion of the Mansabdar"s were in the hands of the emperor who could also dismiss them at will. However, after Akbar"s death, the number of Mansabdars grew but not enough jagirs were available which led to corruption and deterioration of a well established administrative system.
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##Question:Discuss the Mansabdari system with its characteristics and highlight the relationship between Mansabdars and the Emperor. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:APPROACH - Discuss briefly the Mansabdari system. Mention the characteristics of the Mansabdari system. Highlight the relationship between Mansabdars and the king. Conclude briefly. ANSWER - The Mansabdar was a military unit within the administrative system of the Mughal Empire introduced by Akbar. The system determined the rank and status of a government official and military general. Every civil and military officer was given a Mansab, which determined their salaries & allowances. Characteristics of the Mansabdari system - Under this system, every officer was assigned a rank (Mansab). The lowest rank was 10 and the highest was 5000 for the nobles. Princes of royal blood received even higher ranks. Ranks - The ranks were divided into two – Zat and Sawar. Zat means personal and it fixed the personal status of a person. Sawar rank indicated the number of cavalrymen a person was required to maintain. Every Sawar had to maintain at least two horses. Salary - Salary can be paid in Cash or in Jagirs (land). If the salary is paid in Cash - Naqdi Mansabdars and if the salary is paid in form of Jagirs - Jagirdari Mansabdar. 10% of land revenue is paid to the emperor as Peshkash. Corrupt Mansabdars won"t maintain a proper army as per his Sawar. Vatan Jagirs were given to more influential Mansabdars or to local Rajas/chiefs who the Mughals wanted to co-opt. Legally, only the King was the legal landowner of the land. Relationship between the King and the Mansabdars - It was a personal relationship based on Quid Pro Quo. The king gave Mansabs and Jagirs to the aristocracy and in return, the aristocracy pledged loyalty to the King and maintained armies for the king. Therefore, there existed personal relationships based on personal loyalty. If the aristocracy was dissatisfied with the Mansabs and Jagirs given by the King then it would impact their loyalty to the King. Therefore, it was a give-and-take relationship and impersonal loyalty could not develop among Mansabdars i.e., lack of loyalty or allegiance to any ethnicity or to any religion or to any constitution. Conclusion - The Mansabdars formed the ruling elite in the Mughal Empire. Consequently, the whole nobility, the bureaucracy as well as the military hierarchy, held Mansabs. The recruitment and promotion of the Mansabdar"s were in the hands of the emperor who could also dismiss them at will. However, after Akbar"s death, the number of Mansabdars grew but not enough jagirs were available which led to corruption and deterioration of a well established administrative system.
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What is condensation? While highlighting the factors affecting condensation, also enumerate the different forms of condensation. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduction: Definition of condensation in brief. Body: Write various factors responsible to cause condensation in brief. Then write various forms of condensation. Conclusion: The importance of understanding condensation Answer: Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter from the gas phase into the liquid phase i.e. in the case of whether it is the transformation of water vapor to water. Factors affecting condensation: 1. Temperature- With the increase in temperature, there is increased evaporation. Also, an increase in temperature increases the moisture-holding capacity of the air. This will facilitate condensation. The condensation takes when the temperature reaches closer to the dew point. 2. Condensation nuclei- In free air, cooling occurs around very small particles termed hygroscopic condensation nuclei eg. Particles of dust, smoke, pollen, and salt from the ocean. 3. Pressure- The rate of condensation, depends mainly on the vapor pressure. The higher the vapor pressure, the faster the rate of condensation. 4. Volume of air- A decrease in volume can help in condensation as it increases the relative humidity of the air. Forms of condensation: 1. Dew- When the moisture is deposited in the form of water droplets on cooler surfaces of solid objects it is known as dew. 2. Frost- It forms on cold surfaces when condensation takes place below freezing point, i.e. the dew point is at or below the freezing point. 3. Mist- It is formed by comparatively bigger droplets of water hanging in the air (in comparison to fog). These droplets form when warmer water in the air is rapidly cooled, causing it to change from invisible gas to tiny visible water droplets 4. Fog- When the moist, warm air makes contact with the cooler surface air, water vapor condenses to create fog (The difference between mist and fog is that mist contains more moisture than fog). 5. Clouds- It is a mass of minute water droplets or tiny crystals of ice formed by the condensation of the water vapor in free air. Condensation is necessary to understand, as it is the underlying phenomenon behind important weather phenomena such as rain, sleet, hail, snow, etc. It becomes all the more important to understand, given the strategic and economic significance of rains (monsoons) in the country.
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##Question:What is condensation? While highlighting the factors affecting condensation, also enumerate the different forms of condensation. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Definition of condensation in brief. Body: Write various factors responsible to cause condensation in brief. Then write various forms of condensation. Conclusion: The importance of understanding condensation Answer: Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter from the gas phase into the liquid phase i.e. in the case of whether it is the transformation of water vapor to water. Factors affecting condensation: 1. Temperature- With the increase in temperature, there is increased evaporation. Also, an increase in temperature increases the moisture-holding capacity of the air. This will facilitate condensation. The condensation takes when the temperature reaches closer to the dew point. 2. Condensation nuclei- In free air, cooling occurs around very small particles termed hygroscopic condensation nuclei eg. Particles of dust, smoke, pollen, and salt from the ocean. 3. Pressure- The rate of condensation, depends mainly on the vapor pressure. The higher the vapor pressure, the faster the rate of condensation. 4. Volume of air- A decrease in volume can help in condensation as it increases the relative humidity of the air. Forms of condensation: 1. Dew- When the moisture is deposited in the form of water droplets on cooler surfaces of solid objects it is known as dew. 2. Frost- It forms on cold surfaces when condensation takes place below freezing point, i.e. the dew point is at or below the freezing point. 3. Mist- It is formed by comparatively bigger droplets of water hanging in the air (in comparison to fog). These droplets form when warmer water in the air is rapidly cooled, causing it to change from invisible gas to tiny visible water droplets 4. Fog- When the moist, warm air makes contact with the cooler surface air, water vapor condenses to create fog (The difference between mist and fog is that mist contains more moisture than fog). 5. Clouds- It is a mass of minute water droplets or tiny crystals of ice formed by the condensation of the water vapor in free air. Condensation is necessary to understand, as it is the underlying phenomenon behind important weather phenomena such as rain, sleet, hail, snow, etc. It becomes all the more important to understand, given the strategic and economic significance of rains (monsoons) in the country.
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Discuss the development of coinage in India from the ancient period till its peak in the Gupta period. Also, describe the significance of the Gupta coins. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach : Introduce in brief about coins and as a source of information about ancient India In body discuss the development of coinage in India from the ancient period till its peak in the Gupta period Also, describe the significance of Gupta coins and conclude briefly Answer : The study of coins is known as Numismatics. The importance of coins as a source of reconstructing history cannot be denied, particularly in the case of ancient history where very few chronicles were produced. India has been one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world and has been known for its sheer diversity in terms of minting techniques, motifs, sizes, shapes, the metals used, etc. The Coinage of India has played a very important role in the history of economic development of the country ever since its inception. Indus Valley Civilization: The Harappan Seal is the most distinctive artefact of the Indus Valley Civilization. It was made of a stone called steatite. However, it’s believed that it was not used as a coin. It served various other purposes like sealing a package of trade, as amulets, etc. Through the excavations held at cites from the Indus Valley Civilization (Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa), seals were found. However, there was no confirmation if these seals were used as coins or not Janapadas / Mahajanapadas: The earliest account of issuing of coins dates back to the 7th-6th Century BC. The earliest known coins of India were silver punch-marked ones, bearing a design and were circulated in the Janapadas They were initially issued by merchant guilds and later, by the state. The motifs found on these coins were mostly drawn from nature like the sun, various animal motifs, trees, hills etc. and some were geometrical symbols The Punch-marked coins can be further classified into four categories: Taxila-Gandhara type, Kosala type, Avanti type and Magadhan type Post-Mauryan Period: For the first time, we see regular Dynastic coins being issued. The Greeks bring along their old age tradition of issuing coins. They are the first ones to issue gold coins besides the use of Silver It is then followed by the Kushan Empire which becomes the first Indian Empire to issue gold coins. Depicted iconographic forms were drawn from Greek, Mesopotamian, Zorastrian and Indian mythology. Major Indian deities portrayed were Shiva, Buddha and Kartikeya The Western Kshatrap coins are reckoned to be the earliest coins bearing dates. Greek and Brahmi legends were juxtaposed on the coins. Said to be the earliest coins that had dates written on them Satvahanas: Copper, silver and lead coins were issued. Motifs of fauna like elephants, lions, bulls, horses, etc. were punched on these coins. Silver coins had portraits and bilingual legends, inspired by Kshatrapa types Gupta Period: The Kushan gold coins subsequently influence the Gupta dynasty. Gupta coinage (4th-6th centuries AD) followed the tradition of the Kushans, depicting the king on the obverse and a deity on the reverse; the deities were Indian and the legends were in Brahmi. The earliest Gupta coins are attributed to Samudragupta, Chandragupta II and Kumaragupta They become more rich and elaborate in a design depicting a wide variety of events like to commemorate dynastic succession, significant socio-political events like marriage alliances, the horse sacrifice, etc. (King and queen type of coin of Chandragupta 1, Asvamedha type, etc.) and for that matter artistic and personal accomplishments of royal members (Lyrist, Archer, Lion-slayer etc.) The Imperial Guptas issued well-minted and well-executed gold coins, die struck with various impressive legends in Sanskrit. These coins, also known as dinars, were mostly found in North India. The obverse has the kings in various poses, mostly in martial mood, but sometimes even in artistic calibre. Coins have also shown rulers like Samudragupta and Kumaragupta playing the Veena. The Gupta coins were issued in gold in large numbers and have been credited to their fine aesthetic appeal. However, the purity of gold saw a decline during the later Guptas. Significance of Gupta coins: Names and titles of rulers and queens can be found on the coins such as Samudragupta and Kumaradevi It gives an idea of the religion ie Goddess Laxmi, Goddess Durga (explains the prevalence of Shaktism) The presence of Garuda on coins signify Vaishnavism and Vedic rituals such as Ashwmedha yajna Animals such as Tiger are depicted on coins signifying the fauna of the time The high position of women in the society of the Gupta period ie Kumaradevi is depicted on coins A large number of coins means prosperous trade and vice-versa during that period as they issued the largest number of Gold coins. The use of metal such as Gold and art such as Veena It also gives an idea of the Territorial extent of Guptas ie from Sri Gupta to Samudragupta along with the Chronology and timeline of various kings. Thus from the above, it is evident that coins formed one of the important sources of information, especially the ancient Indian period and dynasties. It has helped in the understanding of ancient India and its culture, traditions, etc manifold.
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##Question:Discuss the development of coinage in India from the ancient period till its peak in the Gupta period. Also, describe the significance of the Gupta coins. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in brief about coins and as a source of information about ancient India In body discuss the development of coinage in India from the ancient period till its peak in the Gupta period Also, describe the significance of Gupta coins and conclude briefly Answer : The study of coins is known as Numismatics. The importance of coins as a source of reconstructing history cannot be denied, particularly in the case of ancient history where very few chronicles were produced. India has been one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world and has been known for its sheer diversity in terms of minting techniques, motifs, sizes, shapes, the metals used, etc. The Coinage of India has played a very important role in the history of economic development of the country ever since its inception. Indus Valley Civilization: The Harappan Seal is the most distinctive artefact of the Indus Valley Civilization. It was made of a stone called steatite. However, it’s believed that it was not used as a coin. It served various other purposes like sealing a package of trade, as amulets, etc. Through the excavations held at cites from the Indus Valley Civilization (Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa), seals were found. However, there was no confirmation if these seals were used as coins or not Janapadas / Mahajanapadas: The earliest account of issuing of coins dates back to the 7th-6th Century BC. The earliest known coins of India were silver punch-marked ones, bearing a design and were circulated in the Janapadas They were initially issued by merchant guilds and later, by the state. The motifs found on these coins were mostly drawn from nature like the sun, various animal motifs, trees, hills etc. and some were geometrical symbols The Punch-marked coins can be further classified into four categories: Taxila-Gandhara type, Kosala type, Avanti type and Magadhan type Post-Mauryan Period: For the first time, we see regular Dynastic coins being issued. The Greeks bring along their old age tradition of issuing coins. They are the first ones to issue gold coins besides the use of Silver It is then followed by the Kushan Empire which becomes the first Indian Empire to issue gold coins. Depicted iconographic forms were drawn from Greek, Mesopotamian, Zorastrian and Indian mythology. Major Indian deities portrayed were Shiva, Buddha and Kartikeya The Western Kshatrap coins are reckoned to be the earliest coins bearing dates. Greek and Brahmi legends were juxtaposed on the coins. Said to be the earliest coins that had dates written on them Satvahanas: Copper, silver and lead coins were issued. Motifs of fauna like elephants, lions, bulls, horses, etc. were punched on these coins. Silver coins had portraits and bilingual legends, inspired by Kshatrapa types Gupta Period: The Kushan gold coins subsequently influence the Gupta dynasty. Gupta coinage (4th-6th centuries AD) followed the tradition of the Kushans, depicting the king on the obverse and a deity on the reverse; the deities were Indian and the legends were in Brahmi. The earliest Gupta coins are attributed to Samudragupta, Chandragupta II and Kumaragupta They become more rich and elaborate in a design depicting a wide variety of events like to commemorate dynastic succession, significant socio-political events like marriage alliances, the horse sacrifice, etc. (King and queen type of coin of Chandragupta 1, Asvamedha type, etc.) and for that matter artistic and personal accomplishments of royal members (Lyrist, Archer, Lion-slayer etc.) The Imperial Guptas issued well-minted and well-executed gold coins, die struck with various impressive legends in Sanskrit. These coins, also known as dinars, were mostly found in North India. The obverse has the kings in various poses, mostly in martial mood, but sometimes even in artistic calibre. Coins have also shown rulers like Samudragupta and Kumaragupta playing the Veena. The Gupta coins were issued in gold in large numbers and have been credited to their fine aesthetic appeal. However, the purity of gold saw a decline during the later Guptas. Significance of Gupta coins: Names and titles of rulers and queens can be found on the coins such as Samudragupta and Kumaradevi It gives an idea of the religion ie Goddess Laxmi, Goddess Durga (explains the prevalence of Shaktism) The presence of Garuda on coins signify Vaishnavism and Vedic rituals such as Ashwmedha yajna Animals such as Tiger are depicted on coins signifying the fauna of the time The high position of women in the society of the Gupta period ie Kumaradevi is depicted on coins A large number of coins means prosperous trade and vice-versa during that period as they issued the largest number of Gold coins. The use of metal such as Gold and art such as Veena It also gives an idea of the Territorial extent of Guptas ie from Sri Gupta to Samudragupta along with the Chronology and timeline of various kings. Thus from the above, it is evident that coins formed one of the important sources of information, especially the ancient Indian period and dynasties. It has helped in the understanding of ancient India and its culture, traditions, etc manifold.
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After his return from South Africa, Gandhiji initially focused on local issues like the Champaran satyagraha, the Ahemdabad mill strike, and the Kheda satyagraha. Discuss. (150 words/10 marks).
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Approach : Introduction-Mention briefly the return of Gandhiji. Briefly mention the local issues of Champaran, the Ahemdabad mill strike, Kheda Satyagraha and the role of Gandhiji. Conclude accordingly. Answer : Gandhi after coming from South Africa did not intervene in the political scenario of India. He had his style of working, whereby he will never intervene in a situation without studying it with great care. He spent his 1st year touring all over India and organizing his ashram at Sabarmati. He mainly focused on the local issues like: Champaran satyagraha(1917): In Champaran, European planters had involved cultivators in an agreement, that forced them to cultivate indigo on the 3/20th of their landholding (Tinkathia System). By the end of the 19th century, German synthetic dyes completely forced out Indigo from the market. European planters were keen to release the cultivators from the obligation but they turned their necessity into an advantage by taking advance rent, and illegal dues for the price of release. On this issue, a peasant leader Rajkumar Shukla persuaded Gandhi to come. On reaching Champaran, Gandhi disobeyed the order of the district commissioner to immediately leave the district. Further, he started an investigation with the help of local leaders like Brij Kishore, Rajendra Prasad, JB Kriplani, Narhari Parekh, Mazhar-ul-Haq, and Madhav Desai. As a result, the government also appointed an inquiry commission. Which gave the judgment, that planters must refund 25% of the money, they had illegally taken from the peasants. Ahmedabad Mill Strike(1918): The issue at Ahmedabad was Plague Bonus which was to be withdrawn, moreover, the workers were demanding an increase in the wages They were of the view that world war 1 has led to an increase in the cost of living for which they need an upward hike in the payment, but the Ahmedabad Mill owners were not ready for it. At this time Gandhi tried to convince one of the mill owner Ambalal Sarabhai to submit the entire issue to a tribunal but the mill owners refused this also. In this situation, Gandhi decided to observe a fast to create pressure on mill owners and also to keep the motivation o the workers high. As a result, the mill owners agreed to submit the entire issue to the tribunal which gave the judgment that a 35% increase in the wages was justified. The sister of Ambalal Sarabhai, Anasuya Behn was a supporter of Gandhi in this issue. Kheda Satyagraha(1918): At Kheda the issue was crop failure to which the peasant demanded the remission of land revenue. Earlier servant society of India justified their case. At this time Gandhi was a member of Gujarat Sabha that played a very important role in this agitation. He advised peasants to withhold revenue and fight unto death against such an evil type of system. He further maintained that it is impossible to govern men without their consent. In Gujarat, Gandhi was supported by young lawyers from Kheda, who were Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Vitthalbhai Patel, and Indulal Yagnik. When the situation was going out of proportion, government issues a secret instruction whereby it suspended the collection of land revenue and maintained that those who can afford to pay, can pay the amount. The success that Gandhiji achieved at the local level in all these movements made him a national hero and helped him to project himself at the national level to act as a leader of the freedom struggle against the British.
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##Question:After his return from South Africa, Gandhiji initially focused on local issues like the Champaran satyagraha, the Ahemdabad mill strike, and the Kheda satyagraha. Discuss. (150 words/10 marks).##Answer:Approach : Introduction-Mention briefly the return of Gandhiji. Briefly mention the local issues of Champaran, the Ahemdabad mill strike, Kheda Satyagraha and the role of Gandhiji. Conclude accordingly. Answer : Gandhi after coming from South Africa did not intervene in the political scenario of India. He had his style of working, whereby he will never intervene in a situation without studying it with great care. He spent his 1st year touring all over India and organizing his ashram at Sabarmati. He mainly focused on the local issues like: Champaran satyagraha(1917): In Champaran, European planters had involved cultivators in an agreement, that forced them to cultivate indigo on the 3/20th of their landholding (Tinkathia System). By the end of the 19th century, German synthetic dyes completely forced out Indigo from the market. European planters were keen to release the cultivators from the obligation but they turned their necessity into an advantage by taking advance rent, and illegal dues for the price of release. On this issue, a peasant leader Rajkumar Shukla persuaded Gandhi to come. On reaching Champaran, Gandhi disobeyed the order of the district commissioner to immediately leave the district. Further, he started an investigation with the help of local leaders like Brij Kishore, Rajendra Prasad, JB Kriplani, Narhari Parekh, Mazhar-ul-Haq, and Madhav Desai. As a result, the government also appointed an inquiry commission. Which gave the judgment, that planters must refund 25% of the money, they had illegally taken from the peasants. Ahmedabad Mill Strike(1918): The issue at Ahmedabad was Plague Bonus which was to be withdrawn, moreover, the workers were demanding an increase in the wages They were of the view that world war 1 has led to an increase in the cost of living for which they need an upward hike in the payment, but the Ahmedabad Mill owners were not ready for it. At this time Gandhi tried to convince one of the mill owner Ambalal Sarabhai to submit the entire issue to a tribunal but the mill owners refused this also. In this situation, Gandhi decided to observe a fast to create pressure on mill owners and also to keep the motivation o the workers high. As a result, the mill owners agreed to submit the entire issue to the tribunal which gave the judgment that a 35% increase in the wages was justified. The sister of Ambalal Sarabhai, Anasuya Behn was a supporter of Gandhi in this issue. Kheda Satyagraha(1918): At Kheda the issue was crop failure to which the peasant demanded the remission of land revenue. Earlier servant society of India justified their case. At this time Gandhi was a member of Gujarat Sabha that played a very important role in this agitation. He advised peasants to withhold revenue and fight unto death against such an evil type of system. He further maintained that it is impossible to govern men without their consent. In Gujarat, Gandhi was supported by young lawyers from Kheda, who were Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Vitthalbhai Patel, and Indulal Yagnik. When the situation was going out of proportion, government issues a secret instruction whereby it suspended the collection of land revenue and maintained that those who can afford to pay, can pay the amount. The success that Gandhiji achieved at the local level in all these movements made him a national hero and helped him to project himself at the national level to act as a leader of the freedom struggle against the British.
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Why India and Japan are considered lynchpins or pivotal to the rule-based order of the Indo-Pacific region? (150 words, 10 marks)
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Approach: Introduce an answer by briefly explaining the relevance of the Indo-Pacific region. Discuss the joint role India and Japan can play in rule-based order in the Indo-Pacific region. Conclude accordingly. Answer : Indo-Pacific strategy is really the successor to the “pivot” to Asia and became subsequently as the “rebalance” to Asia. It is founded on the realization that the United States needs to correct its disproportionate focus on the Middle East by reorienting its policy to reflect Asia’s central importance to long-term American interests. They are two of the largest economies in Asia. India has one of the largest economies and Japan with loosing of legal and constitutional constraints under Abe, the Maritime Self Defence Force instead of focusing merely on homeland security will now be capable to participate in regional security. Intention Both share border disputes with China. Both are aware that a muscular and assertive China can disrupt the freedom of navigation on Seas. This, in turn, will prove disruptive to their energy and economic security. Relationship Japan-India relationship is Asia’s fastest-growing and opens the path to a military logistics pact to allow access to each other’s bases. In fact, Japan has the distinction of being the only country that has been allowed to undertake infrastructure and other projects in India’s sensitive northeast (bordering Myanmar, Tibet, Bhutan, and Bangladesh), as well as in the Andaman and Nicobar islands. They both have the capacity to cooperate with one another as they both do not carry any historical baggage or ideological differences. Challenges The broadening of America’s “pivot” is also a riposte to China’s “Belt and Road” initiative, whose largest investments in infrastructure projects are concentrated in the Indian Ocean Rim. As China’s first overseas naval base at Djibouti and its acquisition of several unpopulated islets in the Maldives poses a potential threat. Emerging Japan With the loosening of the legal and constitutional constraints on the military, the Maritime Self-Defense Force (MSDF) is now able to operate far beyond Japanese shores. Indeed, Japan’s new readiness to participate in regional security, including through joint military exercises and training, is making it a critical player in the changing geostrategic dynamics in the Indo-Pacific. If Japan and India add concrete security content to their relationship, their strategic partnership could potentially be a game-changer in Asia. Today, Japan and India serve as the linchpins for establishing an Indo-Pacific order based on the principles of the rule of law, free trade, freedom of navigation, and peaceful resolution of disputes.
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##Question:Why India and Japan are considered lynchpins or pivotal to the rule-based order of the Indo-Pacific region? (150 words, 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce an answer by briefly explaining the relevance of the Indo-Pacific region. Discuss the joint role India and Japan can play in rule-based order in the Indo-Pacific region. Conclude accordingly. Answer : Indo-Pacific strategy is really the successor to the “pivot” to Asia and became subsequently as the “rebalance” to Asia. It is founded on the realization that the United States needs to correct its disproportionate focus on the Middle East by reorienting its policy to reflect Asia’s central importance to long-term American interests. They are two of the largest economies in Asia. India has one of the largest economies and Japan with loosing of legal and constitutional constraints under Abe, the Maritime Self Defence Force instead of focusing merely on homeland security will now be capable to participate in regional security. Intention Both share border disputes with China. Both are aware that a muscular and assertive China can disrupt the freedom of navigation on Seas. This, in turn, will prove disruptive to their energy and economic security. Relationship Japan-India relationship is Asia’s fastest-growing and opens the path to a military logistics pact to allow access to each other’s bases. In fact, Japan has the distinction of being the only country that has been allowed to undertake infrastructure and other projects in India’s sensitive northeast (bordering Myanmar, Tibet, Bhutan, and Bangladesh), as well as in the Andaman and Nicobar islands. They both have the capacity to cooperate with one another as they both do not carry any historical baggage or ideological differences. Challenges The broadening of America’s “pivot” is also a riposte to China’s “Belt and Road” initiative, whose largest investments in infrastructure projects are concentrated in the Indian Ocean Rim. As China’s first overseas naval base at Djibouti and its acquisition of several unpopulated islets in the Maldives poses a potential threat. Emerging Japan With the loosening of the legal and constitutional constraints on the military, the Maritime Self-Defense Force (MSDF) is now able to operate far beyond Japanese shores. Indeed, Japan’s new readiness to participate in regional security, including through joint military exercises and training, is making it a critical player in the changing geostrategic dynamics in the Indo-Pacific. If Japan and India add concrete security content to their relationship, their strategic partnership could potentially be a game-changer in Asia. Today, Japan and India serve as the linchpins for establishing an Indo-Pacific order based on the principles of the rule of law, free trade, freedom of navigation, and peaceful resolution of disputes.
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Give an account of the general trend of horizontal and vertical salinity in the oceans. (10 Marks/150 words)
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Give an account of the general trend of horizontal and vertical salinity in the oceans? (10 Marks/150 words) Approach Mention basics about salinity like the definition and very briefly discuss factors determining ocean salinity. Highlight vertical variations of salinity in oceans. Highlight horizontal variations of salinity in oceans. Conclude briefly (as such there is no need for conclusion in this answer) Answer Salinity is the term used to define the total content of dissolved salts in seawater. It is calculated as the amount of salt (in gm) dissolved in 1,000 gm (1 kg) of seawater. It is usually expressed as parts per thousand or ppt. Factors that determine Ocean Salinity:- Salinity, temperature, and density of water are interrelated. Hence, any change in the temperature or density influences the salinity of an area. Evaporation and Precipitation. Freshwater flows from rivers, and in polar regions by the processes of freezing and thawing of ice. Wind The ocean currents Vertical Variations:- (A diagram showing the Halocline can be drawn) The changes in salinity along the depth of the Ocean is called as Vertical distribution of Salinity. In the tropics and mid-latitudes, the oceans represent three distinct layers whereas, at the poles, the oceans are having no stratifications. As the water is transparent for the sunlight, the sunlight can penetrate to the depth of 200 metres. It is the Photic zone. Beyond 200 m, till 1000m of depth, the diffusion of sunlight happens and so the waters in this layer act as transition water. Beyond 1000 m of depth, as there is no addition of water or loss of water due to evaporation, the waters beyond 1000 m act as a uniform layer. This is Aphotic Zone. The Salinity with respect to these three layers of the Oceans are as follows - In the Photic Zone - The salinity decreases slowly with respect to depth. In the Transition Zone - The salinity decline is rapid. In the Aphotic Zone - The salinity remains almost all constant. Horizontal Variations:- The highest salinity is recorded between 15° and 20° latitudes. The salinity gradually decreases towards the north. The salinity sometimes reaches up to 70 ppt in the hot and dry regions where evaporation is high. In the landlocked Red Sea, the salinity is 41 ppt which is considerably high while the salinity in the estuaries and the Arctic varies from 0 – 35 ppt seasonally. Due to the influx of melted water from the Arctic region, the salinity decreases from 35 – 31 ppt on the western parts of the northern hemisphere. The North Sea records higher salinity due to more saline water brought by the North Atlantic Drift despite its location in higher latitudes. Due to the influx of river waters in the large amount, the Baltic Sea records low salinity. The Mediterranean Sea accounts for the higher salinity due to high evaporation. Salinity is very low in the Black Sea due to the massive freshwater influx by rivers. The low salinity trend in the Bay of Bengal is due to the influx of river water. But the Arabian Sea displays higher salinity due to the low influx of fresh water and high evaporation. Conclusion: Ocean salinity is determined by many factors which are explained above and it has a multidimensional effect (both direct and indirect impact) like ocean salinity affects the growth of marine organisms, ocean currents, rainfall patterns etc.
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##Question:Give an account of the general trend of horizontal and vertical salinity in the oceans. (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Give an account of the general trend of horizontal and vertical salinity in the oceans? (10 Marks/150 words) Approach Mention basics about salinity like the definition and very briefly discuss factors determining ocean salinity. Highlight vertical variations of salinity in oceans. Highlight horizontal variations of salinity in oceans. Conclude briefly (as such there is no need for conclusion in this answer) Answer Salinity is the term used to define the total content of dissolved salts in seawater. It is calculated as the amount of salt (in gm) dissolved in 1,000 gm (1 kg) of seawater. It is usually expressed as parts per thousand or ppt. Factors that determine Ocean Salinity:- Salinity, temperature, and density of water are interrelated. Hence, any change in the temperature or density influences the salinity of an area. Evaporation and Precipitation. Freshwater flows from rivers, and in polar regions by the processes of freezing and thawing of ice. Wind The ocean currents Vertical Variations:- (A diagram showing the Halocline can be drawn) The changes in salinity along the depth of the Ocean is called as Vertical distribution of Salinity. In the tropics and mid-latitudes, the oceans represent three distinct layers whereas, at the poles, the oceans are having no stratifications. As the water is transparent for the sunlight, the sunlight can penetrate to the depth of 200 metres. It is the Photic zone. Beyond 200 m, till 1000m of depth, the diffusion of sunlight happens and so the waters in this layer act as transition water. Beyond 1000 m of depth, as there is no addition of water or loss of water due to evaporation, the waters beyond 1000 m act as a uniform layer. This is Aphotic Zone. The Salinity with respect to these three layers of the Oceans are as follows - In the Photic Zone - The salinity decreases slowly with respect to depth. In the Transition Zone - The salinity decline is rapid. In the Aphotic Zone - The salinity remains almost all constant. Horizontal Variations:- The highest salinity is recorded between 15° and 20° latitudes. The salinity gradually decreases towards the north. The salinity sometimes reaches up to 70 ppt in the hot and dry regions where evaporation is high. In the landlocked Red Sea, the salinity is 41 ppt which is considerably high while the salinity in the estuaries and the Arctic varies from 0 – 35 ppt seasonally. Due to the influx of melted water from the Arctic region, the salinity decreases from 35 – 31 ppt on the western parts of the northern hemisphere. The North Sea records higher salinity due to more saline water brought by the North Atlantic Drift despite its location in higher latitudes. Due to the influx of river waters in the large amount, the Baltic Sea records low salinity. The Mediterranean Sea accounts for the higher salinity due to high evaporation. Salinity is very low in the Black Sea due to the massive freshwater influx by rivers. The low salinity trend in the Bay of Bengal is due to the influx of river water. But the Arabian Sea displays higher salinity due to the low influx of fresh water and high evaporation. Conclusion: Ocean salinity is determined by many factors which are explained above and it has a multidimensional effect (both direct and indirect impact) like ocean salinity affects the growth of marine organisms, ocean currents, rainfall patterns etc.
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The Delhi sultanate had established a very elaborate administrative system for the governance of the empire. Do you agree? Give reasons.(150 words/10 marks)
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Approach Introduction Introduce with Delhi sultanate Body" Highlight the Delhi sultanate Mention the Administrative system and reasons. Conclusion Conclude with Sigifinace or relevance. ANSWER Delhi"s sultanate stretched over large parts of South Asia for 320 years. Five dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate and they are the Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290), the Khalji dynasty (1290–1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414), the Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451), and the Lodi dynasty (1451–1526). These various dynasties kept on making changes in the administration to consolidate their rule. This administrative apparatus not only addressed the necessities of the sustenance of the sultanate but also took care of the socio-economic needs and exigencies of the people. Some of the apparatus was also guided by the demography of the region such as Hindu, Muslim, etc Administrative system Diwan-i-Gujarat-- finance department Diwan-i- Insa-postal and correspondence Diwan-i-Risalat-(foreign affairs for the religious matter ) for ecclesiastical matter Diwan-i-Qazi- judicial matters. Diwan-i-Mustakraj-Department of collection of arrears. Diwani-Muniha- department of intelligence (network of spies) Diwan-i-Bandgan- Department of slaves other components of the governance system devised by some of the rulers like Alauddin-khilji 1. He started measuring the land before imposing taxes. 2. He also increased the land revenue to 50%. 3. He divided the market into 3 categories - clothes and footwear; food grains, vegetables and fruits; animal trade and the slave trade. 4. He also centrally fixed the rates of basic commodities (this step was meant for making available the basic commodity to his Persian and Turkish soldiers at a cheaper rate). 5. He used the services of the Banjara community for trade. 6. He standardized all the weights and measures to curb corruption. 7. He started the Dagh system for the branding of horses. 8. He started the Huliya system to note down the physical appearance and features of soldiers in a register this system was later on adopted by regional rulers such as Marathas, Rajputs, etc. The administration system devised by the sultanate helped in bringing a certain level of certainty to the governance of a vast empire which spread across the length and breadth of the country, perhaps that"s the reason why the sultanate existed for 320 years.
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##Question:The Delhi sultanate had established a very elaborate administrative system for the governance of the empire. Do you agree? Give reasons.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Introduction Introduce with Delhi sultanate Body" Highlight the Delhi sultanate Mention the Administrative system and reasons. Conclusion Conclude with Sigifinace or relevance. ANSWER Delhi"s sultanate stretched over large parts of South Asia for 320 years. Five dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate and they are the Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290), the Khalji dynasty (1290–1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414), the Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451), and the Lodi dynasty (1451–1526). These various dynasties kept on making changes in the administration to consolidate their rule. This administrative apparatus not only addressed the necessities of the sustenance of the sultanate but also took care of the socio-economic needs and exigencies of the people. Some of the apparatus was also guided by the demography of the region such as Hindu, Muslim, etc Administrative system Diwan-i-Gujarat-- finance department Diwan-i- Insa-postal and correspondence Diwan-i-Risalat-(foreign affairs for the religious matter ) for ecclesiastical matter Diwan-i-Qazi- judicial matters. Diwan-i-Mustakraj-Department of collection of arrears. Diwani-Muniha- department of intelligence (network of spies) Diwan-i-Bandgan- Department of slaves other components of the governance system devised by some of the rulers like Alauddin-khilji 1. He started measuring the land before imposing taxes. 2. He also increased the land revenue to 50%. 3. He divided the market into 3 categories - clothes and footwear; food grains, vegetables and fruits; animal trade and the slave trade. 4. He also centrally fixed the rates of basic commodities (this step was meant for making available the basic commodity to his Persian and Turkish soldiers at a cheaper rate). 5. He used the services of the Banjara community for trade. 6. He standardized all the weights and measures to curb corruption. 7. He started the Dagh system for the branding of horses. 8. He started the Huliya system to note down the physical appearance and features of soldiers in a register this system was later on adopted by regional rulers such as Marathas, Rajputs, etc. The administration system devised by the sultanate helped in bringing a certain level of certainty to the governance of a vast empire which spread across the length and breadth of the country, perhaps that"s the reason why the sultanate existed for 320 years.
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The Delhi sultanate had established a very elaborate administrative system for the governance of the empire. Do you agree? Give reasons. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach Introduction Introduce with Delhi sultanate Body Mention the Administrative system and reasons. Conclusion Conclude with Significance or relevance. ANSWER Delhi"s sultanate stretched over large parts of South Asia for 320 years. Five dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate and that are the Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290), the Khalji dynasty (1290–1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414), the Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451), and the Lodi dynasty (1451–1526). These various dynasties kept on making changes in the administration to consolidate their rule. This administrative apparatus not only addressed the necessities of the sustenance of the sultanate but also took care of the socio-economic needs and exigencies of the people. Some of the apparatus were also guided by the demography of the region such as Hindu, Muslim, etc Administrative system Diwan-i-Gujarat-- finance department Diwan-i- Insa-postal and correspondence Diwan-i-Risalat-(foreign affairs for the religious matter ) for ecclesiastical matter Diwan-i-Qazi- judicial matters. Diwan-i-Mustakraj-Department of collection of arrears. Diwani-Muniha- department of intelligence (network of spies) Diwan-i-Bandgan- Department of slaves other components of the governance system devised by some of the rulers like Like the administration under Alauddin-khilji included: 1. He started measuring the land before imposing the taxes. 2. He also increased the land revenue to 50%. 3. He divided the market into 3 categories - clothes and footwear; food grains, vegetables, and fruits; animal trade and the slave trade. 4. He also centrally fixed the rates of basic commodities (this step was meant for making available the basic commodity to his Persian and Turkish soldiers at a cheaper rate). 5. He used the services of the Banjara community for trade. 6. He standardized all the weights and measures to curb corruption. 7. He started the Dagh system for the branding of horses. 8. He started the Huliya system to note down the physical appearance and features of soldiers in a register This system was later on adopted by regional rulers such as Marathas, Rajputs, etc. The administration system devised by the sultanate helped in bringing a certain level of certainty to the governance of a vast empire which spread across the length and breadth of the country, perhaps that"s the reason by which the sultanate existed for 320 years.
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##Question:The Delhi sultanate had established a very elaborate administrative system for the governance of the empire. Do you agree? Give reasons. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Introduction Introduce with Delhi sultanate Body Mention the Administrative system and reasons. Conclusion Conclude with Significance or relevance. ANSWER Delhi"s sultanate stretched over large parts of South Asia for 320 years. Five dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate and that are the Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290), the Khalji dynasty (1290–1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414), the Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451), and the Lodi dynasty (1451–1526). These various dynasties kept on making changes in the administration to consolidate their rule. This administrative apparatus not only addressed the necessities of the sustenance of the sultanate but also took care of the socio-economic needs and exigencies of the people. Some of the apparatus were also guided by the demography of the region such as Hindu, Muslim, etc Administrative system Diwan-i-Gujarat-- finance department Diwan-i- Insa-postal and correspondence Diwan-i-Risalat-(foreign affairs for the religious matter ) for ecclesiastical matter Diwan-i-Qazi- judicial matters. Diwan-i-Mustakraj-Department of collection of arrears. Diwani-Muniha- department of intelligence (network of spies) Diwan-i-Bandgan- Department of slaves other components of the governance system devised by some of the rulers like Like the administration under Alauddin-khilji included: 1. He started measuring the land before imposing the taxes. 2. He also increased the land revenue to 50%. 3. He divided the market into 3 categories - clothes and footwear; food grains, vegetables, and fruits; animal trade and the slave trade. 4. He also centrally fixed the rates of basic commodities (this step was meant for making available the basic commodity to his Persian and Turkish soldiers at a cheaper rate). 5. He used the services of the Banjara community for trade. 6. He standardized all the weights and measures to curb corruption. 7. He started the Dagh system for the branding of horses. 8. He started the Huliya system to note down the physical appearance and features of soldiers in a register This system was later on adopted by regional rulers such as Marathas, Rajputs, etc. The administration system devised by the sultanate helped in bringing a certain level of certainty to the governance of a vast empire which spread across the length and breadth of the country, perhaps that"s the reason by which the sultanate existed for 320 years.
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The public distribution system has been an integral component of Indian efforts to tackle hunger. However, the mechanism is plagued with multiple issues. Elucidate. Also, discuss the recent measures taken by the Government to overcome these issues.(10 Marks/ 150 words)
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Approach: Define food security and PDS in the introduction. Briefly list down the issues faced by in tackling the issue of hunger in India Highlight initiatives that are taken by govt. to address the issues. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. PDS refers to that system that ensures the redistribution of various essential items and things related to basic human dignity. The PDS is primarily to ensure distributive justice. Problems/Challenges: There has been a gradual shift from the cultivation of food crops to the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, oilseeds, and crops which act also as industrial raw materials due to the provision of MSP. This had led to the reduction in net sown area under cereals, millets, and pulses. Identification of beneficiaries is a challenge as lots of errors occur in exclusion and inclusion of Below Poverty Line (BPL) and Above Poverty Line (APL) families in beneficiary data. Corruption lies at different stages like in PDS, FCI, fair price shops, etc Wastage (Leakages) for food grains while transportation and storage. Open-ended Procurement i.e., all incoming grains accepted even if buffer stock is filled, creates a shortage in the open market. Lack of empathy among lower bureaucracy for food security schemes to implement them in true letter spirit Inadequate sanitation conditions ensure that children suffer from gastrointestinal problems that prevent them from absorbing the nutrition from the food they eat. Government’s initiatives to overcome the issues: In 2011- Direct Benefit Transfers were introduced where the cash was directly transferred into beneficiaries" accounts. National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013- It is passed with the objective to provide for food and nutritional security in the human life cycle approach, by ensuring access to adequate quantity of quality food at affordable prices to people to live a life with dignity. The Act provides for coverage of up to 75% of the rural population and up to 50% of the urban population for receiving subsidized foodgrains under the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS), thus covering about two-thirds of the population. The eligible persons will be entitled to receive 5 Kgs of foodgrains per person per month at subsidized prices of Rs. 3/2/1 per Kg for rice/wheat/coarse grains. In 2015- Jan Dhan, Aadhar, Mobile initiative for better cash transfers and financial inclusion were created. Jan Dhan account is a no-frill account that means no minimum balance is required along with an overdraft facility. Chattisgarh"s model of PDS- eliminated the middlemen putting an end to corruption. In 2017, the efforts for de-duplication were started as now PDS portal started working. In 2018, the one nation, one ration card concept was introduced which eradicated various bogus accounts. SMS-based monitoring by citizens during dispatch and arrival of TPDS commodities. Use of Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to track the movement of trucks carrying foodgrains from state depots to FPS which can help to prevent diversion. In 2021, to make food security more accessible e-RUPI which is a kind of digital token and needs no bank account has been introduced which can be encashed on the designated private shops also. To increase nutritional value steps like food fortification, POSHAN Abhiyan is being undertaken. The PDS system can be improved with more civil society participation, citizen charter, along with empowering and informing the beneficiaries about their rights and duties.
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##Question:The public distribution system has been an integral component of Indian efforts to tackle hunger. However, the mechanism is plagued with multiple issues. Elucidate. Also, discuss the recent measures taken by the Government to overcome these issues.(10 Marks/ 150 words)##Answer:Approach: Define food security and PDS in the introduction. Briefly list down the issues faced by in tackling the issue of hunger in India Highlight initiatives that are taken by govt. to address the issues. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. PDS refers to that system that ensures the redistribution of various essential items and things related to basic human dignity. The PDS is primarily to ensure distributive justice. Problems/Challenges: There has been a gradual shift from the cultivation of food crops to the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, oilseeds, and crops which act also as industrial raw materials due to the provision of MSP. This had led to the reduction in net sown area under cereals, millets, and pulses. Identification of beneficiaries is a challenge as lots of errors occur in exclusion and inclusion of Below Poverty Line (BPL) and Above Poverty Line (APL) families in beneficiary data. Corruption lies at different stages like in PDS, FCI, fair price shops, etc Wastage (Leakages) for food grains while transportation and storage. Open-ended Procurement i.e., all incoming grains accepted even if buffer stock is filled, creates a shortage in the open market. Lack of empathy among lower bureaucracy for food security schemes to implement them in true letter spirit Inadequate sanitation conditions ensure that children suffer from gastrointestinal problems that prevent them from absorbing the nutrition from the food they eat. Government’s initiatives to overcome the issues: In 2011- Direct Benefit Transfers were introduced where the cash was directly transferred into beneficiaries" accounts. National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013- It is passed with the objective to provide for food and nutritional security in the human life cycle approach, by ensuring access to adequate quantity of quality food at affordable prices to people to live a life with dignity. The Act provides for coverage of up to 75% of the rural population and up to 50% of the urban population for receiving subsidized foodgrains under the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS), thus covering about two-thirds of the population. The eligible persons will be entitled to receive 5 Kgs of foodgrains per person per month at subsidized prices of Rs. 3/2/1 per Kg for rice/wheat/coarse grains. In 2015- Jan Dhan, Aadhar, Mobile initiative for better cash transfers and financial inclusion were created. Jan Dhan account is a no-frill account that means no minimum balance is required along with an overdraft facility. Chattisgarh"s model of PDS- eliminated the middlemen putting an end to corruption. In 2017, the efforts for de-duplication were started as now PDS portal started working. In 2018, the one nation, one ration card concept was introduced which eradicated various bogus accounts. SMS-based monitoring by citizens during dispatch and arrival of TPDS commodities. Use of Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to track the movement of trucks carrying foodgrains from state depots to FPS which can help to prevent diversion. In 2021, to make food security more accessible e-RUPI which is a kind of digital token and needs no bank account has been introduced which can be encashed on the designated private shops also. To increase nutritional value steps like food fortification, POSHAN Abhiyan is being undertaken. The PDS system can be improved with more civil society participation, citizen charter, along with empowering and informing the beneficiaries about their rights and duties.
| 75,706
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Many of the present social conflicts arise due to prejudices. Illustrate. What can be done to curb discrimination and handle prejudices? (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: 1. Introduce by defining prejudice 2. Illustrate how prejudice leads to social conflicts 3. Mention the strategy to curb discrimination and handle prejudice 4. Conclude by highlighting the specific conditions when these strategies can be helpful in addressing prejudice Answer: An attitude that is irrational, negative and inter-group is called prejudice. Prejudices are examples of negative attitudes towards a particular group It is based on stereotypes about the specific group. All members belonging to this group are assumed to possess these characteristics. How prejudice leads to social conflicts: 1. The cognitive component of prejudice is frequently accompanied by dislike, hatred, anger ( the affective component). Prejudice may also get translated into discrimination (the behavioral component) whereby people behave in a hostile manner towards a particular target group. 2. There are numerous examples of discrimination based on race, class, caste, religion, ethnicity, etc For example, the genocide committed by Nazis in Germany against the Jewish people is an extreme example of prejudice and discrimination. In our society also, there are examples of prejudice against Dalit, tribals, migrants, transgender, old age, etc 3. Prejudices can exist without being shown in the form of discrimination. Similarly, discrimination can be shown without prejudice. Yet, the two go together very often. Wherever prejudice and discrimination exist, conflicts are very likely to arise between groups within the same society. Our own society has witnessed many deplorable instances of discrimination, with and without prejudice, based on gender, religion, community, caste, physical handicap, and illnesses such as AIDS. 4. Prejudice widen the social distance among the religious communities. This problem still persists in India. Except in some sensitive areas, this problem of prejudice is not disturbing the routine life of different communities, including that of the minorities. This act of discrimination against the minority isn’t limited to India but is a global problem and 5. Minority women often experience discrimination from both within and outside their communities and suffer disproportionately from the economic, social, and political marginalization affecting their communities as a whole. Minority women are often subjected to abuse, discrimination, and stereotypes, for instance, manual scavenging is often reserved for Dalit women, in both urban and rural areas and they are paid menial wages for this degrading and unsanitary task. These women are forced into doing undignified and ill-suited jobs and are intimidated if they try to adopt any alternative livelihoods. Their daily lives are immersed with hate speeches, anti-minority sentiments, violations, discrimination and they are not able to take any action in spite of having various legal rights and lack of awareness, poverty, and fear add more factors to this problem. Strategy to curb discrimination and handle prejudice: 1. By framing laws: In many cases, discriminatory behavior can be curbed by means of laws. For example, prevention of atrocities acts for SC/STs; transgender act, etc. However, the cognitive and emotional components of prejudice are difficult to change. Therefore, handling prejudice requires a specific strategy 2. Education and information dissemination for correcting the stereotype related to specific target groups and tackling the problem of a strong ingroup bias. 3. Increasing intergroup contact which allows for direct communication, removal of mistrust, and discovery of positive qualities in the outgroup 4. Highlighting individual identity rather than group identity. Thus weakening the importance of group (both in-group and out-group) as a basis for evaluating the other person. 5. Minimizing the opportunities for learning prejudice. eg. Value-based socialization or effective socialization through various agencies 6. De-emphasizing a narrow social identity based on the in-group 7. Discouraging the tendency towards negative behavior among the victims of prejudice which reinforces the prejudices However, these strategies are successful only if: the two groups meet in a cooperative rather than competitive context, close interactions between the groups help them to know each other better, and the two groups are not different in power or status
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##Question:Many of the present social conflicts arise due to prejudices. Illustrate. What can be done to curb discrimination and handle prejudices? (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduce by defining prejudice 2. Illustrate how prejudice leads to social conflicts 3. Mention the strategy to curb discrimination and handle prejudice 4. Conclude by highlighting the specific conditions when these strategies can be helpful in addressing prejudice Answer: An attitude that is irrational, negative and inter-group is called prejudice. Prejudices are examples of negative attitudes towards a particular group It is based on stereotypes about the specific group. All members belonging to this group are assumed to possess these characteristics. How prejudice leads to social conflicts: 1. The cognitive component of prejudice is frequently accompanied by dislike, hatred, anger ( the affective component). Prejudice may also get translated into discrimination (the behavioral component) whereby people behave in a hostile manner towards a particular target group. 2. There are numerous examples of discrimination based on race, class, caste, religion, ethnicity, etc For example, the genocide committed by Nazis in Germany against the Jewish people is an extreme example of prejudice and discrimination. In our society also, there are examples of prejudice against Dalit, tribals, migrants, transgender, old age, etc 3. Prejudices can exist without being shown in the form of discrimination. Similarly, discrimination can be shown without prejudice. Yet, the two go together very often. Wherever prejudice and discrimination exist, conflicts are very likely to arise between groups within the same society. Our own society has witnessed many deplorable instances of discrimination, with and without prejudice, based on gender, religion, community, caste, physical handicap, and illnesses such as AIDS. 4. Prejudice widen the social distance among the religious communities. This problem still persists in India. Except in some sensitive areas, this problem of prejudice is not disturbing the routine life of different communities, including that of the minorities. This act of discrimination against the minority isn’t limited to India but is a global problem and 5. Minority women often experience discrimination from both within and outside their communities and suffer disproportionately from the economic, social, and political marginalization affecting their communities as a whole. Minority women are often subjected to abuse, discrimination, and stereotypes, for instance, manual scavenging is often reserved for Dalit women, in both urban and rural areas and they are paid menial wages for this degrading and unsanitary task. These women are forced into doing undignified and ill-suited jobs and are intimidated if they try to adopt any alternative livelihoods. Their daily lives are immersed with hate speeches, anti-minority sentiments, violations, discrimination and they are not able to take any action in spite of having various legal rights and lack of awareness, poverty, and fear add more factors to this problem. Strategy to curb discrimination and handle prejudice: 1. By framing laws: In many cases, discriminatory behavior can be curbed by means of laws. For example, prevention of atrocities acts for SC/STs; transgender act, etc. However, the cognitive and emotional components of prejudice are difficult to change. Therefore, handling prejudice requires a specific strategy 2. Education and information dissemination for correcting the stereotype related to specific target groups and tackling the problem of a strong ingroup bias. 3. Increasing intergroup contact which allows for direct communication, removal of mistrust, and discovery of positive qualities in the outgroup 4. Highlighting individual identity rather than group identity. Thus weakening the importance of group (both in-group and out-group) as a basis for evaluating the other person. 5. Minimizing the opportunities for learning prejudice. eg. Value-based socialization or effective socialization through various agencies 6. De-emphasizing a narrow social identity based on the in-group 7. Discouraging the tendency towards negative behavior among the victims of prejudice which reinforces the prejudices However, these strategies are successful only if: the two groups meet in a cooperative rather than competitive context, close interactions between the groups help them to know each other better, and the two groups are not different in power or status
| 75,720
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Explain the composition and functions of the Finance commission as mentioned in the Indian Constitution. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduce the answer by explaining the constitutional status of the Finance Commission. Bring the composition of the Finance Commission. Further, explain the Function of the Finance Commission. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Article 280 of the Indian Constitution provides for a Finance Commission as a quasi-judicial body. The Finance Commission is the balancing wheel of fiscal federalism. It is constituted by the president of India every fifth year or at such an earlier time as he considers necessary. It is assigned the task of enabling the transfer of resources from the Centre to the States and its distribution among the states to overcome the vertical and horizontal imbalance in India’s federal structure. Composition of the Finance Commission The Finance Commission consists of a chairman and four other members to be appointed by the president. They hold office for such a period as specified by the president in his order. They are eligible for reappointment. The Constitution authorizes the Parliament to determine the qualifications of members of the commission and the manner in which they should be selected. Accordingly, the Parliament has specified the qualifications of the chairman and members of the commission. The chairman should be a person having experience in public affairs and the four other members should be selected from amongst the following: A judge of the High Court or one qualified to be appointed as one. A person who has specialized knowledge of finance and accounts of the government. A person who has wide experience in financial matters and in administration. A person who has special knowledge of economics. Functions The Finance Commission is required to make recommendations to the president of India on the following matters: The distribution of the net proceeds of taxes to be shared between the Centre and the states, and the allocation between the states of the respective shares of such proceeds. The principles that should govern the grants-in-aid to the states by the Centre (i.e., out of the consolidated fund of India). The measures needed to augment the consolidated fund of a state to supplement the resources of the Panchayats and the municipalities in the state on the basis of the recommendations made by the state finance commission. Any other matter referred to it by the president in the interests of sound finance. The 15th Finance Commission made one slight change to reduce the Vertical devolution to states together from 42% to 41% in the backdrop of Jammu Kashmir being created a Union Territory. Thus Finance Commission plays a very crucial role in scientifically determining the allocation based on the principle of equity.
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##Question:Explain the composition and functions of the Finance commission as mentioned in the Indian Constitution. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the answer by explaining the constitutional status of the Finance Commission. Bring the composition of the Finance Commission. Further, explain the Function of the Finance Commission. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Article 280 of the Indian Constitution provides for a Finance Commission as a quasi-judicial body. The Finance Commission is the balancing wheel of fiscal federalism. It is constituted by the president of India every fifth year or at such an earlier time as he considers necessary. It is assigned the task of enabling the transfer of resources from the Centre to the States and its distribution among the states to overcome the vertical and horizontal imbalance in India’s federal structure. Composition of the Finance Commission The Finance Commission consists of a chairman and four other members to be appointed by the president. They hold office for such a period as specified by the president in his order. They are eligible for reappointment. The Constitution authorizes the Parliament to determine the qualifications of members of the commission and the manner in which they should be selected. Accordingly, the Parliament has specified the qualifications of the chairman and members of the commission. The chairman should be a person having experience in public affairs and the four other members should be selected from amongst the following: A judge of the High Court or one qualified to be appointed as one. A person who has specialized knowledge of finance and accounts of the government. A person who has wide experience in financial matters and in administration. A person who has special knowledge of economics. Functions The Finance Commission is required to make recommendations to the president of India on the following matters: The distribution of the net proceeds of taxes to be shared between the Centre and the states, and the allocation between the states of the respective shares of such proceeds. The principles that should govern the grants-in-aid to the states by the Centre (i.e., out of the consolidated fund of India). The measures needed to augment the consolidated fund of a state to supplement the resources of the Panchayats and the municipalities in the state on the basis of the recommendations made by the state finance commission. Any other matter referred to it by the president in the interests of sound finance. The 15th Finance Commission made one slight change to reduce the Vertical devolution to states together from 42% to 41% in the backdrop of Jammu Kashmir being created a Union Territory. Thus Finance Commission plays a very crucial role in scientifically determining the allocation based on the principle of equity.
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Explain the composition and functions of the Finance commission as mentioned in the Indian Constitution. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduce the answer by explaining the constitutional status of the Finance Commission. Bring the composition of the Finance Commission. Further, explain the Function of the Finance Commission. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Article 280 of the Indian Constitution provides for a Finance Commission as a quasi-judicial body. The finance commission is the balancing wheel of fiscal federalism. It is constituted by the president of India every fifth year or at such an earlier time as he considers necessary. It is assigned the task of enabling the transfer of resources from the Centre to the States and its distribution among the states to overcome the vertical and horizontal imbalance in India’s federal structure. Composition of the Finance Commission The Finance Commission consists of a chairman and four other members to be appointed by the president. They hold office for such a period as specified by the president in his order. They are eligible for reappointment. The Constitution authorizes the Parliament to determine the qualifications of members of the commission and the manner in which they should be selected. Accordingly, the Parliament has specified the qualifications of the chairman and members of the commission. The chairman should be a person having experience in public affairs and the four other members should be selected from amongst the following: A judge of the High Court or one qualified to be appointed as one. A person who has specialized knowledge of finance and accounts of the government. A person who has wide experience in financial matters and in administration. A person who has special knowledge of economics. Functions The Finance Commission is required to make recommendations to the president of India on the following matters: The distribution of the net proceeds of taxes to be shared between the Centre and the states, and the allocation between the states of the respective shares of such proceeds. The principles that should govern the grants-in-aid to the states by the Centre (i.e., out of the consolidated fund of India). The measures needed to augment the consolidated fund of a state to supplement the resources of the Panchayats and the municipalities in the state on the basis of the recommendations made by the state finance commission. Any other matter referred to it by the president in the interests of sound finance. The 15th Finance Commission made one slight change to reduce the Vertical devolution to states together from 42% to 41% in the backdrop of Jammu Kashmir being created a Union Territory. Thus Finance Commission plays a very crucial role in scientifically determining the allocation based on the principle of equity.
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##Question:Explain the composition and functions of the Finance commission as mentioned in the Indian Constitution. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the answer by explaining the constitutional status of the Finance Commission. Bring the composition of the Finance Commission. Further, explain the Function of the Finance Commission. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Article 280 of the Indian Constitution provides for a Finance Commission as a quasi-judicial body. The finance commission is the balancing wheel of fiscal federalism. It is constituted by the president of India every fifth year or at such an earlier time as he considers necessary. It is assigned the task of enabling the transfer of resources from the Centre to the States and its distribution among the states to overcome the vertical and horizontal imbalance in India’s federal structure. Composition of the Finance Commission The Finance Commission consists of a chairman and four other members to be appointed by the president. They hold office for such a period as specified by the president in his order. They are eligible for reappointment. The Constitution authorizes the Parliament to determine the qualifications of members of the commission and the manner in which they should be selected. Accordingly, the Parliament has specified the qualifications of the chairman and members of the commission. The chairman should be a person having experience in public affairs and the four other members should be selected from amongst the following: A judge of the High Court or one qualified to be appointed as one. A person who has specialized knowledge of finance and accounts of the government. A person who has wide experience in financial matters and in administration. A person who has special knowledge of economics. Functions The Finance Commission is required to make recommendations to the president of India on the following matters: The distribution of the net proceeds of taxes to be shared between the Centre and the states, and the allocation between the states of the respective shares of such proceeds. The principles that should govern the grants-in-aid to the states by the Centre (i.e., out of the consolidated fund of India). The measures needed to augment the consolidated fund of a state to supplement the resources of the Panchayats and the municipalities in the state on the basis of the recommendations made by the state finance commission. Any other matter referred to it by the president in the interests of sound finance. The 15th Finance Commission made one slight change to reduce the Vertical devolution to states together from 42% to 41% in the backdrop of Jammu Kashmir being created a Union Territory. Thus Finance Commission plays a very crucial role in scientifically determining the allocation based on the principle of equity.
| 76,076
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