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Write a short note on successor states. Discuss the important factors that made Bengal one of the richest provinces of the 18th Century? (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach Briefly mention successor states. Explain factors that made Bengal one of the richest provinces in the 18th century. Conclude Answer - Later Mughals were weak and couldn’t hold the vast Mughal empire together. Within the Mughal empire, certain powerful nobles established autonomous centres of power in form of successor states. The most important successor states were Bengal, Hyderabad and Awadh. They ended the system of checks and balances by getting appointed their loyalists as Diwan, Deputy Governor, war commander etc, i.e., put loyalists in important official positions. They gathered the support of economically powerful sections like traders/merchants, moneylenders, bankers, Ijaradars, intermediary zamindars by - By not harassing these sections. Not applying arbitrary taxes. Providing security of property and law and order stability by making them Mansabdars i.e., giving them Mansabs. Bengal gradually became independent of Mughal control after Murshid Quli Khan became the Governor of Bengal. It was further taken forward by Alivardi Khan. This independence from the Mughal rule provided an opportunity for Bengal to make unprecedented progress. Factors that made Bengal one of the richest provinces in the 18th century - Effective Revenue Collection - Bengal was one of the richest provinces of Mughal India due to the effective revenue collection. Nawabs favoured and encouraged the development of big zamindars. This helped Bengal to have a revenue surplus area even in the days of political chaos. For example, during this time nearly 15 powerful zamindars were responsible for half the revenue for Bengal The growing importance of merchant bankers - They played a central role in Bengal politics. They provided security at every stage of the transaction and enjoyed the patronage of Nawab and acted as a supportive pillar of Bengal. One of the most significant Merchant Banker was the family of Jagat Seth - they used to give loans to Zamindars, British East India Company, etc A lucrative trade, political stability, and agricultural productivity - Nawabs of Bengal gave Bengal a long period of peace and orderly administration and promoted its trade and industry. The lucrative trade was in the form of the cotton trade. An increase in agricultural productivity provided further impetus to such trading activities. Cordial relations between merchant bankers with state and bureaucracy further enhance its prospects. Impetus Oceanic Trade route - traffic through land route partially declined due to political route of 18th century; ceramic trade thrived which further gave impetus to trade in Bengal Bengal enjoyed a favourable Balance of Trade - with surplus bullion brought in by European Companies for buying various goods. Less outside interference - The rest of India was disturbed by inter-border disputes, the Maratha invasions, Jat revolts, and external invasions by Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdali. The region of Bengal was fortunate enough to escape these challenges However, one major fallout of the Maratha raids was the disruption of Bengal trade, particularly of the overland trade with north and west India. But it was short-lived and recovery was aided by a massive increase in European trade. Later during Siraj-ud-daula"s rule, there was a political conspiracy against him which destabilized Bengal. The advantage was taken by the English East India Company in the form of the Plassey conspiracy of 1757. Eventually, during a short period between 1757 and 1765, the power gradually got transferred from the Nawabs of Bengal to the British with the latter defeating the former. However, the successor states never officially declared independence because they wanted legitimacy of the brand/name/authority of the Mughal empire.
##Question:Write a short note on successor states. Discuss the important factors that made Bengal one of the richest provinces of the 18th Century? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Briefly mention successor states. Explain factors that made Bengal one of the richest provinces in the 18th century. Conclude Answer - Later Mughals were weak and couldn’t hold the vast Mughal empire together. Within the Mughal empire, certain powerful nobles established autonomous centres of power in form of successor states. The most important successor states were Bengal, Hyderabad and Awadh. They ended the system of checks and balances by getting appointed their loyalists as Diwan, Deputy Governor, war commander etc, i.e., put loyalists in important official positions. They gathered the support of economically powerful sections like traders/merchants, moneylenders, bankers, Ijaradars, intermediary zamindars by - By not harassing these sections. Not applying arbitrary taxes. Providing security of property and law and order stability by making them Mansabdars i.e., giving them Mansabs. Bengal gradually became independent of Mughal control after Murshid Quli Khan became the Governor of Bengal. It was further taken forward by Alivardi Khan. This independence from the Mughal rule provided an opportunity for Bengal to make unprecedented progress. Factors that made Bengal one of the richest provinces in the 18th century - Effective Revenue Collection - Bengal was one of the richest provinces of Mughal India due to the effective revenue collection. Nawabs favoured and encouraged the development of big zamindars. This helped Bengal to have a revenue surplus area even in the days of political chaos. For example, during this time nearly 15 powerful zamindars were responsible for half the revenue for Bengal The growing importance of merchant bankers - They played a central role in Bengal politics. They provided security at every stage of the transaction and enjoyed the patronage of Nawab and acted as a supportive pillar of Bengal. One of the most significant Merchant Banker was the family of Jagat Seth - they used to give loans to Zamindars, British East India Company, etc A lucrative trade, political stability, and agricultural productivity - Nawabs of Bengal gave Bengal a long period of peace and orderly administration and promoted its trade and industry. The lucrative trade was in the form of the cotton trade. An increase in agricultural productivity provided further impetus to such trading activities. Cordial relations between merchant bankers with state and bureaucracy further enhance its prospects. Impetus Oceanic Trade route - traffic through land route partially declined due to political route of 18th century; ceramic trade thrived which further gave impetus to trade in Bengal Bengal enjoyed a favourable Balance of Trade - with surplus bullion brought in by European Companies for buying various goods. Less outside interference - The rest of India was disturbed by inter-border disputes, the Maratha invasions, Jat revolts, and external invasions by Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdali. The region of Bengal was fortunate enough to escape these challenges However, one major fallout of the Maratha raids was the disruption of Bengal trade, particularly of the overland trade with north and west India. But it was short-lived and recovery was aided by a massive increase in European trade. Later during Siraj-ud-daula"s rule, there was a political conspiracy against him which destabilized Bengal. The advantage was taken by the English East India Company in the form of the Plassey conspiracy of 1757. Eventually, during a short period between 1757 and 1765, the power gradually got transferred from the Nawabs of Bengal to the British with the latter defeating the former. However, the successor states never officially declared independence because they wanted legitimacy of the brand/name/authority of the Mughal empire.
76,087
What do you understand by Leader of Opposition? What is the significance of Leader of Oppsotion in Indian democracy? (150 Words / 10 marks)
Approach: Briefly introduce the Leader of Opposition (LoP) and the relevant Statute Bring in the functions of Leader of opposition and its significance in Indian Democracy Conclude the answer with some suggestions needed for reforms Answer: The LoP is the leader of the largest party that has not less than one-tenth of the total strength of the house. In India, Leaders of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha are accorded statutory recognition. The Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977, defines the Leader of the Opposition, in relation to either House of Parliament, as a "member of the Council of States or the House of the People, as the case may be, who is, for the time being, the Leader in that House of the party in opposition to the Government having the greatest numerical strength and recognised as such by the Chairman of the Council of States or the Speaker of the House of the People, as the case may be The task of the Leader of the Opposition is not so difficult as that of the Leader of the House, but it is nevertheless of considerable importance. Opposition is an essential part of democratic government. What is expected from the opposition is effective criticism. It is therefore not untrue to say that the most important part of Parliament is the Opposition. Government governs and the opposition criticises. Both of them thus have functions and rights. Why LoP is needed? Attacks upon the Government and upon individual Ministers are the function of the Opposition. That duty is the major check upon corruption and defective administration. It is also the means by which individual injustices are prevented. This duty is hardly less important than that of government. The apparent absurdity that the opposition asks for parliamentary time to be set aside by the Government in order that the Opposition may censure the Government, is not an absurdity at all. It is the recognition by both sides of the House that the Government governs openly and honestly and that it is prepared to meet criticism not by secret police and concentration camps but by rational argument Significance of LoP: In view of the importance of the opposition in a parliamentary democracy, the office of the Leader of the Opposition is indeed one of responsibility. He, among other things, watches for encroachments on the rights of minorities, demands debates when the Government is trying to slide away without parliamentary criticism He must be in his place even more constantly than the Prime Minister. He must be familiar with all the tricks of a skilled parliamentarian and all the opportunities of the rules of the House. In performing his duties and obligations, the Leader of the Opposition has to take into account not only what he is today but what he hopes to be tomorrow. LoP is required on the panels that recommend key appointments like Lokpal, CVC, CIC etc Conclusion: There arises a problem when no party in opposition secures 55 or more seats. In such situations, the numerically largest party in the opposition should have the right to have a leader recognised as the leader of the opposition by the speaker.
##Question:What do you understand by Leader of Opposition? What is the significance of Leader of Oppsotion in Indian democracy? (150 Words / 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Briefly introduce the Leader of Opposition (LoP) and the relevant Statute Bring in the functions of Leader of opposition and its significance in Indian Democracy Conclude the answer with some suggestions needed for reforms Answer: The LoP is the leader of the largest party that has not less than one-tenth of the total strength of the house. In India, Leaders of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha are accorded statutory recognition. The Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977, defines the Leader of the Opposition, in relation to either House of Parliament, as a "member of the Council of States or the House of the People, as the case may be, who is, for the time being, the Leader in that House of the party in opposition to the Government having the greatest numerical strength and recognised as such by the Chairman of the Council of States or the Speaker of the House of the People, as the case may be The task of the Leader of the Opposition is not so difficult as that of the Leader of the House, but it is nevertheless of considerable importance. Opposition is an essential part of democratic government. What is expected from the opposition is effective criticism. It is therefore not untrue to say that the most important part of Parliament is the Opposition. Government governs and the opposition criticises. Both of them thus have functions and rights. Why LoP is needed? Attacks upon the Government and upon individual Ministers are the function of the Opposition. That duty is the major check upon corruption and defective administration. It is also the means by which individual injustices are prevented. This duty is hardly less important than that of government. The apparent absurdity that the opposition asks for parliamentary time to be set aside by the Government in order that the Opposition may censure the Government, is not an absurdity at all. It is the recognition by both sides of the House that the Government governs openly and honestly and that it is prepared to meet criticism not by secret police and concentration camps but by rational argument Significance of LoP: In view of the importance of the opposition in a parliamentary democracy, the office of the Leader of the Opposition is indeed one of responsibility. He, among other things, watches for encroachments on the rights of minorities, demands debates when the Government is trying to slide away without parliamentary criticism He must be in his place even more constantly than the Prime Minister. He must be familiar with all the tricks of a skilled parliamentarian and all the opportunities of the rules of the House. In performing his duties and obligations, the Leader of the Opposition has to take into account not only what he is today but what he hopes to be tomorrow. LoP is required on the panels that recommend key appointments like Lokpal, CVC, CIC etc Conclusion: There arises a problem when no party in opposition secures 55 or more seats. In such situations, the numerically largest party in the opposition should have the right to have a leader recognised as the leader of the opposition by the speaker.
76,091
What are the Ocean Deposits? Explain various types of Ocean Deposits. (150 words/10 Marks)
Q- What are the Ocean Deposits? Explain various types of Ocean Deposits. (150 words/10 Marks) APPROACH: In the introduction, try to briefly define what is ocean deposits. In the body, try to highlight various types of Ocean deposits. ANSWER: Oceanic deposits are differentiated on the basis of their composition, source, method of transit and mode of distribution. Based on the characteristic of the ocean depth, ocean deposits can be classified into pelagic and terrigenous deposits. Terrigenous Deposits These are present at shallow depths. They include boulders, gravel, sand, silt, clay and mud. Terrigenous deposits account for 25% of total oceanic deposits Pelagic deposits These form the dominant deposits accounting for 75.5% of the ocean area in the form of both Organic and Inorganic material. Inorganic Pelagic Deposit- Mainly derived from volcanic material. It consists of mainly “ red clay ” , which accounts for 31.1% of the ocean floor. It is made up of Silica and aluminium oxide along with trace quantities of Phosphorus, Manganese, Iron, and Radium. Organic Pelagic Deposit- These are basically the products of plants and animals. This material occurs as “ Ooze”. It is a liquid mud made up of remains of marine organisms. If the Ooze is largely made up of calcium, Carbonate is called a Calcareous Ooze. And if it is with Silica it is called Siliceous Ooze. Calcareous Ooze is further classified into Globigerina and Pteropod. Pteropod is often called Potato Chips of the Ocean. Siliceous Ooze - Classified into 2 types; Diatom and Radiolarian Diatom is dominantly found in upper latitudes, near the poles of the Pacific, Atlantic, and India. Radiolarian Found in the equatorial waters of the pacific. Polymetallic Nodules They are also called Manganese Nodules. These consist of metals like Manganese and Iron Hydroxide. They are rounded accretions located on the seafloor at the depth of 4000-6500 Meters. They form through the aggregation of layers of iron and Manganese Hydroxide around a central particle such as a shell, a rock fragment, or any dust particle. The size of the nodule ranges from a few millimetres to tens of centimetres. The growth is extremely slow at the rate of millimetres for millions of years. In addition to Iron and manganese, they also contain Nickel, copper, and cobalt in commercially attractive concentrations. These nodules also contain trace quantities of valuable metals like Molybdenum, Zirconium, Lithium, and rare earth elements. The nodules of commercial interest occur in the “Clarion Clipperton Zone” in the equatorial pacific and central Indian Ocean Basin.
##Question:What are the Ocean Deposits? Explain various types of Ocean Deposits. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Q- What are the Ocean Deposits? Explain various types of Ocean Deposits. (150 words/10 Marks) APPROACH: In the introduction, try to briefly define what is ocean deposits. In the body, try to highlight various types of Ocean deposits. ANSWER: Oceanic deposits are differentiated on the basis of their composition, source, method of transit and mode of distribution. Based on the characteristic of the ocean depth, ocean deposits can be classified into pelagic and terrigenous deposits. Terrigenous Deposits These are present at shallow depths. They include boulders, gravel, sand, silt, clay and mud. Terrigenous deposits account for 25% of total oceanic deposits Pelagic deposits These form the dominant deposits accounting for 75.5% of the ocean area in the form of both Organic and Inorganic material. Inorganic Pelagic Deposit- Mainly derived from volcanic material. It consists of mainly “ red clay ” , which accounts for 31.1% of the ocean floor. It is made up of Silica and aluminium oxide along with trace quantities of Phosphorus, Manganese, Iron, and Radium. Organic Pelagic Deposit- These are basically the products of plants and animals. This material occurs as “ Ooze”. It is a liquid mud made up of remains of marine organisms. If the Ooze is largely made up of calcium, Carbonate is called a Calcareous Ooze. And if it is with Silica it is called Siliceous Ooze. Calcareous Ooze is further classified into Globigerina and Pteropod. Pteropod is often called Potato Chips of the Ocean. Siliceous Ooze - Classified into 2 types; Diatom and Radiolarian Diatom is dominantly found in upper latitudes, near the poles of the Pacific, Atlantic, and India. Radiolarian Found in the equatorial waters of the pacific. Polymetallic Nodules They are also called Manganese Nodules. These consist of metals like Manganese and Iron Hydroxide. They are rounded accretions located on the seafloor at the depth of 4000-6500 Meters. They form through the aggregation of layers of iron and Manganese Hydroxide around a central particle such as a shell, a rock fragment, or any dust particle. The size of the nodule ranges from a few millimetres to tens of centimetres. The growth is extremely slow at the rate of millimetres for millions of years. In addition to Iron and manganese, they also contain Nickel, copper, and cobalt in commercially attractive concentrations. These nodules also contain trace quantities of valuable metals like Molybdenum, Zirconium, Lithium, and rare earth elements. The nodules of commercial interest occur in the “Clarion Clipperton Zone” in the equatorial pacific and central Indian Ocean Basin.
76,096
What do you understand by the constitution? Discuss the significance of the constitution for a country. (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Introduce in brief about the understanding of the constitution In body mention the significance of the constitution for a country Can conclude the answer briefly by giving India"s context Answer : The word constitution has been derived from the Latin word "constitutio" which means order or regulation. It is a generic term describing all normative fundamentals. It is a body of fundamental principles with legal sanctity to guide and regulate the system (institutions and individuals) of the country. Being the highest law of the land it is supreme and sovereign and binding on everyone in the state. The constitution can be of two types ie written or codified constitution and Unwritten Constitution. Good or bad aspects of the constitution generally will not be decided by the type of constitution but by allegiance or commitment by the constitution in a particular country Significance of the constitution for a country: It declares and defines the sovereignty and territorial as well as political boundary of the country It specifies who has the power to make decisions in a society. It decides how the government will be constituted. It declares and defines authority and nature of the authority of the institutions in the country. It provides a set of basic rules that allow for minimal coordination amongst members of a society It enables the government to fulfil the aspirations of a society and create conditions for a just society It declares and defines citizenship, rights and duties of the citizens of the country It declares long term and short term goals covering the social, economic and political interests of the country in a given ecological system It sets some limits on what a government can impose on its citizens. These limits are fundamental in the sense that government may never trespass them India chose a written constitution for itself after much deliberation. It ensures the unity and integrity of the country. Also checks any kind of internal disturbance or unrest. It helps to decide and to define socio-economic and political objectives and goals of the country and to give them a priority. It helps to declare and define rights, responsibilities and duties of the government and governed in the process of nation-building.
##Question:What do you understand by the constitution? Discuss the significance of the constitution for a country. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in brief about the understanding of the constitution In body mention the significance of the constitution for a country Can conclude the answer briefly by giving India"s context Answer : The word constitution has been derived from the Latin word "constitutio" which means order or regulation. It is a generic term describing all normative fundamentals. It is a body of fundamental principles with legal sanctity to guide and regulate the system (institutions and individuals) of the country. Being the highest law of the land it is supreme and sovereign and binding on everyone in the state. The constitution can be of two types ie written or codified constitution and Unwritten Constitution. Good or bad aspects of the constitution generally will not be decided by the type of constitution but by allegiance or commitment by the constitution in a particular country Significance of the constitution for a country: It declares and defines the sovereignty and territorial as well as political boundary of the country It specifies who has the power to make decisions in a society. It decides how the government will be constituted. It declares and defines authority and nature of the authority of the institutions in the country. It provides a set of basic rules that allow for minimal coordination amongst members of a society It enables the government to fulfil the aspirations of a society and create conditions for a just society It declares and defines citizenship, rights and duties of the citizens of the country It declares long term and short term goals covering the social, economic and political interests of the country in a given ecological system It sets some limits on what a government can impose on its citizens. These limits are fundamental in the sense that government may never trespass them India chose a written constitution for itself after much deliberation. It ensures the unity and integrity of the country. Also checks any kind of internal disturbance or unrest. It helps to decide and to define socio-economic and political objectives and goals of the country and to give them a priority. It helps to declare and define rights, responsibilities and duties of the government and governed in the process of nation-building.
76,099
Discuss the Indra Sawhney judgment in relation to reservations in India. (10 Marks/ 150 words)
Question: Discuss the Indra Sawhney judgment in relation to reservations in India.(10 Marks/ 150 words) Approach: Discuss a brief background of Reservation related provisions in the Constitution Mention the onset of Mandal Commission as the background of Indira Sawhney Case Discuss the Indira Sawhney case including Arguments and Verdicts Answer: At the time of commencement of constitution the reservation was only provided to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Lok Sabha, State legislatures and Government Jobs. There existed no provision relating to reservations for the OBCs. Earlier in the 1920s, an order of the Madras Government provided reservations to the Non-Brahmins in Madras in government jobs and educational institutions. BP Mandal Commission was appointed to identify the backward classes of India and suggest provisions to uplift their condition. BP Mandal commission Under article 340 of the Indian Constitution, the Government of India appointed the BP Mandal Commission to analyze the status of backward classes of Citizens. The commission used caste as a basic identifier to find whether a community can be categorized as socially and educationally backward or not. The commission placed all the SCs and STs under the SEBC category and also other identified socially and educationally backward classes who were termed as OBCs. It stated that the OBCs are 27% of India’s population and they should be provided reservation in this proportion in government jobs and educational institutions. Government Order It decided to recommend the implementation of the Mandal Commission and an executive order was passed under article 16(4) that provided 27% reservation to the OBCs in Central Government Jobs. Widespread protests were organized across the country and this order was challenged in the court in Indira Sahney Vs Union of India. Indira Sa w hney Vs Union of India , 1992 Arguments made by the petitioner The government is against the principle of Equality and therefore violative of the Basic Structure of the constitution. Reservation based on caste is violative of fundamental rights under articles 14,15 and 16. The government does not have powers to issue an executive order for the enforcement of reservations in Government Jobs Reservation provided on economic criteria is violative of the Constitution as it does not allow economic-based reservation. The order for providing reservations will affect merit and efficiency in administration. Argument by Government of India The GOI justified the order on the basis of Article 16(4), and the Mandal commission report. Judgment of Court in Indira Sawhney Case It upheld the constitutional validity of the executive order made by the Government of India. It is violative of the principle of Equality. There should be an upper limit on reservation-50% exceeding the limit would lead to reverse discrimination. An executive order would be enough to provide reservation and parliamentary law is not needed. Article 16(4) contains all that is required to provide reservation in Government Jobs Reservations are not anti-merit rather they promote the inclusive nature of services. Mandal commission identified OBCs on the basis of detailed criteria and therefore it would be wrong to say that OBC reservations are caste-based reservations. Backwardness cannot be determined on the basis of economic criteria as a result reservations to economically weaker sections from advanced classes are not allowed. Therefore, the Indra Sawhney case has been an important milestone in not only determining the reservation policy of the time in India but also for the future developments in the reservation policy in the country.
##Question:Discuss the Indra Sawhney judgment in relation to reservations in India. (10 Marks/ 150 words)##Answer:Question: Discuss the Indra Sawhney judgment in relation to reservations in India.(10 Marks/ 150 words) Approach: Discuss a brief background of Reservation related provisions in the Constitution Mention the onset of Mandal Commission as the background of Indira Sawhney Case Discuss the Indira Sawhney case including Arguments and Verdicts Answer: At the time of commencement of constitution the reservation was only provided to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Lok Sabha, State legislatures and Government Jobs. There existed no provision relating to reservations for the OBCs. Earlier in the 1920s, an order of the Madras Government provided reservations to the Non-Brahmins in Madras in government jobs and educational institutions. BP Mandal Commission was appointed to identify the backward classes of India and suggest provisions to uplift their condition. BP Mandal commission Under article 340 of the Indian Constitution, the Government of India appointed the BP Mandal Commission to analyze the status of backward classes of Citizens. The commission used caste as a basic identifier to find whether a community can be categorized as socially and educationally backward or not. The commission placed all the SCs and STs under the SEBC category and also other identified socially and educationally backward classes who were termed as OBCs. It stated that the OBCs are 27% of India’s population and they should be provided reservation in this proportion in government jobs and educational institutions. Government Order It decided to recommend the implementation of the Mandal Commission and an executive order was passed under article 16(4) that provided 27% reservation to the OBCs in Central Government Jobs. Widespread protests were organized across the country and this order was challenged in the court in Indira Sahney Vs Union of India. Indira Sa w hney Vs Union of India , 1992 Arguments made by the petitioner The government is against the principle of Equality and therefore violative of the Basic Structure of the constitution. Reservation based on caste is violative of fundamental rights under articles 14,15 and 16. The government does not have powers to issue an executive order for the enforcement of reservations in Government Jobs Reservation provided on economic criteria is violative of the Constitution as it does not allow economic-based reservation. The order for providing reservations will affect merit and efficiency in administration. Argument by Government of India The GOI justified the order on the basis of Article 16(4), and the Mandal commission report. Judgment of Court in Indira Sawhney Case It upheld the constitutional validity of the executive order made by the Government of India. It is violative of the principle of Equality. There should be an upper limit on reservation-50% exceeding the limit would lead to reverse discrimination. An executive order would be enough to provide reservation and parliamentary law is not needed. Article 16(4) contains all that is required to provide reservation in Government Jobs Reservations are not anti-merit rather they promote the inclusive nature of services. Mandal commission identified OBCs on the basis of detailed criteria and therefore it would be wrong to say that OBC reservations are caste-based reservations. Backwardness cannot be determined on the basis of economic criteria as a result reservations to economically weaker sections from advanced classes are not allowed. Therefore, the Indra Sawhney case has been an important milestone in not only determining the reservation policy of the time in India but also for the future developments in the reservation policy in the country.
76,104
Explain the significance and sources of the Foundational Values of the Civil Services. (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach: Introduce with defining the meaning of foundational values. Bring the Significance/importance of the Foundational Values of Civil Services. Further, enumerate the sources for it. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Foundational Values for Civil Services are those values or principles that form the very basis of an Organization. They formed the core identity of any organization. These values are given the highest priority in the functioning of an organization. Example: Service and Loyalty are foundational values of CRPF similarly one of the foundational of the TATA group is the welfare of the employee. Hence foundational values are common to every type of organization whether public or private. In India second ARC has recommended foundational values of Civil Services such as Integrity, Objectivity, Impartiality, Dedication to public service, and Compassion towards weaker sections. Significance of the foundational values for the Civil Services: Maximization of Public welfare: Civil servants possess a wide range of discretionary power while performing their functions. Values like selflessness, compassion will help them to make decisions for the larger interest of the people. For example, the two villages Tusem and Tamenglong in Manipur were inaccessible because there were no roads. Connectivity to the two villages was a huge problem and locals had to either walk for hours or swim across the river. IAS officer Armstrong constructed a 100 km road to ensure proper connectivity which reflects an act of compassion of a civil servant. Often Civil Servants end up in ethical dilemmas, in such situations foundational values can help them make decisions. These foundational Values help in establishing trust between the citizens and the civil servants. Foundational Values help in ensuring consistency in decision making. It helps in ensuring the maximum utilization of limited resources for the well-being of society. Effective decision making: Civil servants often faced challenging situations where they have to take tough decisions and, in these situations, foundational values can help them address the situation. For example, Civil servants receive various offers monetary as well as non-monetary benefits during awarding contracts, in such situations they face the dilemma of personal interest vs public interest during such situations foundational values play a key role in guiding them. Ensures growth of the organization: Organizational growth can be ensured through adherence to foundational values. Values such as professionalism and responsibility can help the organization to grow. This will also be beneficial to personal growth as well as the betterment of society. Enhancement of skills: Skills that are required for discharging duties in an organization can be enhanced through the application of foundational values. One such value is openness, which ensures the civil servant has the required talent and adaptability to acquire new skills in the future. Social development: Development and growth of society can be ensured if a civil servant is concerned about its welfare. Such a welfare attitude is enhanced through values such as empathy. It focuses on social welfare and encourages civil servants to strive towards it. For example, P.Narhari, a 2001 batch IAS officer has worked for the development of disabled-friendly infrastructure across various districts of MP. Sources of the Foundational values Constitution: It is the most important source for civil servants and citizens for the Foundational Values. It could be Preamble, Fundamental Rights, DPSPs. Laws made by the legislature. Spiritual and religious text. Historical events and precedents. Example: Because of steadfast adherence towards non-violence we withdrew the Non-cooperation despite it was going in a good direction. It is an example of integrity. Integrity is honest when no one is watching. B R Ambedkar resigned from the government as Nehru was not able to gather support for the Hindu Code Bill. Memoirs of the retired Civil Servants. Life experience from the eminent Civil Servants. Lal Bahadur Shastri resigned as Rail minister by taking responsibility for an accident. Nolan Committee Report. UN Code of Conduct for the Public Officials 1996. All India Civil Services Conduct rules 1964, 1968/Central Civil Services Conduct Rules. Thus, civil servants should abide by these foundational values which have the potential to cater to the larger interests of the society at large and to achieve social, political and economic justice as enshrined in the preamble of the constitution.
##Question:Explain the significance and sources of the Foundational Values of the Civil Services. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with defining the meaning of foundational values. Bring the Significance/importance of the Foundational Values of Civil Services. Further, enumerate the sources for it. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Foundational Values for Civil Services are those values or principles that form the very basis of an Organization. They formed the core identity of any organization. These values are given the highest priority in the functioning of an organization. Example: Service and Loyalty are foundational values of CRPF similarly one of the foundational of the TATA group is the welfare of the employee. Hence foundational values are common to every type of organization whether public or private. In India second ARC has recommended foundational values of Civil Services such as Integrity, Objectivity, Impartiality, Dedication to public service, and Compassion towards weaker sections. Significance of the foundational values for the Civil Services: Maximization of Public welfare: Civil servants possess a wide range of discretionary power while performing their functions. Values like selflessness, compassion will help them to make decisions for the larger interest of the people. For example, the two villages Tusem and Tamenglong in Manipur were inaccessible because there were no roads. Connectivity to the two villages was a huge problem and locals had to either walk for hours or swim across the river. IAS officer Armstrong constructed a 100 km road to ensure proper connectivity which reflects an act of compassion of a civil servant. Often Civil Servants end up in ethical dilemmas, in such situations foundational values can help them make decisions. These foundational Values help in establishing trust between the citizens and the civil servants. Foundational Values help in ensuring consistency in decision making. It helps in ensuring the maximum utilization of limited resources for the well-being of society. Effective decision making: Civil servants often faced challenging situations where they have to take tough decisions and, in these situations, foundational values can help them address the situation. For example, Civil servants receive various offers monetary as well as non-monetary benefits during awarding contracts, in such situations they face the dilemma of personal interest vs public interest during such situations foundational values play a key role in guiding them. Ensures growth of the organization: Organizational growth can be ensured through adherence to foundational values. Values such as professionalism and responsibility can help the organization to grow. This will also be beneficial to personal growth as well as the betterment of society. Enhancement of skills: Skills that are required for discharging duties in an organization can be enhanced through the application of foundational values. One such value is openness, which ensures the civil servant has the required talent and adaptability to acquire new skills in the future. Social development: Development and growth of society can be ensured if a civil servant is concerned about its welfare. Such a welfare attitude is enhanced through values such as empathy. It focuses on social welfare and encourages civil servants to strive towards it. For example, P.Narhari, a 2001 batch IAS officer has worked for the development of disabled-friendly infrastructure across various districts of MP. Sources of the Foundational values Constitution: It is the most important source for civil servants and citizens for the Foundational Values. It could be Preamble, Fundamental Rights, DPSPs. Laws made by the legislature. Spiritual and religious text. Historical events and precedents. Example: Because of steadfast adherence towards non-violence we withdrew the Non-cooperation despite it was going in a good direction. It is an example of integrity. Integrity is honest when no one is watching. B R Ambedkar resigned from the government as Nehru was not able to gather support for the Hindu Code Bill. Memoirs of the retired Civil Servants. Life experience from the eminent Civil Servants. Lal Bahadur Shastri resigned as Rail minister by taking responsibility for an accident. Nolan Committee Report. UN Code of Conduct for the Public Officials 1996. All India Civil Services Conduct rules 1964, 1968/Central Civil Services Conduct Rules. Thus, civil servants should abide by these foundational values which have the potential to cater to the larger interests of the society at large and to achieve social, political and economic justice as enshrined in the preamble of the constitution.
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Explain the significance and sources of the Foundational Values of the Civil Services. (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach: Introduce with defining the meaning of foundational values. Bring the Significance/importance of the Foundational Values of Civil Services. Further, enumerate the sources for it. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Foundational Values for Civil Services are those values or principles that form the very basis of an Organization. They formed the core identity of any organization. These values are given the highest priority in the functioning of an organization. Example: Service and Loyalty are foundational values of CRPF similarly one of the foundational of the TATA group is the welfare of the employee. Hence foundational values are common to every type of organization whether public or private. In India second ARC has recommended foundational values of Civil Services such as Integrity, Objectivity, Impartiality, Dedication to public service, and Compassion towards weaker sections. Significance of the foundational values for the Civil Services: Maximization of Public welfare: Civil servants possess a wide range of discretionary power while performing their functions. Values like selflessness, compassion will help them to make decisions for the larger interest of the people. For example, the two villages Tusem and Tamenglong in Manipur were inaccessible because there were no roads. Connectivity to the two villages was a huge problem and locals had to either walk for hours or swim across the river. IAS officer Armstrong constructed a 100 km road to ensure proper connectivity which reflects an act of compassion of a civil servant. Often Civil Servants end up in ethical dilemmas, in such situations foundational values can help them make decisions. These foundational Values help in establishing trust between the citizens and the civil servants. Foundational Values help in ensuring consistency in decision making. It helps in ensuring the maximum utilization of limited resources for the well-being of society. Effective decision making: Civil servants often faced challenging situations where they have to take tough decisions and, in these situations, foundational values can help them address the situation. For example, Civil servants receive various offers monetary as well as non-monetary benefits during awarding contracts, in such situations they face the dilemma of personal interest vs public interest during such situations foundational values play a key role in guiding them. Ensures growth of the organization: Organizational growth can be ensured through adherence to foundational values. Values such as professionalism and responsibility can help the organization to grow. This will also be beneficial to personal growth as well as the betterment of society. Enhancement of skills : Skills that are required for discharging duties in an organization can be enhanced through the application of foundational values. One such value is openness, which ensures the civil servant has the required talent and adaptability to acquire new skills in the future. Social development: Development and growth of society can be ensured if a civil servant is concerned about its welfare. Such a welfare attitude is enhanced through values such as empathy. It focuses on social welfare and encourages civil servants to strive towards it. For example, P.Narhari, a 2001 batch IAS officer has worked for the development of disabled-friendly infrastructure across various districts of MP. Sources of the Foundational values Constitution: It is the most important source for civil servants and citizens for the Foundational Values. It could be Preamble, Fundamental Rights, DPSPs. Laws made by the legislature. Spiritual and religious text. Historical events and precedents. Example: Because of steadfast adherence towards non-violence we withdrew the Non-cooperation despite it was going in a good direction. It is an example of integrity. Integrity is honest when no one is watching. B R Ambedkar resigned from the government as Nehru was not able to gather support for the Hindu Code Bill. Memoirs of the retired Civil Servants. Life experience from the eminent Civil Servants. Lal Bahadur Shastri resigned as Rail minister by taking responsibility for an accident. Nolan Committee Report. UN Code of Conduct for the Public Officials 1996. All India Civil Services Conduct Rules/Central Civil Services Conduct Rules. Thus, civil servants should abide by these foundational values which have the potential to cater to the larger interests of the society at large and to achieve social, political and economic justice as enshrined in the preamble of the constitution.
##Question:Explain the significance and sources of the Foundational Values of the Civil Services. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with defining the meaning of foundational values. Bring the Significance/importance of the Foundational Values of Civil Services. Further, enumerate the sources for it. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Foundational Values for Civil Services are those values or principles that form the very basis of an Organization. They formed the core identity of any organization. These values are given the highest priority in the functioning of an organization. Example: Service and Loyalty are foundational values of CRPF similarly one of the foundational of the TATA group is the welfare of the employee. Hence foundational values are common to every type of organization whether public or private. In India second ARC has recommended foundational values of Civil Services such as Integrity, Objectivity, Impartiality, Dedication to public service, and Compassion towards weaker sections. Significance of the foundational values for the Civil Services: Maximization of Public welfare: Civil servants possess a wide range of discretionary power while performing their functions. Values like selflessness, compassion will help them to make decisions for the larger interest of the people. For example, the two villages Tusem and Tamenglong in Manipur were inaccessible because there were no roads. Connectivity to the two villages was a huge problem and locals had to either walk for hours or swim across the river. IAS officer Armstrong constructed a 100 km road to ensure proper connectivity which reflects an act of compassion of a civil servant. Often Civil Servants end up in ethical dilemmas, in such situations foundational values can help them make decisions. These foundational Values help in establishing trust between the citizens and the civil servants. Foundational Values help in ensuring consistency in decision making. It helps in ensuring the maximum utilization of limited resources for the well-being of society. Effective decision making: Civil servants often faced challenging situations where they have to take tough decisions and, in these situations, foundational values can help them address the situation. For example, Civil servants receive various offers monetary as well as non-monetary benefits during awarding contracts, in such situations they face the dilemma of personal interest vs public interest during such situations foundational values play a key role in guiding them. Ensures growth of the organization: Organizational growth can be ensured through adherence to foundational values. Values such as professionalism and responsibility can help the organization to grow. This will also be beneficial to personal growth as well as the betterment of society. Enhancement of skills : Skills that are required for discharging duties in an organization can be enhanced through the application of foundational values. One such value is openness, which ensures the civil servant has the required talent and adaptability to acquire new skills in the future. Social development: Development and growth of society can be ensured if a civil servant is concerned about its welfare. Such a welfare attitude is enhanced through values such as empathy. It focuses on social welfare and encourages civil servants to strive towards it. For example, P.Narhari, a 2001 batch IAS officer has worked for the development of disabled-friendly infrastructure across various districts of MP. Sources of the Foundational values Constitution: It is the most important source for civil servants and citizens for the Foundational Values. It could be Preamble, Fundamental Rights, DPSPs. Laws made by the legislature. Spiritual and religious text. Historical events and precedents. Example: Because of steadfast adherence towards non-violence we withdrew the Non-cooperation despite it was going in a good direction. It is an example of integrity. Integrity is honest when no one is watching. B R Ambedkar resigned from the government as Nehru was not able to gather support for the Hindu Code Bill. Memoirs of the retired Civil Servants. Life experience from the eminent Civil Servants. Lal Bahadur Shastri resigned as Rail minister by taking responsibility for an accident. Nolan Committee Report. UN Code of Conduct for the Public Officials 1996. All India Civil Services Conduct Rules/Central Civil Services Conduct Rules. Thus, civil servants should abide by these foundational values which have the potential to cater to the larger interests of the society at large and to achieve social, political and economic justice as enshrined in the preamble of the constitution.
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Explain the significance and sources of the Foundational Values of the Civil Services. (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach: Introduce with defining the meaning of foundational values. Bring the Significance/importance of the Foundational Values of Civil Services. Further, enumerate the sources for it. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Foundational Values for Civil Services are those values or principles that form the very basis of an Organization. They formed the core identity of any organization. These values are given the highest priority in the functioning of an organization. Example: Service and Loyalty are foundational values of CRPF similarly one of the foundational of the TATA group is the welfare of the employee. Hence foundational values are common to every type of organization whether public or private. In India second ARC has recommended foundational values of Civil Services such as Integrity, Objectivity, Impartiality, Dedication to public service, and Compassion towards weaker sections. Significance of the foundational values for the Civil Services: Maximization of Public welfare: Civil servants possess a wide range of discretionary power while performing their functions. Values like selflessness, compassion will help them to make decisions for the larger interest of the people. For example, the two villages Tusem and Tamenglong in Manipur were inaccessible because there were no roads. Connectivity to the two villages was a huge problem and locals had to either walk for hours or swim across the river. IAS officer Armstrong constructed a 100 km road to ensure proper connectivity which reflects an act of compassion of a civil servant. Often Civil Servants end up in ethical dilemmas, in such situations foundational values can help them make decisions. These foundational Values help in establishing trust between the citizens and the civil servants. Foundational Values help in ensuring consistency in decision making. It helps in ensuring the maximum utilization of limited resources for the well-being of society. Effective decision making: Civil servants often faced challenging situations where they have to take tough decisions and, in these situations, foundational values can help them address the situation. For example, Civil servants receive various offers monetary as well as non-monetary benefits during awarding contracts, in such situations they face the dilemma of personal interest vs public interest during such situations foundational values play a key role in guiding them. Ensures growth of the organization: Organizational growth can be ensured through adherence to foundational values. Values such as professionalism and responsibility can help the organization to grow. This will also be beneficial to personal growth as well as the betterment of society. Enhancement of skills: Skills that are required for discharging duties in an organization can be enhanced through the application of foundational values. One such value is openness, which ensures the civil servant has the required talent and adaptability to acquire new skills in the future. Social development: Development and growth of society can be ensured if a civil servant is concerned about its welfare. Such a welfare attitude is enhanced through values such as empathy. It focuses on social welfare and encourages civil servants to strive towards it. For example, P.Narhari, a 2001 batch IAS officer has worked for the development of disabled-friendly infrastructure across various districts of MP. Sources of the Foundational Values Constitution: It is the most important source for civil servants and citizens for the Foundational Values. It could be Preamble, Fundamental Rights, DPSPs. Laws made by the legislature. Spiritual and religious text. Historical events and precedents. Example: Because of steadfast adherence towards non-violence we withdrew the Non-cooperation despite it was going in a good direction. It is an example of integrity. Integrity is honest when no one is watching. B R Ambedkar resigned from the government as Nehru was not able to gather support for the Hindu Code Bill. Memoirs of the retired Civil Servants. Life experience from the eminent Civil Servants. Lal Bahadur Shastri resigned as Rail minister by taking responsibility for an accident. Nolan Committee Report. UN Code of Conduct for the Public Officials 1996. All India Civil Services Conduct rules 1964, 1968/Central Civil Services Conduct Rules. Thus, civil servants should abide by these foundational values which have the potential to cater to the larger interests of the society at large and to achieve social, political and economic justice as enshrined in the preamble of the constitution.
##Question:Explain the significance and sources of the Foundational Values of the Civil Services. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with defining the meaning of foundational values. Bring the Significance/importance of the Foundational Values of Civil Services. Further, enumerate the sources for it. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Foundational Values for Civil Services are those values or principles that form the very basis of an Organization. They formed the core identity of any organization. These values are given the highest priority in the functioning of an organization. Example: Service and Loyalty are foundational values of CRPF similarly one of the foundational of the TATA group is the welfare of the employee. Hence foundational values are common to every type of organization whether public or private. In India second ARC has recommended foundational values of Civil Services such as Integrity, Objectivity, Impartiality, Dedication to public service, and Compassion towards weaker sections. Significance of the foundational values for the Civil Services: Maximization of Public welfare: Civil servants possess a wide range of discretionary power while performing their functions. Values like selflessness, compassion will help them to make decisions for the larger interest of the people. For example, the two villages Tusem and Tamenglong in Manipur were inaccessible because there were no roads. Connectivity to the two villages was a huge problem and locals had to either walk for hours or swim across the river. IAS officer Armstrong constructed a 100 km road to ensure proper connectivity which reflects an act of compassion of a civil servant. Often Civil Servants end up in ethical dilemmas, in such situations foundational values can help them make decisions. These foundational Values help in establishing trust between the citizens and the civil servants. Foundational Values help in ensuring consistency in decision making. It helps in ensuring the maximum utilization of limited resources for the well-being of society. Effective decision making: Civil servants often faced challenging situations where they have to take tough decisions and, in these situations, foundational values can help them address the situation. For example, Civil servants receive various offers monetary as well as non-monetary benefits during awarding contracts, in such situations they face the dilemma of personal interest vs public interest during such situations foundational values play a key role in guiding them. Ensures growth of the organization: Organizational growth can be ensured through adherence to foundational values. Values such as professionalism and responsibility can help the organization to grow. This will also be beneficial to personal growth as well as the betterment of society. Enhancement of skills: Skills that are required for discharging duties in an organization can be enhanced through the application of foundational values. One such value is openness, which ensures the civil servant has the required talent and adaptability to acquire new skills in the future. Social development: Development and growth of society can be ensured if a civil servant is concerned about its welfare. Such a welfare attitude is enhanced through values such as empathy. It focuses on social welfare and encourages civil servants to strive towards it. For example, P.Narhari, a 2001 batch IAS officer has worked for the development of disabled-friendly infrastructure across various districts of MP. Sources of the Foundational Values Constitution: It is the most important source for civil servants and citizens for the Foundational Values. It could be Preamble, Fundamental Rights, DPSPs. Laws made by the legislature. Spiritual and religious text. Historical events and precedents. Example: Because of steadfast adherence towards non-violence we withdrew the Non-cooperation despite it was going in a good direction. It is an example of integrity. Integrity is honest when no one is watching. B R Ambedkar resigned from the government as Nehru was not able to gather support for the Hindu Code Bill. Memoirs of the retired Civil Servants. Life experience from the eminent Civil Servants. Lal Bahadur Shastri resigned as Rail minister by taking responsibility for an accident. Nolan Committee Report. UN Code of Conduct for the Public Officials 1996. All India Civil Services Conduct rules 1964, 1968/Central Civil Services Conduct Rules. Thus, civil servants should abide by these foundational values which have the potential to cater to the larger interests of the society at large and to achieve social, political and economic justice as enshrined in the preamble of the constitution.
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Case Study ( 250 Words/20 marks) You are the leader of a 5 member team that has been assigned to carry out a social impact assessment of a project proposed in a Naxal area. Members have been allotted a remote village each to conduct surveys and ascertain views of local people. You are under strict instructions not to disclose the identity of respondents outside the project. While compiling data, you are puzzled by the responses from one of the villages. You accompany the point-person for that village the next day for verification. You randomly pick a person from the list of respondents and ask her for clarification of the response she had given earlier. She seems confused and denies any knowledge of the survey being conducted, let alone she is questioned. You try to verify this from other respondents and get similar replies. This raises serious doubts about the integrity and credibility of the survey process- (a) What are the ethical issues involved in the situation? (b) As a team leader accountable for the credibility of the survey and working on a hard timeline, what are the possible options before you? List their merits and demerits. (c) Giving reasons, state the course of action you would follow.
Approach: • Apart from covering the integrity of the team member, ethical issues should also include giving him/her benefit of the doubt as well as the opportunity for explanation. • Evaluate the merits and demerits based on ethical dimensions of public service such as honesty, commitment to work in adversity, etc. • Clearly state your course of action with logical connections of merits and how it will address the demerits listed above. Answer: The ethical issues involved in the case are: • Fabrication and falsification of data that can potentially impact the lives of much poor and vulnerable Honesty, integrity, and commitment to work by the team member in a potentially hostile area where there is already a lack of trust between people and government. • Leadership capability – standing up to the errors of team members and handling them. • Strict privacy concerns on how to verify their claims without disclosing their identity. • Trust that can be reposed in villagers and verifiability that they are acting in an independent capacity. As a team leader, there following options before me: • Suppress the issue then and there and admonish the team member. Merits – Given the time constraint, pursuing this option will seem a practical way out. Moreover, data from a single village may not impact the overall findings radically and therefore core conclusions may not change. Demerits – This not only encourages dereliction of duty but also eats into the overall value system. It abets the team to be dishonest and untruthful in the performance of their task. It also reflects a lack of empathy on part of researchers towards the rights of vulnerable people. • Inspect the claims of other team members; ask the erring ones to re-conduct the survey ASAP. Merits – It will establish the truthfulness of the survey. As a leader of the team, it is my responsibility that not only the data and conclusions I present are correct but also that integrity of my team members is maintained. Moreover, perseverance, i.e. performing duty in face of adversity is a desired and expected trait of a person involved in working with vulnerable groups. Demerits – Given that there is a dearth of time, this may not be feasible. This may also jeopardize the strict anonymity concern. Finally, there are chances that the other team members will also follow the suit if resurveying is done, defeating the purpose altogether. • Hire new team member(s) and re-conduct the survey, explaining the situation and asking for an extension. Expel the erring team member(s). Merits – The dishonesty will be punished and the truthfulness of the data will be established. Demerits – There will be time and cost overruns. It may also become a never-ending cycle with claims and counterclaims. The course of action to be followed- It is important that this data be corrected before being presented. I can either order a new survey, with not necessarily the same respondents or can re-conduct the survey with the same people. While the former will be fresh data and would not need a comparison, the latter would establish whether the data was fabricated or not. While the first strategy would save time and not violate privacy, the second one would be necessary to determine guilt/innocence. I would inform the authorities about the possible delays and ask for new personnel. The verified data will establish truthfulness. If the guilt is established, they will be reprimanded.
##Question:Case Study ( 250 Words/20 marks) You are the leader of a 5 member team that has been assigned to carry out a social impact assessment of a project proposed in a Naxal area. Members have been allotted a remote village each to conduct surveys and ascertain views of local people. You are under strict instructions not to disclose the identity of respondents outside the project. While compiling data, you are puzzled by the responses from one of the villages. You accompany the point-person for that village the next day for verification. You randomly pick a person from the list of respondents and ask her for clarification of the response she had given earlier. She seems confused and denies any knowledge of the survey being conducted, let alone she is questioned. You try to verify this from other respondents and get similar replies. This raises serious doubts about the integrity and credibility of the survey process- (a) What are the ethical issues involved in the situation? (b) As a team leader accountable for the credibility of the survey and working on a hard timeline, what are the possible options before you? List their merits and demerits. (c) Giving reasons, state the course of action you would follow.##Answer:Approach: • Apart from covering the integrity of the team member, ethical issues should also include giving him/her benefit of the doubt as well as the opportunity for explanation. • Evaluate the merits and demerits based on ethical dimensions of public service such as honesty, commitment to work in adversity, etc. • Clearly state your course of action with logical connections of merits and how it will address the demerits listed above. Answer: The ethical issues involved in the case are: • Fabrication and falsification of data that can potentially impact the lives of much poor and vulnerable Honesty, integrity, and commitment to work by the team member in a potentially hostile area where there is already a lack of trust between people and government. • Leadership capability – standing up to the errors of team members and handling them. • Strict privacy concerns on how to verify their claims without disclosing their identity. • Trust that can be reposed in villagers and verifiability that they are acting in an independent capacity. As a team leader, there following options before me: • Suppress the issue then and there and admonish the team member. Merits – Given the time constraint, pursuing this option will seem a practical way out. Moreover, data from a single village may not impact the overall findings radically and therefore core conclusions may not change. Demerits – This not only encourages dereliction of duty but also eats into the overall value system. It abets the team to be dishonest and untruthful in the performance of their task. It also reflects a lack of empathy on part of researchers towards the rights of vulnerable people. • Inspect the claims of other team members; ask the erring ones to re-conduct the survey ASAP. Merits – It will establish the truthfulness of the survey. As a leader of the team, it is my responsibility that not only the data and conclusions I present are correct but also that integrity of my team members is maintained. Moreover, perseverance, i.e. performing duty in face of adversity is a desired and expected trait of a person involved in working with vulnerable groups. Demerits – Given that there is a dearth of time, this may not be feasible. This may also jeopardize the strict anonymity concern. Finally, there are chances that the other team members will also follow the suit if resurveying is done, defeating the purpose altogether. • Hire new team member(s) and re-conduct the survey, explaining the situation and asking for an extension. Expel the erring team member(s). Merits – The dishonesty will be punished and the truthfulness of the data will be established. Demerits – There will be time and cost overruns. It may also become a never-ending cycle with claims and counterclaims. The course of action to be followed- It is important that this data be corrected before being presented. I can either order a new survey, with not necessarily the same respondents or can re-conduct the survey with the same people. While the former will be fresh data and would not need a comparison, the latter would establish whether the data was fabricated or not. While the first strategy would save time and not violate privacy, the second one would be necessary to determine guilt/innocence. I would inform the authorities about the possible delays and ask for new personnel. The verified data will establish truthfulness. If the guilt is established, they will be reprimanded.
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India-US Relations have been improving consistently in the recent past. Discuss in the context of security and strategic relation. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach: Introduce with the explanation of the trend in the India-US relation. Bring the recent development in security and strategic ties between two countries. Conclude accordingly. Answer: From India"s independence till the late 1990s, Indo-US relations have been influenced by Cold War politics. The issue of Kashmir, Baghdad Pact, Non-Aligned Movement, independence of Bangladesh, etc. factors did not allow Indo-US relations to be strengthened. India"s adoption of the LPG model in 1990, the dissolution of the USSR, the rise of the Taliban, etc. has strengthened the relations between India and America. Since then, the security and strategic cooperation between India and America has been improved in a very positive direction. Strategic cooperation India-US defense cooperation reached a new height with three foundational agreements namely LEMOA, COMCASA, and BECA. The pivot of Asia Policy: This is literally Asia Pacific Policy. This policy has been addressed by Trump in 2016 as the policy of Indo-Pacific. Through this policy, America is trying to protect its interests with the help of India. In addition, the two countries have strategic cooperation through the Malabar exercise and Quad. With the help of the US, India has become a member of MTCR, Australia Group, and Wassenaar, China is not a member of these groups. It will be helpful in negotiating with China in terms of India"s membership in NSG. Defense Technology and Trade Initiative Defense Technology and Trade Initiative has been started between India and America in the year 2012. Under this initiative, defense production will be done jointly by both countries. LEMOA gives access, to both countries, to designated military facilities on either side for the purpose of refueling and replenishment. There will be no basing of the U.S. troops or assets on Indian soil. This is purely a logistical agreement. India can access the string of U.S. facilities across the globe for logistical support and the U.S., which operates in a big way in Asia-Pacific, will benefit from Indian facilities. COMCASA is an India-specific version of the Communication and Information on Security Memorandum of Agreement (CISMOA). COMCASA allows India to procure transfer specialised equipment for encrypted communications for US-origin military platforms like the C-17, C-130, and P-8Is. BECA will help India get real-time access to American geospatial intelligence that will enhance the accuracy of automated systems and weapons like missiles and armed drones. Defense Authorization Act Recently, the US Senate has passed the Defense Authorization Act and has made a provision that India should be given the same status as Israel and other NATO countries in terms of security. That is, the US will cooperate with India in the same way as it does with NATO countries. With this status, India will get cooperation in research and development in the defense sector, better maritime security, technology transfer, Help will be received from America in a war-like situation in front of India This act enables India to purchase uranium anti-tank rounds Through this act, there will be no ambiguity in terms of cooperation between the two. This act gives India an edge over Pakistan. This act is an indicator of India"s growing global stature. This act does not have any kind of commitment on India i.e. India will not have to do any kind of financing etc. This act provides NATO-like status to India, keeping India strategically autonomous. Thus it is clear that in the last two decades, cooperation between India and America has increased in the security and strategic matters, but along with this, issues like patent dispute, H1B visa dispute, conflicting views on the climate issue, CAATSA JCPOA have arisen between the two. Keeping in mind the interests of each other, both should try to resolve these issues at the earliest without getting affected by the recent Russian invasion of Ukraine.
##Question:India-US Relations have been improving consistently in the recent past. Discuss in the context of security and strategic relation. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the explanation of the trend in the India-US relation. Bring the recent development in security and strategic ties between two countries. Conclude accordingly. Answer: From India"s independence till the late 1990s, Indo-US relations have been influenced by Cold War politics. The issue of Kashmir, Baghdad Pact, Non-Aligned Movement, independence of Bangladesh, etc. factors did not allow Indo-US relations to be strengthened. India"s adoption of the LPG model in 1990, the dissolution of the USSR, the rise of the Taliban, etc. has strengthened the relations between India and America. Since then, the security and strategic cooperation between India and America has been improved in a very positive direction. Strategic cooperation India-US defense cooperation reached a new height with three foundational agreements namely LEMOA, COMCASA, and BECA. The pivot of Asia Policy: This is literally Asia Pacific Policy. This policy has been addressed by Trump in 2016 as the policy of Indo-Pacific. Through this policy, America is trying to protect its interests with the help of India. In addition, the two countries have strategic cooperation through the Malabar exercise and Quad. With the help of the US, India has become a member of MTCR, Australia Group, and Wassenaar, China is not a member of these groups. It will be helpful in negotiating with China in terms of India"s membership in NSG. Defense Technology and Trade Initiative Defense Technology and Trade Initiative has been started between India and America in the year 2012. Under this initiative, defense production will be done jointly by both countries. LEMOA gives access, to both countries, to designated military facilities on either side for the purpose of refueling and replenishment. There will be no basing of the U.S. troops or assets on Indian soil. This is purely a logistical agreement. India can access the string of U.S. facilities across the globe for logistical support and the U.S., which operates in a big way in Asia-Pacific, will benefit from Indian facilities. COMCASA is an India-specific version of the Communication and Information on Security Memorandum of Agreement (CISMOA). COMCASA allows India to procure transfer specialised equipment for encrypted communications for US-origin military platforms like the C-17, C-130, and P-8Is. BECA will help India get real-time access to American geospatial intelligence that will enhance the accuracy of automated systems and weapons like missiles and armed drones. Defense Authorization Act Recently, the US Senate has passed the Defense Authorization Act and has made a provision that India should be given the same status as Israel and other NATO countries in terms of security. That is, the US will cooperate with India in the same way as it does with NATO countries. With this status, India will get cooperation in research and development in the defense sector, better maritime security, technology transfer, Help will be received from America in a war-like situation in front of India This act enables India to purchase uranium anti-tank rounds Through this act, there will be no ambiguity in terms of cooperation between the two. This act gives India an edge over Pakistan. This act is an indicator of India"s growing global stature. This act does not have any kind of commitment on India i.e. India will not have to do any kind of financing etc. This act provides NATO-like status to India, keeping India strategically autonomous. Thus it is clear that in the last two decades, cooperation between India and America has increased in the security and strategic matters, but along with this, issues like patent dispute, H1B visa dispute, conflicting views on the climate issue, CAATSA JCPOA have arisen between the two. Keeping in mind the interests of each other, both should try to resolve these issues at the earliest without getting affected by the recent Russian invasion of Ukraine.
76,204
Explain the major contribution of Lenin and Stalin to the rise of USSR post-Russian revolution. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduce with Russian Revolution and Contextual background under which USSR was formed Bring the contributions of Lenin Then bring the contribution of Stalin Conclude by explaining de-Stalinization Answer: The Soviet Union was born out of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War. A radical left revolutionary group overthrew Russia’s Tsar Nicholas II, ending centuries of monarchist rule. The Provisional Government was formed by Mensheviks. However, The provisional government did not fulfill the demands of the Russian People. The provisional government was overthrown by Bolsheviks led by Lenin. At its greatest extent, the USSR would grow to include about 15 Soviet Socialist Republics. Contribution of Lenin: Lenin became the leader of the USSR upon its founding in 1922. He held the highest post in the Soviet government until his death in 1924 when Joseph Stalin assumed power. When in power, Lenin followed a pragmatic approach as he wanted people to experience positives on account of Bolsheviks being in power. Mixed economic model: A mixed economy was adopted by the New Economic Policy of 1921. It had Fabian-like features. Private property in landholding was allowed to continue. Community or State ownership was not brought into the agriculture sector to pacify the peasants. Peasants could sell their produce in the open markets and needed to pay only a tax. To create incentives private ownership and private trade were allowed in small-scale industries. While heavy industries continued to be in a State-ownership. He also Privatized the trade of goods produced. In the economy, Lenin adopted gradual industrialization instead of rapid industrialization. The primary focus of budgets was on the agriculture sector since masses were peasants and also there was food insecurity. Contribution of Stalin : After the death of Lenin, the power was assumed by Stalin. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower. Stalin industrialized the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, forcibly collectivized its agriculture, consolidated his position by intensive police terror, helped to defeat Germany in 1941–45, and extended Soviet controls to include a belt of eastern European states. Command economy was introduced i.e fiver-year plans: Since resources were limited, the fiver-year planning was done for optimal utilization of resources and to achieve the economic goals of the State. Therefore centralization was brought into the economy. All decisions were made by States. Administered prices instead of market prices were followed. Food security was achieved by opting for the collectivization of Agriculture. It also supplied resources for investment and the industries As a result of the above-mentioned reforms, unemployment was reduced significantly. Thus Lenin laid the foundation of the State that was set up by Stalin. Despite the economic progress made by the USSR under Stalinism, the era of Stalin is compared with the Fascist regime. Stalin was succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev and he opted for de-Stalinization to remove the drawbacks and misuse of the State machinery by the government or the supreme leader.
##Question:Explain the major contribution of Lenin and Stalin to the rise of USSR post-Russian revolution. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with Russian Revolution and Contextual background under which USSR was formed Bring the contributions of Lenin Then bring the contribution of Stalin Conclude by explaining de-Stalinization Answer: The Soviet Union was born out of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War. A radical left revolutionary group overthrew Russia’s Tsar Nicholas II, ending centuries of monarchist rule. The Provisional Government was formed by Mensheviks. However, The provisional government did not fulfill the demands of the Russian People. The provisional government was overthrown by Bolsheviks led by Lenin. At its greatest extent, the USSR would grow to include about 15 Soviet Socialist Republics. Contribution of Lenin: Lenin became the leader of the USSR upon its founding in 1922. He held the highest post in the Soviet government until his death in 1924 when Joseph Stalin assumed power. When in power, Lenin followed a pragmatic approach as he wanted people to experience positives on account of Bolsheviks being in power. Mixed economic model: A mixed economy was adopted by the New Economic Policy of 1921. It had Fabian-like features. Private property in landholding was allowed to continue. Community or State ownership was not brought into the agriculture sector to pacify the peasants. Peasants could sell their produce in the open markets and needed to pay only a tax. To create incentives private ownership and private trade were allowed in small-scale industries. While heavy industries continued to be in a State-ownership. He also Privatized the trade of goods produced. In the economy, Lenin adopted gradual industrialization instead of rapid industrialization. The primary focus of budgets was on the agriculture sector since masses were peasants and also there was food insecurity. Contribution of Stalin : After the death of Lenin, the power was assumed by Stalin. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower. Stalin industrialized the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, forcibly collectivized its agriculture, consolidated his position by intensive police terror, helped to defeat Germany in 1941–45, and extended Soviet controls to include a belt of eastern European states. Command economy was introduced i.e fiver-year plans: Since resources were limited, the fiver-year planning was done for optimal utilization of resources and to achieve the economic goals of the State. Therefore centralization was brought into the economy. All decisions were made by States. Administered prices instead of market prices were followed. Food security was achieved by opting for the collectivization of Agriculture. It also supplied resources for investment and the industries As a result of the above-mentioned reforms, unemployment was reduced significantly. Thus Lenin laid the foundation of the State that was set up by Stalin. Despite the economic progress made by the USSR under Stalinism, the era of Stalin is compared with the Fascist regime. Stalin was succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev and he opted for de-Stalinization to remove the drawbacks and misuse of the State machinery by the government or the supreme leader.
76,220
What do you understand by exchange rate? Also, discuss the different types of exchange rates systems. (150 words/10 marks).
Approach In the introduction try to define the Exchange rate In the body try to highlight different types of Exchange rates in India Conclude accordingly Answer: Exchange Rate refers to the value of one currency vis-a-vis others, which means, to get one unit of other currency, how many units of the native currency is needed. It is important to mention that the exchange rate is not the hallmark of the performance of the economy. On the contrary, it simply reflects the demand for the currency at the global level. In the case of India, the exchange rate is viewed in terms of 1. Dollars. 2. Effective exchange rate with trading partners. In terms of dollars, the exchange rate could be of the following four types - Fixed Exchange Rate Where the exchange value of rupees vs dollars was fixed by the government and if deliberately reduced by the government would be called devaluation and if increased revaluation. As a thumb rule, it can be said that whenever a currency is getting weaker in respect to the dollar, its product looks cheaper internationally, so the global competitiveness increases. That is the reason why, even in the fixed regime, whenever the government wanted to promote export, it try to devaluate the currency. The floating Exchange rate It is where the exchange rate is decided by the market. Managed/Dirty Floating Exchange Rate where although, in normal circumstances, it is market-driven if crossing the threshold, government (central bank) will come in the action mode to sterilise it. In the case of floating or dirty floating, when currency is getting weaker it is called Depreciation and when getting strong, it is called Appreciation. Manipulated Exchange rate It refers to that situation where a government is deliberately manipulating the exchange value to promote exports which results in artificial additional demand of dollar. That is why the USA monitors these economies under the list called currency manipulators. For example - China. Effective Exchange rate - It refers to the exchange value of one currency with respect to the basket of other currencies which are trading partners using a weighted average. The weighted average is calculated in the following two baskets - The basket of six major trading partner countries. The basket of 40 major trading partners (earlier it was 36 but now by adding 8 new countries and excluding 4 existing countries which are volatile, the new basket of 40 has been prepared). Moreover, the base year has also been changed from 2004-05 to 2015-16 for the Real Effective Exchange rate. When these effective exchange rates are calculated from the current price called NEER and when from the base year, called REER.
##Question:What do you understand by exchange rate? Also, discuss the different types of exchange rates systems. (150 words/10 marks).##Answer:Approach In the introduction try to define the Exchange rate In the body try to highlight different types of Exchange rates in India Conclude accordingly Answer: Exchange Rate refers to the value of one currency vis-a-vis others, which means, to get one unit of other currency, how many units of the native currency is needed. It is important to mention that the exchange rate is not the hallmark of the performance of the economy. On the contrary, it simply reflects the demand for the currency at the global level. In the case of India, the exchange rate is viewed in terms of 1. Dollars. 2. Effective exchange rate with trading partners. In terms of dollars, the exchange rate could be of the following four types - Fixed Exchange Rate Where the exchange value of rupees vs dollars was fixed by the government and if deliberately reduced by the government would be called devaluation and if increased revaluation. As a thumb rule, it can be said that whenever a currency is getting weaker in respect to the dollar, its product looks cheaper internationally, so the global competitiveness increases. That is the reason why, even in the fixed regime, whenever the government wanted to promote export, it try to devaluate the currency. The floating Exchange rate It is where the exchange rate is decided by the market. Managed/Dirty Floating Exchange Rate where although, in normal circumstances, it is market-driven if crossing the threshold, government (central bank) will come in the action mode to sterilise it. In the case of floating or dirty floating, when currency is getting weaker it is called Depreciation and when getting strong, it is called Appreciation. Manipulated Exchange rate It refers to that situation where a government is deliberately manipulating the exchange value to promote exports which results in artificial additional demand of dollar. That is why the USA monitors these economies under the list called currency manipulators. For example - China. Effective Exchange rate - It refers to the exchange value of one currency with respect to the basket of other currencies which are trading partners using a weighted average. The weighted average is calculated in the following two baskets - The basket of six major trading partner countries. The basket of 40 major trading partners (earlier it was 36 but now by adding 8 new countries and excluding 4 existing countries which are volatile, the new basket of 40 has been prepared). Moreover, the base year has also been changed from 2004-05 to 2015-16 for the Real Effective Exchange rate. When these effective exchange rates are calculated from the current price called NEER and when from the base year, called REER.
76,231
What are the aims and objectives of the United Nation? Also briefly mention about its various organs. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduction- provide a brief background of the United Nation. Mention the various aims and objectives of the United Nation. Mention the various organs of the UN. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War. Its membership increased from 51 to 193 since then with south Sudan being its newest member. The UN is funded through assessed contributions, UN determines the contribution of each country based on their paying capacity that is in terms of GDP size and the per capita income. Aims and objectives of UN: According to the preamble to the UN Charter, the UN aims to save the successive generation from the scourge of war. To ensure peace, dignity, and equality on a healthy planet. To protect human rights. To promote development. Various organs of UN: The UN has 6 principal organs: UN General assembly(UNGA): The function is representation, deliberation, and policy/law-making. Univeral representation with all the 193 members of the UN being represented in the UNGA. Each year in September the full membership of the General Assembly meets in New York. UN Security Council(UNSC): It is the most important organ. It is referred to the nucleus of the UN as the primary function of the UN(ensuring world peace) has been delegated to UNSC. It is the only organ that can pass the binding resolution, that is once a resolution has been passed by the UNSC all members of the UN are obligated to follow its decision. Thus it has teeth to bite. Membership: There are 5 permammt member and 10 non-permammnet members. Permanent members(P-5 countries) include the USA, China, Russia, the UK, and France. P5 poses a veto power. The idea of 10 non-permanent is to prove regional representation, they are elected for 2 years and half of the members retire every 2 years. To resolve a dispute the UNSC will try to use pacific settlement and then only undertake punitive action. Pacific settlement includes undertaking investigation and meditation, use to the good office of the UN Secretary-general, or appointing special envoys. When a dispute leads to hostilities the aim would be to end the hostilities as soon as possible. Beyond this council may opt for enforcement measures imposing an economic sanction, an arms embargo, severance of diplomatic relations, isolating a county in the international arena. Only as a last resort is the collective security action used. Economic and social council of UN(ECOSOC): It is the primary body for codification, policymaking, and dialogue in sustainable development. The objective is to advance all 3 dimensions of sustainable development(economic, social, and environmental). It has a very wide and broad mandate. It comprises 54 member countries that are elected by the General assembly for 3 years terms. The seats are allocated based on geographical representation. The president of ECOSOC members for a 1-year term. Trusteeship council: It was established in 1945, to look after the 11 trust territories. The aim was to enable them to achieve self-governance. By 1994 all the trust territories had attained self-governance and since then trusteeship council is one organ of the UN without any active mandate. UN secretariat: It comprises of UN secretary-general (who is the chief administrative officer) and various other officers UN secretary-general is appointed by the UNGA on the recommendation of UNSC for a 5-year term and the term can be renewed. Trygve Halvdan Lie was the 1st UN secretary-general. International Court of Justice: It was established in June 1945 and replaced the permanent court of international justice under the league of nation and has adopted the charter of its predecessor. Its jurisdiction will cover disputes only between member countries. The court is composed of 15 judges having 9-year terms, they are elected by UNGA and UNSC voting simultaneously but separately. The Role of the United nation has been significant in preventing the 3rd world war but it needs to be strengthened further to ensure that various localized conflicts which remain unsolved do not threaten the peace and prosperity of the entire world.
##Question:What are the aims and objectives of the United Nation? Also briefly mention about its various organs. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction- provide a brief background of the United Nation. Mention the various aims and objectives of the United Nation. Mention the various organs of the UN. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War. Its membership increased from 51 to 193 since then with south Sudan being its newest member. The UN is funded through assessed contributions, UN determines the contribution of each country based on their paying capacity that is in terms of GDP size and the per capita income. Aims and objectives of UN: According to the preamble to the UN Charter, the UN aims to save the successive generation from the scourge of war. To ensure peace, dignity, and equality on a healthy planet. To protect human rights. To promote development. Various organs of UN: The UN has 6 principal organs: UN General assembly(UNGA): The function is representation, deliberation, and policy/law-making. Univeral representation with all the 193 members of the UN being represented in the UNGA. Each year in September the full membership of the General Assembly meets in New York. UN Security Council(UNSC): It is the most important organ. It is referred to the nucleus of the UN as the primary function of the UN(ensuring world peace) has been delegated to UNSC. It is the only organ that can pass the binding resolution, that is once a resolution has been passed by the UNSC all members of the UN are obligated to follow its decision. Thus it has teeth to bite. Membership: There are 5 permammt member and 10 non-permammnet members. Permanent members(P-5 countries) include the USA, China, Russia, the UK, and France. P5 poses a veto power. The idea of 10 non-permanent is to prove regional representation, they are elected for 2 years and half of the members retire every 2 years. To resolve a dispute the UNSC will try to use pacific settlement and then only undertake punitive action. Pacific settlement includes undertaking investigation and meditation, use to the good office of the UN Secretary-general, or appointing special envoys. When a dispute leads to hostilities the aim would be to end the hostilities as soon as possible. Beyond this council may opt for enforcement measures imposing an economic sanction, an arms embargo, severance of diplomatic relations, isolating a county in the international arena. Only as a last resort is the collective security action used. Economic and social council of UN(ECOSOC): It is the primary body for codification, policymaking, and dialogue in sustainable development. The objective is to advance all 3 dimensions of sustainable development(economic, social, and environmental). It has a very wide and broad mandate. It comprises 54 member countries that are elected by the General assembly for 3 years terms. The seats are allocated based on geographical representation. The president of ECOSOC members for a 1-year term. Trusteeship council: It was established in 1945, to look after the 11 trust territories. The aim was to enable them to achieve self-governance. By 1994 all the trust territories had attained self-governance and since then trusteeship council is one organ of the UN without any active mandate. UN secretariat: It comprises of UN secretary-general (who is the chief administrative officer) and various other officers UN secretary-general is appointed by the UNGA on the recommendation of UNSC for a 5-year term and the term can be renewed. Trygve Halvdan Lie was the 1st UN secretary-general. International Court of Justice: It was established in June 1945 and replaced the permanent court of international justice under the league of nation and has adopted the charter of its predecessor. Its jurisdiction will cover disputes only between member countries. The court is composed of 15 judges having 9-year terms, they are elected by UNGA and UNSC voting simultaneously but separately. The Role of the United nation has been significant in preventing the 3rd world war but it needs to be strengthened further to ensure that various localized conflicts which remain unsolved do not threaten the peace and prosperity of the entire world.
76,238
Discuss the benefits and challenges of holding simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and State Legislative assembly. (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach: Introduce the answer by referring to the contextual background for the demand for simultaneous elections. Highlight the merits of simultaneous elections. Explain the challenges associated with simultaneous elections. Conclude with a way forward. Answer: Prime Minister from the last couple of years continuously talking about simultaneous elections. Besides that, Parliament’s standing committee 2015 report suggested holding a simultaneous election to save public money and end policy paralysis because of the impact of the model code of conduct. It had pegged the cost of holding elections for Lok Sabha and state assemblies at Rs. 4500 crores. Benefits of Simultaneous Elections Frequent elections affect the governance as an imposition of model code of conduct in poll-bound areas puts on hold all developmental activities in that area and also affects the bureaucracy’s functioning. Elections in India are big-budget exercises. Expenditure can be reduced by conducting simultaneous elections. Law Commission in its 170th report titled Reform of Electoral Laws (1999) had suggested holding simultaneous elections at all levels for stability in governance. Simultaneous polls will boost voter turnout, according to the Law Commission. Frequent elections disrupt normal public life and affect the functioning of essential services. Moreover, frequent elections lead to frequent disruption of road traffic by political rallies and also lead to noise pollution. Crucial manpower especially teachers, government servants are often deployed on election duties for a prolonged period of time. If simultaneous elections are held, then this manpower will be made available for other important tasks. Simultaneous election gives focussed five years to the elected government to carry out its developmental agenda and take some strong and unpopular decisions. Frequent elections and campaigns hurt the federal structure as leaders are “forced to talk politically”. Frequent election campaigns end up sharpening fault lines of caste, religion, region, and community. The simultaneous election will help India to compete with other nations in its development agenda. Challenges The periodic election provides the opportunity for the common man to hold accountability and remind their demand to their representatives. Since elections will be held once in five years, it will reduce the government"s accountability to the people. Repeated elections keep legislators on their toes and increase accountability. When an election in a State is postponed until the synchronized phase, President’s rule will have to be imposed in the interim period in that state. This will be a blow to democracy and federalism. Amending the Constitution to effect simultaneous elections would fundamentally alter its democratic and federal character. As India is a “Union of States”, states have their own directly elected governments, and fixing a term adversely affects this right. Not all voters are highly educated to know who to vote for. They may get confused and may not know whether they are voting for candidates contesting assembly or parliament elections. Simultaneous Election could lead to national issues being ignored, or, conversely, local issues being swept away by a national ‘wave’. Such a wave could be created by parties (such as the BJP in India currently) that have the capacity to launch an aggressive, expensive, and well-organized campaign. The biggest challenge will be to synchronize the terms of Assemblies and Lok Sabha. It may require an extension or curtailment of the terms of some state assemblies, which will necessitate broader consensus for amending constitutional and legal provisions. Even if one-time synchronization is achieved, maintenance of synchronized elections is not guaranteed because of possible premature dissolution of the house as discussed earlier. Frequent elections bring politicians back to the voters, create jobs (though temporary), and prevent the mixing of local and national issues in the minds of the voters. The issue of logistics and requirements of security personnel, election, and administrative officials needs to be considered. There is a dearth of enough security and administrative officials to conduct simultaneous free and fair elections throughout the country in one go. Two-phased election schedule phase I concurrent with Lok Sabha and phase II in mid-term, as suggested by the 79th report of Parliamentary Standing Committee and seconded by Niti Aayog. In case of dissolution of a house and re-election, the term of the new house can be limited to the rest of the original term of the house. A similar provision today exists for the local body elections in the country. Besides that, other feasible reforms such as strict actions against the criminal politicians, use of money and muscle power, State funding, implementation of Model Code of Conduct should be given priority.
##Question:Discuss the benefits and challenges of holding simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and State Legislative assembly. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the answer by referring to the contextual background for the demand for simultaneous elections. Highlight the merits of simultaneous elections. Explain the challenges associated with simultaneous elections. Conclude with a way forward. Answer: Prime Minister from the last couple of years continuously talking about simultaneous elections. Besides that, Parliament’s standing committee 2015 report suggested holding a simultaneous election to save public money and end policy paralysis because of the impact of the model code of conduct. It had pegged the cost of holding elections for Lok Sabha and state assemblies at Rs. 4500 crores. Benefits of Simultaneous Elections Frequent elections affect the governance as an imposition of model code of conduct in poll-bound areas puts on hold all developmental activities in that area and also affects the bureaucracy’s functioning. Elections in India are big-budget exercises. Expenditure can be reduced by conducting simultaneous elections. Law Commission in its 170th report titled Reform of Electoral Laws (1999) had suggested holding simultaneous elections at all levels for stability in governance. Simultaneous polls will boost voter turnout, according to the Law Commission. Frequent elections disrupt normal public life and affect the functioning of essential services. Moreover, frequent elections lead to frequent disruption of road traffic by political rallies and also lead to noise pollution. Crucial manpower especially teachers, government servants are often deployed on election duties for a prolonged period of time. If simultaneous elections are held, then this manpower will be made available for other important tasks. Simultaneous election gives focussed five years to the elected government to carry out its developmental agenda and take some strong and unpopular decisions. Frequent elections and campaigns hurt the federal structure as leaders are “forced to talk politically”. Frequent election campaigns end up sharpening fault lines of caste, religion, region, and community. The simultaneous election will help India to compete with other nations in its development agenda. Challenges The periodic election provides the opportunity for the common man to hold accountability and remind their demand to their representatives. Since elections will be held once in five years, it will reduce the government"s accountability to the people. Repeated elections keep legislators on their toes and increase accountability. When an election in a State is postponed until the synchronized phase, President’s rule will have to be imposed in the interim period in that state. This will be a blow to democracy and federalism. Amending the Constitution to effect simultaneous elections would fundamentally alter its democratic and federal character. As India is a “Union of States”, states have their own directly elected governments, and fixing a term adversely affects this right. Not all voters are highly educated to know who to vote for. They may get confused and may not know whether they are voting for candidates contesting assembly or parliament elections. Simultaneous Election could lead to national issues being ignored, or, conversely, local issues being swept away by a national ‘wave’. Such a wave could be created by parties (such as the BJP in India currently) that have the capacity to launch an aggressive, expensive, and well-organized campaign. The biggest challenge will be to synchronize the terms of Assemblies and Lok Sabha. It may require an extension or curtailment of the terms of some state assemblies, which will necessitate broader consensus for amending constitutional and legal provisions. Even if one-time synchronization is achieved, maintenance of synchronized elections is not guaranteed because of possible premature dissolution of the house as discussed earlier. Frequent elections bring politicians back to the voters, create jobs (though temporary), and prevent the mixing of local and national issues in the minds of the voters. The issue of logistics and requirements of security personnel, election, and administrative officials needs to be considered. There is a dearth of enough security and administrative officials to conduct simultaneous free and fair elections throughout the country in one go. Two-phased election schedule phase I concurrent with Lok Sabha and phase II in mid-term, as suggested by the 79th report of Parliamentary Standing Committee and seconded by Niti Aayog. In case of dissolution of a house and re-election, the term of the new house can be limited to the rest of the original term of the house. A similar provision today exists for the local body elections in the country. Besides that, other feasible reforms such as strict actions against the criminal politicians, use of money and muscle power, State funding, implementation of Model Code of Conduct should be given priority.
76,245
Explain the physiographic division of the Himalayas in detail.(150 Words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduce with a Brief explanation of the Himalayan region Then Highlight the four parallel mountainous ranges with associated topography, types, and features. Conclude Accordingly Answer: The Himalayan Mountains form the northern mountain region of India. They are the highest mountain ranges in the world. These mountain ranges start from Pamir Knot in the west and extend up to Purvanchal in the east. Himalayas ranges extend in the East-west direction. They are wider on the western side whereas they are narrower on the eastern side. These are four parallel mountainous ranges which are Trans Himalayas, Great Himalayas, Middle Himalayas, and Outer Himalayas. Trans Himalayas: These merge with the Kunlun Mountain range and are not considered as True Himalayas. In the north of the Trans Himalayas, there is a knot-like structure called Pamir Knot. From the Pamir Knot, there are many ranges that radiate out such as the Kunlun range, Tien Shan, Hindu kush ranges. They are further classified into four mountain ranges: Karakoram ranges, Ladakh ranges, Zaskar ranges, and Kailash ranges. K2 is the tallest peak in the Karakoram range. This is the world’s second tallest peak. K2 is also called the Godwin-Austin mountain. River Indus takes birth in the Kailash ranges of Tibet enters India in between Zaskar and the Ladakh ranges. The Great Himalayas: This is the second range. The Great Himalayas are also called Himadris. They are continuous mountain ranges stretching from Nanga Parbat on the western side to Namcha Barwa on the eastern side stretching about 2400 Km. The majority of the world’s tallest peaks are present here such as Mount Everest, Mount Kanchenjunga, Makalu, Manaslu, Annapurna, Cho-yo. Other peaks are Nanda Devi, Namcha Barwa, Nanga Parbat. To the north of these Himalayas, the world’s largest glaciers such as Lhotse, Biafo, Baltoro, Hunza are formed. The average height of these Himalayas is 6100m. Himachal Himalayas or Middle Himalayas: These are to the south of the Great Himalayas with an average height of 3500m to 4500m. These are further divided into different mountain ranges such as Pir Panjal, Kumaon, Gharwal, Dhola-Dhar ranges, and Mahabharat range The outer Himalayas: These are also known as the Shiwaliks. Their average height is between 900m to 1500m. They are lowly elevated Himalayan ranges which got overlap with the plains of Northern India. These are also broken hill ranges with different names in different regions such as Jammu hills in Jammu and Kashmir (on the western side) but in Arunachal Pradesh, these are called Dafla, Abor, Miri, Mishmi hills. The rivers which have bisected the mountains are called antecedent rivers. Conclusion The Himalayas form the important boundary of South Asia which separates the Indian sub-continent from China and the Indo-China peninsula. The Himalayas play an important role in influencing climatic conditions and thus the economy of our country.
##Question:Explain the physiographic division of the Himalayas in detail.(150 Words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with a Brief explanation of the Himalayan region Then Highlight the four parallel mountainous ranges with associated topography, types, and features. Conclude Accordingly Answer: The Himalayan Mountains form the northern mountain region of India. They are the highest mountain ranges in the world. These mountain ranges start from Pamir Knot in the west and extend up to Purvanchal in the east. Himalayas ranges extend in the East-west direction. They are wider on the western side whereas they are narrower on the eastern side. These are four parallel mountainous ranges which are Trans Himalayas, Great Himalayas, Middle Himalayas, and Outer Himalayas. Trans Himalayas: These merge with the Kunlun Mountain range and are not considered as True Himalayas. In the north of the Trans Himalayas, there is a knot-like structure called Pamir Knot. From the Pamir Knot, there are many ranges that radiate out such as the Kunlun range, Tien Shan, Hindu kush ranges. They are further classified into four mountain ranges: Karakoram ranges, Ladakh ranges, Zaskar ranges, and Kailash ranges. K2 is the tallest peak in the Karakoram range. This is the world’s second tallest peak. K2 is also called the Godwin-Austin mountain. River Indus takes birth in the Kailash ranges of Tibet enters India in between Zaskar and the Ladakh ranges. The Great Himalayas: This is the second range. The Great Himalayas are also called Himadris. They are continuous mountain ranges stretching from Nanga Parbat on the western side to Namcha Barwa on the eastern side stretching about 2400 Km. The majority of the world’s tallest peaks are present here such as Mount Everest, Mount Kanchenjunga, Makalu, Manaslu, Annapurna, Cho-yo. Other peaks are Nanda Devi, Namcha Barwa, Nanga Parbat. To the north of these Himalayas, the world’s largest glaciers such as Lhotse, Biafo, Baltoro, Hunza are formed. The average height of these Himalayas is 6100m. Himachal Himalayas or Middle Himalayas: These are to the south of the Great Himalayas with an average height of 3500m to 4500m. These are further divided into different mountain ranges such as Pir Panjal, Kumaon, Gharwal, Dhola-Dhar ranges, and Mahabharat range The outer Himalayas: These are also known as the Shiwaliks. Their average height is between 900m to 1500m. They are lowly elevated Himalayan ranges which got overlap with the plains of Northern India. These are also broken hill ranges with different names in different regions such as Jammu hills in Jammu and Kashmir (on the western side) but in Arunachal Pradesh, these are called Dafla, Abor, Miri, Mishmi hills. The rivers which have bisected the mountains are called antecedent rivers. Conclusion The Himalayas form the important boundary of South Asia which separates the Indian sub-continent from China and the Indo-China peninsula. The Himalayas play an important role in influencing climatic conditions and thus the economy of our country.
76,368
Discuss the various dimensions of Governance in India. Also discuss the issues associated with it. (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Give a brief introduction about governance and its various dimensions. In body discuss the various dimensions viz. political, legal& judicial, administrative, economic, and social &environmental dimensions. Then move on to discuss the issues associated with them. Conclude by suggesting solutions as to what can be done. Answer : Governance relates to the management of all such processes that, in any society, define the environment which permits and enables individuals to their raise their capability levels, on one hand, and provide opportunities to realize their potential and enlarge the set of available choices, on the other. Governance has been broken down into five dimensions viz. political, legal and judicial, administrative, economic, and social & environmental dimensions. Various dimensions of Governance in India: Political dimension: The political dimension is the most essential aspect of governance. Without this dimension, other dimensions would be meaningless because it is the political process that brings in the key governance values of participation, accountability, and transparency. This dimension has been broken down into four components such as the Exercise of the franchise; Profile and Conduct of Political Representatives, Political Parties, and the Political Executive; Functioning of Legislature, and Political Decentralisation Legal and Judicial dimension: The state is vested with coercive power to maintain law and order. It is one of its sovereign functions. Another important responsibility of the state is to ensure that everybody has access to speedy justice. This dimension has been broken down into four basic components such as Law and Order and Internal Security; Safeguarding of basic rights; Police Administration and Citizen‐friendliness of the Police; Access to Justice and Judicial Accountability Administrative dimension: The administrative dimension is a critical aspect of governance because it determines the ability of the government to deliver basic services to citizens by efficiently managing the human and financial resources. This dimension has been broken down into four basic components as Citizen Interface and Engagement; Managing human, financial and other resources; Basic service delivery - water, sanitation, roads, etc; Corruption Perception, Vigilance & Enforcement. Economic dimension: The economic dimension pertains to the ability of the state to ensure macroeconomic stability and create a conducive climate for economic activity to take place across different sectors of the economy. This dimension has been broken down into three components such as Fiscal Governance; Business Environment; Support to the Primary Sector Social and environmental dimension: The social dimension pertains to the ability of the state to take care of the vulnerable sections of society. This dimension has been broken down into three basic components such as Welfare of the Poor and Vulnerable, Role of Civil Society and Media and Environmental Management The issues associated with Governance in India: Issue of Transparency, Accountability and Credibility - Many of the institutions of Govt. and their processes are happening behind a black Curtain which is not in line with the philosophy of Good Governance as it promotes Transparency. It solution can be Strengthening the RTI act, bringing more institutions and processes under RTI will surely help. A start can be by bringing Political parties under the ambit of RTI. A proper review mechanism should be derived and ratings should be provided. Issue of Bypassing the Institutions and Processes: Good Governance Promotes the Rule of Law, Govt.’s to fulfil some petty political agenda tends to bypass the Process. E.g. Many Ordinances were promulgated again and again when consensus was not formed (this was an abuse of Power). Its solution can be a common ground should be achieved by Deliberations and Discussions, Interests of the Nation and its people should be foremost, Strong Political will is needed. Issue of Policy Paralysis and Effectiveness: Our institutions are suffering because of poor Decision making or no decision making at all. Policies are either not formed or if formed are not implemented properly. Its solution can be the use of BIG DATA technology to gather and analyse as much data as possible, since information is the first and the most imp. Part of any decision making process. Issues of Bureaucracy: What we have seen from time immemorial is that there is a gap between the bureaucrats and the common masses, which is detrimental for coordination and Good Governance.Its solution can be that promotion of Barefoot Bureaucracy which promotes Bureaucrats to act as the first among equals, so that people feel like being a part of the system and Governance. Issue of Static attitude: The world has become very dynamic and in such a dynamic atmosphere, the processes, the methods and the rules need constant monitoring and change. But what we see is that most Govt. wants to maintain the old order and very reluctantly accept the new changes. Its solution can be promoting Scientific Temper, adoption of reliable Technology and new methods, taking examples from developed nations. The Government of India has undertaken a host of governance reform initiatives cutting across different Ministries and Departments. Good Governance is the most important solution to every problem that the country is facing. Government by all means should try to work on the issues and think of solutions to address these in order to achieve goodness of both nation and its citizens.
##Question:Discuss the various dimensions of Governance in India. Also discuss the issues associated with it. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Give a brief introduction about governance and its various dimensions. In body discuss the various dimensions viz. political, legal& judicial, administrative, economic, and social &environmental dimensions. Then move on to discuss the issues associated with them. Conclude by suggesting solutions as to what can be done. Answer : Governance relates to the management of all such processes that, in any society, define the environment which permits and enables individuals to their raise their capability levels, on one hand, and provide opportunities to realize their potential and enlarge the set of available choices, on the other. Governance has been broken down into five dimensions viz. political, legal and judicial, administrative, economic, and social & environmental dimensions. Various dimensions of Governance in India: Political dimension: The political dimension is the most essential aspect of governance. Without this dimension, other dimensions would be meaningless because it is the political process that brings in the key governance values of participation, accountability, and transparency. This dimension has been broken down into four components such as the Exercise of the franchise; Profile and Conduct of Political Representatives, Political Parties, and the Political Executive; Functioning of Legislature, and Political Decentralisation Legal and Judicial dimension: The state is vested with coercive power to maintain law and order. It is one of its sovereign functions. Another important responsibility of the state is to ensure that everybody has access to speedy justice. This dimension has been broken down into four basic components such as Law and Order and Internal Security; Safeguarding of basic rights; Police Administration and Citizen‐friendliness of the Police; Access to Justice and Judicial Accountability Administrative dimension: The administrative dimension is a critical aspect of governance because it determines the ability of the government to deliver basic services to citizens by efficiently managing the human and financial resources. This dimension has been broken down into four basic components as Citizen Interface and Engagement; Managing human, financial and other resources; Basic service delivery - water, sanitation, roads, etc; Corruption Perception, Vigilance & Enforcement. Economic dimension: The economic dimension pertains to the ability of the state to ensure macroeconomic stability and create a conducive climate for economic activity to take place across different sectors of the economy. This dimension has been broken down into three components such as Fiscal Governance; Business Environment; Support to the Primary Sector Social and environmental dimension: The social dimension pertains to the ability of the state to take care of the vulnerable sections of society. This dimension has been broken down into three basic components such as Welfare of the Poor and Vulnerable, Role of Civil Society and Media and Environmental Management The issues associated with Governance in India: Issue of Transparency, Accountability and Credibility - Many of the institutions of Govt. and their processes are happening behind a black Curtain which is not in line with the philosophy of Good Governance as it promotes Transparency. It solution can be Strengthening the RTI act, bringing more institutions and processes under RTI will surely help. A start can be by bringing Political parties under the ambit of RTI. A proper review mechanism should be derived and ratings should be provided. Issue of Bypassing the Institutions and Processes: Good Governance Promotes the Rule of Law, Govt.’s to fulfil some petty political agenda tends to bypass the Process. E.g. Many Ordinances were promulgated again and again when consensus was not formed (this was an abuse of Power). Its solution can be a common ground should be achieved by Deliberations and Discussions, Interests of the Nation and its people should be foremost, Strong Political will is needed. Issue of Policy Paralysis and Effectiveness: Our institutions are suffering because of poor Decision making or no decision making at all. Policies are either not formed or if formed are not implemented properly. Its solution can be the use of BIG DATA technology to gather and analyse as much data as possible, since information is the first and the most imp. Part of any decision making process. Issues of Bureaucracy: What we have seen from time immemorial is that there is a gap between the bureaucrats and the common masses, which is detrimental for coordination and Good Governance.Its solution can be that promotion of Barefoot Bureaucracy which promotes Bureaucrats to act as the first among equals, so that people feel like being a part of the system and Governance. Issue of Static attitude: The world has become very dynamic and in such a dynamic atmosphere, the processes, the methods and the rules need constant monitoring and change. But what we see is that most Govt. wants to maintain the old order and very reluctantly accept the new changes. Its solution can be promoting Scientific Temper, adoption of reliable Technology and new methods, taking examples from developed nations. The Government of India has undertaken a host of governance reform initiatives cutting across different Ministries and Departments. Good Governance is the most important solution to every problem that the country is facing. Government by all means should try to work on the issues and think of solutions to address these in order to achieve goodness of both nation and its citizens.
76,374
In view of the fact west Asia has a large concentration of Indian Diaspora, identify the issues faced by Indian workers in the Gulf Countries and also highlight the steps taken by the government to ensure the welfare of these workers. (150 Words / 10 marks)
Approach: Give a brief intro about the Indian Diaspora in West Asia Highlight the key issues faced by Indian Workers in the Gulf Countries Also, highlight the steps taken by the GOI to ensure the welfare of these workers Conclude your answers with a way forward Answer: Diaspora is considered a soft power in the foreign policy strategy which germinates from India’s moral and political philosophy shaped by Indian thinkers like Tagore, Gandhi, and Nehru. It is also considered a catalyst for economic development in India and host countries. Gulf countries are host to the has an estimated nearly 9 million strong and growing Indian expatriate community. This is also reflected in about US$ 35 billion in annual remittances. Hajj- In 2019 India"s Haj quota increased to 200,000. The UAE has emerged as a key transit hub for Indians travelling to destinations abroad. Issues faced by the Indian workers: It is estimated that 30 per cent of Indian workers in the Gulf are skilled and highly skilled, whereas 70 per cent are unskilled or semiskilled i.e blue-collar workers. The Indian workers in Gulf countries Face Various issues: • Delayed or nonpayment of Wages; • Exit Visa issues; • non-fulfilment of contracts; • filing of false police cases etc Furthermore, a crisis like Covid-19 further accentuates concerns in this regard. According to MEA’s response in Rajyasabha in December 2021, 2,183 Indian workers are currently in jails of Gulf countries for violations of labour contract rules. Steps Taken to ensure the welfare of these workers by Govt of India: The Government has established various mechanisms to ensure the welfare and safety of Indian workers such as: Indian Community Welfare Fund (ICWF), Community Welfare Wings, 24x7 helplines, Open Houses in the Missions/Posts abroad. Pravasi Bharatiya Sahayata Kendras (PBSK), has been set up in Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dubai that provides guidance and counselling on all matters pertaining to overseas Indian workers. The online MADAD portal created by the Ministry enables the emigrant workers and their family members to register their consular grievances online and track their redressal. India also has signed bilateral labour agreements with all Gulf countries to safeguard Indian workers. 8,00,000 Indians were repatriated through Vande Bharat Mission during the Covid-19 pandemic. Conclusion: It would be in our own interests to further develop economic, diplomatic, and cultural relations with these countries. Emphasis should be given to diversifying relations beyond trade and energy and focus on human resources. We must develop a sound bilateral labour policy that addresses the issues concerning the Indian labour working in the region for our mutual benefit.
##Question:In view of the fact west Asia has a large concentration of Indian Diaspora, identify the issues faced by Indian workers in the Gulf Countries and also highlight the steps taken by the government to ensure the welfare of these workers. (150 Words / 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief intro about the Indian Diaspora in West Asia Highlight the key issues faced by Indian Workers in the Gulf Countries Also, highlight the steps taken by the GOI to ensure the welfare of these workers Conclude your answers with a way forward Answer: Diaspora is considered a soft power in the foreign policy strategy which germinates from India’s moral and political philosophy shaped by Indian thinkers like Tagore, Gandhi, and Nehru. It is also considered a catalyst for economic development in India and host countries. Gulf countries are host to the has an estimated nearly 9 million strong and growing Indian expatriate community. This is also reflected in about US$ 35 billion in annual remittances. Hajj- In 2019 India"s Haj quota increased to 200,000. The UAE has emerged as a key transit hub for Indians travelling to destinations abroad. Issues faced by the Indian workers: It is estimated that 30 per cent of Indian workers in the Gulf are skilled and highly skilled, whereas 70 per cent are unskilled or semiskilled i.e blue-collar workers. The Indian workers in Gulf countries Face Various issues: • Delayed or nonpayment of Wages; • Exit Visa issues; • non-fulfilment of contracts; • filing of false police cases etc Furthermore, a crisis like Covid-19 further accentuates concerns in this regard. According to MEA’s response in Rajyasabha in December 2021, 2,183 Indian workers are currently in jails of Gulf countries for violations of labour contract rules. Steps Taken to ensure the welfare of these workers by Govt of India: The Government has established various mechanisms to ensure the welfare and safety of Indian workers such as: Indian Community Welfare Fund (ICWF), Community Welfare Wings, 24x7 helplines, Open Houses in the Missions/Posts abroad. Pravasi Bharatiya Sahayata Kendras (PBSK), has been set up in Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dubai that provides guidance and counselling on all matters pertaining to overseas Indian workers. The online MADAD portal created by the Ministry enables the emigrant workers and their family members to register their consular grievances online and track their redressal. India also has signed bilateral labour agreements with all Gulf countries to safeguard Indian workers. 8,00,000 Indians were repatriated through Vande Bharat Mission during the Covid-19 pandemic. Conclusion: It would be in our own interests to further develop economic, diplomatic, and cultural relations with these countries. Emphasis should be given to diversifying relations beyond trade and energy and focus on human resources. We must develop a sound bilateral labour policy that addresses the issues concerning the Indian labour working in the region for our mutual benefit.
76,390
Explain the Hundred Flowers Campaign and Mao"s Response to it with special emphasis on the Great leap Forward campaign. (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach: Introduce with the explanation of the Hundred Flowers Campaign Then bring the Great Leap Forward as Mao’s Response to the Hundred Flowers Campaign Conclude accordingly Answer: China overachieved the First Five year Plan Targets. However, there were reports of discontent from different sections. Happy with the First Five Year Plan result, Mao started taking feedback in the form of the 100 Flowers Campaign. The feedback Mao received made him anxious and he realized that communism is still not secure in China. The workers complained about the high-handedness of managers. The managers complained about the indiscipline of the workers and party cadres. Some demanded capitalistic demand in line with the reform of Nikita Khrushchev in the USSR. Some even demanded political reforms. Mao criticized Nikita for entering into revisionism. Under the Great Leap Forward Mao carried out radical reforms to address the challenges that stood before newly independent China, to hold on to the support of the peasants and masses. Great Leap Forward was based on the following measures: The labor-intensive industry was introduced to tackle unemployment. Gradual industrialization and not the rapid industrialization to focus more on agriculture sector on which masses dependent. Decentralized industrialization instead of centralized industrialization i.e. focus not on setting up big factories in urban areas but small factories spread across the countryside. Mao aimed for 6 lakhs of backyard steel furnaces manufacturing tools and machinery for the agriculture sector. Focus on the light industry so that standard of the living of the common man improves. The collectives were converted/reorganized into communes. These communes acted as the units of the local self-governance. Therefore bringing some element of decentralization of Democratic Socialism. A collective had 300 to 400 families while a commune had 75000 people. Each commune was allocated 30 to 40 technicians, some doctors, some party cadres. These communes were given the power to set up and run schools, crèches, primary health care centers, develop small infrastructures like roads and small irrigation projects. The Great Leap Forward marked the return of Mao Zedong to a position of power. In long term there were positives. China was able to deal with the problem of unemployment. Unlike USSR there were fewer problems of light industry shortages. There was some public participation in governance due to innovation commune. It resulted in no mass migration from the rural areas. Rural masses had access to the basic services therefore relatively prosperous, educated, and empowered people lived in the countryside. By 1976 when Mao died even in heavy industry, gradual industrialization had led to a strong steel sector, strong machine manufacturing industry, strong oil industry, and there was a base for China becoming a nuclear power. The base made Mao was used by Deng Xiaoping opened up the Chinese economy from 1979 onwards and made China a competent superpower.
##Question:Explain the Hundred Flowers Campaign and Mao"s Response to it with special emphasis on the Great leap Forward campaign. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the explanation of the Hundred Flowers Campaign Then bring the Great Leap Forward as Mao’s Response to the Hundred Flowers Campaign Conclude accordingly Answer: China overachieved the First Five year Plan Targets. However, there were reports of discontent from different sections. Happy with the First Five Year Plan result, Mao started taking feedback in the form of the 100 Flowers Campaign. The feedback Mao received made him anxious and he realized that communism is still not secure in China. The workers complained about the high-handedness of managers. The managers complained about the indiscipline of the workers and party cadres. Some demanded capitalistic demand in line with the reform of Nikita Khrushchev in the USSR. Some even demanded political reforms. Mao criticized Nikita for entering into revisionism. Under the Great Leap Forward Mao carried out radical reforms to address the challenges that stood before newly independent China, to hold on to the support of the peasants and masses. Great Leap Forward was based on the following measures: The labor-intensive industry was introduced to tackle unemployment. Gradual industrialization and not the rapid industrialization to focus more on agriculture sector on which masses dependent. Decentralized industrialization instead of centralized industrialization i.e. focus not on setting up big factories in urban areas but small factories spread across the countryside. Mao aimed for 6 lakhs of backyard steel furnaces manufacturing tools and machinery for the agriculture sector. Focus on the light industry so that standard of the living of the common man improves. The collectives were converted/reorganized into communes. These communes acted as the units of the local self-governance. Therefore bringing some element of decentralization of Democratic Socialism. A collective had 300 to 400 families while a commune had 75000 people. Each commune was allocated 30 to 40 technicians, some doctors, some party cadres. These communes were given the power to set up and run schools, crèches, primary health care centers, develop small infrastructures like roads and small irrigation projects. The Great Leap Forward marked the return of Mao Zedong to a position of power. In long term there were positives. China was able to deal with the problem of unemployment. Unlike USSR there were fewer problems of light industry shortages. There was some public participation in governance due to innovation commune. It resulted in no mass migration from the rural areas. Rural masses had access to the basic services therefore relatively prosperous, educated, and empowered people lived in the countryside. By 1976 when Mao died even in heavy industry, gradual industrialization had led to a strong steel sector, strong machine manufacturing industry, strong oil industry, and there was a base for China becoming a nuclear power. The base made Mao was used by Deng Xiaoping opened up the Chinese economy from 1979 onwards and made China a competent superpower.
76,391
With special reference to India, explain the prevalence of corruption as a major challenge. Along with this, clarify how corruption is an inclusive result of various factors. (150 words/10 marks).
Approach: Briefly define corruption in the introduction. Explain the prevalence of corruption as a major challenge. Mention the various factors leading to corruption Conclude appropriately. Answer: As per World Bank, corruption refers to the abuse of public funds and/or public office for private gains. The private/personal gains can be monetary or non-monetary in nature. For example: When an officer takes money from a particular vendor to award a contract for procurement by the government to that particular vendor, it would be considered a case of corruption. Prevalence of corruption as a major challenge: At the economic level a. Corruption leads to inflation in the economy. b. It affects the spending on social welfare schemes and programmes. c. Tax collection also suffers in the economy. d. It discourages the ease of doing business and therefore dissuades investors in the economy. e. It leads to time and cost overruns in various projects that have economic impacts associated with it. At the social level a. Corruption develops the attitude of indifference("chalta hai" attitude). b. It reduces or impacts the social capital in society. c. It demotivates individuals from carrying on with ethical conduct. At the political level a. It affects the faith and trust in democratic institutions. b. Corruption in society promotes the entry of criminals into politics. Rakshak Bhakshak syndrome is developed where the protector of the law becomes the violator of the law. Various factors leading to corruption: Historical factors: India has a colonial legacy. Since the Britsh were draining India economically, Indians were told that it was fine to steal from the British. And also, the British administration in India was extremely corrupt where personal corruption by officials was rampant. Hence, the culture of bribes became common and was carried forward. Structural factors: a. Information asymmetry exists in India between the officials and the citizenry which is used to scare, threaten and extract money from the people. b. Power asymmetry also exists where the officials have wide discretionary powers. c. Numerous laws are overlapping and become increasingly complex. d. Prevalence of License Raj n certain industries is still prevalent which promotes the rent-seeking attitude in bureaucracy. e. In India, corruption is seen as low risk and high-reward activity. The laws are not implemented effectively. The criminal justice system is weak and inefficient. Political reasons a. The increased role of money and muscle power in electoral politics. b. The criminalisation of Politics. For example, the Winnability of candidates with a criminal record is higher as compared to candidates with a clean record. c. Lack of transparency in electoral funding as a result of which crony capitalism is promoted. Social reasons a. Overall dwindling of moral values in society. There is acceptance of corruption as a way of life. b. Social inequality that exists in Indian society is cited as justification for corruption. Transparency International has suggested some ways to check rampant corruption. The first and foremost measure is to end impunity which requires effective law enforcement to ensure the corrupt are punished and break the cycle of impunity, or freedom from punishment or loss. Other important ways are to promote transparency and access to information. RTI Act should be further strengthened in this regard.
##Question:With special reference to India, explain the prevalence of corruption as a major challenge. Along with this, clarify how corruption is an inclusive result of various factors. (150 words/10 marks).##Answer:Approach: Briefly define corruption in the introduction. Explain the prevalence of corruption as a major challenge. Mention the various factors leading to corruption Conclude appropriately. Answer: As per World Bank, corruption refers to the abuse of public funds and/or public office for private gains. The private/personal gains can be monetary or non-monetary in nature. For example: When an officer takes money from a particular vendor to award a contract for procurement by the government to that particular vendor, it would be considered a case of corruption. Prevalence of corruption as a major challenge: At the economic level a. Corruption leads to inflation in the economy. b. It affects the spending on social welfare schemes and programmes. c. Tax collection also suffers in the economy. d. It discourages the ease of doing business and therefore dissuades investors in the economy. e. It leads to time and cost overruns in various projects that have economic impacts associated with it. At the social level a. Corruption develops the attitude of indifference("chalta hai" attitude). b. It reduces or impacts the social capital in society. c. It demotivates individuals from carrying on with ethical conduct. At the political level a. It affects the faith and trust in democratic institutions. b. Corruption in society promotes the entry of criminals into politics. Rakshak Bhakshak syndrome is developed where the protector of the law becomes the violator of the law. Various factors leading to corruption: Historical factors: India has a colonial legacy. Since the Britsh were draining India economically, Indians were told that it was fine to steal from the British. And also, the British administration in India was extremely corrupt where personal corruption by officials was rampant. Hence, the culture of bribes became common and was carried forward. Structural factors: a. Information asymmetry exists in India between the officials and the citizenry which is used to scare, threaten and extract money from the people. b. Power asymmetry also exists where the officials have wide discretionary powers. c. Numerous laws are overlapping and become increasingly complex. d. Prevalence of License Raj n certain industries is still prevalent which promotes the rent-seeking attitude in bureaucracy. e. In India, corruption is seen as low risk and high-reward activity. The laws are not implemented effectively. The criminal justice system is weak and inefficient. Political reasons a. The increased role of money and muscle power in electoral politics. b. The criminalisation of Politics. For example, the Winnability of candidates with a criminal record is higher as compared to candidates with a clean record. c. Lack of transparency in electoral funding as a result of which crony capitalism is promoted. Social reasons a. Overall dwindling of moral values in society. There is acceptance of corruption as a way of life. b. Social inequality that exists in Indian society is cited as justification for corruption. Transparency International has suggested some ways to check rampant corruption. The first and foremost measure is to end impunity which requires effective law enforcement to ensure the corrupt are punished and break the cycle of impunity, or freedom from punishment or loss. Other important ways are to promote transparency and access to information. RTI Act should be further strengthened in this regard.
76,395
Discuss the contextual and historical background of the Cold War. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduce by the origin of the Cold War Further, bring the different event that shows the Cold war Tussle Conclude with the remark of full-fledged Cold War Answer: The Cold War traces back its origin in the Bolshevik Revolution and the formation of the USSR under the leadership of Lenin. Further, the cold war intensified due to the breakdown of relations between the Soviet Union versus the United States, Great Britain, and their allies in the years 1945–1949. Events preceding WWII underlay older tensions between the Soviet Union, European countries, and the United States. A series of events after World War II further exacerbated tensions. Post-WWI Russian Revolution 1917: The treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed in 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers that ended Russia"s participation in WWI. The Allies felt that the treaty was the ultimate betrayal of the Allied cause and sowed the seeds for the Cold War. Support of allied countries to anti- Bolshevik counter-revolutionaries in the Russian Civil War. However, the Bolsheviks, operating a unified command from a central location, defeated all the opposition one by one and took full control of Russia, as well as breakaway provinces such as Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Subsequently, USA refused to deal with the Bolshevik regime. Soviet Russia: found itself isolated in international diplomacy. Lenin stated that the Soviet Union was surrounded by a "hostile capitalist encirclement" and he viewed diplomacy as a weapon to keep Soviet enemies divided. Communist revolutions failed in Germany, Bavaria, and Hungary, as the US poured billions of dollars of food relief into Eastern Europe expressly to curb unrest. Interwar diplomacy (1918-1939) The United States had not even extended diplomatic recognition to the Soviets until 1933. Mutual suspicion deterred both from coming together against their common enemy-Nazi Germany at the outbreak of the Second World War. Western appeasement of Adolf Hitler - After the signing of the Munich Pact in 1938, Germany was given partial control of Czechoslovakia at the conference in which the Soviet Union was not invited. Soviet-German Pact 1939: Shortly before Hitler’s attack on Poland, a non-aggression pact was signed between Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany.Following it, partition of Poland commenced with the German invasion of western Poland. The Soviet Union and Germany were also engaged in an extensive economic relationship by which the Soviet Union sent Germany vital oil, rubber, manganese, and other material in exchange for German weapons and technology. Relations between the Soviet Union and the West further deteriorated when the Soviets invaded eastern Poland while coordinating with German forces. Soviet also invaded Finland, Romania, and annexed the Baltic countries of Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia. Hitler’s sudden attack on Russia in 1941 compelled it to come to the side of the Western Allies. Events during WWII: Second front: During the war, both sides disagreed on military strategy, especially the question of the opening of a second front against Germany in Western Europe. Stalin had also requested that the Western Allies open a second front in 1941. The US and Britain initially indicated that they would open it in 1942, and then in 1943, but it was postponed both times, and finally happened in 1944. The Soviets believed that the British and Americans intentionally delayed the opening of a second front against Germany in order to intervene only at the last minute so as to influence the peace settlement and dominate Europe. Western allies support to Atlantic Charter: A liberal international system based on free trade and open markets would require to rebuilt capitalist Europe, with a capitalist Germany at its center. Also, US economic and political leadership of the post-war world was necessary. Atomic Supremacy: US failure to take the Soviet Union into confidence about its nuclear project, made the Soviets distrustful of the ulterior motives and design of the US and its Capitalist allies. Its traditional suspicion about them was regenerated. The dropping of atom bombs by the US on Japan in August 1945 further strengthened this revived old suspicion. Soviet Russia interpreted that the US action in Japan was not done by the need of ending the war swiftly; it was perhaps a part of the conspiracy of the capitalist countries against the Communist world. Eastern Europe: Serious differences emerged over the future development of Germany and Eastern Europe. Soviet rejected the decisions about Eastern European democracy made in wartime conferences (Yalta and Potsdam). After the war, Stalin sought to secure the Soviet Union"s western border by installing communist-dominated regimes under Soviet influence in bordering countries. The Soviets, on the other hand, were determined to maintain control of Eastern Europe in order to safeguard against any possible renewed threat from Germany, and they were intent on spreading communism worldwide, largely for ideological reasons. The Americans and the British feared the permanent Soviet domination of Eastern Europe and the threat of Soviet-influenced communist parties coming to power in the democracies of western Europe. However Post WWII Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan were the final nail in the coffin and laid solid ground for half-decade of Cold War
##Question:Discuss the contextual and historical background of the Cold War. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce by the origin of the Cold War Further, bring the different event that shows the Cold war Tussle Conclude with the remark of full-fledged Cold War Answer: The Cold War traces back its origin in the Bolshevik Revolution and the formation of the USSR under the leadership of Lenin. Further, the cold war intensified due to the breakdown of relations between the Soviet Union versus the United States, Great Britain, and their allies in the years 1945–1949. Events preceding WWII underlay older tensions between the Soviet Union, European countries, and the United States. A series of events after World War II further exacerbated tensions. Post-WWI Russian Revolution 1917: The treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed in 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers that ended Russia"s participation in WWI. The Allies felt that the treaty was the ultimate betrayal of the Allied cause and sowed the seeds for the Cold War. Support of allied countries to anti- Bolshevik counter-revolutionaries in the Russian Civil War. However, the Bolsheviks, operating a unified command from a central location, defeated all the opposition one by one and took full control of Russia, as well as breakaway provinces such as Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Subsequently, USA refused to deal with the Bolshevik regime. Soviet Russia: found itself isolated in international diplomacy. Lenin stated that the Soviet Union was surrounded by a "hostile capitalist encirclement" and he viewed diplomacy as a weapon to keep Soviet enemies divided. Communist revolutions failed in Germany, Bavaria, and Hungary, as the US poured billions of dollars of food relief into Eastern Europe expressly to curb unrest. Interwar diplomacy (1918-1939) The United States had not even extended diplomatic recognition to the Soviets until 1933. Mutual suspicion deterred both from coming together against their common enemy-Nazi Germany at the outbreak of the Second World War. Western appeasement of Adolf Hitler - After the signing of the Munich Pact in 1938, Germany was given partial control of Czechoslovakia at the conference in which the Soviet Union was not invited. Soviet-German Pact 1939: Shortly before Hitler’s attack on Poland, a non-aggression pact was signed between Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany.Following it, partition of Poland commenced with the German invasion of western Poland. The Soviet Union and Germany were also engaged in an extensive economic relationship by which the Soviet Union sent Germany vital oil, rubber, manganese, and other material in exchange for German weapons and technology. Relations between the Soviet Union and the West further deteriorated when the Soviets invaded eastern Poland while coordinating with German forces. Soviet also invaded Finland, Romania, and annexed the Baltic countries of Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia. Hitler’s sudden attack on Russia in 1941 compelled it to come to the side of the Western Allies. Events during WWII: Second front: During the war, both sides disagreed on military strategy, especially the question of the opening of a second front against Germany in Western Europe. Stalin had also requested that the Western Allies open a second front in 1941. The US and Britain initially indicated that they would open it in 1942, and then in 1943, but it was postponed both times, and finally happened in 1944. The Soviets believed that the British and Americans intentionally delayed the opening of a second front against Germany in order to intervene only at the last minute so as to influence the peace settlement and dominate Europe. Western allies support to Atlantic Charter: A liberal international system based on free trade and open markets would require to rebuilt capitalist Europe, with a capitalist Germany at its center. Also, US economic and political leadership of the post-war world was necessary. Atomic Supremacy: US failure to take the Soviet Union into confidence about its nuclear project, made the Soviets distrustful of the ulterior motives and design of the US and its Capitalist allies. Its traditional suspicion about them was regenerated. The dropping of atom bombs by the US on Japan in August 1945 further strengthened this revived old suspicion. Soviet Russia interpreted that the US action in Japan was not done by the need of ending the war swiftly; it was perhaps a part of the conspiracy of the capitalist countries against the Communist world. Eastern Europe: Serious differences emerged over the future development of Germany and Eastern Europe. Soviet rejected the decisions about Eastern European democracy made in wartime conferences (Yalta and Potsdam). After the war, Stalin sought to secure the Soviet Union"s western border by installing communist-dominated regimes under Soviet influence in bordering countries. The Soviets, on the other hand, were determined to maintain control of Eastern Europe in order to safeguard against any possible renewed threat from Germany, and they were intent on spreading communism worldwide, largely for ideological reasons. The Americans and the British feared the permanent Soviet domination of Eastern Europe and the threat of Soviet-influenced communist parties coming to power in the democracies of western Europe. However Post WWII Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan were the final nail in the coffin and laid solid ground for half-decade of Cold War
76,431
Explain the Characteristics of the Warm Temperate Western Coast Climate. (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach: Introduce by giving a brief description of the Mediterranean climate Conditions/key characteristics of the Mediterranean climate should be explained in the body Conclude the answer by highlighting the importance of this climate Answer: The warm temperate western margin climate or the Mediterranean climate is found between 30 degrees and 45 degrees North and South of the Equator. This climate is witnessed in relatively fewer parts of the world and is almost entirely confined to the western margins of the continental landmasses. The basic cause of this climate is the seasonal shift of the wind belts. Mediterranean Climatic Regions of the World: Central Chile, California (around San Francisco), The southwestern tip of Africa (around Cape Town), Southern Australia (in southern Victoria and Around Adelaide bordering St. Vincent, and Spencer Gulfs), and south-west Australia (Swanland) Key Characteristics of Such type of climate: The Mediterranean climate is characterized by very distinctive climatic features with dry, warm summers and wet, cold winters and local winds. Dry, warm summers with off-shore Tradewinds: During the summer months, the sun is overhead the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. The belt of the influence of the Westerlies is shifted polewards, and the rain-bearing tradewinds are likely to be off-shore. Hence the regions are practically rainless in summers and hence remain dry The heat is intense and the days are excessively warm. In the interiors, prolonged droughts are common. The relative humidity is generally low. The summer temperatures are relatively high, and the highest temperatures are experienced away from the coast in the continental interiors of the Balkan peninsula, the Anatolian plateau, and the Mediterranean Middle East. Wet, cold winters with on-shore Westerlies: In the winter months, the Westerlies belt shifts equatorward, and the Mediterranean regions are under the influence of on-shore Westerlies. Hence, these lands receive almost all of their precipitation during the winter months. The rain comes in heavy downpours and causes floods in the months of September and October in Mediterranean Europe. Local winds: The Mediterranean climatic region in Europe experience many local winds due to the topography of the region with the Alps in the North, the Sahara desert in the South, the continental interiors in the East, and the open Atlantic in the west. These create great differences in temperature, pressure, and precipitation. The two most important local winds are: Sirocco (a hot, dry, and dusty wind) and Mistral (a cold wind from the north). Natural Vegetation: The vegetation of the region is not luxuriant. Trees are with small broad leaves are widely spaced. The absence of shade is a peculiar feature of this climate and the growth is almost restricted to autumn and spring. Plants are in a continuous struggle against heat, dry air, excessive evaporation, and prolonged droughts. Hence they are generally xerophytic or drought-resistant in nature. Example: cork oaks, eucalyptus, redwood, pines, firs, cedars and cypresses, citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, limes, citrons, and grapefruit, etc. The region is important for fruit cultivation, cereal growing, wine-making and agricultural industries as well as engineering and mining. The region is a net exporter of citrus fruits and a net importer of dairy products
##Question:Explain the Characteristics of the Warm Temperate Western Coast Climate. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce by giving a brief description of the Mediterranean climate Conditions/key characteristics of the Mediterranean climate should be explained in the body Conclude the answer by highlighting the importance of this climate Answer: The warm temperate western margin climate or the Mediterranean climate is found between 30 degrees and 45 degrees North and South of the Equator. This climate is witnessed in relatively fewer parts of the world and is almost entirely confined to the western margins of the continental landmasses. The basic cause of this climate is the seasonal shift of the wind belts. Mediterranean Climatic Regions of the World: Central Chile, California (around San Francisco), The southwestern tip of Africa (around Cape Town), Southern Australia (in southern Victoria and Around Adelaide bordering St. Vincent, and Spencer Gulfs), and south-west Australia (Swanland) Key Characteristics of Such type of climate: The Mediterranean climate is characterized by very distinctive climatic features with dry, warm summers and wet, cold winters and local winds. Dry, warm summers with off-shore Tradewinds: During the summer months, the sun is overhead the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. The belt of the influence of the Westerlies is shifted polewards, and the rain-bearing tradewinds are likely to be off-shore. Hence the regions are practically rainless in summers and hence remain dry The heat is intense and the days are excessively warm. In the interiors, prolonged droughts are common. The relative humidity is generally low. The summer temperatures are relatively high, and the highest temperatures are experienced away from the coast in the continental interiors of the Balkan peninsula, the Anatolian plateau, and the Mediterranean Middle East. Wet, cold winters with on-shore Westerlies: In the winter months, the Westerlies belt shifts equatorward, and the Mediterranean regions are under the influence of on-shore Westerlies. Hence, these lands receive almost all of their precipitation during the winter months. The rain comes in heavy downpours and causes floods in the months of September and October in Mediterranean Europe. Local winds: The Mediterranean climatic region in Europe experience many local winds due to the topography of the region with the Alps in the North, the Sahara desert in the South, the continental interiors in the East, and the open Atlantic in the west. These create great differences in temperature, pressure, and precipitation. The two most important local winds are: Sirocco (a hot, dry, and dusty wind) and Mistral (a cold wind from the north). Natural Vegetation: The vegetation of the region is not luxuriant. Trees are with small broad leaves are widely spaced. The absence of shade is a peculiar feature of this climate and the growth is almost restricted to autumn and spring. Plants are in a continuous struggle against heat, dry air, excessive evaporation, and prolonged droughts. Hence they are generally xerophytic or drought-resistant in nature. Example: cork oaks, eucalyptus, redwood, pines, firs, cedars and cypresses, citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, limes, citrons, and grapefruit, etc. The region is important for fruit cultivation, cereal growing, wine-making and agricultural industries as well as engineering and mining. The region is a net exporter of citrus fruits and a net importer of dairy products
76,451
What are the major reasons for the criminalisation of politics in India? Mention some of the measures that have been taken to check this menace. (150 words/10marks)
Approach: Give a brief introduction to the criminalisation of politics in India Mention the reasons for the criminalisation of politics in India Explain the various measures that have been taken in this regard Suggest way forward Answer: The criminalisation of politics means the entry of criminals into the electoral contest who may get elected to the legislatures and come to occupy public offices. The criminalisation of politics is a dangerous phenomenon where lawbreakers become lawmakers. Nearly half of the newly-elected Lok Sabha members(2019) have criminal charges against them, a 26% increase as compared to 2014, according to the Association of Democratic Reforms (ADR). Reasons: Vote Bank Politics (Caste, Religion factor) It has been observed that many a time, masses vote on the basis of caste or religion irrespective of the criminal background of the candidate fielded by the political party. This emboldens both the political party and the individuals with criminal records to contest the elections and even win them. Corruption and money power Candidates with serious records seem to do well despite their public image, largely due to their ability to finance their own elections and bring substantive resources to their respective parties. Acceptance among masses It has been observed that there is an acceptance of the criminalisation of politics among the masses. Also, sometimes voters are left with no options, as all competing candidates have criminal records. Lack of idealism The absence of morality and idealism in society at large creates an attitude of indifference. Measures taken: The Apex Court in the Union of India Vs The Association for Democratic Reforms, 2002 case ruled that the Nomination papers shall include criminal antecedents, educational qualifications and financial information to assets, liabilities etc. Apex Court in People’s Union for Civil Liberties Case provided for a NOTA button in EVM. This has led to the venting of citizen’s anger and their exhibition of dissent in the case of all the candidates are not acceptable to them. Lily Thomas v. Union of India, 2013 – struck down Section 8(4) of RPA, 1951, which allowed the convicted politicians to escape disqualification by acceptance of an appeal in a Higher Court. This has led to a situation where politicians are immediately disqualified on conviction. Special Fast Track Courts have been established to expedite the cases against elected representatives. Way forward: The political parties must look into the suggestions by the Apex Court to stay away from giving tickets to people with criminal antecedents. This will go a long way in cleaning the Indian electoral politics. However, all political parties must commit to this collectively.
##Question:What are the major reasons for the criminalisation of politics in India? Mention some of the measures that have been taken to check this menace. (150 words/10marks)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief introduction to the criminalisation of politics in India Mention the reasons for the criminalisation of politics in India Explain the various measures that have been taken in this regard Suggest way forward Answer: The criminalisation of politics means the entry of criminals into the electoral contest who may get elected to the legislatures and come to occupy public offices. The criminalisation of politics is a dangerous phenomenon where lawbreakers become lawmakers. Nearly half of the newly-elected Lok Sabha members(2019) have criminal charges against them, a 26% increase as compared to 2014, according to the Association of Democratic Reforms (ADR). Reasons: Vote Bank Politics (Caste, Religion factor) It has been observed that many a time, masses vote on the basis of caste or religion irrespective of the criminal background of the candidate fielded by the political party. This emboldens both the political party and the individuals with criminal records to contest the elections and even win them. Corruption and money power Candidates with serious records seem to do well despite their public image, largely due to their ability to finance their own elections and bring substantive resources to their respective parties. Acceptance among masses It has been observed that there is an acceptance of the criminalisation of politics among the masses. Also, sometimes voters are left with no options, as all competing candidates have criminal records. Lack of idealism The absence of morality and idealism in society at large creates an attitude of indifference. Measures taken: The Apex Court in the Union of India Vs The Association for Democratic Reforms, 2002 case ruled that the Nomination papers shall include criminal antecedents, educational qualifications and financial information to assets, liabilities etc. Apex Court in People’s Union for Civil Liberties Case provided for a NOTA button in EVM. This has led to the venting of citizen’s anger and their exhibition of dissent in the case of all the candidates are not acceptable to them. Lily Thomas v. Union of India, 2013 – struck down Section 8(4) of RPA, 1951, which allowed the convicted politicians to escape disqualification by acceptance of an appeal in a Higher Court. This has led to a situation where politicians are immediately disqualified on conviction. Special Fast Track Courts have been established to expedite the cases against elected representatives. Way forward: The political parties must look into the suggestions by the Apex Court to stay away from giving tickets to people with criminal antecedents. This will go a long way in cleaning the Indian electoral politics. However, all political parties must commit to this collectively.
76,461
Till 1991, the emphasis of Industrial Policy was on "regulation” and not “development” which led to the 1991 crisis. Discuss with examples. (150 words/10 marks).
Introduction- Briefly mention the features of Industrial Policy till 1991 1. Socialist Economy- Monopoly of Public sector 2. Private players were negligible in number. 3. Nationalization of key industries such as –coal sector, banks, textiles etc. 4. Restriction on foreign investments. 5. Heavy machinery given preference. 6. Compulsory licensing policy 7. MRTP Act- to promote competition. Body- How emphasis was on regulation? 1. License, Permit, Quota Raj- Too much discretion to Bureaucracy, corruption, redtapism 2. MRTP Act- Strict regulation in the name of competition 3. FERA restrictions- Foreign investments were heavily regulated. 4. Difficult to raise capital by private companies. 5. Administered price mechanism- Prices of industrial products like steel, coal were controlled by the government. Not only the price of inputs but also the prices at which goods could be sold in the market. 5. Plethora of labour laws- Easy to hire, but difficult to fire. Exit problem of companies even when facing loss. Conclusion- Excessive regulation led to poor results. Backwardness of industrial sector in the country which led to crisis in 1990. This paved the way for opening of the Economy via Industrial Policy 1991.
##Question:Till 1991, the emphasis of Industrial Policy was on "regulation” and not “development” which led to the 1991 crisis. Discuss with examples. (150 words/10 marks).##Answer:Introduction- Briefly mention the features of Industrial Policy till 1991 1. Socialist Economy- Monopoly of Public sector 2. Private players were negligible in number. 3. Nationalization of key industries such as –coal sector, banks, textiles etc. 4. Restriction on foreign investments. 5. Heavy machinery given preference. 6. Compulsory licensing policy 7. MRTP Act- to promote competition. Body- How emphasis was on regulation? 1. License, Permit, Quota Raj- Too much discretion to Bureaucracy, corruption, redtapism 2. MRTP Act- Strict regulation in the name of competition 3. FERA restrictions- Foreign investments were heavily regulated. 4. Difficult to raise capital by private companies. 5. Administered price mechanism- Prices of industrial products like steel, coal were controlled by the government. Not only the price of inputs but also the prices at which goods could be sold in the market. 5. Plethora of labour laws- Easy to hire, but difficult to fire. Exit problem of companies even when facing loss. Conclusion- Excessive regulation led to poor results. Backwardness of industrial sector in the country which led to crisis in 1990. This paved the way for opening of the Economy via Industrial Policy 1991.
76,498
Write the characteristic feature of the Warm temperate Eastern Margin Climate along with its regions. (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach: A brief introduction about the Warm temperate Eastern Margin Climate. Discuss the important features of this climate like temperature, precipitation, vegetation, etc. A suitable conclusion can be given. Answer: Warm temperate Eastern Margin Climate found between 20° and 35° N and S latitude (warm temperate latitudes just outside the tropics); on the east coast in both hemispheres. It is characterized by a warm moist summer and a cool, dry winter. It has three variants: 1. Temperate monsoon Climate or China Type Climate: Temperate Monsoon or China Type climate is observed in most parts of China. The climate is also observed in southern parts of Japan. 2. Gulf Type Climate: Found in the south-eastern U.S.A., bordering the Gulf of Mexico where continental heating in summer induces an inflow of air from the cooler Atlantic Ocean. 3. Natal Type Climate: Found in New South Wales (Australia), Natal (South Africa), Parana-Paraguay-Uruguay basin (South America). Itis different from temperate monsoon or China type as it receives rainfall from on-shore Trade Winds all the year-round. Characteristic features of the Warm temperate Eastern Margin Climate are: A. Temperature: The mean monthly temperature varies between 4° C and 25° C and is strongly modified by maritime influence. Occasionally, the penetration of cold air (Polar Vortex) from the continental interiors may bring down the temperature to freezing point. Though frosts are rare they occasionally occur in the colder interiors. B. Precipitation: Rainfall is more than moderate, anything from 60 cm to 150 cm. This is adequate for all agricultural purposes and hence supports a wide range of crops. Areas that experience this climate are very densely populated. There is a fairly uniform distribution of rainfall throughout the year. Rain comes either from convectional sources or as orographic rain in summer, or from depressions in prolonged showers in winter. In summer, the regions are under the influence of moist, maritime airflow from the subtropical anticyclonic cells. Local storms, e.g. typhoons (tropical cyclones), and hurricanes, also occur. C. Vegetation: It supports luxuriant vegetation. The lowlands carry both evergreen broad-leaved forests and deciduous trees [hardwood]. On the highlands, are various species of conifers such as pines and cypresses which are important softwoods. Perennial plant growth is not checked by either a dry season or a cold season. The Warm Temperate Eastern Margin Climate regions have high soil productivity, therefore good agricultural production and hence good population supporting regions. supports many crops like rice(in China), Corn, Cotton, tobacco, etc, and supports a huge population around the world.
##Question:Write the characteristic feature of the Warm temperate Eastern Margin Climate along with its regions. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: A brief introduction about the Warm temperate Eastern Margin Climate. Discuss the important features of this climate like temperature, precipitation, vegetation, etc. A suitable conclusion can be given. Answer: Warm temperate Eastern Margin Climate found between 20° and 35° N and S latitude (warm temperate latitudes just outside the tropics); on the east coast in both hemispheres. It is characterized by a warm moist summer and a cool, dry winter. It has three variants: 1. Temperate monsoon Climate or China Type Climate: Temperate Monsoon or China Type climate is observed in most parts of China. The climate is also observed in southern parts of Japan. 2. Gulf Type Climate: Found in the south-eastern U.S.A., bordering the Gulf of Mexico where continental heating in summer induces an inflow of air from the cooler Atlantic Ocean. 3. Natal Type Climate: Found in New South Wales (Australia), Natal (South Africa), Parana-Paraguay-Uruguay basin (South America). Itis different from temperate monsoon or China type as it receives rainfall from on-shore Trade Winds all the year-round. Characteristic features of the Warm temperate Eastern Margin Climate are: A. Temperature: The mean monthly temperature varies between 4° C and 25° C and is strongly modified by maritime influence. Occasionally, the penetration of cold air (Polar Vortex) from the continental interiors may bring down the temperature to freezing point. Though frosts are rare they occasionally occur in the colder interiors. B. Precipitation: Rainfall is more than moderate, anything from 60 cm to 150 cm. This is adequate for all agricultural purposes and hence supports a wide range of crops. Areas that experience this climate are very densely populated. There is a fairly uniform distribution of rainfall throughout the year. Rain comes either from convectional sources or as orographic rain in summer, or from depressions in prolonged showers in winter. In summer, the regions are under the influence of moist, maritime airflow from the subtropical anticyclonic cells. Local storms, e.g. typhoons (tropical cyclones), and hurricanes, also occur. C. Vegetation: It supports luxuriant vegetation. The lowlands carry both evergreen broad-leaved forests and deciduous trees [hardwood]. On the highlands, are various species of conifers such as pines and cypresses which are important softwoods. Perennial plant growth is not checked by either a dry season or a cold season. The Warm Temperate Eastern Margin Climate regions have high soil productivity, therefore good agricultural production and hence good population supporting regions. supports many crops like rice(in China), Corn, Cotton, tobacco, etc, and supports a huge population around the world.
76,505
Discuss the concept of Balance of Payment (BoP) with elaboration on its various components. (10 Marks/150 words)
Approach Introduce with the definition of the Balance of payment (BoP) Further, explain the concept of the Balance of Payment (BoP) by explaining the various components of it. Conclude with bringing BoP as the indicator of the health of the domestic economy. Answer The balance of payments (BoP) records the transactions in goods, services, and assets between residents of a country with the rest of the world for a specified time period typically a year. There are two main accounts in the BoP – the current account and the capital account. The current account records exports and imports in goods and services and transfer payments. It records those transactions which are current in nature i.e. they are settled transactions. It has no future implication arises in their respect. The capital account records all international purchases and sales of assets such as money, stocks, bonds, etc. These transactions are those which have an element of future i.e. time. These create implications for a country’s assets and liabilities. Current Account It consists of the trade in the Goods (Merchandise Trade: Imports and Exports) and Trade in Services (Largest amount), Earning and Incomes, and transfers. Trade and Goods and Services are settled transactions. Trade in the Goods is known as the merchandise goods. These goods are tangibles and can touch them and Trade in Services are invisible. Trade in the services are part of the invisible. Invisibles: It consists of Trade in Services, Earnings and Incomes, and Transfers. Trade in the Services that include the imports and exports. All transactions which lead to the inflow of foreign exchange are recorded as Positive Transactions and that lead to outflow recorded as Negative Transactions. If net positive is called Current Account Surplus and if the net negative is Current Account Deficit. Capital Account It consists of Investments and borrowings (loans). Investments include investment from India abroad and Investment from abroad to India. Investments can be direct or indirect. Borrowings could be commercial or non-commercial. Investments both in the form of FDI and FII Borrowing from abroad or lending to abroad-These include External Commercial Borrowings, loans from multilateral institutions, short-term credit, etc. Banking Capital-deposits by the NRIs. Autonomous Transactions These transactions are made independent of the state of the BOP. They could be done for any motive e.g. earning profit. Accommodating Transactions These transactions are a consequence of Autonomous transactions that are done to make the surplus or the deficit position on Autonomous as zero. It involves the change in Foreign Exchange Reserves. Transactions on Current and Capital Accounts are independent of each other, but they are linked through a change in reserves. Balance of Payment Reveals the financial and economic status of a country and can be used as an indicator to determine whether the country’s currency value is appreciating or depreciating and thereby helps the Government to decide on fiscal and trade policies.
##Question:Discuss the concept of Balance of Payment (BoP) with elaboration on its various components. (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the definition of the Balance of payment (BoP) Further, explain the concept of the Balance of Payment (BoP) by explaining the various components of it. Conclude with bringing BoP as the indicator of the health of the domestic economy. Answer The balance of payments (BoP) records the transactions in goods, services, and assets between residents of a country with the rest of the world for a specified time period typically a year. There are two main accounts in the BoP – the current account and the capital account. The current account records exports and imports in goods and services and transfer payments. It records those transactions which are current in nature i.e. they are settled transactions. It has no future implication arises in their respect. The capital account records all international purchases and sales of assets such as money, stocks, bonds, etc. These transactions are those which have an element of future i.e. time. These create implications for a country’s assets and liabilities. Current Account It consists of the trade in the Goods (Merchandise Trade: Imports and Exports) and Trade in Services (Largest amount), Earning and Incomes, and transfers. Trade and Goods and Services are settled transactions. Trade in the Goods is known as the merchandise goods. These goods are tangibles and can touch them and Trade in Services are invisible. Trade in the services are part of the invisible. Invisibles: It consists of Trade in Services, Earnings and Incomes, and Transfers. Trade in the Services that include the imports and exports. All transactions which lead to the inflow of foreign exchange are recorded as Positive Transactions and that lead to outflow recorded as Negative Transactions. If net positive is called Current Account Surplus and if the net negative is Current Account Deficit. Capital Account It consists of Investments and borrowings (loans). Investments include investment from India abroad and Investment from abroad to India. Investments can be direct or indirect. Borrowings could be commercial or non-commercial. Investments both in the form of FDI and FII Borrowing from abroad or lending to abroad-These include External Commercial Borrowings, loans from multilateral institutions, short-term credit, etc. Banking Capital-deposits by the NRIs. Autonomous Transactions These transactions are made independent of the state of the BOP. They could be done for any motive e.g. earning profit. Accommodating Transactions These transactions are a consequence of Autonomous transactions that are done to make the surplus or the deficit position on Autonomous as zero. It involves the change in Foreign Exchange Reserves. Transactions on Current and Capital Accounts are independent of each other, but they are linked through a change in reserves. Balance of Payment Reveals the financial and economic status of a country and can be used as an indicator to determine whether the country’s currency value is appreciating or depreciating and thereby helps the Government to decide on fiscal and trade policies.
76,517
Discuss the concept of Balance of Payment (BoP) with elaboration on its various components. (10 Marks/150 words)
Approach Introduce with the definition of the Balance of payment (BoP) Further, explain the concept of the Balance of Payment (BoP) by explaining the various components of it. Conclude with bringing BoP as the indicator of the health of the domestic economy. Answer The balance of payments (BoP) records the transactions in goods, services, and assets between residents of a country with the rest of the world for a specified time period typically a year. There are two main accounts in the BoP – the current account and the capital account. The current account records exports and imports in goods and services and transfer payments. It records those transactions which are current in nature i.e. they are settled transactions. It has no future implication arises in their respect. The capital account records all international purchases and sales of assets such as money, stocks, bonds, etc. These transactions are those which have an element of future i.e. time. These create implications for a country’s assets and liabilities. Current Account It consists of the trade in the Goods (Merchandise Trade: Imports and Exports) and Trade in Services (Largest amount), Earning and Incomes, and transfers. Trade and Goods and Services are settled transactions. Trade in the Goods is known as the merchandise goods. These goods are tangibles and can touch them and Trade in Services are invisible. Trade in the services is part of the invisible. Invisibles: It consists of Trade in Services, Earnings and Incomes, and Transfers. Trade in the Services that include the imports and exports. All transactions which lead to the inflow of foreign exchange are recorded as Positive Transactions and that lead to outflow recorded as Negative Transactions. If net positive called Current Account Surplus and if the Net negative is Current Account Deficit Capital Account It consists of Investments and borrowings (loans). Investments include investment from India abroad and Investment from abroad to India. Investments can be direct or indirect. Borrowings could be commercial or non-commercial. Investments both in the form of FDI and FII Borrowing from abroad or lending to abroad-These include External Commercial Borrowings, loans from multilateral institutions, short-term credit, etc. Banking Capital-deposits by the NRIs. Autonomous Transactions These transactions are made independent of the state of the BOP. They could be done for any motive e.g. earning profit Accommodating Transactions These transactions are a consequence of Autonomous transactions that are done to make the surplus or the deficit position on Autonomous as zero. It involves the change in Foreign Exchange Reserves. Transactions on Current and Capital Accounts are independent of each other, but they are linked through a change in reserves. Balance of Payment Reveals the financial and economic status of a country and can be used as an indicator to determine whether the country’s currency value is appreciating or depreciating and thereby helps the Government to decide on fiscal and trade policies.
##Question:Discuss the concept of Balance of Payment (BoP) with elaboration on its various components. (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the definition of the Balance of payment (BoP) Further, explain the concept of the Balance of Payment (BoP) by explaining the various components of it. Conclude with bringing BoP as the indicator of the health of the domestic economy. Answer The balance of payments (BoP) records the transactions in goods, services, and assets between residents of a country with the rest of the world for a specified time period typically a year. There are two main accounts in the BoP – the current account and the capital account. The current account records exports and imports in goods and services and transfer payments. It records those transactions which are current in nature i.e. they are settled transactions. It has no future implication arises in their respect. The capital account records all international purchases and sales of assets such as money, stocks, bonds, etc. These transactions are those which have an element of future i.e. time. These create implications for a country’s assets and liabilities. Current Account It consists of the trade in the Goods (Merchandise Trade: Imports and Exports) and Trade in Services (Largest amount), Earning and Incomes, and transfers. Trade and Goods and Services are settled transactions. Trade in the Goods is known as the merchandise goods. These goods are tangibles and can touch them and Trade in Services are invisible. Trade in the services is part of the invisible. Invisibles: It consists of Trade in Services, Earnings and Incomes, and Transfers. Trade in the Services that include the imports and exports. All transactions which lead to the inflow of foreign exchange are recorded as Positive Transactions and that lead to outflow recorded as Negative Transactions. If net positive called Current Account Surplus and if the Net negative is Current Account Deficit Capital Account It consists of Investments and borrowings (loans). Investments include investment from India abroad and Investment from abroad to India. Investments can be direct or indirect. Borrowings could be commercial or non-commercial. Investments both in the form of FDI and FII Borrowing from abroad or lending to abroad-These include External Commercial Borrowings, loans from multilateral institutions, short-term credit, etc. Banking Capital-deposits by the NRIs. Autonomous Transactions These transactions are made independent of the state of the BOP. They could be done for any motive e.g. earning profit Accommodating Transactions These transactions are a consequence of Autonomous transactions that are done to make the surplus or the deficit position on Autonomous as zero. It involves the change in Foreign Exchange Reserves. Transactions on Current and Capital Accounts are independent of each other, but they are linked through a change in reserves. Balance of Payment Reveals the financial and economic status of a country and can be used as an indicator to determine whether the country’s currency value is appreciating or depreciating and thereby helps the Government to decide on fiscal and trade policies.
76,518
Discuss the concept of Balance of Payment (BoP) with elaboration on its various components. (10 Marks/150 words)
Approach Introduce with the definition of the Balance of payment (BoP) Further, explain the concept of the Balance of Payment (BoP) by explaining the various components of it. Conclude with bringing BoP as the indicator of the health of the domestic economy. Answer The balance of payments (BoP) records the transactions in goods, services, and assets between residents of a country with the rest of the world for a specified time period typically a year. There are two main accounts in the BoP – the current account and the capital account. The current account records exports and imports in goods and services and transfer payments. It records those transactions which are current in nature i.e. they are settled transactions. It has no future implication arises in their respect. The capital account records all international purchases and sales of assets such as money, stocks, bonds, etc. These transactions are those which have an element of future i.e. time. These create implications for a country’s assets and liabilities. Current Account It consists of the trade in the Goods (Merchandise Trade: Imports and Exports) and Trade in Services (Largest amount), Earning and Incomes, and transfers. Trade and Goods and Services are settled transactions. Trade in the Goods is known as the merchandise goods. These goods are tangibles and can touch them and Trade in Services are invisible. Trade in the services is part of the invisible. Invisibles : It consists of Trade in Services, Earnings and Incomes, and Transfers. Trade in the Services that include the imports and exports. All transactions which lead to the inflow of foreign exchange are recorded as Positive Transactions and that lead to outflow recorded as Negative Transactions. If net positive called Current Account Surplus and if the Net negative is Current Account Deficit Capital Account It consists of Investments and borrowings (loans). Investments include investment from India abroad and Investment from abroad to India. Investments can be direct or indirect. Borrowings could be commercial or non-commercial. Investments both in the form of FDI and FII Borrowing from abroad or lending to abroad-These include External Commercial Borrowings, loans from multilateral institutions, short-term credit, etc. Banking Capital-deposits by the NRIs. Autonomous Transactions These transactions are made independent of the state of the BOP. They could be done for any motive e.g. earning profit. Accommodating Transactions These transactions are a consequence of Autonomous transactions that are done to make the surplus or the deficit position on Autonomous as zero. It involves the change in Foreign Exchange Reserves. Transactions on Current and Capital Accounts are independent of each other, but they are linked through a change in reserves. Balance of Payment Reveals the financial and economic status of a country and can be used as an indicator to determine whether the country’s currency value is appreciating or depreciating and thereby helps the Government to decide on fiscal and trade policies.
##Question:Discuss the concept of Balance of Payment (BoP) with elaboration on its various components. (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the definition of the Balance of payment (BoP) Further, explain the concept of the Balance of Payment (BoP) by explaining the various components of it. Conclude with bringing BoP as the indicator of the health of the domestic economy. Answer The balance of payments (BoP) records the transactions in goods, services, and assets between residents of a country with the rest of the world for a specified time period typically a year. There are two main accounts in the BoP – the current account and the capital account. The current account records exports and imports in goods and services and transfer payments. It records those transactions which are current in nature i.e. they are settled transactions. It has no future implication arises in their respect. The capital account records all international purchases and sales of assets such as money, stocks, bonds, etc. These transactions are those which have an element of future i.e. time. These create implications for a country’s assets and liabilities. Current Account It consists of the trade in the Goods (Merchandise Trade: Imports and Exports) and Trade in Services (Largest amount), Earning and Incomes, and transfers. Trade and Goods and Services are settled transactions. Trade in the Goods is known as the merchandise goods. These goods are tangibles and can touch them and Trade in Services are invisible. Trade in the services is part of the invisible. Invisibles : It consists of Trade in Services, Earnings and Incomes, and Transfers. Trade in the Services that include the imports and exports. All transactions which lead to the inflow of foreign exchange are recorded as Positive Transactions and that lead to outflow recorded as Negative Transactions. If net positive called Current Account Surplus and if the Net negative is Current Account Deficit Capital Account It consists of Investments and borrowings (loans). Investments include investment from India abroad and Investment from abroad to India. Investments can be direct or indirect. Borrowings could be commercial or non-commercial. Investments both in the form of FDI and FII Borrowing from abroad or lending to abroad-These include External Commercial Borrowings, loans from multilateral institutions, short-term credit, etc. Banking Capital-deposits by the NRIs. Autonomous Transactions These transactions are made independent of the state of the BOP. They could be done for any motive e.g. earning profit. Accommodating Transactions These transactions are a consequence of Autonomous transactions that are done to make the surplus or the deficit position on Autonomous as zero. It involves the change in Foreign Exchange Reserves. Transactions on Current and Capital Accounts are independent of each other, but they are linked through a change in reserves. Balance of Payment Reveals the financial and economic status of a country and can be used as an indicator to determine whether the country’s currency value is appreciating or depreciating and thereby helps the Government to decide on fiscal and trade policies.
76,519
Analyze the Administrative set up and the Socio-economic condition during the Gupta Empire. (150 words/10 Marks)
Assignment Question: Analyze the Administrative setup and the Socio-economic condition during the Gupta Empire. (150 words/10 Marks) Approach- Give a brief introduction of Gupta Empire Briefly mention the Administration during Gupta rule Discuss the socio-economic conditions prevalent during the Gupta empire Introduction The Gupta period in ancient India is referred to as the “Golden Age” because of the numerous achievements in the field of arts, literature, science, and technology. It also brought about the political unification of the subcontinent. Administration of Gupta Empire The empire was divided into provinces called ‘Bhuktis’ . These ‘Bhuktis’were under the charge of ‘Uparikas’ Bhuktis were divided into districts called Vishays under the charge of Vishaypati. "Vishays" were divided into ‘Vithis’ which comprised many villages. More Tax on land was collected while the tax on trade and commerce was less. Villagers were subjected to forced labor called ‘Vishti’. Shrenis/Guilds These were associations of traders merchants and artisans. The system of Guilds began in the early Buddhist period and continued during the Mauryan period also. A separate Shreni existed for a particular group of persons engaged in the same vocation or activity. Guilds of Artisans, Merchants, and others were governed by their own law. They also enjoyed certain immunities. We find evidence of Feudalism in the Gupta administration e.g. the major part of the empire was held by feudatory chiefs who paid tribute to the king. Fiscal and administrative concessions were given to priests and administrators. Some higher officials were also given land grants. However, most of the officials paid in cash. There was a clear demarcation of civil and criminal law. The bureaucracy of the Gupta empire was not as developed as Mauryans. Economy Gupta issued the largest number of gold coins called Dinaras. These coins portray the king"s love for both war and art. Silver coins were also issued. However, very few copper coins were issued. There was a decline in long-distance trade however, trade within the empire was flourishing. Society Caste proliferated into many sub-castes. This mainly occurred via 2 mechanisms: 1. Every new tribe which became the part of larger Aryan fold became a new caste 2. Many foreigners who settled in India also became a new caste. The position of Shudras improved in this period. They were represented as Farmers. The number of ‘Chandals’ increased who often lived outside the cities and dealt in meat and flesh. Their condition was deplorable and whenever they entered the town they strike a piece of wood to announce their arrival. Chandals were often considered outside the Varna system. They were untouchables. Position of women- women of lower classes were free to earn their livelihood. The same did not happen to women of the upper class. The first example of ‘Sati’ was also found during the Gupta period however, many textbooks written during this period allowed remarriages of widows. ‘Niyog’ which was allowed earlier in the Vedic period was not allowed during the Gupta period. As part of Niyog, the younger brother could marry the wife of the older brother in the eventuality of death or later.
##Question:Analyze the Administrative set up and the Socio-economic condition during the Gupta Empire. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Assignment Question: Analyze the Administrative setup and the Socio-economic condition during the Gupta Empire. (150 words/10 Marks) Approach- Give a brief introduction of Gupta Empire Briefly mention the Administration during Gupta rule Discuss the socio-economic conditions prevalent during the Gupta empire Introduction The Gupta period in ancient India is referred to as the “Golden Age” because of the numerous achievements in the field of arts, literature, science, and technology. It also brought about the political unification of the subcontinent. Administration of Gupta Empire The empire was divided into provinces called ‘Bhuktis’ . These ‘Bhuktis’were under the charge of ‘Uparikas’ Bhuktis were divided into districts called Vishays under the charge of Vishaypati. "Vishays" were divided into ‘Vithis’ which comprised many villages. More Tax on land was collected while the tax on trade and commerce was less. Villagers were subjected to forced labor called ‘Vishti’. Shrenis/Guilds These were associations of traders merchants and artisans. The system of Guilds began in the early Buddhist period and continued during the Mauryan period also. A separate Shreni existed for a particular group of persons engaged in the same vocation or activity. Guilds of Artisans, Merchants, and others were governed by their own law. They also enjoyed certain immunities. We find evidence of Feudalism in the Gupta administration e.g. the major part of the empire was held by feudatory chiefs who paid tribute to the king. Fiscal and administrative concessions were given to priests and administrators. Some higher officials were also given land grants. However, most of the officials paid in cash. There was a clear demarcation of civil and criminal law. The bureaucracy of the Gupta empire was not as developed as Mauryans. Economy Gupta issued the largest number of gold coins called Dinaras. These coins portray the king"s love for both war and art. Silver coins were also issued. However, very few copper coins were issued. There was a decline in long-distance trade however, trade within the empire was flourishing. Society Caste proliferated into many sub-castes. This mainly occurred via 2 mechanisms: 1. Every new tribe which became the part of larger Aryan fold became a new caste 2. Many foreigners who settled in India also became a new caste. The position of Shudras improved in this period. They were represented as Farmers. The number of ‘Chandals’ increased who often lived outside the cities and dealt in meat and flesh. Their condition was deplorable and whenever they entered the town they strike a piece of wood to announce their arrival. Chandals were often considered outside the Varna system. They were untouchables. Position of women- women of lower classes were free to earn their livelihood. The same did not happen to women of the upper class. The first example of ‘Sati’ was also found during the Gupta period however, many textbooks written during this period allowed remarriages of widows. ‘Niyog’ which was allowed earlier in the Vedic period was not allowed during the Gupta period. As part of Niyog, the younger brother could marry the wife of the older brother in the eventuality of death or later.
76,535
क्वाड्रीलेटरल सिक्यूरिटी डायलाग या क्वाड / QUAD गठबंधन बनने के कारणों को सूचीबद्ध करते हुए क्वाड / QUAD के संभावित लाभों पर चर्चा कीजिए| साथ ही, भारत के लिए क्वाड / Quad के नकारात्मक प्रभावों को भी स्पष्ट कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) List the reasons for forming QUAD alliance and discuss the possible benefits of QUAD. Also, explain the negative implications of Quad for India. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)
एप्रोच - क्वाड्रीलेटरल सिक्यूरिटी डायलाग या क्वाड / QUAD गठबंधन की पृष्ठभूमि के साथ उत्तर आरंभ कीजिए| पहले भाग में, QUAD गठबंधन बनने के कारणों को सूचीबद्ध कीजिए| अगले भाग में, क्वाड / QUAD के संभावित लाभों पर चर्चा कीजिए| अंतिम भाग में, भारत के लिए क्वाड / Quad के नकारात्मक प्रभावों को स्पष्ट कीजिए| निष्कर्षतः, वर्तमान वैश्विक संदर्भ(रूस-यूक्रेन संकट आदि) में क्वाड की भूमिका तथा क्वाड के संदर्भ में आगे की राह को संक्षिप्तता से बताते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| उत्तर - क्वाड की अवधारणा सबसे पहले समुद्री आपदा के समय 2004 में विकसित हुई थी| 2007 में जापान के प्रधानमंत्री शिंजो अबे ने चीन के कारण उपजती भू-राजनैतिक और भूरणनीतिक चिंताओं के मद्देनजर, रणनीतिक वार्ता के रूप में "क्वाड" की शुरुआत की| (इंडो-पैसिफिक की अवधारणा)| हालाँकि, 2008 में ऑस्ट्रेलिया द्वारा इस ग्रुप से बाहर आने के कारण यह वार्ता शिथिल पड़ गयी थी लेकिन, 2017 में, समूह को पुनर्जीवित किया गया ताकि एशिया में चीन के आक्रामक उदय को संतुलित किया जा सके एवं ऑस्ट्रेलिया हिस्सा बना| 2019 में वाशिंगटन में क्वाड की मीटिंग हुई तथा 2021 में समिट स्तरीय मीटिंग का आयोजन किया गया| क्वाड(quadrilateral Security dialogue) वस्तुतः एक सुरक्षा सहयोग संगठन है जिसमें ऐसे देश शामिल हैं जिनको चीन द्वारा चुनौती मिल रही है| इसमें चार देश हैं यथा अमेरिका जापान ऑस्ट्रेलिया एवं भारत| QUAD गठबंधन बनने के कारण आतंकवाद एवं उसके प्रसार पर रोक, समुद्री क्षेत्र में सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करते हुए व्यापार वाणिज्य का विस्तार, स्वतंत्र नौवहन सुनिश्चित करना, इंडो-प्रशांत के छोटे देशों को सहयोग प्रदान करना एवं उनका सशक्तिकरण करना(सामूहिक आवाज), OBOR, मेरीटाइम सिल्क रूट, आसियान देशों की सोलिडेरिटी को तोड़ने का प्रयास, डोकलाम विवाद आदि के माध्यम से चीन के आक्रामक उभार को नियंत्रित करना क्वाड के उद्देश्य माने जाते हैं| यह संगठन इसके सभी सदस्य देशों के राष्ट्रीय हितों के समक्ष चुनौतियों के कारण गठित किया गया था एवं इसके पीछे सभी सदस्य देशों की अपनी-अपनी चिंताएं हैं ---> भारत की चिंताएँ ---> चीन तथा NSG की सदस्यता - क्वाड में केवल भारत NSG का सदस्य नहीं है, भारत सदस्यता के लिए प्रयासरत है किन्तु चीन भारत को सदस्यता देने का विरोध करता है, अतः भारत इसके लिए रणनीतिक प्रयास कर रहा है| चीन द्वारा पाकिस्तान समर्थित आतंकवाद का मौन समर्थन या चुप्पी - पाकिस्तान समर्थित आतंकवाद का चीन द्वारा समर्थन दिया जाता है| UN में आतंकवाद सम्बन्धी भारतीय प्रयासों का चीन द्वारा वीटो किया जाता रहा है| चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक कॉरिडोर - CPEC भारत की संप्रभुता को चुनौती देता है| चीन तथा पाकिस्तान के सैन्य संबंध -- चीन पाकिस्तान सैन्य सहयोग का निरंतर विकसित होते जाना भारतीय हितों के विरुद्ध है| चीन सिक्किम और अरुणाचल प्रदेश - सिक्किम और अरुणाचल प्रदेश को चीन विवादित कहता रहता है जिससे भारत की अखंडता प्रभावित होती है| हिंद महासागर में चीनी नौसेना की उपस्थिति - OBOR, स्ट्रिंग ऑफ़ पर्ल्स की नीति आदि के माध्यम से चीन हिंद महासागर में भारतीय हितों को चुनौती दी जाती है| श्रीलंका, पाकिस्तान, नेपाल आदि पड़ोसी देशों में चीन आक्रामक ढंग से निवेश अमेरिका की चिंताएँ ---> चीन एशियाई क्षेत्र में किसी भी अमेरिकी नेतृत्व वाले गठबंधन को खत्म करने की एक बड़ी रणनीति बना रहा है| चीन एक वैश्विक शक्ति के तौर पर उभर रहा है| चीन एशियाई देशों में निरंतर अपना प्रभाव बढाता जा रहा है, इससे अमेरिकी प्रभाव कमजोर होता है| दक्षिण चीन सागर में अमेरिका के मित्र राष्ट्रों को चीन द्वारा परेशान किया जा रहा है| जापान की चिंताएँ ---> उत्तरी कोरिया द्वारा जापान के ऊपर से दागी गई दो मिसाइलों के संबंध में जापान का मानना है कि इसमें चीन का हाथ है| अतः जापान के समक्ष सुरक्षा चुनौती उत्पन्न होती है| दक्षिण चीन सागर विवाद में चीन द्वारा बार-बार संप्रभुता को चुनौती सेनाकूकू द्वीप विवाद जापान की संप्रभुता को चुनौती देता है| उत्तरी कोरिया का मिसाइल एवं नाभिकीय कार्यक्रम चीन के सहयोग से चल रहा है| चीन उत्तरी कोरिया का कभी भी दुरूपयोग कर सकता है| ऑस्ट्रेलिया की चिंताएँ ---> बुनियादी ढाँचे और राजनीतिक गतिविधियों में चीन की बढ़ती रूचि से परेशान ऑस्ट्रलिया में विदेशियों द्वारा राजनीतिक फंडिंग की जा सकती है परिणाम स्वरुप पिछले 15 सालों में चीन ने ऑस्ट्रेलिया में बड़ा निवेश किया है इसके माध्यम से चेक बुक डिप्लोमेसी करता है| QUAD के संभावित लाभ चीन की आक्रामक नीतियों पर अंकुश - भारत के विरुद्ध चीन की आक्रामक गतिविधियों को नियंत्रित करने के लिए संयुक्त मोर्चे की व्यवस्था प्रदान करता है| कोविड-19 के उपरांत अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यवस्था तैयार करना - इस वैश्विक महामारी ने वैश्विक स्तर पर गंभीर बदलाव उत्पन्न किए हैं, जिसने वैश्विक आपूर्ति श्रृंखलाओं, विनिर्माण गतिविधियों और सभी देशों की समग्र अर्थव्यवस्थाओं को प्रतिकूल रूप से प्रभावित किया है| आसियान द्वारा भारत को चीन के प्रत्युतर एक बैलेंस के तौर पर देखना (ASEAN perceive India as a much-nended counterbalance to China) भारत की हिंद-प्रशांत दूरदर्शिता की प्राप्ति - क्वाड के सभी सदस्यों ने सर्वनिष्ठ नियमों पर आधारित व्यवस्था का पालन करते हुए स्वतंत्र, खुला, समावेशी हिंदू-प्रशांत क्षेत्र सुनिश्चित करने हेतु कभी कभी अपनी प्रतिबद्धता की पुष्टि की है| कनेक्टिविटी और अवसंरचनात्मक विकास, आतंकवाद-रोधी सुरक्षा, साइबर और समुद्री सुरक्षा, बहुपक्षीय संस्थानों का सुधार जैसे कई अन्य महत्वपूर्ण मुद्दों पर भारत, क्वाड के अन्य सदस्यों के साथ समान मत रखता है| भारत की रक्षा क्षमताओं को अतिरिक्त सुदृढ़ करना - संयुक्त गश्ती, रणनीतिक सूचनाओं के आदान-प्रदान आदि के माध्यम से क्वाड सदस्यों के साथ रक्षा के क्षेत्र में सहयोग से भारत को वित्त, नौसेना क्षमता, सैन्य जासूसी और तकनीकी एवं निगरानी क्षमताओं में सुधार या उन्हें अद्यतन करने से संबंधित सहायता मिल सकती है| भारत के लिए क्वाड के नकारात्मक प्रभाव(Negative impact of quad for India) अस्पष्ट एजेंडा - क्वाड में सामंजस्यपूर्ण उद्देश्य, रणनीतिक उद्देश्य और संस्थागत संरचना का अभाव है| सदस्य देशों ने क्वाड का कोई संयुक्त वक्तव्य भी जारी नहीं किया है, बल्कि सदस्य देशों द्वारा स्वयं के व्यक्तिगत विचारों को प्रस्तुत किया गया है| चीन का प्रभाव - चीन के क्वाड सदस्यों, विशेष रूप से ऑस्ट्रेलिया के साथ मजबूत आर्थिक संबंध है जिसका उपयोग सदस्य राष्ट्रों को अपने पक्ष में करने या उनको प्रभावित करने के लिए किया जा सकता है| यह भारत के लिए समस्याजनक हो सकता है| उदाहरण के लिए, कोविड-19 की उत्पत्ति के क्षेत्र का पता लगाने की स्वतंत्र अंतर्राष्ट्रीय जांच सबंधी ऑस्ट्रेलिया की मांग के आलोक में, चीन ने ऑस्ट्रेलियाई बीफ (beef) आयात पर प्रतिबंध लगा दिया और साथ ही जौ (barley) पर नए प्रशुल्क भी लगाए हैं| चीन को विरोधी बनाने की संभावना - चीन, क्वाड को चीन विरोधी गठबंधन के रूप में देखता है| इस प्रकार क्वाड के साथ भारत की बढ़ती संलग्नता से भारत के चीन के साथ संबंधों के और अधिक बिगड़ने का खतरा विद्यमान है| महत्वपूर्ण तकनीक और लचीली आपूर्ति श्रृंखला - भारत विशेष रूप से चीन पर निर्भरता को समाप्त करने के इच्छुक भागीदारों के साथ तकनीक संबंधी वैकल्पिक आपूर्ति श्रृंखला की स्थापना की दिशा में प्रयासरत रहा है| हालांकि, एक देश से दूसरे देश में डेटा के प्रवाह के संदर्भ में भारत ओसाका ट्रैक का हिस्सा नहीं है, जबकि अन्य क्वाड देश इसमें सहभागी है| अमेरिका से विरोधाभासी संकेत - ज्ञातव्य है कि क्वाड बैठकों के लिए अभी कार्य योजनाएं विकसित की जा रही हैं, फिर भी इसी दौरान अमेरिका ने सहयोगियों और भागीदारों को चकित करते हुए एक त्रिपक्षीय रक्षा भागीदारी की घोषणा की है| इसमें ऑस्ट्रेलिया और यूनाइटेड किंगडम शामिल है, जिसे ऑकस (AUKUS) नाम दिया गया है| हिंद महासागर का सैन्यीकरण क्वाड भारत-रूस संबंधों को प्रभावित कर सकता है| क्वाड के संदर्भ में आगे की राह सामूहिक कार्रवाई - सदस्य राष्ट्रों की स्वतंत्रता और सुरक्षा को सुनिश्चित करने के लिए क्वाड राष्ट्रों को सामूहिक सुरक्षा की दिशा में कार्य करना चाहिए| क्वाड समूह अपने 30 ट्रिलियन डॉलर के संयुक्त GDP (महामारी पूर्व स्थिति के अनुरूप) और 800 बिलियन डॉलर के संयुक्त रक्षा बजट के साथ, चीन को आसानी से प्रतिसंतुलित कर सकता है| स्पष्ट दृष्टिकोण की आवश्यकता - क्वाड राष्ट्रों को एक व्यापक फ्रेमवर्क के आधार पर अपने हिंद-प्रशांत दृष्टिकोण को स्पष्ट करने पर विशेष ध्यान केंद्रित करना चाहिए, ताकि प्रत्येक देश के आर्थिक और सुरक्षा हितों को पूरा किया जा सके| इससे तटीय देशों को भी यह आश्वासन प्रदान करने में मदद मिलेगी कि क्वाड की उपस्थिति से क्षेत्र को लाभ प्राप्त होगा| क्वाड का विस्तार - हिंद-प्रशांत क्षेत्र में कई अन्य देश हैं, जिनके भारत के साथ बेहतर संबंध हैं| इसलिए, भारत को ऐसी रणनीति निर्मित करनी चाहिए, ताकि इंडोनेशिया, सिंगापुर आदि जैसे देशों को भविष्य में क्वाड में शामिल होने के लिए आमंत्रित किया जा सके| समुद्री सिद्धांत/नीति की आवश्यकता - भारत को हिंद-प्रशांत क्षेत्र के संदर्भ में एक व्यापक दृष्टिकोण तैयार करना चाहिए| इससे मौजूदा और भावी समुद्री चुनौतियों के निपटान, अपने सैन्य और असैन्य साधनों को परस्पर समेकित करने तथा अपने सामरिक भागीदारों को शामिल करने की दिशा में वैचारिक प्रयासों को बढ़ावा मिलेगा| चीन और रूस के साथ अपने संबंधों को ध्यान में रखते हुए भारत ने क्वाड के संदर्भ में में यह प्रतिबद्धता स्पष्ट की है कि क्वाड का उपयोग असैन्य/नागरिक मुद्दों के लिए किया जाएगा एवं साझे हित के मुद्दों को वरीयता दी जाएगी| वर्तमान में रूस और यूक्रेन के बीच चल रहे युद्ध के संदर्भ में क्वाड के बाकी सदस्यों द्वारा भारत पर रूस के संदर्भ में नीति पर प्रश्नचिंह उठाया है लेकिन भारत ने अपने राष्ट्रीय हितों के अनुरूप ही क्वाड के साथ-साथ रूस एवं चीन के साथ संबंधों को देखते हुए एक संतुलित कदम उठाया है|
##Question:क्वाड्रीलेटरल सिक्यूरिटी डायलाग या क्वाड / QUAD गठबंधन बनने के कारणों को सूचीबद्ध करते हुए क्वाड / QUAD के संभावित लाभों पर चर्चा कीजिए| साथ ही, भारत के लिए क्वाड / Quad के नकारात्मक प्रभावों को भी स्पष्ट कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) List the reasons for forming QUAD alliance and discuss the possible benefits of QUAD. Also, explain the negative implications of Quad for India. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)##Answer:एप्रोच - क्वाड्रीलेटरल सिक्यूरिटी डायलाग या क्वाड / QUAD गठबंधन की पृष्ठभूमि के साथ उत्तर आरंभ कीजिए| पहले भाग में, QUAD गठबंधन बनने के कारणों को सूचीबद्ध कीजिए| अगले भाग में, क्वाड / QUAD के संभावित लाभों पर चर्चा कीजिए| अंतिम भाग में, भारत के लिए क्वाड / Quad के नकारात्मक प्रभावों को स्पष्ट कीजिए| निष्कर्षतः, वर्तमान वैश्विक संदर्भ(रूस-यूक्रेन संकट आदि) में क्वाड की भूमिका तथा क्वाड के संदर्भ में आगे की राह को संक्षिप्तता से बताते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| उत्तर - क्वाड की अवधारणा सबसे पहले समुद्री आपदा के समय 2004 में विकसित हुई थी| 2007 में जापान के प्रधानमंत्री शिंजो अबे ने चीन के कारण उपजती भू-राजनैतिक और भूरणनीतिक चिंताओं के मद्देनजर, रणनीतिक वार्ता के रूप में "क्वाड" की शुरुआत की| (इंडो-पैसिफिक की अवधारणा)| हालाँकि, 2008 में ऑस्ट्रेलिया द्वारा इस ग्रुप से बाहर आने के कारण यह वार्ता शिथिल पड़ गयी थी लेकिन, 2017 में, समूह को पुनर्जीवित किया गया ताकि एशिया में चीन के आक्रामक उदय को संतुलित किया जा सके एवं ऑस्ट्रेलिया हिस्सा बना| 2019 में वाशिंगटन में क्वाड की मीटिंग हुई तथा 2021 में समिट स्तरीय मीटिंग का आयोजन किया गया| क्वाड(quadrilateral Security dialogue) वस्तुतः एक सुरक्षा सहयोग संगठन है जिसमें ऐसे देश शामिल हैं जिनको चीन द्वारा चुनौती मिल रही है| इसमें चार देश हैं यथा अमेरिका जापान ऑस्ट्रेलिया एवं भारत| QUAD गठबंधन बनने के कारण आतंकवाद एवं उसके प्रसार पर रोक, समुद्री क्षेत्र में सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करते हुए व्यापार वाणिज्य का विस्तार, स्वतंत्र नौवहन सुनिश्चित करना, इंडो-प्रशांत के छोटे देशों को सहयोग प्रदान करना एवं उनका सशक्तिकरण करना(सामूहिक आवाज), OBOR, मेरीटाइम सिल्क रूट, आसियान देशों की सोलिडेरिटी को तोड़ने का प्रयास, डोकलाम विवाद आदि के माध्यम से चीन के आक्रामक उभार को नियंत्रित करना क्वाड के उद्देश्य माने जाते हैं| यह संगठन इसके सभी सदस्य देशों के राष्ट्रीय हितों के समक्ष चुनौतियों के कारण गठित किया गया था एवं इसके पीछे सभी सदस्य देशों की अपनी-अपनी चिंताएं हैं ---> भारत की चिंताएँ ---> चीन तथा NSG की सदस्यता - क्वाड में केवल भारत NSG का सदस्य नहीं है, भारत सदस्यता के लिए प्रयासरत है किन्तु चीन भारत को सदस्यता देने का विरोध करता है, अतः भारत इसके लिए रणनीतिक प्रयास कर रहा है| चीन द्वारा पाकिस्तान समर्थित आतंकवाद का मौन समर्थन या चुप्पी - पाकिस्तान समर्थित आतंकवाद का चीन द्वारा समर्थन दिया जाता है| UN में आतंकवाद सम्बन्धी भारतीय प्रयासों का चीन द्वारा वीटो किया जाता रहा है| चीन-पाकिस्तान आर्थिक कॉरिडोर - CPEC भारत की संप्रभुता को चुनौती देता है| चीन तथा पाकिस्तान के सैन्य संबंध -- चीन पाकिस्तान सैन्य सहयोग का निरंतर विकसित होते जाना भारतीय हितों के विरुद्ध है| चीन सिक्किम और अरुणाचल प्रदेश - सिक्किम और अरुणाचल प्रदेश को चीन विवादित कहता रहता है जिससे भारत की अखंडता प्रभावित होती है| हिंद महासागर में चीनी नौसेना की उपस्थिति - OBOR, स्ट्रिंग ऑफ़ पर्ल्स की नीति आदि के माध्यम से चीन हिंद महासागर में भारतीय हितों को चुनौती दी जाती है| श्रीलंका, पाकिस्तान, नेपाल आदि पड़ोसी देशों में चीन आक्रामक ढंग से निवेश अमेरिका की चिंताएँ ---> चीन एशियाई क्षेत्र में किसी भी अमेरिकी नेतृत्व वाले गठबंधन को खत्म करने की एक बड़ी रणनीति बना रहा है| चीन एक वैश्विक शक्ति के तौर पर उभर रहा है| चीन एशियाई देशों में निरंतर अपना प्रभाव बढाता जा रहा है, इससे अमेरिकी प्रभाव कमजोर होता है| दक्षिण चीन सागर में अमेरिका के मित्र राष्ट्रों को चीन द्वारा परेशान किया जा रहा है| जापान की चिंताएँ ---> उत्तरी कोरिया द्वारा जापान के ऊपर से दागी गई दो मिसाइलों के संबंध में जापान का मानना है कि इसमें चीन का हाथ है| अतः जापान के समक्ष सुरक्षा चुनौती उत्पन्न होती है| दक्षिण चीन सागर विवाद में चीन द्वारा बार-बार संप्रभुता को चुनौती सेनाकूकू द्वीप विवाद जापान की संप्रभुता को चुनौती देता है| उत्तरी कोरिया का मिसाइल एवं नाभिकीय कार्यक्रम चीन के सहयोग से चल रहा है| चीन उत्तरी कोरिया का कभी भी दुरूपयोग कर सकता है| ऑस्ट्रेलिया की चिंताएँ ---> बुनियादी ढाँचे और राजनीतिक गतिविधियों में चीन की बढ़ती रूचि से परेशान ऑस्ट्रलिया में विदेशियों द्वारा राजनीतिक फंडिंग की जा सकती है परिणाम स्वरुप पिछले 15 सालों में चीन ने ऑस्ट्रेलिया में बड़ा निवेश किया है इसके माध्यम से चेक बुक डिप्लोमेसी करता है| QUAD के संभावित लाभ चीन की आक्रामक नीतियों पर अंकुश - भारत के विरुद्ध चीन की आक्रामक गतिविधियों को नियंत्रित करने के लिए संयुक्त मोर्चे की व्यवस्था प्रदान करता है| कोविड-19 के उपरांत अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यवस्था तैयार करना - इस वैश्विक महामारी ने वैश्विक स्तर पर गंभीर बदलाव उत्पन्न किए हैं, जिसने वैश्विक आपूर्ति श्रृंखलाओं, विनिर्माण गतिविधियों और सभी देशों की समग्र अर्थव्यवस्थाओं को प्रतिकूल रूप से प्रभावित किया है| आसियान द्वारा भारत को चीन के प्रत्युतर एक बैलेंस के तौर पर देखना (ASEAN perceive India as a much-nended counterbalance to China) भारत की हिंद-प्रशांत दूरदर्शिता की प्राप्ति - क्वाड के सभी सदस्यों ने सर्वनिष्ठ नियमों पर आधारित व्यवस्था का पालन करते हुए स्वतंत्र, खुला, समावेशी हिंदू-प्रशांत क्षेत्र सुनिश्चित करने हेतु कभी कभी अपनी प्रतिबद्धता की पुष्टि की है| कनेक्टिविटी और अवसंरचनात्मक विकास, आतंकवाद-रोधी सुरक्षा, साइबर और समुद्री सुरक्षा, बहुपक्षीय संस्थानों का सुधार जैसे कई अन्य महत्वपूर्ण मुद्दों पर भारत, क्वाड के अन्य सदस्यों के साथ समान मत रखता है| भारत की रक्षा क्षमताओं को अतिरिक्त सुदृढ़ करना - संयुक्त गश्ती, रणनीतिक सूचनाओं के आदान-प्रदान आदि के माध्यम से क्वाड सदस्यों के साथ रक्षा के क्षेत्र में सहयोग से भारत को वित्त, नौसेना क्षमता, सैन्य जासूसी और तकनीकी एवं निगरानी क्षमताओं में सुधार या उन्हें अद्यतन करने से संबंधित सहायता मिल सकती है| भारत के लिए क्वाड के नकारात्मक प्रभाव(Negative impact of quad for India) अस्पष्ट एजेंडा - क्वाड में सामंजस्यपूर्ण उद्देश्य, रणनीतिक उद्देश्य और संस्थागत संरचना का अभाव है| सदस्य देशों ने क्वाड का कोई संयुक्त वक्तव्य भी जारी नहीं किया है, बल्कि सदस्य देशों द्वारा स्वयं के व्यक्तिगत विचारों को प्रस्तुत किया गया है| चीन का प्रभाव - चीन के क्वाड सदस्यों, विशेष रूप से ऑस्ट्रेलिया के साथ मजबूत आर्थिक संबंध है जिसका उपयोग सदस्य राष्ट्रों को अपने पक्ष में करने या उनको प्रभावित करने के लिए किया जा सकता है| यह भारत के लिए समस्याजनक हो सकता है| उदाहरण के लिए, कोविड-19 की उत्पत्ति के क्षेत्र का पता लगाने की स्वतंत्र अंतर्राष्ट्रीय जांच सबंधी ऑस्ट्रेलिया की मांग के आलोक में, चीन ने ऑस्ट्रेलियाई बीफ (beef) आयात पर प्रतिबंध लगा दिया और साथ ही जौ (barley) पर नए प्रशुल्क भी लगाए हैं| चीन को विरोधी बनाने की संभावना - चीन, क्वाड को चीन विरोधी गठबंधन के रूप में देखता है| इस प्रकार क्वाड के साथ भारत की बढ़ती संलग्नता से भारत के चीन के साथ संबंधों के और अधिक बिगड़ने का खतरा विद्यमान है| महत्वपूर्ण तकनीक और लचीली आपूर्ति श्रृंखला - भारत विशेष रूप से चीन पर निर्भरता को समाप्त करने के इच्छुक भागीदारों के साथ तकनीक संबंधी वैकल्पिक आपूर्ति श्रृंखला की स्थापना की दिशा में प्रयासरत रहा है| हालांकि, एक देश से दूसरे देश में डेटा के प्रवाह के संदर्भ में भारत ओसाका ट्रैक का हिस्सा नहीं है, जबकि अन्य क्वाड देश इसमें सहभागी है| अमेरिका से विरोधाभासी संकेत - ज्ञातव्य है कि क्वाड बैठकों के लिए अभी कार्य योजनाएं विकसित की जा रही हैं, फिर भी इसी दौरान अमेरिका ने सहयोगियों और भागीदारों को चकित करते हुए एक त्रिपक्षीय रक्षा भागीदारी की घोषणा की है| इसमें ऑस्ट्रेलिया और यूनाइटेड किंगडम शामिल है, जिसे ऑकस (AUKUS) नाम दिया गया है| हिंद महासागर का सैन्यीकरण क्वाड भारत-रूस संबंधों को प्रभावित कर सकता है| क्वाड के संदर्भ में आगे की राह सामूहिक कार्रवाई - सदस्य राष्ट्रों की स्वतंत्रता और सुरक्षा को सुनिश्चित करने के लिए क्वाड राष्ट्रों को सामूहिक सुरक्षा की दिशा में कार्य करना चाहिए| क्वाड समूह अपने 30 ट्रिलियन डॉलर के संयुक्त GDP (महामारी पूर्व स्थिति के अनुरूप) और 800 बिलियन डॉलर के संयुक्त रक्षा बजट के साथ, चीन को आसानी से प्रतिसंतुलित कर सकता है| स्पष्ट दृष्टिकोण की आवश्यकता - क्वाड राष्ट्रों को एक व्यापक फ्रेमवर्क के आधार पर अपने हिंद-प्रशांत दृष्टिकोण को स्पष्ट करने पर विशेष ध्यान केंद्रित करना चाहिए, ताकि प्रत्येक देश के आर्थिक और सुरक्षा हितों को पूरा किया जा सके| इससे तटीय देशों को भी यह आश्वासन प्रदान करने में मदद मिलेगी कि क्वाड की उपस्थिति से क्षेत्र को लाभ प्राप्त होगा| क्वाड का विस्तार - हिंद-प्रशांत क्षेत्र में कई अन्य देश हैं, जिनके भारत के साथ बेहतर संबंध हैं| इसलिए, भारत को ऐसी रणनीति निर्मित करनी चाहिए, ताकि इंडोनेशिया, सिंगापुर आदि जैसे देशों को भविष्य में क्वाड में शामिल होने के लिए आमंत्रित किया जा सके| समुद्री सिद्धांत/नीति की आवश्यकता - भारत को हिंद-प्रशांत क्षेत्र के संदर्भ में एक व्यापक दृष्टिकोण तैयार करना चाहिए| इससे मौजूदा और भावी समुद्री चुनौतियों के निपटान, अपने सैन्य और असैन्य साधनों को परस्पर समेकित करने तथा अपने सामरिक भागीदारों को शामिल करने की दिशा में वैचारिक प्रयासों को बढ़ावा मिलेगा| चीन और रूस के साथ अपने संबंधों को ध्यान में रखते हुए भारत ने क्वाड के संदर्भ में में यह प्रतिबद्धता स्पष्ट की है कि क्वाड का उपयोग असैन्य/नागरिक मुद्दों के लिए किया जाएगा एवं साझे हित के मुद्दों को वरीयता दी जाएगी| वर्तमान में रूस और यूक्रेन के बीच चल रहे युद्ध के संदर्भ में क्वाड के बाकी सदस्यों द्वारा भारत पर रूस के संदर्भ में नीति पर प्रश्नचिंह उठाया है लेकिन भारत ने अपने राष्ट्रीय हितों के अनुरूप ही क्वाड के साथ-साथ रूस एवं चीन के साथ संबंधों को देखते हुए एक संतुलित कदम उठाया है|
76,540
Discuss in brief the Meghalaya Plateau and Chota-Nagpur Plateau. (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Introduce in brief Plateaus in India In body mention about Chota-Nagpur Plateau and Meghalaya Plateau Conclude briefly with significance Answer : A plateau is a flat, elevated landform that rises sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side.The major plateaus in India are Marwar Plateau, Central Highland, Bundelkhand Upland, Malwa Plateau, Baghelkhand, Chota Nagpur Plateau, Meghalaya Plateau, Deccan Plateau, etc Chota-Nagpur Plateau: This is the larger plateau on the eastern side. It is also called the Rhur of India Majorly geographically extends to the states of Jharkhand, Odisha and Odisha and minor presence in West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra Patland topography - Ranchi Plateau, Hazaribagh Plateau, etc Jharkhand - Singbhum, Naomundi, Bokaro, Hazaribagh, Rachi Odisha - Mayurbhaj, Sundergarh District (Rourkela), Keonjhar Chattisgarh Plateau - It is a saucer-like stricture composed of hard impermeable rocks In the depression, sedimentation happened to facilitate Paddy cultivation The amount of rainfall is just 70 Cms due to impermeable rocks, this 70 cm of rainfall is quite sufficient for the growth of Paddy and so it is called the rice bowl of central India Any amount of rain more than 70 Cm creates flooding condition Durg Plateau: North of Chattisgarh Bastar Plateau: It is in the Southern Part of Chattisgarh. To the south of Chattisgarh, there are dry deciduous forests called Dandakaranya forests are located. This is the nucleus or seat of the "red corridor" To the east of Chotanagpur, there are certain hills called Rajmahal Hills and the highest peak here is Mount Parasnath Meghalaya Plateau: Rajmahal Garo Gap (R-G Gap) or Malda Gap - Gap between Chotanagpur and Meghalaya Plateau Because of the tectonic activity, the keystone sank down creating a Graben Bangladesh is very close to the mean sea level. Any rise of water level more than one metre inundates the 1/4th of Bangladesh in the south Meghalaya plateau is a funnel-like structure that results in a lot of rainfall making it the wettest place Garo Hills: Westernmost hills of Meghalaya Plateau with a dominant tribe as Garo The headquarters is in Tura. Important Bioshpehre Reserve - Nokrek Khasi Hills: They are the central Hills of the Meghalaya Plateau with the dominant tribe being the Khasi The headquarter being Shillong is located here, and Shillong Peak Cherrapunji and Mayswnram are located in Khasi Hills Jaintia Hills: Located in the easternmost hills of the Meghalaya Plateau Rich in tertiary coals and tertiary minerals. The dominant tribe is Jaintia Tribe Thus, from the above, it is evident that these plateau regions are quite old and has a lot of significance in terms of mineral resources and deposits. As a result, many of the mining and industrial areas in are located in the plateau areas.
##Question:Discuss in brief the Meghalaya Plateau and Chota-Nagpur Plateau. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in brief Plateaus in India In body mention about Chota-Nagpur Plateau and Meghalaya Plateau Conclude briefly with significance Answer : A plateau is a flat, elevated landform that rises sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side.The major plateaus in India are Marwar Plateau, Central Highland, Bundelkhand Upland, Malwa Plateau, Baghelkhand, Chota Nagpur Plateau, Meghalaya Plateau, Deccan Plateau, etc Chota-Nagpur Plateau: This is the larger plateau on the eastern side. It is also called the Rhur of India Majorly geographically extends to the states of Jharkhand, Odisha and Odisha and minor presence in West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra Patland topography - Ranchi Plateau, Hazaribagh Plateau, etc Jharkhand - Singbhum, Naomundi, Bokaro, Hazaribagh, Rachi Odisha - Mayurbhaj, Sundergarh District (Rourkela), Keonjhar Chattisgarh Plateau - It is a saucer-like stricture composed of hard impermeable rocks In the depression, sedimentation happened to facilitate Paddy cultivation The amount of rainfall is just 70 Cms due to impermeable rocks, this 70 cm of rainfall is quite sufficient for the growth of Paddy and so it is called the rice bowl of central India Any amount of rain more than 70 Cm creates flooding condition Durg Plateau: North of Chattisgarh Bastar Plateau: It is in the Southern Part of Chattisgarh. To the south of Chattisgarh, there are dry deciduous forests called Dandakaranya forests are located. This is the nucleus or seat of the "red corridor" To the east of Chotanagpur, there are certain hills called Rajmahal Hills and the highest peak here is Mount Parasnath Meghalaya Plateau: Rajmahal Garo Gap (R-G Gap) or Malda Gap - Gap between Chotanagpur and Meghalaya Plateau Because of the tectonic activity, the keystone sank down creating a Graben Bangladesh is very close to the mean sea level. Any rise of water level more than one metre inundates the 1/4th of Bangladesh in the south Meghalaya plateau is a funnel-like structure that results in a lot of rainfall making it the wettest place Garo Hills: Westernmost hills of Meghalaya Plateau with a dominant tribe as Garo The headquarters is in Tura. Important Bioshpehre Reserve - Nokrek Khasi Hills: They are the central Hills of the Meghalaya Plateau with the dominant tribe being the Khasi The headquarter being Shillong is located here, and Shillong Peak Cherrapunji and Mayswnram are located in Khasi Hills Jaintia Hills: Located in the easternmost hills of the Meghalaya Plateau Rich in tertiary coals and tertiary minerals. The dominant tribe is Jaintia Tribe Thus, from the above, it is evident that these plateau regions are quite old and has a lot of significance in terms of mineral resources and deposits. As a result, many of the mining and industrial areas in are located in the plateau areas.
76,549
समुद्री प्लास्टिक प्रदूषण की भयावहता को स्पष्ट करते हुए इसके प्रभाव तथा इससे निपटने के लिए उठाये गए क़दमों की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक-10 ) Explaining the magnitude of marine plastic pollution, briefly discuss its impact and the steps taken to combat it. (150-200 words, marks -10)
दृष्टिकोण : कुछ आंकड़ों से समुद्री प्लास्टिक प्रदुषण की भयावह स्थिति को बताते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . समुद्री प्लास्टिक प्रदुषण के प्रमुख कारणों की बिन्दुवार चर्चा कीजिए . समुद्री प्लास्टिक प्रदुषण के प्रभावों की चर्चा कीजिए . समुद्री प्लास्टिक प्रदुषण से निपटने के लिए उठाए गए प्रमुख क़दमों की चर्चा कीजिए . कुछ सुझावों के साथ भूमिका लिखिए . उत्तर : प्रति वर्ष 300 मिलियन टन प्लास्टिक का उत्पादन होता है और कम से कम 8 मिलियन प्लास्टिक का समुद्र में निस्तारण किया जाता है .सतही जल से गहरे समुद्री तलछटो तक समग्र समुद्री मलवे के 80% का निर्माण प्लास्टिक अपशिष्ट द्वारा होता है . सौर पराबैंगनी विकिरण, वायु , धाराओं और अन्य प्राकृतिक कारकों के प्रभाव के कारण प्लास्टिक का विखंडन छोटे-छोटे कणों में हो जाता है . इन छोटे कणों को माइक्रोप्लास्टिक तथा नैनो-प्लास्टिक कहा जाता है . इसके माध्यम से प्लास्टिक का समुद्र में दूर तक तथा गहराई तक विस्तार हो जाता है . प्लास्टिक के स्रोत : समुद्री प्लास्टिक के मुख्य स्रोत भूमि आधारित होते हैं जिसमें शामिल हैं : शहरी और तूफानी अपवाह . सीवर अतिप्रवाह . समुद्र तट के आगंतुक . अप्रर्याप्त अपशिष्ट निपटान और प्रबंधन . औद्योगिक गतिविधियाँ . निर्माण और डंपिंग . मत्स्यन उद्योग . समुद्री गतिविधियों और जलीय कृषि . महासागरीय प्लास्टिक प्रदुषण का प्रभाव : समुद्री पर्यावरण पर - समुद्री पक्षी, व्हेल, मछलियां और कछुएं जैसी सैकड़ों समुद्री प्रजातियां अंतर्ग्रहण, श्वासरोध और एंटेंगलमेंट (प्लास्टिक में फंसने) तथा अधिकांश के पेट में प्लास्टिक का मलबा भर जाने के कारण भूख से त्रस्त होकर मर जाती हैं। ये त्वचा पर आघात (lacerations), संक्रमण, तैरने की कम क्षमता और आंतरिक चोटों से भी पीड़ित हो जाती हैं। तैरती हुई प्लास्टिक (Floating plastics) पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र को बाधित करने वाले आक्रामक समुद्री जीवों और जीवाणु के प्रसार में भी योगदान करती है| खाद्य और स्वास्थ्य पर - विषाक्त प्रदूषक पदार्थ प्लास्टिक पदार्थों की सतह पर जमा हो जाते हैं और जब इनका सेवन समुद्री जीवों द्वारा किया जाता है, तब यह उनके पाचन तंत्र में प्रवेश कर जाते हैं। अधिक समय तक इनके सेवन के कारण ये खाद्य जाल (food web) में संचित हो जाते है और समुद्री भोजन की खपत के माध्यम से समुद्री प्रजातियों और मनुष्यों के मध्य दूषित पदार्थों के स्थानांतरण का कारण बनते हैं। प्लास्टिक सामग्री में मौजूद कैंसरजन्य रसायन शरीर की अंतःस्रावी प्रणाली (endocrine system) को प्रभावित करते हैं, जिसके कारण मनुष्य और वन्यजीव दोनों में विकासात्मक, प्रजनन, स्नायुतंत्र (neurological) और प्रतिरक्षा संबंधी विकार उत्पन्न होते हैं| पर्यटन पर: प्लास्टिक अपशिष्ट पर्यटन स्थलों के सौन्दर्यपरक मूल्य (aesthetic value) को कम करता है, जिसके कारण पर्यटन से संबंधित आय में कमी होती है साथ ही स्थलों की सफाई और अनुरक्षण से संबंधित प्रमुख आर्थिक लागत भी बढ़ जाती है| महासागरीय प्लास्टिक प्रदुषण से निपटने के लिए उठाए गए कदम/ सुझाव : बहुआयामी दृष्टिकोण: महासागर में प्रवेश करने वाले प्लास्टिक के प्रवाह को नियंत्रित करने हेतु प्लास्टिक के उपयोग को सीमित करने, अपशिष्ट संग्रह, अवसंरचना और प्रबंधन में सुधार करने और पुनर्चक्रण का विस्तार करने सहित दृष्टिकोणों के संयोजन की आवश्यकता है , विशेषकर उन देशों में जहां अधिकांश प्लास्टिक की उत्पत्ति होती है . प्लास्टिक प्रदूषण का समाधान करने के लिए मौजूदा अंतर्राष्ट्रीय कानूनी रूप से बाध्यकारी उपकरणों का और अधिक अन्वेषण किया जाना चाहिए . सहयोग का सुहदीकरण: प्लास्टिक उपयोग और उनके निपटान के लिए उपयुक्त तकनीकी, व्यवहारिक और नीतिगत समाधान खोजने के लिए सरकारों, अनुसंधान संस्थानों और उद्योगों के मध्य सहयोग को सुदृढ़ करने पर बल दिया जाना चाहिए . रैखिक से चक्रीय अर्थव्यवस्था की ओर संक्रमण जिसमें संसाधनों (जैसे कि प्लास्टिक) का सीधे भूमि भराव क्षेत्र या महासागर की ओर जाने देने के बजाय निरंतर उपयोग, पुनः प्राप्त और पुन: उपयोग किया जाता है . पुनः प्रयोज्य पानी की बोतल, कपड़े की थैली, सेकंड हैंड उत्पाद खरीदने आदि के माध्यम से प्लास्टिक के उपयोग को सीमित करने का व्यक्तिगत उत्तरदायित्व होना चाहिए क्योंकि महासागर में कम प्लास्टिक होने का सबसे प्रभावी तरीका प्रथम चरण में ही कम प्लास्टिक का उपयोग करना है . इसके साथ ही MARPOL द्वारा भी इस दिशा में महत्वपूर्ण कदम उठाए जा रहे हैं . वर्ष 2020 के पर्यावरण दिवस की थीम बिट प्लास्टिक पोल्यूशन भी इसी दिशा में महत्वपूर्ण कदम है .
##Question:समुद्री प्लास्टिक प्रदूषण की भयावहता को स्पष्ट करते हुए इसके प्रभाव तथा इससे निपटने के लिए उठाये गए क़दमों की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक-10 ) Explaining the magnitude of marine plastic pollution, briefly discuss its impact and the steps taken to combat it. (150-200 words, marks -10)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण : कुछ आंकड़ों से समुद्री प्लास्टिक प्रदुषण की भयावह स्थिति को बताते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . समुद्री प्लास्टिक प्रदुषण के प्रमुख कारणों की बिन्दुवार चर्चा कीजिए . समुद्री प्लास्टिक प्रदुषण के प्रभावों की चर्चा कीजिए . समुद्री प्लास्टिक प्रदुषण से निपटने के लिए उठाए गए प्रमुख क़दमों की चर्चा कीजिए . कुछ सुझावों के साथ भूमिका लिखिए . उत्तर : प्रति वर्ष 300 मिलियन टन प्लास्टिक का उत्पादन होता है और कम से कम 8 मिलियन प्लास्टिक का समुद्र में निस्तारण किया जाता है .सतही जल से गहरे समुद्री तलछटो तक समग्र समुद्री मलवे के 80% का निर्माण प्लास्टिक अपशिष्ट द्वारा होता है . सौर पराबैंगनी विकिरण, वायु , धाराओं और अन्य प्राकृतिक कारकों के प्रभाव के कारण प्लास्टिक का विखंडन छोटे-छोटे कणों में हो जाता है . इन छोटे कणों को माइक्रोप्लास्टिक तथा नैनो-प्लास्टिक कहा जाता है . इसके माध्यम से प्लास्टिक का समुद्र में दूर तक तथा गहराई तक विस्तार हो जाता है . प्लास्टिक के स्रोत : समुद्री प्लास्टिक के मुख्य स्रोत भूमि आधारित होते हैं जिसमें शामिल हैं : शहरी और तूफानी अपवाह . सीवर अतिप्रवाह . समुद्र तट के आगंतुक . अप्रर्याप्त अपशिष्ट निपटान और प्रबंधन . औद्योगिक गतिविधियाँ . निर्माण और डंपिंग . मत्स्यन उद्योग . समुद्री गतिविधियों और जलीय कृषि . महासागरीय प्लास्टिक प्रदुषण का प्रभाव : समुद्री पर्यावरण पर - समुद्री पक्षी, व्हेल, मछलियां और कछुएं जैसी सैकड़ों समुद्री प्रजातियां अंतर्ग्रहण, श्वासरोध और एंटेंगलमेंट (प्लास्टिक में फंसने) तथा अधिकांश के पेट में प्लास्टिक का मलबा भर जाने के कारण भूख से त्रस्त होकर मर जाती हैं। ये त्वचा पर आघात (lacerations), संक्रमण, तैरने की कम क्षमता और आंतरिक चोटों से भी पीड़ित हो जाती हैं। तैरती हुई प्लास्टिक (Floating plastics) पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र को बाधित करने वाले आक्रामक समुद्री जीवों और जीवाणु के प्रसार में भी योगदान करती है| खाद्य और स्वास्थ्य पर - विषाक्त प्रदूषक पदार्थ प्लास्टिक पदार्थों की सतह पर जमा हो जाते हैं और जब इनका सेवन समुद्री जीवों द्वारा किया जाता है, तब यह उनके पाचन तंत्र में प्रवेश कर जाते हैं। अधिक समय तक इनके सेवन के कारण ये खाद्य जाल (food web) में संचित हो जाते है और समुद्री भोजन की खपत के माध्यम से समुद्री प्रजातियों और मनुष्यों के मध्य दूषित पदार्थों के स्थानांतरण का कारण बनते हैं। प्लास्टिक सामग्री में मौजूद कैंसरजन्य रसायन शरीर की अंतःस्रावी प्रणाली (endocrine system) को प्रभावित करते हैं, जिसके कारण मनुष्य और वन्यजीव दोनों में विकासात्मक, प्रजनन, स्नायुतंत्र (neurological) और प्रतिरक्षा संबंधी विकार उत्पन्न होते हैं| पर्यटन पर: प्लास्टिक अपशिष्ट पर्यटन स्थलों के सौन्दर्यपरक मूल्य (aesthetic value) को कम करता है, जिसके कारण पर्यटन से संबंधित आय में कमी होती है साथ ही स्थलों की सफाई और अनुरक्षण से संबंधित प्रमुख आर्थिक लागत भी बढ़ जाती है| महासागरीय प्लास्टिक प्रदुषण से निपटने के लिए उठाए गए कदम/ सुझाव : बहुआयामी दृष्टिकोण: महासागर में प्रवेश करने वाले प्लास्टिक के प्रवाह को नियंत्रित करने हेतु प्लास्टिक के उपयोग को सीमित करने, अपशिष्ट संग्रह, अवसंरचना और प्रबंधन में सुधार करने और पुनर्चक्रण का विस्तार करने सहित दृष्टिकोणों के संयोजन की आवश्यकता है , विशेषकर उन देशों में जहां अधिकांश प्लास्टिक की उत्पत्ति होती है . प्लास्टिक प्रदूषण का समाधान करने के लिए मौजूदा अंतर्राष्ट्रीय कानूनी रूप से बाध्यकारी उपकरणों का और अधिक अन्वेषण किया जाना चाहिए . सहयोग का सुहदीकरण: प्लास्टिक उपयोग और उनके निपटान के लिए उपयुक्त तकनीकी, व्यवहारिक और नीतिगत समाधान खोजने के लिए सरकारों, अनुसंधान संस्थानों और उद्योगों के मध्य सहयोग को सुदृढ़ करने पर बल दिया जाना चाहिए . रैखिक से चक्रीय अर्थव्यवस्था की ओर संक्रमण जिसमें संसाधनों (जैसे कि प्लास्टिक) का सीधे भूमि भराव क्षेत्र या महासागर की ओर जाने देने के बजाय निरंतर उपयोग, पुनः प्राप्त और पुन: उपयोग किया जाता है . पुनः प्रयोज्य पानी की बोतल, कपड़े की थैली, सेकंड हैंड उत्पाद खरीदने आदि के माध्यम से प्लास्टिक के उपयोग को सीमित करने का व्यक्तिगत उत्तरदायित्व होना चाहिए क्योंकि महासागर में कम प्लास्टिक होने का सबसे प्रभावी तरीका प्रथम चरण में ही कम प्लास्टिक का उपयोग करना है . इसके साथ ही MARPOL द्वारा भी इस दिशा में महत्वपूर्ण कदम उठाए जा रहे हैं . वर्ष 2020 के पर्यावरण दिवस की थीम बिट प्लास्टिक पोल्यूशन भी इसी दिशा में महत्वपूर्ण कदम है .
76,553
Constitutional Morality is rooted in the Constitution itself and is found in its essential facets. Explain the doctrine of ‘Constitutional Morality’ with the help of relevant judicial decisions. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach: Introduce the explanation of the Constitutional Morality Bring constitutional provision that incorporates the Constitutional Morality Further, elaborate on the cases that brought the Constitutional Morality Bring significance of Constitutional Morality in a brief manner. Conclude accordingly Answer: Constitutional Morality means adherence to or being faithful to bottom-line principles of constitutional values. According to Dr Ambedkar, Constitutional morality is the effective coordination between conflicting interests of different people and the administrative cooperation to resolve them amicably without any confrontation amongst the various groups working for the realization of their ends at any cost. It specifies norms for institutions to survive and an expectation that will meet the text and the soul of the Constitution. It also makes the governing institutions and representatives accountable. Constitutional Morality is written in the Constitution itself i.e., in the section of Fundamental Rights of Articles 12 to 35 , Directive Principle of State Policy (Articles 36 to 51), Preamble, and Fundamental duties. The Supreme Court of India has passed historical judgments such as Judgment on the Right to Privacy, Decriminalization of consensual relationships under section 377 and section 497 of IPC, Triple Talaq, Sabarimala temple case on the basis of Constitutional Morality. Supreme Court’s Judgements on Constitutional Morality In the Supreme Court’s Sabarimala verdict where religious freedom, gender equality, and the right of women to worship guaranteed under Article 14, 21, and 25 of the Constitution was restored which struck down the practice of banning entry of women of certain age group to the Sabarimala temple in Kerala as unconstitutional. Constitutional morality here went against social morality that discriminates against women based on biological reasons like menstruation. In Kesavananda Bharati Case, the Supreme Court restricted the power of the Parliament to violate the Basic Structure of the Constitution. In the NAZ Foundation Case, the Supreme Court opined that only Constitutional Morality and not Public Morality should prevail. In Lt. Governor Delhi Cas, SC proclaimed constitutional morality as governing ideas that “highlight the need to preserve the trust of people in the institution of democracy. In the Sabarimala case, the Supreme Court avoid the “Doctrine of Essentiality” to uphold the Constitutional morality Significance of Constitutional Morality It ensures the establishment of rule of law in the land. Constitutional morality highlights the need to preserve the trust of the people in institutions of democracy. Constitutional morality acknowledges the plurality and diversity in society and tries to make individuals and communities in society more inclusive in their functioning by constantly providing the scope for improvement and reforms. The central elements of constitutional morality are freedom and self-restraint. Self-restraint was a precondition for maintaining freedom under a proper constitutional government. To uphold constitutional morality, constitutional methods must be used for achieving social and economic objectives. Commitment to the ideals and aspirations of the Constitution. Awareness creation among the common public regarding their rights which are protected by the Constitution. Constitutional Morality is a sentiment to be cultivated in the minds of a responsible citizens. Upholding constitutional morality is not just the duty of the Judiciary or state but also of individuals. The preamble of the constitution explicitly mentions the type of society we wish to establish; it is only through constitutional morality it can become a reality
##Question:Constitutional Morality is rooted in the Constitution itself and is found in its essential facets. Explain the doctrine of ‘Constitutional Morality’ with the help of relevant judicial decisions. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the explanation of the Constitutional Morality Bring constitutional provision that incorporates the Constitutional Morality Further, elaborate on the cases that brought the Constitutional Morality Bring significance of Constitutional Morality in a brief manner. Conclude accordingly Answer: Constitutional Morality means adherence to or being faithful to bottom-line principles of constitutional values. According to Dr Ambedkar, Constitutional morality is the effective coordination between conflicting interests of different people and the administrative cooperation to resolve them amicably without any confrontation amongst the various groups working for the realization of their ends at any cost. It specifies norms for institutions to survive and an expectation that will meet the text and the soul of the Constitution. It also makes the governing institutions and representatives accountable. Constitutional Morality is written in the Constitution itself i.e., in the section of Fundamental Rights of Articles 12 to 35 , Directive Principle of State Policy (Articles 36 to 51), Preamble, and Fundamental duties. The Supreme Court of India has passed historical judgments such as Judgment on the Right to Privacy, Decriminalization of consensual relationships under section 377 and section 497 of IPC, Triple Talaq, Sabarimala temple case on the basis of Constitutional Morality. Supreme Court’s Judgements on Constitutional Morality In the Supreme Court’s Sabarimala verdict where religious freedom, gender equality, and the right of women to worship guaranteed under Article 14, 21, and 25 of the Constitution was restored which struck down the practice of banning entry of women of certain age group to the Sabarimala temple in Kerala as unconstitutional. Constitutional morality here went against social morality that discriminates against women based on biological reasons like menstruation. In Kesavananda Bharati Case, the Supreme Court restricted the power of the Parliament to violate the Basic Structure of the Constitution. In the NAZ Foundation Case, the Supreme Court opined that only Constitutional Morality and not Public Morality should prevail. In Lt. Governor Delhi Cas, SC proclaimed constitutional morality as governing ideas that “highlight the need to preserve the trust of people in the institution of democracy. In the Sabarimala case, the Supreme Court avoid the “Doctrine of Essentiality” to uphold the Constitutional morality Significance of Constitutional Morality It ensures the establishment of rule of law in the land. Constitutional morality highlights the need to preserve the trust of the people in institutions of democracy. Constitutional morality acknowledges the plurality and diversity in society and tries to make individuals and communities in society more inclusive in their functioning by constantly providing the scope for improvement and reforms. The central elements of constitutional morality are freedom and self-restraint. Self-restraint was a precondition for maintaining freedom under a proper constitutional government. To uphold constitutional morality, constitutional methods must be used for achieving social and economic objectives. Commitment to the ideals and aspirations of the Constitution. Awareness creation among the common public regarding their rights which are protected by the Constitution. Constitutional Morality is a sentiment to be cultivated in the minds of a responsible citizens. Upholding constitutional morality is not just the duty of the Judiciary or state but also of individuals. The preamble of the constitution explicitly mentions the type of society we wish to establish; it is only through constitutional morality it can become a reality
76,568
Discuss starting Three Five Year Plans as a form of planning in the initial years after independence in India. (150 words/ 10 marks)
Approach: Introduction: A brief background of planning can be given. Main body: first three 5 year plans to be discussed. Conclusion: Conclude accordingly. Answer: From 1947 to 2017, the Indian economy was premised on the concept of planning. This was carried through the Five-Year Plans, developed, executed, and monitored by the Planning Commission (1951-2014) and the NITI Aayog (2015-2017). Prior to the Fourth Plan, the allocation of state resources was based on schematic patterns rather than a transparent and objective mechanism, which led to the adoption of the Gadgil formula in 1969. The first three five-year plans combinedly were known as the Nehruvian period (1951-66). They were as follows: First Five-year Plan(1951-56)- Mainly focused on the development of the primary sector. The primary sector of the economy includes any industry involved in the extraction and production of raw materials, such as farming, logging, hunting, fishing, and mining. The motto of the first five years plan was ‘ Development of agriculture and the aim was to solve different problems that formed due to the partition of the nation, second world war. Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period, including the Bhakra, Hirakud, and Damodar Valley dams. The World Health Organization (WHO), with the Indian government, addressed children’s health and reduced infant mortality, indirectly contributing to population growth. At the end of the plan period in 1956, five Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) were started as major technical institutions. The first FYP was more a plan of intention and less a plan of action. Second Plan(1956-61)- Focused on the development of the public sector and “rapid Industrialisation”.The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximize long-run economic growth. The plan assumed a closed economy in which the main trading activity would be centered on importing capital goods. From the Second Five-Year Plan, there was a determined thrust towards substitution of basic and capital good industries. Hydroelectric power projects and five steel plants at Bhilai, Durgapur, and Rourkela were established with the help of the Soviet Union, Britain (the U.K), and West Germany respectively. Coal production was increased. More railway lines were added in the northeast. The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Atomic Energy Commission of India was established as a research institute. Third Five Year Plan (1961-66)- stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat. The construction of dams continued. Many cement and fertilizer plants were also built. Punjab began producing an abundance of wheat. State electricity boards and state secondary education boards were formed. State road transportation corporations were formed and local road building became a state responsibility. With the Planning Commission dissolved, no more formal plans are made for the economy, but Five-Year Defence Plans continue to be made. The latest would have been 2017–2022. However, there is no Thirteenth Five-Year Plan.
##Question:Discuss starting Three Five Year Plans as a form of planning in the initial years after independence in India. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: A brief background of planning can be given. Main body: first three 5 year plans to be discussed. Conclusion: Conclude accordingly. Answer: From 1947 to 2017, the Indian economy was premised on the concept of planning. This was carried through the Five-Year Plans, developed, executed, and monitored by the Planning Commission (1951-2014) and the NITI Aayog (2015-2017). Prior to the Fourth Plan, the allocation of state resources was based on schematic patterns rather than a transparent and objective mechanism, which led to the adoption of the Gadgil formula in 1969. The first three five-year plans combinedly were known as the Nehruvian period (1951-66). They were as follows: First Five-year Plan(1951-56)- Mainly focused on the development of the primary sector. The primary sector of the economy includes any industry involved in the extraction and production of raw materials, such as farming, logging, hunting, fishing, and mining. The motto of the first five years plan was ‘ Development of agriculture and the aim was to solve different problems that formed due to the partition of the nation, second world war. Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period, including the Bhakra, Hirakud, and Damodar Valley dams. The World Health Organization (WHO), with the Indian government, addressed children’s health and reduced infant mortality, indirectly contributing to population growth. At the end of the plan period in 1956, five Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) were started as major technical institutions. The first FYP was more a plan of intention and less a plan of action. Second Plan(1956-61)- Focused on the development of the public sector and “rapid Industrialisation”.The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximize long-run economic growth. The plan assumed a closed economy in which the main trading activity would be centered on importing capital goods. From the Second Five-Year Plan, there was a determined thrust towards substitution of basic and capital good industries. Hydroelectric power projects and five steel plants at Bhilai, Durgapur, and Rourkela were established with the help of the Soviet Union, Britain (the U.K), and West Germany respectively. Coal production was increased. More railway lines were added in the northeast. The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Atomic Energy Commission of India was established as a research institute. Third Five Year Plan (1961-66)- stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat. The construction of dams continued. Many cement and fertilizer plants were also built. Punjab began producing an abundance of wheat. State electricity boards and state secondary education boards were formed. State road transportation corporations were formed and local road building became a state responsibility. With the Planning Commission dissolved, no more formal plans are made for the economy, but Five-Year Defence Plans continue to be made. The latest would have been 2017–2022. However, there is no Thirteenth Five-Year Plan.
76,572
Discuss the provisions of the Indian Constitution for the reorganization of the States and Union Territories in India. Also, highlight the recommendations of the Fazl Ali commission. (250 words/15 marks)
Approach: Introduce with provision for the reorganization of the States and UTs under Article 3 Explain the process of the State Reorganization. Bring the difference with the UTs as provided by the provision of Article 3 Mention the recommendations of Fazl Ali commission Conclude. Answer: As per the condition at the time of the Indian independence, the Constituent Assembly shaped the process of the state reorganization of the Indian States and UTs. Article 3 of the Indian Constitution talks about the reorganization of the States in India. It gives power to the Parliament of India for the reorganization of the states and territories provided under the First Schedule. As per Article 3 Parliament by law- form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State; increase the area of any State; diminish the area of any State; alter the boundaries of any State; alter the name of any State: The power of the Parliament to form new States includes the power to form a new State or Union territory by uniting a part of any State or Union territory to any other State or Union territory. Article 3 along with mentioning the power of the Parliament with regard to the reorganization of the States, talks about the procedure for the same; Procedure for the Reorganization of the States in India- Any such bill can be introduced in Parliament only on the prior recommendation of the President. The President before recommending the bill to the Parliament supposed to seek the opinion of the state legislature concern(s) where they are supposed to express their opinion on the bill within the time period specified by the President. If the state legislature does not provide its view within the specified period or gives a contrary view, the Parliament is free to proceed in the manner it may choose as the opinion of the state legislature is not binding on the Parliament. Further, it is not necessary to make a fresh reference to the State Legislature each time an amendment to the bill is moved and accepted in the Parliament. Article 4 of the Indian Constitution has been provided to declare that the laws made for the formation of new states and alteration of the areas, boundaries, or names of the existing state under Article 3 are shall be deemed to be an amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of Article 368. Thus, such laws despite requiring the amendment of the Schedule 1 and Schedule 4 of the Indian Constitution, need a simple majority only, following the ordinary legislative process. The difference with Union Territories- As per Article 3, in the case of the Union territories, the prior recommendation of the President and referral to the legislature are not required. Fazl Ali Commission - The Government of India appointed a three-member state reorganization commission comprising Justice Fazl Ali as the chairman and the other two members as K.M. Pannikar and H.N. Kunzru. Fazl Ali Commission - The Commission gave its recommendations identifying four key factors for the reorganization of states 1. Linguistic and Cultural homogeneity 2. Unity and Security of the country 3. Financial, Economic and Administrative considerations 4. Planning and Welfare of the people The recommendations of the Fazal Ali commission were broadly accepted and the 7th constitutional amendment act along with State Reogarnisation Act 1956 was passed by the Parliament. 7th Constitutional Amendment Act also created the office of Special Officer of Linguistic Minorities (Article 350 B) and also added Article 350 A. The Group A, B, C, D classification was done away with and 14 States and 6 Union Territories were created on November 1st 1956. Thus, provisions provided under Article 3 and Article 4 of the Indian Constitution have helped in maintaining the Unity in Diversity of India. The reorganization of the States in India has remained successful in fulfilling the demand of the regional aspiration along with the prospect of development, governance, and administrative convenience.
##Question:Discuss the provisions of the Indian Constitution for the reorganization of the States and Union Territories in India. Also, highlight the recommendations of the Fazl Ali commission. (250 words/15 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with provision for the reorganization of the States and UTs under Article 3 Explain the process of the State Reorganization. Bring the difference with the UTs as provided by the provision of Article 3 Mention the recommendations of Fazl Ali commission Conclude. Answer: As per the condition at the time of the Indian independence, the Constituent Assembly shaped the process of the state reorganization of the Indian States and UTs. Article 3 of the Indian Constitution talks about the reorganization of the States in India. It gives power to the Parliament of India for the reorganization of the states and territories provided under the First Schedule. As per Article 3 Parliament by law- form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State; increase the area of any State; diminish the area of any State; alter the boundaries of any State; alter the name of any State: The power of the Parliament to form new States includes the power to form a new State or Union territory by uniting a part of any State or Union territory to any other State or Union territory. Article 3 along with mentioning the power of the Parliament with regard to the reorganization of the States, talks about the procedure for the same; Procedure for the Reorganization of the States in India- Any such bill can be introduced in Parliament only on the prior recommendation of the President. The President before recommending the bill to the Parliament supposed to seek the opinion of the state legislature concern(s) where they are supposed to express their opinion on the bill within the time period specified by the President. If the state legislature does not provide its view within the specified period or gives a contrary view, the Parliament is free to proceed in the manner it may choose as the opinion of the state legislature is not binding on the Parliament. Further, it is not necessary to make a fresh reference to the State Legislature each time an amendment to the bill is moved and accepted in the Parliament. Article 4 of the Indian Constitution has been provided to declare that the laws made for the formation of new states and alteration of the areas, boundaries, or names of the existing state under Article 3 are shall be deemed to be an amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of Article 368. Thus, such laws despite requiring the amendment of the Schedule 1 and Schedule 4 of the Indian Constitution, need a simple majority only, following the ordinary legislative process. The difference with Union Territories- As per Article 3, in the case of the Union territories, the prior recommendation of the President and referral to the legislature are not required. Fazl Ali Commission - The Government of India appointed a three-member state reorganization commission comprising Justice Fazl Ali as the chairman and the other two members as K.M. Pannikar and H.N. Kunzru. Fazl Ali Commission - The Commission gave its recommendations identifying four key factors for the reorganization of states 1. Linguistic and Cultural homogeneity 2. Unity and Security of the country 3. Financial, Economic and Administrative considerations 4. Planning and Welfare of the people The recommendations of the Fazal Ali commission were broadly accepted and the 7th constitutional amendment act along with State Reogarnisation Act 1956 was passed by the Parliament. 7th Constitutional Amendment Act also created the office of Special Officer of Linguistic Minorities (Article 350 B) and also added Article 350 A. The Group A, B, C, D classification was done away with and 14 States and 6 Union Territories were created on November 1st 1956. Thus, provisions provided under Article 3 and Article 4 of the Indian Constitution have helped in maintaining the Unity in Diversity of India. The reorganization of the States in India has remained successful in fulfilling the demand of the regional aspiration along with the prospect of development, governance, and administrative convenience.
76,581
What do you mean by laws and ethics? Give examples where it is legal but not ethical and also where it ethical but not legal. (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Introduce briefly the laws and ethics In body mention the aspects related to ethics and laws Also, give examples where it is legal but not ethical and also where it ethical but not legal Conclude briefly Answer : Laws and ethics are guidelines and rules in society. Ethics originated from society which leads to the development of laws. The main difference between law and ethics is that ethics are the moral values and principles that are adapted socially from the surrounding while Laws are the rules and regulations that are set by the authorities. Religion tends to have a direct impact on ethics while it may or may not have an impact on laws. Laws are in a written document whereas ethics are not written. Laws create a legal binding while ethics do not have a binding thing. Laws : Laws are based on an ethical framework and aim to bring social order while controlling the unethical behaviour of individuals in society. Laws act as an external standard and rules imposed on the individuals by the government. Any individual disobeying the laws is liable to face prescribed penalties and punishment. Hence, deter non-compliance. Laws have societal sanctions and have an important role in the smooth functioning of society. Ethics : Ethics act as the moral compass in guiding an individual when even law is silent on the action. Ethics act as the first line of defence against any wrong practices whereas law enforcement is remedial and reactive For example - The role of an administrator where discretion has to be exercised. A government may not frame laws to dictate whether a company should make its products environmentally safe but doing so is the ethical thing to do. Examples : Legal but unethical - breaking promises, live-in-relationships, denying ration under PDS due to lack of Aadhar might be legal but when it leads to death due to starvation is unethical; Suicide; prostitution is legal in some countries but not ethical; passive euthanasia; inter-caste marriage, etc Ethical but not legal - Hungry child stealing a loaf of bread; It is ethical for a doctor to save an unborn child but it is illegal to operate without consent; Robinhood concept, etc Hence it is ethics that act as a strong defence mechanism to prevent all malpractices. A permanent solution for eradicating social evils shall only come with internalisation and not external forces, etc. These two terms are closely related and slightly different.
##Question:What do you mean by laws and ethics? Give examples where it is legal but not ethical and also where it ethical but not legal. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce briefly the laws and ethics In body mention the aspects related to ethics and laws Also, give examples where it is legal but not ethical and also where it ethical but not legal Conclude briefly Answer : Laws and ethics are guidelines and rules in society. Ethics originated from society which leads to the development of laws. The main difference between law and ethics is that ethics are the moral values and principles that are adapted socially from the surrounding while Laws are the rules and regulations that are set by the authorities. Religion tends to have a direct impact on ethics while it may or may not have an impact on laws. Laws are in a written document whereas ethics are not written. Laws create a legal binding while ethics do not have a binding thing. Laws : Laws are based on an ethical framework and aim to bring social order while controlling the unethical behaviour of individuals in society. Laws act as an external standard and rules imposed on the individuals by the government. Any individual disobeying the laws is liable to face prescribed penalties and punishment. Hence, deter non-compliance. Laws have societal sanctions and have an important role in the smooth functioning of society. Ethics : Ethics act as the moral compass in guiding an individual when even law is silent on the action. Ethics act as the first line of defence against any wrong practices whereas law enforcement is remedial and reactive For example - The role of an administrator where discretion has to be exercised. A government may not frame laws to dictate whether a company should make its products environmentally safe but doing so is the ethical thing to do. Examples : Legal but unethical - breaking promises, live-in-relationships, denying ration under PDS due to lack of Aadhar might be legal but when it leads to death due to starvation is unethical; Suicide; prostitution is legal in some countries but not ethical; passive euthanasia; inter-caste marriage, etc Ethical but not legal - Hungry child stealing a loaf of bread; It is ethical for a doctor to save an unborn child but it is illegal to operate without consent; Robinhood concept, etc Hence it is ethics that act as a strong defence mechanism to prevent all malpractices. A permanent solution for eradicating social evils shall only come with internalisation and not external forces, etc. These two terms are closely related and slightly different.
76,599
With the proliferation of social media, people have got the opportunity to express their views anonymously and more freely. According to you what is the effect of social media on the social and political dimension of the country? (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Introduce in brief social media and its opportunities with respect to expressing views In body discuss the effect of social media on the social and political culture of the country Conclude briefly with a balanced view Answer : Social media such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, Telegram, etc offers people-to-people interaction that breaks barriers and forges a true human connection. It has provided the tools of communicating more openly and anonymously. So, should be used in the right way in the right perspective, the right purpose and for upholding the right causes and ethically. In today"s time, there is so much presence of social media that it impacted every aspect of life for eg social and political culture. Social Culture: Positive impact: Awareness with respect to (wrt) social evils in the society Leads to mobilisation and helps in the assertion and hence lead to social change Accommodative culture and tolerance towards diversity It would also lead to the strengthening of social capital Generate empathy and compassion towards the marginalised sections of society It would create a platform for 3Ds ie debate, discussion and deliberation With anonymity, it provides the aspect of questioning the regressive practices Awareness and promoting of traditional values Preservation and promotion of indigenous culture The democratisation of social culture and Breaking of stereotypes Negative impact: Hatred and intolerance Radicalisation Generating prejudices Anonymity - diffusion of responsibility Fake news - the exodus of communities Political Culture: Positive Impact: Strengthening democracy Accountability and responsibility will ensure good and smooth governance Checks and balances - prevents hasty policy decisions The legitimacy to the government Mobilisation for a political cause eg Umbrella Movement (Hongkong) A platform for the pressure groups/interest groups It will ensure representation to every section of the society Provides voice to stakeholders Negative Impact: Fake news/narrative and Propaganda Political parties and organisations in a polarising manner. Paid News and for predicting voting patterns. Polarising society and used for surveillance, election meddling, Online abuse Technology in itself is value-neutral. It depends on what use it has been put to will determine whether it is positive or negative - Mohd Yunus. Social media needs to be used in an ethical manner so that problems are solved rather than created. Government and civil society besides should work together to curb the unethical use of social media in the country so that various tenets that are country upholds should not get violated.
##Question:With the proliferation of social media, people have got the opportunity to express their views anonymously and more freely. According to you what is the effect of social media on the social and political dimension of the country? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in brief social media and its opportunities with respect to expressing views In body discuss the effect of social media on the social and political culture of the country Conclude briefly with a balanced view Answer : Social media such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, Telegram, etc offers people-to-people interaction that breaks barriers and forges a true human connection. It has provided the tools of communicating more openly and anonymously. So, should be used in the right way in the right perspective, the right purpose and for upholding the right causes and ethically. In today"s time, there is so much presence of social media that it impacted every aspect of life for eg social and political culture. Social Culture: Positive impact: Awareness with respect to (wrt) social evils in the society Leads to mobilisation and helps in the assertion and hence lead to social change Accommodative culture and tolerance towards diversity It would also lead to the strengthening of social capital Generate empathy and compassion towards the marginalised sections of society It would create a platform for 3Ds ie debate, discussion and deliberation With anonymity, it provides the aspect of questioning the regressive practices Awareness and promoting of traditional values Preservation and promotion of indigenous culture The democratisation of social culture and Breaking of stereotypes Negative impact: Hatred and intolerance Radicalisation Generating prejudices Anonymity - diffusion of responsibility Fake news - the exodus of communities Political Culture: Positive Impact: Strengthening democracy Accountability and responsibility will ensure good and smooth governance Checks and balances - prevents hasty policy decisions The legitimacy to the government Mobilisation for a political cause eg Umbrella Movement (Hongkong) A platform for the pressure groups/interest groups It will ensure representation to every section of the society Provides voice to stakeholders Negative Impact: Fake news/narrative and Propaganda Political parties and organisations in a polarising manner. Paid News and for predicting voting patterns. Polarising society and used for surveillance, election meddling, Online abuse Technology in itself is value-neutral. It depends on what use it has been put to will determine whether it is positive or negative - Mohd Yunus. Social media needs to be used in an ethical manner so that problems are solved rather than created. Government and civil society besides should work together to curb the unethical use of social media in the country so that various tenets that are country upholds should not get violated.
76,639
What do you mean by a bureaucratic and democratic attitude? Discuss their merits and demerits. Also, suggest which attitude needs to be followed. (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Introduce briefly bureaucratic attitude and democratic attitude. In body distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. Also, mention if it is possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster development of our country Conclude briefly Answer : Bureaucratic Attitude: It defines the attitude of the Public servants to strictly follow the decision-making process according to written rules and guidelines Some basic attributes of this attitude are - Objectivity, neutrality, top-down, rule orientation, secrecy, etc Merits : Decision making based on SOPs hence no partiality Quick decision making Easy to fix responsibility and hold others accountable in case of any problem Demerits : Indifference to public opinion, apathy, resulting into alienation among public wrt process of governance; red-tapism, status quo, people are treated more like subject rather than stakeholders, corruption; It cripples the capacity of the administrator to be innovative/creative; the crisis of conscience Democratic Attitude: This attitude encourages people"s participation in the decision-making process Some basic attributes are compassion, empathy, participative, consultative, flexible, bottom-up Merits : Good governance and free flow of ideas, Target-based approach or piecemeal engineering approach; internalization and acceptance of policies by the public; It helps in strengthening the rights-based approach Demerits : Delay in decision making, difficulty in arriving at consensus; the problem of lack of informed participation (informed and active citizenry is necessary for efficient democracy) Overall, it should be the combination of two; for example, wrt to day-to-day decision making bureaucratic attitude can be used or wrt guidelines at the macro level bureaucratic attitude can be used However, when we have a large public interface or the level of implementation democratic attitude is welcome.So, in this way, both these can be balanced for creating a better administration for faster, equitable and inclusive development of the country.
##Question:What do you mean by a bureaucratic and democratic attitude? Discuss their merits and demerits. Also, suggest which attitude needs to be followed. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce briefly bureaucratic attitude and democratic attitude. In body distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. Also, mention if it is possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster development of our country Conclude briefly Answer : Bureaucratic Attitude: It defines the attitude of the Public servants to strictly follow the decision-making process according to written rules and guidelines Some basic attributes of this attitude are - Objectivity, neutrality, top-down, rule orientation, secrecy, etc Merits : Decision making based on SOPs hence no partiality Quick decision making Easy to fix responsibility and hold others accountable in case of any problem Demerits : Indifference to public opinion, apathy, resulting into alienation among public wrt process of governance; red-tapism, status quo, people are treated more like subject rather than stakeholders, corruption; It cripples the capacity of the administrator to be innovative/creative; the crisis of conscience Democratic Attitude: This attitude encourages people"s participation in the decision-making process Some basic attributes are compassion, empathy, participative, consultative, flexible, bottom-up Merits : Good governance and free flow of ideas, Target-based approach or piecemeal engineering approach; internalization and acceptance of policies by the public; It helps in strengthening the rights-based approach Demerits : Delay in decision making, difficulty in arriving at consensus; the problem of lack of informed participation (informed and active citizenry is necessary for efficient democracy) Overall, it should be the combination of two; for example, wrt to day-to-day decision making bureaucratic attitude can be used or wrt guidelines at the macro level bureaucratic attitude can be used However, when we have a large public interface or the level of implementation democratic attitude is welcome.So, in this way, both these can be balanced for creating a better administration for faster, equitable and inclusive development of the country.
76,677
Discuss the geographical and cultural factors as determinants of India"s Foreign Policy? (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Introduce in breif about India"s Foreign Policy and its determinants In body discuss geographical and cultural factors as determinants of India"s Foreign Policy Conclude briefly Answer : Foreign Policy is a strategy of a state vis-a-vis other countries or other international agencies/entities to secure its national interest. The foreign policy of a country is shaped by multiple factors which are referred to as determinants of the foreign policy. These determinants of Foreign Policy may be Economic, History, Geography, Domestic Milieu, Military Power, Culture, World Order, Political leadership, etc Geographical factors as a determinant of Foreign Policy: India"s strategic location at the centre of the Asain Arc extending from Aden to Tokyo makes it a gateway to South East Asia, Central and West Asia. It was because of this that both USA and USSR initially competed to bring India within their sphere of influence during the cold war Also, it was India"s geographical proximity to the communist world (USSR and China) while being ideologically more inclined to the liberal world that India chose the path of non-alignment India"s location at the head of the Indian Ocean along with other determinants makes India a net security provider in the region India is a country with a long coastline along with a long-running continental man-made frontier/borders Thus, unlike USA and UK has to develop strong naval power along with a land-based military apart from strong diplomatic relations with both RIM and the land frontier countries India"s Look East and Look West policies are determined by Geography and expressed in Geographical terms Distance has been identified as the prime inhibiting factor in the developmnet of India- Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries India"s geographical size and large population, apart from other factors make it a strong contender for UNSC permanent membership Cultural factors as determinants of Foreign Policy: There are very few civilization states in the world and India is one of them therefore India World view cannot be separated from its culture and traditions In fact, India"s first PM, the key architect of India"s foreign policy had commented that he is not developing any new foreign policy for the country rather he is merely "re-discovering it from the past" India"s commitment to international peace as evident under Article 51 of the Indian Constitution is indicative of Indian Civilizational Values of non-violence, Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam; Sarve Bhavantu Sukhinah, etc While other countries use military or economic power to gain influence in the international sphere, Indian culture has been the source of its immense soft power Indian schools of Yoga, Ayurveda, Indian philosophy and mythologies, cuisines, etc are sources of this soft power Through building Ramayan circuits and Buddhist Circuit, GOI has sought to pursue close relations with Nepal, Sri Lanka, etc Apart from the rich passive tradition, Kautilya"s Arthashastra represents the realist school of thought. His Mandal theory is one of the earliest examples of Geopolitical theories In fact, while BJP is greatly influenced by the realist tradition of Kautilya, the passive Buddhist tradition finds greater reflection in Congress"s political philosophy Civilizational states like India are not satisfied with the mere pursuit of foreign policy to secure their national interest. They seek to shape the world order according to their value system. As India could successfully achieve by carving out the 3rd Pole reflected in NAM in the bipolar world Thus from the above it is clear that India"s foreign policy is shaped by a number of determinants in which culture and geography play a prominent role. These have shaped Indian foreign policy over the years.
##Question:Discuss the geographical and cultural factors as determinants of India"s Foreign Policy? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in breif about India"s Foreign Policy and its determinants In body discuss geographical and cultural factors as determinants of India"s Foreign Policy Conclude briefly Answer : Foreign Policy is a strategy of a state vis-a-vis other countries or other international agencies/entities to secure its national interest. The foreign policy of a country is shaped by multiple factors which are referred to as determinants of the foreign policy. These determinants of Foreign Policy may be Economic, History, Geography, Domestic Milieu, Military Power, Culture, World Order, Political leadership, etc Geographical factors as a determinant of Foreign Policy: India"s strategic location at the centre of the Asain Arc extending from Aden to Tokyo makes it a gateway to South East Asia, Central and West Asia. It was because of this that both USA and USSR initially competed to bring India within their sphere of influence during the cold war Also, it was India"s geographical proximity to the communist world (USSR and China) while being ideologically more inclined to the liberal world that India chose the path of non-alignment India"s location at the head of the Indian Ocean along with other determinants makes India a net security provider in the region India is a country with a long coastline along with a long-running continental man-made frontier/borders Thus, unlike USA and UK has to develop strong naval power along with a land-based military apart from strong diplomatic relations with both RIM and the land frontier countries India"s Look East and Look West policies are determined by Geography and expressed in Geographical terms Distance has been identified as the prime inhibiting factor in the developmnet of India- Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries India"s geographical size and large population, apart from other factors make it a strong contender for UNSC permanent membership Cultural factors as determinants of Foreign Policy: There are very few civilization states in the world and India is one of them therefore India World view cannot be separated from its culture and traditions In fact, India"s first PM, the key architect of India"s foreign policy had commented that he is not developing any new foreign policy for the country rather he is merely "re-discovering it from the past" India"s commitment to international peace as evident under Article 51 of the Indian Constitution is indicative of Indian Civilizational Values of non-violence, Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam; Sarve Bhavantu Sukhinah, etc While other countries use military or economic power to gain influence in the international sphere, Indian culture has been the source of its immense soft power Indian schools of Yoga, Ayurveda, Indian philosophy and mythologies, cuisines, etc are sources of this soft power Through building Ramayan circuits and Buddhist Circuit, GOI has sought to pursue close relations with Nepal, Sri Lanka, etc Apart from the rich passive tradition, Kautilya"s Arthashastra represents the realist school of thought. His Mandal theory is one of the earliest examples of Geopolitical theories In fact, while BJP is greatly influenced by the realist tradition of Kautilya, the passive Buddhist tradition finds greater reflection in Congress"s political philosophy Civilizational states like India are not satisfied with the mere pursuit of foreign policy to secure their national interest. They seek to shape the world order according to their value system. As India could successfully achieve by carving out the 3rd Pole reflected in NAM in the bipolar world Thus from the above it is clear that India"s foreign policy is shaped by a number of determinants in which culture and geography play a prominent role. These have shaped Indian foreign policy over the years.
76,861
Give an account of the evolution of the various phases of India"s Foreign Policy since independence. (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Introduce in brief the various phases of India"s Foreign policy In body elaborate on the various aspects of various phases of India"s Foreign policy Conclude briefly Answer : The evolution of India"s Foreign Policy can be characterized by a number of phases. These are the Phase of high Idealism/Phase of Optimistic Non-Alignment (1947-62); the Decade of realism and recovery (1962-71); the Period of Great regional Assertion (1971-91); the US as a superpower and the unipolar world (1991-2001); International Environment becomes very competitive (2001 - 2014); China is becoming more assertive (2014 Onwards) Phase 1: 1947-62 - Phase of high Idealism: Characteristic feature: India"s adoption of the Policy of Non-Alignment Other features: India played a key role in the multi-lateral institute of eg UN - a primary true contributor to UN peacekeeping operations, part of commissions on Vietnam and the Korean conflict India was the champion of disarmament and it pioneered the partial test ban treaty India was a critical proponent of NAM Purpose: To be able to judge international issues based on their merit and not be forced to take a particular stand based on membership of either of the poles, In fact, Indian policymakers made strong efforts to distinguish India"s Non-Alignment from the policy of neutrality To escape the entrapment of cold war rivalry between US-led NATO Countries and USSR-led Warsaw Countries Other reasons: Apart from its resonance, with Indian civilizational values and the value of non-violence that motivated the Indian freedom struggle, practical consideration of utilizing limited economic resources of the country for development rather than the military pursuit 1962-71 - Decade of realism and recovery: The following years are referred to as the fractured years India faced several acute domestic challenges ranging from political instability, and agricultural distress, to economic uncertainty Also, India witnessed 3 wars during this phase However, India made pragmatic foreign policy choices on security and political challenges Consequently, despite India"s vulnerability, India came out of an anxious phase without losses In fact, it created the ground for India to emerge as the unquestionable leader of South Asia 1971-91 - Period of Great regional Assertion: It started with the decisive dismemberment of Pakistan and the creation of Bangladesh and ended with Indian Peacekeeping forces, misadventure in Sri Lanka During this phase, the external strategic environment was marked by the Sino-US Rapproachment of 1971 leading to the beginning of the development of the US-Pakistan-China Axis, consequently, India concluded a Peace and Friendship Treaty with USSR reading to a USSR tilt in India"s stand on international issues Important developments during this phase: India-Pakistan war - Dismemberment of Pakistan to create Bangladesh With this India merged as the undisputed leader of the sub-continent However, India"s regional ascendance did not lead to it becoming an important global player throughout these decades The reason was sub-optimal economic performance - The Indian economy was trapped in the so-called "Hindu Rate of Growth" (3 to 5% GDP growth rate per annum) Following, China"s development of Nuclear Weapons, India conducted its first nuclear test - It was code-named "Smiling Buddha" also it was referred to as SNEP (Sub Terranean Nuclear Explosion Project) or PNE (Peaceful Nuclear Explosion) in 1974 India faced global diplomatic disapprobation and significant technological and economic sanctions NSG was established to consolidate Nuclear apartheid or check India"s participation in global nuclear trade 1991-2001 - US superpower and the unipolar world: The global strategic environment was characterized by unipolarity; following the disintegration of the USSR and the establishment of the US as the single superpower It is the brief moment of the USA"s unipolarity that the world has witnessed Developments during this phase: India sought to develop good relations with the USA. Questions were raised on the relevance of NAM Adoption of new economic policy and undertaking LPG Reforms India shed export pessimism for the promotion of export and trade being the primary contributor to GDP Following the launch of the New Economic Policy at the political level. India decided to chart, a new course in its foreign policy Launch of Its Look East Policy and Normalisation of India"s relation with Israel India crossed the nuclear Rubicon - given the security threats from China as well as growing international efforts to check Nuclear proliferation, India decided to undertake Nuclear weapon tests and became a de-facto Nuclear Power 2001-14 - International Environment becomes very competitive: The external environment became more competitive with the USA finding it difficult to maintain the same degree of unipolarity India gradually acquired the attributes of a balancing power India discovered the benefits of working with different powers on different issues It is reflected in India-US Civil Nuclear Deal and India growing closer to the west in general At the same time, India found a common cause with China vis-a-vis global negotiations on Climate Change and Trade; BRICS emerged as a major forum 2014 Onwards - China is becoming more assertive: China become assertive and the terms of engagement that it has offered to the world have progressively hardened Also, the full impact of the 2008 Financial Crisis is now evident - Rise of the East and the decline of the West The USA"s resource limitation has been further aggravated by its risk aversion; Europe also turned increasing inwards; Multi-polarity is now seriously upon us Faced with these developments, India chose energetic diplomacy/fast diplomacy/agile diplomacy India recognized its own capabilities; our ability to shoulder greater responsibilities such as with respect to Climate Change negotiations in Paris and India"s commitment to it; pursuit of South-South partnership; etc. Thus from the above, it is evident that India"s Foreign Policy has been static and dynamic at the same time. It has moulded itself as per the need of the hour in its own national interest.
##Question:Give an account of the evolution of the various phases of India"s Foreign Policy since independence. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in brief the various phases of India"s Foreign policy In body elaborate on the various aspects of various phases of India"s Foreign policy Conclude briefly Answer : The evolution of India"s Foreign Policy can be characterized by a number of phases. These are the Phase of high Idealism/Phase of Optimistic Non-Alignment (1947-62); the Decade of realism and recovery (1962-71); the Period of Great regional Assertion (1971-91); the US as a superpower and the unipolar world (1991-2001); International Environment becomes very competitive (2001 - 2014); China is becoming more assertive (2014 Onwards) Phase 1: 1947-62 - Phase of high Idealism: Characteristic feature: India"s adoption of the Policy of Non-Alignment Other features: India played a key role in the multi-lateral institute of eg UN - a primary true contributor to UN peacekeeping operations, part of commissions on Vietnam and the Korean conflict India was the champion of disarmament and it pioneered the partial test ban treaty India was a critical proponent of NAM Purpose: To be able to judge international issues based on their merit and not be forced to take a particular stand based on membership of either of the poles, In fact, Indian policymakers made strong efforts to distinguish India"s Non-Alignment from the policy of neutrality To escape the entrapment of cold war rivalry between US-led NATO Countries and USSR-led Warsaw Countries Other reasons: Apart from its resonance, with Indian civilizational values and the value of non-violence that motivated the Indian freedom struggle, practical consideration of utilizing limited economic resources of the country for development rather than the military pursuit 1962-71 - Decade of realism and recovery: The following years are referred to as the fractured years India faced several acute domestic challenges ranging from political instability, and agricultural distress, to economic uncertainty Also, India witnessed 3 wars during this phase However, India made pragmatic foreign policy choices on security and political challenges Consequently, despite India"s vulnerability, India came out of an anxious phase without losses In fact, it created the ground for India to emerge as the unquestionable leader of South Asia 1971-91 - Period of Great regional Assertion: It started with the decisive dismemberment of Pakistan and the creation of Bangladesh and ended with Indian Peacekeeping forces, misadventure in Sri Lanka During this phase, the external strategic environment was marked by the Sino-US Rapproachment of 1971 leading to the beginning of the development of the US-Pakistan-China Axis, consequently, India concluded a Peace and Friendship Treaty with USSR reading to a USSR tilt in India"s stand on international issues Important developments during this phase: India-Pakistan war - Dismemberment of Pakistan to create Bangladesh With this India merged as the undisputed leader of the sub-continent However, India"s regional ascendance did not lead to it becoming an important global player throughout these decades The reason was sub-optimal economic performance - The Indian economy was trapped in the so-called "Hindu Rate of Growth" (3 to 5% GDP growth rate per annum) Following, China"s development of Nuclear Weapons, India conducted its first nuclear test - It was code-named "Smiling Buddha" also it was referred to as SNEP (Sub Terranean Nuclear Explosion Project) or PNE (Peaceful Nuclear Explosion) in 1974 India faced global diplomatic disapprobation and significant technological and economic sanctions NSG was established to consolidate Nuclear apartheid or check India"s participation in global nuclear trade 1991-2001 - US superpower and the unipolar world: The global strategic environment was characterized by unipolarity; following the disintegration of the USSR and the establishment of the US as the single superpower It is the brief moment of the USA"s unipolarity that the world has witnessed Developments during this phase: India sought to develop good relations with the USA. Questions were raised on the relevance of NAM Adoption of new economic policy and undertaking LPG Reforms India shed export pessimism for the promotion of export and trade being the primary contributor to GDP Following the launch of the New Economic Policy at the political level. India decided to chart, a new course in its foreign policy Launch of Its Look East Policy and Normalisation of India"s relation with Israel India crossed the nuclear Rubicon - given the security threats from China as well as growing international efforts to check Nuclear proliferation, India decided to undertake Nuclear weapon tests and became a de-facto Nuclear Power 2001-14 - International Environment becomes very competitive: The external environment became more competitive with the USA finding it difficult to maintain the same degree of unipolarity India gradually acquired the attributes of a balancing power India discovered the benefits of working with different powers on different issues It is reflected in India-US Civil Nuclear Deal and India growing closer to the west in general At the same time, India found a common cause with China vis-a-vis global negotiations on Climate Change and Trade; BRICS emerged as a major forum 2014 Onwards - China is becoming more assertive: China become assertive and the terms of engagement that it has offered to the world have progressively hardened Also, the full impact of the 2008 Financial Crisis is now evident - Rise of the East and the decline of the West The USA"s resource limitation has been further aggravated by its risk aversion; Europe also turned increasing inwards; Multi-polarity is now seriously upon us Faced with these developments, India chose energetic diplomacy/fast diplomacy/agile diplomacy India recognized its own capabilities; our ability to shoulder greater responsibilities such as with respect to Climate Change negotiations in Paris and India"s commitment to it; pursuit of South-South partnership; etc. Thus from the above, it is evident that India"s Foreign Policy has been static and dynamic at the same time. It has moulded itself as per the need of the hour in its own national interest.
76,884
The details of the Mauryan Administration are derived from Arthashastra which envisages seven organs of the state, that is, Saptang Rajya. Discuss. (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Introduce in brief the Mauryan Administration as provided in Arthashastra In body discussion, the seven organs of the state ie Saptang Rajya as derived from Arthashastra Conclude the answer briefly Answer : The details of the Mauryan Administration are derived from Arthashastra which has been written by Chanakya. It not only defined the state but also envisages the 7 Organs of the state (Saptang Rajya). These included the King, Amartya, Janapada, Durg, Kosh, Danda and Mitra. 1. King : He was the ultimate authority assisted by a council of ministers. King appointed special reporters called Patidevaks and Polisani who kept him informed of public opinion. A well-developed intelligence agency that reported to King was also established for example Sanstha (Stationary spies) and Sanchar (wandering spies) were employed 2. Amatya : This included all high officials such as heads of various departments. The highest functionaries were Mantri, Purohit (priest); Yuvraj (Prince) and commander in chief Many other officials such as Nikayas (who looked after ordinary affairs of regions); Tiraths (they were important functionaries); Samharta (officials in charge of the assessment of tax) and Samdhata (custodian of state treasury) 3. Janpada : Apart from Patliputra which was the capital, the empire consisted of 5 provinces - Uttarpath (Taxila), Dakshinpath (Suwarnagiri), Eastern India (Tosali) Avantirath (Ujjain) and Kalinga (Dhauli). Districts were divided into villages headed by Sthanikas who collected tax and assisted by Gopas who maintained proper records and accounts Gramika - the village head also played an important role in the administration. The Municipal administration of Patliputra was well developed and it was conducted by 6 different committees which looked after industrial activity, special care for foreigners, birth and death registration; trade and commerce; manufacturing and taxation 4. Durg : It included a well-guarded capital which was Patliputra. The army comprised many branches such as the board of Admiralty (in charge of the navy); infantry (on foot) and cavalry; war chariots, Elephants and transport and supervision of the equipment 5. Kosh : Taxation administration was well developed. Peasants had to pay 1/6th of their produce. However, many other taxes such as Pindekara, Hiranya etc were levied. The tax officials were called Agranomoi. There was also a provision of emergency taxation called Pranaya in case of depletion of the treasury Mining and metallurgy, Textile manufacturing, internal trade and taxation levied on these activities were also important sources of revenue for the state. Punch-marked silver coins were issued at a large scale 6. Danda (Justice) - Arthashatra mentions two types of courts ie Dharmesthiya (civil matters) and Kantakshodhaka (criminal matters). Judges were called Dharmastha; for the separation of criminals the officer in charge was Pradesthni 7. Mitra (Ally) : Arthashatra talks about inter-state policy based on various circumstances. 6policies called Shadgunya are listed - Policy of Sandhi (peace), Policy of Vigraha (hostility), Policy of Asana (neutral); Policy of Yan (using military expedition); Policy of Shamshraya (seeking shelter); policy of dvadhibhava (double policy) Thus from the above, we see that the Mauryan administration was quite elaborate and one of the major reasons for their successful administration. However, the later Mauryan rulers were competent enough and the last Mauryan king Brihadhrath was killed by his own minister Pushyamitra Sunga in 185 BC.
##Question:The details of the Mauryan Administration are derived from Arthashastra which envisages seven organs of the state, that is, Saptang Rajya. Discuss. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in brief the Mauryan Administration as provided in Arthashastra In body discussion, the seven organs of the state ie Saptang Rajya as derived from Arthashastra Conclude the answer briefly Answer : The details of the Mauryan Administration are derived from Arthashastra which has been written by Chanakya. It not only defined the state but also envisages the 7 Organs of the state (Saptang Rajya). These included the King, Amartya, Janapada, Durg, Kosh, Danda and Mitra. 1. King : He was the ultimate authority assisted by a council of ministers. King appointed special reporters called Patidevaks and Polisani who kept him informed of public opinion. A well-developed intelligence agency that reported to King was also established for example Sanstha (Stationary spies) and Sanchar (wandering spies) were employed 2. Amatya : This included all high officials such as heads of various departments. The highest functionaries were Mantri, Purohit (priest); Yuvraj (Prince) and commander in chief Many other officials such as Nikayas (who looked after ordinary affairs of regions); Tiraths (they were important functionaries); Samharta (officials in charge of the assessment of tax) and Samdhata (custodian of state treasury) 3. Janpada : Apart from Patliputra which was the capital, the empire consisted of 5 provinces - Uttarpath (Taxila), Dakshinpath (Suwarnagiri), Eastern India (Tosali) Avantirath (Ujjain) and Kalinga (Dhauli). Districts were divided into villages headed by Sthanikas who collected tax and assisted by Gopas who maintained proper records and accounts Gramika - the village head also played an important role in the administration. The Municipal administration of Patliputra was well developed and it was conducted by 6 different committees which looked after industrial activity, special care for foreigners, birth and death registration; trade and commerce; manufacturing and taxation 4. Durg : It included a well-guarded capital which was Patliputra. The army comprised many branches such as the board of Admiralty (in charge of the navy); infantry (on foot) and cavalry; war chariots, Elephants and transport and supervision of the equipment 5. Kosh : Taxation administration was well developed. Peasants had to pay 1/6th of their produce. However, many other taxes such as Pindekara, Hiranya etc were levied. The tax officials were called Agranomoi. There was also a provision of emergency taxation called Pranaya in case of depletion of the treasury Mining and metallurgy, Textile manufacturing, internal trade and taxation levied on these activities were also important sources of revenue for the state. Punch-marked silver coins were issued at a large scale 6. Danda (Justice) - Arthashatra mentions two types of courts ie Dharmesthiya (civil matters) and Kantakshodhaka (criminal matters). Judges were called Dharmastha; for the separation of criminals the officer in charge was Pradesthni 7. Mitra (Ally) : Arthashatra talks about inter-state policy based on various circumstances. 6policies called Shadgunya are listed - Policy of Sandhi (peace), Policy of Vigraha (hostility), Policy of Asana (neutral); Policy of Yan (using military expedition); Policy of Shamshraya (seeking shelter); policy of dvadhibhava (double policy) Thus from the above, we see that the Mauryan administration was quite elaborate and one of the major reasons for their successful administration. However, the later Mauryan rulers were competent enough and the last Mauryan king Brihadhrath was killed by his own minister Pushyamitra Sunga in 185 BC.
76,908
What do you understand by Brexit? what scope and challenges it has brought for India?(150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduction- Write about “Brexit” briefly Main Body- 1. In the First part of body explain why Britain wants to leave EU 2. In the second part write about the scope and challenges of Brexit for India Conclusion- Write about the progress of Brexit so far Answer -It is the abbreviation of “British Exit” from the European Union (EU). Britain has had a troubled relationship with the EU since the beginning and has made various attempts in the past to break away from it. Reasons as to why there is an emphasis on Brexit It is argued that Britain is losing out a big deal by staying in the EU. It has to pay millions of pounds each week as a contribution to the European budget. The extremely bureaucratic nature of the European parliament is hurting British exporters Migration from the European Union into Britain (mainly PIGS economies) is creating an imbalance in the welfare schemes of the UK government. Scopes and Challenges for India Easing of Bilateral Relations in terms of trade and commerce: India sees the British exit as an opportunity to expand its trade and economic relations with the UK. - British and Indian officials have been signaling that Brexit will make the conclusion of a bilateral free trade pact much easier. -A report by the Commonwealth noted that “given the slow pace of negotiations over a trade deal with the EU, Brexit provides a fresh opportunity to India to strengthen its economic relationship with the UK through an India–UK trade and investment agreement.” -Brexit would bring about a situation where in the UK and EU compete for trading with India and enter into long term relationships with increased growth of trade· Impact on Immigration: Britain’s exit from the European Union might benefit students and professionals from India as after Brexit, the same set of rules would apply to students from the EU and India, and so would the opportunities. After Brexit, Indian professionals will be competing on merit rather than on nationality, as the UK will no longer have to favor EU nationals. Impact on Businesses and economy: Brexit and the uncertainty it produces would have many adverse impacts on the Indian economy in general and Indian businesses in the UK in particular. For instance, at present, roughly 800 Indian companies operate in the UK. The UK serves as an entry point for many Indian companies to the European market. A disorderly British exit would shut the direct access of these companies to the EU market. That may force some of the companies to relocate or shut down their businesses. o The uncertainty with regard to Hard Brexit (no-deal Brexit scenario) and risk aversion tendencies across markets can further depreciate the already fragile rupee. No impact on FTA negotiations: Brexit with or without a deal would not affect contentious issues like the delays in the UK-India and the EU-India free trade agreements.
##Question:What do you understand by Brexit? what scope and challenges it has brought for India?(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction- Write about “Brexit” briefly Main Body- 1. In the First part of body explain why Britain wants to leave EU 2. In the second part write about the scope and challenges of Brexit for India Conclusion- Write about the progress of Brexit so far Answer -It is the abbreviation of “British Exit” from the European Union (EU). Britain has had a troubled relationship with the EU since the beginning and has made various attempts in the past to break away from it. Reasons as to why there is an emphasis on Brexit It is argued that Britain is losing out a big deal by staying in the EU. It has to pay millions of pounds each week as a contribution to the European budget. The extremely bureaucratic nature of the European parliament is hurting British exporters Migration from the European Union into Britain (mainly PIGS economies) is creating an imbalance in the welfare schemes of the UK government. Scopes and Challenges for India Easing of Bilateral Relations in terms of trade and commerce: India sees the British exit as an opportunity to expand its trade and economic relations with the UK. - British and Indian officials have been signaling that Brexit will make the conclusion of a bilateral free trade pact much easier. -A report by the Commonwealth noted that “given the slow pace of negotiations over a trade deal with the EU, Brexit provides a fresh opportunity to India to strengthen its economic relationship with the UK through an India–UK trade and investment agreement.” -Brexit would bring about a situation where in the UK and EU compete for trading with India and enter into long term relationships with increased growth of trade· Impact on Immigration: Britain’s exit from the European Union might benefit students and professionals from India as after Brexit, the same set of rules would apply to students from the EU and India, and so would the opportunities. After Brexit, Indian professionals will be competing on merit rather than on nationality, as the UK will no longer have to favor EU nationals. Impact on Businesses and economy: Brexit and the uncertainty it produces would have many adverse impacts on the Indian economy in general and Indian businesses in the UK in particular. For instance, at present, roughly 800 Indian companies operate in the UK. The UK serves as an entry point for many Indian companies to the European market. A disorderly British exit would shut the direct access of these companies to the EU market. That may force some of the companies to relocate or shut down their businesses. o The uncertainty with regard to Hard Brexit (no-deal Brexit scenario) and risk aversion tendencies across markets can further depreciate the already fragile rupee. No impact on FTA negotiations: Brexit with or without a deal would not affect contentious issues like the delays in the UK-India and the EU-India free trade agreements.
76,910
Discuss the expansion of the Imperial Cholas empire and its administration. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach: Briefly introduce Imperial Cholas Elaborate Expansion and acquisition of foreign territory of the Chola Empire Discuss Chola Administration Conclude briefly Imperial Cholas The y were feudatories of Pallavas who became prominent in the 9 th century. Vijayalay founded the imperial Chola line in 850 AD. They also extended their control in Sri Lanka and the Malay peninsula and are thus called ‘Imperial Cholas’. Thousands of inscriptions found in the temples provide detailed information regarding the administration, society, economy and culture of the Chola period. Expansion of Chola Empire Parantaka- He defeated the Pandyas and the ruler of Ceylon at the famous Battle of Vellur Rajraja is known for his military conquest. He defeated Pandyas and Cheras. During his reign invasion of Srilanka started. He also occupied Maldive. Rajendra I continued the legacy of his father. During his reign, the entire Srilanka became part of the Chola kingdom. He also d efeated western Chalukyas. His military expedition led to the defeat of all kings who ruled the eastern coast of the country. Another military achievement was a naval expedition against the Maldive Islands which were conquered. To commemorate a successful expedition in north India he founded the city of Gangaikondcholapuram and constructed the Rajeswaram temple in the city. He also led a successful naval expedition to the Srivijay Kingdom which included the Malay Peninsula. He assumed the title of- Kodoramkondan The later rulers were not competent and the empire came to an end by the early 13 th Century Kulottunga Ⅰ (c. 1070 – 1122 CE) Kulottunga Ⅰ sent a large embassy of 72 merchants to China and maintained cordial relations with the kingdom of Sri Vijaya. He united the Vengi kingdom of Chalukyas with the Chola empire Chola Administration The king was called ‘Ko’ or ‘Perumal Adigal’ or Ko Konmai Kondan the empire consisted of 8 provinces called "Mandalams" This province is further divided into Valanadus, which were divided into Nadus. Nadus consisted of autonomous villages. Guilds/Shrenis were also part administration Chola Village administration was one of its kind. It included 2 types of assemblies: 1. Sabha/Mahasabha- this was an assembly of Brhmadeya villages that enjoyed large autonomy. King often appointed an official to such assembly so that the court of Chola king and these sabhas converged on administrative issues. 2. Ur- this was an assembly of Non-Brahmadeya villages. The membership of the committee which was part of the village administration was not fixed. The members were elected and rotated after every few years. These members were called Variya perumakkal. Land revenue was the main source of income. However, Chola kings conducted Land surveys on a large scale. The Cholas are believed to have overthrown the Pallavas in south India. They became prominent in the 9th century and established an empire comprising the major portion of South India.
##Question:Discuss the expansion of the Imperial Cholas empire and its administration. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Briefly introduce Imperial Cholas Elaborate Expansion and acquisition of foreign territory of the Chola Empire Discuss Chola Administration Conclude briefly Imperial Cholas The y were feudatories of Pallavas who became prominent in the 9 th century. Vijayalay founded the imperial Chola line in 850 AD. They also extended their control in Sri Lanka and the Malay peninsula and are thus called ‘Imperial Cholas’. Thousands of inscriptions found in the temples provide detailed information regarding the administration, society, economy and culture of the Chola period. Expansion of Chola Empire Parantaka- He defeated the Pandyas and the ruler of Ceylon at the famous Battle of Vellur Rajraja is known for his military conquest. He defeated Pandyas and Cheras. During his reign invasion of Srilanka started. He also occupied Maldive. Rajendra I continued the legacy of his father. During his reign, the entire Srilanka became part of the Chola kingdom. He also d efeated western Chalukyas. His military expedition led to the defeat of all kings who ruled the eastern coast of the country. Another military achievement was a naval expedition against the Maldive Islands which were conquered. To commemorate a successful expedition in north India he founded the city of Gangaikondcholapuram and constructed the Rajeswaram temple in the city. He also led a successful naval expedition to the Srivijay Kingdom which included the Malay Peninsula. He assumed the title of- Kodoramkondan The later rulers were not competent and the empire came to an end by the early 13 th Century Kulottunga Ⅰ (c. 1070 – 1122 CE) Kulottunga Ⅰ sent a large embassy of 72 merchants to China and maintained cordial relations with the kingdom of Sri Vijaya. He united the Vengi kingdom of Chalukyas with the Chola empire Chola Administration The king was called ‘Ko’ or ‘Perumal Adigal’ or Ko Konmai Kondan the empire consisted of 8 provinces called "Mandalams" This province is further divided into Valanadus, which were divided into Nadus. Nadus consisted of autonomous villages. Guilds/Shrenis were also part administration Chola Village administration was one of its kind. It included 2 types of assemblies: 1. Sabha/Mahasabha- this was an assembly of Brhmadeya villages that enjoyed large autonomy. King often appointed an official to such assembly so that the court of Chola king and these sabhas converged on administrative issues. 2. Ur- this was an assembly of Non-Brahmadeya villages. The membership of the committee which was part of the village administration was not fixed. The members were elected and rotated after every few years. These members were called Variya perumakkal. Land revenue was the main source of income. However, Chola kings conducted Land surveys on a large scale. The Cholas are believed to have overthrown the Pallavas in south India. They became prominent in the 9th century and established an empire comprising the major portion of South India.
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बलबन का काल जहाँ साम्राज्य के सुदृढ़ीकरण का काल माना जाता है वहीँ, अलाउद्दीन खिलजी का काल साम्राज्य विस्तार एवं प्रशासनिक सुधार का माना जाता है| इस कथन के आलोक में, सल्तनत कालीन इन शासकों के प्रशासनिक सुधारों पर चर्चा कीजिए | (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) While the period of Balban is considered to be the period of consolidation of the empire and the period of Alauddin Khilji is considered to be of empire expansion and administrative reforms. In this context, discuss the administrative reforms of these Sultanate rulers. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)
एप्रोच- बलबन की पृष्ठभूमि को बताते हुए एवं अलाउद्दीन खिलजी के बारे में संक्षिप्तता से बताते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिये| अगले भाग में, संगत उदाहरणों से यह समझाईये कि कैसे बलबन का काल साम्राज्य के सुदृढ़ीकरण का काल माना जाता है| इसमें बलबन के द्वारा किए गए प्रशासनिक सुधारों पर चर्चा कीजिए| अगले भाग में, अलाउद्दीन खिलजी के प्रशासनिक सुधारों का एक विवरण प्रस्तुत कीजिये| उत्तर - बलबन(1265-87 ई.) गुलाम/दास/ममलूक वंश या आदितुर्क(1206-1290 ई.) का एक प्रभावी शासक था जिसे शासनकाल को साम्राज्य के सुदृढ़ीकरण का काल माना जाता है| नसीरूद्दीन महमूद(1246-65 ई.) के शासनकाल में ही प्रधानमंत्री की हैसियत से बलबन ने ही शासन का संचालन किया था एवं उसके बाद खुद सुल्तान बनकर शासन किया| खिलजी वंश(1290-1320 ई.) के शासक अलाउद्दीन खिलजी का शासनकाल 1296 से 1316 ई . के मध्य का था जिसे साम्राज्य विस्तार के दृष्टिकोण से अहम् माना जाता है| अलाउद्दीन खिलजी ने जहाँ एक ओर उत्तर भारत में गुजरात; रणथम्भौर; चितौड़; मालवा आदि क्षेत्रों पर कब्ज़ा किया वहीँ दक्षिणी भारत में भी 4 प्रमुख राज्यों[ देवगिरी(यादव वंश); वारंगल(काकतीय वंश); द्वारसमुद्र(होयसेल वंश); मदुरै(पांड्य)] पर विजय प्राप्त की| मलिक काफूर के नेतृत्व में चारों राज्यों के विरुद्ध अभियान के माध्यम से अलाउद्दीन खिलजी ने चारों राज्यों को नजराना देने पर एवं दिल्ली की अधीनता स्वीकार करने हेतु बाध्य किया| बलबन ने राजपद की गरिमा को बनाए रखने के लिए कई उपाय कियें जिससे सामान्तया बलबन का काल साम्राज्य के सुदृढ़ीकरण का काल माना जाता है, जैसे ---> राजपद को नियाबते खुदाई (अर्थात खुदा का प्रतिनिधि) तथा जिल अल्लाह (अर्थात खुदा की छाया) के रूप में प्रस्तुत करना ताकि पहले के शासकों जैसा अमीरों का दबाव कम हो दरबार में अनुशासन पर बल तथा हंसी-मजाक को वर्जित करना दरबार में सिज्दा और पाबोस नामक प्रथा की शुरुआत केंद्रीय सेना का गठन ( दीवान-ए-अर्ज ) गुप्तचर विभाग को सुदृढ़ करना दिल्ली के आसपास लुटेरों(मेवातियों) का कठोरतापूर्वक दमन तथा अमरोहा, बदायूं, कटेहर आदि क्षेत्रों में लुटेरों के प्रति कठोर नीति अपनाना मंगोल खतरे को ध्यान में रखकर तथा दिल्ली को सुरक्षित रखने के लिए उत्तर-पश्चिम में कुछ नये किलों का निर्माण, पुराने किलों की मरम्मत योग्य अधिकारियों की नियुक्ति , जैसे - अपने पुत्र नसरुद्दीन मोहम्मद को इसने मंगोल खतरे को ध्यान में रखकर साम्राज्य विस्तार हेतु कोई अभियान नहीं किया था, हालाँकि यह सेना को शिकार के बहाने अक्सर सक्रीय रखता था| अलाउद्दीन खिलजी के प्रशासनिक सुधार अमीरों पर नियंत्रण --> अमीरों पर नियंत्रण हेतु इनके बीच वैवाहिक संबंधों तथा मद्यपान पर नियंत्रण "दीवान-ए-मुस्तखराज" नामक विभाग का गठन (अमीरों से बकाया राजस्व की वसूली के लिए) अमीरों पर नजर रखने के लिए गुप्तचर व्यवस्था को मजबूत करना उलेमा पर नियंत्रण ---> इसे राज्य एवं धर्म को अलग करने का श्रेय दिया जाता है| उलेमा वर्ग का राजनीति में हस्तक्षेप रोकना इसने स्पष्ट शब्दों में घोषणा की कि राजनीतिक मामलों में राज्य के हितों को देखते हुए निर्णय को महत्व देगा, नाकि शरियत के अनुसार सेना में सुधार ---> विशाल स्थायी केंद्रीय सेना का गठन सैनिकों को नगद वेतन देने की प्रथा की शुरुआत सेना में दाग एवं हुलिया/चेहरा प्रथा अलाउद्दीन खिलजी के इन सुधारों और प्रयोगों का उद्देश्य प्रशासन को चुस्ती देना, सेना को मजबूत बनाना, भूराजस्व की व्यवस्था का एक तंत्र स्थापित करना एवं कृषि के विस्तार तथा प्रगति के लिए तेजी से फैलते शहरों के नागरिकों के कल्याण के लिए जरुरी उपाय करना था| अलाउद्दीन की बाजार नियमन नीति अपने समय की एक आश्चर्यजनक व्यवस्था थी परंतु उसके मृत्यु के साथ ही वह समाप्त हो गयी| इन नियमों के फलस्वरूप ही अलाउद्दीन एक विशाल और कुशल घुड़सवार सेना बनाए रख पाने में सफल हुआ तथा दिल्ली को मंगोल आक्रमण से सुरक्षित रख सका| साथ ही, भूराजस्व संबंधी सुधारों से उसके ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों के साथ नजदीकी संबंध भी स्थापित हुए क्योंकि उसने मध्यस्थों को भूराजस्व वसूली से अलग कर किसानों से प्रत्यक्ष संबंध स्थापित करने की कोशिश की थी|
##Question:बलबन का काल जहाँ साम्राज्य के सुदृढ़ीकरण का काल माना जाता है वहीँ, अलाउद्दीन खिलजी का काल साम्राज्य विस्तार एवं प्रशासनिक सुधार का माना जाता है| इस कथन के आलोक में, सल्तनत कालीन इन शासकों के प्रशासनिक सुधारों पर चर्चा कीजिए | (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) While the period of Balban is considered to be the period of consolidation of the empire and the period of Alauddin Khilji is considered to be of empire expansion and administrative reforms. In this context, discuss the administrative reforms of these Sultanate rulers. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)##Answer:एप्रोच- बलबन की पृष्ठभूमि को बताते हुए एवं अलाउद्दीन खिलजी के बारे में संक्षिप्तता से बताते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिये| अगले भाग में, संगत उदाहरणों से यह समझाईये कि कैसे बलबन का काल साम्राज्य के सुदृढ़ीकरण का काल माना जाता है| इसमें बलबन के द्वारा किए गए प्रशासनिक सुधारों पर चर्चा कीजिए| अगले भाग में, अलाउद्दीन खिलजी के प्रशासनिक सुधारों का एक विवरण प्रस्तुत कीजिये| उत्तर - बलबन(1265-87 ई.) गुलाम/दास/ममलूक वंश या आदितुर्क(1206-1290 ई.) का एक प्रभावी शासक था जिसे शासनकाल को साम्राज्य के सुदृढ़ीकरण का काल माना जाता है| नसीरूद्दीन महमूद(1246-65 ई.) के शासनकाल में ही प्रधानमंत्री की हैसियत से बलबन ने ही शासन का संचालन किया था एवं उसके बाद खुद सुल्तान बनकर शासन किया| खिलजी वंश(1290-1320 ई.) के शासक अलाउद्दीन खिलजी का शासनकाल 1296 से 1316 ई . के मध्य का था जिसे साम्राज्य विस्तार के दृष्टिकोण से अहम् माना जाता है| अलाउद्दीन खिलजी ने जहाँ एक ओर उत्तर भारत में गुजरात; रणथम्भौर; चितौड़; मालवा आदि क्षेत्रों पर कब्ज़ा किया वहीँ दक्षिणी भारत में भी 4 प्रमुख राज्यों[ देवगिरी(यादव वंश); वारंगल(काकतीय वंश); द्वारसमुद्र(होयसेल वंश); मदुरै(पांड्य)] पर विजय प्राप्त की| मलिक काफूर के नेतृत्व में चारों राज्यों के विरुद्ध अभियान के माध्यम से अलाउद्दीन खिलजी ने चारों राज्यों को नजराना देने पर एवं दिल्ली की अधीनता स्वीकार करने हेतु बाध्य किया| बलबन ने राजपद की गरिमा को बनाए रखने के लिए कई उपाय कियें जिससे सामान्तया बलबन का काल साम्राज्य के सुदृढ़ीकरण का काल माना जाता है, जैसे ---> राजपद को नियाबते खुदाई (अर्थात खुदा का प्रतिनिधि) तथा जिल अल्लाह (अर्थात खुदा की छाया) के रूप में प्रस्तुत करना ताकि पहले के शासकों जैसा अमीरों का दबाव कम हो दरबार में अनुशासन पर बल तथा हंसी-मजाक को वर्जित करना दरबार में सिज्दा और पाबोस नामक प्रथा की शुरुआत केंद्रीय सेना का गठन ( दीवान-ए-अर्ज ) गुप्तचर विभाग को सुदृढ़ करना दिल्ली के आसपास लुटेरों(मेवातियों) का कठोरतापूर्वक दमन तथा अमरोहा, बदायूं, कटेहर आदि क्षेत्रों में लुटेरों के प्रति कठोर नीति अपनाना मंगोल खतरे को ध्यान में रखकर तथा दिल्ली को सुरक्षित रखने के लिए उत्तर-पश्चिम में कुछ नये किलों का निर्माण, पुराने किलों की मरम्मत योग्य अधिकारियों की नियुक्ति , जैसे - अपने पुत्र नसरुद्दीन मोहम्मद को इसने मंगोल खतरे को ध्यान में रखकर साम्राज्य विस्तार हेतु कोई अभियान नहीं किया था, हालाँकि यह सेना को शिकार के बहाने अक्सर सक्रीय रखता था| अलाउद्दीन खिलजी के प्रशासनिक सुधार अमीरों पर नियंत्रण --> अमीरों पर नियंत्रण हेतु इनके बीच वैवाहिक संबंधों तथा मद्यपान पर नियंत्रण "दीवान-ए-मुस्तखराज" नामक विभाग का गठन (अमीरों से बकाया राजस्व की वसूली के लिए) अमीरों पर नजर रखने के लिए गुप्तचर व्यवस्था को मजबूत करना उलेमा पर नियंत्रण ---> इसे राज्य एवं धर्म को अलग करने का श्रेय दिया जाता है| उलेमा वर्ग का राजनीति में हस्तक्षेप रोकना इसने स्पष्ट शब्दों में घोषणा की कि राजनीतिक मामलों में राज्य के हितों को देखते हुए निर्णय को महत्व देगा, नाकि शरियत के अनुसार सेना में सुधार ---> विशाल स्थायी केंद्रीय सेना का गठन सैनिकों को नगद वेतन देने की प्रथा की शुरुआत सेना में दाग एवं हुलिया/चेहरा प्रथा अलाउद्दीन खिलजी के इन सुधारों और प्रयोगों का उद्देश्य प्रशासन को चुस्ती देना, सेना को मजबूत बनाना, भूराजस्व की व्यवस्था का एक तंत्र स्थापित करना एवं कृषि के विस्तार तथा प्रगति के लिए तेजी से फैलते शहरों के नागरिकों के कल्याण के लिए जरुरी उपाय करना था| अलाउद्दीन की बाजार नियमन नीति अपने समय की एक आश्चर्यजनक व्यवस्था थी परंतु उसके मृत्यु के साथ ही वह समाप्त हो गयी| इन नियमों के फलस्वरूप ही अलाउद्दीन एक विशाल और कुशल घुड़सवार सेना बनाए रख पाने में सफल हुआ तथा दिल्ली को मंगोल आक्रमण से सुरक्षित रख सका| साथ ही, भूराजस्व संबंधी सुधारों से उसके ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों के साथ नजदीकी संबंध भी स्थापित हुए क्योंकि उसने मध्यस्थों को भूराजस्व वसूली से अलग कर किसानों से प्रत्यक्ष संबंध स्थापित करने की कोशिश की थी|
76,932
Mention important Historians and their literary sources to reconstruct the Medieval History of India. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach: Introduction: write briefly about the advent of Islam in India during the medieval period Main body: Write various literal sources of medieval Indian history. Conclusion-Give significance to better understand the historical events. Answer: The advent of Islam in India and a regional kingdom took place due to the invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni in the medieval period is backed by various sources of medieval history till the Delhi sultanate The following are the sources of Medieval history till Delhi Sultanate: Book-Chach Nama: The history of the Sindh region and some regions of Afghanistan. This book narrates the history Sindh region on eve of the Arab invasion around 711AD Sindh was ruled by the Rai dynasty after the death of Shashi Rai His Brahmin minister Chach became the next King. son of Chach, Dahir face the Arab onslaught led by Mohmmed bin Qasim who was commander of the Umayyad Caliphate. Al-Buruni(973-1050AD) : He was from Uzbekistan and came to India with invading horses of Mahmud of Ghazni. He was a polymath(having many skills )and polyglot -speak and write many languages. He stayed in India for many years and wrote Kitab-ul-hind in rabic which was later translated to Persian This book talks about the socio-religious condition of India during the invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni He highlighted the shortcomings of Indian society which led to their defeats by invaders He adopted a distinctive structure in each chapter beginning with a question, following this up with a description based on Sanskritic tradition, and concluding with a comparison with other cultures Example: He found the varna system to be a similar system to for categories in Persia but was adhered by the notion of purity and pollution. H asan Nizami: He wrote about the exploits of Qutubbin-Aibek, and Illtumish. Amir Khusrau: He was a prominent representative of Indo-Islamic culture for four decades when Delhi Sultanate was at its apex of glory. He was known as Tut-e-hind and is considered the father of Hindustani music and Qawali. He adorned the court of Balban, Jalauldin Khilji, AlauldinKhilji, and Ghiyasuddin Tuglaq. He was a disciple of Nizammudin Auliya. He wrote Mifltahul-Fater(military campaign of Jaullidin khilji) Tarikh-i ilahi(conquest od allaudin khilji) Tughlaq-Nama(victory of Ghiyyasuddi Tughlaq over Khusrau khan) He also maintained a personal diary called Ijaze-e Khursari Ziauddin Barrani(1285-1358): His book Tarikh -Firoz shah is the greatest work of history in medieval India He was a contemporary of amir khusrau and was patronaged by tughlaq rulers He also wrote Fatwa-Jahandari which talks about the political philosophy of the Sultanate Futuhat-e-Firozsshan This autobiography of Firoz shah Tughlaq Ferishta: He served the Deccan sultanate mainly Ahmednagar and Bijapur. He wrote tarikke-feristha which comprises 13 books and narrates the history of various reasons in India He also wrote Gulshan-i Ibrahim-dedicated to Ibrahim-Adi-Shah Al Masudi(10th century): He was a Traveller from Bagdad who wrote about India in his account Muruj-ul-zahab. Ibn-battuta: He was a Traveller from Morrocco who wrote Kitab-ul-Rihla about the time he spent in India. He was appointed as a qazi during the reign of Mohamad-bin-Tughlaq. He describes the taste of paan and coconut to a person who has never tasted them. He also wrote about the postal system He mentions two system-Uluq(by horse), and Dawa(by foot, )Dawa was faster than Uluq Conclusion: The literal sources give basic information and indirectly it gives us interesting details about the social and political life of the people of the given period. It helps in better understanding the historical events and their impact and significance.
##Question:Mention important Historians and their literary sources to reconstruct the Medieval History of India. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: write briefly about the advent of Islam in India during the medieval period Main body: Write various literal sources of medieval Indian history. Conclusion-Give significance to better understand the historical events. Answer: The advent of Islam in India and a regional kingdom took place due to the invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni in the medieval period is backed by various sources of medieval history till the Delhi sultanate The following are the sources of Medieval history till Delhi Sultanate: Book-Chach Nama: The history of the Sindh region and some regions of Afghanistan. This book narrates the history Sindh region on eve of the Arab invasion around 711AD Sindh was ruled by the Rai dynasty after the death of Shashi Rai His Brahmin minister Chach became the next King. son of Chach, Dahir face the Arab onslaught led by Mohmmed bin Qasim who was commander of the Umayyad Caliphate. Al-Buruni(973-1050AD) : He was from Uzbekistan and came to India with invading horses of Mahmud of Ghazni. He was a polymath(having many skills )and polyglot -speak and write many languages. He stayed in India for many years and wrote Kitab-ul-hind in rabic which was later translated to Persian This book talks about the socio-religious condition of India during the invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni He highlighted the shortcomings of Indian society which led to their defeats by invaders He adopted a distinctive structure in each chapter beginning with a question, following this up with a description based on Sanskritic tradition, and concluding with a comparison with other cultures Example: He found the varna system to be a similar system to for categories in Persia but was adhered by the notion of purity and pollution. H asan Nizami: He wrote about the exploits of Qutubbin-Aibek, and Illtumish. Amir Khusrau: He was a prominent representative of Indo-Islamic culture for four decades when Delhi Sultanate was at its apex of glory. He was known as Tut-e-hind and is considered the father of Hindustani music and Qawali. He adorned the court of Balban, Jalauldin Khilji, AlauldinKhilji, and Ghiyasuddin Tuglaq. He was a disciple of Nizammudin Auliya. He wrote Mifltahul-Fater(military campaign of Jaullidin khilji) Tarikh-i ilahi(conquest od allaudin khilji) Tughlaq-Nama(victory of Ghiyyasuddi Tughlaq over Khusrau khan) He also maintained a personal diary called Ijaze-e Khursari Ziauddin Barrani(1285-1358): His book Tarikh -Firoz shah is the greatest work of history in medieval India He was a contemporary of amir khusrau and was patronaged by tughlaq rulers He also wrote Fatwa-Jahandari which talks about the political philosophy of the Sultanate Futuhat-e-Firozsshan This autobiography of Firoz shah Tughlaq Ferishta: He served the Deccan sultanate mainly Ahmednagar and Bijapur. He wrote tarikke-feristha which comprises 13 books and narrates the history of various reasons in India He also wrote Gulshan-i Ibrahim-dedicated to Ibrahim-Adi-Shah Al Masudi(10th century): He was a Traveller from Bagdad who wrote about India in his account Muruj-ul-zahab. Ibn-battuta: He was a Traveller from Morrocco who wrote Kitab-ul-Rihla about the time he spent in India. He was appointed as a qazi during the reign of Mohamad-bin-Tughlaq. He describes the taste of paan and coconut to a person who has never tasted them. He also wrote about the postal system He mentions two system-Uluq(by horse), and Dawa(by foot, )Dawa was faster than Uluq Conclusion: The literal sources give basic information and indirectly it gives us interesting details about the social and political life of the people of the given period. It helps in better understanding the historical events and their impact and significance.
76,937
What does WASH stand for and in the backdrop of the WASH Strategy adopted by WHO discuss the efforts taken by the Indian Government? (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Introduce in brief the WASH and WASH strategy adopted by WHO In body discuss the efforts taken by the Indian Government Conclude accordingly with the way forward Answer : WASH is a collective term for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene relating to - Access to safe drinking water, Improved sanitation facilities and Maintaining a basic level of hygiene.WHO has adopted the WASH Strategy, 2018-25 with a vision to substantially improve health through the safe management of water, sanitation and hygiene services in all settings. Also, the UN General Assembly in 2010 had adopted a resolution for the progressive realization of the human rights to safe drinking waterand sanitation. WASH is a prerequisite to preventing infections like cholera, diarrhoea (the third leading cause of childhood mortality in India), and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). WASH is an important component of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 2030 ie SDG-3. However, there exist multiple challenges to the successful implementation of WASH. So the government has taken multiple steps. Efforts were taken by the Indian Government with respect to WASH: Jal Jeevan Mission - Launched in 2019 to provide every rural household with water supply by 2024. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) - On October 2, 2019, all the villages in the 36 States and Union Territories of India were declared open defecation-free (ODF). In 2020, the centre launched SBM 2.0 which aims at ODF plus by focusing on the sustainability of the ODF. 100-day campaign for 100% coverage - Launched by the Ministry of Jal Shakti on Gandhi Jayanti in 2020. Aimed at providing potable piped water supply for drinking and cooking purposes and tap water for handwashing and in toilets in every school, Anganwadi and ashram shala or residential tribal school in 100 days. Namami Gange program - Holistic program on cleaning the Ganga. It entails setting up biodiversity centres, crematoriums and toilets along the river banks to reduce pollution in the river. Awareness campaign on benefits of handwashing - Upon the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic government through various measures like call tunes, is promoting awareness about the benefits of frequent hand washing. Way forward : Sensitisation, for judicious use of water and prevention of water bodies from pollution Infrastructure for the storage of water must be developed properly to ensure that people have access to safe water across the country Multiple factors- emotions, habits, settings, infrastructure, poverty, attitude, and lack of will- prevent the conversion of hygiene-related knowledge into practice and practice into a habit Programmes on hygiene need to appreciate the interplay between these factors and design an integrated approach rather than addressing it in isolation
##Question:What does WASH stand for and in the backdrop of the WASH Strategy adopted by WHO discuss the efforts taken by the Indian Government? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in brief the WASH and WASH strategy adopted by WHO In body discuss the efforts taken by the Indian Government Conclude accordingly with the way forward Answer : WASH is a collective term for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene relating to - Access to safe drinking water, Improved sanitation facilities and Maintaining a basic level of hygiene.WHO has adopted the WASH Strategy, 2018-25 with a vision to substantially improve health through the safe management of water, sanitation and hygiene services in all settings. Also, the UN General Assembly in 2010 had adopted a resolution for the progressive realization of the human rights to safe drinking waterand sanitation. WASH is a prerequisite to preventing infections like cholera, diarrhoea (the third leading cause of childhood mortality in India), and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). WASH is an important component of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 2030 ie SDG-3. However, there exist multiple challenges to the successful implementation of WASH. So the government has taken multiple steps. Efforts were taken by the Indian Government with respect to WASH: Jal Jeevan Mission - Launched in 2019 to provide every rural household with water supply by 2024. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) - On October 2, 2019, all the villages in the 36 States and Union Territories of India were declared open defecation-free (ODF). In 2020, the centre launched SBM 2.0 which aims at ODF plus by focusing on the sustainability of the ODF. 100-day campaign for 100% coverage - Launched by the Ministry of Jal Shakti on Gandhi Jayanti in 2020. Aimed at providing potable piped water supply for drinking and cooking purposes and tap water for handwashing and in toilets in every school, Anganwadi and ashram shala or residential tribal school in 100 days. Namami Gange program - Holistic program on cleaning the Ganga. It entails setting up biodiversity centres, crematoriums and toilets along the river banks to reduce pollution in the river. Awareness campaign on benefits of handwashing - Upon the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic government through various measures like call tunes, is promoting awareness about the benefits of frequent hand washing. Way forward : Sensitisation, for judicious use of water and prevention of water bodies from pollution Infrastructure for the storage of water must be developed properly to ensure that people have access to safe water across the country Multiple factors- emotions, habits, settings, infrastructure, poverty, attitude, and lack of will- prevent the conversion of hygiene-related knowledge into practice and practice into a habit Programmes on hygiene need to appreciate the interplay between these factors and design an integrated approach rather than addressing it in isolation
76,946
What do you understand by Volcanism? Also, mention the distribution of Volcanism over the earth.(150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduction- Define Volcanism. Mention the distribution of Volcanism in detail. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Volcanism includes all the phenomena associated with the movement of molten material from the interior of the earth to the surface. Volcanism involves three main processes: The generation of magma is due to an increase in heat, decrease in pressure or increase in water content, It is generated in the asthenosphere and the lower part of the mantle. The intrusion of magma into the lithospheric region. Extrusion of magma onto the surface of the earth. Distribution of volcanism around the world: Ridge volcanism: Along the oceanic floor through mid-oceanic ridges Nonexplosive, smooth, and continuous magma. For example mid-oceanic ridges in the Atlantic Ocean, East Pacific Rise, and Carlsberg ridge. Arc Volcanism: Found along ocean-ocean convergence boundaries forming island arcs. For example Japan, the Aleutian Islands, the Caribbean islands, etc. Volcanic chains: Found along ocean-continent convergent plate boundaries. For example Andes and Rockies. Volcanic clusters: Found along the continent-continent divergent boundary. For Example east African rift valley Volcanic lines: Line of volcanoes arranged along with the hotspots. For Example Hawaii islands and the Reunion islands. Volcanism plays important role in the maintenance of the temperature of the earth and thus there is a greater need for research in volcanism.
##Question:What do you understand by Volcanism? Also, mention the distribution of Volcanism over the earth.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction- Define Volcanism. Mention the distribution of Volcanism in detail. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Volcanism includes all the phenomena associated with the movement of molten material from the interior of the earth to the surface. Volcanism involves three main processes: The generation of magma is due to an increase in heat, decrease in pressure or increase in water content, It is generated in the asthenosphere and the lower part of the mantle. The intrusion of magma into the lithospheric region. Extrusion of magma onto the surface of the earth. Distribution of volcanism around the world: Ridge volcanism: Along the oceanic floor through mid-oceanic ridges Nonexplosive, smooth, and continuous magma. For example mid-oceanic ridges in the Atlantic Ocean, East Pacific Rise, and Carlsberg ridge. Arc Volcanism: Found along ocean-ocean convergence boundaries forming island arcs. For example Japan, the Aleutian Islands, the Caribbean islands, etc. Volcanic chains: Found along ocean-continent convergent plate boundaries. For example Andes and Rockies. Volcanic clusters: Found along the continent-continent divergent boundary. For Example east African rift valley Volcanic lines: Line of volcanoes arranged along with the hotspots. For Example Hawaii islands and the Reunion islands. Volcanism plays important role in the maintenance of the temperature of the earth and thus there is a greater need for research in volcanism.
76,970
भारत में राष्ट्रपति की संवैधानिक स्थिति को स्पष्ट करते हुए जांच कीजिये कि क्या मंत्रिपरिषद राष्ट्रपति की तुलना में अधिक प्रभावशाली है? (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Explaining the constitutional position of the President in India, examine whether the Council of Ministers is more influential than the President? (150-200 words; 10 marks)
दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में राष्ट्रपति के बारे में सामान्य जानकारी दीजिये 2- मुख्य भाग में अलग अलग संदर्भों में राष्ट्रपति की संवैधानिक स्थिति स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- अंतिम में कथन के पक्ष में जाते हुए निष्कर्ष दीजिये अनुच्छेद 53 के अनुसार संघ की कार्यपालिका शक्ति राष्ट्रपति में निहित है, और राष्ट्रपति इन शक्तियों का इश्तेमाल या तो स्वयं या संविधान में दिए गए प्रावधानों के तहत अपने अधीनस्थ पदाधिकारियों के सहयोग और सलाह से करेंगे (अधीनस्थ पदाधिकारियों का तात्पर्य है मंत्रिपरिषद)| संवैधानिक एवं संविधिक पदों पर नियुक्त करना एवं पद मुक्त करना, संघ सरकार की कार्यवाही प्रक्रिया सम्बन्धी नियमों का निर्माण, संघ-शासित क्षेत्रों का प्रशासन; 5 एवं 6 वीं अनुसूची से सम्बन्धित जिम्मेदारियां; अंतर्राज्यीय सहयोग एवं संघ राज्य सहयोग के लिए अंतर्राज्यीय परिषद् का गठन आदि राष्ट्रपति के प्रमुख कार्यपालिका कार्य हैं| संविधान के अनुसार अपनी उपरोक्त शक्तियों का निर्वहन अनुच्छेद 74 के प्रावधानों के तहत करता है| संवैधानिक स्थिति मंत्रिपरिषद के परामर्श के संदर्भ में संविधान के अनुच्छेद 74 के अनुसार, राष्ट्रपति, प्रधानमन्त्री के नेतृत्व में मंत्रिपरिषद द्वारा दिए गए सहयोग और परामर्श के अनुसार कार्य करता है 44वें संविधान संशोधन द्वारा 1978 में बाद से मंत्रिपरिषद की सलाह को राष्ट्रपति द्वारा एक बार पुनर्विचार के लिए भेजा जा सकता है लेकिन उसके बाद दी गयी सलाह बाध्यकारी होगी| निष्कर्षतः अनुच्छेद 53 और 74 का सूक्ष्मस्तरीय तुलनात्मक अध्ययन और विश्लेषण करने पर यह स्पष्ट होता है कि मंत्रिपरिषद राष्ट्रपति की तुलना में अधिक प्रभावशाली है| क्योंकि उसके द्वारा दी गयी सलाह बाध्यकारी और आदेशात्मक प्रकृति की है| राष्ट्रपति के निर्वाचन एवं महाभियोग के संदर्भ में अनुच्छेद 54 के अनुसार संसद के दोनों सदनों के निर्वाचित सदस्य और राज्य विधानसभाओं के निर्वाचित सदस्य (दिल्ली और पुड्डुचेरी समेत) अप्रत्यक्ष निर्वाचन प्रक्रिया में भाग लेते हैं अनुच्छेद 61 के तहत राष्ट्रपति पर लगाए गए महाभियोग की प्रक्रिया में संसद के दोनों सदनों के निर्वाचित सदस्य और मनोनीत सदस्य भाग लेते हैं| जबकि निर्वाचन की प्रक्रिया में भाग लेने वाले राज्य विधानसभाओं के निर्वाचित सदस्य भाग नहीं लेते हैं|(नैसर्गिक न्याय के सिद्धांत का उल्लंघन ) संविधान के उल्लंघन या अतिक्रमण के आधार पर महाभियोग लगाया जाता है परन्तु इसकी कोई स्पष्ट परिभाषा नहीं है और इसका निर्धारण संसद में अर्धन्यायिक प्रक्रिया के तहत राजनीतिक बहुमत के आधार पर किया जाता है |द्वितीय सदन (लोक सभा या राज्य सभा यदि आरोप की जांच स्वयं नहीं करता तो वह कौन करेगा तथा उसकी प्रक्रिया क्या होगी यह स्पष्ट नहीं है निष्कर्षतः तुलनात्मक आधार पर यह कहा जा सकता है कि यदि राष्ट्रपति को मंत्रिपरिषद का समर्थन प्राप्त है तो संविधान अतिक्रमण की संभावित स्थिति में भी राष्ट्रपति को महाभियोग से बचाया जा सकता है| इस तरह राष्ट्रपति की तुलना में मंत्रिपरिषद अधिक प्रभावी सिद्ध होती है| अनुच्छेद 75 और अनुच्छेद 78 के संदर्भ में प्रधानमन्त्री की नियुक्ति राष्ट्रपति द्वारा की जाती है और अन्य मंत्रियों की नियुक्ति प्रधानमन्त्री की सलाह पर राष्ट्रपति द्वारा की जाती है| (ऐसी स्थिति में मंत्री प्रधानमन्त्री के विश्वासपात्र होंगे) मंत्रिपरिषद सामूहिक रूप से लोकसभा के प्रति उत्तरदायी है न कि राष्ट्रपति के प्रति अनुच्छेद 78 के तहत राष्ट्रपति को प्रधानमन्त्री से प्रशासनिक एवं विधायी मामलों में सभी सूचना प्राप्त करने या मांगने का अधिकार है और सूचना प्रदान करना प्रधानमन्त्री का संवैधानिक कर्तव्य है| इस स्पष्टता के बावजूद तुलनात्मक अध्ययन के आधार पर दो परिस्थितियाँ उभर कर सामने आती हैं यथा 1- मंत्रिपरिषद सामूहिक रूप से राष्ट्रपति के लिए लोकसभा के प्रति जवाबदेह होती है और गोपनीयता की शपथ के बंधन से युक्त है, 2- इस आधार पर यदि प्रधानमन्त्री अनुच्छेद 78 के तहत अपने कर्तव्यों का निर्वहन नहीं करता तो राष्ट्रपति प्रधानमन्त्री के विरुद्ध निर्णायक कदम उठाने की स्थिति में नहीं होगा|अतः यह कहा जा सकता है अनुच्छेद 78 राष्ट्रपति को कार्यपालिका शक्ति प्रदान करता है परन्तु व्यवहारिक रूप में कम| उपरोक्त प्रावधानों के सूक्ष्मस्तरीय तुलनात्मक अध्ययन और विश्लेषण करने पर यह स्पष्ट होता है कि मंत्रिपरिषद राष्ट्रपति की तुलना में अधिक प्रभावशाली है|
##Question:भारत में राष्ट्रपति की संवैधानिक स्थिति को स्पष्ट करते हुए जांच कीजिये कि क्या मंत्रिपरिषद राष्ट्रपति की तुलना में अधिक प्रभावशाली है? (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Explaining the constitutional position of the President in India, examine whether the Council of Ministers is more influential than the President? (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में राष्ट्रपति के बारे में सामान्य जानकारी दीजिये 2- मुख्य भाग में अलग अलग संदर्भों में राष्ट्रपति की संवैधानिक स्थिति स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- अंतिम में कथन के पक्ष में जाते हुए निष्कर्ष दीजिये अनुच्छेद 53 के अनुसार संघ की कार्यपालिका शक्ति राष्ट्रपति में निहित है, और राष्ट्रपति इन शक्तियों का इश्तेमाल या तो स्वयं या संविधान में दिए गए प्रावधानों के तहत अपने अधीनस्थ पदाधिकारियों के सहयोग और सलाह से करेंगे (अधीनस्थ पदाधिकारियों का तात्पर्य है मंत्रिपरिषद)| संवैधानिक एवं संविधिक पदों पर नियुक्त करना एवं पद मुक्त करना, संघ सरकार की कार्यवाही प्रक्रिया सम्बन्धी नियमों का निर्माण, संघ-शासित क्षेत्रों का प्रशासन; 5 एवं 6 वीं अनुसूची से सम्बन्धित जिम्मेदारियां; अंतर्राज्यीय सहयोग एवं संघ राज्य सहयोग के लिए अंतर्राज्यीय परिषद् का गठन आदि राष्ट्रपति के प्रमुख कार्यपालिका कार्य हैं| संविधान के अनुसार अपनी उपरोक्त शक्तियों का निर्वहन अनुच्छेद 74 के प्रावधानों के तहत करता है| संवैधानिक स्थिति मंत्रिपरिषद के परामर्श के संदर्भ में संविधान के अनुच्छेद 74 के अनुसार, राष्ट्रपति, प्रधानमन्त्री के नेतृत्व में मंत्रिपरिषद द्वारा दिए गए सहयोग और परामर्श के अनुसार कार्य करता है 44वें संविधान संशोधन द्वारा 1978 में बाद से मंत्रिपरिषद की सलाह को राष्ट्रपति द्वारा एक बार पुनर्विचार के लिए भेजा जा सकता है लेकिन उसके बाद दी गयी सलाह बाध्यकारी होगी| निष्कर्षतः अनुच्छेद 53 और 74 का सूक्ष्मस्तरीय तुलनात्मक अध्ययन और विश्लेषण करने पर यह स्पष्ट होता है कि मंत्रिपरिषद राष्ट्रपति की तुलना में अधिक प्रभावशाली है| क्योंकि उसके द्वारा दी गयी सलाह बाध्यकारी और आदेशात्मक प्रकृति की है| राष्ट्रपति के निर्वाचन एवं महाभियोग के संदर्भ में अनुच्छेद 54 के अनुसार संसद के दोनों सदनों के निर्वाचित सदस्य और राज्य विधानसभाओं के निर्वाचित सदस्य (दिल्ली और पुड्डुचेरी समेत) अप्रत्यक्ष निर्वाचन प्रक्रिया में भाग लेते हैं अनुच्छेद 61 के तहत राष्ट्रपति पर लगाए गए महाभियोग की प्रक्रिया में संसद के दोनों सदनों के निर्वाचित सदस्य और मनोनीत सदस्य भाग लेते हैं| जबकि निर्वाचन की प्रक्रिया में भाग लेने वाले राज्य विधानसभाओं के निर्वाचित सदस्य भाग नहीं लेते हैं|(नैसर्गिक न्याय के सिद्धांत का उल्लंघन ) संविधान के उल्लंघन या अतिक्रमण के आधार पर महाभियोग लगाया जाता है परन्तु इसकी कोई स्पष्ट परिभाषा नहीं है और इसका निर्धारण संसद में अर्धन्यायिक प्रक्रिया के तहत राजनीतिक बहुमत के आधार पर किया जाता है |द्वितीय सदन (लोक सभा या राज्य सभा यदि आरोप की जांच स्वयं नहीं करता तो वह कौन करेगा तथा उसकी प्रक्रिया क्या होगी यह स्पष्ट नहीं है निष्कर्षतः तुलनात्मक आधार पर यह कहा जा सकता है कि यदि राष्ट्रपति को मंत्रिपरिषद का समर्थन प्राप्त है तो संविधान अतिक्रमण की संभावित स्थिति में भी राष्ट्रपति को महाभियोग से बचाया जा सकता है| इस तरह राष्ट्रपति की तुलना में मंत्रिपरिषद अधिक प्रभावी सिद्ध होती है| अनुच्छेद 75 और अनुच्छेद 78 के संदर्भ में प्रधानमन्त्री की नियुक्ति राष्ट्रपति द्वारा की जाती है और अन्य मंत्रियों की नियुक्ति प्रधानमन्त्री की सलाह पर राष्ट्रपति द्वारा की जाती है| (ऐसी स्थिति में मंत्री प्रधानमन्त्री के विश्वासपात्र होंगे) मंत्रिपरिषद सामूहिक रूप से लोकसभा के प्रति उत्तरदायी है न कि राष्ट्रपति के प्रति अनुच्छेद 78 के तहत राष्ट्रपति को प्रधानमन्त्री से प्रशासनिक एवं विधायी मामलों में सभी सूचना प्राप्त करने या मांगने का अधिकार है और सूचना प्रदान करना प्रधानमन्त्री का संवैधानिक कर्तव्य है| इस स्पष्टता के बावजूद तुलनात्मक अध्ययन के आधार पर दो परिस्थितियाँ उभर कर सामने आती हैं यथा 1- मंत्रिपरिषद सामूहिक रूप से राष्ट्रपति के लिए लोकसभा के प्रति जवाबदेह होती है और गोपनीयता की शपथ के बंधन से युक्त है, 2- इस आधार पर यदि प्रधानमन्त्री अनुच्छेद 78 के तहत अपने कर्तव्यों का निर्वहन नहीं करता तो राष्ट्रपति प्रधानमन्त्री के विरुद्ध निर्णायक कदम उठाने की स्थिति में नहीं होगा|अतः यह कहा जा सकता है अनुच्छेद 78 राष्ट्रपति को कार्यपालिका शक्ति प्रदान करता है परन्तु व्यवहारिक रूप में कम| उपरोक्त प्रावधानों के सूक्ष्मस्तरीय तुलनात्मक अध्ययन और विश्लेषण करने पर यह स्पष्ट होता है कि मंत्रिपरिषद राष्ट्रपति की तुलना में अधिक प्रभावशाली है|
76,988
Discuss the history of the struggle between the Chalukyas and the Pallavas, while analysing its causes and bringing out its importance. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: 1. Introduce by giving the brief account on the histroy of struggle between Chalukyas and the pallavas 2. Discuss in detail the interests behind such region which led to the struggle 3. Write about the causes of the struggle 4. Discuss the importane of the struggle 5. Concluded by briefly highlighting the actual result due to such struggle. Answer: The principal interest in the political history of peninsular India from the sixth to the eighth century centres around the long struggle for supremacy between the Pallavas of Kanchi and the Chalukyas of Badami. The first important event in this long conflict took place during the reign of Pulakeshin II (ad 609-42), the most famous Chalukya king.
##Question:Discuss the history of the struggle between the Chalukyas and the Pallavas, while analysing its causes and bringing out its importance. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduce by giving the brief account on the histroy of struggle between Chalukyas and the pallavas 2. Discuss in detail the interests behind such region which led to the struggle 3. Write about the causes of the struggle 4. Discuss the importane of the struggle 5. Concluded by briefly highlighting the actual result due to such struggle. Answer: The principal interest in the political history of peninsular India from the sixth to the eighth century centres around the long struggle for supremacy between the Pallavas of Kanchi and the Chalukyas of Badami. The first important event in this long conflict took place during the reign of Pulakeshin II (ad 609-42), the most famous Chalukya king.
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चौथी औद्योगिक क्रांति (Fourth Industrial Revolution) के संदर्भ में भारत के लिए अवसरों का उल्लेख करते हुए इससे जुड़ी चुनौतियों की पहचान कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) In the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, mention the opportunities for India and identify the challenges associated with it. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)
एप्रोच - चौथी औद्योगिक क्रांति(Fourth Industrial Revolution) के बारे में बताते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए| अगले भाग में, चौथी औद्योगिक क्रांति के संदर्भ में भारत के लिए अवसरों का उल्लेख कीजिए| अगले भाग में, इस संदर्भ में भारत के लिए चुनौतियों की पहचान कीजिए| निष्कर्षतः, इस संबंध में आगे की राह के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| एप्रोच - "उद्योग 4.0’ विश्व आर्थिक फोरम की 2016 में आयोजित वार्षिक बैठक की थीम थी, जिसके बाद चतुर्थ औद्योगिक क्रांति का विचार तेज़ी से प्रसिद्ध होता गया|पहली औद्योगिक क्रांति जल व भाप की शक्ति से हुई थी, दूसरी विद्युत ऊर्जा से एवं तीसरी क्रांति वर्तमान में चल रही इलेक्ट्रॉनिक और सूचना प्रोद्योगिकी जनित क्रांति को दर्शाता है| चौथी औद्योगिक क्रांति में आइटी व विनिर्माण सेक्टर को मिलाकर कार्य किया जाएगा अर्थात विनिर्माण और इसी तरह के उद्योगों और मूल्य-निर्माण प्रक्रियाओं के डिजिटल परिवर्तन को चौथी औद्योगिक क्रांति(Fourth Industrial Revolution) या उद्योग 4.0 कहा जा रहा है| यह मुख्यत: इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स (IoT), बाधा रहित इंटरनेट कनेक्टिविटी, तीव्र गति वाली संचार तकनीकियों और 3डी प्रिंटिंग जैसे अनुप्रयोगों पर आधारित है, जिसके अंतर्गत अधिक डिजिटलीकरण के द्वारा उत्पादों, वैल्यू चेन, व्यापार मॉडल आदि को एक-दूसरे से अधिकाधिक जोड़ने की परिकल्पना की गई है| चौथी औद्योगिक क्रांति(Fourth Industrial Revolution) या उद्योग 4.0 के अंतर्गत निम्न आयामों पर काफी बल दिया जाएगा --> योजक विनिर्माण या एडिटीव मैन्युफैक्चरिंग (Additive Manufacturing) ऑटोनोमस रोबोट (Autonomous robots) बिग डेटा एनालिटिक्स (Big data analytics) संवर्धित वास्तविकता (Augmented Reality) क्लाउड (Cloud) औद्योगिक इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स (The Industrial Internet of Things ) साइबर सुरक्षा(Cyber security) क्षैतिज और लंबवत प्रणाली एकीकरण (Horizontal and Vertical System Integration) भारत के लिए अवसर ---> बेहतर जनांकिकीय लाभांश के लाभों के कारण भारत चौथी वैश्विक औद्योगिक क्रांति को आकार देने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा सकता है| भारत दूरसंचार के क्षेत्र में अपने विस्तार तथा डिजिटल इंडिया अभियान, स्टार्ट-अप इंडिया और अटल इनोवेशन मिशन जैसी सरकार की पहलों के कारण डेटा उपयोग और उपलब्धता में भारी वृद्धि का अधिकतम लाभ उठा सकता है| कृत्रिम बौद्धिकता, मशीन-लर्निंग, इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स, ब्लॉकचेन और बिग डाटा जैसे उभरते क्षेत्र भारत को विकास की नई ऊँचाइयों पर ले जा सकते हैं तथा नागरिकों के जीवन को बेहतर बना सकते हैं| निर्धनता कम करने, किसानों के जीवन में सुधार लाने और दिव्यांग लोगों के जीवन को सुगम बनाने के लिए आर्टिफिशियल इंटेलीजेंस (AI) का प्रभावी ढंग से उपयोग किया जा सकता है| AI का विभिन्न क्षेत्रों अर्थात् चिकित्सा से लेकर आपराधिक न्याय, विनिर्माण, वित्त तक में व्यापक अनुप्रयोग है| यह भारत के लिये न सिर्फ एक औद्योगिक परिवर्तन है बल्कि सामाजिक परिवर्तन भी साबित हो सकता है| ‘उद्योग 4.0’ में भारत में अपरिवर्तनीय रचनात्मक बदलाव लाने की क्षमता है जिससे भारत में औद्योगिक कार्यों में आवश्यक तेज़ी आएगी और औद्योगिक कार्यों बेहतर बनाने में सहायता मिलेगी| डिजिटल इंडिया अभियान ने डेटा को भारत के गाँवों तक पहुँचाया है| निकट भविष्य में संचार-सघनता, इंटरनेट कवरेज और मोबाइल इंटरनेट सुविधा लेने वालों की तादाद बहुत बढ़ने की संभावना है| दूरसंचार के क्षेत्र में काफी वृद्धि हुई है और लगभग 50 करोड़ भारतीयों के पास अब मोबाइल फोन हैं| विश्व में सबसे अधिक मोबाइल डेटा खपत भारत में होती है और भारत एक ऐसा देश है जहाँ डेटा सबसे कम कीमत पर उपलब्ध है| इस संदर्भ में भारत की डिजिटल अवसंरचना और आधार, यूपीआई, ई-नाम तथा जीईएम सहित उसके इंटरफेस की प्रमुख भूमिका रही है| चौथी औद्योगिक क्रांति और कृत्रिम बौद्धिकता के विस्तार से स्वास्थ्य क्षेत्र में बेहतर सुधार होगा और स्वास्थ्य पर होने वाला खर्च कम होगा| इससे किसानों को मदद मिलेगी और यह कृषि क्षेत्र के लिये काफी सहायक होगा| यातायात और स्मार्ट मोबिलिटी जैसे क्षेत्रों में यह केंद्र अहम भूमिका निभा सकता है| आदि भारत के लिए चुनौतियाँ ---> नौकरियों की संख्या में कमी आएगी| जैसे-जैसे रोबोटिक्स और आर्टिफिशियल इंटेलिजेंस मेच्योर होंगे, अमीर देशों में कई नौकरियों के ख़त्म होने की आशंका बढ़ेगी| रेस्टोरेंट्स में होस्ट/होस्टेस, होटल इंडस्ट्री में कई अन्य रोजगार, टेलीमार्केटिंग करने वाले और यहां तक कि खेल अधिकारियों की नौकरियां चौथी औद्योगिक क्रांति के आगे बढ़ने से खतरे में पड़ जाएंगी| अधिक उम्र वाले जिन लोगों की नौकरियां ऑटोमेशन की वजह से जाएंगी, तथा वे स्थानीय प्रशासन की वित्तीय मदद या सामाजिक योजनाओं के भरोसे रहेंगे, जिससे सरकार के सामाजिक कल्याण योजनाओं का व्यय बढ़ जाएगा| इसके अतिरिक्त, बड़ी संख्या में भारत के निम्न कौशल प्राप्त युवाओं को बड़े उद्योगों और साथ ही MSMEs में भी बड़ी चुनौतियों का सामना करना पड़ेगा क्योंकि उत्पाद चक्र बहुत अल्पकालिक हो जाएंगे और इससे अत्यधिक अनिश्चितता एवं अस्थिरता उत्पन्न होगी| लघु पैमाने के विनिर्माण को गंभीर अवसंरचनात्मक समस्याओं के साथ-साथ ऋण तक अपर्याप्त पहुंच का सामना करना पड़ेगा| इसके परिणामस्वरूप ये परिवर्तनों से लाभ उठाने में समर्थ नहीं होंगे| अत्यधिक शिक्षित और तकनीकी रूप से कुशल लोग रोबोटिक्स और AI पर आधारित बड़े विनिर्माण उद्यमों में भारी वेतन प्राप्त करेंगे| इससे कुशल और अकुशल श्रमिकों की आय के मध्य भारी अंतर उत्पन्न होगा| जैसे-जैसे हम चौथी औद्योगिक क्रांति की ओर आगे बढ़ रहे हैं, इनसे पैदा होने वाली गैर-बराबरी बढ़ रही है| हम यह भी जानते हैं कि जब आर्थिक-सामाजिक गैर-बराबरी बढ़ती है तो हिंसा के मामले भी बढ़ने लगते हैं| इसलिए इस नई तकनीकी क्रांति की किन चीजों का स्वागत किया जाए, उसे लेकर प्रोड्यूसर्स और एंड-यूजर्स दोनों को सावधानी बरतनी होगी, तभी भविष्य में असमानता से बचा जा सकेगा| वहीं, अगर इस चुनौती से नहीं निपटा गया तो इससे पैदा होने वाली समस्याएं कहीं अधिक तेजी से बढ़ती जाएंगी| आर्थिक-सामाजिक असमानता की चुनौती सामने आ सकती है तथा अमीरी और ग़रीबी की खाई बढ़ सकती है| आदि आगे की राह ---> कंपनियों को अपनी तकनीकी आधारभूत संरचना और डेटा विश्लेषण क्षमताओं में निवेश करना चाहिए| साथ ही, सभी व्यवसायों को स्मार्ट व अंतर्संबंधित संगठन बनने के लिए आवश्यक कदम उठाने चाहिए अन्यथा वे शीघ्र ही प्रतिस्पर्धा में पीछे रह जाएंगे| भविष्य के कार्यस्थल की आवश्यकताओं के अनुसार लचीलेपन और आलोचनात्मक चिंतन कौशलों के लिए लोगों को तैयार करने के लिए शिक्षण और प्रशिक्षण प्रणालियों को अनुकूलित करने की आवश्यकता है| भारत को डेटा विज्ञान और कोडिंग में शिक्षा को बढ़ावा देते हुए तथा साथ ही पारंपरिक विनिर्माण कौशलों में अधिक प्रशिक्षण प्रदान करते हुए व्यावसायिक और नए डिजिटल औद्योगिक कौशल के बीच उचित संतुलन कायम करने की आवश्यकता है| नई डिजिटल औद्योगिक प्रौद्योगिकियां अपनाते हुए भारत को पारंपरिक विनिर्माण को शीघ्रता से बढ़ावा देने के लिए व्यावहारिक दृष्टिकोण अपनाना चाहिए| इससे दीर्घावधिक प्रतिस्पर्धात्मकता सुनिश्चित होगी|
##Question:चौथी औद्योगिक क्रांति (Fourth Industrial Revolution) के संदर्भ में भारत के लिए अवसरों का उल्लेख करते हुए इससे जुड़ी चुनौतियों की पहचान कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) In the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, mention the opportunities for India and identify the challenges associated with it. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)##Answer:एप्रोच - चौथी औद्योगिक क्रांति(Fourth Industrial Revolution) के बारे में बताते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए| अगले भाग में, चौथी औद्योगिक क्रांति के संदर्भ में भारत के लिए अवसरों का उल्लेख कीजिए| अगले भाग में, इस संदर्भ में भारत के लिए चुनौतियों की पहचान कीजिए| निष्कर्षतः, इस संबंध में आगे की राह के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| एप्रोच - "उद्योग 4.0’ विश्व आर्थिक फोरम की 2016 में आयोजित वार्षिक बैठक की थीम थी, जिसके बाद चतुर्थ औद्योगिक क्रांति का विचार तेज़ी से प्रसिद्ध होता गया|पहली औद्योगिक क्रांति जल व भाप की शक्ति से हुई थी, दूसरी विद्युत ऊर्जा से एवं तीसरी क्रांति वर्तमान में चल रही इलेक्ट्रॉनिक और सूचना प्रोद्योगिकी जनित क्रांति को दर्शाता है| चौथी औद्योगिक क्रांति में आइटी व विनिर्माण सेक्टर को मिलाकर कार्य किया जाएगा अर्थात विनिर्माण और इसी तरह के उद्योगों और मूल्य-निर्माण प्रक्रियाओं के डिजिटल परिवर्तन को चौथी औद्योगिक क्रांति(Fourth Industrial Revolution) या उद्योग 4.0 कहा जा रहा है| यह मुख्यत: इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स (IoT), बाधा रहित इंटरनेट कनेक्टिविटी, तीव्र गति वाली संचार तकनीकियों और 3डी प्रिंटिंग जैसे अनुप्रयोगों पर आधारित है, जिसके अंतर्गत अधिक डिजिटलीकरण के द्वारा उत्पादों, वैल्यू चेन, व्यापार मॉडल आदि को एक-दूसरे से अधिकाधिक जोड़ने की परिकल्पना की गई है| चौथी औद्योगिक क्रांति(Fourth Industrial Revolution) या उद्योग 4.0 के अंतर्गत निम्न आयामों पर काफी बल दिया जाएगा --> योजक विनिर्माण या एडिटीव मैन्युफैक्चरिंग (Additive Manufacturing) ऑटोनोमस रोबोट (Autonomous robots) बिग डेटा एनालिटिक्स (Big data analytics) संवर्धित वास्तविकता (Augmented Reality) क्लाउड (Cloud) औद्योगिक इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स (The Industrial Internet of Things ) साइबर सुरक्षा(Cyber security) क्षैतिज और लंबवत प्रणाली एकीकरण (Horizontal and Vertical System Integration) भारत के लिए अवसर ---> बेहतर जनांकिकीय लाभांश के लाभों के कारण भारत चौथी वैश्विक औद्योगिक क्रांति को आकार देने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा सकता है| भारत दूरसंचार के क्षेत्र में अपने विस्तार तथा डिजिटल इंडिया अभियान, स्टार्ट-अप इंडिया और अटल इनोवेशन मिशन जैसी सरकार की पहलों के कारण डेटा उपयोग और उपलब्धता में भारी वृद्धि का अधिकतम लाभ उठा सकता है| कृत्रिम बौद्धिकता, मशीन-लर्निंग, इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स, ब्लॉकचेन और बिग डाटा जैसे उभरते क्षेत्र भारत को विकास की नई ऊँचाइयों पर ले जा सकते हैं तथा नागरिकों के जीवन को बेहतर बना सकते हैं| निर्धनता कम करने, किसानों के जीवन में सुधार लाने और दिव्यांग लोगों के जीवन को सुगम बनाने के लिए आर्टिफिशियल इंटेलीजेंस (AI) का प्रभावी ढंग से उपयोग किया जा सकता है| AI का विभिन्न क्षेत्रों अर्थात् चिकित्सा से लेकर आपराधिक न्याय, विनिर्माण, वित्त तक में व्यापक अनुप्रयोग है| यह भारत के लिये न सिर्फ एक औद्योगिक परिवर्तन है बल्कि सामाजिक परिवर्तन भी साबित हो सकता है| ‘उद्योग 4.0’ में भारत में अपरिवर्तनीय रचनात्मक बदलाव लाने की क्षमता है जिससे भारत में औद्योगिक कार्यों में आवश्यक तेज़ी आएगी और औद्योगिक कार्यों बेहतर बनाने में सहायता मिलेगी| डिजिटल इंडिया अभियान ने डेटा को भारत के गाँवों तक पहुँचाया है| निकट भविष्य में संचार-सघनता, इंटरनेट कवरेज और मोबाइल इंटरनेट सुविधा लेने वालों की तादाद बहुत बढ़ने की संभावना है| दूरसंचार के क्षेत्र में काफी वृद्धि हुई है और लगभग 50 करोड़ भारतीयों के पास अब मोबाइल फोन हैं| विश्व में सबसे अधिक मोबाइल डेटा खपत भारत में होती है और भारत एक ऐसा देश है जहाँ डेटा सबसे कम कीमत पर उपलब्ध है| इस संदर्भ में भारत की डिजिटल अवसंरचना और आधार, यूपीआई, ई-नाम तथा जीईएम सहित उसके इंटरफेस की प्रमुख भूमिका रही है| चौथी औद्योगिक क्रांति और कृत्रिम बौद्धिकता के विस्तार से स्वास्थ्य क्षेत्र में बेहतर सुधार होगा और स्वास्थ्य पर होने वाला खर्च कम होगा| इससे किसानों को मदद मिलेगी और यह कृषि क्षेत्र के लिये काफी सहायक होगा| यातायात और स्मार्ट मोबिलिटी जैसे क्षेत्रों में यह केंद्र अहम भूमिका निभा सकता है| आदि भारत के लिए चुनौतियाँ ---> नौकरियों की संख्या में कमी आएगी| जैसे-जैसे रोबोटिक्स और आर्टिफिशियल इंटेलिजेंस मेच्योर होंगे, अमीर देशों में कई नौकरियों के ख़त्म होने की आशंका बढ़ेगी| रेस्टोरेंट्स में होस्ट/होस्टेस, होटल इंडस्ट्री में कई अन्य रोजगार, टेलीमार्केटिंग करने वाले और यहां तक कि खेल अधिकारियों की नौकरियां चौथी औद्योगिक क्रांति के आगे बढ़ने से खतरे में पड़ जाएंगी| अधिक उम्र वाले जिन लोगों की नौकरियां ऑटोमेशन की वजह से जाएंगी, तथा वे स्थानीय प्रशासन की वित्तीय मदद या सामाजिक योजनाओं के भरोसे रहेंगे, जिससे सरकार के सामाजिक कल्याण योजनाओं का व्यय बढ़ जाएगा| इसके अतिरिक्त, बड़ी संख्या में भारत के निम्न कौशल प्राप्त युवाओं को बड़े उद्योगों और साथ ही MSMEs में भी बड़ी चुनौतियों का सामना करना पड़ेगा क्योंकि उत्पाद चक्र बहुत अल्पकालिक हो जाएंगे और इससे अत्यधिक अनिश्चितता एवं अस्थिरता उत्पन्न होगी| लघु पैमाने के विनिर्माण को गंभीर अवसंरचनात्मक समस्याओं के साथ-साथ ऋण तक अपर्याप्त पहुंच का सामना करना पड़ेगा| इसके परिणामस्वरूप ये परिवर्तनों से लाभ उठाने में समर्थ नहीं होंगे| अत्यधिक शिक्षित और तकनीकी रूप से कुशल लोग रोबोटिक्स और AI पर आधारित बड़े विनिर्माण उद्यमों में भारी वेतन प्राप्त करेंगे| इससे कुशल और अकुशल श्रमिकों की आय के मध्य भारी अंतर उत्पन्न होगा| जैसे-जैसे हम चौथी औद्योगिक क्रांति की ओर आगे बढ़ रहे हैं, इनसे पैदा होने वाली गैर-बराबरी बढ़ रही है| हम यह भी जानते हैं कि जब आर्थिक-सामाजिक गैर-बराबरी बढ़ती है तो हिंसा के मामले भी बढ़ने लगते हैं| इसलिए इस नई तकनीकी क्रांति की किन चीजों का स्वागत किया जाए, उसे लेकर प्रोड्यूसर्स और एंड-यूजर्स दोनों को सावधानी बरतनी होगी, तभी भविष्य में असमानता से बचा जा सकेगा| वहीं, अगर इस चुनौती से नहीं निपटा गया तो इससे पैदा होने वाली समस्याएं कहीं अधिक तेजी से बढ़ती जाएंगी| आर्थिक-सामाजिक असमानता की चुनौती सामने आ सकती है तथा अमीरी और ग़रीबी की खाई बढ़ सकती है| आदि आगे की राह ---> कंपनियों को अपनी तकनीकी आधारभूत संरचना और डेटा विश्लेषण क्षमताओं में निवेश करना चाहिए| साथ ही, सभी व्यवसायों को स्मार्ट व अंतर्संबंधित संगठन बनने के लिए आवश्यक कदम उठाने चाहिए अन्यथा वे शीघ्र ही प्रतिस्पर्धा में पीछे रह जाएंगे| भविष्य के कार्यस्थल की आवश्यकताओं के अनुसार लचीलेपन और आलोचनात्मक चिंतन कौशलों के लिए लोगों को तैयार करने के लिए शिक्षण और प्रशिक्षण प्रणालियों को अनुकूलित करने की आवश्यकता है| भारत को डेटा विज्ञान और कोडिंग में शिक्षा को बढ़ावा देते हुए तथा साथ ही पारंपरिक विनिर्माण कौशलों में अधिक प्रशिक्षण प्रदान करते हुए व्यावसायिक और नए डिजिटल औद्योगिक कौशल के बीच उचित संतुलन कायम करने की आवश्यकता है| नई डिजिटल औद्योगिक प्रौद्योगिकियां अपनाते हुए भारत को पारंपरिक विनिर्माण को शीघ्रता से बढ़ावा देने के लिए व्यावहारिक दृष्टिकोण अपनाना चाहिए| इससे दीर्घावधिक प्रतिस्पर्धात्मकता सुनिश्चित होगी|
77,017
In the context of recently passed New Educational Policy (NEP), analyze to what extent it will promote equitable and inclusive education? (150 words/10 marks)
Assignment Question-In the context of the recently passed New Educational Policy (NEP), analyze to what extent it will promote equitable and inclusive education? (150 words/10 marks) Approach: Briefly introduce the New Education Policy Discuss the provisions related to NEP providing Equitable and inclusive education Briefly conclude Answer: Introduction The New National Education Policy was approved by the Union Cabinet on 29 July 2020 to bring about transformational reforms in school and higher education systems in the country. The first education policy of the 21st century replaces the 34-year-old National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986. Equitable and inclusive education envisaged by New Education Policy: School Education Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) Attainment of Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Curtailing Dropout Rates and Ensuring Universal Access to Education at All Level Curriculum and Pedagogy: Restructuring school curriculum and pedagogy in a new 5+3+3+4 design Student Assessment Multilingualism and the power of language Equitable and Inclusive Education Provisions for Socio Economically Disadvantaged groups Robust Teacher Education and Recruitment School Governance Standard setting and Accreditation for School Education Higher Education Institutional Restructuring & Consolidation Regulation Internationalization of HEIs Equity and Inclusion Three language formulas: (i) It will improve learning outcome (ii) Avenue to familiarize with various cultural diversities. (iii) Indian language will remain relevant and vibrant (iv) Preservation of endangered languages Multiple Entry and Exit Points will be motivational as it will provide (i)flexibility, (ii)Will Increase GER (iii)Enhancing employment Opportunities With the establishment of HECI, a single regulatory body will be established. (i) Better Regulation (ii) Standardization of process (iii) No duplication of work Efforts to curb the commercialization of education by forming multiple mechanisms with checks and balances. Restructuring of school education: (i) Including National Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) within formal education. (ii) Extension of Mid Day Meal to ECCE Segment (iii) Focus on activity-based learning internship etc.; development of critical thinking (iv) Change in pedagogy (doing away with rote learning) Collaboration among institutions will bring quality + excellence. Setting up Indian Universal at the global level will ensure more development + exercise of soft power. So New Education Policy education system envisages an equitable and vibrant knowledge society, by providing high-quality education to all. It develops a deep sense of respect towards the fundamental rights, duties, and Constitutional values, bonding with one’s country, and conscious awareness of one’s role and responsibilities in a changing world.
##Question:In the context of recently passed New Educational Policy (NEP), analyze to what extent it will promote equitable and inclusive education? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Assignment Question-In the context of the recently passed New Educational Policy (NEP), analyze to what extent it will promote equitable and inclusive education? (150 words/10 marks) Approach: Briefly introduce the New Education Policy Discuss the provisions related to NEP providing Equitable and inclusive education Briefly conclude Answer: Introduction The New National Education Policy was approved by the Union Cabinet on 29 July 2020 to bring about transformational reforms in school and higher education systems in the country. The first education policy of the 21st century replaces the 34-year-old National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986. Equitable and inclusive education envisaged by New Education Policy: School Education Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) Attainment of Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Curtailing Dropout Rates and Ensuring Universal Access to Education at All Level Curriculum and Pedagogy: Restructuring school curriculum and pedagogy in a new 5+3+3+4 design Student Assessment Multilingualism and the power of language Equitable and Inclusive Education Provisions for Socio Economically Disadvantaged groups Robust Teacher Education and Recruitment School Governance Standard setting and Accreditation for School Education Higher Education Institutional Restructuring & Consolidation Regulation Internationalization of HEIs Equity and Inclusion Three language formulas: (i) It will improve learning outcome (ii) Avenue to familiarize with various cultural diversities. (iii) Indian language will remain relevant and vibrant (iv) Preservation of endangered languages Multiple Entry and Exit Points will be motivational as it will provide (i)flexibility, (ii)Will Increase GER (iii)Enhancing employment Opportunities With the establishment of HECI, a single regulatory body will be established. (i) Better Regulation (ii) Standardization of process (iii) No duplication of work Efforts to curb the commercialization of education by forming multiple mechanisms with checks and balances. Restructuring of school education: (i) Including National Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) within formal education. (ii) Extension of Mid Day Meal to ECCE Segment (iii) Focus on activity-based learning internship etc.; development of critical thinking (iv) Change in pedagogy (doing away with rote learning) Collaboration among institutions will bring quality + excellence. Setting up Indian Universal at the global level will ensure more development + exercise of soft power. So New Education Policy education system envisages an equitable and vibrant knowledge society, by providing high-quality education to all. It develops a deep sense of respect towards the fundamental rights, duties, and Constitutional values, bonding with one’s country, and conscious awareness of one’s role and responsibilities in a changing world.
77,020
Swami Vivekananda opined that "We should give our ancient spirituality and culture and get in return western science, technology, methods of raising the standard of life. Discuss (10 Marks/ 150 Words)
Approach: Introduction: Briefly mention the Swami Vivekananda and his contributions to Socio-religious reform movements. Body: Discuss with examples the meanings associated with giving our ancient spirituality and culture and get in return western science, technology, and methods of raising the standard of life. Conclusion: Conclude your answer based on the above points. Model Answer Swami Vivekananda attempted to combine Indian spirituality with Western material progress, maintaining that the two supplemented and complemented one another. He was educated at a Western-style university where he was exposed to Western philosophy, Christianity, and science. He joined the Brahmo Samaj (Society of Brahma), dedicated to eliminating child marriage and illiteracy and determined to spread education among women and the lower castes. He later became the most-notable disciple of Ramakrishna, who demonstrated the essential unity of all religions. Through the statement "We should give our ancient spirituality and culture and get in return western science, technology, methods of raising the standard of life", Swami Vivekananda meant that the person should adopt and practice the best of both worlds that is practising our ancient wisdom of spirituality and raising our standard of life by also adopting scientific values and modern technology. We should give our ancient spirituality and culture: White man"s burden: To reduce the egoistic, apathetic, and cruel attitude of Britishers, it is necessary that they adopt the spiritual values of compassion, empathy and the Vedantic philosophy of "service to man is service to god". For example, during the widespread famine, there was the pompous celebration of the Queen"s arrival in 1877. The richness of wisdom in spiritual philosophy and ancient culture: with the values of "Vasudaiv Kutumbkam" where the world is considered the one family. These values West needs to adopt to reduce the "they versus I" differences. For example, High tariffs on Indian imports in London. The blind race towards materialistic comforts: which may give comfortable life but do not reduce the pain and suffering. For example, Even after colonising the most of regions of two continents that is Africa, Asia by Britain, there arose instances of world wars, unemployment, etc Get in return western science, technology, methods of raising the standard of life: India was suffering from poverty and recurring famines: Apart from British apathy, the major reason was a lack of access to scientific techniques to reduce the impact of disasters such as droughts. Besides the drain of India, "s wealth has led to pathetic conditions of poverty. For example, 50% of zamindars were changed due to the Permanent settlement policies of Britishers. Western Education: was seen as the tool of emancipation from the Educational backwardness of India at that time. The rapid progress of science and technology- in the Western world led to rising in their standard of living. If the same we get in return, India may become the "sink of gold" again. For example, when railways were constructed in our country, we have seen positive changes starting from the freedom struggle to that the movement of ideas across the country. Conclusion Swami Vivekananda was not against or for any nation, but through his thoughts he had always wanted to bring balance to the lives of the people which includes balancing spirituality and ancient culture and not rejecting the positive attributes of the modern Western ideas.
##Question:Swami Vivekananda opined that "We should give our ancient spirituality and culture and get in return western science, technology, methods of raising the standard of life. Discuss (10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Briefly mention the Swami Vivekananda and his contributions to Socio-religious reform movements. Body: Discuss with examples the meanings associated with giving our ancient spirituality and culture and get in return western science, technology, and methods of raising the standard of life. Conclusion: Conclude your answer based on the above points. Model Answer Swami Vivekananda attempted to combine Indian spirituality with Western material progress, maintaining that the two supplemented and complemented one another. He was educated at a Western-style university where he was exposed to Western philosophy, Christianity, and science. He joined the Brahmo Samaj (Society of Brahma), dedicated to eliminating child marriage and illiteracy and determined to spread education among women and the lower castes. He later became the most-notable disciple of Ramakrishna, who demonstrated the essential unity of all religions. Through the statement "We should give our ancient spirituality and culture and get in return western science, technology, methods of raising the standard of life", Swami Vivekananda meant that the person should adopt and practice the best of both worlds that is practising our ancient wisdom of spirituality and raising our standard of life by also adopting scientific values and modern technology. We should give our ancient spirituality and culture: White man"s burden: To reduce the egoistic, apathetic, and cruel attitude of Britishers, it is necessary that they adopt the spiritual values of compassion, empathy and the Vedantic philosophy of "service to man is service to god". For example, during the widespread famine, there was the pompous celebration of the Queen"s arrival in 1877. The richness of wisdom in spiritual philosophy and ancient culture: with the values of "Vasudaiv Kutumbkam" where the world is considered the one family. These values West needs to adopt to reduce the "they versus I" differences. For example, High tariffs on Indian imports in London. The blind race towards materialistic comforts: which may give comfortable life but do not reduce the pain and suffering. For example, Even after colonising the most of regions of two continents that is Africa, Asia by Britain, there arose instances of world wars, unemployment, etc Get in return western science, technology, methods of raising the standard of life: India was suffering from poverty and recurring famines: Apart from British apathy, the major reason was a lack of access to scientific techniques to reduce the impact of disasters such as droughts. Besides the drain of India, "s wealth has led to pathetic conditions of poverty. For example, 50% of zamindars were changed due to the Permanent settlement policies of Britishers. Western Education: was seen as the tool of emancipation from the Educational backwardness of India at that time. The rapid progress of science and technology- in the Western world led to rising in their standard of living. If the same we get in return, India may become the "sink of gold" again. For example, when railways were constructed in our country, we have seen positive changes starting from the freedom struggle to that the movement of ideas across the country. Conclusion Swami Vivekananda was not against or for any nation, but through his thoughts he had always wanted to bring balance to the lives of the people which includes balancing spirituality and ancient culture and not rejecting the positive attributes of the modern Western ideas.
77,050
Assess the main administrative issues and socio-cultural problems in the integration process of Princely States. (10marks/ 150 words)
Approach: Give a brief introduction setting the historical context. Mention the main administrative issues and socio-cultural problems in the integration process of Princely States. Conclude appropriately. Answer: During the time of Independence there existed around 565 Princely States that occupied 48% of the territory of India with around 28% of the population residing in them. The British declared their policy of Lapse of Paramountcy under which the Princely States were given a choice to join either of the dominions or remain independent. Efforts were taken by the Indian leadership to integrate most of the Princely States into the Indian dominion, however, many administrative and socio-cultural problems surfaced. Administrative and socio-cultural challenges: There were wide variations in terms of size and status among the Princely States. For example: on one hand, we have the massive Princely States like Kashmir, Hyderabad, etc whereas, on the other hand, there was Banka Pahari with a total area of 5 square miles. The larger states had their own Railways, currencies and stamps, etc. This variation created administrative challenges with respect to integration. There existed an issue of sovereignty that surfaced after the British policy of the Lapse of Paramountcy. Many States like Hyderabad, Kashmir, etc wanted to remain independent. There were variations with respect to income, the pace of modernisation and industrialisation. For example, Gwalior, Cochin, and Baroda were industrially and commercially advanced while others were very backward. Thus creating an integration challenge. There was no uniformity in the rights, treaty obligations and privileges granted to different rulers by the British. For example, Nizam of Hyderbad had signed a treaty with Britishers as an ally against Mysore while some other States were defeated by the British in wars. There was an issue with respect to the Princely privileges. In order to ensure complete integration of Princely States, two articles were inserted in the Constitution: A-291(Privy Purse- 8.5% from annual revenue of state were to be given to rulers) and 262(retaining titles, Palaces, etc by the Princes). The extent of privileges to be retained, the nature of compensation, hierarchy among the Princes, and privy purse became the points of contention. There were differences between the rulers and the will of the people. For example, in the case of Junagadh where people wanted integration with the dominion of India while the ruler was inclined to accede to Pakistan. There was Difficulty in the integration of border states. For example, incidences of numerous concessions offered to Jodhpur, Jaiselmer, etc by Pakistan created a challenge for the Indian leadership to retain the border States. The religious inclination of Muslim rulers towards Pakistan. For example, Mahabat Khan of Junagadh was inclined toward Pakistan. There was diversity with respect to language, culture, levels of economic development, etc. For example, J&K was culturally heterogeneous. Isolation from the Indian freedom movement existed in the Princely States. Thus, it was difficult to align them to the idea of a united nation of India. Thus, many challenges existed with respect to the integration of the Princely States. However, most of the States acceded to India owing to the able leadership of India, especially the role played by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. A few like Hyderabad, Kashmir and Junagadh acceded later under special circumstances.
##Question:Assess the main administrative issues and socio-cultural problems in the integration process of Princely States. (10marks/ 150 words)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief introduction setting the historical context. Mention the main administrative issues and socio-cultural problems in the integration process of Princely States. Conclude appropriately. Answer: During the time of Independence there existed around 565 Princely States that occupied 48% of the territory of India with around 28% of the population residing in them. The British declared their policy of Lapse of Paramountcy under which the Princely States were given a choice to join either of the dominions or remain independent. Efforts were taken by the Indian leadership to integrate most of the Princely States into the Indian dominion, however, many administrative and socio-cultural problems surfaced. Administrative and socio-cultural challenges: There were wide variations in terms of size and status among the Princely States. For example: on one hand, we have the massive Princely States like Kashmir, Hyderabad, etc whereas, on the other hand, there was Banka Pahari with a total area of 5 square miles. The larger states had their own Railways, currencies and stamps, etc. This variation created administrative challenges with respect to integration. There existed an issue of sovereignty that surfaced after the British policy of the Lapse of Paramountcy. Many States like Hyderabad, Kashmir, etc wanted to remain independent. There were variations with respect to income, the pace of modernisation and industrialisation. For example, Gwalior, Cochin, and Baroda were industrially and commercially advanced while others were very backward. Thus creating an integration challenge. There was no uniformity in the rights, treaty obligations and privileges granted to different rulers by the British. For example, Nizam of Hyderbad had signed a treaty with Britishers as an ally against Mysore while some other States were defeated by the British in wars. There was an issue with respect to the Princely privileges. In order to ensure complete integration of Princely States, two articles were inserted in the Constitution: A-291(Privy Purse- 8.5% from annual revenue of state were to be given to rulers) and 262(retaining titles, Palaces, etc by the Princes). The extent of privileges to be retained, the nature of compensation, hierarchy among the Princes, and privy purse became the points of contention. There were differences between the rulers and the will of the people. For example, in the case of Junagadh where people wanted integration with the dominion of India while the ruler was inclined to accede to Pakistan. There was Difficulty in the integration of border states. For example, incidences of numerous concessions offered to Jodhpur, Jaiselmer, etc by Pakistan created a challenge for the Indian leadership to retain the border States. The religious inclination of Muslim rulers towards Pakistan. For example, Mahabat Khan of Junagadh was inclined toward Pakistan. There was diversity with respect to language, culture, levels of economic development, etc. For example, J&K was culturally heterogeneous. Isolation from the Indian freedom movement existed in the Princely States. Thus, it was difficult to align them to the idea of a united nation of India. Thus, many challenges existed with respect to the integration of the Princely States. However, most of the States acceded to India owing to the able leadership of India, especially the role played by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. A few like Hyderabad, Kashmir and Junagadh acceded later under special circumstances.
77,057
Pottery is one of the most iconic elements of Indian art & culture. Discuss the evolution of pottery making in India. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)
Approach: Introduction : Write a brief introduction about pottery making and its significance. Body: Discuss how pottery making started and evolved in India. Conclusion : Conclude your answer by summing up the above-given information. Model Answer Pottery is among the most timeless living craft traditions of India. From flower pots, terracotta chimes to the thirst-quenching suraahi and matki, pottery is practised across the length and breadth of the country. Like all other handicrafts and crafts, the tradition of pottery making in India is very old. The ancient pottery of a country speaks volumes about its civilization. Pottery is one of those important mediums through which men have expressed their emotions. It reflects the social, economic and environmental conditions a culture thrived in, which helps archaeologists and historians in understanding our past. It holds significant value in understanding cultures where script was either absent or remains un-deciphered. Neolithic age: First reference of pottery in this age. It is hand-made pottery but during the later period, foot-wheel is also used. Chalcolithic age : It is marked by the occurrence of distinct pottery cultures. Such as- Black and red-ware pottery, black-on-red ware and Ochre colored pottery. Harappan civilization: Pottery traditions that existed during this time include- Polished Ware Pottery with rough surface, Burial Pottery of Harappa, Ochre colored pottery (OCP), Black-grey burnished ware, Black-on-red ware, Grey-ware and Painted grey-ware. Vedic age: Pottery traditions that existed during this time include- Painted Grey-ware (PGW), Northern Black Polished ware (NBPW), megalithic pottery found in Kerala. Mauryan period: Use of the pottery wheel became universal. The pottery associated with the Mauryan period consists of many types of ware. But the most highly developed technique is seen in a special type of pottery known as the Northern Black Polished Ware (NBP), which was the hallmark of the preceding and early Mauryan periods. Gupta period: Gupta pottery remains found at Ahichchhatra, Rajgarh, Hastinapur and Bashar afford an outstanding proof of the excellence of pottery. The most distinctive class of pottery of this period is the red ware. Kushan period: The characteristic pottery of this phase is marked by a unique red polished ware with stamped design along with a large number of dull or sturdy red ware. In contemporary Indian society, pottery is a cultural art that is still practiced extensively in India. Right from Ganeshotsav to Durga Puja, Diwali and Ekadashi, little oil-lamps made of clay, sculpted idols, temples, and toys, everywhere pottery can be seen in one form or another that was nothing but usage of pottery making techniques that evolved over a period from the stone age to modern Indian society.
##Question:Pottery is one of the most iconic elements of Indian art & culture. Discuss the evolution of pottery making in India. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction : Write a brief introduction about pottery making and its significance. Body: Discuss how pottery making started and evolved in India. Conclusion : Conclude your answer by summing up the above-given information. Model Answer Pottery is among the most timeless living craft traditions of India. From flower pots, terracotta chimes to the thirst-quenching suraahi and matki, pottery is practised across the length and breadth of the country. Like all other handicrafts and crafts, the tradition of pottery making in India is very old. The ancient pottery of a country speaks volumes about its civilization. Pottery is one of those important mediums through which men have expressed their emotions. It reflects the social, economic and environmental conditions a culture thrived in, which helps archaeologists and historians in understanding our past. It holds significant value in understanding cultures where script was either absent or remains un-deciphered. Neolithic age: First reference of pottery in this age. It is hand-made pottery but during the later period, foot-wheel is also used. Chalcolithic age : It is marked by the occurrence of distinct pottery cultures. Such as- Black and red-ware pottery, black-on-red ware and Ochre colored pottery. Harappan civilization: Pottery traditions that existed during this time include- Polished Ware Pottery with rough surface, Burial Pottery of Harappa, Ochre colored pottery (OCP), Black-grey burnished ware, Black-on-red ware, Grey-ware and Painted grey-ware. Vedic age: Pottery traditions that existed during this time include- Painted Grey-ware (PGW), Northern Black Polished ware (NBPW), megalithic pottery found in Kerala. Mauryan period: Use of the pottery wheel became universal. The pottery associated with the Mauryan period consists of many types of ware. But the most highly developed technique is seen in a special type of pottery known as the Northern Black Polished Ware (NBP), which was the hallmark of the preceding and early Mauryan periods. Gupta period: Gupta pottery remains found at Ahichchhatra, Rajgarh, Hastinapur and Bashar afford an outstanding proof of the excellence of pottery. The most distinctive class of pottery of this period is the red ware. Kushan period: The characteristic pottery of this phase is marked by a unique red polished ware with stamped design along with a large number of dull or sturdy red ware. In contemporary Indian society, pottery is a cultural art that is still practiced extensively in India. Right from Ganeshotsav to Durga Puja, Diwali and Ekadashi, little oil-lamps made of clay, sculpted idols, temples, and toys, everywhere pottery can be seen in one form or another that was nothing but usage of pottery making techniques that evolved over a period from the stone age to modern Indian society.
77,072
Discuss in detail the provisions of Article 20 that grants protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment to a convicted person. [10 marks, 150 Words]
Discuss in detail the provisions of Article 20 that grants protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment to a convicted person. [10 marks, 150 Words] Approach Highlight Article 20 in the introduction. Discussion each provision in detail along with associated safeguards. Give concluding remarks on the importance of the article and how it safeguards against arbitrary and excessive punishment Answer: Article 20 grants protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment to an accused person, whether a citizen or foreigner. It contains three provisions- Ex-post facto law (Art. 20(1)), Double Jeopardy (Art. 20(2), and Self-incrimination (Art. 20(3)). 1. Ex Post Facto Law [Art. 20(1)]: No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of the law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offense. Art 20(1) prohibits the retrospective effect of criminal legislation in India According to this Article, a person can be charged for an offense if he or she commits an act that is declared as an offense at the time of committing the Act This is important protection as it saves people from instances of political vendetta where those in power may enact laws with retrospective effect to declare an act as an offence This clause also prohibits greater punishment for an act in a retrospective manner In simple words, when a legislature declares an action to be an offense or provides a penalty to an offense it can"t apply law retrospectively to pre- judicially affect the individuals who have committed such acts before the enactment of that law On the other hand, civil laws may have retrospective application in India 2. Double Jeopardy [Art. 20(2)]: No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offense more than once Prohibits double punishment from the same offense This clause safeguards an individual from facing multiple punishments or successive criminal proceedings for the same offense If any law provides for double punishment it will be considered void Although Art. 20 disapproves of double punishment it doesn"t give immunity from proceedings before a tribunal A public servant who has been punished for an offense in a court may be subjected to departmental proceedings for the same offense This clause doesn"t prevent subsequent trials and convictions for another offense even if two offenses were committed at the same time 3. Self Incrimination [Art. 20(3)]: According to this provision, a person cant be forced to accuse himself Therefore, this Article provides immunity from self-incrimination Court has widened the meaning of the word "witness" and it includes both oral and documentary evidence A person may be asked to provide an object or a document from his possession that is reasonably likely to support a prosecution against him. For the same reason, the clause doesn"t bar medical examination of the accused or obtaining of thumb impression or specimen signature from him The immunity u/a 20(3) is only limited to criminal proceedings SC in Selvi vs Karnataka held that Narco analysis can"t be compelled because it is a violation of a person"s mental privacy. It can be stated that the sheer applicability of Article 20 has been brought into existence to protect individuals against the very excess of the legislature, executive and the judiciary, bringing into light the importance of the doctrine, identified as the separation of powers.
##Question:Discuss in detail the provisions of Article 20 that grants protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment to a convicted person. [10 marks, 150 Words]##Answer:Discuss in detail the provisions of Article 20 that grants protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment to a convicted person. [10 marks, 150 Words] Approach Highlight Article 20 in the introduction. Discussion each provision in detail along with associated safeguards. Give concluding remarks on the importance of the article and how it safeguards against arbitrary and excessive punishment Answer: Article 20 grants protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment to an accused person, whether a citizen or foreigner. It contains three provisions- Ex-post facto law (Art. 20(1)), Double Jeopardy (Art. 20(2), and Self-incrimination (Art. 20(3)). 1. Ex Post Facto Law [Art. 20(1)]: No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of the law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offense. Art 20(1) prohibits the retrospective effect of criminal legislation in India According to this Article, a person can be charged for an offense if he or she commits an act that is declared as an offense at the time of committing the Act This is important protection as it saves people from instances of political vendetta where those in power may enact laws with retrospective effect to declare an act as an offence This clause also prohibits greater punishment for an act in a retrospective manner In simple words, when a legislature declares an action to be an offense or provides a penalty to an offense it can"t apply law retrospectively to pre- judicially affect the individuals who have committed such acts before the enactment of that law On the other hand, civil laws may have retrospective application in India 2. Double Jeopardy [Art. 20(2)]: No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offense more than once Prohibits double punishment from the same offense This clause safeguards an individual from facing multiple punishments or successive criminal proceedings for the same offense If any law provides for double punishment it will be considered void Although Art. 20 disapproves of double punishment it doesn"t give immunity from proceedings before a tribunal A public servant who has been punished for an offense in a court may be subjected to departmental proceedings for the same offense This clause doesn"t prevent subsequent trials and convictions for another offense even if two offenses were committed at the same time 3. Self Incrimination [Art. 20(3)]: According to this provision, a person cant be forced to accuse himself Therefore, this Article provides immunity from self-incrimination Court has widened the meaning of the word "witness" and it includes both oral and documentary evidence A person may be asked to provide an object or a document from his possession that is reasonably likely to support a prosecution against him. For the same reason, the clause doesn"t bar medical examination of the accused or obtaining of thumb impression or specimen signature from him The immunity u/a 20(3) is only limited to criminal proceedings SC in Selvi vs Karnataka held that Narco analysis can"t be compelled because it is a violation of a person"s mental privacy. It can be stated that the sheer applicability of Article 20 has been brought into existence to protect individuals against the very excess of the legislature, executive and the judiciary, bringing into light the importance of the doctrine, identified as the separation of powers.
77,074
Highlight the Reasons for the First Battle of Tarain. Differentiate between the First and Second Battle of Tarain. (150 words/10 marks)
Introduction: About the Battle of Tarain Body: About the reason for the First Battle of Train and its background Second Battle of Traian Conclude accordingly The Tarain battles changed the course of the history of the Indian subcontinent as they led to the establishment of the first Islamic sultanates in India. Both battles were fought between Mohammed Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan. The first battle of Tarain (1191 CE) was one of the many battles which were fought during the Arab and Turkish inventions of India. The battle was fought mainly because the direct route to Delhi was blocked by the last remnants of the Ghaznavids located in Lahore and Multan. Background about the First Battle of Tarain After declining of the Ghaznavid empire no competent ruler emerged in the kingdom of Ghazni invasion was continued however Rajputs were able to resist raids. During this period trade relationships flourished and Muslim religious preachers called Sufis arrived in India. Two Empires emerged in Persia and Central Asia - the Khwarzimi empire and Ghurid Empire. Kwarizimi Seljuks were successful in controlling Syria as such Mohd. Ghori of Ghurid diverted his attention towards the Indian sub-continent. From 1170s Mohd. Ghori started invading Indian territory, though he was defeated by Raja Bhim Solanki of Gujarat but was successful in annexing Ucch and Multan On the question of Tabar-i-hind(Bhatinda) and fought the first battle of Tarain in 1191 AD, where Prithviraj Chauhan defeated Ghori Mohammed Ghori was defeated as Prihthviraj annexed Tabarhind after a siege of 12 months. But Ghori managed to escape to Ghazni where he regrouped and raised another army. Second Battle of Tarain (1192 CE) Muhammad Ghori returned to Ghazni after being defeated by Prithvi Raj Chauhan in the first battle of Tarain in 1191. The Second Battle of Tarain was fought because Sultan Mu"izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori wanted to avenge his defeat at the hands of King Prithviraj Chauhan. Muhammad Ghori now made careful preparations and marched with 120000 men. The fate of Prithviraj Chauhan is disputed about whether he was captured or killed or ruled under the suzerainty of Ghurids. The second battle of Tarain was a decisive battle. It was a major disaster for the Rajputs and their political prestige suffered a serious setback. Chauhans were defeated many cities including Ajmer were captured. Prithviraj Chauhan was allowed to rule for some time. After this battle, Ghauri left Indian affairs in the hands of one of his trusted slaves Qutubuddin Aibak. In conclusion, the Battle of Tarain and Chandawar laid the foundation for the establishment of Turkish rule in India.
##Question:Highlight the Reasons for the First Battle of Tarain. Differentiate between the First and Second Battle of Tarain. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Introduction: About the Battle of Tarain Body: About the reason for the First Battle of Train and its background Second Battle of Traian Conclude accordingly The Tarain battles changed the course of the history of the Indian subcontinent as they led to the establishment of the first Islamic sultanates in India. Both battles were fought between Mohammed Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan. The first battle of Tarain (1191 CE) was one of the many battles which were fought during the Arab and Turkish inventions of India. The battle was fought mainly because the direct route to Delhi was blocked by the last remnants of the Ghaznavids located in Lahore and Multan. Background about the First Battle of Tarain After declining of the Ghaznavid empire no competent ruler emerged in the kingdom of Ghazni invasion was continued however Rajputs were able to resist raids. During this period trade relationships flourished and Muslim religious preachers called Sufis arrived in India. Two Empires emerged in Persia and Central Asia - the Khwarzimi empire and Ghurid Empire. Kwarizimi Seljuks were successful in controlling Syria as such Mohd. Ghori of Ghurid diverted his attention towards the Indian sub-continent. From 1170s Mohd. Ghori started invading Indian territory, though he was defeated by Raja Bhim Solanki of Gujarat but was successful in annexing Ucch and Multan On the question of Tabar-i-hind(Bhatinda) and fought the first battle of Tarain in 1191 AD, where Prithviraj Chauhan defeated Ghori Mohammed Ghori was defeated as Prihthviraj annexed Tabarhind after a siege of 12 months. But Ghori managed to escape to Ghazni where he regrouped and raised another army. Second Battle of Tarain (1192 CE) Muhammad Ghori returned to Ghazni after being defeated by Prithvi Raj Chauhan in the first battle of Tarain in 1191. The Second Battle of Tarain was fought because Sultan Mu"izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori wanted to avenge his defeat at the hands of King Prithviraj Chauhan. Muhammad Ghori now made careful preparations and marched with 120000 men. The fate of Prithviraj Chauhan is disputed about whether he was captured or killed or ruled under the suzerainty of Ghurids. The second battle of Tarain was a decisive battle. It was a major disaster for the Rajputs and their political prestige suffered a serious setback. Chauhans were defeated many cities including Ajmer were captured. Prithviraj Chauhan was allowed to rule for some time. After this battle, Ghauri left Indian affairs in the hands of one of his trusted slaves Qutubuddin Aibak. In conclusion, the Battle of Tarain and Chandawar laid the foundation for the establishment of Turkish rule in India.
77,102
What do you understand by the process of "ozone layer depletion"? Also mention why the Chlorofluorocarbons were such widely used as coolants. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduction: Explain the ozone layer in the role. Body: 1) In the first part of the answer, discuss some reasons explaining the depletion of the ozone layer. 2) In the second part of the question, give the major reasons behind the usage of Chlorofluorocarbons for the mentioned purposes. Conclusion: Give a positive conclusion in the last part of the answer Answer: An ozone layer is a sheet of gas, formed by ozone molecules, present at a height of 20 to 30 km in a stratosphere. It makes life on Earth possible by absorbing the harmful UV radiation from the Sun. It helps in maintaining the average temperature of the Earth. At the same time, it also protects against the deadly diseases caused by the sun"s UV rays, which makes it possible to prevent diseases like skin cancer. Ozone is measured in Dobson Unit. Depletion of Ozone Layer: Ozone gas is continuously formed by the action of UV rays on molecular oxygen and is also degraded into molecular oxygen in the stratosphere. There should be a balance between the production and degradation of ozone in the stratosphere. Of late, the balance has been disrupted due to the enhancement of ozone degradation by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs find wide use as refrigerants. Process of Depletion- CFCs discharged in the lower part of the atmosphere move upward and reach the stratosphere. In the stratosphere, UV rays act on them releasing Cl (Chlorine) atoms. Cl degrades ozone releasing molecular oxygen, with these atoms acting merely as catalysts; Cl atoms are not consumed in the reaction. Hence, whatever CFCs are added to the stratosphere, they have permanent and continuing effects on Ozone levels. Although ozone depletion is occurring widely in the stratosphere, the depletion is particularly marked over the Antarctic region. This has resulted in the formation of a large area of the thinned ozone layer, commonly called the ozone hole. UV radiation of wavelengths shorter than UV-B is almost completely absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere, given that the ozone layer is intact. But, UV-B damages DNA, and mutation may occur. It causes ageing of the skin, damage to skin cells, and various types of skin cancers. In the human eye, the cornea absorbs UV-B radiation, and a high dose of UV-B causes inflammation of the cornea, called snow-blindness, cataract, etc. Such exposure may permanently damage the cornea. Recognizing the deleterious effects of ozone depletion, an international treaty, known as the Montreal Protocol to Vienna Convention, was signed in Montreal (Canada) in 1987 (effective in 1989) to control the emission of ozone-depleting substances. The major reasons behind using Chlorofluorocarbons were: They were mainly non-inflammable, hence safe to use. Most of them are also non-toxic for human heath directly. Being largely inert, they were non-corrosive which extended the life of the appliance. They were chemically stable and hence can be used for longer time periods It is clear from the above points that erosion of the ozone layer is not a problem of one country but a problem of the whole world. Also, if it is not resolved in time, it will pose a serious threat to both life and health on earth in the coming years. Therefore, there is an urgent need to effectively implement the Montreal Protocol and the Kigali Agreement by all countries. Also, new research should also be encouraged in this direction to provide a long term and sustainable solution
##Question:What do you understand by the process of "ozone layer depletion"? Also mention why the Chlorofluorocarbons were such widely used as coolants. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Explain the ozone layer in the role. Body: 1) In the first part of the answer, discuss some reasons explaining the depletion of the ozone layer. 2) In the second part of the question, give the major reasons behind the usage of Chlorofluorocarbons for the mentioned purposes. Conclusion: Give a positive conclusion in the last part of the answer Answer: An ozone layer is a sheet of gas, formed by ozone molecules, present at a height of 20 to 30 km in a stratosphere. It makes life on Earth possible by absorbing the harmful UV radiation from the Sun. It helps in maintaining the average temperature of the Earth. At the same time, it also protects against the deadly diseases caused by the sun"s UV rays, which makes it possible to prevent diseases like skin cancer. Ozone is measured in Dobson Unit. Depletion of Ozone Layer: Ozone gas is continuously formed by the action of UV rays on molecular oxygen and is also degraded into molecular oxygen in the stratosphere. There should be a balance between the production and degradation of ozone in the stratosphere. Of late, the balance has been disrupted due to the enhancement of ozone degradation by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs find wide use as refrigerants. Process of Depletion- CFCs discharged in the lower part of the atmosphere move upward and reach the stratosphere. In the stratosphere, UV rays act on them releasing Cl (Chlorine) atoms. Cl degrades ozone releasing molecular oxygen, with these atoms acting merely as catalysts; Cl atoms are not consumed in the reaction. Hence, whatever CFCs are added to the stratosphere, they have permanent and continuing effects on Ozone levels. Although ozone depletion is occurring widely in the stratosphere, the depletion is particularly marked over the Antarctic region. This has resulted in the formation of a large area of the thinned ozone layer, commonly called the ozone hole. UV radiation of wavelengths shorter than UV-B is almost completely absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere, given that the ozone layer is intact. But, UV-B damages DNA, and mutation may occur. It causes ageing of the skin, damage to skin cells, and various types of skin cancers. In the human eye, the cornea absorbs UV-B radiation, and a high dose of UV-B causes inflammation of the cornea, called snow-blindness, cataract, etc. Such exposure may permanently damage the cornea. Recognizing the deleterious effects of ozone depletion, an international treaty, known as the Montreal Protocol to Vienna Convention, was signed in Montreal (Canada) in 1987 (effective in 1989) to control the emission of ozone-depleting substances. The major reasons behind using Chlorofluorocarbons were: They were mainly non-inflammable, hence safe to use. Most of them are also non-toxic for human heath directly. Being largely inert, they were non-corrosive which extended the life of the appliance. They were chemically stable and hence can be used for longer time periods It is clear from the above points that erosion of the ozone layer is not a problem of one country but a problem of the whole world. Also, if it is not resolved in time, it will pose a serious threat to both life and health on earth in the coming years. Therefore, there is an urgent need to effectively implement the Montreal Protocol and the Kigali Agreement by all countries. Also, new research should also be encouraged in this direction to provide a long term and sustainable solution
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What do you understand by the process of "ozone layer depletion"? Also mention why the Chlorofluorocarbons were such widely used as coolants. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduction: Explain the ozone layer in its role. Body: 1) In the first part of the answer, discuss some reasons explaining the depletion of the ozone layer. 2) In the second part of the question, give the major reasons behind the usage of Chlorofluorocarbons for the mentioned purposes. Conclusion: Give a positive conclusion in the last part of the answer Answer: An ozone layer is a sheet of gas, formed by ozone molecules, present at a height of 20 to 30 km in a stratosphere. It makes life on Earth possible by absorbing the harmful UV radiation from the Sun. It helps in maintaining the average temperature of the Earth. At the same time, it also protects against the deadly diseases caused by the sun"s UV rays, which makes it possible to prevent diseases like skin cancer. Ozone is measured in Dobson Unit. Depletion of Ozone Layer: Ozone gas is continuously formed by the action of UV rays on molecular oxygen and is also degraded into molecular oxygen in the stratosphere. There should be a balance between the production and degradation of ozone in the stratosphere. Of late, the balance has been disrupted due to the enhancement of ozone degradation by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs find wide use as refrigerants. Process of Depletion- CFCs discharged in the lower part of the atmosphere move upward and reach the stratosphere. In the stratosphere, UV rays act on them releasing Cl (Chlorine) atoms. Cl degrades ozone releasing molecular oxygen, with these atoms acting merely as catalysts; Cl atoms are not consumed in the reaction. Hence, whatever CFCs are added to the stratosphere, they have permanent and continuing effects on Ozone levels. Although ozone depletion is occurring widely in the stratosphere, the depletion is particularly marked over the Antarctic region. This has resulted in the formation of a large area of the thinned ozone layer, commonly called the ozone hole. UV radiation of wavelengths shorter than UV-B is almost completely absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere, given that the ozone layer is intact. But, UV-B damages DNA and mutation may occur. It causes aging of the skin, damage to skin cells, and various types of skin cancers. In the human eye, the cornea absorbs UV-B radiation, and a high dose of UV-B causes inflammation of the cornea, called snow blindness, cataract, etc. Such exposure may permanently damage the cornea. Recognizing the deleterious effects of ozone depletion, an international treaty, known as the Montreal Protocol to Vienna Convention, was signed in Montreal (Canada) in 1987 (effective in 1989) to control the emission of ozone-depleting substances. The major reasons behind using Chlorofluorocarbons were: They were mainly non-inflammable, hence safe to use. Most of them are also non-toxic for human health directly. Being largely inert, they were non-corrosive which extended the life of the appliance. They were chemically stable and hence can be used for longer time periods It is clear from the above points that erosion of the ozone layer is not a problem of one country but a problem of the whole world. Also, if it is not resolved in time, it will pose a serious threat to both life and health on earth in the coming years. Therefore, there is an urgent need to effectively implement the Montreal Protocol and the Kigali Agreement by all countries. Also, new research should also be encouraged in this direction to provide a long-term and sustainable solution
##Question:What do you understand by the process of "ozone layer depletion"? Also mention why the Chlorofluorocarbons were such widely used as coolants. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Explain the ozone layer in its role. Body: 1) In the first part of the answer, discuss some reasons explaining the depletion of the ozone layer. 2) In the second part of the question, give the major reasons behind the usage of Chlorofluorocarbons for the mentioned purposes. Conclusion: Give a positive conclusion in the last part of the answer Answer: An ozone layer is a sheet of gas, formed by ozone molecules, present at a height of 20 to 30 km in a stratosphere. It makes life on Earth possible by absorbing the harmful UV radiation from the Sun. It helps in maintaining the average temperature of the Earth. At the same time, it also protects against the deadly diseases caused by the sun"s UV rays, which makes it possible to prevent diseases like skin cancer. Ozone is measured in Dobson Unit. Depletion of Ozone Layer: Ozone gas is continuously formed by the action of UV rays on molecular oxygen and is also degraded into molecular oxygen in the stratosphere. There should be a balance between the production and degradation of ozone in the stratosphere. Of late, the balance has been disrupted due to the enhancement of ozone degradation by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs find wide use as refrigerants. Process of Depletion- CFCs discharged in the lower part of the atmosphere move upward and reach the stratosphere. In the stratosphere, UV rays act on them releasing Cl (Chlorine) atoms. Cl degrades ozone releasing molecular oxygen, with these atoms acting merely as catalysts; Cl atoms are not consumed in the reaction. Hence, whatever CFCs are added to the stratosphere, they have permanent and continuing effects on Ozone levels. Although ozone depletion is occurring widely in the stratosphere, the depletion is particularly marked over the Antarctic region. This has resulted in the formation of a large area of the thinned ozone layer, commonly called the ozone hole. UV radiation of wavelengths shorter than UV-B is almost completely absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere, given that the ozone layer is intact. But, UV-B damages DNA and mutation may occur. It causes aging of the skin, damage to skin cells, and various types of skin cancers. In the human eye, the cornea absorbs UV-B radiation, and a high dose of UV-B causes inflammation of the cornea, called snow blindness, cataract, etc. Such exposure may permanently damage the cornea. Recognizing the deleterious effects of ozone depletion, an international treaty, known as the Montreal Protocol to Vienna Convention, was signed in Montreal (Canada) in 1987 (effective in 1989) to control the emission of ozone-depleting substances. The major reasons behind using Chlorofluorocarbons were: They were mainly non-inflammable, hence safe to use. Most of them are also non-toxic for human health directly. Being largely inert, they were non-corrosive which extended the life of the appliance. They were chemically stable and hence can be used for longer time periods It is clear from the above points that erosion of the ozone layer is not a problem of one country but a problem of the whole world. Also, if it is not resolved in time, it will pose a serious threat to both life and health on earth in the coming years. Therefore, there is an urgent need to effectively implement the Montreal Protocol and the Kigali Agreement by all countries. Also, new research should also be encouraged in this direction to provide a long-term and sustainable solution
77,130
What do you understand by the process of "ozone layer depletion"? Also mention why the Chlorofluorocarbons were such widely used as coolants. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduction: Explain the ozone layer in its role. Body: 1) In the first part of the answer, discuss some reasons explaining the depletion of the ozone layer. 2) In the second part of the question, give the major reasons behind the usage of Chlorofluorocarbons for the mentioned purposes. Conclusion: Give a positive conclusion in the last part of the answer Answer: An ozone layer is a sheet of gas, formed by ozone molecules, present at a height of 20 to 30 km in a stratosphere. It makes life on Earth possible by absorbing the harmful UV radiation from the Sun. It helps in maintaining the average temperature of the Earth. At the same time, it also protects against the deadly diseases caused by the sun"s UV rays, which makes it possible to prevent diseases like skin cancer. Ozone is measured in Dobson Unit. Depletion of Ozone Layer: Ozone gas is continuously formed by the action of UV rays on molecular oxygen and is also degraded into molecular oxygen in the stratosphere. There should be a balance between the production and degradation of ozone in the stratosphere. Of late, the balance has been disrupted due to the enhancement of ozone degradation by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs find wide use as refrigerants. Process of Depletion- CFCs discharged in the lower part of the atmosphere move upward and reach the stratosphere. In the stratosphere, UV rays act on them releasing Cl (Chlorine) atoms. Cl degrades ozone releasing molecular oxygen, with these atoms acting merely as catalysts; Cl atoms are not consumed in the reaction. Hence, whatever CFCs are added to the stratosphere, they have permanent and continuing effects on Ozone levels. Although ozone depletion is occurring widely in the stratosphere, the depletion is particularly marked over the Antarctic region. This has resulted in the formation of a large area of the thinned ozone layer, commonly called the ozone hole. UV radiation of wavelengths shorter than UV-B is almost completely absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere, given that the ozone layer is intact. But, UV-B damages DNA, and mutation may occur. It causes ageing of the skin, damage to skin cells, and various types of skin cancers. In the human eye, the cornea absorbs UV-B radiation, and a high dose of UV-B causes inflammation of the cornea, called snow-blindness, cataract, etc. Such exposure may permanently damage the cornea. Recognizing the deleterious effects of ozone depletion, an international treaty, known as the Montreal Protocol to Vienna Convention, was signed in Montreal (Canada) in 1987 (effective in 1989) to control the emission of ozone-depleting substances. The major reasons behind using Chlorofluorocarbons were: They were mainly non-inflammable, hence safe to use. Most of them are also non-toxic for human health directly. Being largely inert, they were non-corrosive which extended the life of the appliance. They were chemically stable and hence can be used for longer time periods It is clear from the above points that erosion of the ozone layer is not a problem of one country but a problem of the whole world. Also, if it is not resolved in time, it will pose a serious threat to both life and health on earth in the coming years. Therefore, there is an urgent need to effectively implement the Montreal Protocol and the Kigali Agreement by all countries. Also, new research should also be encouraged in this direction to provide a long term and sustainable solution
##Question:What do you understand by the process of "ozone layer depletion"? Also mention why the Chlorofluorocarbons were such widely used as coolants. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Explain the ozone layer in its role. Body: 1) In the first part of the answer, discuss some reasons explaining the depletion of the ozone layer. 2) In the second part of the question, give the major reasons behind the usage of Chlorofluorocarbons for the mentioned purposes. Conclusion: Give a positive conclusion in the last part of the answer Answer: An ozone layer is a sheet of gas, formed by ozone molecules, present at a height of 20 to 30 km in a stratosphere. It makes life on Earth possible by absorbing the harmful UV radiation from the Sun. It helps in maintaining the average temperature of the Earth. At the same time, it also protects against the deadly diseases caused by the sun"s UV rays, which makes it possible to prevent diseases like skin cancer. Ozone is measured in Dobson Unit. Depletion of Ozone Layer: Ozone gas is continuously formed by the action of UV rays on molecular oxygen and is also degraded into molecular oxygen in the stratosphere. There should be a balance between the production and degradation of ozone in the stratosphere. Of late, the balance has been disrupted due to the enhancement of ozone degradation by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs find wide use as refrigerants. Process of Depletion- CFCs discharged in the lower part of the atmosphere move upward and reach the stratosphere. In the stratosphere, UV rays act on them releasing Cl (Chlorine) atoms. Cl degrades ozone releasing molecular oxygen, with these atoms acting merely as catalysts; Cl atoms are not consumed in the reaction. Hence, whatever CFCs are added to the stratosphere, they have permanent and continuing effects on Ozone levels. Although ozone depletion is occurring widely in the stratosphere, the depletion is particularly marked over the Antarctic region. This has resulted in the formation of a large area of the thinned ozone layer, commonly called the ozone hole. UV radiation of wavelengths shorter than UV-B is almost completely absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere, given that the ozone layer is intact. But, UV-B damages DNA, and mutation may occur. It causes ageing of the skin, damage to skin cells, and various types of skin cancers. In the human eye, the cornea absorbs UV-B radiation, and a high dose of UV-B causes inflammation of the cornea, called snow-blindness, cataract, etc. Such exposure may permanently damage the cornea. Recognizing the deleterious effects of ozone depletion, an international treaty, known as the Montreal Protocol to Vienna Convention, was signed in Montreal (Canada) in 1987 (effective in 1989) to control the emission of ozone-depleting substances. The major reasons behind using Chlorofluorocarbons were: They were mainly non-inflammable, hence safe to use. Most of them are also non-toxic for human health directly. Being largely inert, they were non-corrosive which extended the life of the appliance. They were chemically stable and hence can be used for longer time periods It is clear from the above points that erosion of the ozone layer is not a problem of one country but a problem of the whole world. Also, if it is not resolved in time, it will pose a serious threat to both life and health on earth in the coming years. Therefore, there is an urgent need to effectively implement the Montreal Protocol and the Kigali Agreement by all countries. Also, new research should also be encouraged in this direction to provide a long term and sustainable solution
77,131
What do you understand by the process of "ozone layer depletion"? Also mention why the Chlorofluorocarbons were such widely used as coolants. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduction: Explain the ozone layer in the role. Body: 1) In the first part of the answer, discuss some reasons explaining the depletion of the ozone layer. 2) In the second part of the question, give the major reasons behind the usage of Chlorofluorocarbons for the mentioned purposes. Conclusion: Give a positive conclusion in the last part of the answer Answer: An ozone layer is a sheet of gas, formed by ozone molecules, present at a height of 20 to 30 km in a stratosphere. It makes life on Earth possible by absorbing the harmful UV radiation from the Sun. It helps in maintaining the average temperature of the Earth. At the same time, it also protects against the deadly diseases caused by the sun"s UV rays, which makes it possible to prevent diseases like skin cancer. Ozone is measured in Dobson Unit. Depletion of Ozone Layer: Ozone gas is continuously formed by the action of UV rays on molecular oxygen and is also degraded into molecular oxygen in the stratosphere. There should be a balance between the production and degradation of ozone in the stratosphere. Of late, the balance has been disrupted due to the enhancement of ozone degradation by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs find wide use as refrigerants. Process of Depletion- CFCs discharged in the lower part of the atmosphere move upward and reach the stratosphere. In the stratosphere, UV rays act on them releasing Cl (Chlorine) atoms. Cl degrades ozone releasing molecular oxygen, with these atoms acting merely as catalysts; Cl atoms are not consumed in the reaction. Hence, whatever CFCs are added to the stratosphere, they have permanent and continuing effects on Ozone levels. Although ozone depletion is occurring widely in the stratosphere, the depletion is particularly marked over the Antarctic region. This has resulted in the formation of a large area of the thinned ozone layer, commonly called the ozone hole. UV radiation of wavelengths shorter than UV-B is almost completely absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere, given that the ozone layer is intact. But, UV-B damages DNA, and mutation may occur. It causes ageing of the skin, damage to skin cells and various types of skin cancers. In the human eye, the cornea absorbs UV-B radiation, and a high dose of UV-B causes inflammation of the cornea, called snow-blindness, cataract, etc. Such exposure may permanently damage the cornea. Recognizing the deleterious effects of ozone depletion, an international treaty, known as the Montreal Protocol to Vienna Convention, was signed in Montreal (Canada) in 1987 (effective in 1989) to control the emission of ozone-depleting substances. The major reasons behind using Chlorofluorocarbons were: They were mainly non-inflammable, hence safe to use. Most of them are also non-toxic for human heath directly. Being largely inert, they were non-corrosive which extended the life of the appliance. They were chemically stable and hence can be used for longer time periods It is clear from the above points that erosion of the ozone layer is not a problem of one country but a problem of the whole world. Also, if it is not resolved in time, it will pose a serious threat to both life and health on earth in the coming years. Therefore, there is an urgent need to effectively implement the Montreal Protocol and the Kigali Agreement by all countries. Also, new research should also be encouraged in this direction to provide a long term and sustainable solution
##Question:What do you understand by the process of "ozone layer depletion"? Also mention why the Chlorofluorocarbons were such widely used as coolants. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Explain the ozone layer in the role. Body: 1) In the first part of the answer, discuss some reasons explaining the depletion of the ozone layer. 2) In the second part of the question, give the major reasons behind the usage of Chlorofluorocarbons for the mentioned purposes. Conclusion: Give a positive conclusion in the last part of the answer Answer: An ozone layer is a sheet of gas, formed by ozone molecules, present at a height of 20 to 30 km in a stratosphere. It makes life on Earth possible by absorbing the harmful UV radiation from the Sun. It helps in maintaining the average temperature of the Earth. At the same time, it also protects against the deadly diseases caused by the sun"s UV rays, which makes it possible to prevent diseases like skin cancer. Ozone is measured in Dobson Unit. Depletion of Ozone Layer: Ozone gas is continuously formed by the action of UV rays on molecular oxygen and is also degraded into molecular oxygen in the stratosphere. There should be a balance between the production and degradation of ozone in the stratosphere. Of late, the balance has been disrupted due to the enhancement of ozone degradation by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs find wide use as refrigerants. Process of Depletion- CFCs discharged in the lower part of the atmosphere move upward and reach the stratosphere. In the stratosphere, UV rays act on them releasing Cl (Chlorine) atoms. Cl degrades ozone releasing molecular oxygen, with these atoms acting merely as catalysts; Cl atoms are not consumed in the reaction. Hence, whatever CFCs are added to the stratosphere, they have permanent and continuing effects on Ozone levels. Although ozone depletion is occurring widely in the stratosphere, the depletion is particularly marked over the Antarctic region. This has resulted in the formation of a large area of the thinned ozone layer, commonly called the ozone hole. UV radiation of wavelengths shorter than UV-B is almost completely absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere, given that the ozone layer is intact. But, UV-B damages DNA, and mutation may occur. It causes ageing of the skin, damage to skin cells and various types of skin cancers. In the human eye, the cornea absorbs UV-B radiation, and a high dose of UV-B causes inflammation of the cornea, called snow-blindness, cataract, etc. Such exposure may permanently damage the cornea. Recognizing the deleterious effects of ozone depletion, an international treaty, known as the Montreal Protocol to Vienna Convention, was signed in Montreal (Canada) in 1987 (effective in 1989) to control the emission of ozone-depleting substances. The major reasons behind using Chlorofluorocarbons were: They were mainly non-inflammable, hence safe to use. Most of them are also non-toxic for human heath directly. Being largely inert, they were non-corrosive which extended the life of the appliance. They were chemically stable and hence can be used for longer time periods It is clear from the above points that erosion of the ozone layer is not a problem of one country but a problem of the whole world. Also, if it is not resolved in time, it will pose a serious threat to both life and health on earth in the coming years. Therefore, there is an urgent need to effectively implement the Montreal Protocol and the Kigali Agreement by all countries. Also, new research should also be encouraged in this direction to provide a long term and sustainable solution
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Explain different features of British architecture along with examples. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Write an introduction about development of the British or modern architecture in India. Cover points on different features of British architecture including examples. Conclusion Answer: The British governed over the subcontinent for more than three hundred years. British colonial architecture hence came into the picture the very instant that the British set shop in India. But over the years, the architectural styles evolved. What started out as an all-out endeavour to mark superiority slowly changed into accepting and acknowledging the ‘Indian way’. Most of New Delhi was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker and is the main seat of administrative and political governance of the country. Different features of British architecture : There were two styles of British architecture and the features under these were the following: A. Indo-Gothic style of architecture: It was the initial British style introduced in India. It led to the introduction of advanced structural engineering tools in India. For example, the use of iron rods & steel and poured concrete. Now thinner walls are created in the building with the same level of strength as the Mughal building. At the top of the building, a pointed arch was created. Victorian deco art was employed to beautify the buildings. Moreover, Victorian fountains were installed in many places. Large windows were also important features. Examples like Victoria terminus/Chhatrapati Shivaji terminus, Church Gate, Grand Medical college, Crawford market in Mumbai; Writer"s market, St Paul Cathedral Victoria Memorial in Calcutta and Ripon building in Chennai. Not a single example of the Indo-Ghotik style is found in Delhi. B. Neo-Roman style of architecture: In 1911, the capital of British India was transferred from Calcutta to New Delhi. Two British architects Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Bekar were interested in developing new architectures in Delhi. But later, the new structures were single-handedly developed by Edwin Lutyens. Features of Neo-Roman style of architecture: It was a type of fusion architecture that resulted in the creation of an anonymous structure. Grand and beautiful buildings were created in this style, but these buildings were compromised in terms of utility and convenience. The majority of the buildings were created in a circular plan. It also led to the creation of many green zones in Delhi and also green corridors along roads. For example Rashtrapati Bhawan, Old parliament building, Central secretariat, Old supreme court building, Vidhan Sabha, Inda Gate, etc. The British structure bears testimony to its period and age of construction. The British colonial era"s architecture is an important and integral part of the nation’s past and present development in different types of architecture.
##Question:Explain different features of British architecture along with examples. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Write an introduction about development of the British or modern architecture in India. Cover points on different features of British architecture including examples. Conclusion Answer: The British governed over the subcontinent for more than three hundred years. British colonial architecture hence came into the picture the very instant that the British set shop in India. But over the years, the architectural styles evolved. What started out as an all-out endeavour to mark superiority slowly changed into accepting and acknowledging the ‘Indian way’. Most of New Delhi was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker and is the main seat of administrative and political governance of the country. Different features of British architecture : There were two styles of British architecture and the features under these were the following: A. Indo-Gothic style of architecture: It was the initial British style introduced in India. It led to the introduction of advanced structural engineering tools in India. For example, the use of iron rods & steel and poured concrete. Now thinner walls are created in the building with the same level of strength as the Mughal building. At the top of the building, a pointed arch was created. Victorian deco art was employed to beautify the buildings. Moreover, Victorian fountains were installed in many places. Large windows were also important features. Examples like Victoria terminus/Chhatrapati Shivaji terminus, Church Gate, Grand Medical college, Crawford market in Mumbai; Writer"s market, St Paul Cathedral Victoria Memorial in Calcutta and Ripon building in Chennai. Not a single example of the Indo-Ghotik style is found in Delhi. B. Neo-Roman style of architecture: In 1911, the capital of British India was transferred from Calcutta to New Delhi. Two British architects Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Bekar were interested in developing new architectures in Delhi. But later, the new structures were single-handedly developed by Edwin Lutyens. Features of Neo-Roman style of architecture: It was a type of fusion architecture that resulted in the creation of an anonymous structure. Grand and beautiful buildings were created in this style, but these buildings were compromised in terms of utility and convenience. The majority of the buildings were created in a circular plan. It also led to the creation of many green zones in Delhi and also green corridors along roads. For example Rashtrapati Bhawan, Old parliament building, Central secretariat, Old supreme court building, Vidhan Sabha, Inda Gate, etc. The British structure bears testimony to its period and age of construction. The British colonial era"s architecture is an important and integral part of the nation’s past and present development in different types of architecture.
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The religious reform movements of the 19th century were endeavors to recast the old religion (Hinduism) into a new form suited to meet the need of the new society. Comment (10 Marks/ 150 Words)
Approach: Introduction : Give a brief background of Socio-religious reform movements in the 19th Century. Body: Briefly highlight the feature of Indian society in the first half of the 19th century and then mention various religious reform movements that recast the old religion into a new form suited to meet the need of the new society. Conclusion: Conclude your answer based on the above points. Model Answer India in the 19th century witnessed a series of reform movements undertaken in various parts of the country. These movements were oriented toward a restructuring of Indian society along modern lines. Some enlightened Indians like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chand Vidyasagar, Dayanand Saraswati, and many others started to bring reforms to society so that it could face the challenges of the West. Features of Indian Society in the First half of the 19th Century: Religious and Social ills: Indian society in the nineteenth century was caught in a vicious web created by religious superstitions and social obscurantism. Depressing Position of Women: The most distressing was the position of women. The killing of female infants at birth was prevalent. Child marriage was practised in society. The practice of polygamy prevailed in many parts of the country. Widow remarriage was not allowed and the Sati Pratha was prevalent on a large scale. The Indian society in the first half of the 19th century was caste-ridden, decadent, and rigid. It followed certain practices which are not in keeping with humanitarian feelings or values but were still being followed in the name of religion. For example, the ritualistic killing of animals. Various movements tried to recast the old religion into a new form suited to meet the needs of society: The humanistic ideals of social equality and the equal worth of all individuals which inspired the newly educated middle class influenced the field of social reform in a major way. Some of these can be described below: Female Education: The establishment of the Brahmika Samaj or Brahmo Ladies" Prayer Meeting in 1865 gave a great impetus to the cause of female education in the Brahmo Samaj. The Indian Reform Association established in 1870 also took up the cause of providing female education and general and technical education. The Sadharan Brahmo Samaj established a Students " Weekly Service in 1879, where weekly lectures were provided on religious, social, moral, and politico-moral subjects . Use of Common languages to emancipate the masses: To reach the masses, the reformers used the Indian languages to propagate their views. For example, the use of media such as novels, dramas, poetry, etc to spread the opinion. Emancipation of women: such as the abolition of the Sati system through the regulation of 1829, widow remarriage act, 1856, Sharda act, etc aimed to empower women that suited the need of Indian society. This is because Indian society needed the participation of women in the freedom struggle. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was another leading figure of the Bengal Renaissance who championed women"s education and widow remarriage in an orthodox Hindu society. Religious universalism: where for example reformers like Raja Rammohun Roy believed in the principle of unity which eventually met the need of the society to unify because the society was divided at that time on the basis of caste, religion, region, etc. Criteria of logic, reason, or science rather than religion were considered as the method to evaluate truth. For example, Swami Vivekananda emphasized the fact that the method of investigation which applies to science should also be applied to religion itself. Thus, this approach of logic-based evaluation of truth met the need of the society of blind faith and superstition due to prevailing misbeliefs of the religion. Prarthana Samaj was founded in 1863 by Dadoba Pandurang and his brother Atmaram Pandurang with the motive to make people believe in one God and worship only one God. The religious reform movements of modem times had an underlying unity. Most of them were based on the twin doctrines of Reason (Rationalism) and Humanism which were the most needed values of Indian Society at that time. Thus, the religious reform movements tried to meet the needs of our society.
##Question:The religious reform movements of the 19th century were endeavors to recast the old religion (Hinduism) into a new form suited to meet the need of the new society. Comment (10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction : Give a brief background of Socio-religious reform movements in the 19th Century. Body: Briefly highlight the feature of Indian society in the first half of the 19th century and then mention various religious reform movements that recast the old religion into a new form suited to meet the need of the new society. Conclusion: Conclude your answer based on the above points. Model Answer India in the 19th century witnessed a series of reform movements undertaken in various parts of the country. These movements were oriented toward a restructuring of Indian society along modern lines. Some enlightened Indians like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chand Vidyasagar, Dayanand Saraswati, and many others started to bring reforms to society so that it could face the challenges of the West. Features of Indian Society in the First half of the 19th Century: Religious and Social ills: Indian society in the nineteenth century was caught in a vicious web created by religious superstitions and social obscurantism. Depressing Position of Women: The most distressing was the position of women. The killing of female infants at birth was prevalent. Child marriage was practised in society. The practice of polygamy prevailed in many parts of the country. Widow remarriage was not allowed and the Sati Pratha was prevalent on a large scale. The Indian society in the first half of the 19th century was caste-ridden, decadent, and rigid. It followed certain practices which are not in keeping with humanitarian feelings or values but were still being followed in the name of religion. For example, the ritualistic killing of animals. Various movements tried to recast the old religion into a new form suited to meet the needs of society: The humanistic ideals of social equality and the equal worth of all individuals which inspired the newly educated middle class influenced the field of social reform in a major way. Some of these can be described below: Female Education: The establishment of the Brahmika Samaj or Brahmo Ladies" Prayer Meeting in 1865 gave a great impetus to the cause of female education in the Brahmo Samaj. The Indian Reform Association established in 1870 also took up the cause of providing female education and general and technical education. The Sadharan Brahmo Samaj established a Students " Weekly Service in 1879, where weekly lectures were provided on religious, social, moral, and politico-moral subjects . Use of Common languages to emancipate the masses: To reach the masses, the reformers used the Indian languages to propagate their views. For example, the use of media such as novels, dramas, poetry, etc to spread the opinion. Emancipation of women: such as the abolition of the Sati system through the regulation of 1829, widow remarriage act, 1856, Sharda act, etc aimed to empower women that suited the need of Indian society. This is because Indian society needed the participation of women in the freedom struggle. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was another leading figure of the Bengal Renaissance who championed women"s education and widow remarriage in an orthodox Hindu society. Religious universalism: where for example reformers like Raja Rammohun Roy believed in the principle of unity which eventually met the need of the society to unify because the society was divided at that time on the basis of caste, religion, region, etc. Criteria of logic, reason, or science rather than religion were considered as the method to evaluate truth. For example, Swami Vivekananda emphasized the fact that the method of investigation which applies to science should also be applied to religion itself. Thus, this approach of logic-based evaluation of truth met the need of the society of blind faith and superstition due to prevailing misbeliefs of the religion. Prarthana Samaj was founded in 1863 by Dadoba Pandurang and his brother Atmaram Pandurang with the motive to make people believe in one God and worship only one God. The religious reform movements of modem times had an underlying unity. Most of them were based on the twin doctrines of Reason (Rationalism) and Humanism which were the most needed values of Indian Society at that time. Thus, the religious reform movements tried to meet the needs of our society.
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भारत के निर्यात की स्थिति को स्पष्ट करते हुए निर्यात को प्रोत्सहित किये जाने वाले प्रयासों की चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) While explaining the status of India"s exports, discuss the efforts to encourage exports. (150-200 words/10 marks)
एप्रोच उत्तर की शुरुआत निर्यात की वर्तमान स्थिति को बताते हुए कीजिये| इसके पश्चात निर्यात प्रोत्साहन हेतु प्रमुख क़दमों की विस्तारपूर्वक चर्चा कीजिये| पुनः भारत द्वारा किये गए विभिन्न व्यापार समझौते का भी उल्लेख कीजिये| अंत में सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण/आगे की राह के साथ उत्तर का समापन कीजिये| उत्तर -: निर्यात भारत में निर्यात का रुझान सकारात्मक है जिसमे सापेक्षिक रूप से बढोतरी दिखाई पड़ रही है| वर्ष 2021-22 के प्रारम्भ में 400 बिलियन डालर का निर्यात का लक्ष्य रखा गया था जिसे हासिल कर लिया गया है| यद्यपि यह एक सराहनीय घटना है परन्तु अभी भी भारत अपनी निर्यात क्षमताओं का यथोचित दोहन नहीं कर पा रहा है| किसी भी देश में निर्यात में वृद्धि न सिर्फ उस देश की अर्थव्यवस्था को बेहतर करती है अपितु साथ में रोजगार बढ़ने से तथा विभिन्न प्रकार के क्षमता संवर्धन से जीवन गुणवत्ता में भी सुधार होता है| निर्यात प्रोत्साहन हेतु कुछ प्रमुख घटक निम्नलिखित हैं- उत्पादों को सस्ते मूल्य पर अच्छी गुणवत्ता के साथ उत्पादित करना, यह तभी संभव होगा जब उत्पादन बड़ी मात्रा में किया जा रहा हो| यही कारण है कि जब किसी देश में स्थानीय मांग निर्यात किये जाने वाली वस्तु में एक सहायक हो तो उत्पादन की मात्रा में वृद्धि होती है| इस दिशा में जीरो इफेक्ट जीरो डिफेक्ट एक नया दृष्टिकोण है, जीरो इफेक्ट से आशय -पर्यावरण पर न के बराबर प्रभाव से है तथा जीरो डिफेक्ट से आशय गुणवत्ता से है| वोकल फॉर लोकल जैसे दृष्टिकोण भी इस दिशा में परोक्ष रूप से सहायक सिद्ध हो रहे हैं| RODTEP -निर्यात वस्तुओं पर करों एवं शुल्क में छूट इस स्कीम के अंतर्गत किसी भी निर्यात होने वाली वस्तु पर निर्यात की प्रक्रिया में दिए गए गए कर को वापस कर दिया जाता है ताकि करों का निर्यात न हो| यह स्कीम पहले से प्रभावी पण्य वस्तुओं के निर्यात के स्थान पर लागू की गयी है| साथ ही एक जिला एक उत्पाद के दृष्टिकोण को अपनाया जा रहा है| निर्यात हेतु विविधिकरण निर्यात प्रोत्साहन के लिए निर्यात किये जाने वाली वस्तुओं में विविधिकरण तथा साथ ही निर्यात के गंतब्यों में विविधिकरण की दिशा में प्रयास किये जाने चाहिए| निर्यात की जाने वाली वस्तुओं में कृषि सम्बन्धी वस्तुएं, खाद्य प्रसंस्करण, फार्मा सेक्टर की वस्तुएं बहुत निर्णायक सिद्ध हो सकती है| फार्मा क्षेत्र को भारत में एक सन राइज क्षेत्र के रूप में देखा जा रहा है| भारत वर्तमान में जेनरिक दवाओं के उत्पादन में प्रथम स्थान पर है| वहीँ दूसरी तरफ भारत अपने कुल निर्यात का 40 प्रतिशत से अधिक सिर्फ सात देशों को निर्यात करता है जिसमे अधिकतम हिस्सा POL का है| अतः यह अनिवार्य है कि नए निर्यात गंतब्य ढूंढें जाएँ जो तभी संभव होगा जब विभिन्न प्रकार के द्विपक्षीय -बहुपक्षीय व्यापार समझौते किये जाएँ| विभिन्न व्यापर समझौतों के प्रकार निम्नलिखित हो सकते हैं - अर्ली हार्वेस्ट प्रयास - इसके अंतर्गत एक देश दूसरे देश से व्यापार समझौते का प्रयोगात्मक आंकलन करता है| वरीयता व्यापार समझौता (PTA) - इसके अंतर्गत एक देश दूसरे देश को कुछ मदों, वस्तुओं पर टैरिफ (आयात-निर्यात कर) छूट उपलब्ध कराता है तथा शेष वस्तुएं सामान्य टैरिफ पर होती हैं| मुक्त व्यापार समझौता (FTA) - इसके अंतर्गत एक देश दूसरे देश को कुछ मदों को छोड़कर जिन पर सामान्य टैरिफ होगा, अन्य मदों पर टैरिफ में छूट प्रदान करता है| अभी हाल ही में भारत-आस्ट्रेलिया ने एक प्रकार का CEPA समझौता किया है जिसे इकोनोमिक को-आपरेशन ट्रेड अग्रीमेंट कहा जा रहा है| कामन मार्केट इसके अंतर्गत विभिन्न देश लगभग एक बाजार के स्वरुप में आ जाते हैं जिसमें एक जैसी मुद्रा तथा राजनैतिक सीमाओं के अवरोध का समापन सम्मिलित होता है| निर्यात हेतु यह भी अनिवार्य है कि निर्यातकों को पूँजी उपलब्धता सुनिश्चित की जाए, इस दिशा में कुछ प्रमुख प्रयासों में| एक्सिम बैंक को 750 करोड़ की अतिरिक्त धनराशि दी गयी है जिससे निर्यात के क्षेत्र में सहज लोन उपलब्ध हो सके| निर्यात हेतु लोन को PSL कोटे के अंतर्गत रखा जाता है| एक्सपोर्ट क्रेडिट गारंटी कारपोरेशन ऑफ़ इंडिया विभिन्न निर्यातकों को दिए जा रहे ऋण की गारंटी लेता है| निर्यात के संदर्भ में प्लेस ऑफ़ ओरिजिन का प्रमाणपत्र अब डिजिटल माध्यमों से उपलब्ध कराया जा रहा है एवं निर्यात उत्पादों की प्रमाणपत्र , प्रयोगशालाओं की जानकारी सुनिश्चित करने हेतु परख नाम से एक प्रयोगशालाओं का नेटवर्क तैयार किया गया है जिसे इलेक्ट्रानिक्स एवं सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी मंत्रालय एवं भास्कराचार्य संस्थान द्वारा संचालित किया जा रहा है| सरकार को उत्पादन से जुड़ी प्रोत्साहन योजना के अनुरूप सेवा क्षेत्र के विकास हेतु कुछ विचार करना चाहिये। भारत को वैश्विक मूल्य शृंखलाओं में खुद को एम्बेड करने का प्रयास करना चाहिये। यदि भारत एक प्रमुख निर्यातक बनना चाहता है, तो उसे अपने तुलनात्मक लाभ के क्षेत्रों में अधिक विशेषज्ञता हासिल करनी चाहिये और महत्वपूर्ण मात्रा में विस्तार हासिल करना चाहिये। एक गतिशील बिज़नेस 2 बिज़नेस (B2B) पोर्टल विकसित करना, जिसका इस्तेमाल सेवा प्रदाता विदेशों के बाज़ारों तक पहुंचने के लिये कर सकते हैं।
##Question:भारत के निर्यात की स्थिति को स्पष्ट करते हुए निर्यात को प्रोत्सहित किये जाने वाले प्रयासों की चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) While explaining the status of India"s exports, discuss the efforts to encourage exports. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:एप्रोच उत्तर की शुरुआत निर्यात की वर्तमान स्थिति को बताते हुए कीजिये| इसके पश्चात निर्यात प्रोत्साहन हेतु प्रमुख क़दमों की विस्तारपूर्वक चर्चा कीजिये| पुनः भारत द्वारा किये गए विभिन्न व्यापार समझौते का भी उल्लेख कीजिये| अंत में सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण/आगे की राह के साथ उत्तर का समापन कीजिये| उत्तर -: निर्यात भारत में निर्यात का रुझान सकारात्मक है जिसमे सापेक्षिक रूप से बढोतरी दिखाई पड़ रही है| वर्ष 2021-22 के प्रारम्भ में 400 बिलियन डालर का निर्यात का लक्ष्य रखा गया था जिसे हासिल कर लिया गया है| यद्यपि यह एक सराहनीय घटना है परन्तु अभी भी भारत अपनी निर्यात क्षमताओं का यथोचित दोहन नहीं कर पा रहा है| किसी भी देश में निर्यात में वृद्धि न सिर्फ उस देश की अर्थव्यवस्था को बेहतर करती है अपितु साथ में रोजगार बढ़ने से तथा विभिन्न प्रकार के क्षमता संवर्धन से जीवन गुणवत्ता में भी सुधार होता है| निर्यात प्रोत्साहन हेतु कुछ प्रमुख घटक निम्नलिखित हैं- उत्पादों को सस्ते मूल्य पर अच्छी गुणवत्ता के साथ उत्पादित करना, यह तभी संभव होगा जब उत्पादन बड़ी मात्रा में किया जा रहा हो| यही कारण है कि जब किसी देश में स्थानीय मांग निर्यात किये जाने वाली वस्तु में एक सहायक हो तो उत्पादन की मात्रा में वृद्धि होती है| इस दिशा में जीरो इफेक्ट जीरो डिफेक्ट एक नया दृष्टिकोण है, जीरो इफेक्ट से आशय -पर्यावरण पर न के बराबर प्रभाव से है तथा जीरो डिफेक्ट से आशय गुणवत्ता से है| वोकल फॉर लोकल जैसे दृष्टिकोण भी इस दिशा में परोक्ष रूप से सहायक सिद्ध हो रहे हैं| RODTEP -निर्यात वस्तुओं पर करों एवं शुल्क में छूट इस स्कीम के अंतर्गत किसी भी निर्यात होने वाली वस्तु पर निर्यात की प्रक्रिया में दिए गए गए कर को वापस कर दिया जाता है ताकि करों का निर्यात न हो| यह स्कीम पहले से प्रभावी पण्य वस्तुओं के निर्यात के स्थान पर लागू की गयी है| साथ ही एक जिला एक उत्पाद के दृष्टिकोण को अपनाया जा रहा है| निर्यात हेतु विविधिकरण निर्यात प्रोत्साहन के लिए निर्यात किये जाने वाली वस्तुओं में विविधिकरण तथा साथ ही निर्यात के गंतब्यों में विविधिकरण की दिशा में प्रयास किये जाने चाहिए| निर्यात की जाने वाली वस्तुओं में कृषि सम्बन्धी वस्तुएं, खाद्य प्रसंस्करण, फार्मा सेक्टर की वस्तुएं बहुत निर्णायक सिद्ध हो सकती है| फार्मा क्षेत्र को भारत में एक सन राइज क्षेत्र के रूप में देखा जा रहा है| भारत वर्तमान में जेनरिक दवाओं के उत्पादन में प्रथम स्थान पर है| वहीँ दूसरी तरफ भारत अपने कुल निर्यात का 40 प्रतिशत से अधिक सिर्फ सात देशों को निर्यात करता है जिसमे अधिकतम हिस्सा POL का है| अतः यह अनिवार्य है कि नए निर्यात गंतब्य ढूंढें जाएँ जो तभी संभव होगा जब विभिन्न प्रकार के द्विपक्षीय -बहुपक्षीय व्यापार समझौते किये जाएँ| विभिन्न व्यापर समझौतों के प्रकार निम्नलिखित हो सकते हैं - अर्ली हार्वेस्ट प्रयास - इसके अंतर्गत एक देश दूसरे देश से व्यापार समझौते का प्रयोगात्मक आंकलन करता है| वरीयता व्यापार समझौता (PTA) - इसके अंतर्गत एक देश दूसरे देश को कुछ मदों, वस्तुओं पर टैरिफ (आयात-निर्यात कर) छूट उपलब्ध कराता है तथा शेष वस्तुएं सामान्य टैरिफ पर होती हैं| मुक्त व्यापार समझौता (FTA) - इसके अंतर्गत एक देश दूसरे देश को कुछ मदों को छोड़कर जिन पर सामान्य टैरिफ होगा, अन्य मदों पर टैरिफ में छूट प्रदान करता है| अभी हाल ही में भारत-आस्ट्रेलिया ने एक प्रकार का CEPA समझौता किया है जिसे इकोनोमिक को-आपरेशन ट्रेड अग्रीमेंट कहा जा रहा है| कामन मार्केट इसके अंतर्गत विभिन्न देश लगभग एक बाजार के स्वरुप में आ जाते हैं जिसमें एक जैसी मुद्रा तथा राजनैतिक सीमाओं के अवरोध का समापन सम्मिलित होता है| निर्यात हेतु यह भी अनिवार्य है कि निर्यातकों को पूँजी उपलब्धता सुनिश्चित की जाए, इस दिशा में कुछ प्रमुख प्रयासों में| एक्सिम बैंक को 750 करोड़ की अतिरिक्त धनराशि दी गयी है जिससे निर्यात के क्षेत्र में सहज लोन उपलब्ध हो सके| निर्यात हेतु लोन को PSL कोटे के अंतर्गत रखा जाता है| एक्सपोर्ट क्रेडिट गारंटी कारपोरेशन ऑफ़ इंडिया विभिन्न निर्यातकों को दिए जा रहे ऋण की गारंटी लेता है| निर्यात के संदर्भ में प्लेस ऑफ़ ओरिजिन का प्रमाणपत्र अब डिजिटल माध्यमों से उपलब्ध कराया जा रहा है एवं निर्यात उत्पादों की प्रमाणपत्र , प्रयोगशालाओं की जानकारी सुनिश्चित करने हेतु परख नाम से एक प्रयोगशालाओं का नेटवर्क तैयार किया गया है जिसे इलेक्ट्रानिक्स एवं सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी मंत्रालय एवं भास्कराचार्य संस्थान द्वारा संचालित किया जा रहा है| सरकार को उत्पादन से जुड़ी प्रोत्साहन योजना के अनुरूप सेवा क्षेत्र के विकास हेतु कुछ विचार करना चाहिये। भारत को वैश्विक मूल्य शृंखलाओं में खुद को एम्बेड करने का प्रयास करना चाहिये। यदि भारत एक प्रमुख निर्यातक बनना चाहता है, तो उसे अपने तुलनात्मक लाभ के क्षेत्रों में अधिक विशेषज्ञता हासिल करनी चाहिये और महत्वपूर्ण मात्रा में विस्तार हासिल करना चाहिये। एक गतिशील बिज़नेस 2 बिज़नेस (B2B) पोर्टल विकसित करना, जिसका इस्तेमाल सेवा प्रदाता विदेशों के बाज़ारों तक पहुंचने के लिये कर सकते हैं।
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What do you understand about Shadow zones of earthquake waves? Also, mention the distribution of Earthquakes around the world. (150 words/10 marks).
Approach : Introduce the answer by defining shadow zones. Draw a diagram of shadow zones. Mention the different types of shadow zones. Mention the distribution of earthquakes around the world. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The Shadow zone is the zone in the earth"s interior from where earthquake waves are not reported. Shadow zones occur due to the bending of earthquake waves as they pass from one medium to another. P-wave shadow zone: P-waves are not detected between 105-145 degrees from the focus which is called as P-wave shadow zone. It is due to the bending and slowing down(due to change in density) of P-waves as it enters the outer core. S-wave shadow zone: S-waves cannot pass through the outer core which is liquid and it results in an S-wave shadow zone beyond 105 degrees from the focus. Significance of shadow zones: The earthquake waves undergo reflection, bending, or changes in the direction while passing from one medium to another. By studying the shadow zones we can conclude about the earth"s interior and understand the nature of different layers. Distribution of earthquakes around the world: Circum-pacific belt: For example, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia Meditarian and trans-asiatic belt. For example, Itlay, Switzerland, Himalayas. Mid-oceanic ridges: For example Iceland, etc. East African rift valley. The study of earthquake waves and their shadow zones around the world has given a deep insight into the interior of the earth and a greater study of these waves is needed.
##Question:What do you understand about Shadow zones of earthquake waves? Also, mention the distribution of Earthquakes around the world. (150 words/10 marks).##Answer:Approach : Introduce the answer by defining shadow zones. Draw a diagram of shadow zones. Mention the different types of shadow zones. Mention the distribution of earthquakes around the world. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The Shadow zone is the zone in the earth"s interior from where earthquake waves are not reported. Shadow zones occur due to the bending of earthquake waves as they pass from one medium to another. P-wave shadow zone: P-waves are not detected between 105-145 degrees from the focus which is called as P-wave shadow zone. It is due to the bending and slowing down(due to change in density) of P-waves as it enters the outer core. S-wave shadow zone: S-waves cannot pass through the outer core which is liquid and it results in an S-wave shadow zone beyond 105 degrees from the focus. Significance of shadow zones: The earthquake waves undergo reflection, bending, or changes in the direction while passing from one medium to another. By studying the shadow zones we can conclude about the earth"s interior and understand the nature of different layers. Distribution of earthquakes around the world: Circum-pacific belt: For example, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia Meditarian and trans-asiatic belt. For example, Itlay, Switzerland, Himalayas. Mid-oceanic ridges: For example Iceland, etc. East African rift valley. The study of earthquake waves and their shadow zones around the world has given a deep insight into the interior of the earth and a greater study of these waves is needed.
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The Invasion of Nader Shah played a significant role in the decline of the Mughal empire.Discuss(150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduction-Brief information about the Invasion of Nader Shah. Mention the causes of the invasion of Nader Shah. Mention the impact of the invasion on the Mughal empire. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Emperor Nader Shah, the Shah of Persia and the founder of the Iranian Afsharid dynasty of Persia, invaded Northern India, eventually attacking Delhi in March 1739. His army had easily defeated the Mughals and would eventually capture the Mughal capital in the aftermath of the battle. Reasons for the invasion: He invaded India because in Afghanistan his opponents were given protection by Mughals in Mughal-controlled territory and his messenger was imprisoned by Mughals in Delhi. He wanted to loot and plunder India. Impact of invasion of Nadir Shah on the Mughal empire: Huge economic loss. Took away the peacock throne and the Kohinoor diamond embedded in it. A huge lot of horses, elephants, and artisans amount to roughly 100 crores. The huge economic loss contributed to military weakening and henceforth Mughals could not maintain a strong army. Not just the defeat, there was a huge prestige loss for the Mughals. Mohammad shah"s behavior was meek, insulted, and still did not stand up at all for his dignity, therefore losing the respect of nobles. Civilians of Delhi lost faith in Mughal protection when 2 lakhs were massacred by forces of Nadir Shah. It was no coincidence that nizam left Delhi permanently for Hyderabad in 1740. Fearing afghan Mughals came under the protection of Marathas. Therefore by 1752, the Marathas has risen as the top Indian power and Mughals were no longer the central power in India.
##Question:The Invasion of Nader Shah played a significant role in the decline of the Mughal empire.Discuss(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction-Brief information about the Invasion of Nader Shah. Mention the causes of the invasion of Nader Shah. Mention the impact of the invasion on the Mughal empire. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Emperor Nader Shah, the Shah of Persia and the founder of the Iranian Afsharid dynasty of Persia, invaded Northern India, eventually attacking Delhi in March 1739. His army had easily defeated the Mughals and would eventually capture the Mughal capital in the aftermath of the battle. Reasons for the invasion: He invaded India because in Afghanistan his opponents were given protection by Mughals in Mughal-controlled territory and his messenger was imprisoned by Mughals in Delhi. He wanted to loot and plunder India. Impact of invasion of Nadir Shah on the Mughal empire: Huge economic loss. Took away the peacock throne and the Kohinoor diamond embedded in it. A huge lot of horses, elephants, and artisans amount to roughly 100 crores. The huge economic loss contributed to military weakening and henceforth Mughals could not maintain a strong army. Not just the defeat, there was a huge prestige loss for the Mughals. Mohammad shah"s behavior was meek, insulted, and still did not stand up at all for his dignity, therefore losing the respect of nobles. Civilians of Delhi lost faith in Mughal protection when 2 lakhs were massacred by forces of Nadir Shah. It was no coincidence that nizam left Delhi permanently for Hyderabad in 1740. Fearing afghan Mughals came under the protection of Marathas. Therefore by 1752, the Marathas has risen as the top Indian power and Mughals were no longer the central power in India.
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How would you use social influence to ensure the successful implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission? (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach Introduce in brief social influence and briefly relate with Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan (SBA) In the body, discuss how social influence can be used for the effective implementation of SBA Conclude briefly and accordingly Answer Social Influence is defined as a process by which the change agent tries to direct the behaviour of a target group in the desired direction. In order to ensure efficiency in the process of social influence, the need to overcome various barriers between the change agent and the target group. It can be used for Swachh Bharat Abhiyan or Swachh Bharat Mission which is a nationwide campaign for cleanliness in India. (Note - These are just a few examples, students may come up with various different ideas and examples which should be appreciated.) Social influence to ensure the successful implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission: Use of Reward Power: Rewarding people who conform on their own to make an example ie leading from the front and leading by example Use of Coercive Power: Use of the force of law/rules and regulations; for example paying a fine for the violation of laws and rules eg spitting in public; throwing garbage on the roads Use of Legitimate Power: Using people who enjoy legitimacy e.g. Government officials, Panchayat members, teachers, District administrators, etc. Use of Expert Power: Bringing in experts to help explain the pros and cons of various practices; making people aware of the benefits of SBA and the side effects in terms of the health and nutrition of children; how it affects stunting of children Use of Conformity pressure: creating social pressure in various ways ie Social boycott, naming and shaming techniques, etc Use of Liking: creating liking about the idea, by use of celebrities or people who are revered; role modelling can be done eg Amitabh Bacchan and Vidya Balan doing the camping for SBA Use of Commitment and consistency: Creating commitment among people eg by making them take pledges, mass oaths, religious oaths etc Use of Reciprocity: by providing money to construct Toilets for example government grants Use of symbols that are receiver friendly and no discrepancy between the verbal and non-verbal aspects of the message. By making communication idea centric rather than word centric; Use illustrations and relevant examples to support the message A climate of trust and understanding needs to be established through advertisement and the involvement of local leaders Also, by redesigning the physical environment by providing dust bins and making toilets in public places etc. and persuading people to use them Thus, from the above, we see that social influence is an important and potent tool in order to make a Clean India. It would help in realising the dream and ideology of Mahatma Gandhi ie "cleanliness is next to godliness.
##Question:How would you use social influence to ensure the successful implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce in brief social influence and briefly relate with Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan (SBA) In the body, discuss how social influence can be used for the effective implementation of SBA Conclude briefly and accordingly Answer Social Influence is defined as a process by which the change agent tries to direct the behaviour of a target group in the desired direction. In order to ensure efficiency in the process of social influence, the need to overcome various barriers between the change agent and the target group. It can be used for Swachh Bharat Abhiyan or Swachh Bharat Mission which is a nationwide campaign for cleanliness in India. (Note - These are just a few examples, students may come up with various different ideas and examples which should be appreciated.) Social influence to ensure the successful implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission: Use of Reward Power: Rewarding people who conform on their own to make an example ie leading from the front and leading by example Use of Coercive Power: Use of the force of law/rules and regulations; for example paying a fine for the violation of laws and rules eg spitting in public; throwing garbage on the roads Use of Legitimate Power: Using people who enjoy legitimacy e.g. Government officials, Panchayat members, teachers, District administrators, etc. Use of Expert Power: Bringing in experts to help explain the pros and cons of various practices; making people aware of the benefits of SBA and the side effects in terms of the health and nutrition of children; how it affects stunting of children Use of Conformity pressure: creating social pressure in various ways ie Social boycott, naming and shaming techniques, etc Use of Liking: creating liking about the idea, by use of celebrities or people who are revered; role modelling can be done eg Amitabh Bacchan and Vidya Balan doing the camping for SBA Use of Commitment and consistency: Creating commitment among people eg by making them take pledges, mass oaths, religious oaths etc Use of Reciprocity: by providing money to construct Toilets for example government grants Use of symbols that are receiver friendly and no discrepancy between the verbal and non-verbal aspects of the message. By making communication idea centric rather than word centric; Use illustrations and relevant examples to support the message A climate of trust and understanding needs to be established through advertisement and the involvement of local leaders Also, by redesigning the physical environment by providing dust bins and making toilets in public places etc. and persuading people to use them Thus, from the above, we see that social influence is an important and potent tool in order to make a Clean India. It would help in realising the dream and ideology of Mahatma Gandhi ie "cleanliness is next to godliness.
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Swami Vivekananda once maintained that we should give our ancient spirituality and culture and get in return Western science, technology, and methods of raising the standard of life. Discuss. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduction: Briefly mention the Swami Vivekananda and his contributions to Socio-religious reform movements. Body: Discuss with examples the meanings associated with giving our ancient spirituality and culture and get in return western science, technology, and methods of raising the standard of life Conclusion: Conclude your answer based on the above points. Answer Swami Vivekananda attempted to combine Indian spirituality with Western material progress, maintaining that the two supplemented and complemented one another. He was educated at a Western-style university where he was exposed to Western philosophy, Christianity, and science. He joined the Brahmo Samaj (Society of Brahma), dedicated to eliminating child marriage and illiteracy and determined to spread education among women and the lower castes. He later became the most-notable disciple of Ramakrishna, who demonstrated the essential unity of all religions. Through the statement "We should give our ancient spirituality and culture and get in return western science, technology, methods of raising the standard of life", Swami Vivekananda meant that the person should adopt and practice the best of both worlds that are practising our ancient wisdom of spirituality and raising our standard of life by also adopting scientific values and modern technology. We should give our ancient spirituality and culture: White man"s burden: To reduce the egoistic, apathetic, and cruel attitude of Britishers, it is necessary that they adopt the spiritual values of compassion, empathy and the Vedantic philosophy of "service to man is service to god". For example, during the widespread famine, there was a pompous celebration of the Queen"s arrival in 1877. The richness of wisdom in spiritual philosophy and ancient culture: with the values of "Vasudaiv Kutumbkam" where the world is considered the one family. These values West needs to adopt to reduce the "they versus I" differences. For example, High tariffs on Indian imports in London. The blind race towards materialistic comforts: This may give comfortable life but does not reduce the pain and suffering. For example, Even after colonising the most of regions of two continents that is Africa, Asia by Britain, there arose instances of world wars, unemployment, etc Get in return western science, technology, methods of raising the standard of life: India was suffering from poverty and recurring famines: Apart from British apathy, the major reason was a lack of access to scientific techniques to reduce the impact of disasters such as droughts. Besides The drain of India"s wealth has led to pathetic conditions of poverty. For example, 50% of zamindars were changed due to the Permanent settlement policies of Britishers. Western Education: was seen as the tool of emancipation from the Educational backwardness of India at that time. The rapid progress of science and technology: The Western world led to rising in their standard of living. If the same we get in return, India may become the "sink of gold" again. For example, when railways were constructed in our country, we have seen positive changes starting from the freedom struggle to that the movement of ideas across the country. Conclusion Swami Vivekananda was not against or for any nation, but through his thoughts he had always wanted to bring balance to the lives of the people which includes balancing spirituality and ancient culture and not rejecting the positive attributes of the modern Western ideas.
##Question:Swami Vivekananda once maintained that we should give our ancient spirituality and culture and get in return Western science, technology, and methods of raising the standard of life. Discuss. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Briefly mention the Swami Vivekananda and his contributions to Socio-religious reform movements. Body: Discuss with examples the meanings associated with giving our ancient spirituality and culture and get in return western science, technology, and methods of raising the standard of life Conclusion: Conclude your answer based on the above points. Answer Swami Vivekananda attempted to combine Indian spirituality with Western material progress, maintaining that the two supplemented and complemented one another. He was educated at a Western-style university where he was exposed to Western philosophy, Christianity, and science. He joined the Brahmo Samaj (Society of Brahma), dedicated to eliminating child marriage and illiteracy and determined to spread education among women and the lower castes. He later became the most-notable disciple of Ramakrishna, who demonstrated the essential unity of all religions. Through the statement "We should give our ancient spirituality and culture and get in return western science, technology, methods of raising the standard of life", Swami Vivekananda meant that the person should adopt and practice the best of both worlds that are practising our ancient wisdom of spirituality and raising our standard of life by also adopting scientific values and modern technology. We should give our ancient spirituality and culture: White man"s burden: To reduce the egoistic, apathetic, and cruel attitude of Britishers, it is necessary that they adopt the spiritual values of compassion, empathy and the Vedantic philosophy of "service to man is service to god". For example, during the widespread famine, there was a pompous celebration of the Queen"s arrival in 1877. The richness of wisdom in spiritual philosophy and ancient culture: with the values of "Vasudaiv Kutumbkam" where the world is considered the one family. These values West needs to adopt to reduce the "they versus I" differences. For example, High tariffs on Indian imports in London. The blind race towards materialistic comforts: This may give comfortable life but does not reduce the pain and suffering. For example, Even after colonising the most of regions of two continents that is Africa, Asia by Britain, there arose instances of world wars, unemployment, etc Get in return western science, technology, methods of raising the standard of life: India was suffering from poverty and recurring famines: Apart from British apathy, the major reason was a lack of access to scientific techniques to reduce the impact of disasters such as droughts. Besides The drain of India"s wealth has led to pathetic conditions of poverty. For example, 50% of zamindars were changed due to the Permanent settlement policies of Britishers. Western Education: was seen as the tool of emancipation from the Educational backwardness of India at that time. The rapid progress of science and technology: The Western world led to rising in their standard of living. If the same we get in return, India may become the "sink of gold" again. For example, when railways were constructed in our country, we have seen positive changes starting from the freedom struggle to that the movement of ideas across the country. Conclusion Swami Vivekananda was not against or for any nation, but through his thoughts he had always wanted to bring balance to the lives of the people which includes balancing spirituality and ancient culture and not rejecting the positive attributes of the modern Western ideas.
77,197
Was the American Civil war a clash between two nations? Discuss. (10 Marks/150Words)
APPROACH: Introduce by explaining what you understand from the question. Explain what really was the cause of war. Explain whether it was a clash between different nations, or not in the conclusion. ANSWER: The Civil War is the central event in America"s historical consciousness. While the Revolution of 1776-1783 created the United States, the Civil War of 1861-1865 determined what kind of nation it would be. The war, widely considered a civil war between the nationals of a country had undertones of two different nations fighting for their separate identities- the fight between the Northern and the Southern states of America. The argument about whether this was a war between two different nations or the citizens of one nation can be evaluated in the light of the following arguments: Question of slavery Slavery was an important question that triggered the war. The Southern states strongly wanted slavery by African-Americans to be continued, and equally vehement was the opposition of the Northern states against the issue of slavery. Occupational difference between North and South Though the war appears to be a war on the question of slavery between the North and the Southern states of America. In reality, the issues were different and highly complicated. Slavery was merely an excuse. The main problem was the different systems of life, culture, and development that started between the North and the Southern states after independence. North made remarkable progress in terms of industry, infrastructure, and education. The Southern states were plantation economies with major crops-cotton, and tobacco was not cost-effective, but labor intensive. Infrastructure Under " Federal financing" development of infrastructure was given more importance benefitting the North. Universities like Boston, and Harvard became major centers of learning. On the other hand, the South"s import and export trade was dependent upon the ports of the North which caused a lot of disadvantages for the Southern states. Ideological differences In the North a different system of life progressive, democratic, and highly enterprising developed. In contrast, the South remained predominantly illiterate and its landlords were more aristocratic in their outlook. An issue with the attitude toward slavery Industrialized northern states preferred paid laborers while agricultural southern states which had large plantations were dependent on slave labor. Slavery was abolished in northern states in 1804 and they became ‘free states. The fear of reforms by Abraham Lincoln and his election campaign He promised to abolish slavery and was thus supported by the northern states. After his victory, he actually took the cause of the slaves and granted freedom to them under the law because Southern states insisted on secession. The question of the unity of the country became more important. The reasons above show that the American civil war was not a war between a nation disputing over some issues, it was rather a war between two nations, that had separate ideologies, and systems of living. The North and South were completely disassociated from each other. It was a war between two nations.
##Question:Was the American Civil war a clash between two nations? Discuss. (10 Marks/150Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce by explaining what you understand from the question. Explain what really was the cause of war. Explain whether it was a clash between different nations, or not in the conclusion. ANSWER: The Civil War is the central event in America"s historical consciousness. While the Revolution of 1776-1783 created the United States, the Civil War of 1861-1865 determined what kind of nation it would be. The war, widely considered a civil war between the nationals of a country had undertones of two different nations fighting for their separate identities- the fight between the Northern and the Southern states of America. The argument about whether this was a war between two different nations or the citizens of one nation can be evaluated in the light of the following arguments: Question of slavery Slavery was an important question that triggered the war. The Southern states strongly wanted slavery by African-Americans to be continued, and equally vehement was the opposition of the Northern states against the issue of slavery. Occupational difference between North and South Though the war appears to be a war on the question of slavery between the North and the Southern states of America. In reality, the issues were different and highly complicated. Slavery was merely an excuse. The main problem was the different systems of life, culture, and development that started between the North and the Southern states after independence. North made remarkable progress in terms of industry, infrastructure, and education. The Southern states were plantation economies with major crops-cotton, and tobacco was not cost-effective, but labor intensive. Infrastructure Under " Federal financing" development of infrastructure was given more importance benefitting the North. Universities like Boston, and Harvard became major centers of learning. On the other hand, the South"s import and export trade was dependent upon the ports of the North which caused a lot of disadvantages for the Southern states. Ideological differences In the North a different system of life progressive, democratic, and highly enterprising developed. In contrast, the South remained predominantly illiterate and its landlords were more aristocratic in their outlook. An issue with the attitude toward slavery Industrialized northern states preferred paid laborers while agricultural southern states which had large plantations were dependent on slave labor. Slavery was abolished in northern states in 1804 and they became ‘free states. The fear of reforms by Abraham Lincoln and his election campaign He promised to abolish slavery and was thus supported by the northern states. After his victory, he actually took the cause of the slaves and granted freedom to them under the law because Southern states insisted on secession. The question of the unity of the country became more important. The reasons above show that the American civil war was not a war between a nation disputing over some issues, it was rather a war between two nations, that had separate ideologies, and systems of living. The North and South were completely disassociated from each other. It was a war between two nations.
77,201
What are Biosphere Reserves and explain their major functions? Also, Explain the areas or zones of Biosphere reserves. (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Introduce in brief about Biosphere Reserves and its major functions. In the body explain the areas or zones of Biosphere reserves Conclude accordingly Answer : Biosphere Reserves can be defined as widespread areas of bio-diversity wherein fauna and flora are protected. These are sites established to promote sustainable development based on local community efforts and sound science. It involves local communities in planning and management.There are some criteria for the designation of a Biosphere Reserve such as a site must contain a protected and minimally disturbed core area of value for nature conservation. The core area must be a bio-geographical unit and should be large enough to sustain viable populations representing all trophic levels. The involvement of local communities and the use of their knowledge in biodiversity preservation. Areas potential for preservation of traditional tribal or rural modes of living for harmonious use of the environment. It integrates three main functions: 1. Conservation of biodiversity and cultural diversity - Managing Biosphere Reserve’s genetic resources, endemic species, ecosystems, and landscapes. It may prevent man-animal conflict eg. the death of tiger Avni who was shot dead when she turned man-eater. Along with the wildlife, the culture and customs of tribals are also protected 2. Economic Development i.e environmentally and socio-culturally sustainable - Promoting economic and human growth that is sustainable on a sociocultural and ecological level. It seeks to strengthen the three pillars of sustainable development: social, economic, and protection of the environment. 3. Logistic support through research, monitoring, education and training - Promoting research activities, environmental education, training, and monitoring in the context of local, national, and international conservation and sustainable development. Areas of Biosphere Areas: Core Area: 1. Strictly protected zone containing endemic plants and animals. It is the most protected area of a biosphere reserve. 2. Usually a national park or wildlife sanctuary is located. They conserve the wild relatives of economic species and also represent important genetic reservoirs having exceptional scientific interest. 3. It is free from human interference. A core zone is a protected region, like a National Park or Sanctuary/protected/regulated mostly under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Buffer Area/Zone: 1. Used for activities with sound ecological practices such as research, monitoring, education, training, etc 2. The buffer zone surrounds the core zone and its activities are managed in this area in ways that help in the protection of the core zone in its natural condition. 3. It includes restoration, limited tourism, fishing, grazing, etc; which are permitted to reduce its effect on the core zone. Research and educational activities are to be encouraged. Transition Zone/Area : 1. t is the outermost part of the biosphere reserve. It is the zone of cooperation where human ventures and conservation are done in harmony. Here socio-culturally and ecologically sustainable activities are allowed 2. It includes settlements, intensive tourism, croplands, managed forests, and areas for intensive recreation and other economic uses characteristics of the region. There are 18 Biosphere Reserves declared by India of which 12 are recognised under UNESCO-MAB (Man and Biosphere Programme). Panna is the 12th site to get the tag of UNESCO-MAB. It has helped in the conservation of wildlife and nature as a whole. Thus from the above, we see that these are great examples of community-based initiatives aimed toward the protection of our natural environment while also ensuring consistent healthy growth of the local economy. It can include one or more National Parks or sanctuaries. Protection is granted to all the living organisms flourishing inside the boundaries of the reserve, including flora, fauna as well as the human communities who inhabit those regions.
##Question:What are Biosphere Reserves and explain their major functions? Also, Explain the areas or zones of Biosphere reserves. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in brief about Biosphere Reserves and its major functions. In the body explain the areas or zones of Biosphere reserves Conclude accordingly Answer : Biosphere Reserves can be defined as widespread areas of bio-diversity wherein fauna and flora are protected. These are sites established to promote sustainable development based on local community efforts and sound science. It involves local communities in planning and management.There are some criteria for the designation of a Biosphere Reserve such as a site must contain a protected and minimally disturbed core area of value for nature conservation. The core area must be a bio-geographical unit and should be large enough to sustain viable populations representing all trophic levels. The involvement of local communities and the use of their knowledge in biodiversity preservation. Areas potential for preservation of traditional tribal or rural modes of living for harmonious use of the environment. It integrates three main functions: 1. Conservation of biodiversity and cultural diversity - Managing Biosphere Reserve’s genetic resources, endemic species, ecosystems, and landscapes. It may prevent man-animal conflict eg. the death of tiger Avni who was shot dead when she turned man-eater. Along with the wildlife, the culture and customs of tribals are also protected 2. Economic Development i.e environmentally and socio-culturally sustainable - Promoting economic and human growth that is sustainable on a sociocultural and ecological level. It seeks to strengthen the three pillars of sustainable development: social, economic, and protection of the environment. 3. Logistic support through research, monitoring, education and training - Promoting research activities, environmental education, training, and monitoring in the context of local, national, and international conservation and sustainable development. Areas of Biosphere Areas: Core Area: 1. Strictly protected zone containing endemic plants and animals. It is the most protected area of a biosphere reserve. 2. Usually a national park or wildlife sanctuary is located. They conserve the wild relatives of economic species and also represent important genetic reservoirs having exceptional scientific interest. 3. It is free from human interference. A core zone is a protected region, like a National Park or Sanctuary/protected/regulated mostly under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Buffer Area/Zone: 1. Used for activities with sound ecological practices such as research, monitoring, education, training, etc 2. The buffer zone surrounds the core zone and its activities are managed in this area in ways that help in the protection of the core zone in its natural condition. 3. It includes restoration, limited tourism, fishing, grazing, etc; which are permitted to reduce its effect on the core zone. Research and educational activities are to be encouraged. Transition Zone/Area : 1. t is the outermost part of the biosphere reserve. It is the zone of cooperation where human ventures and conservation are done in harmony. Here socio-culturally and ecologically sustainable activities are allowed 2. It includes settlements, intensive tourism, croplands, managed forests, and areas for intensive recreation and other economic uses characteristics of the region. There are 18 Biosphere Reserves declared by India of which 12 are recognised under UNESCO-MAB (Man and Biosphere Programme). Panna is the 12th site to get the tag of UNESCO-MAB. It has helped in the conservation of wildlife and nature as a whole. Thus from the above, we see that these are great examples of community-based initiatives aimed toward the protection of our natural environment while also ensuring consistent healthy growth of the local economy. It can include one or more National Parks or sanctuaries. Protection is granted to all the living organisms flourishing inside the boundaries of the reserve, including flora, fauna as well as the human communities who inhabit those regions.
77,292
Briefly explain the components of the Annual Financial Statement along with examples. (150 WORDS/10 Marks)
Approach: Introduce by defining what is Annual Financial Statement. Explain different components of Budgets. Give examples of each of these components. Conclude Appropriately. Explanation: Article 112 of the Constitution requires the government to present to Parliament a statement of estimated receipts and expenditures in respect of every financial year, from April 1 to March 31. This statement is called the Annual Financial Statement. Components of Annual Financial Statement: The annual Financial Statement is divided into Receipts and Expenditures that are expected in the future. Revenue Budget It brings in the concept of rights and duties. The revenue Budget can be divided into Revenue Expenditure and Revenue Receipts. Revenue Expenditure: Expenditure incurred to perform sovereign functions. It is synonymous with the maintenance expenditure of the government. This is the expense that the government incurs in the performance of its necessary duties. For Example: Payment of salaries to government staff. (Establishment Expenditure) Interest Payments that is, on the loans taken by the government. Major Subsidies. Expenditure on defense etc. Revenue Receipts: Money received by the government as a matter of right. This is the government"s money and it can not be claimed back from the government. For Example : Tax Revenue such as Income Tax, Corporate Tax, GST, etc Non- Tax Revenue such as interest receipts- interest received by the government on the loans that it has given. Dividends and Profits that are received from PSUs and other entities that government fully or partially owns. Grants from foreign governments. Capital Budget Capital Expenditure: Expenditure incurred in the creation of capital assets or in the reduction of liabilities. For Example, Creation of assets such as roads, ports, bridges, etc. (Infrastructure Assets) Financial Assets such as creating a new company, increasing the ownership in an existing company, buying a new company, etc. Repayment of debt by the government ie. reduction of liability. Capital Receipts: Money received by the government as a result of either a reduction in assets or an increase in liability. This is divided into debt and non-debt capital receipts. Debt Capital receipts (DCR) Receipts on the account of incurring debt. ie. borrowing by the government. The government may borrow from RBI or banks International agencies or the public in general. Non-Debt Capital Receipts (NDCR): Capital Receipts which do not create debt. For Example, selling of PSUs or disinvestment therein. The disinvestment can be full or partial, When disinvestment is such that the government becomes a minority shareholder and loses the management rights, then it is called Strategic disinvestment. Recoveries of loans are also an example of NDCR. Earlier there used to be a classification based on Plan as well as Non- plan Expenditure. However, this classification has now been abolished and now the components of the Annual Financial Statement are divided into Capital and Revenue Budget only.
##Question:Briefly explain the components of the Annual Financial Statement along with examples. (150 WORDS/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce by defining what is Annual Financial Statement. Explain different components of Budgets. Give examples of each of these components. Conclude Appropriately. Explanation: Article 112 of the Constitution requires the government to present to Parliament a statement of estimated receipts and expenditures in respect of every financial year, from April 1 to March 31. This statement is called the Annual Financial Statement. Components of Annual Financial Statement: The annual Financial Statement is divided into Receipts and Expenditures that are expected in the future. Revenue Budget It brings in the concept of rights and duties. The revenue Budget can be divided into Revenue Expenditure and Revenue Receipts. Revenue Expenditure: Expenditure incurred to perform sovereign functions. It is synonymous with the maintenance expenditure of the government. This is the expense that the government incurs in the performance of its necessary duties. For Example: Payment of salaries to government staff. (Establishment Expenditure) Interest Payments that is, on the loans taken by the government. Major Subsidies. Expenditure on defense etc. Revenue Receipts: Money received by the government as a matter of right. This is the government"s money and it can not be claimed back from the government. For Example : Tax Revenue such as Income Tax, Corporate Tax, GST, etc Non- Tax Revenue such as interest receipts- interest received by the government on the loans that it has given. Dividends and Profits that are received from PSUs and other entities that government fully or partially owns. Grants from foreign governments. Capital Budget Capital Expenditure: Expenditure incurred in the creation of capital assets or in the reduction of liabilities. For Example, Creation of assets such as roads, ports, bridges, etc. (Infrastructure Assets) Financial Assets such as creating a new company, increasing the ownership in an existing company, buying a new company, etc. Repayment of debt by the government ie. reduction of liability. Capital Receipts: Money received by the government as a result of either a reduction in assets or an increase in liability. This is divided into debt and non-debt capital receipts. Debt Capital receipts (DCR) Receipts on the account of incurring debt. ie. borrowing by the government. The government may borrow from RBI or banks International agencies or the public in general. Non-Debt Capital Receipts (NDCR): Capital Receipts which do not create debt. For Example, selling of PSUs or disinvestment therein. The disinvestment can be full or partial, When disinvestment is such that the government becomes a minority shareholder and loses the management rights, then it is called Strategic disinvestment. Recoveries of loans are also an example of NDCR. Earlier there used to be a classification based on Plan as well as Non- plan Expenditure. However, this classification has now been abolished and now the components of the Annual Financial Statement are divided into Capital and Revenue Budget only.
77,344
Discuss the Quota System and the Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Introduce in brief the Quota system of the IMF. In the body, discuss Quota System and the Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) Conclude accordingly Answer : In IMF, every country makes a contribution to make a fund that they can utilise as part of a loan in the BOP Crisis one hand. And, on the other hand, every country makes a contribution to a general pool to help other countries in their BOP Crisis in order to have a stable global economy. Whatever proportion of the fund will be contributed by a country is called the Quota of that country This Quota is decided on the basis of the following 4 parameters : GDP of the economy with 50% of weightage Openness of the economy with 30% weightage Economic viability with 15% weightage Forex with 5% weightage The quota of a country will be deciding factor in the voting rights of that country. For example, as India"s Quota is 2.7% of the fund, her voting right is roughly 2.6%. India"s position is 8th, the maximum quota in IMF is of the USA, almost 17%; therefore voting rights are almost equal to it. This provides an advantageous position in the USA because, at IMF, no decision can be taken without 85% of support. How the Quota is deposited? : Whatever the quota of a country, it is deposited in the following breakups: 25% of the Quota has to be deposited in form of Gold and therefore is called a Gold tranche. This was the provision till 1978, after that instead of gold, the dollar can also be deposited The rest of the 75% will be deposited in form of native currencies plus foreign currencies as directed by IMF This 100% together is called Safe Tranche. Any country can take an unconditional loan from IMF, equal to their Gold Tranche without any interest rate and equal to a safe tranche with some interest rates However, yet another 100% (equal to Quota), also can be taken as a loan called a Credit Tranche. Beyond this Credit Trache, the country is taking loans than will be with the condition of reforms; for example, India did it in 1991; Sri Lanka is trying now Special Drawing Rights (SDRs): It is the currency of the IMF. It is also called paper gold. Up to 1968, as the US dollar was pegged with Gold, IMF used US Dollar as its currency. But after de-pegging, IMF introduced its own currency called SDR in 1969. Initially, it was having more than 18 currencies into it but after the interaction of the Euro, it was reduced to 4. They were US Dollar, Pound Sterling, Japanese Yen, and Euro. However, in 2016, Chinese Reminibi also joined it. The highest weightage in SDR is of US Dollar, followed by Euri, Reminibi, Yen and sterling Thus, from the above, we see the reason for which India and other countries are demanding reforms in the IMF so that no single country has a dominance. This can be done either by changing the formula of Quata allocation or reducing the consensus % below the existing 85%.
##Question:Discuss the Quota System and the Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in brief the Quota system of the IMF. In the body, discuss Quota System and the Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) Conclude accordingly Answer : In IMF, every country makes a contribution to make a fund that they can utilise as part of a loan in the BOP Crisis one hand. And, on the other hand, every country makes a contribution to a general pool to help other countries in their BOP Crisis in order to have a stable global economy. Whatever proportion of the fund will be contributed by a country is called the Quota of that country This Quota is decided on the basis of the following 4 parameters : GDP of the economy with 50% of weightage Openness of the economy with 30% weightage Economic viability with 15% weightage Forex with 5% weightage The quota of a country will be deciding factor in the voting rights of that country. For example, as India"s Quota is 2.7% of the fund, her voting right is roughly 2.6%. India"s position is 8th, the maximum quota in IMF is of the USA, almost 17%; therefore voting rights are almost equal to it. This provides an advantageous position in the USA because, at IMF, no decision can be taken without 85% of support. How the Quota is deposited? : Whatever the quota of a country, it is deposited in the following breakups: 25% of the Quota has to be deposited in form of Gold and therefore is called a Gold tranche. This was the provision till 1978, after that instead of gold, the dollar can also be deposited The rest of the 75% will be deposited in form of native currencies plus foreign currencies as directed by IMF This 100% together is called Safe Tranche. Any country can take an unconditional loan from IMF, equal to their Gold Tranche without any interest rate and equal to a safe tranche with some interest rates However, yet another 100% (equal to Quota), also can be taken as a loan called a Credit Tranche. Beyond this Credit Trache, the country is taking loans than will be with the condition of reforms; for example, India did it in 1991; Sri Lanka is trying now Special Drawing Rights (SDRs): It is the currency of the IMF. It is also called paper gold. Up to 1968, as the US dollar was pegged with Gold, IMF used US Dollar as its currency. But after de-pegging, IMF introduced its own currency called SDR in 1969. Initially, it was having more than 18 currencies into it but after the interaction of the Euro, it was reduced to 4. They were US Dollar, Pound Sterling, Japanese Yen, and Euro. However, in 2016, Chinese Reminibi also joined it. The highest weightage in SDR is of US Dollar, followed by Euri, Reminibi, Yen and sterling Thus, from the above, we see the reason for which India and other countries are demanding reforms in the IMF so that no single country has a dominance. This can be done either by changing the formula of Quata allocation or reducing the consensus % below the existing 85%.
77,360
पर्यावरण प्रबंधन से आप क्या समझते हैं? इसके उद्देश्यों को समझाते हुए, पर्यावरण प्रबंधन में आ रही बाधाओं को स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) What do you understand by environmental management? Explaining its objectives, explain the obstacles in environmental management. (150-200 words/10 marks)
दृष्टिकोण: पर्यावरण को अपने शब्दों में परिभाषित कीजिए। पर्यावरण प्रबंधन के उद्देश्यों को बिन्दुवार लिखिए। पर्यावरण प्रबंधन में आ रही बाधाओं को समझाइए। इन बाधाओं से निपटने के सुझाव देते हुए उत्तर को समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: पर्यावरण प्रबंधन नियोजन और विकास की एक वैज्ञानिक प्रक्रिया है। जिसके तहत तात्कालिक और दीर्घकालिक रणनीति अपनाकर इच्छित उद्देश्यों की पूर्ति हो सके। पर्यावरण प्रबंधन पारिस्थितिक केंद्रित दृष्टिकोण पर आधारित है। जिसके तहत मानव के सामाजिक-आर्थिक विकास के साथ-साथ पर्यावरण के अनुरक्षण और प्राकृतिक संसाधनों के संरक्षण पर बल दिया जाता है। यह गेया परिकल्पना पर आधारित है, जिसके तहत मनुष्य की आवश्यकताओं के साथ-साथ पर्यावरण की गुणवत्ता बनाए रखने पर भी बल दिया जाता है। गेया परिकल्पना ब्रिटिश जीव विज्ञानी जेम्स लगलोक के द्वारा 1970 के दशक में दिया गया था। इस प्रकार पर्यावरण प्रबंधन की अवधारणा संपोषणीय/धारणीय विकास की अवधारणा पर आधारित है। पर्यावरण प्रबंधन के उद्देश्यों को निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं से समझा जा सकता है:- मानव विकास का सर्वांगीण विकास सामाजिक और आर्थिक विषमता को दूर करना, इन विषमताओं को दूर करने के लिए प्राकृतिक संसाधन का विवेकपूर्ण रूप से उपयोग करना पर्यावरण की गुणवत्ता और पारिस्थितिकीय संतुलन बनाए रखना प्राकृतिक प्रकोप और आपदाओं के प्रभाव को न्यून करना पर्यावरण प्रबंधन के प्रभावी क्रियान्वयन के लिए नियम और कानून का निर्माण करना प्राकृतिक संसाधनों की आपूर्ति को सतत रूप से बनाए रखना। पर्यावरण प्रबंधन में निम्नलिखित तत्व शामिल शमिल हैं:- प्रकृति के भौतिक, जैविक और अजैविक घटकों का संरक्षण प्राकृतिक संसाधन जैसे वन संसाधन, जल संसाधन, खनिज संसाधन, मृदा संसाधन और जैव संसाधन का विवेकपूर्ण रूप से उपयोग। संकटग्रस्त और विलुप्त हो रही प्रजाति का संरक्षण संसाधनों के अंतरपीढ़ी स्थानांतरण पर बल पर्यावरण प्रबंधन के क्षेत्र में प्रशिक्षण और क्षमता निर्माण पर्यावरणीय चेतना और शिक्षा को बढ़ावा पर्यावरण संरक्षण में नागरिक समाज की भूमिका बढ़ाना पर्यावरण अधिप्रभाव मूल्यांकन को लागू करना पर्यावरण संरक्षण के लिए अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सहयोग पर्यावरण संरक्षण के लिए राष्ट्रीय और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय विधि का निर्माण और विधि को लागू करने के लिए संसाधनों की आपूर्ति पर्यावरण प्रबंधन में आ रही बाधाएं इस प्रकार हैं:- पर्यावरण संरक्षण पर विकसित और विकासशील देशों की राजनीति विकासशील देशों में गरीबी, पिछड़ापन तथा विश्वबैंक तथा आईएमएफ़ का कर्ज भार जनसंख्या की तीव्र वृद्धि खासकर विकासशील देशों में नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा के क्षेत्र में शोध और निवेश की कमी जीवाश्म इंधनों का अत्यधिक उपयोग जागरूकता की कमी राष्ट्रीय और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर पर्यावरणीय विधानों का उल्लंघन समाज की भौतिकवादी सोच आगे की राह:- विकसित देशों को अपनी जिम्मेदारी समझते हुए विकासशील देशों को साथ लेकर इससे निपटना चाहिए। विकासशील देशों की आर्थिक सहायता करनी चाहिए। जनसंख्या नियंत्रण जैसी समस्या से निपटने के उपाय करने चाहिए जिससे प्राकृतिक संसाधनों पर बोझ को कम किया जा सके। अंत में, पर्यावरण संसाधनों का बेहतर प्रबंधन समय की मांग है।
##Question:पर्यावरण प्रबंधन से आप क्या समझते हैं? इसके उद्देश्यों को समझाते हुए, पर्यावरण प्रबंधन में आ रही बाधाओं को स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) What do you understand by environmental management? Explaining its objectives, explain the obstacles in environmental management. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: पर्यावरण को अपने शब्दों में परिभाषित कीजिए। पर्यावरण प्रबंधन के उद्देश्यों को बिन्दुवार लिखिए। पर्यावरण प्रबंधन में आ रही बाधाओं को समझाइए। इन बाधाओं से निपटने के सुझाव देते हुए उत्तर को समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: पर्यावरण प्रबंधन नियोजन और विकास की एक वैज्ञानिक प्रक्रिया है। जिसके तहत तात्कालिक और दीर्घकालिक रणनीति अपनाकर इच्छित उद्देश्यों की पूर्ति हो सके। पर्यावरण प्रबंधन पारिस्थितिक केंद्रित दृष्टिकोण पर आधारित है। जिसके तहत मानव के सामाजिक-आर्थिक विकास के साथ-साथ पर्यावरण के अनुरक्षण और प्राकृतिक संसाधनों के संरक्षण पर बल दिया जाता है। यह गेया परिकल्पना पर आधारित है, जिसके तहत मनुष्य की आवश्यकताओं के साथ-साथ पर्यावरण की गुणवत्ता बनाए रखने पर भी बल दिया जाता है। गेया परिकल्पना ब्रिटिश जीव विज्ञानी जेम्स लगलोक के द्वारा 1970 के दशक में दिया गया था। इस प्रकार पर्यावरण प्रबंधन की अवधारणा संपोषणीय/धारणीय विकास की अवधारणा पर आधारित है। पर्यावरण प्रबंधन के उद्देश्यों को निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं से समझा जा सकता है:- मानव विकास का सर्वांगीण विकास सामाजिक और आर्थिक विषमता को दूर करना, इन विषमताओं को दूर करने के लिए प्राकृतिक संसाधन का विवेकपूर्ण रूप से उपयोग करना पर्यावरण की गुणवत्ता और पारिस्थितिकीय संतुलन बनाए रखना प्राकृतिक प्रकोप और आपदाओं के प्रभाव को न्यून करना पर्यावरण प्रबंधन के प्रभावी क्रियान्वयन के लिए नियम और कानून का निर्माण करना प्राकृतिक संसाधनों की आपूर्ति को सतत रूप से बनाए रखना। पर्यावरण प्रबंधन में निम्नलिखित तत्व शामिल शमिल हैं:- प्रकृति के भौतिक, जैविक और अजैविक घटकों का संरक्षण प्राकृतिक संसाधन जैसे वन संसाधन, जल संसाधन, खनिज संसाधन, मृदा संसाधन और जैव संसाधन का विवेकपूर्ण रूप से उपयोग। संकटग्रस्त और विलुप्त हो रही प्रजाति का संरक्षण संसाधनों के अंतरपीढ़ी स्थानांतरण पर बल पर्यावरण प्रबंधन के क्षेत्र में प्रशिक्षण और क्षमता निर्माण पर्यावरणीय चेतना और शिक्षा को बढ़ावा पर्यावरण संरक्षण में नागरिक समाज की भूमिका बढ़ाना पर्यावरण अधिप्रभाव मूल्यांकन को लागू करना पर्यावरण संरक्षण के लिए अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सहयोग पर्यावरण संरक्षण के लिए राष्ट्रीय और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय विधि का निर्माण और विधि को लागू करने के लिए संसाधनों की आपूर्ति पर्यावरण प्रबंधन में आ रही बाधाएं इस प्रकार हैं:- पर्यावरण संरक्षण पर विकसित और विकासशील देशों की राजनीति विकासशील देशों में गरीबी, पिछड़ापन तथा विश्वबैंक तथा आईएमएफ़ का कर्ज भार जनसंख्या की तीव्र वृद्धि खासकर विकासशील देशों में नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा के क्षेत्र में शोध और निवेश की कमी जीवाश्म इंधनों का अत्यधिक उपयोग जागरूकता की कमी राष्ट्रीय और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर पर्यावरणीय विधानों का उल्लंघन समाज की भौतिकवादी सोच आगे की राह:- विकसित देशों को अपनी जिम्मेदारी समझते हुए विकासशील देशों को साथ लेकर इससे निपटना चाहिए। विकासशील देशों की आर्थिक सहायता करनी चाहिए। जनसंख्या नियंत्रण जैसी समस्या से निपटने के उपाय करने चाहिए जिससे प्राकृतिक संसाधनों पर बोझ को कम किया जा सके। अंत में, पर्यावरण संसाधनों का बेहतर प्रबंधन समय की मांग है।
77,388
"Emotional Intelligence is the ability to make your emotions work for you instead of against you". Do you agree with this view? Discuss. (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Introduce in brief Emotional Intelligence (EI) and how it helps to channelize emotions in a constructive way In the body, mention the elements that help in managing EI and how lack of it can backfire Conclude accordingly, if possible with a relevant quote and self-explanatory Answer : Emotional Intelligence (EI) refers to the capability of a person to recognize, understand and manage his own emotions, as well as to understand, manage and influence the emotions of others. It is valuable in a multicultural society as it brings multiple advantages such as Interpersonal skills, teamwork, negotiation, networking, and other critical social skills. Also, people-oriented characteristics with a high sensitivity to diversity; Attuned to cultural sensitivities and behavioral norms such as Integrity, honesty, and trustworthiness; Credibility and reliability rating in terms of commitments and pledges; Personal learning skills, especially the ability to learn from, and help others learn from experience, etc EI is said to have these main elements which help in the following ways: Self-awareness: A self-aware person is in a better position to understand the emotions of others. It helps in Contentment, satisfaction, and peace of mind Self-regulation: It makes a person think before speaking/doing. It has many positive aspects including that self-assessment and holding himself accountable for his actions. Emotional Intelligence ensures that an individual is in control of his/her senses during challenging times. In such times, there are high chances that an individual may take steps that he/she may have to repent later. Emotional Intelligence prevents such events from taking place. Ex: A Police officer slaps a citizen in public in the heat of an argument. Emotional Intelligence would have prevented such incidents. Motivation: It helps in achieving goals. A motivated person leads by example and is in a better position to influence others. Also, endure amidst adversity. Making use of developing emotions as a motivating force rather than a distractive agent can be possible by better handling of emotions. This will ensure that an individual makes use of his/her weakness into a strong character. Ex: Emotional trauma faced by an individual during younger days can act as a motivational force to achieve success in life. Empathy: It helps in understanding a situation by putting oneself in the position of others. Those who can empathize with others earn respect. Helps in building a good character. It plays an important role in making an individual sympathetic to the problems faced by the public. These emotions will generate an important trait known as empathy, which will be helpful to public officials. Ex: An officer must develop only such emotions that will create sympathetic feelings for his/her fellow citizens. Controlling such emotions is the job of Emotional Intelligence. Social and interpersonal skills: It helps in communicating your point of view and builds rapport with others. It makes the relationship more comfortable. It brings efficiency to the organization For example : (Any other example will also do if it justifies the demand of the question) If you had a fight at home just before coming to the office, then there is a strong possibility of a spillover of the bad mood at the workplace in the form of shouting at colleagues or being rude and excessively defensive. But, if you are good at E.I., then you’ll calm yourself down, managing your extreme emotions. This will assist you in better discharging your duties to the best of your capabilities. So, this way, you molded your emotions to work for you, rather than letting them create a hindrance for you. Suppose, you are supervising a very important project in the public domain with a strict deadline. As the deadline approaches, if you have low E.I. you will get easily agitated, anxious, frustrated, discouraged, and pessimistic. This will create further obstacles for your projects. But, if you have high E.I. then you will excel, motivate your team members to expedite the work, and calmly think of other innovative ways to hasten the work through a positive outlook and happy disposition. It can also be used in Defence Forces as they give up their own lives for serving the nation and sacrifice their lives, EI helps in coping with such scenarios Competition at the workspace, so EI helps in managing it and giving a realistic picture and proper goal setting, etc However, if there is a lack of EI then it can have negative consequences both in personal and professional lives. It leads to inefficient and undesired outcomes. Increases frustration among colleagues. Increase stress and extreme outburst of emotions as it fails to understand the state of mind of others. No objectivity in work can hamper the harder good of society. Thus, E.I. helps in curbing the randomness and extremity of emotions. This further leads to a positive perspective and stable performance rather than creating any hindrance which may go against us. As Publilius Syrus has rightly said that "Rule your feelings, lest your feeling will rule you".
##Question:"Emotional Intelligence is the ability to make your emotions work for you instead of against you". Do you agree with this view? Discuss. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in brief Emotional Intelligence (EI) and how it helps to channelize emotions in a constructive way In the body, mention the elements that help in managing EI and how lack of it can backfire Conclude accordingly, if possible with a relevant quote and self-explanatory Answer : Emotional Intelligence (EI) refers to the capability of a person to recognize, understand and manage his own emotions, as well as to understand, manage and influence the emotions of others. It is valuable in a multicultural society as it brings multiple advantages such as Interpersonal skills, teamwork, negotiation, networking, and other critical social skills. Also, people-oriented characteristics with a high sensitivity to diversity; Attuned to cultural sensitivities and behavioral norms such as Integrity, honesty, and trustworthiness; Credibility and reliability rating in terms of commitments and pledges; Personal learning skills, especially the ability to learn from, and help others learn from experience, etc EI is said to have these main elements which help in the following ways: Self-awareness: A self-aware person is in a better position to understand the emotions of others. It helps in Contentment, satisfaction, and peace of mind Self-regulation: It makes a person think before speaking/doing. It has many positive aspects including that self-assessment and holding himself accountable for his actions. Emotional Intelligence ensures that an individual is in control of his/her senses during challenging times. In such times, there are high chances that an individual may take steps that he/she may have to repent later. Emotional Intelligence prevents such events from taking place. Ex: A Police officer slaps a citizen in public in the heat of an argument. Emotional Intelligence would have prevented such incidents. Motivation: It helps in achieving goals. A motivated person leads by example and is in a better position to influence others. Also, endure amidst adversity. Making use of developing emotions as a motivating force rather than a distractive agent can be possible by better handling of emotions. This will ensure that an individual makes use of his/her weakness into a strong character. Ex: Emotional trauma faced by an individual during younger days can act as a motivational force to achieve success in life. Empathy: It helps in understanding a situation by putting oneself in the position of others. Those who can empathize with others earn respect. Helps in building a good character. It plays an important role in making an individual sympathetic to the problems faced by the public. These emotions will generate an important trait known as empathy, which will be helpful to public officials. Ex: An officer must develop only such emotions that will create sympathetic feelings for his/her fellow citizens. Controlling such emotions is the job of Emotional Intelligence. Social and interpersonal skills: It helps in communicating your point of view and builds rapport with others. It makes the relationship more comfortable. It brings efficiency to the organization For example : (Any other example will also do if it justifies the demand of the question) If you had a fight at home just before coming to the office, then there is a strong possibility of a spillover of the bad mood at the workplace in the form of shouting at colleagues or being rude and excessively defensive. But, if you are good at E.I., then you’ll calm yourself down, managing your extreme emotions. This will assist you in better discharging your duties to the best of your capabilities. So, this way, you molded your emotions to work for you, rather than letting them create a hindrance for you. Suppose, you are supervising a very important project in the public domain with a strict deadline. As the deadline approaches, if you have low E.I. you will get easily agitated, anxious, frustrated, discouraged, and pessimistic. This will create further obstacles for your projects. But, if you have high E.I. then you will excel, motivate your team members to expedite the work, and calmly think of other innovative ways to hasten the work through a positive outlook and happy disposition. It can also be used in Defence Forces as they give up their own lives for serving the nation and sacrifice their lives, EI helps in coping with such scenarios Competition at the workspace, so EI helps in managing it and giving a realistic picture and proper goal setting, etc However, if there is a lack of EI then it can have negative consequences both in personal and professional lives. It leads to inefficient and undesired outcomes. Increases frustration among colleagues. Increase stress and extreme outburst of emotions as it fails to understand the state of mind of others. No objectivity in work can hamper the harder good of society. Thus, E.I. helps in curbing the randomness and extremity of emotions. This further leads to a positive perspective and stable performance rather than creating any hindrance which may go against us. As Publilius Syrus has rightly said that "Rule your feelings, lest your feeling will rule you".
77,404
What do you mean by Drain of Wealth? Elaborate on the various components of the Drain of Wealth Theory. (150 words /10 marks)
Approach Introduction Define the Drain of wealth Body Explain drain of wealth theory Explain various components of the Drain of wealth theory Conclusion Conclude with how this theory united Indians or its role in National development Answer The drain of wealth refers to the unidirectional outflow of a portion of India’s National product from India to Britain for which India received nothing in return. With the victory of the English Company in the battle of Plassey, the process of Drain of Indian wealth commenced & this outflow continued to increase throughout the remaining period of British Rule in India. The drain of wealth was the outlook of the colonial character of British Rule. British misused political power to exploit Indian resources and to carry Indian wealth to Britain. The economic critique of the British empire (Drain theory) i.e. the intellectual defeat of the British empire given By R. C Dutt, Dadabhai Naoroji, M. G. Ranade. Drain Theory Proved that India in the 19th century changed into a source of raw material and an export material. A typical colonial relationship developed i.e. India became an export market and source of raw material, especially till the 1900s. By 1914, 85% of Lancashire cotton was exported to India, and 17% of Britain"s iron and steel was absorbed by Indian railways. Components of Drain Theory British used the Indian army to maintain its colonial empire all across the world and in wars. This was funded by Indian tax revenue. Military expenditure was 1/3rd of the budget. Payment of interest on foreign debt of EIC. Guaranteed returns on FDI in railways, irrigation, roads, and other infrastructure. Import all government stationary from England. Home charges i.e. paying for the Secretary of State and his Indian office in London. Paying for salary, pension, and training costs for civil and military personnel. EIC earned forex by exporting Indian goods, for example, Opium to China and other goods to North America and Europe. Tax financed trade- On exports to England, the forex went directly into pockets of Britain state via Council Bill (sale of Council Bills) Arguments against Drain theory The drain is exaggerated- Just 2% of Indian export value. Some of the drains (for example guaranteed returns on FDI) allowed India to experience west-like development via Roads, railways, Irrigation, and integrated India into the global supply chain and global market British developed irrigation infrastructure and helped India modernize its agriculture and achieve food security Railways= British connected India internally and to the rest of the world via rail to port infrastructure undoubtedly Drain of Indian wealth affected India very deeply. as reflected in terms of the destruction of Indian handicrafts. reduction in soil fertility etc outflow of capital caused less investment in health, education etc,
##Question:What do you mean by Drain of Wealth? Elaborate on the various components of the Drain of Wealth Theory. (150 words /10 marks)##Answer:Approach Introduction Define the Drain of wealth Body Explain drain of wealth theory Explain various components of the Drain of wealth theory Conclusion Conclude with how this theory united Indians or its role in National development Answer The drain of wealth refers to the unidirectional outflow of a portion of India’s National product from India to Britain for which India received nothing in return. With the victory of the English Company in the battle of Plassey, the process of Drain of Indian wealth commenced & this outflow continued to increase throughout the remaining period of British Rule in India. The drain of wealth was the outlook of the colonial character of British Rule. British misused political power to exploit Indian resources and to carry Indian wealth to Britain. The economic critique of the British empire (Drain theory) i.e. the intellectual defeat of the British empire given By R. C Dutt, Dadabhai Naoroji, M. G. Ranade. Drain Theory Proved that India in the 19th century changed into a source of raw material and an export material. A typical colonial relationship developed i.e. India became an export market and source of raw material, especially till the 1900s. By 1914, 85% of Lancashire cotton was exported to India, and 17% of Britain"s iron and steel was absorbed by Indian railways. Components of Drain Theory British used the Indian army to maintain its colonial empire all across the world and in wars. This was funded by Indian tax revenue. Military expenditure was 1/3rd of the budget. Payment of interest on foreign debt of EIC. Guaranteed returns on FDI in railways, irrigation, roads, and other infrastructure. Import all government stationary from England. Home charges i.e. paying for the Secretary of State and his Indian office in London. Paying for salary, pension, and training costs for civil and military personnel. EIC earned forex by exporting Indian goods, for example, Opium to China and other goods to North America and Europe. Tax financed trade- On exports to England, the forex went directly into pockets of Britain state via Council Bill (sale of Council Bills) Arguments against Drain theory The drain is exaggerated- Just 2% of Indian export value. Some of the drains (for example guaranteed returns on FDI) allowed India to experience west-like development via Roads, railways, Irrigation, and integrated India into the global supply chain and global market British developed irrigation infrastructure and helped India modernize its agriculture and achieve food security Railways= British connected India internally and to the rest of the world via rail to port infrastructure undoubtedly Drain of Indian wealth affected India very deeply. as reflected in terms of the destruction of Indian handicrafts. reduction in soil fertility etc outflow of capital caused less investment in health, education etc,
77,435
Highlight the difference between payments banks and Small Finance Banks. (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach Write a brief introduction about the need for specialized or differentiated banks like Payment Banks and Small Finance Banks. Discuss the differences between Payment Banks and Small Finance Banks Briefly conclude by supporting the relevance of these banks. Answer: In India, we come across different types of banks which are licensed by RBI for different purposes and for catering to different customers. A differentiated license will allow a bank to offer products only in select areas. Payment banks and Small Finance Banks are examples of such differentiated banks. The NachiketMor committee on financial inclusion suggested differentiated banks. Examples of SFBs are Ujjivan Small Finance Bank. Janalakshmi Small Finance Bank. Equitas Small Finance Bank and examples of Payment banks are Jio Payments Bank. Paytm Payments Bank. NSDL Payments Bank. Difference between Small Finance Banks and Payment Bank s: Small Finance Banks are financial institutions that intend to fund the financial needs of the underprivileged sections through basic banking activities. Objectives to set up such banks are: The objective of the SFBs is the supply of credit to small business units; small and marginal farmers; micro and small industries; and other unorganized sector entities Whereas the primary objective of setting up payments banks will be to further financial inclusion by providing small savings accounts, payments/remittance services to migrant labor workforce, low-income households, small businesses, and other unorganized sector entities. Scope of Activities: SFBs take up all primary banking activities only in the underserved section while Payment banks can issue ATM/Debit cards and Mobile banking are available. It can carry out most banking operations but can’t advance loans or issue credit cards. Deposit Time Deposit such as Fixed Deposit (FD) and Recurring Deposit (RD) are both accepted by SFBs whereas Payment Banks do not accept time deposits like FD and RD. Capital Requirement: The minimum paid-up equity capital for small finance banks is Rs.100 crore whereas the minimum paid-up equity capital of the payments bank is Rs.100 crore Apart from it, the payments bank cannot set up subsidiaries to undertake non-banking financial services activities Area of Operation. There is no restriction in the area of operations of small finance banks. Whereas, the payments bank cannot set up subsidiaries to undertake non-banking financial services activities Differentiation amongst banks based on the capital, scope, and area of operation is a key factor in benefitting from the massive financial inclusion policy being implemented by banks. The creation of small finance and payment banks is a major step in this direction.
##Question:Highlight the difference between payments banks and Small Finance Banks. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Write a brief introduction about the need for specialized or differentiated banks like Payment Banks and Small Finance Banks. Discuss the differences between Payment Banks and Small Finance Banks Briefly conclude by supporting the relevance of these banks. Answer: In India, we come across different types of banks which are licensed by RBI for different purposes and for catering to different customers. A differentiated license will allow a bank to offer products only in select areas. Payment banks and Small Finance Banks are examples of such differentiated banks. The NachiketMor committee on financial inclusion suggested differentiated banks. Examples of SFBs are Ujjivan Small Finance Bank. Janalakshmi Small Finance Bank. Equitas Small Finance Bank and examples of Payment banks are Jio Payments Bank. Paytm Payments Bank. NSDL Payments Bank. Difference between Small Finance Banks and Payment Bank s: Small Finance Banks are financial institutions that intend to fund the financial needs of the underprivileged sections through basic banking activities. Objectives to set up such banks are: The objective of the SFBs is the supply of credit to small business units; small and marginal farmers; micro and small industries; and other unorganized sector entities Whereas the primary objective of setting up payments banks will be to further financial inclusion by providing small savings accounts, payments/remittance services to migrant labor workforce, low-income households, small businesses, and other unorganized sector entities. Scope of Activities: SFBs take up all primary banking activities only in the underserved section while Payment banks can issue ATM/Debit cards and Mobile banking are available. It can carry out most banking operations but can’t advance loans or issue credit cards. Deposit Time Deposit such as Fixed Deposit (FD) and Recurring Deposit (RD) are both accepted by SFBs whereas Payment Banks do not accept time deposits like FD and RD. Capital Requirement: The minimum paid-up equity capital for small finance banks is Rs.100 crore whereas the minimum paid-up equity capital of the payments bank is Rs.100 crore Apart from it, the payments bank cannot set up subsidiaries to undertake non-banking financial services activities Area of Operation. There is no restriction in the area of operations of small finance banks. Whereas, the payments bank cannot set up subsidiaries to undertake non-banking financial services activities Differentiation amongst banks based on the capital, scope, and area of operation is a key factor in benefitting from the massive financial inclusion policy being implemented by banks. The creation of small finance and payment banks is a major step in this direction.
77,559
What are Time Zones? Give arguments in favor and against implementing different time zones in India. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach Briefly Define the meaning of Time Zones in the introduction. Then Highlight the evolution of time zones in India and discuss the issues surrounding Indian time zones. Give Arguments in favour and Argument against the different time zones in India Give a way forward in the conclusion Time Zones A time zone is a region of the globe that observes uniform standard time. The entire globe is divided into 24 time zones with the Greenwich meridian as the standard reference. Time along a particular longitude always remains the same. From Greenwich meridian towards east time increases and towards west time decreases. Move to the West you Lose a day and East you gain-a day. By change of every 15 degrees time changes by 60 minutes. Issues related to Multiple Time zones in India: Before independence, there were 3 time zones based on Calcutta, Madras, Bombay along with a local Chaibagan time in Assam In 1906 India adopted 82 and a half degrees east longitude as the Indian standard time zone The longitudinal extent of nearly 30 degrees between east and west has resulted in a mismatch of sun cycle and human activities which has resulted in demand for the second-time zone for northeast The time difference between the westernmost part of India and the easternmost point is approximately two hours, the effect of which is that the sun rises and sets much earlier than it does in the rest of the country. Most Indians are not particularly worried about Indian Standard Time (IST), except for those who live in the Northeast where the sun rises around 4 a.m. in summer and gets dark well before 4 p.m. in winter. Arguments in Support: Why there is a Necessity for Two time zones? Over the years, various citizens and political leaders have debated whether India should have two separate time zones. The demand is based on the huge difference in daylight times between the country’s longitudinal extremes, and the costs associated with following the same time zone. Those arguing against the idea, on the other hand, cite impracticability particularly the risk of railway accidents, given the need to reset times at every crossing from the one-time zone into another. Possible Impacts of change in time zones: Northeast India would move an hour ahead, increasing the region’s productive, daylight hours and the country’s potential energy savings could amount to a whopping 20 million kWh a year. Offices could open sooner after sunrise, and perhaps workers could even savour the last dregs of dusk as they trudge towards home or their desired form of recreation. Biomedical research has consistently pointed to the physical and psychological benefits of aligning circadian (sleep) rhythms to the sun’s rising and setting. Argument Against/ Problems of different time zones in India: India has a huge population; if the country were divided into two time zones, there would be chaos at the border between the two zones. It would mean resetting clocks with each crossing of the time zone. There is scope for more dangerous kinds of confusion. Railway signals are not fully automated and many routes have single tracks. Trains may meet with major accidents owing to human errors. Just one such accident would wipe out any benefits resulting from different time zones in the country. Partitioning the already divided country further into time zones may also have undesirable political consequences. Moreover, our research shows that the energy-saving from creating two time zones is not particularly large. While there is merit in the argument, the potentially adverse consequences of introducing a new time zone within the country are many. For Instance, Not forgetting the fact that a country like Russia has as many as nine time zones across the contiguous territory, having to cope with the zones and be forced to reset the watch each time you need to cross a domestic line could be complicated. With a time difference of one hour in the mornings and in the evenings, there would be nearly 25% less overlap between office timings in the two zones. This could be important for banks, offices, industries and multinational companies which need to be constantly interconnected. This will be further detrimental to productivity and to the interests of the eastern region. There is already a sense of alienation between the relatively prosperous and industrialized western zone and the less developed eastern zone. The people in the Northeast sense a distance from the mainland and separateness in clock time may accentuate it. Having a separate time zone for the eastern region will provide no energy or other benefits to the rest of the country. Moreover, India will continue to be in off-set time zones, five and a half hours in the west and six and a half in the eastern region ahead of. Way Forward It is now time to initiate a process of consultation to consider all sides of the question afresh. What might be seriously examined is a proposal of some researchers, including those from the National Institute of Advanced Studies in Bangalore and Scientists at the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research’s National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL), to set the IST forward by half an hour so that it is six hours ahead of Universal Coordinated Time. This will mean advancing the point of reckoning from 82.5 degrees East to 90 degrees East, which will fall at a longitude along the West Bengal-Assam border. That should go some way in meeting Assam’s demand, and help avoid potential grievances from northwestern India about corresponding inconveniences that an advancing by one full hour could entail for it in terms of late sunrise time.
##Question:What are Time Zones? Give arguments in favor and against implementing different time zones in India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Briefly Define the meaning of Time Zones in the introduction. Then Highlight the evolution of time zones in India and discuss the issues surrounding Indian time zones. Give Arguments in favour and Argument against the different time zones in India Give a way forward in the conclusion Time Zones A time zone is a region of the globe that observes uniform standard time. The entire globe is divided into 24 time zones with the Greenwich meridian as the standard reference. Time along a particular longitude always remains the same. From Greenwich meridian towards east time increases and towards west time decreases. Move to the West you Lose a day and East you gain-a day. By change of every 15 degrees time changes by 60 minutes. Issues related to Multiple Time zones in India: Before independence, there were 3 time zones based on Calcutta, Madras, Bombay along with a local Chaibagan time in Assam In 1906 India adopted 82 and a half degrees east longitude as the Indian standard time zone The longitudinal extent of nearly 30 degrees between east and west has resulted in a mismatch of sun cycle and human activities which has resulted in demand for the second-time zone for northeast The time difference between the westernmost part of India and the easternmost point is approximately two hours, the effect of which is that the sun rises and sets much earlier than it does in the rest of the country. Most Indians are not particularly worried about Indian Standard Time (IST), except for those who live in the Northeast where the sun rises around 4 a.m. in summer and gets dark well before 4 p.m. in winter. Arguments in Support: Why there is a Necessity for Two time zones? Over the years, various citizens and political leaders have debated whether India should have two separate time zones. The demand is based on the huge difference in daylight times between the country’s longitudinal extremes, and the costs associated with following the same time zone. Those arguing against the idea, on the other hand, cite impracticability particularly the risk of railway accidents, given the need to reset times at every crossing from the one-time zone into another. Possible Impacts of change in time zones: Northeast India would move an hour ahead, increasing the region’s productive, daylight hours and the country’s potential energy savings could amount to a whopping 20 million kWh a year. Offices could open sooner after sunrise, and perhaps workers could even savour the last dregs of dusk as they trudge towards home or their desired form of recreation. Biomedical research has consistently pointed to the physical and psychological benefits of aligning circadian (sleep) rhythms to the sun’s rising and setting. Argument Against/ Problems of different time zones in India: India has a huge population; if the country were divided into two time zones, there would be chaos at the border between the two zones. It would mean resetting clocks with each crossing of the time zone. There is scope for more dangerous kinds of confusion. Railway signals are not fully automated and many routes have single tracks. Trains may meet with major accidents owing to human errors. Just one such accident would wipe out any benefits resulting from different time zones in the country. Partitioning the already divided country further into time zones may also have undesirable political consequences. Moreover, our research shows that the energy-saving from creating two time zones is not particularly large. While there is merit in the argument, the potentially adverse consequences of introducing a new time zone within the country are many. For Instance, Not forgetting the fact that a country like Russia has as many as nine time zones across the contiguous territory, having to cope with the zones and be forced to reset the watch each time you need to cross a domestic line could be complicated. With a time difference of one hour in the mornings and in the evenings, there would be nearly 25% less overlap between office timings in the two zones. This could be important for banks, offices, industries and multinational companies which need to be constantly interconnected. This will be further detrimental to productivity and to the interests of the eastern region. There is already a sense of alienation between the relatively prosperous and industrialized western zone and the less developed eastern zone. The people in the Northeast sense a distance from the mainland and separateness in clock time may accentuate it. Having a separate time zone for the eastern region will provide no energy or other benefits to the rest of the country. Moreover, India will continue to be in off-set time zones, five and a half hours in the west and six and a half in the eastern region ahead of. Way Forward It is now time to initiate a process of consultation to consider all sides of the question afresh. What might be seriously examined is a proposal of some researchers, including those from the National Institute of Advanced Studies in Bangalore and Scientists at the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research’s National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL), to set the IST forward by half an hour so that it is six hours ahead of Universal Coordinated Time. This will mean advancing the point of reckoning from 82.5 degrees East to 90 degrees East, which will fall at a longitude along the West Bengal-Assam border. That should go some way in meeting Assam’s demand, and help avoid potential grievances from northwestern India about corresponding inconveniences that an advancing by one full hour could entail for it in terms of late sunrise time.
77,564
Discuss in brief the Mansabdari System and the Izaradari System. (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Introduce about Mansabdari and Izaradari system. In the body, discuss the important features and aspects of both systems. Conclude accordingly. Answer : Mansabdari System was a military-bureaucracy system of the Mughals established by Akbar. In the Izaradari system, the right to collect revenue was auctioned to the highest bidder. Mansabdari System: Mansab was the post or office and Mansabdar was the Holder/occupant of the Mansab. The officials had a dual functions ie military functions and civilian functions. Salary of Mansabdars - On the basis of salary, there can be two types of Mansabdars i.e. Naqdi Mansabdar and Jagirdar Mansabdar . Naqdi Mansabdar were the ones who were paid salary in cash and Jagirdar Mansabdar were paid in form of allocating a Jagir ie Land and they drew a salary from the land revenue of Jagir. Therefore, land revenue from Jagir goes into the pockets of Jagirdar Mansabdar Jagirs allocated to Mansabdars - Jagirs were of two types ie transferrable and non-transferrable. Non-transferrable Jagirs were given permanently ie the king cannot take away Jagir; ie hereditary Jagirs or Vatan/Watan Jagirs which were given to strong Mansabdar. 10% of land revenue from Watan jagir goes to the king as Peshkush However, transferable Jagirs or Tankha Jagirs for Mansabdars. Land Revenue from Tankha Jagir goes to Jagirdar Mansabdar.More important nobles were made Jagirdar Mansabdars ie were given Jagirs while less important Mansabdars were paid in cash ie Naqdi Mansabdars. Watan Jagirs were given to those who were very important or powerful Mansabdar, so his Jagir might include both watan and tankha jagir The rank of Mansabdar - Every Mansabdar had a dual-rank ie personal rank ( Zat ) and the size of the army to be maintained ( sawar ) or a number of horsemen to be maintained by mansabdar. The emoluments of Mansabdar included his personal salary and allowance for the maintenance of the army as per his sawar. Corrupt Mansabdar did not maintain the army as per Sawar; therefore will try to make personal, money to be spent ideally on the army Mughal Emperor and Mansabdar - Mughal Emperor depended on Mansabdars for the maintenance of the army. In times of war, mansabdars would contribute an army. In this system, a give and take system existed between the king and the Mansabdar. The king gave Mansab and Jagir and in return, the Mansabdar gave his loyalty and maintained the army for the king. Therefore there existed personal loyalty to the king. Also, if the king would not give the mansab and jagir of choice then it may lead to disloyalty towards the king Thus, Mansabdars formed the ruling elite in the Mughal Empire. The recruitment and promotion of the Mansabdar"s were in the hands of the emperor who could also dismiss them at will. However, after Akbar"s death, the number of Mansabdars grew but not enough jagirs were available which led to corruption and deterioration of a well established administrative system. Izaradari System: Izaradari System was introduced by Shah Jahan. It grew during Aurangzeb and spread rapidly during the 18th Century. For example, it was introduced by Jahandar Shah in Punjab and Bengal. Later it was introduced in Awadh and Hyderabad. Farrukh Siyar introduced it even in Khalisa Land. In this system, the right to collect revenue was auctioned to the highest bidder and those who won the auctions were called Izaradar. Izaradars would collect land revenue but may also collect taxes on shopkeepers and merchants, over and above the investment they made for winning the auction. In simple terms, Izaradar would recover the money invested and profits. Izaradars may pay revenue in advance to jagirdar and later collect it from the area or he may pay partially in advance and rest later to Jagirdar. They were men of money, for example, merchants and money lenders. Izaradari system was introduced when zamindars would fail to collect the expected land revenue ie when there would be a revenue shortfall; for example, due to a bad harvest or when Jagirdar wanted to maximise land revenue collection If Izaradars fails to submit the agreed amount to Jagirdar, then the right to collect revenue could be re-auctioned . Izaradars were not part of the traditional rural economy that included Zamindars and peasants Eventually, under the British, it was introduced in the name of the farming system in 1772 by the Governor of Bengal/Calcutta/For William Presidency of East India Company and Izaradar was called revenue farmer who won the right to collect revenue in the auction.
##Question:Discuss in brief the Mansabdari System and the Izaradari System. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce about Mansabdari and Izaradari system. In the body, discuss the important features and aspects of both systems. Conclude accordingly. Answer : Mansabdari System was a military-bureaucracy system of the Mughals established by Akbar. In the Izaradari system, the right to collect revenue was auctioned to the highest bidder. Mansabdari System: Mansab was the post or office and Mansabdar was the Holder/occupant of the Mansab. The officials had a dual functions ie military functions and civilian functions. Salary of Mansabdars - On the basis of salary, there can be two types of Mansabdars i.e. Naqdi Mansabdar and Jagirdar Mansabdar . Naqdi Mansabdar were the ones who were paid salary in cash and Jagirdar Mansabdar were paid in form of allocating a Jagir ie Land and they drew a salary from the land revenue of Jagir. Therefore, land revenue from Jagir goes into the pockets of Jagirdar Mansabdar Jagirs allocated to Mansabdars - Jagirs were of two types ie transferrable and non-transferrable. Non-transferrable Jagirs were given permanently ie the king cannot take away Jagir; ie hereditary Jagirs or Vatan/Watan Jagirs which were given to strong Mansabdar. 10% of land revenue from Watan jagir goes to the king as Peshkush However, transferable Jagirs or Tankha Jagirs for Mansabdars. Land Revenue from Tankha Jagir goes to Jagirdar Mansabdar.More important nobles were made Jagirdar Mansabdars ie were given Jagirs while less important Mansabdars were paid in cash ie Naqdi Mansabdars. Watan Jagirs were given to those who were very important or powerful Mansabdar, so his Jagir might include both watan and tankha jagir The rank of Mansabdar - Every Mansabdar had a dual-rank ie personal rank ( Zat ) and the size of the army to be maintained ( sawar ) or a number of horsemen to be maintained by mansabdar. The emoluments of Mansabdar included his personal salary and allowance for the maintenance of the army as per his sawar. Corrupt Mansabdar did not maintain the army as per Sawar; therefore will try to make personal, money to be spent ideally on the army Mughal Emperor and Mansabdar - Mughal Emperor depended on Mansabdars for the maintenance of the army. In times of war, mansabdars would contribute an army. In this system, a give and take system existed between the king and the Mansabdar. The king gave Mansab and Jagir and in return, the Mansabdar gave his loyalty and maintained the army for the king. Therefore there existed personal loyalty to the king. Also, if the king would not give the mansab and jagir of choice then it may lead to disloyalty towards the king Thus, Mansabdars formed the ruling elite in the Mughal Empire. The recruitment and promotion of the Mansabdar"s were in the hands of the emperor who could also dismiss them at will. However, after Akbar"s death, the number of Mansabdars grew but not enough jagirs were available which led to corruption and deterioration of a well established administrative system. Izaradari System: Izaradari System was introduced by Shah Jahan. It grew during Aurangzeb and spread rapidly during the 18th Century. For example, it was introduced by Jahandar Shah in Punjab and Bengal. Later it was introduced in Awadh and Hyderabad. Farrukh Siyar introduced it even in Khalisa Land. In this system, the right to collect revenue was auctioned to the highest bidder and those who won the auctions were called Izaradar. Izaradars would collect land revenue but may also collect taxes on shopkeepers and merchants, over and above the investment they made for winning the auction. In simple terms, Izaradar would recover the money invested and profits. Izaradars may pay revenue in advance to jagirdar and later collect it from the area or he may pay partially in advance and rest later to Jagirdar. They were men of money, for example, merchants and money lenders. Izaradari system was introduced when zamindars would fail to collect the expected land revenue ie when there would be a revenue shortfall; for example, due to a bad harvest or when Jagirdar wanted to maximise land revenue collection If Izaradars fails to submit the agreed amount to Jagirdar, then the right to collect revenue could be re-auctioned . Izaradars were not part of the traditional rural economy that included Zamindars and peasants Eventually, under the British, it was introduced in the name of the farming system in 1772 by the Governor of Bengal/Calcutta/For William Presidency of East India Company and Izaradar was called revenue farmer who won the right to collect revenue in the auction.
77,572
What are the Non-Banking Finance Companies (NBFCs)? How are they different from the banks? (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach: Introduce both banks and NBFCs in brief. Write the difference between the banks and NBFCs. Conclude by writing the significance of both in brief. Answer: Banks and Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) are the two major types of financial intermediaries in any financial system. A bank is a financial institution licensed to receive deposits and make loans. Banks may also provide financial services such as wealth management, currency exchange, and safe deposit boxes. There are several different kinds of banks including retail banks, commercial or corporate banks, and investment banks. While an NBFC is a company that provides banking services to people without holding a bank license. The major difference between both are the followings: Criteria Banks NBFCs Meaning A bank is a financial institution licensed to receive deposits and make loans. NBFC is a company that provides banking services to people without holding a bank license. Registered Under Banking Regulation Act Registred in Companies Act Regulated by RBI Regulators depends upon their kind of business. For insurance it is IRDA. It can be RBI, SEBI, State Government, etc Function They can accept public deposits (DD and TD both) They can not accept public deposits in general, only NBFC-D can accept time deposits. Part of Payment and Settlement System of RBI Yes Not the part of it. Reserve requirements. CRR & SLR are mandatory. PSL is required. MSF is available to only scheduled commercial banks. CRR is not required in general. SLR is required and RBI can prescribe different slabs for different NBFCs. Investments Banks can not invest in share markets. They can invest in share markets. Deposit Insurance Deposit Insurance Facility is available by DICGC(Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation of India Ltd, wholly owned by RBI) Not available. Foreign Investment Allowed up to 74% for private sector banks. Allowed up to 100% NBFCs are mainly established to grant credit to the poor section of the society, whereas the banks are chartered by the government to receive deposits and grant credit to the public. The licensing regulations of a bank are more stringent than that of an NBFC. Moreover, a bank cannot operate any business other than the banking business, but an NBFC can operate such a business. However, despite these differences, both banks and NBFCs play a vital role in promoting financial inclusion, credit creation, formalization of the economy, promoting investments, and ultimately boosting the growth of the economy.
##Question:What are the Non-Banking Finance Companies (NBFCs)? How are they different from the banks? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce both banks and NBFCs in brief. Write the difference between the banks and NBFCs. Conclude by writing the significance of both in brief. Answer: Banks and Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) are the two major types of financial intermediaries in any financial system. A bank is a financial institution licensed to receive deposits and make loans. Banks may also provide financial services such as wealth management, currency exchange, and safe deposit boxes. There are several different kinds of banks including retail banks, commercial or corporate banks, and investment banks. While an NBFC is a company that provides banking services to people without holding a bank license. The major difference between both are the followings: Criteria Banks NBFCs Meaning A bank is a financial institution licensed to receive deposits and make loans. NBFC is a company that provides banking services to people without holding a bank license. Registered Under Banking Regulation Act Registred in Companies Act Regulated by RBI Regulators depends upon their kind of business. For insurance it is IRDA. It can be RBI, SEBI, State Government, etc Function They can accept public deposits (DD and TD both) They can not accept public deposits in general, only NBFC-D can accept time deposits. Part of Payment and Settlement System of RBI Yes Not the part of it. Reserve requirements. CRR & SLR are mandatory. PSL is required. MSF is available to only scheduled commercial banks. CRR is not required in general. SLR is required and RBI can prescribe different slabs for different NBFCs. Investments Banks can not invest in share markets. They can invest in share markets. Deposit Insurance Deposit Insurance Facility is available by DICGC(Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation of India Ltd, wholly owned by RBI) Not available. Foreign Investment Allowed up to 74% for private sector banks. Allowed up to 100% NBFCs are mainly established to grant credit to the poor section of the society, whereas the banks are chartered by the government to receive deposits and grant credit to the public. The licensing regulations of a bank are more stringent than that of an NBFC. Moreover, a bank cannot operate any business other than the banking business, but an NBFC can operate such a business. However, despite these differences, both banks and NBFCs play a vital role in promoting financial inclusion, credit creation, formalization of the economy, promoting investments, and ultimately boosting the growth of the economy.
77,578
What is Decolonization? Discuss the factors that led to decolonization in Africa and Asia and impacts of Decolonization on these countries. (15 marks/250 words)
Approach Brief introduction with some facts about colonies Explain the factors that led to the Decolonization in Asia and Africa Explain the impact of Decolonization on these countries. Conclude briefly Answer: In 1945, some 750 million people, nearly a third of the world"s population, lived in Territories that were dependent on colonial Powers. Between 1945 and 1960, three dozen new states in Asia and Africa achieved autonomy or outright independence from their European colonial rulers. Factors that led to decolonization in Asia and Africa: 1. Rise of nationalist movements: Although the European powers claimed to bring the benefits of western civilization to their colonies, there was a general feeling among colonial people that they were being exploited by Europeans who took most of the economic gains from their partnership. In India, the INC was leading the struggle since 1885, while the Vietnamese nationalists began their campaign against French rule during the 1920s. Nationalist feelings were strengthened in many other areas after WW2. 2. Effect of the Second World War: The war busted the myth of European invincibility. The Japanese success in the early part of WW2 (capture of French Indo-China, Malaya) showed that non-Europeans could defeat Europeans. Asians & Africans became more aware of social and political matters as a result of their involvement in the war. Some 3.74 lakh Africans were recruited into the British armed forces. The vast majority of them had never left their homeland & were appalled at the contrast between the primitive living conditions in Africa and the more comfortable conditions they experienced as members of the armed forces. Many of them like Sukarno, in Dutch East Indies, gained experience helping govern the occupied areas & later became the 1st president of Indonesia. The 1941 Atlantic charter set out the joint Anglo-American thinking- it stated that all people should have the right to choose their form of government. Though Churchill later said that this applied to victims of Hitler"s aggression, the hopes of Asian & African people had been raised. The war weakened the European states militarily and economically decreasing their ability to hold on to their far-off empires. 3. Rise of Pan-Africanism: W.E.B Du Bois, Kwame Nkrumah (President of Ghana) emphasized the spirit of Pan-Africanism-that all people of African descent, wherever they lived, were united by the same cultural and spiritual heritage. 4. Outside pressures: Roosevelt made it clear, that he took the Atlantic charter to apply to all and not just those taken over by Germans. He & his successor, pressurized the British to speed up independence for India. The USA was concerned that delay in granting independence to European colonies would encourage the development of communism in those areas. UN under American influence came out strongly in support of decolonization. IMPACT OF DECOLONIZATION Many countries post-independence chose a path of non-alignment under NAM (1961) as they did not want the cold war to bring the military conflict to their nation and their primary focus was development- economic and social after a long period of economic exploitation under colonialism. However, in many cases colonialism was followed by neo-colonialism, especially in Africa: (a) Where there was absentee colonialism, there was no development, therefore a lack of capacity to develop post-independence ie. no economic capital, and no human capital. (b) Where there was abrupt decolonization, there was a lack of experience in governance. (c) Arbitrary borders during the scramble for Africa contributed to tribal rivalries. Different tribes had come together for freedom struggle and with big dreams of development post-independence. When these dreams were not achieved tribal rivalries reemerged leading to law and order and political instability. (d) Economies of African countries were not diversified due to lack of development in past. Many of them were dependent on single export items. When international prices of this item crashed their economies crashed. Therefore, they became dependent on loans/aid from ex-colonial power and institutions like IMF and World Bank. Moreover. they were dependent on ex-colonial power for restoring law and order. Therefore, external entities continued to have influence and domination, despite political independence. For Example, the aid came with conditionalities and these countries could not follow independent policies. (Donors would want repayment of loans and return on investments, therefore would force the government to not spend the aid given on free health and education which was needed the most.) Also, the donors would extract special economic privileges for their companies hurting government revenue and indigenous industry. The creation of so many new countries, some of which occupied strategic locations, others of which possessed significant natural resources, and most of which were desperately poor, altered the political complexity of every region of the globe.
##Question:What is Decolonization? Discuss the factors that led to decolonization in Africa and Asia and impacts of Decolonization on these countries. (15 marks/250 words)##Answer:Approach Brief introduction with some facts about colonies Explain the factors that led to the Decolonization in Asia and Africa Explain the impact of Decolonization on these countries. Conclude briefly Answer: In 1945, some 750 million people, nearly a third of the world"s population, lived in Territories that were dependent on colonial Powers. Between 1945 and 1960, three dozen new states in Asia and Africa achieved autonomy or outright independence from their European colonial rulers. Factors that led to decolonization in Asia and Africa: 1. Rise of nationalist movements: Although the European powers claimed to bring the benefits of western civilization to their colonies, there was a general feeling among colonial people that they were being exploited by Europeans who took most of the economic gains from their partnership. In India, the INC was leading the struggle since 1885, while the Vietnamese nationalists began their campaign against French rule during the 1920s. Nationalist feelings were strengthened in many other areas after WW2. 2. Effect of the Second World War: The war busted the myth of European invincibility. The Japanese success in the early part of WW2 (capture of French Indo-China, Malaya) showed that non-Europeans could defeat Europeans. Asians & Africans became more aware of social and political matters as a result of their involvement in the war. Some 3.74 lakh Africans were recruited into the British armed forces. The vast majority of them had never left their homeland & were appalled at the contrast between the primitive living conditions in Africa and the more comfortable conditions they experienced as members of the armed forces. Many of them like Sukarno, in Dutch East Indies, gained experience helping govern the occupied areas & later became the 1st president of Indonesia. The 1941 Atlantic charter set out the joint Anglo-American thinking- it stated that all people should have the right to choose their form of government. Though Churchill later said that this applied to victims of Hitler"s aggression, the hopes of Asian & African people had been raised. The war weakened the European states militarily and economically decreasing their ability to hold on to their far-off empires. 3. Rise of Pan-Africanism: W.E.B Du Bois, Kwame Nkrumah (President of Ghana) emphasized the spirit of Pan-Africanism-that all people of African descent, wherever they lived, were united by the same cultural and spiritual heritage. 4. Outside pressures: Roosevelt made it clear, that he took the Atlantic charter to apply to all and not just those taken over by Germans. He & his successor, pressurized the British to speed up independence for India. The USA was concerned that delay in granting independence to European colonies would encourage the development of communism in those areas. UN under American influence came out strongly in support of decolonization. IMPACT OF DECOLONIZATION Many countries post-independence chose a path of non-alignment under NAM (1961) as they did not want the cold war to bring the military conflict to their nation and their primary focus was development- economic and social after a long period of economic exploitation under colonialism. However, in many cases colonialism was followed by neo-colonialism, especially in Africa: (a) Where there was absentee colonialism, there was no development, therefore a lack of capacity to develop post-independence ie. no economic capital, and no human capital. (b) Where there was abrupt decolonization, there was a lack of experience in governance. (c) Arbitrary borders during the scramble for Africa contributed to tribal rivalries. Different tribes had come together for freedom struggle and with big dreams of development post-independence. When these dreams were not achieved tribal rivalries reemerged leading to law and order and political instability. (d) Economies of African countries were not diversified due to lack of development in past. Many of them were dependent on single export items. When international prices of this item crashed their economies crashed. Therefore, they became dependent on loans/aid from ex-colonial power and institutions like IMF and World Bank. Moreover. they were dependent on ex-colonial power for restoring law and order. Therefore, external entities continued to have influence and domination, despite political independence. For Example, the aid came with conditionalities and these countries could not follow independent policies. (Donors would want repayment of loans and return on investments, therefore would force the government to not spend the aid given on free health and education which was needed the most.) Also, the donors would extract special economic privileges for their companies hurting government revenue and indigenous industry. The creation of so many new countries, some of which occupied strategic locations, others of which possessed significant natural resources, and most of which were desperately poor, altered the political complexity of every region of the globe.
77,587
Explain the Regional Dynasty of Orissa with special emphasis on the Eastern Ganga Dynasty and Gajpati Dynasty. (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach: Introduce with contextual background for the rise of the Regional dynasties. Elaborate on the rise and fall of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty and Gajpati Dynasty of Orissa. Conclude with the end of these regional dynasties with rise of the Mughal empire. Answer: The regional dynasties emerged in East India particularly due to the decline of the central authorities such as the Guptas and continuous attacks from western and Central Asia. Orissa has been always a very important kingdom and it has been ruled by a strong ruler. Eastern Ganga Dynasty- They ruled from 1038 to 1434 AD. It consisted of almost the whole of modern-day Orissa, parts of West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Chhatisgarh. The capital was Kanlinganagara (Mukhalinga). Two of the greatest rulers of the dynasty were Anang Bhima Deva III (1211 to 1238) and Narshimha Deva (1238-1264 AD). Eastern Ganga Rulers are most remembered as builders of the world"s most renowned temples such as Konark temple and Jagganath Puri temple. The dynasty declined with the invasion of Phiroz Shah Tughlaq from 1353 to 1358 AD. They were finally replaced by the Gajapati Dynasty. They covered a large eastern coastal area and thus trade was important for them. Gajpati Dynasty- It was set up by Kapilendra Deva. His son Hamirdeva conquered Hampi the capital of Vijaya Nagar in mid of 15th He further defeated many southern kingdoms and adopted the title of Dakshin Kapileswara. By Sixteenth Century the Dynasty declined and became the part of Bengal Sultanate. In 1512, the Gajpati ruler was defeated by Sri Krishna Deva Raya of Vijaya Nagar. The last important ruler of this dynasty was Pratap Rudra Deva who was greatly influenced by Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. With the rise of the Mughal empire, all these dynasties were brought under the central authorities of the Mughal, and later they were brought under the rule of the British East India Company.
##Question:Explain the Regional Dynasty of Orissa with special emphasis on the Eastern Ganga Dynasty and Gajpati Dynasty. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with contextual background for the rise of the Regional dynasties. Elaborate on the rise and fall of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty and Gajpati Dynasty of Orissa. Conclude with the end of these regional dynasties with rise of the Mughal empire. Answer: The regional dynasties emerged in East India particularly due to the decline of the central authorities such as the Guptas and continuous attacks from western and Central Asia. Orissa has been always a very important kingdom and it has been ruled by a strong ruler. Eastern Ganga Dynasty- They ruled from 1038 to 1434 AD. It consisted of almost the whole of modern-day Orissa, parts of West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Chhatisgarh. The capital was Kanlinganagara (Mukhalinga). Two of the greatest rulers of the dynasty were Anang Bhima Deva III (1211 to 1238) and Narshimha Deva (1238-1264 AD). Eastern Ganga Rulers are most remembered as builders of the world"s most renowned temples such as Konark temple and Jagganath Puri temple. The dynasty declined with the invasion of Phiroz Shah Tughlaq from 1353 to 1358 AD. They were finally replaced by the Gajapati Dynasty. They covered a large eastern coastal area and thus trade was important for them. Gajpati Dynasty- It was set up by Kapilendra Deva. His son Hamirdeva conquered Hampi the capital of Vijaya Nagar in mid of 15th He further defeated many southern kingdoms and adopted the title of Dakshin Kapileswara. By Sixteenth Century the Dynasty declined and became the part of Bengal Sultanate. In 1512, the Gajpati ruler was defeated by Sri Krishna Deva Raya of Vijaya Nagar. The last important ruler of this dynasty was Pratap Rudra Deva who was greatly influenced by Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. With the rise of the Mughal empire, all these dynasties were brought under the central authorities of the Mughal, and later they were brought under the rule of the British East India Company.
77,595
Explain the Regional Dynasty of Orissa with special emphasis on the Eastern Ganga Dynasty and Gajpati Dynasties. (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach: Introduce with contextual background for the rise of the Regional dynasties. Elaborate on the rise and fall of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty and Gajpati Dynasty of Orissa. Conclude with the end of these regional dynasties with rise of the Mughal empire. Answer: The regional dynasties emerged in East India particularly due to the decline of the central authorities such as Guptas and continuous attacks from western and Central Asia. Orissa has been always a very important kingdom and it has been ruled by a strong ruler. Eastern Ganga Dynasty They ruled from 1038 to 1434 AD. It consisted of almost the whole of modern-day Orissa, parts of West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Chhatisgarh. The capital was Kanlinganagara (Mukhalinga). Two of the greatest rulers of the dynasty were Anang Bhima Deva III (1211 to 1238) and Narshimha Deva (1238-1264 AD). Eastern Ganga Rulers are most remembered as builders of the world"s most renowned temples such as Konark temple and Jagganath Puri temple. The dynasty declined with the invasion of Phiroz Shah Tughlaq from 1353 to 1358 AD. They were finally replaced by the Gajapati Dynasty. They covered a large eastern coastal area and thus trade was important for them. Gajpati Dynasty (1435-1568 AD) It was set up by Kapilendra Deva. His son Hamirdeva conquered Hampi the capital of Vijaya Nagar in mid of 15th He further defeated many southern kingdoms and adopted the title of Dakshin Kapileswara. By Sixteenth Century the Dynasty declined and became the part of Bengal Sultanate. In 1512, the Gajpati ruler was defeated by Sri Krishna Deva Raya of Vijaya Nagar. The last important ruler of this dynasty was Pratap Rudra Deva who was greatly influenced by Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. With rise of the Mughal empire, all these dynasties were brought under the central authorities of the Mughal, and later they were brought under the rule of the British East India Company.
##Question:Explain the Regional Dynasty of Orissa with special emphasis on the Eastern Ganga Dynasty and Gajpati Dynasties. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with contextual background for the rise of the Regional dynasties. Elaborate on the rise and fall of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty and Gajpati Dynasty of Orissa. Conclude with the end of these regional dynasties with rise of the Mughal empire. Answer: The regional dynasties emerged in East India particularly due to the decline of the central authorities such as Guptas and continuous attacks from western and Central Asia. Orissa has been always a very important kingdom and it has been ruled by a strong ruler. Eastern Ganga Dynasty They ruled from 1038 to 1434 AD. It consisted of almost the whole of modern-day Orissa, parts of West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Chhatisgarh. The capital was Kanlinganagara (Mukhalinga). Two of the greatest rulers of the dynasty were Anang Bhima Deva III (1211 to 1238) and Narshimha Deva (1238-1264 AD). Eastern Ganga Rulers are most remembered as builders of the world"s most renowned temples such as Konark temple and Jagganath Puri temple. The dynasty declined with the invasion of Phiroz Shah Tughlaq from 1353 to 1358 AD. They were finally replaced by the Gajapati Dynasty. They covered a large eastern coastal area and thus trade was important for them. Gajpati Dynasty (1435-1568 AD) It was set up by Kapilendra Deva. His son Hamirdeva conquered Hampi the capital of Vijaya Nagar in mid of 15th He further defeated many southern kingdoms and adopted the title of Dakshin Kapileswara. By Sixteenth Century the Dynasty declined and became the part of Bengal Sultanate. In 1512, the Gajpati ruler was defeated by Sri Krishna Deva Raya of Vijaya Nagar. The last important ruler of this dynasty was Pratap Rudra Deva who was greatly influenced by Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. With rise of the Mughal empire, all these dynasties were brought under the central authorities of the Mughal, and later they were brought under the rule of the British East India Company.
77,596
Explain the Regional Dynasty of Orissa with special emphasis on the Eastern Ganga Dynasty and Gajpati Dynasty. (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach: Introduce with contextual background for the rise of the Regional dynasties. Elaborate on the rise and fall of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty and Gajpati Dynasty of Orissa. Conclude with the end of these regional dynasties with rise of the Mughal empire. Answer: The regional dynasties emerged in East India particularly due to the decline of the central authorities such as Guptas and continuous attacks from western and Central Asia. Orissa has been always a very important kingdom and it has been ruled by a strong ruler. Eastern Ganga Dynasty They ruled from 1038 to 1434 AD. It consisted of almost the whole of modern-day Orissa, parts of West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Chhatisgarh. The capital was Kanlinganagara (Mukhalinga). Two of the greatest rulers of the dynasty were Anang Bhima Deva III (1211 to 1238) and Narshimha Deva (1238-1264 AD). Eastern Ganga Rulers are most remembered as builders of the world"s most renowned temples such as Konark temple and Jagganath Puri temple. The dynasty declined with the invasion of Phiroz Shah Tughlaq from 1353 to 1358 AD. They were finally replaced by the Gajapati Dynasty. They covered a large eastern coastal area and thus trade was important for them. Gajpati Dynasty (1435-1568 AD) It was set up by Kapilendra Deva. His son Hamirdeva conquered Hampi the capital of Vijaya Nagar in mid of 15th He further defeated many southern kingdoms and adopted the title of Dakshin Kapileswara. By Sixteenth Century the Dynasty declined and became the part of Bengal Sultanate. In 1512, the Gajpati ruler was defeated by Sri Krishna Deva Raya of Vijaya Nagar. The last important ruler of this dynasty was Pratap Rudra Deva who was greatly influenced by Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. With rise of the Mughal empire, all these dynasties were brought under the central authorities of the Mughal, and later they were brought under the rule of the British East India Company.
##Question:Explain the Regional Dynasty of Orissa with special emphasis on the Eastern Ganga Dynasty and Gajpati Dynasty. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with contextual background for the rise of the Regional dynasties. Elaborate on the rise and fall of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty and Gajpati Dynasty of Orissa. Conclude with the end of these regional dynasties with rise of the Mughal empire. Answer: The regional dynasties emerged in East India particularly due to the decline of the central authorities such as Guptas and continuous attacks from western and Central Asia. Orissa has been always a very important kingdom and it has been ruled by a strong ruler. Eastern Ganga Dynasty They ruled from 1038 to 1434 AD. It consisted of almost the whole of modern-day Orissa, parts of West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Chhatisgarh. The capital was Kanlinganagara (Mukhalinga). Two of the greatest rulers of the dynasty were Anang Bhima Deva III (1211 to 1238) and Narshimha Deva (1238-1264 AD). Eastern Ganga Rulers are most remembered as builders of the world"s most renowned temples such as Konark temple and Jagganath Puri temple. The dynasty declined with the invasion of Phiroz Shah Tughlaq from 1353 to 1358 AD. They were finally replaced by the Gajapati Dynasty. They covered a large eastern coastal area and thus trade was important for them. Gajpati Dynasty (1435-1568 AD) It was set up by Kapilendra Deva. His son Hamirdeva conquered Hampi the capital of Vijaya Nagar in mid of 15th He further defeated many southern kingdoms and adopted the title of Dakshin Kapileswara. By Sixteenth Century the Dynasty declined and became the part of Bengal Sultanate. In 1512, the Gajpati ruler was defeated by Sri Krishna Deva Raya of Vijaya Nagar. The last important ruler of this dynasty was Pratap Rudra Deva who was greatly influenced by Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. With rise of the Mughal empire, all these dynasties were brought under the central authorities of the Mughal, and later they were brought under the rule of the British East India Company.
77,597
Briefly comment on the major factors affecting the concentration of the iron and steel industry. Also, discuss the major iron and steel industry centers of India. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach : Briefly discuss the iron-steel industry and write the role. Discuss the major factors affecting the concentration of the iron-steel industry. Briefly discuss the major iron-steel centers of India. Answer: The iron and steel industry is a basic industry. It acts as a raw material for other industries, so the development of this industry is necessary for the development of other industries. The development of the iron and steel industry in India has given a rapid impetus to the industrial development of the country. Almost all the sectors of industries depend mainly on the iron and steel industry for their basic infrastructure. Major factors affecting the concentration of the iron-steel industry: Availability of Raw Materials: The iron-steel industry is mainly concentrated in areas having access to raw materials. The raw material used in this industry is coal, iron ore, limestone, manganese, etc., heavy and of little value, so bringing it from a distance is not economically viable. Raw material also plays a major role in the concentration/localization of the iron and steel industry in India. The availability of coal in India is the most important factor influencing the localization of the iron-steel industry, followed by iron ore. The facility of Transport: Better means of transport are needed to connect the coal and iron ore areas. In India, the railway works to connect the coal and iron ore fields. In recent years, the iron and steel industry is also developing in coastal areas like Visakhapatnam in India. Because India imports good quality coal, as well as finished steel, can be easily exported from here. After 1990, iron-steel industries developed in urban areas. The raw material for these industries was already used bad iron. Major Iron and Steel Centers in India: The localization of the iron-steel industry in India follows the principle of "minimum transportation cost". As a major iron-steel center of India, we can see the following: Iron and steel centers located in coalfields: a. Burnpur-Hirapur-Kulti, b. Durgapur, c. Bokaro. Iron-Steel Center located in Iron Sector: a. Bhilai, b. Rourkela, c. Bhadravati, d. Salem, e. Vijay Nagar. Center situated between coal and iron-ore areas: Jamshedpur. The plant is located in the coastal area: of Visakhapatnam. In India, a crescent-shaped region comprising parts of Chhattisgarh, North Orissa, Jharkhand, and West Bengal is formed which is rich in high-quality iron ore, good-quality coking coal, and other supplements. This area is the main area of the iron and steel industry in India.
##Question:Briefly comment on the major factors affecting the concentration of the iron and steel industry. Also, discuss the major iron and steel industry centers of India. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach : Briefly discuss the iron-steel industry and write the role. Discuss the major factors affecting the concentration of the iron-steel industry. Briefly discuss the major iron-steel centers of India. Answer: The iron and steel industry is a basic industry. It acts as a raw material for other industries, so the development of this industry is necessary for the development of other industries. The development of the iron and steel industry in India has given a rapid impetus to the industrial development of the country. Almost all the sectors of industries depend mainly on the iron and steel industry for their basic infrastructure. Major factors affecting the concentration of the iron-steel industry: Availability of Raw Materials: The iron-steel industry is mainly concentrated in areas having access to raw materials. The raw material used in this industry is coal, iron ore, limestone, manganese, etc., heavy and of little value, so bringing it from a distance is not economically viable. Raw material also plays a major role in the concentration/localization of the iron and steel industry in India. The availability of coal in India is the most important factor influencing the localization of the iron-steel industry, followed by iron ore. The facility of Transport: Better means of transport are needed to connect the coal and iron ore areas. In India, the railway works to connect the coal and iron ore fields. In recent years, the iron and steel industry is also developing in coastal areas like Visakhapatnam in India. Because India imports good quality coal, as well as finished steel, can be easily exported from here. After 1990, iron-steel industries developed in urban areas. The raw material for these industries was already used bad iron. Major Iron and Steel Centers in India: The localization of the iron-steel industry in India follows the principle of "minimum transportation cost". As a major iron-steel center of India, we can see the following: Iron and steel centers located in coalfields: a. Burnpur-Hirapur-Kulti, b. Durgapur, c. Bokaro. Iron-Steel Center located in Iron Sector: a. Bhilai, b. Rourkela, c. Bhadravati, d. Salem, e. Vijay Nagar. Center situated between coal and iron-ore areas: Jamshedpur. The plant is located in the coastal area: of Visakhapatnam. In India, a crescent-shaped region comprising parts of Chhattisgarh, North Orissa, Jharkhand, and West Bengal is formed which is rich in high-quality iron ore, good-quality coking coal, and other supplements. This area is the main area of the iron and steel industry in India.
77,602
Discuss the various British imperialistic ideologies in context to imperialism in India(150 words/10 marks)
Approach - Define Imperialism. Briefly discusses various ideologies of British imperialism - Evangelicalism, Liberalism and Utilitarian. Conclude briefly. Answer The word oriental implies relating to the east. Orientalism meant a belief that Indian civilisation is a great civilisation which is at par with western civilisation, however at present, there is a decline. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the British to give back to Indians their rich ancient past i.e., restore the glory of the past to Indians. Therefore, justifying the rule of the British + administratively meant ruling India the Indian way, that is with help of Hindu laws and Islamic laws. However, to be implemented under British authority. The benefit was reduced chances of backlash by Indians to British rule. British Imperialistic ideologies - Evangelicalism - It is believed that only Christianity can civilise and modernise India. The biggest problem in India is its religion. Therefore, this school of thought led to an inflow of Christian missionaries after a charter act of 1813 and led to conversions. Liberalism - Liberalism is a political and philosophical ideology to establish individual freedom, consent and equality. The goal should be to civilise India rather than conquer India and the British should give the best idea of age in the polity, economy and society to the Indians so as to liberate Indians from feudalism and lack of modernisation. Therefore, Idea is to empower Indians with the best practices of Britain. Utilitarianism - The belief that the right course of action is the one that will give the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people It meant that the modernisation of India can only happen through good governance, good laws and good administration. Therefore, here the focus is on utility i.e., focus on actionable ideas. Therefore, orientalism implied benevolent colonialism and it had the rhetoric of love - Indian are not capable to restore their ancient glory and it can be done only by the British. The consequences of Western imperialist expansion are quite complex and difficult to simplify. The economic effects were harmful and indigenous people saw a foreign culture imposed on their own.
##Question:Discuss the various British imperialistic ideologies in context to imperialism in India(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach - Define Imperialism. Briefly discusses various ideologies of British imperialism - Evangelicalism, Liberalism and Utilitarian. Conclude briefly. Answer The word oriental implies relating to the east. Orientalism meant a belief that Indian civilisation is a great civilisation which is at par with western civilisation, however at present, there is a decline. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the British to give back to Indians their rich ancient past i.e., restore the glory of the past to Indians. Therefore, justifying the rule of the British + administratively meant ruling India the Indian way, that is with help of Hindu laws and Islamic laws. However, to be implemented under British authority. The benefit was reduced chances of backlash by Indians to British rule. British Imperialistic ideologies - Evangelicalism - It is believed that only Christianity can civilise and modernise India. The biggest problem in India is its religion. Therefore, this school of thought led to an inflow of Christian missionaries after a charter act of 1813 and led to conversions. Liberalism - Liberalism is a political and philosophical ideology to establish individual freedom, consent and equality. The goal should be to civilise India rather than conquer India and the British should give the best idea of age in the polity, economy and society to the Indians so as to liberate Indians from feudalism and lack of modernisation. Therefore, Idea is to empower Indians with the best practices of Britain. Utilitarianism - The belief that the right course of action is the one that will give the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people It meant that the modernisation of India can only happen through good governance, good laws and good administration. Therefore, here the focus is on utility i.e., focus on actionable ideas. Therefore, orientalism implied benevolent colonialism and it had the rhetoric of love - Indian are not capable to restore their ancient glory and it can be done only by the British. The consequences of Western imperialist expansion are quite complex and difficult to simplify. The economic effects were harmful and indigenous people saw a foreign culture imposed on their own.
77,608
Throw some light on the Buddhist and Jain literature.(10 Marks,150 Words)
Introduction-Briefly mention the Buddhist and Jain literature. Body-Mention about the various Buddhist and Jain texts. Conclude the answer briefly Answer: The Buddhist and Jain Literatures were written mainly in Pali and Prakrit languages respectively and are a good source to know about the teachings and tenets of the two religions and also shed light on the contemporary political system and dynasties. Various Buddhist Literature: Buddhist Literature is divided into two parts i.e. Canonical and Non-canonical literature. Canonical Literature: They were based on original canons of Buddhism established by Buddha. They created the most revered text in Buddhism. It was written only in Pali Language. It includes: 1. Suttapitaka: It contains the original teachings of Buddha. Jataka Katha is a part of it. 2. Vinayapitaka: It deals with the rules to be followed by the monks inside the Buddhist Sangha. 3. Abhidhammapitaka: It is about the philosophical interpretation of Buddha"s teachings. Non-Canonical Literature: It is also a revered category of text in Buddhismbut written in both Pali and Sanskrit. Important Sanskrit Books: 1. Buddhacharita: This is a biography of Buddha. 2. Lalitvistara: This is a holy text of Mahayana Buddhism. Important Pali Books: 1. Dipavamasa and Mahavamasa.These two are Srilankan chronicles of Buddhism and both deal with the chronology of Kings and battles. 2. Mahavastu: Holy test of Theravada.It talks about the miracles and earlier lives of Buddha. 3. Therigatha: It is a unique text of that time that deals with the women"s experience of renunciation. It is not only attributed to women but it was also composed by the women. Various Jain Literature: 1. The initial Jain literature was Purva written in Prakrit Language. It is a compilation of the teachings of all the Tirthankaras. 2. During the second Jain Council, the following texts in the Prakrit language were compiled which include Anga, Upanga, Prakirha, Chedabsutra, Mulasutra and Bhagwatisutra. 3. They are unique texts of that time which not only talk about their own doctrines but the doctrines of rival schools as well like Buddhism, Ajivika etc. 4. The Jain literature is also an important source of information about Mahajanpada. Moreover, it also deals with the dynastic history of eastern India. Thus both Jainism and Buddhism literature has helped immensely in gaining knowledge about the contemporary political structure and expounding the basic tenets and teachings of the two religion. They also popularised the vernacular languages like Prakrit, Pali etc. against the hegemony of Sanskrit.
##Question:Throw some light on the Buddhist and Jain literature.(10 Marks,150 Words)##Answer:Introduction-Briefly mention the Buddhist and Jain literature. Body-Mention about the various Buddhist and Jain texts. Conclude the answer briefly Answer: The Buddhist and Jain Literatures were written mainly in Pali and Prakrit languages respectively and are a good source to know about the teachings and tenets of the two religions and also shed light on the contemporary political system and dynasties. Various Buddhist Literature: Buddhist Literature is divided into two parts i.e. Canonical and Non-canonical literature. Canonical Literature: They were based on original canons of Buddhism established by Buddha. They created the most revered text in Buddhism. It was written only in Pali Language. It includes: 1. Suttapitaka: It contains the original teachings of Buddha. Jataka Katha is a part of it. 2. Vinayapitaka: It deals with the rules to be followed by the monks inside the Buddhist Sangha. 3. Abhidhammapitaka: It is about the philosophical interpretation of Buddha"s teachings. Non-Canonical Literature: It is also a revered category of text in Buddhismbut written in both Pali and Sanskrit. Important Sanskrit Books: 1. Buddhacharita: This is a biography of Buddha. 2. Lalitvistara: This is a holy text of Mahayana Buddhism. Important Pali Books: 1. Dipavamasa and Mahavamasa.These two are Srilankan chronicles of Buddhism and both deal with the chronology of Kings and battles. 2. Mahavastu: Holy test of Theravada.It talks about the miracles and earlier lives of Buddha. 3. Therigatha: It is a unique text of that time that deals with the women"s experience of renunciation. It is not only attributed to women but it was also composed by the women. Various Jain Literature: 1. The initial Jain literature was Purva written in Prakrit Language. It is a compilation of the teachings of all the Tirthankaras. 2. During the second Jain Council, the following texts in the Prakrit language were compiled which include Anga, Upanga, Prakirha, Chedabsutra, Mulasutra and Bhagwatisutra. 3. They are unique texts of that time which not only talk about their own doctrines but the doctrines of rival schools as well like Buddhism, Ajivika etc. 4. The Jain literature is also an important source of information about Mahajanpada. Moreover, it also deals with the dynastic history of eastern India. Thus both Jainism and Buddhism literature has helped immensely in gaining knowledge about the contemporary political structure and expounding the basic tenets and teachings of the two religion. They also popularised the vernacular languages like Prakrit, Pali etc. against the hegemony of Sanskrit.
77,609
Throw some light on the Buddhist and Jain literature.(10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach: Introduction-Briefly mentions the Buddhist and Jain literature. Body-Mention about the various Buddhist and Jain texts. Conclude the answer briefly Answer: The Buddhist and Jain Literatures were written mainly in Pali and Prakrit languages respectively and are a good source to know about the teachings and tenets of the two religions and also shed light on the contemporary political system and dynasties. Various Buddhist Literature: Buddhist Literature is divided into two parts i.e. Canonical and Non-canonical literature. Canonical Literature: They were based on original canons of Buddhism established by Buddha. They created the most revered text in Buddhism. It was written only in Pali Language. It includes: Sutta Pitaka: It contains the original teachings of Buddha. Jataka Katha is a part of it. Vinayapitaka: It deals with the rules to be followed by the monks inside the Buddhist Sangha. Abhidhamma Pitaka: It is about the philosophical interpretation of Buddha"s teachings. Non-Canonical Literature: It is also a revered category of text in Buddhismbut written in both Pali and Sanskrit. Important Sanskrit Books: Buddhacharita: This is a biography of Buddha. Lalitvistara: This is a holy text of Mahayana Buddhism. Important Pali Books: Dipavamasa and Mahavamasa.These two are Srilankan chronicles of Buddhism and both deal with the chronology of Kings and battles. Mahavastu: Holy test of Theravada.It talks about the miracles and earlier lives of Buddha. Therigatha: It is a unique text of that time that deals with the women"s experience of renunciation. It is not only attributed to women but it was also composed by the women. Various Jain Literature: The initial Jain literature was Purva written in Prakrit Language. It is a compilation of the teachings of all the Tirthankaras. During the second Jain Council, the following texts in the Prakrit language were compiled which include Anga, Upanga, Prakirha, Chedabsutra, Mulasutra and Bhagwatisutra. They are unique texts of that time which not only talk about their own doctrines but the doctrines of rival schools as well like Buddhism, Ajivika etc. The Jain literature is also an important source of information about Mahajanpada. Moreover, it also deals with the dynastic history of eastern India. Conclusion Thus both Jainism and Buddhism literature has helped immensely in gaining knowledge about the contemporary political structure and expounding the basic tenets and teachings of the two religion. They also popularised the vernacular languages like Prakrit, Pali etc. against the hegemony of Sanskrit.
##Question:Throw some light on the Buddhist and Jain literature.(10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction-Briefly mentions the Buddhist and Jain literature. Body-Mention about the various Buddhist and Jain texts. Conclude the answer briefly Answer: The Buddhist and Jain Literatures were written mainly in Pali and Prakrit languages respectively and are a good source to know about the teachings and tenets of the two religions and also shed light on the contemporary political system and dynasties. Various Buddhist Literature: Buddhist Literature is divided into two parts i.e. Canonical and Non-canonical literature. Canonical Literature: They were based on original canons of Buddhism established by Buddha. They created the most revered text in Buddhism. It was written only in Pali Language. It includes: Sutta Pitaka: It contains the original teachings of Buddha. Jataka Katha is a part of it. Vinayapitaka: It deals with the rules to be followed by the monks inside the Buddhist Sangha. Abhidhamma Pitaka: It is about the philosophical interpretation of Buddha"s teachings. Non-Canonical Literature: It is also a revered category of text in Buddhismbut written in both Pali and Sanskrit. Important Sanskrit Books: Buddhacharita: This is a biography of Buddha. Lalitvistara: This is a holy text of Mahayana Buddhism. Important Pali Books: Dipavamasa and Mahavamasa.These two are Srilankan chronicles of Buddhism and both deal with the chronology of Kings and battles. Mahavastu: Holy test of Theravada.It talks about the miracles and earlier lives of Buddha. Therigatha: It is a unique text of that time that deals with the women"s experience of renunciation. It is not only attributed to women but it was also composed by the women. Various Jain Literature: The initial Jain literature was Purva written in Prakrit Language. It is a compilation of the teachings of all the Tirthankaras. During the second Jain Council, the following texts in the Prakrit language were compiled which include Anga, Upanga, Prakirha, Chedabsutra, Mulasutra and Bhagwatisutra. They are unique texts of that time which not only talk about their own doctrines but the doctrines of rival schools as well like Buddhism, Ajivika etc. The Jain literature is also an important source of information about Mahajanpada. Moreover, it also deals with the dynastic history of eastern India. Conclusion Thus both Jainism and Buddhism literature has helped immensely in gaining knowledge about the contemporary political structure and expounding the basic tenets and teachings of the two religion. They also popularised the vernacular languages like Prakrit, Pali etc. against the hegemony of Sanskrit.
77,610
Throw some light on the Buddhist and Jain literature.(10 Marks,150 Words)
Approach Introduction-Briefly mention the Buddhist and Jain literature. Body-Mention about the various Buddhist and Jain texts. Conclude the answer briefly Answer: The Buddhist and Jain Literatures were written mainly in Pali and Prakrit languages respectively and are a good source to know about the teachings and tenets of the two religions and also shed light on the contemporary political system and dynasties. Various Buddhist Literature: Buddhist Literature is divided into two parts i.e. Canonical and Non-canonical literature. Canonical Literature : They were based on original canons of Buddhism established by Buddha. They created the most revered text in Buddhism. It was written only in Pali Language. It includes: 1. Suttapitaka: It contains the original teachings of Buddha. Jataka Katha is a part of it. 2. Vinayapitaka: It deals with the rules to be followed by the monks inside the Buddhist Sangha. 3. Abhidhammapitaka: It is about the philosophical interpretation of Buddha"s teachings. Non-Canonical Literature: It is also a revered category of text in Buddhismbut written in both Pali and Sanskrit. Important Sanskrit Books: 1. Buddhacharita: This is a biography of Buddha. 2. Lalitvistara: This is a holy text of Mahayana Buddhism. Important Pali Books: 1. Dipavamasa and Mahavamasa.These two are Srilankan chronicles of Buddhism and both deal with the chronology of Kings and battles. 2. Mahavastu: Holy test of Theravada.It talks about the miracles and earlier lives of Buddha. 3. Therigatha: It is a unique text of that time that deals with the women"s experience of renunciation. It is not only attributed to women but it was also composed by the women. Various Jain Literature: 1. The initial Jain literature was Purva written in Prakrit Language. It is a compilation of the teachings of all the Tirthankaras. 2. During the second Jain Council, the following texts in the Prakrit language were compiled which include Anga, Upanga, Prakirha, Chedabsutra, Mulasutra and Bhagwatisutra. 3. They are unique texts of that time which not only talk about their own doctrines but the doctrines of rival schools as well like Buddhism, Ajivika etc. 4. The Jain literature is also an important source of information about Mahajanpada. Moreover, it also deals with the dynastic history of eastern India. Thus both Jainism and Buddhism literature has helped immensely in gaining knowledge about the contemporary political structure and expounding the basic tenets and teachings of the two religion. They also popularised the vernacular languages like Prakrit, Pali etc. against the hegemony of Sanskrit.
##Question:Throw some light on the Buddhist and Jain literature.(10 Marks,150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduction-Briefly mention the Buddhist and Jain literature. Body-Mention about the various Buddhist and Jain texts. Conclude the answer briefly Answer: The Buddhist and Jain Literatures were written mainly in Pali and Prakrit languages respectively and are a good source to know about the teachings and tenets of the two religions and also shed light on the contemporary political system and dynasties. Various Buddhist Literature: Buddhist Literature is divided into two parts i.e. Canonical and Non-canonical literature. Canonical Literature : They were based on original canons of Buddhism established by Buddha. They created the most revered text in Buddhism. It was written only in Pali Language. It includes: 1. Suttapitaka: It contains the original teachings of Buddha. Jataka Katha is a part of it. 2. Vinayapitaka: It deals with the rules to be followed by the monks inside the Buddhist Sangha. 3. Abhidhammapitaka: It is about the philosophical interpretation of Buddha"s teachings. Non-Canonical Literature: It is also a revered category of text in Buddhismbut written in both Pali and Sanskrit. Important Sanskrit Books: 1. Buddhacharita: This is a biography of Buddha. 2. Lalitvistara: This is a holy text of Mahayana Buddhism. Important Pali Books: 1. Dipavamasa and Mahavamasa.These two are Srilankan chronicles of Buddhism and both deal with the chronology of Kings and battles. 2. Mahavastu: Holy test of Theravada.It talks about the miracles and earlier lives of Buddha. 3. Therigatha: It is a unique text of that time that deals with the women"s experience of renunciation. It is not only attributed to women but it was also composed by the women. Various Jain Literature: 1. The initial Jain literature was Purva written in Prakrit Language. It is a compilation of the teachings of all the Tirthankaras. 2. During the second Jain Council, the following texts in the Prakrit language were compiled which include Anga, Upanga, Prakirha, Chedabsutra, Mulasutra and Bhagwatisutra. 3. They are unique texts of that time which not only talk about their own doctrines but the doctrines of rival schools as well like Buddhism, Ajivika etc. 4. The Jain literature is also an important source of information about Mahajanpada. Moreover, it also deals with the dynastic history of eastern India. Thus both Jainism and Buddhism literature has helped immensely in gaining knowledge about the contemporary political structure and expounding the basic tenets and teachings of the two religion. They also popularised the vernacular languages like Prakrit, Pali etc. against the hegemony of Sanskrit.
77,611
Throw some light on the Buddhist and Jain literature.(10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach: Introduction-Briefly mention the Buddhist and Jain literature. Body-Mention about the various Buddhist and Jain texts. Conclude the answer briefly Answer: The Buddhist and Jain Literatures were written mainly in Pali and Prakrit languages respectively and are a good source to know about the teachings and tenets of the two religions and also shed light on the contemporary political system and dynasties. Various Buddhist Literature: Buddhist Literature is divided into two parts i.e. Canonical and Non-canonical literature. Canonical Literature: They were based on original canons of Buddhism established by Buddha. They created the most revered text in Buddhism. It was written only in Pali Language. It includes: 1. Suttapitaka: It contains the original teachings of Buddha. Jataka Katha is a part of it. 2. Vinayapitaka: It deals with the rules to be followed by the monks inside the Buddhist Sangha. 3. Abhidhammapitaka: It is about the philosophical interpretation of Buddha"s teachings. Non-Canonical Literature: It is also a revered category of text in Buddhismbut written in both Pali and Sanskrit. Important Sanskrit Books: 1. Buddhacharita: This is a biography of Buddha. 2. Lalitvistara: This is a holy text of Mahayana Buddhism. Important Pali Books: 1. Dipavamasa and Mahavamasa.These two are Srilankan chronicles of Buddhism and both deal with the chronology of Kings and battles. 2. Mahavastu: Holy test of Theravada.It talks about the miracles and earlier lives of Buddha. 3. Therigatha: It is a unique text of that time that deals with the women"s experience of renunciation. It is not only attributed to women but it was also composed by the women. Various Jain Literature: 1. The initial Jain literature was Purva written in Prakrit Language. It is a compilation of the teachings of all the Tirthankaras. 2. During the second Jain Council, the following texts in the Prakrit language were compiled which include Anga, Upanga, Prakirha, Chedabsutra, Mulasutra and Bhagwatisutra. 3. They are unique texts of that time which not only talk about their own doctrines but the doctrines of rival schools as well like Buddhism, Ajivika etc. 4. The Jain literature is also an important source of information about Mahajanpada. Moreover, it also deals with the dynastic history of eastern India. Thus both Jainism and Buddhism literature has helped immensely in gaining knowledge about the contemporary political structure and expounding the basic tenets and teachings of the two religion. They also popularised the vernacular languages like Prakrit, Pali etc. against the hegemony of Sanskrit.
##Question:Throw some light on the Buddhist and Jain literature.(10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction-Briefly mention the Buddhist and Jain literature. Body-Mention about the various Buddhist and Jain texts. Conclude the answer briefly Answer: The Buddhist and Jain Literatures were written mainly in Pali and Prakrit languages respectively and are a good source to know about the teachings and tenets of the two religions and also shed light on the contemporary political system and dynasties. Various Buddhist Literature: Buddhist Literature is divided into two parts i.e. Canonical and Non-canonical literature. Canonical Literature: They were based on original canons of Buddhism established by Buddha. They created the most revered text in Buddhism. It was written only in Pali Language. It includes: 1. Suttapitaka: It contains the original teachings of Buddha. Jataka Katha is a part of it. 2. Vinayapitaka: It deals with the rules to be followed by the monks inside the Buddhist Sangha. 3. Abhidhammapitaka: It is about the philosophical interpretation of Buddha"s teachings. Non-Canonical Literature: It is also a revered category of text in Buddhismbut written in both Pali and Sanskrit. Important Sanskrit Books: 1. Buddhacharita: This is a biography of Buddha. 2. Lalitvistara: This is a holy text of Mahayana Buddhism. Important Pali Books: 1. Dipavamasa and Mahavamasa.These two are Srilankan chronicles of Buddhism and both deal with the chronology of Kings and battles. 2. Mahavastu: Holy test of Theravada.It talks about the miracles and earlier lives of Buddha. 3. Therigatha: It is a unique text of that time that deals with the women"s experience of renunciation. It is not only attributed to women but it was also composed by the women. Various Jain Literature: 1. The initial Jain literature was Purva written in Prakrit Language. It is a compilation of the teachings of all the Tirthankaras. 2. During the second Jain Council, the following texts in the Prakrit language were compiled which include Anga, Upanga, Prakirha, Chedabsutra, Mulasutra and Bhagwatisutra. 3. They are unique texts of that time which not only talk about their own doctrines but the doctrines of rival schools as well like Buddhism, Ajivika etc. 4. The Jain literature is also an important source of information about Mahajanpada. Moreover, it also deals with the dynastic history of eastern India. Thus both Jainism and Buddhism literature has helped immensely in gaining knowledge about the contemporary political structure and expounding the basic tenets and teachings of the two religion. They also popularised the vernacular languages like Prakrit, Pali etc. against the hegemony of Sanskrit.
77,612
Throw some light on the Buddhist and Jain literature.(10 Marks,150 Words)
Approach: Introduction-Briefly mention the Buddhist and Jain literature. Body-Mention about the various Buddhist and Jain texts. Conclude the answer briefly Answer: The Buddhist and Jain Literatures were written mainly in Pali and Prakrit languages respectively and are a good source to know about the teachings and tenets of the two religions and also shed light on the contemporary political system and dynasties. Various Buddhist Literature: Buddhist Literature is divided into two parts i.e. Canonical and Non-canonical literature. Canonical Literature: They were based on original canons of Buddhism established by Buddha. They created the most revered text in Buddhism. It was written only in Pali Language. It includes: 1. Suttapitaka: It contains the original teachings of Buddha. Jataka Katha is a part of it. 2. Vinayapitaka: It deals with the rules to be followed by the monks inside the Buddhist Sangha. 3. Abhidhammapitaka: It is about the philosophical interpretation of Buddha"s teachings. Non-Canonical Literature: It is also a revered category of text in Buddhismbut written in both Pali and Sanskrit. Important Sanskrit Books: 1. Buddhacharita: This is a biography of Buddha. 2. Lalitvistara: This is a holy text of Mahayana Buddhism. Important Pali Books: 1. Dipavamasa and Mahavamasa.These two are Srilankan chronicles of Buddhism and both deal with the chronology of Kings and battles. 2. Mahavastu: Holy test of Theravada.It talks about the miracles and earlier lives of Buddha. 3. Therigatha: It is a unique text of that time that deals with the women"s experience of renunciation. It is not only attributed to women but it was also composed by the women. Various Jain Literature: 1. The initial Jain literature was Purva written in Prakrit Language. It is a compilation of the teachings of all the Tirthankaras. 2. During the second Jain Council, the following texts in the Prakrit language were compiled which include Anga, Upanga, Prakirha, Chedabsutra, Mulasutra and Bhagwatisutra. 3. They are unique texts of that time which not only talk about their own doctrines but the doctrines of rival schools as well like Buddhism, Ajivika etc. 4. The Jain literature is also an important source of information about Mahajanpada. Moreover, it also deals with the dynastic history of eastern India. Thus both Jainism and Buddhism literature has helped immensely in gaining knowledge about the contemporary political structure and expounding the basic tenets and teachings of the two religion. They also popularised the vernacular languages like Prakrit, Pali etc. against the hegemony of Sanskrit.
##Question:Throw some light on the Buddhist and Jain literature.(10 Marks,150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction-Briefly mention the Buddhist and Jain literature. Body-Mention about the various Buddhist and Jain texts. Conclude the answer briefly Answer: The Buddhist and Jain Literatures were written mainly in Pali and Prakrit languages respectively and are a good source to know about the teachings and tenets of the two religions and also shed light on the contemporary political system and dynasties. Various Buddhist Literature: Buddhist Literature is divided into two parts i.e. Canonical and Non-canonical literature. Canonical Literature: They were based on original canons of Buddhism established by Buddha. They created the most revered text in Buddhism. It was written only in Pali Language. It includes: 1. Suttapitaka: It contains the original teachings of Buddha. Jataka Katha is a part of it. 2. Vinayapitaka: It deals with the rules to be followed by the monks inside the Buddhist Sangha. 3. Abhidhammapitaka: It is about the philosophical interpretation of Buddha"s teachings. Non-Canonical Literature: It is also a revered category of text in Buddhismbut written in both Pali and Sanskrit. Important Sanskrit Books: 1. Buddhacharita: This is a biography of Buddha. 2. Lalitvistara: This is a holy text of Mahayana Buddhism. Important Pali Books: 1. Dipavamasa and Mahavamasa.These two are Srilankan chronicles of Buddhism and both deal with the chronology of Kings and battles. 2. Mahavastu: Holy test of Theravada.It talks about the miracles and earlier lives of Buddha. 3. Therigatha: It is a unique text of that time that deals with the women"s experience of renunciation. It is not only attributed to women but it was also composed by the women. Various Jain Literature: 1. The initial Jain literature was Purva written in Prakrit Language. It is a compilation of the teachings of all the Tirthankaras. 2. During the second Jain Council, the following texts in the Prakrit language were compiled which include Anga, Upanga, Prakirha, Chedabsutra, Mulasutra and Bhagwatisutra. 3. They are unique texts of that time which not only talk about their own doctrines but the doctrines of rival schools as well like Buddhism, Ajivika etc. 4. The Jain literature is also an important source of information about Mahajanpada. Moreover, it also deals with the dynastic history of eastern India. Thus both Jainism and Buddhism literature has helped immensely in gaining knowledge about the contemporary political structure and expounding the basic tenets and teachings of the two religion. They also popularised the vernacular languages like Prakrit, Pali etc. against the hegemony of Sanskrit.
77,613
Throw some light on the Buddhist and Jain literature.(10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach: Introduction-Briefly mentions the Buddhist and Jain literature. Body-Mention about the various Buddhist and Jain texts. Conclude the answer briefly Answer: The Buddhist and Jain Literatures were written mainly in Pali and Prakrit languages respectively and are a good source to know about the teachings and tenets of the two religions and also shed light on the contemporary political system and dynasties. Various Buddhist Literature: Buddhist Literature is divided into two parts i.e. Canonical and Non-canonical literature. Canonical Literature: They were based on original canons of Buddhism established by Buddha. They created the most revered text in Buddhism. It was written only in Pali Language. It includes: Sutta Pitaka: It contains the original teachings of Buddha. Jataka Katha is a part of it. Vinayapitaka: It deals with the rules to be followed by the monks inside the Buddhist Sangha. Abhidhamma Pitaka: It is about the philosophical interpretation of Buddha"s teachings. Non-Canonical Literature: It is also a revered category of text in Buddhismbut written in both Pali and Sanskrit. Important Sanskrit Books: Buddhacharita: This is a biography of Buddha. Lalitvistara: This is a holy text of Mahayana Buddhism. Important Pali Books: Dipavamasa and Mahavamasa.These two are Srilankan chronicles of Buddhism and both deal with the chronology of Kings and battles. Mahavastu: Holy test of Theravada.It talks about the miracles and earlier lives of Buddha. Therigatha: It is a unique text of that time that deals with the women"s experience of renunciation. It is not only attributed to women but it was also composed by the women. Various Jain Literature: The initial Jain literature was Purva written in Prakrit Language. It is a compilation of the teachings of all the Tirthankaras. During the second Jain Council, the following texts in the Prakrit language were compiled which include Anga, Upanga, Prakirha, Chedabsutra, Mulasutra and Bhagwatisutra. They are unique texts of that time which not only talk about their own doctrines but the doctrines of rival schools as well like Buddhism, Ajivika etc. The Jain literature is also an important source of information about Mahajanpada. Moreover, it also deals with the dynastic history of eastern India. Conclusion Thus both Jainism and Buddhism literature has helped immensely in gaining knowledge about the contemporary political structure and expounding the basic tenets and teachings of the two religion. They also popularised the vernacular languages like Prakrit, Pali etc. against the hegemony of Sanskrit.
##Question:Throw some light on the Buddhist and Jain literature.(10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction-Briefly mentions the Buddhist and Jain literature. Body-Mention about the various Buddhist and Jain texts. Conclude the answer briefly Answer: The Buddhist and Jain Literatures were written mainly in Pali and Prakrit languages respectively and are a good source to know about the teachings and tenets of the two religions and also shed light on the contemporary political system and dynasties. Various Buddhist Literature: Buddhist Literature is divided into two parts i.e. Canonical and Non-canonical literature. Canonical Literature: They were based on original canons of Buddhism established by Buddha. They created the most revered text in Buddhism. It was written only in Pali Language. It includes: Sutta Pitaka: It contains the original teachings of Buddha. Jataka Katha is a part of it. Vinayapitaka: It deals with the rules to be followed by the monks inside the Buddhist Sangha. Abhidhamma Pitaka: It is about the philosophical interpretation of Buddha"s teachings. Non-Canonical Literature: It is also a revered category of text in Buddhismbut written in both Pali and Sanskrit. Important Sanskrit Books: Buddhacharita: This is a biography of Buddha. Lalitvistara: This is a holy text of Mahayana Buddhism. Important Pali Books: Dipavamasa and Mahavamasa.These two are Srilankan chronicles of Buddhism and both deal with the chronology of Kings and battles. Mahavastu: Holy test of Theravada.It talks about the miracles and earlier lives of Buddha. Therigatha: It is a unique text of that time that deals with the women"s experience of renunciation. It is not only attributed to women but it was also composed by the women. Various Jain Literature: The initial Jain literature was Purva written in Prakrit Language. It is a compilation of the teachings of all the Tirthankaras. During the second Jain Council, the following texts in the Prakrit language were compiled which include Anga, Upanga, Prakirha, Chedabsutra, Mulasutra and Bhagwatisutra. They are unique texts of that time which not only talk about their own doctrines but the doctrines of rival schools as well like Buddhism, Ajivika etc. The Jain literature is also an important source of information about Mahajanpada. Moreover, it also deals with the dynastic history of eastern India. Conclusion Thus both Jainism and Buddhism literature has helped immensely in gaining knowledge about the contemporary political structure and expounding the basic tenets and teachings of the two religion. They also popularised the vernacular languages like Prakrit, Pali etc. against the hegemony of Sanskrit.
77,622
What is theory of seafloor spreading? Mention its importance and weakness. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach - Briefly discuss what is seafloor spreading theory. Mention its importance. Mention its weaknesses. Conclude. Answer - From world war 2 the seafloor exploration race was started between the major powers for military reasons. Various maps and data were accumulated which led to the formation of the sea-floor spread hypothesis. This hypothesis was proposed by Harry Hess in the early 1960s. This hypothesis traces oceanic crust from its origin at a mid-ocean ridge to its destruction at a deep-sea trench and is the mechanism for continental drift. In this hypothesis, a hot buoyant mantle rises up a mid-ocean ridge, causing the ridge to rise upward. The hot magma at the ridge erupts as lava that forms new seafloor. When the lava cools, the magnetite crystals take on the current magnetic polarity and as more lava erupts, it pushes the seafloor horizontally away from the ridge axis. The magnetic stripes continue across the seafloor. As oceanic crust forms and spreads, moving away from the ridge crest, it pushes the continent away from the ridge axis. If the oceanic crust reaches a deep-sea trench, it sinks into the trench and is lost into the mantle. Scientists now know that the oldest crust is the coldest and lies deepest in the ocean because it is less buoyant than the hot new crust. Importance It has the complete theory about the formation and movement of the seafloor which was earlier unknown. It also improved on the continental drift theory, that continents move over the oceanic floor and rather establish that it is the oceanic lithosphere which moves over the Aesthenosphere. Weakness It does not talk about the movement and formation of continents. Though it does explain MOR and trench formation and also Abyssal plains but not smaller formations like ridges, guyots, and Islands. The seafloor spreading was a widely accepted theory but it had some weaknesses. By the 1960s, the theories of continental drift and seafloor spreading were supported by reliable scientific data and combined to develop modern‐day plate tectonic theory.
##Question:What is theory of seafloor spreading? Mention its importance and weakness. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach - Briefly discuss what is seafloor spreading theory. Mention its importance. Mention its weaknesses. Conclude. Answer - From world war 2 the seafloor exploration race was started between the major powers for military reasons. Various maps and data were accumulated which led to the formation of the sea-floor spread hypothesis. This hypothesis was proposed by Harry Hess in the early 1960s. This hypothesis traces oceanic crust from its origin at a mid-ocean ridge to its destruction at a deep-sea trench and is the mechanism for continental drift. In this hypothesis, a hot buoyant mantle rises up a mid-ocean ridge, causing the ridge to rise upward. The hot magma at the ridge erupts as lava that forms new seafloor. When the lava cools, the magnetite crystals take on the current magnetic polarity and as more lava erupts, it pushes the seafloor horizontally away from the ridge axis. The magnetic stripes continue across the seafloor. As oceanic crust forms and spreads, moving away from the ridge crest, it pushes the continent away from the ridge axis. If the oceanic crust reaches a deep-sea trench, it sinks into the trench and is lost into the mantle. Scientists now know that the oldest crust is the coldest and lies deepest in the ocean because it is less buoyant than the hot new crust. Importance It has the complete theory about the formation and movement of the seafloor which was earlier unknown. It also improved on the continental drift theory, that continents move over the oceanic floor and rather establish that it is the oceanic lithosphere which moves over the Aesthenosphere. Weakness It does not talk about the movement and formation of continents. Though it does explain MOR and trench formation and also Abyssal plains but not smaller formations like ridges, guyots, and Islands. The seafloor spreading was a widely accepted theory but it had some weaknesses. By the 1960s, the theories of continental drift and seafloor spreading were supported by reliable scientific data and combined to develop modern‐day plate tectonic theory.
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Discuss the causes and consequences of the Anglo-Maratha Wars in detail.(150 words/10 Marks)
Approach: Introduce the contextual background of the Anglo-Maratha War Discuss the causes and consequences of all the three Anglo-Maratha wars Further, bring the Treaties signed among the warring parties. Conclude accordingly. Answer: There were three Anglo-Maratha wars fought between the late 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century between the British and the Marathas. The main cause of all these wars was succession disputes/fragmented policy within Marathas. Causes of First Anglo-Maratha War Causes(1775-82): The first Anglo-Martha War took place between Marathas and the British from 1775 to 1782. The main cause of this war was the Struggle for power between Sawai Madhar Rao and Raghunath Rao. Madhav Rao was supported by Nana Fadnis. Raghunath Rao (Raghoba) approached the British for help to be installed as Peshwa, the British wanted to take the advantage of the struggle by supporting Raghunath Rao. The British entered into a pact with Raghunath Rao at Surat in 1775. Raghunath Rao promised the British to surrender Salsette and Bastien if the British install him as Peshwa. The combined armies of the British and Raghunath Rao attacked Peshwa and succeeded. Consequences: Colonel Upton was sent to Poona to negotiate with Maratha lender Nana Fadnavis. Nana Fadnavis entered into a treaty with the British on March 1, 1776. It is called the Treaty of Purandhar. As per this treaty, Salsette and Bastien were given to the British. Raghunath Rao was sent to Gujrat with a pension of Rs.25,000 per annum. Causes of Second Anglo-Maratha Wars(1803-05): Wellesley’s desire to impose a subsidiary Alliance on the Marathas and his aggressive policy of interfering in the internal affairs of the Marathas was the main cause of the war. The Maratha leaders, Mahadaji Sindhia and Nana Fadnvis who played a prominent role in the first Anglo-Maratha war died in 1793 and 1800 respectively There was a struggle in the Maratha polities between Daulat Rao Sindia, a successor of Mahadaji Sindia, and Yashwant Rao Holker for power. Holkar reached the sight of Poona. Then Baji Rao II fled to Bassein and concluded a subsidiary alliance with the British on Dec.31, 1802. This was not acceptable to other Maratha leaders. So, they wanted to fight with the British. Consequently, the second Anglo-Maratha war broke out in 1803. Consequences: Sindia, Holkar, and Bhonsle fought in the Second Anglo-Maratha War. Wellesley defeated the armies of Sindia and Bhonsle at Assaye in September 1803 and at Aragon in November 1803. Then the treaty of Deogaon was concluded on December 17, 1803, between Raghuji Bhonsle and the company. As per this treaty, Bhonsle agreed to cede the English to the province of Cuttack, Balasore, and territory west of the River Wardha and accepted the subsidiary alliance with the British. Causes The Third Anglo-Maratha war(1817-18): The third war (1817–18) was the result of an invasion of Maratha territory in the course of operations against Pindari robber bands by the British governor-general, Lord Hastings. The Peshwa"s forces, followed by those of the Bhonsle and Holkar, rose against the British (November 1817), but the Sindhia remained neutral. Peshwa attacked the British Residency at Poona in November 1817. Consequences: The Maratha chiefs were defeated. The Peshwa was defeated at Ashti; Appa Sahib of Nagpur was defeated at Sitabaldi Hills; Malhar Rao Holkar was defeated at Mehidpur. Daulat Rao Sindia concluded a treaty with the British on Nov. 5, 1817. It is called the Treaty of Gwalior. This treaty made Sindia a mere spectator in the Third Anglo-Maratha war. Malhar Rao Holkar concluded the Treaty of Mandasor with the British on January 6, 1818. Peshwa was dethroned and pensioned off. He was sent to Bithur near Kanpur. The British annexed all his territory. The British created kingdom of Satara out of Peshwa"s lands to satisfy Marathas. Conclusion The three Anglo-Maratha Wars made it a clear picture that it is the British who will rule India and exposed Maratha"s factionalism in particular and factionalism with Indian State in general. It led to the further strengthening of the British Empire in India.
##Question:Discuss the causes and consequences of the Anglo-Maratha Wars in detail.(150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the contextual background of the Anglo-Maratha War Discuss the causes and consequences of all the three Anglo-Maratha wars Further, bring the Treaties signed among the warring parties. Conclude accordingly. Answer: There were three Anglo-Maratha wars fought between the late 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century between the British and the Marathas. The main cause of all these wars was succession disputes/fragmented policy within Marathas. Causes of First Anglo-Maratha War Causes(1775-82): The first Anglo-Martha War took place between Marathas and the British from 1775 to 1782. The main cause of this war was the Struggle for power between Sawai Madhar Rao and Raghunath Rao. Madhav Rao was supported by Nana Fadnis. Raghunath Rao (Raghoba) approached the British for help to be installed as Peshwa, the British wanted to take the advantage of the struggle by supporting Raghunath Rao. The British entered into a pact with Raghunath Rao at Surat in 1775. Raghunath Rao promised the British to surrender Salsette and Bastien if the British install him as Peshwa. The combined armies of the British and Raghunath Rao attacked Peshwa and succeeded. Consequences: Colonel Upton was sent to Poona to negotiate with Maratha lender Nana Fadnavis. Nana Fadnavis entered into a treaty with the British on March 1, 1776. It is called the Treaty of Purandhar. As per this treaty, Salsette and Bastien were given to the British. Raghunath Rao was sent to Gujrat with a pension of Rs.25,000 per annum. Causes of Second Anglo-Maratha Wars(1803-05): Wellesley’s desire to impose a subsidiary Alliance on the Marathas and his aggressive policy of interfering in the internal affairs of the Marathas was the main cause of the war. The Maratha leaders, Mahadaji Sindhia and Nana Fadnvis who played a prominent role in the first Anglo-Maratha war died in 1793 and 1800 respectively There was a struggle in the Maratha polities between Daulat Rao Sindia, a successor of Mahadaji Sindia, and Yashwant Rao Holker for power. Holkar reached the sight of Poona. Then Baji Rao II fled to Bassein and concluded a subsidiary alliance with the British on Dec.31, 1802. This was not acceptable to other Maratha leaders. So, they wanted to fight with the British. Consequently, the second Anglo-Maratha war broke out in 1803. Consequences: Sindia, Holkar, and Bhonsle fought in the Second Anglo-Maratha War. Wellesley defeated the armies of Sindia and Bhonsle at Assaye in September 1803 and at Aragon in November 1803. Then the treaty of Deogaon was concluded on December 17, 1803, between Raghuji Bhonsle and the company. As per this treaty, Bhonsle agreed to cede the English to the province of Cuttack, Balasore, and territory west of the River Wardha and accepted the subsidiary alliance with the British. Causes The Third Anglo-Maratha war(1817-18): The third war (1817–18) was the result of an invasion of Maratha territory in the course of operations against Pindari robber bands by the British governor-general, Lord Hastings. The Peshwa"s forces, followed by those of the Bhonsle and Holkar, rose against the British (November 1817), but the Sindhia remained neutral. Peshwa attacked the British Residency at Poona in November 1817. Consequences: The Maratha chiefs were defeated. The Peshwa was defeated at Ashti; Appa Sahib of Nagpur was defeated at Sitabaldi Hills; Malhar Rao Holkar was defeated at Mehidpur. Daulat Rao Sindia concluded a treaty with the British on Nov. 5, 1817. It is called the Treaty of Gwalior. This treaty made Sindia a mere spectator in the Third Anglo-Maratha war. Malhar Rao Holkar concluded the Treaty of Mandasor with the British on January 6, 1818. Peshwa was dethroned and pensioned off. He was sent to Bithur near Kanpur. The British annexed all his territory. The British created kingdom of Satara out of Peshwa"s lands to satisfy Marathas. Conclusion The three Anglo-Maratha Wars made it a clear picture that it is the British who will rule India and exposed Maratha"s factionalism in particular and factionalism with Indian State in general. It led to the further strengthening of the British Empire in India.
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What do you mean by Gender Stereotyping ? How it impacts the position of women in context of of Indian Society? (150 words/10 Marks)
Assignment Question: What do you mean by Gender Stereotyping? How it impact the position of women in the context of Indian Society? (150 words/10 Marks) Approach: Define Gender Stereotype How it impacts women both in a positive and negative way Conclude accordingly Answer: A gender stereotype is a generalized view or preconception about attributes or characteristics that are or ought to be possessed by women and men or the roles that are or should be performed by men and women. Gender stereotypes can be both positive and negative for example, “women are nurturing” or “women are weak”. How it impacts the social position of women in society:- Positive Influence: 1. Gender stereotypes can influence men and women’s behavior to be more competitive or empathic. 2. Some gender-specific tasks come across as being biologically coded. Like the role of a mother can be best performed by a female and thus this stereotyping helps in the growth of families through a division of labor, though this has an adverse impact on women as well. Negative Influence: 1. Gender roles influence the careers that people select. Since some jobs require “caring, comforting, and serving behaviors” they are labeled as a woman’s job and stereotypically do not have high male employment. For eg. Pink Collor jobs, that of nurses, etc. 2. It eclipses the talents in the children from the very childhood, for eg boys are preferred to play sports over females. 3. Glass ceiling effect keeps the females out of top positions in jobs. Women in many cases earn lesser than men. 4. It can lead to a psychological breakdown in some women who cannot handle the pressure due to stereotyping. 5. This can also result in a loss of efficiency of human capital. 6. It has also led to objectification and thus exploitation of women. Conclusion Thus it can be clearly seen that the negative influences of gender stereotyping surpass that of positive ones. The need of the hour is to clearly identify the strength and weakness of a human as an individual and not as a gender.
##Question:What do you mean by Gender Stereotyping ? How it impacts the position of women in context of of Indian Society? (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Assignment Question: What do you mean by Gender Stereotyping? How it impact the position of women in the context of Indian Society? (150 words/10 Marks) Approach: Define Gender Stereotype How it impacts women both in a positive and negative way Conclude accordingly Answer: A gender stereotype is a generalized view or preconception about attributes or characteristics that are or ought to be possessed by women and men or the roles that are or should be performed by men and women. Gender stereotypes can be both positive and negative for example, “women are nurturing” or “women are weak”. How it impacts the social position of women in society:- Positive Influence: 1. Gender stereotypes can influence men and women’s behavior to be more competitive or empathic. 2. Some gender-specific tasks come across as being biologically coded. Like the role of a mother can be best performed by a female and thus this stereotyping helps in the growth of families through a division of labor, though this has an adverse impact on women as well. Negative Influence: 1. Gender roles influence the careers that people select. Since some jobs require “caring, comforting, and serving behaviors” they are labeled as a woman’s job and stereotypically do not have high male employment. For eg. Pink Collor jobs, that of nurses, etc. 2. It eclipses the talents in the children from the very childhood, for eg boys are preferred to play sports over females. 3. Glass ceiling effect keeps the females out of top positions in jobs. Women in many cases earn lesser than men. 4. It can lead to a psychological breakdown in some women who cannot handle the pressure due to stereotyping. 5. This can also result in a loss of efficiency of human capital. 6. It has also led to objectification and thus exploitation of women. Conclusion Thus it can be clearly seen that the negative influences of gender stereotyping surpass that of positive ones. The need of the hour is to clearly identify the strength and weakness of a human as an individual and not as a gender.
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जलवायु परिवर्तन एक शाश्वत प्रक्रिया है अर्थात जलवायु परिवर्तन की घटनाएं पहले भी हुई हैं, वर्तमान में भी इसके प्रमाण मिल रहे हैं और आने वाले समय में भी यह घटित हो सकता है| कथन के संदर्भ में जलवायु परिवर्तन की उपस्थिति को सिद्ध करने के लिए प्रस्तुत किये जाने वाले साक्ष्यों की चर्चा कीजिये | (150-200 शब्द10 अंक ) Climate change is an eternal process, that is, the events of climate change have happened in the past, its evidence is being found at present and it can happen in the coming times as well. In the context of the statement, discuss the evidence to be presented to prove the presence of climate change. (150-200 words 10 marks)
दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में जलवायु परिवर्तन को परिभाषित कीजिये 2- मुख्य भाग में जलवायु परिवर्तन की उपस्थिति को सिद्ध करने के लिए प्रस्तुत किये जाने वाले साक्ष्यों की चर्चा कीजिये 3- अंतिम में उपयुक्त निष्कर्ष के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये सामान्य अर्थों में जलवायु परिवर्तन का तात्पर्य किसी भी स्थान के मौसम और जलवायु के तत्वों(तापमान, वर्षा, आर्द्रता, पवन एवं वायु दाब) में परिवर्तन से है| विशिष्ट अर्थों में जलवायु परिवर्तन पृथ्वी के औसत ताप परिवर्तन को व्यक्त करता है|पृथ्वी का औसत तापमान 15 डिग्री सेंटीग्रेड है अगर इसमें सकारात्मक परिवर्तन होता है तो उसे भू मंडलीय तापन और यदि नकारात्मक परिवर्तन होता है तो उसे भू मंडलीय शीतलन कहते हैं, इस प्रकार जलवायु परिवर्तन में भू मंडलीय तापन और भू मंडलीय शीतलन दोनों ही संकल्पना समाहित है किंतु वर्तमान समय में हम भू मंडलीय तापन के युग में जी रहे हैं; जलवायु परिवर्तन एक शाश्वत प्रक्रिया भी है अर्थात जलवायु परिवर्तन की घटनाएं पहले भी हुई हैं, वर्तमान में भी इसके प्रमाण मिल रहे हैं और आने वाले समय में भी यह घटित हो सकता है क्योंकि जलवायु परिवर्तन केवल मानवीय कारणों से नहीं होता बल्कि इसके पीछे कई प्राकृतिक कारक भी जिम्मेदार है| जलवायु परिवर्तन एक दीर्घकालिक प्रक्रिया है और जलवायु परिवर्तन की स्थिति में समस्त जैव -भू रसायन चक्र बदलने लगते हैं| जलवायु परिवर्तन की उपस्थिति को सिद्ध करने हेतु प्रस्तुत किये जाने वाले प्रमाण ऐतिहासिक भू-गर्भिक क़ालीन प्रमाण हिमानीकरण और उससे सम्बन्धित प्रमाण- पृथ्वी के भूगर्भिक युग में पर्मोकार्बोनीफेरस युग एवं प्लीस्टोसीन काल, हिम युग से सम्बन्धित हैं| अंतिम प्रमुख हिमयुग आज से 18 हज़ार वर्ष पूर्व तथा वर्तमान अंतरहिमयुग हुआ था और आज से लगभग 10 हज़ार वर्ष पूर्व आरम्भ हुआ था| उच्च अक्षांशों में हिमानी के क्षेत्र में फैलाव एवं संकुचन- शीत एवं उष्ण युग के सूचक हैं, उच्च अक्षांशों में हिमानी निर्मित झीलों में अवसादीकरण के प्रमाण शुष्क अवस्था के सूचक हैं| जीवाश्म/जैविक संकेतक- इसके अंतर्गत पराग कणों के प्रमाण, वृक्ष में पाए जाने वलय के प्रमाण, वनस्पति के जीवाश्म के अध्ययन के प्रमाण पार्थिव संकेतक- उच्च अक्षांशों में कोयले का मिलना विवर्तनिक प्रमाण- प्लेट विवर्तनिकी और महाद्वीपीय विस्थापन तथा ध्रुवों के परिभ्रमण से सम्बन्धित सिद्धांत, पुरा चुम्बकत्व एवं सागर नितल प्रसरण के प्रमाण से अन्य ऐतिहासिक साक्ष्य- 10-11वीं शताब्दी में यूरोप शुष्क दौर से गुजरा था जिसके कारण वाइकिंग कबीले के लोग ग्रीनलैंड जा बसे थे इसी प्रकार 1550 से लेकर 1850 के मध्य यूरोप लघुहिमयुग को अनुभव किया था 1930 के दशक में USA के दक्षिण पश्चिम भागों में बड़े पैमाने पर सूखे की स्थिति आयी थी इसी प्रकार 1967 से 1077 के दौरान सहारा मरुस्थल के क्षेत्र में भयानक सूखे को दर्ज किया गया था आधुनिक समय में जलवायु परिवर्तन के प्रमाण सागर तल में उभार के प्रमाण जेट स्ट्रीम का ध्रुवों की ओर विस्थापन के प्रमाण ध्रुवीय और पर्वतीय हिमनदों का पिघलना विश्व के अन्य भागों की तुलना में आर्कटिक दो गुनी तेजी की दर से गर्म हो रहा है जिसे आर्कटिक प्रवर्धन कहते हैं अन्टार्क्टिका के पेंगुइन का तेजी से विलोपन इसके अतिरिक्त गर्म लहर एवं शीत लहर, ऊष्ण कटिबंधीय चक्रवात जैसी मौसमी आपदाओं में वृद्धि आदि साक्ष्य वैश्विक तापन की उपस्थिति को सिद्ध करने के लिए प्रस्तुत किये जा सकते हैं|
##Question:जलवायु परिवर्तन एक शाश्वत प्रक्रिया है अर्थात जलवायु परिवर्तन की घटनाएं पहले भी हुई हैं, वर्तमान में भी इसके प्रमाण मिल रहे हैं और आने वाले समय में भी यह घटित हो सकता है| कथन के संदर्भ में जलवायु परिवर्तन की उपस्थिति को सिद्ध करने के लिए प्रस्तुत किये जाने वाले साक्ष्यों की चर्चा कीजिये | (150-200 शब्द10 अंक ) Climate change is an eternal process, that is, the events of climate change have happened in the past, its evidence is being found at present and it can happen in the coming times as well. In the context of the statement, discuss the evidence to be presented to prove the presence of climate change. (150-200 words 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में जलवायु परिवर्तन को परिभाषित कीजिये 2- मुख्य भाग में जलवायु परिवर्तन की उपस्थिति को सिद्ध करने के लिए प्रस्तुत किये जाने वाले साक्ष्यों की चर्चा कीजिये 3- अंतिम में उपयुक्त निष्कर्ष के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये सामान्य अर्थों में जलवायु परिवर्तन का तात्पर्य किसी भी स्थान के मौसम और जलवायु के तत्वों(तापमान, वर्षा, आर्द्रता, पवन एवं वायु दाब) में परिवर्तन से है| विशिष्ट अर्थों में जलवायु परिवर्तन पृथ्वी के औसत ताप परिवर्तन को व्यक्त करता है|पृथ्वी का औसत तापमान 15 डिग्री सेंटीग्रेड है अगर इसमें सकारात्मक परिवर्तन होता है तो उसे भू मंडलीय तापन और यदि नकारात्मक परिवर्तन होता है तो उसे भू मंडलीय शीतलन कहते हैं, इस प्रकार जलवायु परिवर्तन में भू मंडलीय तापन और भू मंडलीय शीतलन दोनों ही संकल्पना समाहित है किंतु वर्तमान समय में हम भू मंडलीय तापन के युग में जी रहे हैं; जलवायु परिवर्तन एक शाश्वत प्रक्रिया भी है अर्थात जलवायु परिवर्तन की घटनाएं पहले भी हुई हैं, वर्तमान में भी इसके प्रमाण मिल रहे हैं और आने वाले समय में भी यह घटित हो सकता है क्योंकि जलवायु परिवर्तन केवल मानवीय कारणों से नहीं होता बल्कि इसके पीछे कई प्राकृतिक कारक भी जिम्मेदार है| जलवायु परिवर्तन एक दीर्घकालिक प्रक्रिया है और जलवायु परिवर्तन की स्थिति में समस्त जैव -भू रसायन चक्र बदलने लगते हैं| जलवायु परिवर्तन की उपस्थिति को सिद्ध करने हेतु प्रस्तुत किये जाने वाले प्रमाण ऐतिहासिक भू-गर्भिक क़ालीन प्रमाण हिमानीकरण और उससे सम्बन्धित प्रमाण- पृथ्वी के भूगर्भिक युग में पर्मोकार्बोनीफेरस युग एवं प्लीस्टोसीन काल, हिम युग से सम्बन्धित हैं| अंतिम प्रमुख हिमयुग आज से 18 हज़ार वर्ष पूर्व तथा वर्तमान अंतरहिमयुग हुआ था और आज से लगभग 10 हज़ार वर्ष पूर्व आरम्भ हुआ था| उच्च अक्षांशों में हिमानी के क्षेत्र में फैलाव एवं संकुचन- शीत एवं उष्ण युग के सूचक हैं, उच्च अक्षांशों में हिमानी निर्मित झीलों में अवसादीकरण के प्रमाण शुष्क अवस्था के सूचक हैं| जीवाश्म/जैविक संकेतक- इसके अंतर्गत पराग कणों के प्रमाण, वृक्ष में पाए जाने वलय के प्रमाण, वनस्पति के जीवाश्म के अध्ययन के प्रमाण पार्थिव संकेतक- उच्च अक्षांशों में कोयले का मिलना विवर्तनिक प्रमाण- प्लेट विवर्तनिकी और महाद्वीपीय विस्थापन तथा ध्रुवों के परिभ्रमण से सम्बन्धित सिद्धांत, पुरा चुम्बकत्व एवं सागर नितल प्रसरण के प्रमाण से अन्य ऐतिहासिक साक्ष्य- 10-11वीं शताब्दी में यूरोप शुष्क दौर से गुजरा था जिसके कारण वाइकिंग कबीले के लोग ग्रीनलैंड जा बसे थे इसी प्रकार 1550 से लेकर 1850 के मध्य यूरोप लघुहिमयुग को अनुभव किया था 1930 के दशक में USA के दक्षिण पश्चिम भागों में बड़े पैमाने पर सूखे की स्थिति आयी थी इसी प्रकार 1967 से 1077 के दौरान सहारा मरुस्थल के क्षेत्र में भयानक सूखे को दर्ज किया गया था आधुनिक समय में जलवायु परिवर्तन के प्रमाण सागर तल में उभार के प्रमाण जेट स्ट्रीम का ध्रुवों की ओर विस्थापन के प्रमाण ध्रुवीय और पर्वतीय हिमनदों का पिघलना विश्व के अन्य भागों की तुलना में आर्कटिक दो गुनी तेजी की दर से गर्म हो रहा है जिसे आर्कटिक प्रवर्धन कहते हैं अन्टार्क्टिका के पेंगुइन का तेजी से विलोपन इसके अतिरिक्त गर्म लहर एवं शीत लहर, ऊष्ण कटिबंधीय चक्रवात जैसी मौसमी आपदाओं में वृद्धि आदि साक्ष्य वैश्विक तापन की उपस्थिति को सिद्ध करने के लिए प्रस्तुत किये जा सकते हैं|
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What do you understand by e-agriculture? How the intervention of technology in Agriculture in India has been a remarkable step? (10 Marks/150 Words)
APPROACH: Introduce by giving a brief overview of the agricultural sector in India. Define what is e-agriculture and briefly explain how it is helpful. Explain initiatives under e-agriculture in India and their utility. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: In agriculture, India is a land of contradictions. Parallel to India’s tremendous successes in the modernization of agriculture, smallholder farmers have been marginalized. Given the complexity of Indian agriculture, no single policy change or technology shift will move the country toward its dual goals of raising income for smallholder farmers and continuing to strengthen the competitiveness of Indian agriculture, but the digital transformation of agriculture occurring worldwide holds some promise for progress. E-Agriculture is a new area of knowledge emerging out of the convergence of IT and farming techniques. It enhances the agricultural value chain through the application of the Internet and related technologies. Basically, IT helps farmers to have better access to information which increases productivity. It also enables him to get better prices through the information of changes in price in different markets. Use of Technology in Agriculture in India: Access to price information, access to agriculture information, access to national and international markets, increasing production efficiency, and creating a ‘conducive policy environment’ are the beneficial outcomes of e-Agriculture which enhances the quality of life of farmers. Initiatives: National mission on agricultural extension and Technology- The aim of the Mission is to restructure and strengthen agricultural extension to enable the delivery of appropriate technology and improved agronomic practices to farmers. This is envisaged to be achieved by a judicious mix of extensive physical outreach and interactive methods of information dissemination, use of ICT, popularisation of modern and appropriate technologies, capacity building, and institution strengthening to promote mechanization, availability of quality seeds, plant protection, etc. and encourage aggregation of Farmers into Interest Groups (FIGs) to form Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs). Kisan credit card- It uses ICT to provide affordable credit for farmers in India. For farm credit , service of ICT is being harnessed like Smart Cards, Internet Kiosks and cell phone-messaging is being used. Disbursement of all social security benefits through electronic benefit transfer to all rural areas. The mobile-enabled Kisan card system helps the agricultural community engage in cashless transactions. Kisan Choupal in collaboration with Krishi Vigyan Kendra is a successful model in Bihar. It is being conducted in the identified village on the basis of the need assessment of the farmers by the scientists in agriculture and allied enterprises. Kisan Call centre- An expert advisory system and the farmers need to call the toll free number 1800-180-1551 to seek expert advice on different matters related to agriculture and allied sectors. Kisan SMS Portal- Here, the farmer keeps getting SMS messages providing information or delivering services or giving advisories on his mobile from experts, scientists and officers at various levels after once opting for messages on agricultural practises / crops of his interest. The Sandesh Pathak application, developed jointly by C-DAC Mumbai, IIT-Madras, IIIT Hyderabad, IIT Kharagpur, and C-DAC Thiruvananthapuram will enable SMS messages to be read out loud, for the benefit of farmers who may have difficulty in reading. Village Knowledge Centre (VKC) serves as an information dissemination centre providing instant access to farmers to the latest information/ knowledge available in the field of agriculture, starting from crop production to marketing. A “VKC In-charge” who looks after the operations of the VKC mans every VKC. Village resource centres (VRC)- The VRCs are connected to Knowledge/Expert Centres like Agricultural Universities, Skill Development Institutes and Hospitals. Over 6500 programmes have been conducted by the VRCs in the areas of, Agriculture/horticulture, Fisheries, Livestock, Water resources, Tele health care, Awareness programmes, Women empowerment, Supplementary education, Computer literacy, Microcredit, Microfinance, Skill development / vocational training for livelihood support etc. So far, over five Lakh people have availed of VRC services. Soil Management, Water Management, Seed Management, Fertilizer Management, Pest Management, Harvest Management and Post-Harvest Management are the important components of e-Agriculture where technology aids farmers with better information and alternatives. It uses a host of technologies like Remote Sensing, Computer Simulation, Assessment of speed and direction of Wind, Soil quality assays, Crop Yield predictions and Marketing using IT.
##Question:What do you understand by e-agriculture? How the intervention of technology in Agriculture in India has been a remarkable step? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce by giving a brief overview of the agricultural sector in India. Define what is e-agriculture and briefly explain how it is helpful. Explain initiatives under e-agriculture in India and their utility. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: In agriculture, India is a land of contradictions. Parallel to India’s tremendous successes in the modernization of agriculture, smallholder farmers have been marginalized. Given the complexity of Indian agriculture, no single policy change or technology shift will move the country toward its dual goals of raising income for smallholder farmers and continuing to strengthen the competitiveness of Indian agriculture, but the digital transformation of agriculture occurring worldwide holds some promise for progress. E-Agriculture is a new area of knowledge emerging out of the convergence of IT and farming techniques. It enhances the agricultural value chain through the application of the Internet and related technologies. Basically, IT helps farmers to have better access to information which increases productivity. It also enables him to get better prices through the information of changes in price in different markets. Use of Technology in Agriculture in India: Access to price information, access to agriculture information, access to national and international markets, increasing production efficiency, and creating a ‘conducive policy environment’ are the beneficial outcomes of e-Agriculture which enhances the quality of life of farmers. Initiatives: National mission on agricultural extension and Technology- The aim of the Mission is to restructure and strengthen agricultural extension to enable the delivery of appropriate technology and improved agronomic practices to farmers. This is envisaged to be achieved by a judicious mix of extensive physical outreach and interactive methods of information dissemination, use of ICT, popularisation of modern and appropriate technologies, capacity building, and institution strengthening to promote mechanization, availability of quality seeds, plant protection, etc. and encourage aggregation of Farmers into Interest Groups (FIGs) to form Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs). Kisan credit card- It uses ICT to provide affordable credit for farmers in India. For farm credit , service of ICT is being harnessed like Smart Cards, Internet Kiosks and cell phone-messaging is being used. Disbursement of all social security benefits through electronic benefit transfer to all rural areas. The mobile-enabled Kisan card system helps the agricultural community engage in cashless transactions. Kisan Choupal in collaboration with Krishi Vigyan Kendra is a successful model in Bihar. It is being conducted in the identified village on the basis of the need assessment of the farmers by the scientists in agriculture and allied enterprises. Kisan Call centre- An expert advisory system and the farmers need to call the toll free number 1800-180-1551 to seek expert advice on different matters related to agriculture and allied sectors. Kisan SMS Portal- Here, the farmer keeps getting SMS messages providing information or delivering services or giving advisories on his mobile from experts, scientists and officers at various levels after once opting for messages on agricultural practises / crops of his interest. The Sandesh Pathak application, developed jointly by C-DAC Mumbai, IIT-Madras, IIIT Hyderabad, IIT Kharagpur, and C-DAC Thiruvananthapuram will enable SMS messages to be read out loud, for the benefit of farmers who may have difficulty in reading. Village Knowledge Centre (VKC) serves as an information dissemination centre providing instant access to farmers to the latest information/ knowledge available in the field of agriculture, starting from crop production to marketing. A “VKC In-charge” who looks after the operations of the VKC mans every VKC. Village resource centres (VRC)- The VRCs are connected to Knowledge/Expert Centres like Agricultural Universities, Skill Development Institutes and Hospitals. Over 6500 programmes have been conducted by the VRCs in the areas of, Agriculture/horticulture, Fisheries, Livestock, Water resources, Tele health care, Awareness programmes, Women empowerment, Supplementary education, Computer literacy, Microcredit, Microfinance, Skill development / vocational training for livelihood support etc. So far, over five Lakh people have availed of VRC services. Soil Management, Water Management, Seed Management, Fertilizer Management, Pest Management, Harvest Management and Post-Harvest Management are the important components of e-Agriculture where technology aids farmers with better information and alternatives. It uses a host of technologies like Remote Sensing, Computer Simulation, Assessment of speed and direction of Wind, Soil quality assays, Crop Yield predictions and Marketing using IT.
77,647
Discuss the reasons for the successful invasion by Nadir Shah. Also, mention the impacts it had. (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : Introduce in brief Nadir Shah and the reason for the invasion In the body, discuss the reasons for the successful invasion by Nadir Shah and its impact Conclude accordingly Answer : Nadir Shah, the ruler of Persia, attacked the Mughal empire in 1739. Nadir Shah’s invasion gave a crushing blow to the already tottering Mughal Empire and hastened the process of its disintegration. He was attracted by the immense wealth that India possessed and hence wanted to plunder Indian wealth Reasons for the successful invasion by Nadir Shah: Mughals were militarily weak - For example, the Marathas had defeated a large Mughal Army and signed the Treaty of Bhopal in 1739 Lack of military reforms and military corruption by Mansabdars due to the Jagirdari Crisis of the 18th Century Already successor states and other regional powers had emerged at an expense of the Mughal Empire Fragile polity/factionalism played a role - For example, Sadat Ali Khan (Nawab of Awadh) switched sides to fight along sides Nadir Shah when he was not made Mir Bakshi and the mansab was given to Chin Qulich Khan The better military leadership of Nadir Shah. Also, after the battle of Karnal in 1739, Mohammad Shah was taken, prisoner; plus Sadat Ali Khan committed suicide when he was insulted post-victory by Nadir Shah Impacts of the invasion of Nadir Shah: Huge loss of prestige for Mughals as Mohammad Shah behaved meekly and did not stand up for his dignity, despite huge insults by Nadir Shah and therefore losing respect among Mansabdars Nadir Shah massacred 2 lakhs civilians, in Delhi, therefore people realised that Mughals cannot protect them, therefore a loss of prestige. It was a huge military defeat, therefore a loss of military prestige. Huge economic loss and thereafter, Mughals could not maintain a strong army Nadir Shah took away the peacock throne which had Kohinoor embedded in it. Plus, a huge loot of elephants, horses, elephants and workers and wealth worth approximately 100 crores Therefore, Mansabdars were also drained of wealth as they had to contribute to a loot It was not a coincidence that Nizam/Chin Qulich Khan left Delhi permanently for Hyderabad in 1740 In 1752, Mughals came under the protection of Marathas, who were now the top power in India. Alamgir II (5459) was a puppet brought to power by the Marathas by interfering in succession disputes Thus, from the above, we see that by the mid-18th Century, the Marathas were the top power in India. Also, alongside there was the rise of strong autonomous states like Bengal, Hyderabad and Awadh; Rajputs, Mysore, and Travancore. However, the Mughal Emperor was limited to Delhi and Agra.
##Question:Discuss the reasons for the successful invasion by Nadir Shah. Also, mention the impacts it had. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in brief Nadir Shah and the reason for the invasion In the body, discuss the reasons for the successful invasion by Nadir Shah and its impact Conclude accordingly Answer : Nadir Shah, the ruler of Persia, attacked the Mughal empire in 1739. Nadir Shah’s invasion gave a crushing blow to the already tottering Mughal Empire and hastened the process of its disintegration. He was attracted by the immense wealth that India possessed and hence wanted to plunder Indian wealth Reasons for the successful invasion by Nadir Shah: Mughals were militarily weak - For example, the Marathas had defeated a large Mughal Army and signed the Treaty of Bhopal in 1739 Lack of military reforms and military corruption by Mansabdars due to the Jagirdari Crisis of the 18th Century Already successor states and other regional powers had emerged at an expense of the Mughal Empire Fragile polity/factionalism played a role - For example, Sadat Ali Khan (Nawab of Awadh) switched sides to fight along sides Nadir Shah when he was not made Mir Bakshi and the mansab was given to Chin Qulich Khan The better military leadership of Nadir Shah. Also, after the battle of Karnal in 1739, Mohammad Shah was taken, prisoner; plus Sadat Ali Khan committed suicide when he was insulted post-victory by Nadir Shah Impacts of the invasion of Nadir Shah: Huge loss of prestige for Mughals as Mohammad Shah behaved meekly and did not stand up for his dignity, despite huge insults by Nadir Shah and therefore losing respect among Mansabdars Nadir Shah massacred 2 lakhs civilians, in Delhi, therefore people realised that Mughals cannot protect them, therefore a loss of prestige. It was a huge military defeat, therefore a loss of military prestige. Huge economic loss and thereafter, Mughals could not maintain a strong army Nadir Shah took away the peacock throne which had Kohinoor embedded in it. Plus, a huge loot of elephants, horses, elephants and workers and wealth worth approximately 100 crores Therefore, Mansabdars were also drained of wealth as they had to contribute to a loot It was not a coincidence that Nizam/Chin Qulich Khan left Delhi permanently for Hyderabad in 1740 In 1752, Mughals came under the protection of Marathas, who were now the top power in India. Alamgir II (5459) was a puppet brought to power by the Marathas by interfering in succession disputes Thus, from the above, we see that by the mid-18th Century, the Marathas were the top power in India. Also, alongside there was the rise of strong autonomous states like Bengal, Hyderabad and Awadh; Rajputs, Mysore, and Travancore. However, the Mughal Emperor was limited to Delhi and Agra.
77,650
By highlighting the various areas of the reform in the United Nations, mention why India"s candidature for permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council stands strong?(10 marks/ 150 words)
Approach : 1. Briefly explain the UN as an international body. 2. Highlight the areas of the reform needed in the UN. 3. Mentions argument in favour of India"s claim as a permanent member of UNSC. 4. Conclude briefly Answer: The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization whose purpose is to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. The areas of reform needed in the UN: Charter reform, Institutional Reform, and Financial reform. 1) CHARTER REFORM: UN charter needs to be amended, article 2,clause7 of the UN charter prohibits UN involvement in the intra-state dispute. Since the nature of conflicts has changed in the post-cold war era, from inter-state wars, the world today faces intrastate conflict. Un charter makes reference to enemy states, with respect to the Axis powers of world war 2. Such language of the charters needs to be corrected. 2) FINANCIAL REFORM : Problems- 1)Given the enormous task that the UN is expected to perform, the funds are insufficient. It is solely dependent upon the membership fee of the UN member countries. Also, countries often delay and at times default on their membership fee payment, the USA is a common delinquent. 2) Inefficient utilization of the fund and corruption. Suggestions: Provide the UN with some independent source of financing to augment its financing example - the Tobin tax may be imposed on international financial transactions. 3) INSTITUTIONAL REFORM: United General Assembly (UNGA)- better coordination with UNSC. Trusteeship Council- it is an organ without any mandate. So either abolish it or give it some new mandate i.e governance of global common (ex the Antarctica, space, climate). ECOSOC-given the wide scope of its function and multiple funds and programs with overlapping mandates under it, it has become unwieldy as a body. suggestion -to streamline ECOSOC. UN Secretariates- suffer from bureaucratic red-tapism, corruption, and bureaucratic inertia. Overrepresentation of the west in UN staff. Suggestions-check this red tappism, and corruption and ensure adequate representation of the developing countries in Un Secretariate. The argument in favour of India"s claim as a permanent member of the UNSC: Largest democracy (Liberal democracy) in the world. Second largest population ( represent 1/6 th of humanity). 3rd largest economy in PPT terms. India has one of the largest militaries in the world. It is a de facto nuclear weapon state and its credential as a responsible nuclear power is well recognized. India is the leader of the third world. India is an active participant in the UN and one of the largest contributors to peacekeeping forces. India is a unique country whereby it is constitutionally committed to strengthening international peace by following by abiding by inter. law. Civilisational values conducive to world peace. cosmopolitan outlook India holds enormous soft power Hence, the Inclusion of India as a country that takes a principled stand on the merit of the issue, will impart greater credibility to UNSC. India can act as a moderator and a bridge in the present P2 vs P3 rivalry.No other country in the world is in line with the UN ideals, either in terms of constitutional value or civilizational ideals as is India.
##Question:By highlighting the various areas of the reform in the United Nations, mention why India"s candidature for permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council stands strong?(10 marks/ 150 words)##Answer:Approach : 1. Briefly explain the UN as an international body. 2. Highlight the areas of the reform needed in the UN. 3. Mentions argument in favour of India"s claim as a permanent member of UNSC. 4. Conclude briefly Answer: The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization whose purpose is to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. The areas of reform needed in the UN: Charter reform, Institutional Reform, and Financial reform. 1) CHARTER REFORM: UN charter needs to be amended, article 2,clause7 of the UN charter prohibits UN involvement in the intra-state dispute. Since the nature of conflicts has changed in the post-cold war era, from inter-state wars, the world today faces intrastate conflict. Un charter makes reference to enemy states, with respect to the Axis powers of world war 2. Such language of the charters needs to be corrected. 2) FINANCIAL REFORM : Problems- 1)Given the enormous task that the UN is expected to perform, the funds are insufficient. It is solely dependent upon the membership fee of the UN member countries. Also, countries often delay and at times default on their membership fee payment, the USA is a common delinquent. 2) Inefficient utilization of the fund and corruption. Suggestions: Provide the UN with some independent source of financing to augment its financing example - the Tobin tax may be imposed on international financial transactions. 3) INSTITUTIONAL REFORM: United General Assembly (UNGA)- better coordination with UNSC. Trusteeship Council- it is an organ without any mandate. So either abolish it or give it some new mandate i.e governance of global common (ex the Antarctica, space, climate). ECOSOC-given the wide scope of its function and multiple funds and programs with overlapping mandates under it, it has become unwieldy as a body. suggestion -to streamline ECOSOC. UN Secretariates- suffer from bureaucratic red-tapism, corruption, and bureaucratic inertia. Overrepresentation of the west in UN staff. Suggestions-check this red tappism, and corruption and ensure adequate representation of the developing countries in Un Secretariate. The argument in favour of India"s claim as a permanent member of the UNSC: Largest democracy (Liberal democracy) in the world. Second largest population ( represent 1/6 th of humanity). 3rd largest economy in PPT terms. India has one of the largest militaries in the world. It is a de facto nuclear weapon state and its credential as a responsible nuclear power is well recognized. India is the leader of the third world. India is an active participant in the UN and one of the largest contributors to peacekeeping forces. India is a unique country whereby it is constitutionally committed to strengthening international peace by following by abiding by inter. law. Civilisational values conducive to world peace. cosmopolitan outlook India holds enormous soft power Hence, the Inclusion of India as a country that takes a principled stand on the merit of the issue, will impart greater credibility to UNSC. India can act as a moderator and a bridge in the present P2 vs P3 rivalry.No other country in the world is in line with the UN ideals, either in terms of constitutional value or civilizational ideals as is India.
77,656
Discuss the process of election of the President of India. Why direct election was not introduced to choose the head of state of India? (200 words/10 marks)
Approach: Begin by explaining the President"s position in India. Explain the process of election of the President. Explain why indirect elections were chosen as the method to elect the president. Conclude appropriately. Answer: Part V of the Constitution (The Union) under Chapter I (The Executive) lists out the qualification, election, and impeachment of the President of India. Articles 52 to 62 of the Constitution deal with the election, oath, power, impeachment, etc of the President. The President is the head of state of the Republic of India, the first citizen of India, and the supreme commander of the Indian armed forces. Election of President: Article 54 deals with the election of the President of India. The President is elected not directly by the people but by members of the Electoral College consisting of: 1. The elected members of both the Houses of Parliament; 2. The elected members of the legislative assemblies of the states; and 3. The elected members of the legislative assemblies of the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry System of the election - The President’s election is held by the system of proportional representation using the single transferable vote and the voting is by secret ballot. A candidate, to be declared elected to the office of President, must secure a fixed quota of votes. Why the indirect election method was chosen to elect the President: 1. The indirect election of the President is in harmony with the parliamentary system of government envisaged in the Constitution. Under this system, the President is only a nominal executive and the real powers are vested in the council of ministers headed by the prime minister. It would have been anomalous to have the President elected directly by the people and not give him any real power. 2. The direct election of the President would have been very costly and time- and energy-consuming due to the vast size of the electorate. This is unwarranted keeping in view that he is only a symbolic head. President though indirectly elected yet exercises significant powers and has a vital role to play in democratic politics therefore constitution envisages a harmonious relationship between the President and the council of ministers.
##Question:Discuss the process of election of the President of India. Why direct election was not introduced to choose the head of state of India? (200 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Begin by explaining the President"s position in India. Explain the process of election of the President. Explain why indirect elections were chosen as the method to elect the president. Conclude appropriately. Answer: Part V of the Constitution (The Union) under Chapter I (The Executive) lists out the qualification, election, and impeachment of the President of India. Articles 52 to 62 of the Constitution deal with the election, oath, power, impeachment, etc of the President. The President is the head of state of the Republic of India, the first citizen of India, and the supreme commander of the Indian armed forces. Election of President: Article 54 deals with the election of the President of India. The President is elected not directly by the people but by members of the Electoral College consisting of: 1. The elected members of both the Houses of Parliament; 2. The elected members of the legislative assemblies of the states; and 3. The elected members of the legislative assemblies of the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry System of the election - The President’s election is held by the system of proportional representation using the single transferable vote and the voting is by secret ballot. A candidate, to be declared elected to the office of President, must secure a fixed quota of votes. Why the indirect election method was chosen to elect the President: 1. The indirect election of the President is in harmony with the parliamentary system of government envisaged in the Constitution. Under this system, the President is only a nominal executive and the real powers are vested in the council of ministers headed by the prime minister. It would have been anomalous to have the President elected directly by the people and not give him any real power. 2. The direct election of the President would have been very costly and time- and energy-consuming due to the vast size of the electorate. This is unwarranted keeping in view that he is only a symbolic head. President though indirectly elected yet exercises significant powers and has a vital role to play in democratic politics therefore constitution envisages a harmonious relationship between the President and the council of ministers.
77,671
What was the motivation for the British to establish an empire in India and what gave them the means or ability to achieve this goal. (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach Introduce the question with the advent of the British in India and contextual background. Discuss the motivation for the British to establish an empire in India. Bring the means and ability to achieve to establish the empire in India. Conclude accordingly. Answer British East India Company was formed by a group of merchants to trade with the east. It was given the permission and exclusive rights to trade with the east, by the queen in 1600. From the very beginning, the company tried to combine trade and diplomacy with war and control of the territory where their factories were situated. However, the wealth of India and the benefits arising out of it attracted the British to establish an empire in India. The motivation behind the Establishment of the British Empire To secure trade profits and to get trade concessions. To get additional sources of income for shareholders via the land revenue system. To ensure that their frontiers are secured. It was also a result of the sub-imperialism i.e. personal desire of important officials. Robert Clive, Lord Wellesley, Warrant Hastings, and Lord Dalhousie are examples who had the personal ambition to expand the empire in India. It was also done to secure personal profits/loot of India i.e. misuse of the Dastaks. To fulfill the nationalism in Britain. Ability to establish British Empire in India Support of the Royal military came to support the East India Company. It was improvement in military technology that was much better than India State. They got monetary ability by events such as Plassey Plunder, received Diwani of Bengal, able to establish domination over trade in India by defeating the French. Imposition of the land revenue was also made them able. Fragile polity of India such as Indian state keep fighting with each-others. Succession disputes made the polity fragile within the Indian States only. Thus they defeated Indian state one by one by taking the help of the Indian States itself. Indian states under-estimated the potential of the British East India Company itself. Absence of modern nationalism in India. We could not see what British East India Company can do. EIC recruited its own army and its size became the twice the size of the Britain itself. It was also enabled by the policy of the crown and British Parliament in the form of charters. Thus as a result of these conditions, the British get possession of the richest colony in the world which helped in sustaining the British empire in the world.
##Question:What was the motivation for the British to establish an empire in India and what gave them the means or ability to achieve this goal. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce the question with the advent of the British in India and contextual background. Discuss the motivation for the British to establish an empire in India. Bring the means and ability to achieve to establish the empire in India. Conclude accordingly. Answer British East India Company was formed by a group of merchants to trade with the east. It was given the permission and exclusive rights to trade with the east, by the queen in 1600. From the very beginning, the company tried to combine trade and diplomacy with war and control of the territory where their factories were situated. However, the wealth of India and the benefits arising out of it attracted the British to establish an empire in India. The motivation behind the Establishment of the British Empire To secure trade profits and to get trade concessions. To get additional sources of income for shareholders via the land revenue system. To ensure that their frontiers are secured. It was also a result of the sub-imperialism i.e. personal desire of important officials. Robert Clive, Lord Wellesley, Warrant Hastings, and Lord Dalhousie are examples who had the personal ambition to expand the empire in India. It was also done to secure personal profits/loot of India i.e. misuse of the Dastaks. To fulfill the nationalism in Britain. Ability to establish British Empire in India Support of the Royal military came to support the East India Company. It was improvement in military technology that was much better than India State. They got monetary ability by events such as Plassey Plunder, received Diwani of Bengal, able to establish domination over trade in India by defeating the French. Imposition of the land revenue was also made them able. Fragile polity of India such as Indian state keep fighting with each-others. Succession disputes made the polity fragile within the Indian States only. Thus they defeated Indian state one by one by taking the help of the Indian States itself. Indian states under-estimated the potential of the British East India Company itself. Absence of modern nationalism in India. We could not see what British East India Company can do. EIC recruited its own army and its size became the twice the size of the Britain itself. It was also enabled by the policy of the crown and British Parliament in the form of charters. Thus as a result of these conditions, the British get possession of the richest colony in the world which helped in sustaining the British empire in the world.
77,673
Discuss the process of election of the President of India. Why direct election was not introduced to choose the head of state of India? (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: 1. Discuss the election process of the President. 2. Explain how indirect elections are justiciable in India. 3. Conclude briefly. Answer: President is the head of the Indian Union and is considered the first citizen of India. Election Process of President Article 54 and 55 of the constitution deal with the election of the President of India."The President is elected not directly by the people but by members of the Electoral College consisting of: 1. The elected members of both the Houses of Parliament; 2. The elected members of the legislative assemblies of the states; and 3. The elected members of the legislative assemblies of the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry The system of the election - The President’s election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting is by secret ballot. A candidate, in order to be declared elected to the office of President, must secure a fixed quota of votes. Also, in the election process, uniformity in the scale of representation of different States is maintained and at the same time, equality between the States as a whole and Parliament is also ensured. Why indirect election – 1. The indirect election of the President is in harmony with the parliamentary system of government envisaged in the Constitution. Under this system, the President is only a nominal executive and the real powers are vested in the council of ministers headed by the prime minister. It would have been anomalous to have the President elected directly by the people and not give him any real power. 2. The direct election of the President would have been very costly and time- and energy-consuming due to the vast size of the electorate. This is unwarranted keeping in view that he is only a symbolic head. However, despite being indirectly elected and acting only as nominal head of the country, the position of President is of considerable importance and a symbol of India as a republic.
##Question:Discuss the process of election of the President of India. Why direct election was not introduced to choose the head of state of India? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: 1. Discuss the election process of the President. 2. Explain how indirect elections are justiciable in India. 3. Conclude briefly. Answer: President is the head of the Indian Union and is considered the first citizen of India. Election Process of President Article 54 and 55 of the constitution deal with the election of the President of India."The President is elected not directly by the people but by members of the Electoral College consisting of: 1. The elected members of both the Houses of Parliament; 2. The elected members of the legislative assemblies of the states; and 3. The elected members of the legislative assemblies of the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry The system of the election - The President’s election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting is by secret ballot. A candidate, in order to be declared elected to the office of President, must secure a fixed quota of votes. Also, in the election process, uniformity in the scale of representation of different States is maintained and at the same time, equality between the States as a whole and Parliament is also ensured. Why indirect election – 1. The indirect election of the President is in harmony with the parliamentary system of government envisaged in the Constitution. Under this system, the President is only a nominal executive and the real powers are vested in the council of ministers headed by the prime minister. It would have been anomalous to have the President elected directly by the people and not give him any real power. 2. The direct election of the President would have been very costly and time- and energy-consuming due to the vast size of the electorate. This is unwarranted keeping in view that he is only a symbolic head. However, despite being indirectly elected and acting only as nominal head of the country, the position of President is of considerable importance and a symbol of India as a republic.
77,675
Highlight the various literary sources to trace the history of Delhi Sultanate? (10 marks, 150 words)
Approach: Introduction: Briefly mention about the Delhi Sultanate. Main Body: Mention the various literary sources to trace the history of the Delhi Sultanate. Conclusion: Briefly conclude your answer. Answer: The Delhi Sultanate was an Islamic empire with its capital in Delhi that existed between 1206 and 1526 AD and ruled over large parts of the Indian sub-continent. There are various literary sources available to know about the Delhi Sultanate. Sources for the history of Delhi Sultanate: Hasan Nizami: 1. He wrote a book Tajul Masir which deals with the exploits of Qutub-ud-din Aibak and Iltutlish. It also mentions the second battle of Tarain. Amir Khusro: The following of his work is used to reconstruct history: 1. Miftah-uh-Futuh: It talks about the military campaigns of Jalaluddin Khilji. 2. Tarikh-i- Ilahi: It describes the conquest of Alauddin Khilji. 3. Tughlaqnama: It describes the victory of Ghyas-ud-din Tughlaq over Khusro Khan. 4. Ijaz-i- Khursavi: These are documents and personal letters maintained by him. Zia-ud-din Barani: 1. His book Tarikh-i- Firozshahshi is considered the greatest work in the history of Medieval India. He was patronised by both Mohammad bin Tughlaq and Firoz Shah Tughlaq. 2. He also wrote a book called Fatwa-i- Jahangiri which describes the political philosophy of the Delhi Sultanate. Firoz Shah Tughlaq. 1. He Wrote Futuhat-i- Firozshahi, his autobiography. Ahmed Sirhindi 1. He wrote Tarikh-i- Mubarakshahi, a history of the Syed dynasty. Ibn Batuta 1. He wrote a very famous book called Kitab-ul-Rihla. Mohammed Qasim Ferishta: 1. He wrote Tarikh-i- Ferishta and Gulshan-i-Ibrahimi. Thus the above set of literary sources helps in tracing the history of the Delhi Sultanante in an extensive manner and we come to know about the administration and functioning of the Delhi sutanante during the rule of different dynasties.
##Question:Highlight the various literary sources to trace the history of Delhi Sultanate? (10 marks, 150 words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Briefly mention about the Delhi Sultanate. Main Body: Mention the various literary sources to trace the history of the Delhi Sultanate. Conclusion: Briefly conclude your answer. Answer: The Delhi Sultanate was an Islamic empire with its capital in Delhi that existed between 1206 and 1526 AD and ruled over large parts of the Indian sub-continent. There are various literary sources available to know about the Delhi Sultanate. Sources for the history of Delhi Sultanate: Hasan Nizami: 1. He wrote a book Tajul Masir which deals with the exploits of Qutub-ud-din Aibak and Iltutlish. It also mentions the second battle of Tarain. Amir Khusro: The following of his work is used to reconstruct history: 1. Miftah-uh-Futuh: It talks about the military campaigns of Jalaluddin Khilji. 2. Tarikh-i- Ilahi: It describes the conquest of Alauddin Khilji. 3. Tughlaqnama: It describes the victory of Ghyas-ud-din Tughlaq over Khusro Khan. 4. Ijaz-i- Khursavi: These are documents and personal letters maintained by him. Zia-ud-din Barani: 1. His book Tarikh-i- Firozshahshi is considered the greatest work in the history of Medieval India. He was patronised by both Mohammad bin Tughlaq and Firoz Shah Tughlaq. 2. He also wrote a book called Fatwa-i- Jahangiri which describes the political philosophy of the Delhi Sultanate. Firoz Shah Tughlaq. 1. He Wrote Futuhat-i- Firozshahi, his autobiography. Ahmed Sirhindi 1. He wrote Tarikh-i- Mubarakshahi, a history of the Syed dynasty. Ibn Batuta 1. He wrote a very famous book called Kitab-ul-Rihla. Mohammed Qasim Ferishta: 1. He wrote Tarikh-i- Ferishta and Gulshan-i-Ibrahimi. Thus the above set of literary sources helps in tracing the history of the Delhi Sultanante in an extensive manner and we come to know about the administration and functioning of the Delhi sutanante during the rule of different dynasties.
77,678