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Highlight the various literary sources to trace the history of Delhi Sultanate? (10 marks, 150 words)
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Approach: Introduction: Briefly mention the Delhi Sultanate. Main Body: Mention the various literary sources to trace the history of the Delhi Sultanate. Conclusion: Briefly conclude your answer. Answer: The Delhi Sultanate was an Islamic empire with its capital in Delhi that existed between 1206 and 1526 AD and ruled over large parts of the Indian sub-continent. There are various literary sources available to know about the Delhi Sultanate. Sources for the history of Delhi Sultanate: 1. Hasan Nizami: He wrote a book Tajul Masir which deals with the exploits of Qutub-ud-din Aibak and Iltutlish. It also mentions the second battle of Tarain. 2. Amir Khusro: The following of his work is used to reconstruct history: Miftah-uh-Futuh: It talks about the military campaigns of Jalaluddin Khilji. Tarikh-i- Ilahi: It describes the conquest of Alauddin Khilji. Tughlaqnama: It describes the victory of Ghyas-ud-din Tughlaq over Khusro Khan. Ijaz-i- Khursavi: These are documents and personal letters maintained by him. 3. Zia-ud-din Barani: His book Tarikh-i- Firozshahshi is considered the greatest work in the history of Medieval India. He was patronized by both Mohammad bin Tughlaq and Firoz Shah Tughlaq. He also wrote a book called Fatwa-i- Jahangiri which describes the political philosophy of the Delhi Sultanate. 4. Firoz Shah Tughlaq. He Wrote Futuhat-i- Firozshahi, his autobiography. 5. Ahmed Sirhindi He wrote Tarikh-i- Mubarakshahi, a history of the Syed dynasty. 6. Ibn Batuta He wrote a very famous book called Kitab-ul-Rihla. 7. Mohammed Qasim Ferishta: He wrote Tarikh-i- Ferishta, and Gulshan-i-Ibrahimi. Thus, the above set of literary sources helps in tracing the history of the Delhi Sultanate in an extensive manner and we come to know about the administration and functioning of the Delhi sultanate during the rule of different dynasties.
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##Question:Highlight the various literary sources to trace the history of Delhi Sultanate? (10 marks, 150 words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Briefly mention the Delhi Sultanate. Main Body: Mention the various literary sources to trace the history of the Delhi Sultanate. Conclusion: Briefly conclude your answer. Answer: The Delhi Sultanate was an Islamic empire with its capital in Delhi that existed between 1206 and 1526 AD and ruled over large parts of the Indian sub-continent. There are various literary sources available to know about the Delhi Sultanate. Sources for the history of Delhi Sultanate: 1. Hasan Nizami: He wrote a book Tajul Masir which deals with the exploits of Qutub-ud-din Aibak and Iltutlish. It also mentions the second battle of Tarain. 2. Amir Khusro: The following of his work is used to reconstruct history: Miftah-uh-Futuh: It talks about the military campaigns of Jalaluddin Khilji. Tarikh-i- Ilahi: It describes the conquest of Alauddin Khilji. Tughlaqnama: It describes the victory of Ghyas-ud-din Tughlaq over Khusro Khan. Ijaz-i- Khursavi: These are documents and personal letters maintained by him. 3. Zia-ud-din Barani: His book Tarikh-i- Firozshahshi is considered the greatest work in the history of Medieval India. He was patronized by both Mohammad bin Tughlaq and Firoz Shah Tughlaq. He also wrote a book called Fatwa-i- Jahangiri which describes the political philosophy of the Delhi Sultanate. 4. Firoz Shah Tughlaq. He Wrote Futuhat-i- Firozshahi, his autobiography. 5. Ahmed Sirhindi He wrote Tarikh-i- Mubarakshahi, a history of the Syed dynasty. 6. Ibn Batuta He wrote a very famous book called Kitab-ul-Rihla. 7. Mohammed Qasim Ferishta: He wrote Tarikh-i- Ferishta, and Gulshan-i-Ibrahimi. Thus, the above set of literary sources helps in tracing the history of the Delhi Sultanate in an extensive manner and we come to know about the administration and functioning of the Delhi sultanate during the rule of different dynasties.
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Briefly explain the aim and nature of the Indian Ocean Region Association? (10marks/150 words)
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Approach: In the introduction Briefly explain IORA. In the body try to explain the aim of IORA. Then try to explain the nature of IORA. Conclude briefly by mentioning how India can utilize the IORA for promoting regional harmony and prosperity. Answer: INDIAN OCEAN REGION ASSOCIATION (IORA), formed in 1997. Known as IORA or IOARC cooperation. founding members countries -14, presently 23 member countries. S AFRICA, MOZAMBIQUE, TANZANIA, Kenya, Somalia, Yemen, omen, UAE, Iran, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, and France (Mayotte and reunion islands), Madagascar, Seychelles, Mauritius and Comoros, Maldives. It has 9 dialogue partners. Secretariate is based in Mauritius. Aim of IORA: initially, the aim was regional economic cooperation only in 2012-13, the aim was expanded during India"s chairmanship of the organization to 6 areas namely - Maritime safety and security. Trade and investment facilitation. Fisheries and management Disaster risk management Academia and Science and technology Tourism and cultural exchange. In addition to this 6 IORA identified, two new themes namely - blue economy and gender empowerment. In 2017, the first leader"s summit was organized in Jakarta, Indonesia. During the summit of the IORA concord or the Jakarta, concord was signed. It is largely an aspirational document. It was accompanied by an IORA action plan, that sets concrete, short-medium, and long-term objectives across 6 priority areas. Nature of IORA : It is based on the principle of open and soft regionalism. It is tripartite in nature, bringing together representatives of govt., business, and academia. Decisions are made by consensus while the commitments are on a voluntary basis. Opposite of open regionalism is closed regionalism (SAARC, EU ). Open regionalism: the benefit of trade liberalization will not be limited to member countries alone but will be extended to nonmember countries also. Soft Regionalism: it is defined as cooperation among geographically closed regions or economies without formal institutions. Hard Regionalism: it relies on formal structures, legal agreements, and at times delegation of powers to supranational bodies. Most Asian countries were reluctant to commit to regional institutions and felt more comfortable in cooperation in decentralized and noninstitutionalized settings or with a soft approach towards regionalism. Conclusion India can use the IORA for inclusive trade and investment, free trade area of Asia pacific, innovation and digitization, and strong, balanced, secure, sustainable, and inclusive growth of the region.
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##Question:Briefly explain the aim and nature of the Indian Ocean Region Association? (10marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: In the introduction Briefly explain IORA. In the body try to explain the aim of IORA. Then try to explain the nature of IORA. Conclude briefly by mentioning how India can utilize the IORA for promoting regional harmony and prosperity. Answer: INDIAN OCEAN REGION ASSOCIATION (IORA), formed in 1997. Known as IORA or IOARC cooperation. founding members countries -14, presently 23 member countries. S AFRICA, MOZAMBIQUE, TANZANIA, Kenya, Somalia, Yemen, omen, UAE, Iran, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, and France (Mayotte and reunion islands), Madagascar, Seychelles, Mauritius and Comoros, Maldives. It has 9 dialogue partners. Secretariate is based in Mauritius. Aim of IORA: initially, the aim was regional economic cooperation only in 2012-13, the aim was expanded during India"s chairmanship of the organization to 6 areas namely - Maritime safety and security. Trade and investment facilitation. Fisheries and management Disaster risk management Academia and Science and technology Tourism and cultural exchange. In addition to this 6 IORA identified, two new themes namely - blue economy and gender empowerment. In 2017, the first leader"s summit was organized in Jakarta, Indonesia. During the summit of the IORA concord or the Jakarta, concord was signed. It is largely an aspirational document. It was accompanied by an IORA action plan, that sets concrete, short-medium, and long-term objectives across 6 priority areas. Nature of IORA : It is based on the principle of open and soft regionalism. It is tripartite in nature, bringing together representatives of govt., business, and academia. Decisions are made by consensus while the commitments are on a voluntary basis. Opposite of open regionalism is closed regionalism (SAARC, EU ). Open regionalism: the benefit of trade liberalization will not be limited to member countries alone but will be extended to nonmember countries also. Soft Regionalism: it is defined as cooperation among geographically closed regions or economies without formal institutions. Hard Regionalism: it relies on formal structures, legal agreements, and at times delegation of powers to supranational bodies. Most Asian countries were reluctant to commit to regional institutions and felt more comfortable in cooperation in decentralized and noninstitutionalized settings or with a soft approach towards regionalism. Conclusion India can use the IORA for inclusive trade and investment, free trade area of Asia pacific, innovation and digitization, and strong, balanced, secure, sustainable, and inclusive growth of the region.
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With special reference to India, highlight the economic and political impact of corruption. Mention a few measures that can be taken to put a check on corruption. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Briefly define corruption in the introduction. Highlight the economic and political impact of corruption. Suggest some measures to tackle the menace of corruption. Conclude accordingly. Answer: As per World Bank, corruption refers to the abuse of public funds and/or public office for private gains. The private/personal gains can be monetary or non-monetary in nature. For example: When an officer takes money from a particular vendor to award a contract for procurement by the government to that particular vendor, it would be considered a case of corruption. Economic and political impact of corruption: At the economic level- Corruption leads to inflation in the economy. It affects the spending on social welfare schemes and programs. Tax collection also suffers in the economy. It discourages the ease of doing business and therefore dissuades the investors in the economy. It leads to time and cost overruns in various projects that have economic impacts associated with it. At the political level- It affects the faith and trust in democratic institutions. Corruption in society promotes the entry of criminals into politics. Rakshak Bhakshak syndrome is developed where the protector of the law becomes the violator of the law. Measures that can be taken to put a check on corruption: Societal measures- Value-based education. Address socioeconomic inequality in society. Legal measure - need to strengthen anti-corruption law by introducing changes in such laws by providing stringent punishment. Zero tolerance towards corruption. Reform in CJ system ex: setting up of FTC to dispose of such cases of corruption cases. Single-window clearance - simplification of rules, and procedures. Repealing of archaic and irrelevant laws so as to cut down red tapsim in bureaucracy. Introducing strong measures for transparency in the country. Exemplary punishment under the law. Enactment of strong whistleblower protection law. Strengthening the concept of social audit, institutionalizing it as an activity for all other schemes. Technological Measures- Track down the services- PDS of CG Better delivery of subsidy, eg GPS in ensuring delivery to the citizens Outsourcing the task to private agencies eg- e-passport seva. Feedback from the citizens. Political Measures- Dinesh Goswami committee recommendations on electoral reforms, and their implementation. Respective amendment to Representation of peoples Acts to ensure all sitting legislature cases of corruption under prevet of corruption act, to be tried in FTC. Transparency in the funding of the party. Code of ethics for ministers. Transparency International has suggested some ways to check rampant corruption. The first and foremost measure is to end impunity which requires effective law enforcement to ensure the corrupt are punished and break the cycle of impunity, or freedom from punishment or loss. Other important ways are to promote transparency and access to information. RTI Act should be further strengthened in this regard.
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##Question:With special reference to India, highlight the economic and political impact of corruption. Mention a few measures that can be taken to put a check on corruption. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Briefly define corruption in the introduction. Highlight the economic and political impact of corruption. Suggest some measures to tackle the menace of corruption. Conclude accordingly. Answer: As per World Bank, corruption refers to the abuse of public funds and/or public office for private gains. The private/personal gains can be monetary or non-monetary in nature. For example: When an officer takes money from a particular vendor to award a contract for procurement by the government to that particular vendor, it would be considered a case of corruption. Economic and political impact of corruption: At the economic level- Corruption leads to inflation in the economy. It affects the spending on social welfare schemes and programs. Tax collection also suffers in the economy. It discourages the ease of doing business and therefore dissuades the investors in the economy. It leads to time and cost overruns in various projects that have economic impacts associated with it. At the political level- It affects the faith and trust in democratic institutions. Corruption in society promotes the entry of criminals into politics. Rakshak Bhakshak syndrome is developed where the protector of the law becomes the violator of the law. Measures that can be taken to put a check on corruption: Societal measures- Value-based education. Address socioeconomic inequality in society. Legal measure - need to strengthen anti-corruption law by introducing changes in such laws by providing stringent punishment. Zero tolerance towards corruption. Reform in CJ system ex: setting up of FTC to dispose of such cases of corruption cases. Single-window clearance - simplification of rules, and procedures. Repealing of archaic and irrelevant laws so as to cut down red tapsim in bureaucracy. Introducing strong measures for transparency in the country. Exemplary punishment under the law. Enactment of strong whistleblower protection law. Strengthening the concept of social audit, institutionalizing it as an activity for all other schemes. Technological Measures- Track down the services- PDS of CG Better delivery of subsidy, eg GPS in ensuring delivery to the citizens Outsourcing the task to private agencies eg- e-passport seva. Feedback from the citizens. Political Measures- Dinesh Goswami committee recommendations on electoral reforms, and their implementation. Respective amendment to Representation of peoples Acts to ensure all sitting legislature cases of corruption under prevet of corruption act, to be tried in FTC. Transparency in the funding of the party. Code of ethics for ministers. Transparency International has suggested some ways to check rampant corruption. The first and foremost measure is to end impunity which requires effective law enforcement to ensure the corrupt are punished and break the cycle of impunity, or freedom from punishment or loss. Other important ways are to promote transparency and access to information. RTI Act should be further strengthened in this regard.
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Clarify that 18th century India was beset with the spectre of fragmented polity which paved the rise of British Power. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Assignment Question-Clarify that 18th century India was beset with the specter of fragmented polity which paved the rise of British Power. (150 words/10 Marks) Approach- Briefly introduce the political situation in the 18th century Elaborate on different regional kingdoms and crises/wars they suffered. Also, mention Britisher"s interventions/role. Briefly conclude Introduction In the first decade of the 18th century, Bahadur Shah (Shah Alam-I) had ascended the Mughal throne after a war of succession among the 3 sons of Aurungzeb. ( 1707 to be precise ). This marked the beginning of the ‘Later Mughal period’ – characterized by (I) weak rulers and (II) the Rise of autonomous regional states who pledged only namesake loyalty to the emperor. The resultant politico-administrative situation is given below: Bengal’s ruler Alivardi Khan stopped paying any tribute to the Mughal emperor (1746), as Maratha, English, and French became more active in his region. His son Siraj-ud-Daula was defeated by Robert Clive at the battle of Plessey (1757)- which marked the foundation of British rule in India. Hyderabad: Viceroy of Deccan Chinquilich Khan had founded the Hyderabad state (1724), but instead of punishing him, the weak Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah granted him the title ‘Asaf Jah’ (1725)- thus Hyderabad became practically an independent state whose rulers recognized the Mughal emperor as their namesake sovereign . After the death of the first Nizam, there were constant family feuds for succession. British were involved behind the curtains, and ultimately signed the treaty of friendship at Masulipatanam (1768). Thus, Hyderabad became a puppet in the larger schemes of the East India Company. Carnatic Region: From Chanda Sahib to Muhammad Ali- puppet rulers of the Carnatic state were installed, toppled, or assassinated by the British and French generals (1749-52). Mysore state: gained prominence as Haidar Ali trained and modernized its troop with the help of the French (1755). Needless to say, the Mughal writ did not run over this region while the British and French fought for its control. Marathas agreed to protect Mughal emperor Ahmad Shah from internal and external enemies, in-lieu of revenue from certain provinces of the North-west. But the Marathas were defeated by Ahmed Shah Abdali in the third battle of Panipat (1761). Nana Saheb Peshwa died upon hearing this news. The succession disputes weakened Peshwas’s hold over the Maratha confederacy. Consequently, Peshwa, Holkar, and Scindia fell prey to the scheming Europeans. CONCLUSION Indeed, the Indian subcontinent in the middle of the eighteenth century was marked by political fragmentation and regional instability. The ruler of Delhi was no longer the ‘de-facto’ ruler of India. For a large number of Indians, ‘right to live’ transformed into ‘struggle for survival, and the ‘freedom of trade’ transformed into ‘ransom and robbery’- all because of the bickering among regional rulers. All these created ripe opportunities for the British to take over India and indulge in a large-scale‘ drain of wealth’.
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##Question:Clarify that 18th century India was beset with the spectre of fragmented polity which paved the rise of British Power. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Assignment Question-Clarify that 18th century India was beset with the specter of fragmented polity which paved the rise of British Power. (150 words/10 Marks) Approach- Briefly introduce the political situation in the 18th century Elaborate on different regional kingdoms and crises/wars they suffered. Also, mention Britisher"s interventions/role. Briefly conclude Introduction In the first decade of the 18th century, Bahadur Shah (Shah Alam-I) had ascended the Mughal throne after a war of succession among the 3 sons of Aurungzeb. ( 1707 to be precise ). This marked the beginning of the ‘Later Mughal period’ – characterized by (I) weak rulers and (II) the Rise of autonomous regional states who pledged only namesake loyalty to the emperor. The resultant politico-administrative situation is given below: Bengal’s ruler Alivardi Khan stopped paying any tribute to the Mughal emperor (1746), as Maratha, English, and French became more active in his region. His son Siraj-ud-Daula was defeated by Robert Clive at the battle of Plessey (1757)- which marked the foundation of British rule in India. Hyderabad: Viceroy of Deccan Chinquilich Khan had founded the Hyderabad state (1724), but instead of punishing him, the weak Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah granted him the title ‘Asaf Jah’ (1725)- thus Hyderabad became practically an independent state whose rulers recognized the Mughal emperor as their namesake sovereign . After the death of the first Nizam, there were constant family feuds for succession. British were involved behind the curtains, and ultimately signed the treaty of friendship at Masulipatanam (1768). Thus, Hyderabad became a puppet in the larger schemes of the East India Company. Carnatic Region: From Chanda Sahib to Muhammad Ali- puppet rulers of the Carnatic state were installed, toppled, or assassinated by the British and French generals (1749-52). Mysore state: gained prominence as Haidar Ali trained and modernized its troop with the help of the French (1755). Needless to say, the Mughal writ did not run over this region while the British and French fought for its control. Marathas agreed to protect Mughal emperor Ahmad Shah from internal and external enemies, in-lieu of revenue from certain provinces of the North-west. But the Marathas were defeated by Ahmed Shah Abdali in the third battle of Panipat (1761). Nana Saheb Peshwa died upon hearing this news. The succession disputes weakened Peshwas’s hold over the Maratha confederacy. Consequently, Peshwa, Holkar, and Scindia fell prey to the scheming Europeans. CONCLUSION Indeed, the Indian subcontinent in the middle of the eighteenth century was marked by political fragmentation and regional instability. The ruler of Delhi was no longer the ‘de-facto’ ruler of India. For a large number of Indians, ‘right to live’ transformed into ‘struggle for survival, and the ‘freedom of trade’ transformed into ‘ransom and robbery’- all because of the bickering among regional rulers. All these created ripe opportunities for the British to take over India and indulge in a large-scale‘ drain of wealth’.
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Explain different types of air masses. Discuss the process of the formation of fronts. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach : Introduce with the definition of the Air Mass. Explain different types of air masses. Further, bring the process of the formation of fronts. Conclude accordingly. Answer Air mass is defined as a huge packet of air with homogenous characteristics. An air mass is a large body of air with generally uniform temperature and humidity. The size of the air mass will be a minimum of 1500-2500 km and it may sometimes extend to 3000 km. When the fast blowing wind remains calm over a flat surface for a certain time period, then there is an exchange of characteristics between the surface and the air resulting in homogenous characteristics in temperature, pressure, etc. As such, air masses are associated with high-pressure systems. There are two broad overarching divisions of air masses based on the moisture content. Continental air masses, which originate over continents are therefore dry air masses. Maritime air masses, originate over the oceans and are therefore moist air masses. Each of the two divisions is then divided based upon the temperature content of the surface over which they originate. Arctic air masses are very cold as they originate over the Arctic or Antarctic regions. Polar air masses are not as cold as Arctic air masses as they originate over the higher latitudes of both land and sea. Tropical air masses are warm/hot as they originate over the lower latitudes of both land and sea. Air masses are also classified based on moisture content Broadly air masses can be categorized into polar and tropical air masses. The four types of the air masses with their source regions are- Maritime tropical (mT): The source regions of these air masses include the oceans in tropics and sub-tropics such as Mexican Gulf, the Pacific, and the Atlantic oceans.These air masses are warm, humid, and unstable. The weather during winter has mild temperatures and overcast skies with fog. During summer, the weather is characterized by high temperatures, high humidity, cumulous clouds, and convectional rainfall. Continental tropical (CT): The source regions of the air masses include tropical and subtropical deserts of Sahara in Africa, and of West Asia, and Australia. These air masses are dry, hot, and stable and do not extend beyond the source. They are dry throughout the year. Maritime polar (mP): The source region of these air masses are the oceans between 40° and 60° latitudes. These are actually those continental polar air masses that have moved over the warmer oceans, got heated up, and have collected moisture. The conditions over the source regions are cool, moist, and unstable. These are the regions that cannot lie stagnant for long. The weather during winters is characterized by high humidity, overcast skies, and occasional fog and precipitation. During summer, the weather is clear, fair, and stable. Continental polar (cP): Source regions of these air masses are the Arctic basin, northern North America, Eurasia, and Antarctica. These air masses are characterized by dry, cold, and stable conditions. The weather during winter is frigid, clear and stable. During summer, the weather is less stable with a lesser prevalence of anticyclonic winds, warmer landmasses, and lesser snow. Airmass leading to the formation of fronts The motion of air mass motion is usually based upon the airflow in the upper atmosphere. As the jet stream changes intensity and position, it affects the motion and strength of air masses. Where air masses converge, they form boundaries called "fronts". Fronts are identified by the change of temperature based upon their motion. With a cold front, a colder air mass is replacing a warmer air mass. A warm front is the opposite effect in that warm air replaces cold air. There is also a stationary front, which, as the name implies, means the boundary between two air masses does not move. Air Masses greatly affect the climatic conditions over the region creating long and short-term climatic variability. The figure could be drawn showing these areas (Map)
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##Question:Explain different types of air masses. Discuss the process of the formation of fronts. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach : Introduce with the definition of the Air Mass. Explain different types of air masses. Further, bring the process of the formation of fronts. Conclude accordingly. Answer Air mass is defined as a huge packet of air with homogenous characteristics. An air mass is a large body of air with generally uniform temperature and humidity. The size of the air mass will be a minimum of 1500-2500 km and it may sometimes extend to 3000 km. When the fast blowing wind remains calm over a flat surface for a certain time period, then there is an exchange of characteristics between the surface and the air resulting in homogenous characteristics in temperature, pressure, etc. As such, air masses are associated with high-pressure systems. There are two broad overarching divisions of air masses based on the moisture content. Continental air masses, which originate over continents are therefore dry air masses. Maritime air masses, originate over the oceans and are therefore moist air masses. Each of the two divisions is then divided based upon the temperature content of the surface over which they originate. Arctic air masses are very cold as they originate over the Arctic or Antarctic regions. Polar air masses are not as cold as Arctic air masses as they originate over the higher latitudes of both land and sea. Tropical air masses are warm/hot as they originate over the lower latitudes of both land and sea. Air masses are also classified based on moisture content Broadly air masses can be categorized into polar and tropical air masses. The four types of the air masses with their source regions are- Maritime tropical (mT): The source regions of these air masses include the oceans in tropics and sub-tropics such as Mexican Gulf, the Pacific, and the Atlantic oceans.These air masses are warm, humid, and unstable. The weather during winter has mild temperatures and overcast skies with fog. During summer, the weather is characterized by high temperatures, high humidity, cumulous clouds, and convectional rainfall. Continental tropical (CT): The source regions of the air masses include tropical and subtropical deserts of Sahara in Africa, and of West Asia, and Australia. These air masses are dry, hot, and stable and do not extend beyond the source. They are dry throughout the year. Maritime polar (mP): The source region of these air masses are the oceans between 40° and 60° latitudes. These are actually those continental polar air masses that have moved over the warmer oceans, got heated up, and have collected moisture. The conditions over the source regions are cool, moist, and unstable. These are the regions that cannot lie stagnant for long. The weather during winters is characterized by high humidity, overcast skies, and occasional fog and precipitation. During summer, the weather is clear, fair, and stable. Continental polar (cP): Source regions of these air masses are the Arctic basin, northern North America, Eurasia, and Antarctica. These air masses are characterized by dry, cold, and stable conditions. The weather during winter is frigid, clear and stable. During summer, the weather is less stable with a lesser prevalence of anticyclonic winds, warmer landmasses, and lesser snow. Airmass leading to the formation of fronts The motion of air mass motion is usually based upon the airflow in the upper atmosphere. As the jet stream changes intensity and position, it affects the motion and strength of air masses. Where air masses converge, they form boundaries called "fronts". Fronts are identified by the change of temperature based upon their motion. With a cold front, a colder air mass is replacing a warmer air mass. A warm front is the opposite effect in that warm air replaces cold air. There is also a stationary front, which, as the name implies, means the boundary between two air masses does not move. Air Masses greatly affect the climatic conditions over the region creating long and short-term climatic variability. The figure could be drawn showing these areas (Map)
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With special reference to India, highlight the economic and political impact of corruption. Mention a few measures that can be taken to put a check on corruption. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Briefly define corruption in the introduction. Highlight the economic and political impact of corruption. Suggest some measures to tackle the menace of corruption. Conclude accordingly. Answer: As per World Bank, corruption refers to the abuse of public funds and/or public office for private gains. The private/personal gains can be monetary or non-monetary in nature. For example: When an officer takes money from a particular vendor to award a contract for procurement by the government to that particular vendor, it would be considered a case of corruption. The economic and political impact of corruption: At the economic level- Corruption leads to inflation in the economy. It affects the spending on social welfare schemes and programs. Tax collection also suffers in the economy. It discourages the ease of doing business and therefore dissuades investors in the economy. It leads to time and cost overruns in various projects that have economic impacts associated with it. At the political level- It affects the faith and trust in democratic institutions. Corruption in society promotes the entry of criminals into politics. Rakshak Bhakshak syndrome is developed where the protector of the law becomes the violator of the law. Measures that can be taken to put a check on corruption: Societal measures- Value-based education. Address socioeconomic inequality in society. Legal measure - need to strengthen anti-corruption laws by introducing changes in such laws by providing stringent punishment. Zero tolerance towards corruption. Reform in CJ system ex: setting up of FTC to dispose of such cases of corruption cases. Single-window clearance - simplification of rules, and procedures. Repealing of archaic and irrelevant laws so as to cut down red tapsim in bureaucracy. Introducing strong measures for transparency in the country. Exemplary punishment under the law. Enactment of strong whistleblower protection law. Strengthening the concept of social audit, institutionalizing it as an activity for all other schemes. Technological Measures- Track down the services- PDS of CG Better delivery of subsidy, eg GPS in ensuring delivery to the citizens Outsourcing the task to private agencies eg- e-passport seva. Feedback from the citizens. Political Measures- Dinesh Goswami committee recommendations on electoral reforms, and their implementation. Respective amendment to Representation of peoples Acts to ensure all sitting legislature cases of corruption under prevet of corruption act, to be tried in FTC. Transparency in the funding of the party. Code of ethics for ministers. Transparency International has suggested some ways to check rampant corruption. The first and foremost measure is to end impunity which requires effective law enforcement to ensure the corrupt are punished and break the cycle of impunity, or freedom from punishment or loss. Other important ways are to promote transparency and access to information. RTI Act should be further strengthened in this regard.
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##Question:With special reference to India, highlight the economic and political impact of corruption. Mention a few measures that can be taken to put a check on corruption. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Briefly define corruption in the introduction. Highlight the economic and political impact of corruption. Suggest some measures to tackle the menace of corruption. Conclude accordingly. Answer: As per World Bank, corruption refers to the abuse of public funds and/or public office for private gains. The private/personal gains can be monetary or non-monetary in nature. For example: When an officer takes money from a particular vendor to award a contract for procurement by the government to that particular vendor, it would be considered a case of corruption. The economic and political impact of corruption: At the economic level- Corruption leads to inflation in the economy. It affects the spending on social welfare schemes and programs. Tax collection also suffers in the economy. It discourages the ease of doing business and therefore dissuades investors in the economy. It leads to time and cost overruns in various projects that have economic impacts associated with it. At the political level- It affects the faith and trust in democratic institutions. Corruption in society promotes the entry of criminals into politics. Rakshak Bhakshak syndrome is developed where the protector of the law becomes the violator of the law. Measures that can be taken to put a check on corruption: Societal measures- Value-based education. Address socioeconomic inequality in society. Legal measure - need to strengthen anti-corruption laws by introducing changes in such laws by providing stringent punishment. Zero tolerance towards corruption. Reform in CJ system ex: setting up of FTC to dispose of such cases of corruption cases. Single-window clearance - simplification of rules, and procedures. Repealing of archaic and irrelevant laws so as to cut down red tapsim in bureaucracy. Introducing strong measures for transparency in the country. Exemplary punishment under the law. Enactment of strong whistleblower protection law. Strengthening the concept of social audit, institutionalizing it as an activity for all other schemes. Technological Measures- Track down the services- PDS of CG Better delivery of subsidy, eg GPS in ensuring delivery to the citizens Outsourcing the task to private agencies eg- e-passport seva. Feedback from the citizens. Political Measures- Dinesh Goswami committee recommendations on electoral reforms, and their implementation. Respective amendment to Representation of peoples Acts to ensure all sitting legislature cases of corruption under prevet of corruption act, to be tried in FTC. Transparency in the funding of the party. Code of ethics for ministers. Transparency International has suggested some ways to check rampant corruption. The first and foremost measure is to end impunity which requires effective law enforcement to ensure the corrupt are punished and break the cycle of impunity, or freedom from punishment or loss. Other important ways are to promote transparency and access to information. RTI Act should be further strengthened in this regard.
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What is meant by Prompt Corrective Action Framework? Mention its threshold and updated guideline. (10 marks/ 150 words)
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Approach Introduce by defining the Prompt Corrective Action Framework. Explain the various thresholds. Highlight a few of the new guidelines. Conclude Accordingly. Answer: Following the Basel Norms, the Bimal Jalan committee recommended that to monitor financial health and risk disclosure. There should be certain indicators and by using such indicators prompt actions can be taken to correct the situation before it"s too late. This framework is called the Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) framework .It divides the bank into the following 3 risk thresholds and applies to all scheduled commercial banks except Small Finance Bank, Payment banks, and RRBs. The Various thresholds are: Risk Threshold 1 - where the financial health is showing some symptoms of stress and if corrected and risks could be mitigated easily. If a bank is in this category, they are not allowed for Hedging funds or other such risks. Risk Threshold 2- where the financial health of the bank is compromised and may have a detrimental impact. In this category, RBI intensifies the monitoring and may superimpose some parts of management. Risk Threshold 3 -this is the red zone and RBI may order a merger or even cancel the license of the bank. The indicator for these risk thresholds has been changed recently in 2022. The New Guidelines are: There are 3 indicators of Capital Adequacy using CRAR. Asset quality by using net NPA. Leverage by using the leverage ratio. PCA framework is applicable for NBFCs from 1st October. The objective of the PCA Framework is to enable Supervisory intervention at the appropriate time and require the Supervised Entity to initiate and implement remedial measures in a timely manner, so as to restore its financial health. Hence, PCA Framework will ensure market discipline.
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##Question:What is meant by Prompt Corrective Action Framework? Mention its threshold and updated guideline. (10 marks/ 150 words)##Answer: Approach Introduce by defining the Prompt Corrective Action Framework. Explain the various thresholds. Highlight a few of the new guidelines. Conclude Accordingly. Answer: Following the Basel Norms, the Bimal Jalan committee recommended that to monitor financial health and risk disclosure. There should be certain indicators and by using such indicators prompt actions can be taken to correct the situation before it"s too late. This framework is called the Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) framework .It divides the bank into the following 3 risk thresholds and applies to all scheduled commercial banks except Small Finance Bank, Payment banks, and RRBs. The Various thresholds are: Risk Threshold 1 - where the financial health is showing some symptoms of stress and if corrected and risks could be mitigated easily. If a bank is in this category, they are not allowed for Hedging funds or other such risks. Risk Threshold 2- where the financial health of the bank is compromised and may have a detrimental impact. In this category, RBI intensifies the monitoring and may superimpose some parts of management. Risk Threshold 3 -this is the red zone and RBI may order a merger or even cancel the license of the bank. The indicator for these risk thresholds has been changed recently in 2022. The New Guidelines are: There are 3 indicators of Capital Adequacy using CRAR. Asset quality by using net NPA. Leverage by using the leverage ratio. PCA framework is applicable for NBFCs from 1st October. The objective of the PCA Framework is to enable Supervisory intervention at the appropriate time and require the Supervised Entity to initiate and implement remedial measures in a timely manner, so as to restore its financial health. Hence, PCA Framework will ensure market discipline.
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Explain various provisions of the Pitts India act of 1784 and its impacts. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach - Briefly discuss Pitts India Act. Mention its provisions. Mention impacts of the Pitts India act. Conclude. Answer The East India Company Act, also known as Pitt"s India Act, was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain intended to address the shortcomings of the Regulating Act of 1773 by bringing the East India Company"s rule in India under the control of the British Government. Provisions - A board of control was set up having 6 members - one of the secretaries of state + the chancellor of exchequer + 4 privy council members (Privy council - an advisory body to crown) - It included the British cabinet + some judges + members of the house of Lords. Role of Board of control = to superintendent direct and control all acts, operations, and concerns related to - Civil government, Military government and Revenues - of British territorial possessions in the East Indies. Therefore, public affairs and administration in India were brought under the direct control of the British government. For the first time, the phrase British territorial possessions is used. The state is asserting or hinting that EIC is just an agent acting on behalf of the state and territories are not of EIC. For operationalizing this Board of control to receive from the court of directors - all incoming and outgoing letters to India. The Board of control can now give binding orders to the court of directors and also to the governor-general of Bengal directly. Now, principal servants of EIC in India could be appointed only after the approval of the crown. EIC retained - Commerce i.e., control over commercial activities i.e., trade. Patronage i.e., power to appoint EIC officials (was used for lobbying and ended via a charter act of 1853). The size of the council in Bengal was reduced, therefore now 3 members in the council + including the Governor-general of Bengal. Veto power over the council was still not given to the Governor-general of Bengal. Impact - The problem of no veto power to the Governor-general of Bengal over his council continued. The Governor-general of Bengal did not have the right to use the army and this power was with the commander-in-chief which created conflict between CIC and GG Bengal. The problem of two bosses - there was now dual control or dual reporting of the Governor-general of Bengal i.e., he had two bosses the COD and the BOC and no clear division of responsibilities between COD and BOC. Therefore, GG Bengal was able to play his two bosses and be independent in practice. There were some issues in the Pitts India act too as the problem of veto power to GG Bengal was still continued and the problem of two bosses for which Amending Act of 1786 was passed.
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##Question:Explain various provisions of the Pitts India act of 1784 and its impacts. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach - Briefly discuss Pitts India Act. Mention its provisions. Mention impacts of the Pitts India act. Conclude. Answer The East India Company Act, also known as Pitt"s India Act, was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain intended to address the shortcomings of the Regulating Act of 1773 by bringing the East India Company"s rule in India under the control of the British Government. Provisions - A board of control was set up having 6 members - one of the secretaries of state + the chancellor of exchequer + 4 privy council members (Privy council - an advisory body to crown) - It included the British cabinet + some judges + members of the house of Lords. Role of Board of control = to superintendent direct and control all acts, operations, and concerns related to - Civil government, Military government and Revenues - of British territorial possessions in the East Indies. Therefore, public affairs and administration in India were brought under the direct control of the British government. For the first time, the phrase British territorial possessions is used. The state is asserting or hinting that EIC is just an agent acting on behalf of the state and territories are not of EIC. For operationalizing this Board of control to receive from the court of directors - all incoming and outgoing letters to India. The Board of control can now give binding orders to the court of directors and also to the governor-general of Bengal directly. Now, principal servants of EIC in India could be appointed only after the approval of the crown. EIC retained - Commerce i.e., control over commercial activities i.e., trade. Patronage i.e., power to appoint EIC officials (was used for lobbying and ended via a charter act of 1853). The size of the council in Bengal was reduced, therefore now 3 members in the council + including the Governor-general of Bengal. Veto power over the council was still not given to the Governor-general of Bengal. Impact - The problem of no veto power to the Governor-general of Bengal over his council continued. The Governor-general of Bengal did not have the right to use the army and this power was with the commander-in-chief which created conflict between CIC and GG Bengal. The problem of two bosses - there was now dual control or dual reporting of the Governor-general of Bengal i.e., he had two bosses the COD and the BOC and no clear division of responsibilities between COD and BOC. Therefore, GG Bengal was able to play his two bosses and be independent in practice. There were some issues in the Pitts India act too as the problem of veto power to GG Bengal was still continued and the problem of two bosses for which Amending Act of 1786 was passed.
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वर्तमान समय में विविध कारणों से न्यायिक सुधार अपेक्षित हैं। इस संदर्भ में भारतीय न्यायपालिका की खामियों को रेखांकित कीजिये। इसके साथ ही न्यायिक सुधार की दिशा में अपने सुझाव प्रस्तुत कीजिये। (150-200 शब्द;10 अंक) In present times judicial reforms are required due to various reasons. In this context, highlight the shortcomings of the Indian judiciary. Along with this, present your suggestions towards judicial reform. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण- 1- भूमिका में न्यायिक सुधार को परिभाषित करते हुए भारत में इसकी आवश्यकता स्पष्ट कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में भारतीय न्यायपालिका की खामियां स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- अंतिम में न्यायिक सुधार की दिशा में अपेक्षित सुधारों को प्रस्तुत कीजिये 4- अन्तिम में उचित निष्कर्ष के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये न्यायिक सुधार से आशय किसी देश की न्यायपालिका का राजनीतिक ढंग से पूर्णतः या आंशिक परिवर्तन करना है। न्यायिक सुधार, विधिक सुधार का एक हिस्सा है। विधिक सुधार में न्यायिक सुधार के साथ-साथ कानूनी ढांचे में परिवर्तन, कानूनों में सुधार, कानूनी शिक्षा में सुधार, जनता में विधिक जागरूकता लाना, न्याय का त्वरित एवं सस्ता बनाना आदि भी शामिल हैं। भारतीय न्यायपालिका में विविध कारणों से न्यायिक सुधार अपेक्षित है| इन कारणों को निम्नलिखित रूप में देख सकते हैं| अवसंरचनात्मक समस्याएं दिसम्बर 2021 के आंकड़ों के अनुसार अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों में केवल 27% न्यायाधीशों के पास कंप्यूटर की सेवा उपलब्ध है | विधिक नीति से सम्बन्धित विधि सेंटर (NGO) के अनुसार 2019 में न्यायपालिका में केवल 40 % जनसुविधाएं उपयोग योग्य थीं| 22 % अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों में महिलाओं के लिए जन सुविधाएं उपलब्ध नहीं थीं जबकि 16 % अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों में पुरुषों के लिए भी नहीं थीं| आंतरिक संरचना की समस्या और कोलेजियम व्यवस्था की समस्या कोलेजियम व्यवस्था प्रथम दृष्टि में असंवैधानिक, अलोकतांत्रिक, एवं निरंकुश, पारदर्शिता का अभाव, अंकल जज सिंड्रोम या भाई भतीजावाद का बढ़ना स्वयं की मार्गदर्शिका का अभाव और निर्णयों में निरंतरता का अभाव चतुर्थ जज केस के बाद न्यायपालिका द्वारा सुधार सम्बन्धी कोई प्रयास नहीं न्यायपालिका के मूल्यों में लगातार गिरावट वर्ष 2018 में चार न्यायाधीशों द्वारा प्रेस कांफ्रेंस और न्यायपालिका के अलोकतांत्रिक मूल्यों के देश की जनता के सामने रखना सर्वोच्च न्यायालय एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश पर यौन शोषण और स्वयं के पक्ष में पक्षपात का आरोप लगना न्यायपालिका में बढ़ता भ्रष्टाचार, बेंच फिक्सिंग का आरोप और इसे रोकने के लिए संस्था का अभाव अधिकाँश संख्या में केसों का लंबित होना और त्वरित न्याय की बढती मांग त्वरित न्याय का सम्बन्ध अनुच्छेद 21 से है | लगभग 3 करोड़ केस देश में लंबित हैं जिसमें से लगभग 65 हजार सर्वोच्च न्यायालय में लंबित हैं उत्तरप्रदेश, महाराष्ट्र, पश्चिम बंगाल, बिहार और गुजरात उच्च न्यायालयों में सर्वाधिक केस लंबित न्यायाधीशों के निर्णयों में विरोधाभास और जटिल न्यायिक प्रक्रिया जनता के साथ अंतर्क्रियात्मक सम्बन्ध का अभाव आदि खामियां भारत में न्यायिक सुधार को अपरिहार्य बनाती हैं| भारतीय न्यायिक व्यवस्था में सुधार से संबंधित सुझाव न्यायिक नियुक्तियों के लिए स्थायी आयोग की स्थापना- राष्ट्रीय संविधान समीक्षा आयोग ने राष्ट्रीय न्यायिक नियुक्ति आयोग के गठन की सिफारिश की थी (सर्वोच्च न्यायालय ने इसे खारिज कर दिया) द्वितीय प्रशासनिक सुधार आयोग ने राष्ट्रीय न्यायिक परिषद् की स्थापना का सुझाव दिया जिसमें उपराष्ट्रपति, प्रधानमंत्री, लोकसभा अध्यक्ष, SC के मुख्य न्यायाधीश, विधि मंत्री एवं संसद के दोनों सदनों में विपक्ष के नेता शामिल होने चाहिए| (उच्च न्यायालय में नियुक्ति के लिए इस परिषद् में सम्बन्धित राज्य के मुख्यमंत्री और उच्च न्यायालय के मुख्य न्यायाधीश को शामिल करना चाहिए) रोस्टर व्यवस्था से सम्बन्धित शक्ति का पुनर्परीक्षण हो और मुख्य न्यायाधीश की असीमित शक्तियों पर नियंत्रण स्थापित करने के लिए एक समिति का गठन किया जाए जिसमें मुख्य न्यायाधीश के अलावा निर्धारित संख्या में अन्य न्यायाधीश क्रमिक आधार पर शामिल हों प्रभावशाली व्यवहार आचार संहिता एवं नैतिकता आचार संहिता का विकास हो ताकि- 1- न्यायाधीश स्वंय के मुकदमों की सुनवाई ना करें; 2- न्यायिक निष्पक्षता एवं सत्यनिष्ठा बनी रहे;(नोट- न्यायमूर्ति कपाडिया ने ऐसी संहिता पर बल दिया था) न्यायपालिका के न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति, अन्य पदाधिकारियों की नियुक्ति तथा उनकी गतिविधियों को RTI के दायरे में लाया जाए सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीशों के लिए अंतराल की अवधि को लागू किया जाए (भूतपूर्व मुख्य न्यायाधीश आर एम् लोधा ने दो वर्षों की अवधि का सुझाव दिया था) मुकदमों की सुनवाई का समय निर्धारित हो न्यायिक प्रबंधन को विशेषज्ञता प्रदान करने के लिए पेशेवर पदाधिकारियों की नियुक्ति की जाए ताकि केस प्रबन्धन और न्यायालय प्रबन्धन को वैज्ञानिक रूप दिया जा सके एवं प्रारम्भ से समापन या समाधान के बीच का समय पेशेवर तरीके से इस्तेमाल में लाया जाए (नोट- सिंगापूर में इसी नारे या मन्त्र के तहत लंबित केसों की संख्या शून्य की गयी और दिल्ली उच्च न्यायालय ने भी 2017-18 में सफलतापूर्वक "शून्य लंबित न्यायालय" को लागू किया) वैकल्पिक विवाद निपटान तंत्र, न्यायाधिकरण और ई न्यायालय की स्थापना पर बल दिया जाए न्यायाधीशों को नए विषयों जैसे बायोजेनेटिक्स, साइबर लॉ, पर्यावरण इत्यादि विषयों का प्रशिक्षण प्रदान किया जाए सेवानिवृत्ति की आयु नए सिरे से निर्धारित हो(सर्वोच्च न्यायालय तथा उच्च न्यायालय के लिए एक ही हो) अखिल भारतीय न्यायिक सेवा को लागू किया जाए पर्याप्त बजटीय सहयोग एवं अधोसंरचनात्मक विकास पर बल दिया जाए उपरोक्त सुझावों को यदि लागू किया जाता है तो न्यापालिका की खामियों पर नियंत्रण स्थापित किया जा सकेगा और अनुच्छेद 21 की भावना के अनुसार त्वरित न्याय सुनिश्चित किया जा सकेगा|
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##Question:वर्तमान समय में विविध कारणों से न्यायिक सुधार अपेक्षित हैं। इस संदर्भ में भारतीय न्यायपालिका की खामियों को रेखांकित कीजिये। इसके साथ ही न्यायिक सुधार की दिशा में अपने सुझाव प्रस्तुत कीजिये। (150-200 शब्द;10 अंक) In present times judicial reforms are required due to various reasons. In this context, highlight the shortcomings of the Indian judiciary. Along with this, present your suggestions towards judicial reform. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण- 1- भूमिका में न्यायिक सुधार को परिभाषित करते हुए भारत में इसकी आवश्यकता स्पष्ट कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में भारतीय न्यायपालिका की खामियां स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- अंतिम में न्यायिक सुधार की दिशा में अपेक्षित सुधारों को प्रस्तुत कीजिये 4- अन्तिम में उचित निष्कर्ष के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये न्यायिक सुधार से आशय किसी देश की न्यायपालिका का राजनीतिक ढंग से पूर्णतः या आंशिक परिवर्तन करना है। न्यायिक सुधार, विधिक सुधार का एक हिस्सा है। विधिक सुधार में न्यायिक सुधार के साथ-साथ कानूनी ढांचे में परिवर्तन, कानूनों में सुधार, कानूनी शिक्षा में सुधार, जनता में विधिक जागरूकता लाना, न्याय का त्वरित एवं सस्ता बनाना आदि भी शामिल हैं। भारतीय न्यायपालिका में विविध कारणों से न्यायिक सुधार अपेक्षित है| इन कारणों को निम्नलिखित रूप में देख सकते हैं| अवसंरचनात्मक समस्याएं दिसम्बर 2021 के आंकड़ों के अनुसार अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों में केवल 27% न्यायाधीशों के पास कंप्यूटर की सेवा उपलब्ध है | विधिक नीति से सम्बन्धित विधि सेंटर (NGO) के अनुसार 2019 में न्यायपालिका में केवल 40 % जनसुविधाएं उपयोग योग्य थीं| 22 % अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों में महिलाओं के लिए जन सुविधाएं उपलब्ध नहीं थीं जबकि 16 % अधीनस्थ न्यायालयों में पुरुषों के लिए भी नहीं थीं| आंतरिक संरचना की समस्या और कोलेजियम व्यवस्था की समस्या कोलेजियम व्यवस्था प्रथम दृष्टि में असंवैधानिक, अलोकतांत्रिक, एवं निरंकुश, पारदर्शिता का अभाव, अंकल जज सिंड्रोम या भाई भतीजावाद का बढ़ना स्वयं की मार्गदर्शिका का अभाव और निर्णयों में निरंतरता का अभाव चतुर्थ जज केस के बाद न्यायपालिका द्वारा सुधार सम्बन्धी कोई प्रयास नहीं न्यायपालिका के मूल्यों में लगातार गिरावट वर्ष 2018 में चार न्यायाधीशों द्वारा प्रेस कांफ्रेंस और न्यायपालिका के अलोकतांत्रिक मूल्यों के देश की जनता के सामने रखना सर्वोच्च न्यायालय एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश पर यौन शोषण और स्वयं के पक्ष में पक्षपात का आरोप लगना न्यायपालिका में बढ़ता भ्रष्टाचार, बेंच फिक्सिंग का आरोप और इसे रोकने के लिए संस्था का अभाव अधिकाँश संख्या में केसों का लंबित होना और त्वरित न्याय की बढती मांग त्वरित न्याय का सम्बन्ध अनुच्छेद 21 से है | लगभग 3 करोड़ केस देश में लंबित हैं जिसमें से लगभग 65 हजार सर्वोच्च न्यायालय में लंबित हैं उत्तरप्रदेश, महाराष्ट्र, पश्चिम बंगाल, बिहार और गुजरात उच्च न्यायालयों में सर्वाधिक केस लंबित न्यायाधीशों के निर्णयों में विरोधाभास और जटिल न्यायिक प्रक्रिया जनता के साथ अंतर्क्रियात्मक सम्बन्ध का अभाव आदि खामियां भारत में न्यायिक सुधार को अपरिहार्य बनाती हैं| भारतीय न्यायिक व्यवस्था में सुधार से संबंधित सुझाव न्यायिक नियुक्तियों के लिए स्थायी आयोग की स्थापना- राष्ट्रीय संविधान समीक्षा आयोग ने राष्ट्रीय न्यायिक नियुक्ति आयोग के गठन की सिफारिश की थी (सर्वोच्च न्यायालय ने इसे खारिज कर दिया) द्वितीय प्रशासनिक सुधार आयोग ने राष्ट्रीय न्यायिक परिषद् की स्थापना का सुझाव दिया जिसमें उपराष्ट्रपति, प्रधानमंत्री, लोकसभा अध्यक्ष, SC के मुख्य न्यायाधीश, विधि मंत्री एवं संसद के दोनों सदनों में विपक्ष के नेता शामिल होने चाहिए| (उच्च न्यायालय में नियुक्ति के लिए इस परिषद् में सम्बन्धित राज्य के मुख्यमंत्री और उच्च न्यायालय के मुख्य न्यायाधीश को शामिल करना चाहिए) रोस्टर व्यवस्था से सम्बन्धित शक्ति का पुनर्परीक्षण हो और मुख्य न्यायाधीश की असीमित शक्तियों पर नियंत्रण स्थापित करने के लिए एक समिति का गठन किया जाए जिसमें मुख्य न्यायाधीश के अलावा निर्धारित संख्या में अन्य न्यायाधीश क्रमिक आधार पर शामिल हों प्रभावशाली व्यवहार आचार संहिता एवं नैतिकता आचार संहिता का विकास हो ताकि- 1- न्यायाधीश स्वंय के मुकदमों की सुनवाई ना करें; 2- न्यायिक निष्पक्षता एवं सत्यनिष्ठा बनी रहे;(नोट- न्यायमूर्ति कपाडिया ने ऐसी संहिता पर बल दिया था) न्यायपालिका के न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति, अन्य पदाधिकारियों की नियुक्ति तथा उनकी गतिविधियों को RTI के दायरे में लाया जाए सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीशों के लिए अंतराल की अवधि को लागू किया जाए (भूतपूर्व मुख्य न्यायाधीश आर एम् लोधा ने दो वर्षों की अवधि का सुझाव दिया था) मुकदमों की सुनवाई का समय निर्धारित हो न्यायिक प्रबंधन को विशेषज्ञता प्रदान करने के लिए पेशेवर पदाधिकारियों की नियुक्ति की जाए ताकि केस प्रबन्धन और न्यायालय प्रबन्धन को वैज्ञानिक रूप दिया जा सके एवं प्रारम्भ से समापन या समाधान के बीच का समय पेशेवर तरीके से इस्तेमाल में लाया जाए (नोट- सिंगापूर में इसी नारे या मन्त्र के तहत लंबित केसों की संख्या शून्य की गयी और दिल्ली उच्च न्यायालय ने भी 2017-18 में सफलतापूर्वक "शून्य लंबित न्यायालय" को लागू किया) वैकल्पिक विवाद निपटान तंत्र, न्यायाधिकरण और ई न्यायालय की स्थापना पर बल दिया जाए न्यायाधीशों को नए विषयों जैसे बायोजेनेटिक्स, साइबर लॉ, पर्यावरण इत्यादि विषयों का प्रशिक्षण प्रदान किया जाए सेवानिवृत्ति की आयु नए सिरे से निर्धारित हो(सर्वोच्च न्यायालय तथा उच्च न्यायालय के लिए एक ही हो) अखिल भारतीय न्यायिक सेवा को लागू किया जाए पर्याप्त बजटीय सहयोग एवं अधोसंरचनात्मक विकास पर बल दिया जाए उपरोक्त सुझावों को यदि लागू किया जाता है तो न्यापालिका की खामियों पर नियंत्रण स्थापित किया जा सकेगा और अनुच्छेद 21 की भावना के अनुसार त्वरित न्याय सुनिश्चित किया जा सकेगा|
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Vulnerability is an essential element for defining disaster impacts and their threat to people. How and in what ways can vulnerability to disasters be characterized? Discuss different types of vulnerability with reference to disasters. (UPSC-2019)(150 words/10 marks)
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BRIEF APPROACH: INTRODUCTION THE TYPES OF VULNERABILITIES THE FACTORS CAUSING SUCH VULNERABILITIES CONCLUSION Answer:- Vulnerability is one of the significant aspects related to disasters. It refers to the possibility of being adversely affected, with a damaging effect. The concepts are related to the “affected”. CHARACTERIZATION OF VULNERABILITIES ECONOMIC AND MATERIAL VULNERABILITY In economic vulnerability, the people are under threat due to not having enough money to get the required resources. In material vulnerability, the money might be there, but the resources might not be there. For example, getting trapped in a landslide or an avalanche etc. SOCIAL VULNERABILITY In this type, the society does not have social capital i.e. the ability of a society to collectively attain a goal. The society is highly disintegrated, therefore, it is unable to attain the social goals. Example, lack of trust of during hazardous events or people might exploit each other during hazardous events. Therefore, no one would be willing to work collectively. ECOLOGICAL VULNERABILITY The environment gets disintegrated to an extent that it is not able to absorb the shock of the hazardous event. This happens for example due to the cutting of trees, mangroves at the coast etc. ORGANISATIONAL VULNERABILITY The organisation might fail to act in case of a hazardous event, whereas it was well equipped to act in case of normal events. EDUCATIONAL VULNERABILITY The lack of education/ lack of information with respect to the vulnerability leads to such kind of vulnerability to the disasters. This is true for both educated as well as uneducated people. ATTITUDINAL OR MOTIVATIONAL VULNERABILITY For example, a chapter on disaster management in schools was provided but students did not give it importance as it would not be asked in the exam. POLITICAL VULNERABILITY The lack of access to political power, so as to be able to be heard or raise voice for the people, which could decrease the vulnerability, is called political vulnerability. This happens in India especially in the tribal areas, island areas etc. CULTURAL VULNERABILITY This happens due to customs which are not favourable for the environment, such as pouring the ashes in the Ganga. This increases the vulnerability of the people living in the vicinity of such practices, as well as the areas of influence around the same. PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY It refers to the physical vulnerability of the individual as well as of the asset. For example, obesity, living on multi-floor buildings and using lifts, thereby not being fit to use the stairs etc. In fact, the poor are more physically fit as compared to the rich, in the urban areas. Physically weak buildings are also another aspect of physical vulnerability. THE FACTORS WHICH MAKE/ INCREASE VULNERABILITY POPULATION The presence i.e. being in existence increases vulnerability. The population has increased so much that we have become more vulnerable. DEGRADATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT Vegetation acts as a natural barrier to disasters. The destruction of vegetation due to deforestation, overgrazing, mining etc. have reduced the ability to absorb the hazardous effect of natural events. INDUSTRIALISATION AND URBANISATION The people who live under vulnerable conditions in the urban/ industrial regions are vulnerable to disasters. Also, living in large numbers further increases vulnerability. CULTURAL AWARENESS 4.1) Rituals:- For example, Ganesh Chaturthi is not a religious practice. It was started by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. The problem is that it has become a cultural practice. On top of that, it is done during the monsoon period. 4.2) Process of handling of the dead bodies: In India, around 80% of the people bury the dead as per the cremation system, where bodies are burnt. Therefore, 100 crores trees can be expected to be burnt for the 100 crores of this population, in the upcoming years. The cutting of trees at the death should also be accompanied with the sowing of a sapling, at the time of birth. However, this is not being done. GENDER INEQUALITY In India, the sex ratio at the workplace is heavily skewed towards the men i.e. more men work than women. Women take care of the vulnerable, at home, i.e. of the children and the old age. Therefore, even they become vulnerable to diseases etc. WAR AND INTERNAL SECURITY The infrastructure and support systems may get damaged during the war, leading to increased vulnerabilities. LACK OF AWARENESS AND INFORMATION ABSENCE OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES AND PREPAREDNESS MEASURES NEGLECT OF DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES The development of an area leads to the creation of good facilities. The probability of preparedness and prevention increases in these areas. Studying vulnerability is very important, as it is one of the important determinants of risk, whereby risk is directly proportional to vulnerability, i.e. the higher the vulnerability, the greater is the risk to the disaster.
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##Question:Vulnerability is an essential element for defining disaster impacts and their threat to people. How and in what ways can vulnerability to disasters be characterized? Discuss different types of vulnerability with reference to disasters. (UPSC-2019)(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:BRIEF APPROACH: INTRODUCTION THE TYPES OF VULNERABILITIES THE FACTORS CAUSING SUCH VULNERABILITIES CONCLUSION Answer:- Vulnerability is one of the significant aspects related to disasters. It refers to the possibility of being adversely affected, with a damaging effect. The concepts are related to the “affected”. CHARACTERIZATION OF VULNERABILITIES ECONOMIC AND MATERIAL VULNERABILITY In economic vulnerability, the people are under threat due to not having enough money to get the required resources. In material vulnerability, the money might be there, but the resources might not be there. For example, getting trapped in a landslide or an avalanche etc. SOCIAL VULNERABILITY In this type, the society does not have social capital i.e. the ability of a society to collectively attain a goal. The society is highly disintegrated, therefore, it is unable to attain the social goals. Example, lack of trust of during hazardous events or people might exploit each other during hazardous events. Therefore, no one would be willing to work collectively. ECOLOGICAL VULNERABILITY The environment gets disintegrated to an extent that it is not able to absorb the shock of the hazardous event. This happens for example due to the cutting of trees, mangroves at the coast etc. ORGANISATIONAL VULNERABILITY The organisation might fail to act in case of a hazardous event, whereas it was well equipped to act in case of normal events. EDUCATIONAL VULNERABILITY The lack of education/ lack of information with respect to the vulnerability leads to such kind of vulnerability to the disasters. This is true for both educated as well as uneducated people. ATTITUDINAL OR MOTIVATIONAL VULNERABILITY For example, a chapter on disaster management in schools was provided but students did not give it importance as it would not be asked in the exam. POLITICAL VULNERABILITY The lack of access to political power, so as to be able to be heard or raise voice for the people, which could decrease the vulnerability, is called political vulnerability. This happens in India especially in the tribal areas, island areas etc. CULTURAL VULNERABILITY This happens due to customs which are not favourable for the environment, such as pouring the ashes in the Ganga. This increases the vulnerability of the people living in the vicinity of such practices, as well as the areas of influence around the same. PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY It refers to the physical vulnerability of the individual as well as of the asset. For example, obesity, living on multi-floor buildings and using lifts, thereby not being fit to use the stairs etc. In fact, the poor are more physically fit as compared to the rich, in the urban areas. Physically weak buildings are also another aspect of physical vulnerability. THE FACTORS WHICH MAKE/ INCREASE VULNERABILITY POPULATION The presence i.e. being in existence increases vulnerability. The population has increased so much that we have become more vulnerable. DEGRADATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT Vegetation acts as a natural barrier to disasters. The destruction of vegetation due to deforestation, overgrazing, mining etc. have reduced the ability to absorb the hazardous effect of natural events. INDUSTRIALISATION AND URBANISATION The people who live under vulnerable conditions in the urban/ industrial regions are vulnerable to disasters. Also, living in large numbers further increases vulnerability. CULTURAL AWARENESS 4.1) Rituals:- For example, Ganesh Chaturthi is not a religious practice. It was started by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. The problem is that it has become a cultural practice. On top of that, it is done during the monsoon period. 4.2) Process of handling of the dead bodies: In India, around 80% of the people bury the dead as per the cremation system, where bodies are burnt. Therefore, 100 crores trees can be expected to be burnt for the 100 crores of this population, in the upcoming years. The cutting of trees at the death should also be accompanied with the sowing of a sapling, at the time of birth. However, this is not being done. GENDER INEQUALITY In India, the sex ratio at the workplace is heavily skewed towards the men i.e. more men work than women. Women take care of the vulnerable, at home, i.e. of the children and the old age. Therefore, even they become vulnerable to diseases etc. WAR AND INTERNAL SECURITY The infrastructure and support systems may get damaged during the war, leading to increased vulnerabilities. LACK OF AWARENESS AND INFORMATION ABSENCE OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES AND PREPAREDNESS MEASURES NEGLECT OF DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES The development of an area leads to the creation of good facilities. The probability of preparedness and prevention increases in these areas. Studying vulnerability is very important, as it is one of the important determinants of risk, whereby risk is directly proportional to vulnerability, i.e. the higher the vulnerability, the greater is the risk to the disaster.
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Discuss the administrative changes brought by Sher Shah Suri during his regime. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Write a brief note about Sher Shah Suri in the introduction. Cover points on the administrative changes brought by Sher Shah Suri. Conclusion. Answer: In 1540, the second Afghan empire came into existence and by 1545, Sher Shah Suri had established himself as the supreme ruler from Sindh and Punjab to the whole of Rajputana and Bengal. later, his son Ismail Shah succeeded him but gradually the Sur empire declined. Administrative changes by Sher Shah Suri: invested a lot in improving the law & order. Docoiti was rampant in the region and significantly reduced. Many laws were codified under him and his son Ismail Shah. He invested a lot into infrastructure and trade. Grand Trunk road which connected the Indus river to Sonargaon Bengal was constructed. Customs duties were imposed only at two places Indus and Sikarigali. A resting place for travelers and traders called Sarai was constructed at every eight-kilometer with a Sahna (Chowkidar). We find fine-quality gold and copper coins from this era. The village was the smallest unit of administration. A number of villages were called Parganas. Above the Paragana was called Shaq (or called Sarkar). He knew the problems of agriculture first hand. Agriculture taxation was modified. Different rates were decided for different crops. The land was divided into good, bad and middling. The land records were maintained by Patta (by Patwari). Amin helped in the land revenue collection. Peasants were given options to pay in cash or kind. Extra cess was levied during the famine. The branding of horses called the Dagh system was borrowed from Allaudin Khilji. Jizya continued. Old fort (or Purana Qila) was constructed by Sher Shah Suri. Conclusion Padmavat written by Malik Muhammad was completed during his reign. Sher Shah organized a long-lived bureaucracy responsible to the ruler and created a carefully calculated revenue system.
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##Question:Discuss the administrative changes brought by Sher Shah Suri during his regime. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Write a brief note about Sher Shah Suri in the introduction. Cover points on the administrative changes brought by Sher Shah Suri. Conclusion. Answer: In 1540, the second Afghan empire came into existence and by 1545, Sher Shah Suri had established himself as the supreme ruler from Sindh and Punjab to the whole of Rajputana and Bengal. later, his son Ismail Shah succeeded him but gradually the Sur empire declined. Administrative changes by Sher Shah Suri: invested a lot in improving the law & order. Docoiti was rampant in the region and significantly reduced. Many laws were codified under him and his son Ismail Shah. He invested a lot into infrastructure and trade. Grand Trunk road which connected the Indus river to Sonargaon Bengal was constructed. Customs duties were imposed only at two places Indus and Sikarigali. A resting place for travelers and traders called Sarai was constructed at every eight-kilometer with a Sahna (Chowkidar). We find fine-quality gold and copper coins from this era. The village was the smallest unit of administration. A number of villages were called Parganas. Above the Paragana was called Shaq (or called Sarkar). He knew the problems of agriculture first hand. Agriculture taxation was modified. Different rates were decided for different crops. The land was divided into good, bad and middling. The land records were maintained by Patta (by Patwari). Amin helped in the land revenue collection. Peasants were given options to pay in cash or kind. Extra cess was levied during the famine. The branding of horses called the Dagh system was borrowed from Allaudin Khilji. Jizya continued. Old fort (or Purana Qila) was constructed by Sher Shah Suri. Conclusion Padmavat written by Malik Muhammad was completed during his reign. Sher Shah organized a long-lived bureaucracy responsible to the ruler and created a carefully calculated revenue system.
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Discuss the physiographical division of the plains of India. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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APPROACH: Introduce by highlighting some information on North Indian Plains. Physiographic divisions of North Indian Plains. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: Physiographically, the northern plains are broadly divided on the basis of their formation into Bhabar, Tarai, and other remaining alluvial plains divided into coarser alluvial ie. Bhangar and the finer alluvial plains ie. Khadar. Bhabhar Region: It spreads from Indus to Teesta. It has a width of 8-10km. Mostly made up of the rocks brought by the rivers. (Boulders to pebbles.) River tends to disappear below the rocks. Therefore this region is not suitable for agriculture. Terai Region: The width is 10-20 km. Mostly made up of alluvial, hence fertile soil with good soil moisture. Mostly reclaimed for agriculture for growing rice and sugarcane. The Bhangar and Khadar regions: These are the mature stages of river valley formation. They are known for oxbow lakes, riverine islands, flood plains, and large deltas. Bhangar Region: Bhangar is the upper region and higher in altitude with relatively more slope hence less flood-prone. Eg: Haryana and Western UP region. It has older deposits of soil. It is also coarser in nature hence water holding capacity is less. More suitable for legumes due to ease of nitrogen fixation due to higher airiness. Coarse grains are also grown in these regions because they require less water. Khadar Region: They are low-lying, much gentle sloping alluvial plains. Because of low slope drainage is less. Therefore more flood-prone in nature. Soil is finer. Hence water retention is more. Therefore, the air in the soil is less. In dry season more percolation of air and opposite in wet. Therefore good for rice and sugarcane cultivation. Deltaic Region: Major deltas here is Sunderbans delta-known also for oxbow lakes. Soil is highly fertile and aided by the warmer tropical maritime climate. Farmers grow up to 3 crops of rice per year- Aus, Aman, and Boro. This region is also known for jute cultivation. Jute processing requires water which is naturally available in the oxbow lakes. The Northern plains of India hold significant importance in the Geographic, Political, Social, and Historical evolution of the country.
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##Question:Discuss the physiographical division of the plains of India. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce by highlighting some information on North Indian Plains. Physiographic divisions of North Indian Plains. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: Physiographically, the northern plains are broadly divided on the basis of their formation into Bhabar, Tarai, and other remaining alluvial plains divided into coarser alluvial ie. Bhangar and the finer alluvial plains ie. Khadar. Bhabhar Region: It spreads from Indus to Teesta. It has a width of 8-10km. Mostly made up of the rocks brought by the rivers. (Boulders to pebbles.) River tends to disappear below the rocks. Therefore this region is not suitable for agriculture. Terai Region: The width is 10-20 km. Mostly made up of alluvial, hence fertile soil with good soil moisture. Mostly reclaimed for agriculture for growing rice and sugarcane. The Bhangar and Khadar regions: These are the mature stages of river valley formation. They are known for oxbow lakes, riverine islands, flood plains, and large deltas. Bhangar Region: Bhangar is the upper region and higher in altitude with relatively more slope hence less flood-prone. Eg: Haryana and Western UP region. It has older deposits of soil. It is also coarser in nature hence water holding capacity is less. More suitable for legumes due to ease of nitrogen fixation due to higher airiness. Coarse grains are also grown in these regions because they require less water. Khadar Region: They are low-lying, much gentle sloping alluvial plains. Because of low slope drainage is less. Therefore more flood-prone in nature. Soil is finer. Hence water retention is more. Therefore, the air in the soil is less. In dry season more percolation of air and opposite in wet. Therefore good for rice and sugarcane cultivation. Deltaic Region: Major deltas here is Sunderbans delta-known also for oxbow lakes. Soil is highly fertile and aided by the warmer tropical maritime climate. Farmers grow up to 3 crops of rice per year- Aus, Aman, and Boro. This region is also known for jute cultivation. Jute processing requires water which is naturally available in the oxbow lakes. The Northern plains of India hold significant importance in the Geographic, Political, Social, and Historical evolution of the country.
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Compare and contrast the features of Post-Mauryan schools of Art in India. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)
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APPROACH: Introduce highlighting some information on the various schools of art formed after the rule of Mauryas. Compare and contrast basic features of these. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: In the post-Mauryan period, the Indian peninsula was again ruled by fragmented polities. Due to the influence of various patrons, different schools of art came up in different regions. Various schools of art emerged which can be divided into: Basis Gandhara School Mathura School Amravati School Material Grey Sandstone Red Sandstone White Marble Areas of practice North-West Frontier Province Sonkh-Kankali Tilla (Mathura region) Lower Krishna Godavari Valley Influence Greco-Roman and Bactrian Influence (Hellenistic) No outside influence No outside influence Religions Associated Buddhism Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism Only Buddhism Patronisation Kushanas Kushanas Satvahanas and Ikshavaku Features Spiritual Image. Half closed eyes. Unshaven face. Very less ornaments. Optimum clothing. Thin and muscled body. Muscles and veins visible. Delighted image. Fully Open eyes. Shaven face. More ornaments. Luxurious Clothing. Round Bodies In Amravati instead of creating a single dominated image they preferred the creation of jataka panels based on Jataka stories which are the previous life story of Buddha. Other Features Greek Influence: The smartness and sharp attributes of Gandhara"s sculpture were inspired by the Greek gods Appolo and Zeus. The grace of the image was inspired by Appolo and the masculinity of the body from Hercules and Atlas. Roman Influence: Realism is the keynote. Image with a large forehead, large earlobes, broad shoulders, and chest. Bactrian or Central Asian Influence: Curly Hair, beards, mustaches Long overcoats, headgear, weapons. Halo behind the head of Buddha Jainism Features: Sculptures of 24 Tirthankars were created. The most often repeated was the image of Vardhaman Mahaveer. His tall images and meditating images were created in naked form surrounded by nature. Hinduism features: The images of Lord Shiva and Lord Vishnu were created. Lord Shiva was depicted in the form of Shivalinga and Mukhalinga. Lord Vishnu"s complete image was created. He was often depicted with his Ayudh (arms with weapons like Sudarshana chakra, and a mace.) Halo behind the head of the sculpture. The three schools of art that came about post Mauryas in the Indian subcontinent left an indelible mark on the map of Indian Art and Culture.
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##Question:Compare and contrast the features of Post-Mauryan schools of Art in India. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce highlighting some information on the various schools of art formed after the rule of Mauryas. Compare and contrast basic features of these. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: In the post-Mauryan period, the Indian peninsula was again ruled by fragmented polities. Due to the influence of various patrons, different schools of art came up in different regions. Various schools of art emerged which can be divided into: Basis Gandhara School Mathura School Amravati School Material Grey Sandstone Red Sandstone White Marble Areas of practice North-West Frontier Province Sonkh-Kankali Tilla (Mathura region) Lower Krishna Godavari Valley Influence Greco-Roman and Bactrian Influence (Hellenistic) No outside influence No outside influence Religions Associated Buddhism Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism Only Buddhism Patronisation Kushanas Kushanas Satvahanas and Ikshavaku Features Spiritual Image. Half closed eyes. Unshaven face. Very less ornaments. Optimum clothing. Thin and muscled body. Muscles and veins visible. Delighted image. Fully Open eyes. Shaven face. More ornaments. Luxurious Clothing. Round Bodies In Amravati instead of creating a single dominated image they preferred the creation of jataka panels based on Jataka stories which are the previous life story of Buddha. Other Features Greek Influence: The smartness and sharp attributes of Gandhara"s sculpture were inspired by the Greek gods Appolo and Zeus. The grace of the image was inspired by Appolo and the masculinity of the body from Hercules and Atlas. Roman Influence: Realism is the keynote. Image with a large forehead, large earlobes, broad shoulders, and chest. Bactrian or Central Asian Influence: Curly Hair, beards, mustaches Long overcoats, headgear, weapons. Halo behind the head of Buddha Jainism Features: Sculptures of 24 Tirthankars were created. The most often repeated was the image of Vardhaman Mahaveer. His tall images and meditating images were created in naked form surrounded by nature. Hinduism features: The images of Lord Shiva and Lord Vishnu were created. Lord Shiva was depicted in the form of Shivalinga and Mukhalinga. Lord Vishnu"s complete image was created. He was often depicted with his Ayudh (arms with weapons like Sudarshana chakra, and a mace.) Halo behind the head of the sculpture. The three schools of art that came about post Mauryas in the Indian subcontinent left an indelible mark on the map of Indian Art and Culture.
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What do you mean by "Gender stereotyping"? Explain its impact on women in context of Indian society. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: . Define Gender Stereotype . How it impacts women both in a positive and negative way . Conclude accordingly Answer: A gender stereotype is a generalized view or preconception about attributes or characteristics that are or ought to be possessed by women and men or the roles that are or should be performed by men and women. Gender stereotypes can be both positive and negative for example, “women are nurturing” or “women are weak”. How it impacts the social position of women in society: Positive Influence: 1. Gender stereotypes can influence men and women’s behaviour to be more competitive or empathic. 2. Some gender-specific tasks come across as being biologically coded. Like the role of a mother can be best performed by a female and thus this stereotyping helps in the growth of families through a division of labour, though this has an adverse impact on women as well. Negative Influence: 1. Gender roles influence the careers that people select. Since some jobs require “caring, comforting, and serving behaviours” they are labelled as a woman’s job and stereotypically do not have high male employment. For eg. Pink Collor jobs, that of nurses etc. 2. It eclipses the talents in the children from the very childhood, for eg boys are preferred to play sports over females. 3. Glass ceiling effect keeps the females out of top positions in jobs. Women in many cases earn lesser than men. 4. It can lead to a psychological breakdown in some women who cannot handle the pressure due to stereotyping. 5. This can also result in a loss of efficiency of human capital. 6. It has also led to objectification and thus exploitation of women. Thus it can be clearly seen that the negative influences of gender stereotyping surpass that of positive ones. The need of the hour is to clearly identify the strength and weaknesses of a human as an individual and not as a gender.
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##Question:What do you mean by "Gender stereotyping"? Explain its impact on women in context of Indian society. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: . Define Gender Stereotype . How it impacts women both in a positive and negative way . Conclude accordingly Answer: A gender stereotype is a generalized view or preconception about attributes or characteristics that are or ought to be possessed by women and men or the roles that are or should be performed by men and women. Gender stereotypes can be both positive and negative for example, “women are nurturing” or “women are weak”. How it impacts the social position of women in society: Positive Influence: 1. Gender stereotypes can influence men and women’s behaviour to be more competitive or empathic. 2. Some gender-specific tasks come across as being biologically coded. Like the role of a mother can be best performed by a female and thus this stereotyping helps in the growth of families through a division of labour, though this has an adverse impact on women as well. Negative Influence: 1. Gender roles influence the careers that people select. Since some jobs require “caring, comforting, and serving behaviours” they are labelled as a woman’s job and stereotypically do not have high male employment. For eg. Pink Collor jobs, that of nurses etc. 2. It eclipses the talents in the children from the very childhood, for eg boys are preferred to play sports over females. 3. Glass ceiling effect keeps the females out of top positions in jobs. Women in many cases earn lesser than men. 4. It can lead to a psychological breakdown in some women who cannot handle the pressure due to stereotyping. 5. This can also result in a loss of efficiency of human capital. 6. It has also led to objectification and thus exploitation of women. Thus it can be clearly seen that the negative influences of gender stereotyping surpass that of positive ones. The need of the hour is to clearly identify the strength and weaknesses of a human as an individual and not as a gender.
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Civil Disobedience Movement was a step ahead of Non Cooperation Movement in many ways. Discuss ?(150 Words/ 10 Marks)
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Approach: Give a brief Introduction about Non-Cooperation Movement(NCM) and Civil Disobedience Movement. Highlighlight various features (Causes, Objectives, Participation, outcomes) of CDM which proved it more successful in comparison to NCM. Also, write some arguments in support of NCM in comparison to CDM. Conclude the answer by highlighting the significance of CDM in the Indian National Movement. Answer Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM) and Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) were the main events of the Indian freedom struggle that were based on Gandhian ideologies. Although both the movements had the aim of complete independence of India in mind, many historians claimed that Civil Disobedience Movement was a step ahead of Non-Cooperation Movement in many ways described below: The civil disobedience movement (CDM) was launched with the objective to attain ‘Purna Swaraj’ or complete independence while the Non-cooperation movement (NCM) was launched with the main objective to unify Hindus and Muslims and to attain Swaraj. The CDM sought to paralyze the government by breaking a specific set of rules and administration. The civil disobedience movement saw widespread geographical coverage and mass participation in comparison to the non-cooperation movement. The CDM was aimed at breaking certain laws like the Salt Laws. It was directed against the financial interest of Britishers. During CDM, People also refused to pay the taxes in some places. In NCM on the other hand main agenda were the surrender of titles and the boycott of government-controlled schools, offices and courts. Large scale participation of women is one of the most significant features of the CDM. In the NCM, women did not participate on a large scale. The CDM saw widespread geographical coverage and mass participation in comparison to the non-cooperation movement that remained geographically confined to certain parts of India. However, some historians claim that NCM is nothing less than CDM in the various ways: Promotion of Hindu Muslim Unity. The NCM sought to bring the working of the government to a standstill by not cooperating with the administration. There was large scale participation of the Muslim working class in the Non-Cooperation movement. Conclusion Thus both non-cooperation and the civil disobedience movements were among the most important struggle movements during India’s independence struggle. Though both the Non-cooperation movement and civil disobedience movement had many differences, they helped break the myth of benevolent despotism of the British raj and unified masses for future movements for independence.
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##Question:Civil Disobedience Movement was a step ahead of Non Cooperation Movement in many ways. Discuss ?(150 Words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief Introduction about Non-Cooperation Movement(NCM) and Civil Disobedience Movement. Highlighlight various features (Causes, Objectives, Participation, outcomes) of CDM which proved it more successful in comparison to NCM. Also, write some arguments in support of NCM in comparison to CDM. Conclude the answer by highlighting the significance of CDM in the Indian National Movement. Answer Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM) and Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) were the main events of the Indian freedom struggle that were based on Gandhian ideologies. Although both the movements had the aim of complete independence of India in mind, many historians claimed that Civil Disobedience Movement was a step ahead of Non-Cooperation Movement in many ways described below: The civil disobedience movement (CDM) was launched with the objective to attain ‘Purna Swaraj’ or complete independence while the Non-cooperation movement (NCM) was launched with the main objective to unify Hindus and Muslims and to attain Swaraj. The CDM sought to paralyze the government by breaking a specific set of rules and administration. The civil disobedience movement saw widespread geographical coverage and mass participation in comparison to the non-cooperation movement. The CDM was aimed at breaking certain laws like the Salt Laws. It was directed against the financial interest of Britishers. During CDM, People also refused to pay the taxes in some places. In NCM on the other hand main agenda were the surrender of titles and the boycott of government-controlled schools, offices and courts. Large scale participation of women is one of the most significant features of the CDM. In the NCM, women did not participate on a large scale. The CDM saw widespread geographical coverage and mass participation in comparison to the non-cooperation movement that remained geographically confined to certain parts of India. However, some historians claim that NCM is nothing less than CDM in the various ways: Promotion of Hindu Muslim Unity. The NCM sought to bring the working of the government to a standstill by not cooperating with the administration. There was large scale participation of the Muslim working class in the Non-Cooperation movement. Conclusion Thus both non-cooperation and the civil disobedience movements were among the most important struggle movements during India’s independence struggle. Though both the Non-cooperation movement and civil disobedience movement had many differences, they helped break the myth of benevolent despotism of the British raj and unified masses for future movements for independence.
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What do you understand by Jet stream? Describe its characteristics, types and significances. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Define jet streams in the introduction Briefly explain the characteristics of the Jet Streams Highlight various types of Jet streams Describe the importance and role played by Jet streams in atmospheric circulations and community in general. Answer: As per WMO, the Jet stream is a strong narrow current concentrated along a quasi-horizontal axis in the upper troposphere and in the lower stratosphere. It is characterized by strong vertical and lateral wind share and features one or more velocity maxima. They originated due to the difference in temperature and pressure gradient between two regions of the atmosphere such as polar and tropical. The larger the temperature differences, the stronger is the wind. Characteristics: 1000s of km in length and 100s km in width They normally blow from west to east. The winds are faster during winters. They follow the zig-zag path in the form of Rossby waves Types of Jet-Streams (JS): Polar JS: These are found between polar cell and Ferrel cell with the direction from West to East. These are irregular and discontinuous in nature. Sub-tropical Westerly JS: It is associated with temperature graduation at the poleward limit of the Hadley cell. It is strong in nature. Tropical- Easterly JS: They are opposite in direction to the polar jet stream i.e from East to west. They occur only during summer. It forms over India and Africa in summers and is due to intense heating of the Tibetan plateau and northern plains. Polar night jet stream: It is observed above the troposphere over the polar region during the winters. The direction of these jet streams is from the West to the East. These are also known as the stratospheric jet stream Local jet stream: It occurs due to local thermal and dynamic conditions e.g Somalia Jet stream along the eastern coast of Africa. Significances- It results in the creation of cyclonic and anti-cyclonic circulations on the surface due to upper divergence and convergence. It affects the local weather conditions It helps in the transportation of pollutants including ozone-depleting substances into the upper troposphere from the urban centers. Aircraft utilize the jetstreams in navigation. Jetstreams help information of temperate cyclones. The monsoon of South Asia is controlled by sub-tropical Westerly jetstream and Tropical Easterly Jet stream.
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##Question:What do you understand by Jet stream? Describe its characteristics, types and significances. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Define jet streams in the introduction Briefly explain the characteristics of the Jet Streams Highlight various types of Jet streams Describe the importance and role played by Jet streams in atmospheric circulations and community in general. Answer: As per WMO, the Jet stream is a strong narrow current concentrated along a quasi-horizontal axis in the upper troposphere and in the lower stratosphere. It is characterized by strong vertical and lateral wind share and features one or more velocity maxima. They originated due to the difference in temperature and pressure gradient between two regions of the atmosphere such as polar and tropical. The larger the temperature differences, the stronger is the wind. Characteristics: 1000s of km in length and 100s km in width They normally blow from west to east. The winds are faster during winters. They follow the zig-zag path in the form of Rossby waves Types of Jet-Streams (JS): Polar JS: These are found between polar cell and Ferrel cell with the direction from West to East. These are irregular and discontinuous in nature. Sub-tropical Westerly JS: It is associated with temperature graduation at the poleward limit of the Hadley cell. It is strong in nature. Tropical- Easterly JS: They are opposite in direction to the polar jet stream i.e from East to west. They occur only during summer. It forms over India and Africa in summers and is due to intense heating of the Tibetan plateau and northern plains. Polar night jet stream: It is observed above the troposphere over the polar region during the winters. The direction of these jet streams is from the West to the East. These are also known as the stratospheric jet stream Local jet stream: It occurs due to local thermal and dynamic conditions e.g Somalia Jet stream along the eastern coast of Africa. Significances- It results in the creation of cyclonic and anti-cyclonic circulations on the surface due to upper divergence and convergence. It affects the local weather conditions It helps in the transportation of pollutants including ozone-depleting substances into the upper troposphere from the urban centers. Aircraft utilize the jetstreams in navigation. Jetstreams help information of temperate cyclones. The monsoon of South Asia is controlled by sub-tropical Westerly jetstream and Tropical Easterly Jet stream.
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Discuss the ordinance-making power of the President of India. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)
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Approach: Briefly introduce the Ordinance Discuss the salient features including its misuse Conclude accordingly Answer: Ordinance-making power is the legislative power given to President and Governor as per Articles 123 and 213 respectively. The provision of the constitution has been given in the constitution to tackle any emergency situation when any house of the Parliament is not in session or any other exigency. Salient Features: The ordinance can be issued only when Parliament is not in session and therefore this power of the President cannot be considered to be a parallel power with respect to Parliament. The President can issue an ordinance only on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers and therefore, it is not the discretion of the President. The power of the President to issue ordinances can be considered to be coextensive with the power of Parliament. The ordinance issued by the President must be approved by the Parliament within a period of 6 weeks from the date of the commencement of the subsequent session of Parliament, otherwise the ordinance lapses. The President can withdraw the ordinance at any time The ordinance cannot be issued with respect to Constitutional Amendments The ordinance can be issued by President only when the situation is necessary and therefore, the ordinance-making power can be considered to be an Extraordinary power. Repromulgation of the ordinance is not constitutionally void and ordinance making is an emergency provision. (D.C Wadhwa Case) The ordinance-making power of the President is a special power and can be subject to Judicial Review on the ground of being malafide i.e. bad intention.
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##Question:Discuss the ordinance-making power of the President of India. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Briefly introduce the Ordinance Discuss the salient features including its misuse Conclude accordingly Answer: Ordinance-making power is the legislative power given to President and Governor as per Articles 123 and 213 respectively. The provision of the constitution has been given in the constitution to tackle any emergency situation when any house of the Parliament is not in session or any other exigency. Salient Features: The ordinance can be issued only when Parliament is not in session and therefore this power of the President cannot be considered to be a parallel power with respect to Parliament. The President can issue an ordinance only on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers and therefore, it is not the discretion of the President. The power of the President to issue ordinances can be considered to be coextensive with the power of Parliament. The ordinance issued by the President must be approved by the Parliament within a period of 6 weeks from the date of the commencement of the subsequent session of Parliament, otherwise the ordinance lapses. The President can withdraw the ordinance at any time The ordinance cannot be issued with respect to Constitutional Amendments The ordinance can be issued by President only when the situation is necessary and therefore, the ordinance-making power can be considered to be an Extraordinary power. Repromulgation of the ordinance is not constitutionally void and ordinance making is an emergency provision. (D.C Wadhwa Case) The ordinance-making power of the President is a special power and can be subject to Judicial Review on the ground of being malafide i.e. bad intention.
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In the 18th Century, India was beset with the spectre of a fragmented polity. Comment (10 marks/150 words).
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Approach: Intro: Start with the intro of Mid 18th century Body: Explain about the fragmented polity Conclusion: Conclude accordingly. Answer: The first half of the eighteenth century witnessed the decline and disintegration of the mighty Mughal Empire and the rise of virtually independent regional powers. The lack of strong central authority and the emergence of regional power weakened the political structure that led to rising of a foreign power. Factors that could be considered to play a potent role in fragmented polity were– The Mughal court saw a host of weak emperors in succession, emperors who were incapable to command the glorious empire and would rather indulge in the wasteful extravagance of pomp and show. Courtrooms became kingmaker’s ground for treachery and war of succession became recurrent. A number of powerful kingdoms such as Bengal, Avadh, Hyderabad, and Mysore arose and became virtually independent from the Mughal Empire. The weakened Mughal Empire was challenged by Marathas time and again. Marathas captured vast swathes of territory in northern and central India. The remaining illusion of continued domination of Mughal power was shattered by Nadir Shah’s (Shah of Persia) invasion of India in 1739. Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali also made frequent inroads into Punjab and finally took over Delhi in 1756-57. Marathas, who were considered as the only contenders to fill the power vacuum in Delhi, was defeated by Abdali"s forces in the Third Battle of Panipat (1761). The war didn’t decide who will rule India but who would not. After these series of events, the Mughal Empire ceased to exist as an all-India empire in practice. The British took advantage of the entire situation. They defeated the forces of Bengal in the Battle of Plassey and finally combined forces of Bengal, Awadh, and Mughal were crushed in the Battle of Buxar.
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##Question:In the 18th Century, India was beset with the spectre of a fragmented polity. Comment (10 marks/150 words).##Answer:Approach: Intro: Start with the intro of Mid 18th century Body: Explain about the fragmented polity Conclusion: Conclude accordingly. Answer: The first half of the eighteenth century witnessed the decline and disintegration of the mighty Mughal Empire and the rise of virtually independent regional powers. The lack of strong central authority and the emergence of regional power weakened the political structure that led to rising of a foreign power. Factors that could be considered to play a potent role in fragmented polity were– The Mughal court saw a host of weak emperors in succession, emperors who were incapable to command the glorious empire and would rather indulge in the wasteful extravagance of pomp and show. Courtrooms became kingmaker’s ground for treachery and war of succession became recurrent. A number of powerful kingdoms such as Bengal, Avadh, Hyderabad, and Mysore arose and became virtually independent from the Mughal Empire. The weakened Mughal Empire was challenged by Marathas time and again. Marathas captured vast swathes of territory in northern and central India. The remaining illusion of continued domination of Mughal power was shattered by Nadir Shah’s (Shah of Persia) invasion of India in 1739. Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali also made frequent inroads into Punjab and finally took over Delhi in 1756-57. Marathas, who were considered as the only contenders to fill the power vacuum in Delhi, was defeated by Abdali"s forces in the Third Battle of Panipat (1761). The war didn’t decide who will rule India but who would not. After these series of events, the Mughal Empire ceased to exist as an all-India empire in practice. The British took advantage of the entire situation. They defeated the forces of Bengal in the Battle of Plassey and finally combined forces of Bengal, Awadh, and Mughal were crushed in the Battle of Buxar.
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Critically examine the potential and opportunities associated with Aritifical Intelligence. (10 marks, 150 words)
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Approach: Start with a brief description of Artificial Intelligence. Discuss the potential of AI in various fields. Discuss the various challenges associated with AI. Conclude on a positive note. Answer: Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of a computer to perform sentient tasks which are associated with intelligent beings. It involves tasks like reasoning, generalizing, learning from past experiences, etc. Some common examples of its uses are- Google search suggestions, auto-correct, predictions while typing, etc. With the rapid development in the field, there is hardly any sector in which AI cannot be used. Some major areas with great potential for AI are:- Medical Science: Targeted drug delivery, more efficient diagnosis, remote surgeries, data analysis from treatment histories, etc. Agriculture: Ascertaining proper amount and timing of water and nutrients, smart taps to save water, better weed control, automated drone monitoring, etc. Manufacturing: Determining production practices with proper scope, scale, and quality controls so as to achieve the least wastage and optimum utilization. Defence: Smart fencing, defensive and offensive mechanisms that can curate the intensity of violent force use as per the threat perception. e-Governance: Better collection and processing of data, faster delivery of online services etc. Education: Personalised interaction, better online learning, quick responses etc. Some concerns associated with AI are as follows: AI can devise unethical ways to maximize the target outcome without the knowledge of its developers. This is possible for fields like actuarial calculations in insurance and share market trade. Analytical capabilities cannot be replicated in morality. It was evident after, in 2016, a chatbot by Microsoft had to be pulled off shortly after its release after it started giving out racist and sexist messages. AI development in most parts is happening in silos for competitive reasons; hence the developers themselves have an incentive to look out for ways to surpass one another. It is very similar to what we see in transnational hacking attacks. Along with most of the blue-collar repetitive jobs, AI could also target a large number of white-collar jobs with some degree of decision making like loans disbursal, coding, risk assessment, personnel management, etc, A lax regulatory regime for technological issues might create problems that are too big to get corrected. Data privacy, hacking, dark web are some examples. Military usage can be the most disastrous one. Devoid of emotions, it can go for indiscriminate scorched earth policies to meet military aims in the least time. Lack of legal accountability framework with respect to the AI. Despite the threats posed by AI, its benefits cannot be ignored. The way forward must be a globally accepted regulation regime so that efficiency is balanced with ethical concerns and AI can be effectively used for the welfare and development of mankind.
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##Question:Critically examine the potential and opportunities associated with Aritifical Intelligence. (10 marks, 150 words)##Answer:Approach: Start with a brief description of Artificial Intelligence. Discuss the potential of AI in various fields. Discuss the various challenges associated with AI. Conclude on a positive note. Answer: Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of a computer to perform sentient tasks which are associated with intelligent beings. It involves tasks like reasoning, generalizing, learning from past experiences, etc. Some common examples of its uses are- Google search suggestions, auto-correct, predictions while typing, etc. With the rapid development in the field, there is hardly any sector in which AI cannot be used. Some major areas with great potential for AI are:- Medical Science: Targeted drug delivery, more efficient diagnosis, remote surgeries, data analysis from treatment histories, etc. Agriculture: Ascertaining proper amount and timing of water and nutrients, smart taps to save water, better weed control, automated drone monitoring, etc. Manufacturing: Determining production practices with proper scope, scale, and quality controls so as to achieve the least wastage and optimum utilization. Defence: Smart fencing, defensive and offensive mechanisms that can curate the intensity of violent force use as per the threat perception. e-Governance: Better collection and processing of data, faster delivery of online services etc. Education: Personalised interaction, better online learning, quick responses etc. Some concerns associated with AI are as follows: AI can devise unethical ways to maximize the target outcome without the knowledge of its developers. This is possible for fields like actuarial calculations in insurance and share market trade. Analytical capabilities cannot be replicated in morality. It was evident after, in 2016, a chatbot by Microsoft had to be pulled off shortly after its release after it started giving out racist and sexist messages. AI development in most parts is happening in silos for competitive reasons; hence the developers themselves have an incentive to look out for ways to surpass one another. It is very similar to what we see in transnational hacking attacks. Along with most of the blue-collar repetitive jobs, AI could also target a large number of white-collar jobs with some degree of decision making like loans disbursal, coding, risk assessment, personnel management, etc, A lax regulatory regime for technological issues might create problems that are too big to get corrected. Data privacy, hacking, dark web are some examples. Military usage can be the most disastrous one. Devoid of emotions, it can go for indiscriminate scorched earth policies to meet military aims in the least time. Lack of legal accountability framework with respect to the AI. Despite the threats posed by AI, its benefits cannot be ignored. The way forward must be a globally accepted regulation regime so that efficiency is balanced with ethical concerns and AI can be effectively used for the welfare and development of mankind.
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Critically examine the potential and opportunities associated with Aritifical Intelligence. (10 marks, 150 words)
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Approach: Start with a brief description of Artificial Intelligence. Discuss the potential of AI in various fields. Discuss the various challenges associated with AI. Conclude on a positive note. Answer: Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of a computer to perform sentient tasks which are associated with intelligent beings. It involves tasks like reasoning, generalizing, learning from past experiences, etc. Some common examples of its uses are- Google search suggestions, auto-correct, predictions while typing, etc. With the rapid development in the field, there is hardly any sector in which AI cannot be used. Some major areas with great potential for AI are:- Medical Science: Targeted drug delivery, more efficient diagnosis, remote surgeries, data analysis from treatment histories, etc. Agriculture: Ascertaining proper amount and timing of water and nutrients, smart taps to save water, better weed control, automated drone monitoring, etc. Manufacturing: Determining production practices with proper scope, scale, and quality controls so as to achieve the least wastage and optimum utilization. Defence: Smart fencing, defensive and offensive mechanisms that can curate the intensity of violent force use as per the threat perception. Governance: Better collection and processing of data, faster delivery of online services etc. Education: Personalised interaction, better online learning, quick responses etc. Some concerns associated with AI are as follows: AI can devise unethical ways to maximize the target outcome without the knowledge of its developers. This is possible for fields like actuarial calculations in insurance and share market trade. Analytical capabilities cannot be replicated in morality. It was evident after, in 2016, a chatbot by Microsoft had to be pulled off shortly after its release after it started giving out racist and sexist messages. AI development in most parts is happening in silos for competitive reasons; hence the developers themselves have an incentive to look out for ways to surpass one another. It is very similar to what we see in transnational hacking attacks. Along with most of the blue-collar repetitive jobs, AI could also target a large number of white-collar jobs with some degree of decision making like loans disbursal, coding, risk assessment, personnel management, etc, A lax regulatory regime for technological issues might create problems that are too big to get corrected. Data privacy, hacking, dark web are some examples. Military usage can be the most disastrous one. Devoid of emotions, it can go for indiscriminate scorched earth policies to meet military aims in the least time. Lack of legal accountability framework with respect to the AI. Despite the threats posed by AI, its benefits cannot be ignored. The way forward must be a globally accepted regulation regime so that efficiency is balanced with ethical concerns and AI can be effectively used for the welfare and development of mankind.
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##Question:Critically examine the potential and opportunities associated with Aritifical Intelligence. (10 marks, 150 words)##Answer:Approach: Start with a brief description of Artificial Intelligence. Discuss the potential of AI in various fields. Discuss the various challenges associated with AI. Conclude on a positive note. Answer: Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of a computer to perform sentient tasks which are associated with intelligent beings. It involves tasks like reasoning, generalizing, learning from past experiences, etc. Some common examples of its uses are- Google search suggestions, auto-correct, predictions while typing, etc. With the rapid development in the field, there is hardly any sector in which AI cannot be used. Some major areas with great potential for AI are:- Medical Science: Targeted drug delivery, more efficient diagnosis, remote surgeries, data analysis from treatment histories, etc. Agriculture: Ascertaining proper amount and timing of water and nutrients, smart taps to save water, better weed control, automated drone monitoring, etc. Manufacturing: Determining production practices with proper scope, scale, and quality controls so as to achieve the least wastage and optimum utilization. Defence: Smart fencing, defensive and offensive mechanisms that can curate the intensity of violent force use as per the threat perception. Governance: Better collection and processing of data, faster delivery of online services etc. Education: Personalised interaction, better online learning, quick responses etc. Some concerns associated with AI are as follows: AI can devise unethical ways to maximize the target outcome without the knowledge of its developers. This is possible for fields like actuarial calculations in insurance and share market trade. Analytical capabilities cannot be replicated in morality. It was evident after, in 2016, a chatbot by Microsoft had to be pulled off shortly after its release after it started giving out racist and sexist messages. AI development in most parts is happening in silos for competitive reasons; hence the developers themselves have an incentive to look out for ways to surpass one another. It is very similar to what we see in transnational hacking attacks. Along with most of the blue-collar repetitive jobs, AI could also target a large number of white-collar jobs with some degree of decision making like loans disbursal, coding, risk assessment, personnel management, etc, A lax regulatory regime for technological issues might create problems that are too big to get corrected. Data privacy, hacking, dark web are some examples. Military usage can be the most disastrous one. Devoid of emotions, it can go for indiscriminate scorched earth policies to meet military aims in the least time. Lack of legal accountability framework with respect to the AI. Despite the threats posed by AI, its benefits cannot be ignored. The way forward must be a globally accepted regulation regime so that efficiency is balanced with ethical concerns and AI can be effectively used for the welfare and development of mankind.
| 77,871
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Critically examine the potential and opportunities associated with Aritifical Intelligence. (10 marks, 150 words)
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Approach: Start with a description of Artificial Intelligence. Highlight the potential of AI in various fields. Mention various challenges associated with AI. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of a computer to perform sentient tasks which are associated with intelligent beings. It involves tasks like reasoning, generalizing, learning from past experiences, etc. Some common examples of its uses are- Google search suggestions, auto-correct, predictions while typing, etc. With the rapid development in the field, there is hardly any sector in which AI cannot be used. Some major areas with great potential/opportunities for AI are: Medical Science- Targeted drug delivery, more efficient diagnosis, remote surgeries, data analysis from treatment histories, etc. Agriculture- Ascertaining proper amount and timing of water and nutrients, smart taps to save water, better weed control, automated drone monitoring, etc. Manufacturing- Determining production practices with proper scope, scale, and quality controls so as to achieve the least wastage and optimum utilization. Defence- Smart fencing, defensive and offensive mechanisms that can curate the intensity of violent force use as per the threat perception. e-Governance- Better collection and processing of data, faster delivery of online services etc. Education- Personalised interaction, better online learning, quick responses etc. Some concerns associated with AI are as follows: AI can devise unethical ways to maximize the target outcome without the knowledge of its developers. This is possible for fields like actuarial calculations in insurance and share market trade. Analytical capabilities cannot be replicated in morality. It was evident after, in 2016, a chatbot by Microsoft had to be pulled off shortly after its release after it started giving out racist and sexist messages. AI development in most parts is happening in silos for competitive reasons; hence the developers themselves have an incentive to look out for ways to surpass one another. It is very similar to what we see in transnational hacking attacks. Along with most of the blue-collar repetitive jobs, AI could also target a large number of white-collar jobs with some degree of decision making like loans disbursal, coding, risk assessment, personnel management, etc, A lax regulatory regime for technological issues might create problems that are too big to get corrected. Data privacy, hacking, dark web are some examples. Military usage can be the most disastrous one. Devoid of emotions, it can go for indiscriminate scorched earth policies to meet military aims in the least time. Lack of legal accountability framework with respect to the AI. Despite the threats posed by AI, its benefits cannot be ignored. The way forward must be a globally accepted regulation regime so that efficiency is balanced with ethical concerns and AI can be effectively used for the welfare and development of mankind.
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##Question:Critically examine the potential and opportunities associated with Aritifical Intelligence. (10 marks, 150 words)##Answer:Approach: Start with a description of Artificial Intelligence. Highlight the potential of AI in various fields. Mention various challenges associated with AI. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of a computer to perform sentient tasks which are associated with intelligent beings. It involves tasks like reasoning, generalizing, learning from past experiences, etc. Some common examples of its uses are- Google search suggestions, auto-correct, predictions while typing, etc. With the rapid development in the field, there is hardly any sector in which AI cannot be used. Some major areas with great potential/opportunities for AI are: Medical Science- Targeted drug delivery, more efficient diagnosis, remote surgeries, data analysis from treatment histories, etc. Agriculture- Ascertaining proper amount and timing of water and nutrients, smart taps to save water, better weed control, automated drone monitoring, etc. Manufacturing- Determining production practices with proper scope, scale, and quality controls so as to achieve the least wastage and optimum utilization. Defence- Smart fencing, defensive and offensive mechanisms that can curate the intensity of violent force use as per the threat perception. e-Governance- Better collection and processing of data, faster delivery of online services etc. Education- Personalised interaction, better online learning, quick responses etc. Some concerns associated with AI are as follows: AI can devise unethical ways to maximize the target outcome without the knowledge of its developers. This is possible for fields like actuarial calculations in insurance and share market trade. Analytical capabilities cannot be replicated in morality. It was evident after, in 2016, a chatbot by Microsoft had to be pulled off shortly after its release after it started giving out racist and sexist messages. AI development in most parts is happening in silos for competitive reasons; hence the developers themselves have an incentive to look out for ways to surpass one another. It is very similar to what we see in transnational hacking attacks. Along with most of the blue-collar repetitive jobs, AI could also target a large number of white-collar jobs with some degree of decision making like loans disbursal, coding, risk assessment, personnel management, etc, A lax regulatory regime for technological issues might create problems that are too big to get corrected. Data privacy, hacking, dark web are some examples. Military usage can be the most disastrous one. Devoid of emotions, it can go for indiscriminate scorched earth policies to meet military aims in the least time. Lack of legal accountability framework with respect to the AI. Despite the threats posed by AI, its benefits cannot be ignored. The way forward must be a globally accepted regulation regime so that efficiency is balanced with ethical concerns and AI can be effectively used for the welfare and development of mankind.
| 77,872
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What is a drought? Discuss in brief various classifications of droughts used in India. (10Marks/ 150 Words)
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APPROACH: Introduce by giving some information about Droughts. Briefly highlight various classifications of droughts. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: As per WMO, drought is a slow creeping natural hazard. Drought affects a vast part of our country across states with nearly 1/3rd country being drought-prone. The major state being Rajasthan which is a chronic drought-prone state. Other states are Gujarat, Maharashtra, U.P, M.P, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Telangana, and parts of Andhra. Types of Droughts: Indian Meteorological Department considers 5 drought situations: Drought Week: When weekly rainfall is less than half of normal. Agricultural drought: When 4 drought weeks occur back to back between mid-June to September. Seasonal Drought: When seasonal rainfall is less by more than the standard deviation. Drought Year: When annual rain is deficient by 20% of the normal. Severe Drought Year: When deficient by 25-40% As per National Commission on Agriculture, there are 3 types of droughts. Meteorological Drought: When deficiency in normal rainfall is more than 25%. Agricultural Drought: It is a situation when soil moisture and rainfall are inadequate to support healthy crops. Hydrological Drought: It happens due to prolonged meteorological drought causing depletion of surface and subsurface water. This can also happen when surface water holding capacity is substantially reduced mainly due to construction or deforestation. As per NDMA, droughts are classified by several factors: Meteorological Conditions: Rainfall & Temperature Soil Conditions: Depth, type of soil, and water availability. Surface Water Use: Surface-based irrigation. Groundwater: in terms of availability and utilization. Crops: such as cropping pattern, land use, and socio-economic factors such as the proportion of weaker sections, and poverty. Classification of droughts in these types helps in better disaster management and administrative convenience.
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##Question:What is a drought? Discuss in brief various classifications of droughts used in India. (10Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce by giving some information about Droughts. Briefly highlight various classifications of droughts. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: As per WMO, drought is a slow creeping natural hazard. Drought affects a vast part of our country across states with nearly 1/3rd country being drought-prone. The major state being Rajasthan which is a chronic drought-prone state. Other states are Gujarat, Maharashtra, U.P, M.P, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Telangana, and parts of Andhra. Types of Droughts: Indian Meteorological Department considers 5 drought situations: Drought Week: When weekly rainfall is less than half of normal. Agricultural drought: When 4 drought weeks occur back to back between mid-June to September. Seasonal Drought: When seasonal rainfall is less by more than the standard deviation. Drought Year: When annual rain is deficient by 20% of the normal. Severe Drought Year: When deficient by 25-40% As per National Commission on Agriculture, there are 3 types of droughts. Meteorological Drought: When deficiency in normal rainfall is more than 25%. Agricultural Drought: It is a situation when soil moisture and rainfall are inadequate to support healthy crops. Hydrological Drought: It happens due to prolonged meteorological drought causing depletion of surface and subsurface water. This can also happen when surface water holding capacity is substantially reduced mainly due to construction or deforestation. As per NDMA, droughts are classified by several factors: Meteorological Conditions: Rainfall & Temperature Soil Conditions: Depth, type of soil, and water availability. Surface Water Use: Surface-based irrigation. Groundwater: in terms of availability and utilization. Crops: such as cropping pattern, land use, and socio-economic factors such as the proportion of weaker sections, and poverty. Classification of droughts in these types helps in better disaster management and administrative convenience.
| 77,878
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Marathas were the strongest contender of the Indian Empire, but they had many inherent flaws which caused their failure. Discuss. (200 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduction: Briefly introduce the potential of the Maratha kingdom to become a pan-India empire. Body: Discuss the weakness in the nature of the polity of Marathas as the reason behind the failure of Marathas in forming the pan-Indian empire. Conclusion: Give a balanced conclusion commenting on the conditions that paved the entry for the British to fill the void created by the fall of the Mughal empire. Model Answer: The Mughal Empire declined in the first half of the eighteenth century. The political vacuum was filled by the rise of regional states like Bengal, Hyderabad, Awadh, Punjab, and the Maratha Kingdom. By 1740 the Maratha state had acquired control over large territories of the Mughal Empire and thus among these regional states, Marathas were perhaps the only regional state that had the potential to develop into a Pan-Indian empire replacing the Mughals. But that potential was never fully realized because of the nature of the Maratha polity itself. Reasons: · Maratha administration was thoroughly autocratic. It was not based on the habitual allegiance of the people. · Marathas did not succeed in creating large territorial empires which eventually proved to be such an important weakness that their collective strength was not adequate to prevent the British onslaught. · Maratha confederacy was caught in the meshes of mutual hostilities and machinations; the result was that the Marathas could not put up that unity, sense of purpose, strength, and patriotism which were necessary to make an India empire · There was no well thought out policy or plan in building up the Maratha Power and it was the due dearth of men of strong personality like Shiva Ji -the structure of the Maratha Empire began to crumble down · Local revenue officers or Deshmukh and zamindars took advantage of the dynastic factionalism that followed the death of Shivaji in 1680, by sometimes joining hands with the Marathas and sometimes aligning with the Mughals. · The Maratha state had contradictory functions – on the one hand, they tried to help the peasants who did not have land and on the other, they were trying to expand their empire and plunder areas. The Maratha state did not transfer jagirs which invariably led to the creation of rival power centers. The Maratha state thus could not become an alternative to the Mughal Empire because of the nature of its structure which consisted of power being shared among chiefs, sardars, and Deshmukh. In the meantime, the English had emerged as a new contender for power in the turbulent politics of 18th century India
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##Question:Marathas were the strongest contender of the Indian Empire, but they had many inherent flaws which caused their failure. Discuss. (200 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Briefly introduce the potential of the Maratha kingdom to become a pan-India empire. Body: Discuss the weakness in the nature of the polity of Marathas as the reason behind the failure of Marathas in forming the pan-Indian empire. Conclusion: Give a balanced conclusion commenting on the conditions that paved the entry for the British to fill the void created by the fall of the Mughal empire. Model Answer: The Mughal Empire declined in the first half of the eighteenth century. The political vacuum was filled by the rise of regional states like Bengal, Hyderabad, Awadh, Punjab, and the Maratha Kingdom. By 1740 the Maratha state had acquired control over large territories of the Mughal Empire and thus among these regional states, Marathas were perhaps the only regional state that had the potential to develop into a Pan-Indian empire replacing the Mughals. But that potential was never fully realized because of the nature of the Maratha polity itself. Reasons: · Maratha administration was thoroughly autocratic. It was not based on the habitual allegiance of the people. · Marathas did not succeed in creating large territorial empires which eventually proved to be such an important weakness that their collective strength was not adequate to prevent the British onslaught. · Maratha confederacy was caught in the meshes of mutual hostilities and machinations; the result was that the Marathas could not put up that unity, sense of purpose, strength, and patriotism which were necessary to make an India empire · There was no well thought out policy or plan in building up the Maratha Power and it was the due dearth of men of strong personality like Shiva Ji -the structure of the Maratha Empire began to crumble down · Local revenue officers or Deshmukh and zamindars took advantage of the dynastic factionalism that followed the death of Shivaji in 1680, by sometimes joining hands with the Marathas and sometimes aligning with the Mughals. · The Maratha state had contradictory functions – on the one hand, they tried to help the peasants who did not have land and on the other, they were trying to expand their empire and plunder areas. The Maratha state did not transfer jagirs which invariably led to the creation of rival power centers. The Maratha state thus could not become an alternative to the Mughal Empire because of the nature of its structure which consisted of power being shared among chiefs, sardars, and Deshmukh. In the meantime, the English had emerged as a new contender for power in the turbulent politics of 18th century India
| 77,882
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Explain various types of Goods with special emphasis on the Law of Demand and the types of goods that violate the Law of Demand. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduce the answer with the definition of "Goods". Discuss the concept of different types of Goods. Further, elaborate on the Law of Demand. Bring those types of Goods that violate the Law of Demand Conclude accordingly. Answer: In economics, goods are items that satisfy human wants and provide utility, for example, to a consumer making a purchase of a satisfying product. In terms of ownership they could be sub-divided into Public Goods ( which are non-competitive and non-exclusive like parks, and roads), Private goods (they have elements of exclusion and competition (Both)), and Club Goods (it refers to those goods which have elements of exclusion but not competition within its members). In the 21st Century, club goods are gaining popularity. These days the term digital public goods are also used to refer to all those digital infrastructures that are for all like digital locker, mygov.in, COVIN, etc. In terms of the consumption they can be subdivided in first Capital Goods (It refers to all those goods which are primarily for income generation like various machinery (if in any country the capital goods demands are increasing that indicates that in a given country more investments are there which will increase the wealth of country in future) and Consumer Goods (It refers to all those goods which are the purpose for the consumptions and therefore get decay over a period of time. They can be subdivided into two that are Consumer Durables (It refers to all those consumption-based things with an average life of three years and above like cars, AC, refrigerators, etc. Some of the consumer durables particularly Home Appliances like AC, Refrigerators are also called as White Goods (In India it was found that we import these white goods a lot which is why the government has introduced production linked incentives for these white goods) and on the other hand, there could be consumers non-durables with an average life of fewer than three years. It consists of most of perishable/eatable items along with other day-to-day things like clothes etc. As these items are fast-moving they can be called as Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). Yet another classification can be done in terms of the intermediate goods which are somewhere between Capital and Consumption like ball bearings, truck tyres etc. Sometimes intermediary Goods also might be used for those goods which are needed for production. Law of demand It advocates that whenever prices are more demand is lesser and when prices go down demand increases. In general whenever the price of a particular thing increases it has been found that alternative goods or substitute goods are preferred. For example tea and coffee. It has been found that whenever the price of particular goods increases not only its demand but at the same time demand of its complementary goods also reduces. For example, if the prices of tea is increasing not only demand of tea will reduce but at the same time demand of tea stick will also reduce. However, there are few goods that do not follow this Law of Demand like Giffen items, Veblen Goods, Pigouvian Items, etc. Giffen Goods: It refers to those necessary items whose demand increases with the increase in price. It does not follow the Law of Demand. It refers to those essential items which are having no alternative so they do not obey the law of demand whenever their prices increased artificial demands are created. They are not inferior goods but are compulsory goods. Veblen Goods: It refers to those luxurious items like expensive cars and is used when paying capacity is very high. The bandwagon effect also results in influencing people from the middle class to go for the Veblen goods. It also does not follow the Law of Demand. Pigouvian items or Sin goods: It refers to those sin items or detrimental items that are often found indifferent to the law of demand. They are those items that are injurious to health and the environment. Cigarettes and alcohol are examples of it. Inferior Good: It refers to those goods which are used by low-income groups. When the income increases then they are replaced by the other goods. Examples are the Bidi/Cigerrete, and jaggery/Sugar. Network products: It refers to all those products which are produced with the raw material and labour forces coming from more than one country is involved in its production and converting the entire world into one interconnected supply chain. Apple iPhone is an example of it. The government decides on the basis of priority which public goods are essentially needed to be provided by the government. If it is able to collect more resources in the form of taxes, then it may choose to provide more public goods.
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##Question:Explain various types of Goods with special emphasis on the Law of Demand and the types of goods that violate the Law of Demand. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the answer with the definition of "Goods". Discuss the concept of different types of Goods. Further, elaborate on the Law of Demand. Bring those types of Goods that violate the Law of Demand Conclude accordingly. Answer: In economics, goods are items that satisfy human wants and provide utility, for example, to a consumer making a purchase of a satisfying product. In terms of ownership they could be sub-divided into Public Goods ( which are non-competitive and non-exclusive like parks, and roads), Private goods (they have elements of exclusion and competition (Both)), and Club Goods (it refers to those goods which have elements of exclusion but not competition within its members). In the 21st Century, club goods are gaining popularity. These days the term digital public goods are also used to refer to all those digital infrastructures that are for all like digital locker, mygov.in, COVIN, etc. In terms of the consumption they can be subdivided in first Capital Goods (It refers to all those goods which are primarily for income generation like various machinery (if in any country the capital goods demands are increasing that indicates that in a given country more investments are there which will increase the wealth of country in future) and Consumer Goods (It refers to all those goods which are the purpose for the consumptions and therefore get decay over a period of time. They can be subdivided into two that are Consumer Durables (It refers to all those consumption-based things with an average life of three years and above like cars, AC, refrigerators, etc. Some of the consumer durables particularly Home Appliances like AC, Refrigerators are also called as White Goods (In India it was found that we import these white goods a lot which is why the government has introduced production linked incentives for these white goods) and on the other hand, there could be consumers non-durables with an average life of fewer than three years. It consists of most of perishable/eatable items along with other day-to-day things like clothes etc. As these items are fast-moving they can be called as Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). Yet another classification can be done in terms of the intermediate goods which are somewhere between Capital and Consumption like ball bearings, truck tyres etc. Sometimes intermediary Goods also might be used for those goods which are needed for production. Law of demand It advocates that whenever prices are more demand is lesser and when prices go down demand increases. In general whenever the price of a particular thing increases it has been found that alternative goods or substitute goods are preferred. For example tea and coffee. It has been found that whenever the price of particular goods increases not only its demand but at the same time demand of its complementary goods also reduces. For example, if the prices of tea is increasing not only demand of tea will reduce but at the same time demand of tea stick will also reduce. However, there are few goods that do not follow this Law of Demand like Giffen items, Veblen Goods, Pigouvian Items, etc. Giffen Goods: It refers to those necessary items whose demand increases with the increase in price. It does not follow the Law of Demand. It refers to those essential items which are having no alternative so they do not obey the law of demand whenever their prices increased artificial demands are created. They are not inferior goods but are compulsory goods. Veblen Goods: It refers to those luxurious items like expensive cars and is used when paying capacity is very high. The bandwagon effect also results in influencing people from the middle class to go for the Veblen goods. It also does not follow the Law of Demand. Pigouvian items or Sin goods: It refers to those sin items or detrimental items that are often found indifferent to the law of demand. They are those items that are injurious to health and the environment. Cigarettes and alcohol are examples of it. Inferior Good: It refers to those goods which are used by low-income groups. When the income increases then they are replaced by the other goods. Examples are the Bidi/Cigerrete, and jaggery/Sugar. Network products: It refers to all those products which are produced with the raw material and labour forces coming from more than one country is involved in its production and converting the entire world into one interconnected supply chain. Apple iPhone is an example of it. The government decides on the basis of priority which public goods are essentially needed to be provided by the government. If it is able to collect more resources in the form of taxes, then it may choose to provide more public goods.
| 77,916
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What do you mean by inequality? Also, discuss various reasons for inequality by comparing the conventional and modern reasons. (150 Words/ 10 Marks)
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Approach : Briefly define the inequality in the introduction. Highlight various conventional and modern reasons responsible for inequality. Conclude accordingly Answer : Inequality refers to the differences in various aspects of well being amongst people, societies or countries. It includes economic elements such as income, consumption and wealth. It also includes social and political aspects such as differences in access to wealth and education, and differences in access to opportunities to better one"s life. Economic aspects of inequality are able to reasonably represent the social and political aspects of inequality as well. Reasons for inequality: Conventional Reasons: These are those which have been conventionally sighted as the primary causes of inequality. These include natural reasons - accidents of birth and location Differences in the ability to earn incomes and have material possessions are greatly determined on the basis of where one was born or where one is located The probability of success increases manifold for someone or for someplace bestowed with some natural advantages. Economic Reasons: Conventionally, inequality has been explained as the differences in the rate of growth of return on capital versus that of labour. Capital earns profits that grow at a faster pace than wages earned by labour. Since profits are not distributed equitably amongst the capitalists and the labour. This leads to inequality over a period of time Comparative Reasons/Advantages: Inequality may also be there because of particular extra advantages that a person or place may have over the person or place with similar natural endowments Such advantages operate in a subtle way when comes to making decisions. Modern Reasons: It is the monopolizing tendency of firms accompanied by a poor application of the rule of law that explains inequality in modern times. The firms know that their ability to make profits depends on their survival and the demise of their competition. As such, the firms will take any steps possible to ensure that their competition gets eliminated The firms tried to develop better products and services to differentiate themselves and this may lead to only a few firms surviving after some time. The firms may also indulge in unfair practices such as influencing the policy of the government, taking steps inimical to the competition like predatory pricing in order to make the competition less capable In a country, where the governance structures are weak, such unfair practices may go unpunished or may even be conceived with the participation of the state. This becomes the reason for inequality in modern times Thus, from the above, it is evident that inequality is not necessarily the difference between wages and profits, rather it is due to restrictions of firms to earn profits, posed by existing firms which causes inequality.
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##Question:What do you mean by inequality? Also, discuss various reasons for inequality by comparing the conventional and modern reasons. (150 Words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:Approach : Briefly define the inequality in the introduction. Highlight various conventional and modern reasons responsible for inequality. Conclude accordingly Answer : Inequality refers to the differences in various aspects of well being amongst people, societies or countries. It includes economic elements such as income, consumption and wealth. It also includes social and political aspects such as differences in access to wealth and education, and differences in access to opportunities to better one"s life. Economic aspects of inequality are able to reasonably represent the social and political aspects of inequality as well. Reasons for inequality: Conventional Reasons: These are those which have been conventionally sighted as the primary causes of inequality. These include natural reasons - accidents of birth and location Differences in the ability to earn incomes and have material possessions are greatly determined on the basis of where one was born or where one is located The probability of success increases manifold for someone or for someplace bestowed with some natural advantages. Economic Reasons: Conventionally, inequality has been explained as the differences in the rate of growth of return on capital versus that of labour. Capital earns profits that grow at a faster pace than wages earned by labour. Since profits are not distributed equitably amongst the capitalists and the labour. This leads to inequality over a period of time Comparative Reasons/Advantages: Inequality may also be there because of particular extra advantages that a person or place may have over the person or place with similar natural endowments Such advantages operate in a subtle way when comes to making decisions. Modern Reasons: It is the monopolizing tendency of firms accompanied by a poor application of the rule of law that explains inequality in modern times. The firms know that their ability to make profits depends on their survival and the demise of their competition. As such, the firms will take any steps possible to ensure that their competition gets eliminated The firms tried to develop better products and services to differentiate themselves and this may lead to only a few firms surviving after some time. The firms may also indulge in unfair practices such as influencing the policy of the government, taking steps inimical to the competition like predatory pricing in order to make the competition less capable In a country, where the governance structures are weak, such unfair practices may go unpunished or may even be conceived with the participation of the state. This becomes the reason for inequality in modern times Thus, from the above, it is evident that inequality is not necessarily the difference between wages and profits, rather it is due to restrictions of firms to earn profits, posed by existing firms which causes inequality.
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Explain in detail India"s three stage Nuclear Power Programme. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)
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Approach: Mention the basic information about India"s Nuclear Energy program and its beginning. Highlight the stages of the Nuclear Energy Program in India. Conclude appropriately. Answer: India"s Nuclear Energy Program was envisaged by Dr. Homi Jahangir Bhabha who realized the limitation of India"s natural reserve. India has natural uranium in a few of the states, however, it has a huge amount of Thorium reserve found in the Western Ghats, especially in the Monazite sands of Kerala. Both U-238 and Th-232 are not good fissile materials. To effectively use our natural reserve, a 3 staged program was envisaged as follows: First Stage: In the first stage, a pressurized heavy water reactor will be used with heavy water both as a moderator and coolant. Enriched Uranium will be used where Uranium-235 is the main fissile material and U-238 can absorb a neutron and transmute into Pu-239 Second stage: A fast breeder reactor will be used. It uses liquid sodium as the coolant and does not use a moderator. The main fissile material will be Pu-239 recovered from the first stage along with Pu-239, a blanket of Thorium-232 can be used in the reactor which can absorb a neutron and transmute it into U-233. Fast Neutrons are not good at causing fission however, they can be readily absorbed by Th-232 and converted into U-233. The reason it is called a fast breeder is that the production of U233 occurs faster than the fission of Pu-239. The first operational fast breeder reactor in India was supposed to be in Kalpakkam, T.N. However, it is still not operational. Third Stage: A breeder reactor will be used where the main fissile material will be U-233 recovered from the second stage. A blanket of Th-232 can be added which can convert into U-233 and will be used in the third stage itself. Theoretically, the third stage can produce 500 GW of electricity for the next 500 years. As of now, India is still in the second stage of its nuclear energy power generation program and aims to use this technology for its future energy needs.
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##Question:Explain in detail India"s three stage Nuclear Power Programme. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Mention the basic information about India"s Nuclear Energy program and its beginning. Highlight the stages of the Nuclear Energy Program in India. Conclude appropriately. Answer: India"s Nuclear Energy Program was envisaged by Dr. Homi Jahangir Bhabha who realized the limitation of India"s natural reserve. India has natural uranium in a few of the states, however, it has a huge amount of Thorium reserve found in the Western Ghats, especially in the Monazite sands of Kerala. Both U-238 and Th-232 are not good fissile materials. To effectively use our natural reserve, a 3 staged program was envisaged as follows: First Stage: In the first stage, a pressurized heavy water reactor will be used with heavy water both as a moderator and coolant. Enriched Uranium will be used where Uranium-235 is the main fissile material and U-238 can absorb a neutron and transmute into Pu-239 Second stage: A fast breeder reactor will be used. It uses liquid sodium as the coolant and does not use a moderator. The main fissile material will be Pu-239 recovered from the first stage along with Pu-239, a blanket of Thorium-232 can be used in the reactor which can absorb a neutron and transmute it into U-233. Fast Neutrons are not good at causing fission however, they can be readily absorbed by Th-232 and converted into U-233. The reason it is called a fast breeder is that the production of U233 occurs faster than the fission of Pu-239. The first operational fast breeder reactor in India was supposed to be in Kalpakkam, T.N. However, it is still not operational. Third Stage: A breeder reactor will be used where the main fissile material will be U-233 recovered from the second stage. A blanket of Th-232 can be added which can convert into U-233 and will be used in the third stage itself. Theoretically, the third stage can produce 500 GW of electricity for the next 500 years. As of now, India is still in the second stage of its nuclear energy power generation program and aims to use this technology for its future energy needs.
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Discuss the process of creation of a new state as per the provisions of the constitution in India. Highlight the benefits and challenges in state re-organisation. (10 Marks/150 words)
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Approach - Discuss the process of the creation of new states. Highlight benefits of state re-organisation. Highlight challenges. Conclude briefly. Answer - Article 3 assigns to Parliament the power to enact legislation for the formation of new States. Parliament may create new States in a number of ways, namely by (i) separating the territory from any State, (ii) uniting two or more States, (iii) uniting parts of States and (iv) uniting any territory to a part of any State. Process of creation of new state - First Stage - A bill is only introduced only with the recommendation of the president. Second Stage - Before recommending, the President shall seek the opinion of the state legislature that is going to be affected by the Bill. Third Stage - The state legislature must render the opinion in a stipulated time-opinion rendered by the state legislature is not binding on the President. Fourth Stage - The bill is then introduced in either House and passed by a simple majority. Creation of New State. Benefits - Better administration. Strengthen democracy. Provides better tailor-made solutions. It also strengthens the democratic structure, creation of institutions leads to better access etc. Challenges - It creates an additional financial burden for the development of administrative infrastructure for the new state. It caters to the aspirations but fuels similar demand elsewhere. It may lead to inter-state water disputes. At times, it may lead to the demand for a more geographical area, better allocation of resources and even the state structures in the capital like state Bhawan etc. India is a multilingual and culturally heterogeneous country where such demands have been raised from time to time to create new states and this will continue to happen over time, but, Parliament has always tried to uphold the unity and integrity of our nation signifying unity in diversity.
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##Question:Discuss the process of creation of a new state as per the provisions of the constitution in India. Highlight the benefits and challenges in state re-organisation. (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach - Discuss the process of the creation of new states. Highlight benefits of state re-organisation. Highlight challenges. Conclude briefly. Answer - Article 3 assigns to Parliament the power to enact legislation for the formation of new States. Parliament may create new States in a number of ways, namely by (i) separating the territory from any State, (ii) uniting two or more States, (iii) uniting parts of States and (iv) uniting any territory to a part of any State. Process of creation of new state - First Stage - A bill is only introduced only with the recommendation of the president. Second Stage - Before recommending, the President shall seek the opinion of the state legislature that is going to be affected by the Bill. Third Stage - The state legislature must render the opinion in a stipulated time-opinion rendered by the state legislature is not binding on the President. Fourth Stage - The bill is then introduced in either House and passed by a simple majority. Creation of New State. Benefits - Better administration. Strengthen democracy. Provides better tailor-made solutions. It also strengthens the democratic structure, creation of institutions leads to better access etc. Challenges - It creates an additional financial burden for the development of administrative infrastructure for the new state. It caters to the aspirations but fuels similar demand elsewhere. It may lead to inter-state water disputes. At times, it may lead to the demand for a more geographical area, better allocation of resources and even the state structures in the capital like state Bhawan etc. India is a multilingual and culturally heterogeneous country where such demands have been raised from time to time to create new states and this will continue to happen over time, but, Parliament has always tried to uphold the unity and integrity of our nation signifying unity in diversity.
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What were the main major provisions of the Regulating Act of 1773? Also, discuss the drawbacks of the Regulating Act 1773.(150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduce the contextual background under which the British Government brought the Regulating Act of 1773. Elaborate on the major provisions of the Act. Bring the drawbacks. Conclude accordingly. Answer The rise of the EIC as political power made British State anxious. The misgovernance of the EIC led to the Bengal Famine in 1770. Besides that EIC also run into bankruptcy. Corruption by the EIC officials became rampant. This was against the image of Britain, the morality of imperialism, and against “White Man’s Burden”. Thus British government felt the need to bring different Acts to control the activity of the British East India Company. Major Provisions of Regulating Act 1773 It brought the Court of Directors (CoD) under the supervision of the British Government as they now had to submit all communication received on civil, military, and revenue matters to the British Government. Governor of Bengal was elevated to Governor-General of Bengal. He was also put in the Council of Four i.e. supreme council of Bengal having four members and headed by the Governor-General of Bengal was created. This was to ensure democratic functioning as decisions in the council were to be made on the basis of a majority vote. Governor-General of Bengal to have a casting vote (Vote when there was a tie). The Governor of Bombay and Governor of Madras were subordinated to the Governor-General of Bengal in matters of War and Peace with the Indian States except in emergency situations when Governors could act independently. The Governor-General of Bengal was made responsible for sending all information on Civil. Military and revenue matters to the Court of Directors. The Court of Directors will submit this information to the Government of Britain. A Supreme Court in Calcutta was established. The legislative powers were given to the Governor-General of Bengal in the Council. Miscellaneous Provisions No gifts could be taken by the EIC official. In addition four years of tenure for the Court of Director members and no re-election/reappointment. Five-year tenure for the Governor-General of Bengal. Five years for the council members. The decision of the supreme council of binding on the Governor-General of Bengal. Supreme Court was constituted of Chief Justice and three judges with jurisdiction over all the British Subjects residing in Bengal and their Indian Servants. The Governor of Bombay and Governor of Madras became suspendable by the Governor of General of Bengal if disobey in matters of war and peace. Drawbacks of Regulating Act 1773 The Governor of Bombay and the Governor of Madras could act independently in “Emergency Situations”. These were vague wordings, therefore they continue to act independently. The problem of communication was due to the huge distance between India and Britain. Thus the Supervision of Cod was weak or the supervision of Cod suffered. The problem of indecision in the supreme council of Bengal as there was no veto power over council members, with the Governor-General of Bengal in addition to it weak Governor-General of Bengal (Only casting votes). Ambiguity in the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of Calcutta and the Supreme Council led to conflict. Amending Act of 1781 was brought to resolve the problem of ambiguity in the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and Council.
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##Question:What were the main major provisions of the Regulating Act of 1773? Also, discuss the drawbacks of the Regulating Act 1773.(150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the contextual background under which the British Government brought the Regulating Act of 1773. Elaborate on the major provisions of the Act. Bring the drawbacks. Conclude accordingly. Answer The rise of the EIC as political power made British State anxious. The misgovernance of the EIC led to the Bengal Famine in 1770. Besides that EIC also run into bankruptcy. Corruption by the EIC officials became rampant. This was against the image of Britain, the morality of imperialism, and against “White Man’s Burden”. Thus British government felt the need to bring different Acts to control the activity of the British East India Company. Major Provisions of Regulating Act 1773 It brought the Court of Directors (CoD) under the supervision of the British Government as they now had to submit all communication received on civil, military, and revenue matters to the British Government. Governor of Bengal was elevated to Governor-General of Bengal. He was also put in the Council of Four i.e. supreme council of Bengal having four members and headed by the Governor-General of Bengal was created. This was to ensure democratic functioning as decisions in the council were to be made on the basis of a majority vote. Governor-General of Bengal to have a casting vote (Vote when there was a tie). The Governor of Bombay and Governor of Madras were subordinated to the Governor-General of Bengal in matters of War and Peace with the Indian States except in emergency situations when Governors could act independently. The Governor-General of Bengal was made responsible for sending all information on Civil. Military and revenue matters to the Court of Directors. The Court of Directors will submit this information to the Government of Britain. A Supreme Court in Calcutta was established. The legislative powers were given to the Governor-General of Bengal in the Council. Miscellaneous Provisions No gifts could be taken by the EIC official. In addition four years of tenure for the Court of Director members and no re-election/reappointment. Five-year tenure for the Governor-General of Bengal. Five years for the council members. The decision of the supreme council of binding on the Governor-General of Bengal. Supreme Court was constituted of Chief Justice and three judges with jurisdiction over all the British Subjects residing in Bengal and their Indian Servants. The Governor of Bombay and Governor of Madras became suspendable by the Governor of General of Bengal if disobey in matters of war and peace. Drawbacks of Regulating Act 1773 The Governor of Bombay and the Governor of Madras could act independently in “Emergency Situations”. These were vague wordings, therefore they continue to act independently. The problem of communication was due to the huge distance between India and Britain. Thus the Supervision of Cod was weak or the supervision of Cod suffered. The problem of indecision in the supreme council of Bengal as there was no veto power over council members, with the Governor-General of Bengal in addition to it weak Governor-General of Bengal (Only casting votes). Ambiguity in the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of Calcutta and the Supreme Council led to conflict. Amending Act of 1781 was brought to resolve the problem of ambiguity in the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and Council.
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Discuss each adjective attached to the word "Republic" in the "Preamble". Are they defendable in the present circumstance. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach- Introduction: Write about Preamble and Republic in brief Body: Explain each word related to the republic and give examples as well while explaining the defendability Conclusion: End the answer by mentioning the validity that which Preamble holds even today Answer: The preamble of the Indian constitution mentions India as a ‘Republic’ country which is ‘sovereign’, ‘socialist’, ‘secular’, and ‘democratic’. The words ‘socialist’ and ‘secular’ were added to the constitution under the 42nd constitutional amendment act in 1976. Words related to republic: Sovereign- Sovereign means that the Indian state is an independent entity and not under the rule or control of any others. It has all the right to take decisions independently without having to worry about the opinions of others. Socialist- The Indian state has declared socialism as a state policy under which the government is obliged to take care of its poor and destitute people. Before the addition of this feature, India was already a socialist-oriented state but the amendment made it official. Secular- Secular means that the Indian state will accept an equal treatment of religion policy wherein individuals or groups belonging to any religion will be treated equally without any discrimination. The secular concept of India is different from the west as our policy does not believe in strict ostracism of religious overtones. But exclusive favor to one particular religion is prohibited. Democratic- India is a democratic country where the nation is governed by individuals who are elected by the people. In this sense, India is an indirect democracy because people elect certain individuals to carry out governance, and decision-making is left to them without interference from the people. Relevance of these adjectives- The sovereignty of India is always intact regardless of the situation. The government takes actions that are favorable to the country without worrying about international consequences. Ex: Abrogation of Article 370 was a sovereign right of an Indian state. Socialist policies are still relevant regardless of the changing political environment. The schemes for the welfare of the downtrodden are still being carried out. Ex: PM Jan ArogyaYojana, PM GaribKalyanYojana. Secularism as a concept cannot be carried out strictly for a long time. Even though government policy clearly demarcates religious influence, certain sections aim to promote their religious agenda through government machinery. Ex: AIMPLB influence in government, Hindu Mahasabha, Churches, Shiromani Akali Dal, etc. Democracy is a concept that has stood the test of time. Even though considered a fragile democracy, India has survived decades without transition to authoritarianism. This emphasizes the relevance of democracy as a value in our country. Thus, th e preamble was created after a thorough analysis of the constitution and thus considered the soul of the constitution. It is still valid and relevant even after decades of its existence.
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##Question:Discuss each adjective attached to the word "Republic" in the "Preamble". Are they defendable in the present circumstance. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach- Introduction: Write about Preamble and Republic in brief Body: Explain each word related to the republic and give examples as well while explaining the defendability Conclusion: End the answer by mentioning the validity that which Preamble holds even today Answer: The preamble of the Indian constitution mentions India as a ‘Republic’ country which is ‘sovereign’, ‘socialist’, ‘secular’, and ‘democratic’. The words ‘socialist’ and ‘secular’ were added to the constitution under the 42nd constitutional amendment act in 1976. Words related to republic: Sovereign- Sovereign means that the Indian state is an independent entity and not under the rule or control of any others. It has all the right to take decisions independently without having to worry about the opinions of others. Socialist- The Indian state has declared socialism as a state policy under which the government is obliged to take care of its poor and destitute people. Before the addition of this feature, India was already a socialist-oriented state but the amendment made it official. Secular- Secular means that the Indian state will accept an equal treatment of religion policy wherein individuals or groups belonging to any religion will be treated equally without any discrimination. The secular concept of India is different from the west as our policy does not believe in strict ostracism of religious overtones. But exclusive favor to one particular religion is prohibited. Democratic- India is a democratic country where the nation is governed by individuals who are elected by the people. In this sense, India is an indirect democracy because people elect certain individuals to carry out governance, and decision-making is left to them without interference from the people. Relevance of these adjectives- The sovereignty of India is always intact regardless of the situation. The government takes actions that are favorable to the country without worrying about international consequences. Ex: Abrogation of Article 370 was a sovereign right of an Indian state. Socialist policies are still relevant regardless of the changing political environment. The schemes for the welfare of the downtrodden are still being carried out. Ex: PM Jan ArogyaYojana, PM GaribKalyanYojana. Secularism as a concept cannot be carried out strictly for a long time. Even though government policy clearly demarcates religious influence, certain sections aim to promote their religious agenda through government machinery. Ex: AIMPLB influence in government, Hindu Mahasabha, Churches, Shiromani Akali Dal, etc. Democracy is a concept that has stood the test of time. Even though considered a fragile democracy, India has survived decades without transition to authoritarianism. This emphasizes the relevance of democracy as a value in our country. Thus, th e preamble was created after a thorough analysis of the constitution and thus considered the soul of the constitution. It is still valid and relevant even after decades of its existence.
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अनेक प्रयासों के बाद भी भारत में वित्तीय/राजकोषीय संघवाद के समक्ष चुनौतियां बनी हुई हैं| भारत में स्वस्थ वित्तीय/राजकोषीय संघवाद के विकास के लिए आप क्या सुझाव देंगे ?(150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Despite many efforts, challenges remain before fiscal federalism in India. What would you suggest for the development of healthy fiscal federalism in India? (150-200 Makrs; 10 Marks)
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दृष्टिकोण- 1- भूमिका में, भारत में सहयोगी और वित्तीय/राजकोषीय संघवाद तथा इसके लिए किये गए प्रयासों की चर्चा कीजिये| 2- प्रथम भाग में भारत में वित्तीय/राजकोषीय संघवाद के समक्ष चुनौतियों की चर्चा कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में स्वस्थ वित्तीय/राजकोषीय संघवाद के विकास के लिए अपने सुझाव प्रस्तुत कीजिये 4- अंतिम में उपयुक्त सकारात्मक निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये भारतीय संसदीय शासन प्रणाली में सहयोगी संघवाद की परिकल्पना की गई है, जिसके तहत संघ और राज्यों के बीच पारस्परिक सहयोग एवं समन्वय पर बल दिया गया है। संविधान के अनुच्छेद 268-293 तक के तहत संघ तथा राज्यों के मध्य वित्तीय संबंधों के बारे में प्रावधान किया गया है। संघ सरकार को सातवीं अनुसूची में वर्णित विषयों पर कर लगाने की शक्ति है जबकि राज्य सरकारों को राज्य सूची पर कर आरोपित करने की शक्ति है। भारतीय संविधान में राजकोषीय संघवाद को बढ़ावा देने के लिए जिस संस्थागत ढाँचे की परिकल्पना की गयी है, वह है वित्त आयोग। वित्त आयोग केन्द्र एवं राज्यों के बीच केन्द्रीय कर राजस्व के विभाजन का उल्लेख करता है। इसके साथ ही राजकोषीय संघवाद को बढ़ावा देने के लिए वस्तु एवं सेवा कर (जीएसटी) की व्यवस्था लायी गयी है लेकिन इन प्रयासों के बाद भी भारत में वित्तीय संघवाद के समक्ष अनेक चुनौतियां बनी हुई हैं| जीएसटी सम्बन्धी विशिष्ट समस्याएं और चुनौतियां राज्यों की वित्तीय स्वायत्ता में कमी, राज्य के कुल राजस्व प्राप्ति में कमी संघ -राज्य उर्ध्वाधर सम्बन्ध संघ के पक्ष में जीएसटी परिषद् प्रत्यक्ष निर्वाचित सदस्यों की संस्था नहीं और इसका झुकाव संघ की तरफ है नोट- कनाडा जैसे देशों में जहाँ जीएसटी लागू किया गया है, प्रत्यक्ष कर से सम्बन्धित शक्ति राज्यों को और अप्रत्यक्ष कर से सम्बन्धित शक्ति संघ को दी गयी है जबकि भारत में दोनों ही शक्तियां संघ को दी गयी हैं| सामान्य वित्तीय समस्याएं एवं चुनौतियां उर्ध्वाधर असंतुलन में लगातार वृद्धि अनुच्छेद 282 के तहत राज्यों की संघ के ऊपर निर्भरता में वृद्धि संसाधनों के बंटवारे में क्षेत्रीय संतुलन का बने रहना क्षैतिज स्तर पर स्वस्थ प्रतियोगिता का अभाव और असंतुलन की स्थिति आपदा काल में संघ की शक्ति का बढना और परिणामस्वरूप राज्यों की वित्तीय समस्या में वृद्धि उपर्युक्त समस्याओं के अलावा वित्तीय संघवाद के क्षेत्र में कुछ अन्य चुनौतियां भी हैं जो निम्नलिखित हैं यथा संघ के द्वारा अपने नैतिक और विधिक कर्तव्यों का निर्वहन न करना राज्यों का अनुच्छेद 131 के तहत सर्वोच्च न्यायालय पर निर्भर रहना संघ की सरकार के द्वारा वित्तीय स्थायित्व और अनुशासन पर कम ध्यान देना उपकर (CESS) तथा अधिभार का दुरूपयोग करना| विशेष तौर पर वित्तीय सम्बन्धों को सुधारने और वित्तीय संघवाद को प्रभावी बनाने के लिए संभावित सुझाव वित्तीय संघवाद की व्यापक और संतुलित अवधारणात्मक परिभाषा करते हुए (वित्तीय संसाधन प्रबन्धन में संघ और राज्य की समन्वित भूमिका) नीति आयोग के सुझावों के अनुसार क्षैतिज और उर्ध्वाधर असंतुलन को कम करना आपदा प्रबन्धन को समवर्ती सूची में लाया जाए जीएसटी परिषद् की कार्यप्रणाली और वित्त आयोग की कार्यप्रणाली में समरूपता लायी जाए संघ प्रायोजित योजनायें और संघ द्वारा राज्यों को दी जाने वाली सहायता को तार्किक बनाया जाए संस्थागत योग्यता विकास पर विशेष बल दिया जाए वित्त आयोगों और राज्य वित्त आयोगों की सिफारिश के आधार पर संघीय कर के बंटवारे के सम्बन्ध में और जीएसटी के सम्बन्ध में आवश्यक कदम उठायें जाएँ जीएसटी के दायरे को बढाते हुए राजस्व में वृद्धि का तार्किक प्रयास सुनिश्चित हो अनुच्छेद 39(b) और 39(c) को प्रभावी बनाने के लिए नीति आयोग जैसी संस्था को शोध और अनुसंधान के प्रति प्रोत्साहित एवं समर्पित किया जाए 7 वीं अनुसूची पर पुनर्विचार हो और सब्सीडियरटी के सिद्धांत पर अमल किया जाए 14 वें वित्त आयोग ने कर राजस्व की शुद्ध प्राप्ति को राज्य के पक्ष में 32 % से बढ़ा कर 42% किया जबकि जीएसटी के कारण पहले पांच वर्ष के लिए क्षतिपूर्ति सम्बन्धी सुझाव दिए (प्रथम तीन वर्ष 100 %, चौथे वर्ष 75% और पांचवे वर्ष 50 %) को प्रभावी तरीके से लागू किया जाए तथा एक स्वायत्त जीएसटी क्षतिपूर्ति कोष की स्थापना की जाए| इसके साथ ही देश में सहयोगी संघवाद, प्रतियोगी संघवाद, हरित/पर्यावरणीय संघवाद को विकसित करने का प्रयास करना चाहिए इन उपर्युक्त सुझावों के अलावा सरकारिया आयोग, संविधान समीक्षा आयोग और पूंछी आयोग की सिफारिशों को प्रभावशाली तरीके से लागू करके संघ-राज्य संबंधों में सुधार लाया जा सकता है|
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##Question:अनेक प्रयासों के बाद भी भारत में वित्तीय/राजकोषीय संघवाद के समक्ष चुनौतियां बनी हुई हैं| भारत में स्वस्थ वित्तीय/राजकोषीय संघवाद के विकास के लिए आप क्या सुझाव देंगे ?(150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Despite many efforts, challenges remain before fiscal federalism in India. What would you suggest for the development of healthy fiscal federalism in India? (150-200 Makrs; 10 Marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण- 1- भूमिका में, भारत में सहयोगी और वित्तीय/राजकोषीय संघवाद तथा इसके लिए किये गए प्रयासों की चर्चा कीजिये| 2- प्रथम भाग में भारत में वित्तीय/राजकोषीय संघवाद के समक्ष चुनौतियों की चर्चा कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में स्वस्थ वित्तीय/राजकोषीय संघवाद के विकास के लिए अपने सुझाव प्रस्तुत कीजिये 4- अंतिम में उपयुक्त सकारात्मक निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये भारतीय संसदीय शासन प्रणाली में सहयोगी संघवाद की परिकल्पना की गई है, जिसके तहत संघ और राज्यों के बीच पारस्परिक सहयोग एवं समन्वय पर बल दिया गया है। संविधान के अनुच्छेद 268-293 तक के तहत संघ तथा राज्यों के मध्य वित्तीय संबंधों के बारे में प्रावधान किया गया है। संघ सरकार को सातवीं अनुसूची में वर्णित विषयों पर कर लगाने की शक्ति है जबकि राज्य सरकारों को राज्य सूची पर कर आरोपित करने की शक्ति है। भारतीय संविधान में राजकोषीय संघवाद को बढ़ावा देने के लिए जिस संस्थागत ढाँचे की परिकल्पना की गयी है, वह है वित्त आयोग। वित्त आयोग केन्द्र एवं राज्यों के बीच केन्द्रीय कर राजस्व के विभाजन का उल्लेख करता है। इसके साथ ही राजकोषीय संघवाद को बढ़ावा देने के लिए वस्तु एवं सेवा कर (जीएसटी) की व्यवस्था लायी गयी है लेकिन इन प्रयासों के बाद भी भारत में वित्तीय संघवाद के समक्ष अनेक चुनौतियां बनी हुई हैं| जीएसटी सम्बन्धी विशिष्ट समस्याएं और चुनौतियां राज्यों की वित्तीय स्वायत्ता में कमी, राज्य के कुल राजस्व प्राप्ति में कमी संघ -राज्य उर्ध्वाधर सम्बन्ध संघ के पक्ष में जीएसटी परिषद् प्रत्यक्ष निर्वाचित सदस्यों की संस्था नहीं और इसका झुकाव संघ की तरफ है नोट- कनाडा जैसे देशों में जहाँ जीएसटी लागू किया गया है, प्रत्यक्ष कर से सम्बन्धित शक्ति राज्यों को और अप्रत्यक्ष कर से सम्बन्धित शक्ति संघ को दी गयी है जबकि भारत में दोनों ही शक्तियां संघ को दी गयी हैं| सामान्य वित्तीय समस्याएं एवं चुनौतियां उर्ध्वाधर असंतुलन में लगातार वृद्धि अनुच्छेद 282 के तहत राज्यों की संघ के ऊपर निर्भरता में वृद्धि संसाधनों के बंटवारे में क्षेत्रीय संतुलन का बने रहना क्षैतिज स्तर पर स्वस्थ प्रतियोगिता का अभाव और असंतुलन की स्थिति आपदा काल में संघ की शक्ति का बढना और परिणामस्वरूप राज्यों की वित्तीय समस्या में वृद्धि उपर्युक्त समस्याओं के अलावा वित्तीय संघवाद के क्षेत्र में कुछ अन्य चुनौतियां भी हैं जो निम्नलिखित हैं यथा संघ के द्वारा अपने नैतिक और विधिक कर्तव्यों का निर्वहन न करना राज्यों का अनुच्छेद 131 के तहत सर्वोच्च न्यायालय पर निर्भर रहना संघ की सरकार के द्वारा वित्तीय स्थायित्व और अनुशासन पर कम ध्यान देना उपकर (CESS) तथा अधिभार का दुरूपयोग करना| विशेष तौर पर वित्तीय सम्बन्धों को सुधारने और वित्तीय संघवाद को प्रभावी बनाने के लिए संभावित सुझाव वित्तीय संघवाद की व्यापक और संतुलित अवधारणात्मक परिभाषा करते हुए (वित्तीय संसाधन प्रबन्धन में संघ और राज्य की समन्वित भूमिका) नीति आयोग के सुझावों के अनुसार क्षैतिज और उर्ध्वाधर असंतुलन को कम करना आपदा प्रबन्धन को समवर्ती सूची में लाया जाए जीएसटी परिषद् की कार्यप्रणाली और वित्त आयोग की कार्यप्रणाली में समरूपता लायी जाए संघ प्रायोजित योजनायें और संघ द्वारा राज्यों को दी जाने वाली सहायता को तार्किक बनाया जाए संस्थागत योग्यता विकास पर विशेष बल दिया जाए वित्त आयोगों और राज्य वित्त आयोगों की सिफारिश के आधार पर संघीय कर के बंटवारे के सम्बन्ध में और जीएसटी के सम्बन्ध में आवश्यक कदम उठायें जाएँ जीएसटी के दायरे को बढाते हुए राजस्व में वृद्धि का तार्किक प्रयास सुनिश्चित हो अनुच्छेद 39(b) और 39(c) को प्रभावी बनाने के लिए नीति आयोग जैसी संस्था को शोध और अनुसंधान के प्रति प्रोत्साहित एवं समर्पित किया जाए 7 वीं अनुसूची पर पुनर्विचार हो और सब्सीडियरटी के सिद्धांत पर अमल किया जाए 14 वें वित्त आयोग ने कर राजस्व की शुद्ध प्राप्ति को राज्य के पक्ष में 32 % से बढ़ा कर 42% किया जबकि जीएसटी के कारण पहले पांच वर्ष के लिए क्षतिपूर्ति सम्बन्धी सुझाव दिए (प्रथम तीन वर्ष 100 %, चौथे वर्ष 75% और पांचवे वर्ष 50 %) को प्रभावी तरीके से लागू किया जाए तथा एक स्वायत्त जीएसटी क्षतिपूर्ति कोष की स्थापना की जाए| इसके साथ ही देश में सहयोगी संघवाद, प्रतियोगी संघवाद, हरित/पर्यावरणीय संघवाद को विकसित करने का प्रयास करना चाहिए इन उपर्युक्त सुझावों के अलावा सरकारिया आयोग, संविधान समीक्षा आयोग और पूंछी आयोग की सिफारिशों को प्रभावशाली तरीके से लागू करके संघ-राज्य संबंधों में सुधार लाया जा सकता है|
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What is Green Revolution? Write the positive impact of the Green Revolution in India. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduction: Introduce with Green revolution or its background. Body: Write in detail about components of GR benefits of GR Conclusion: Conclude appropriately Answer: India had to import food grains and industrial material in 1957 hence faced a BOP crisis 1957. India Approached the Ford foundation so the Ford foundation brought seeds to India developed by Norman Borlaug in Mexico created HYV seeds of wheat up to 4 times an increase in production.HYV program is known as the green revolution. Characteristics of the Green revolution Use of High yields variety seeds such as Rice, wheat, maize, bajra, and jowar. Use of Chemical fertilizer. Use of Chemical pesticides. Dependency on irrigation water. Capital intensive agriculture Modern Machines were used Benefits of Green Revolution: Increased agriculture productivity and hence overall production => ensuring food security-2200 to 2400 calories intake per person. Prosperity of farmers. No compulsion of food grain input. Investment in agriculture started happening. Hence, increased overall profits. Agricultural industrialization increased. Therefore, agricultural processing industries also thrived now. High standard of living for farmers. Therefore, multiplication of consumer good industries. It has led to employment generation. Employment generation from people in other states. Overall attitudinal change in the farmers. Beginning of commercial grain farming in India. In addition to this government infrastructure and institutions have also been created such as power distribution in rural areas, road networks in rural areas, fuel distribution methods such as diesel, and kerosene, and storage capacities such as FCI godowns including cold storage capacities in private sectors, development of agricultural industries and research institutions, rural banks- NABARD, micro-financing institutions, and creation of mandis, commodity trading, etc. Thus, Green revolution helped India attain self sufficiency in Agriculture.
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##Question:What is Green Revolution? Write the positive impact of the Green Revolution in India. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Introduce with Green revolution or its background. Body: Write in detail about components of GR benefits of GR Conclusion: Conclude appropriately Answer: India had to import food grains and industrial material in 1957 hence faced a BOP crisis 1957. India Approached the Ford foundation so the Ford foundation brought seeds to India developed by Norman Borlaug in Mexico created HYV seeds of wheat up to 4 times an increase in production.HYV program is known as the green revolution. Characteristics of the Green revolution Use of High yields variety seeds such as Rice, wheat, maize, bajra, and jowar. Use of Chemical fertilizer. Use of Chemical pesticides. Dependency on irrigation water. Capital intensive agriculture Modern Machines were used Benefits of Green Revolution: Increased agriculture productivity and hence overall production => ensuring food security-2200 to 2400 calories intake per person. Prosperity of farmers. No compulsion of food grain input. Investment in agriculture started happening. Hence, increased overall profits. Agricultural industrialization increased. Therefore, agricultural processing industries also thrived now. High standard of living for farmers. Therefore, multiplication of consumer good industries. It has led to employment generation. Employment generation from people in other states. Overall attitudinal change in the farmers. Beginning of commercial grain farming in India. In addition to this government infrastructure and institutions have also been created such as power distribution in rural areas, road networks in rural areas, fuel distribution methods such as diesel, and kerosene, and storage capacities such as FCI godowns including cold storage capacities in private sectors, development of agricultural industries and research institutions, rural banks- NABARD, micro-financing institutions, and creation of mandis, commodity trading, etc. Thus, Green revolution helped India attain self sufficiency in Agriculture.
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नगरीय स्थानीय निकायों की संरचना की संक्षेप में चर्चा करते हुए इनसे सम्बन्धित मुद्दों और चुनौतियों को स्पष्ट कीजिए| साथ ही, इन मुद्दों के समाधान के संदर्भ में अपने सुझाव प्रस्तुत कीजिये (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Briefly discussing the structure of Urban Local Bodies, explain the issues and challenges related to them. Also, give your suggestions regarding the solution of these issues (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में नगरीय स्थानीय शासन के बारे में मूलभूत जानकारियाँ दीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में नगरीय स्थानीय निकायों की संरचना की संक्षेप में चर्चा कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में नगरीय स्थानीय निकायों सम्बन्धित मुद्दों और चुनौतियों को स्पष्ट कीजिए 4- अंतिम में उपरोक्त मुद्दों के समाधान के संदर्भ में अपने सुझावों के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| 1688 में मद्रास में नगर निगम की स्थापना के साथ भारत में नगरीय स्थानीय निकाय का व्यवस्थित विकास प्रारम्भ हुआ|1726 में बॉम्बे और कलकत्ता नगर निगम की स्थापना की गयी| ग्रामीण स्थानीय निकायों से पृथक शहरी स्थानीय निकाय उर्ध्वाधर के बजाय क्षैतिज आधार पर गठित किये गए हैं(जनसंख्या का आधार) |इन निकायों पर राज्य सरकारों के साथ साथ भारत सरकार के शहरी विकास मंत्रालय, गृह मंत्रालय और रक्षा मंत्रालय से है| पंचायत की तीनों ही संस्थाओं का संविधान में उल्लेख किया गया है लेकिन सभी नगरीय निकायों का संविधान में उल्लेख नहीं है| एक जून 1993 से 74 संविधान संशोधन अधिनियम 1992 प्रभावी किया गया और उसके अनुसार संविधान के भाग 9A के तहत अनुच्छेद 243(P) से 243 (ZG)तक प्रावधान दिए गए हैं| इसके अलावा 12वीं अनुसूची के तहत 18 विषय शामिल किये गए हैं जिनपर नगरीय निकाय विधि का निर्माण और कर आरोपण से सम्बन्धित निर्णय ले सकते हैं| संवैधानिक प्रावधानों के अनुसार तीन प्रकार के नगरीय निकाय होते हैं, इनकी संरचना निम्नलिखित है| नगर पंचायत अपेक्षाकृत छोटे राज्यों में 15 हजार से 25 हजार की जनसंख्या पर गठित| सदस्य संख्या का निर्धारण राज्य सरकार द्वारा किया जाता है| इसके गठन से सम्बन्धित औपचारिक निर्णय राज्यपाल के द्वारा लिया जाता है| नगर पंचायत में निर्वाचित एवं मनोनीत सदस्य संभव| सामान्य तौर पर इसके सदस्यों को भी काउंसिलर या वार्ड मेम्बर कहते हैं नगरपालिका एक लाख से 3 लाख की जनसंख्या पर | प्रत्यक्ष चुनाव द्वारा पार्षदों का चयन कार्यकाल पांच वर्ष का परन्तु समय के पूर्व भंग किया जाना संभव (राज्य विधायिका की विधि के अनुसार)| भंग किये जाने की स्थिति में 6 महीने के भीतर निर्वाचन आवश्यक होगा परन्तु यदि ऐसे समय में भंग किया गया हो जिसके 6 महीने बाद नया चुनाव होने वाला हो तो उपचुनाव की आवश्यकता नहीं होगी| (यदि चुनाव कराना ही पडा तो बचे हुए समय के लिए ही उसका निर्वाचन होगा न कि पूर्ण पांच वर्ष के लिए) नगर पालिका 3 भागों में विभक्त की जाती है यथा परिषद, स्थायी समिति एवं मुख्य कार्यकारी पदाधिकारी नगर निगम 3 लाख से ज्यादा की जनसंख्या पर; |प्रत्यक्ष निर्वाचन द्वारा पार्षदों का चयन यह भी 3 भागों में विभक्त यथा परिषद, स्थायी समिति, नगर निगम आयुक्त अधिसूचित क्षेत्र समिति प्रशासनिक महत्त्व के उन क्षेत्रों में जहाँ पर नगर निगम या नगरपालिका गठित करने की शर्त पूरी नहीं हो पाती है| इसका गठन राज्यपाल के द्वारा किया जाता है और इसके सभी सदस्य मनोनीत होते हैं| शहरी क्षेत्र समिति इसका गठन राज्य विधायिका की विधि के द्वारा होता है| इसमें निर्वाचित और मनोनीत या सभी निर्वाचित या सभी मनोनीत सदस्य हो सकते हैं| टाउनशिप इसका गठन बड़े लोक उपक्रम क्षेत्रों में होता है| इसे नौकरशाही का विस्तार भी कहते हैं क्योंकि इसके सभी पदाधिकारी नियुक्त होते हैं| इसका प्रमुख शहर प्रशासक कहा जाता है| इसमें तकनीकी और गैर-तकनीकी कर्मी भी होते हैं| इसका कार्य लोक उपक्रमों के कर्मियों के लिए विकसित किए गए आवासीय क्षेत्र में जन सुविधाएं उपलब्ध कराना है| लोक उपक्रम के द्वारा वित्तीय सहायता उपलब्ध कराई जाती है| छावनी परिषद इसका गठन छावनी एक्ट 2006 के तहत होता है| मनोनीत एवं निर्वाचित दोनों ही तरह के सदस्य होते हैं| मनोनीत सदस्यों का कार्यकाल (सैन्य पक्ष) उनके स्थानांतरण से जुड़ा होता है जबकि निर्वाचित सदस्यों का कार्यकाल 5 वर्ष होता है| छावनी परिषद् का प्रमुख उस छावनी का सैन्य अधिकारी होता है जबकि उपाध्यक्ष का निर्वाचन, निर्वाचित सदस्यों द्वारा होता है| छावनी परिषद् में कार्यकारी पदाधिकारी की नियुक्ति राष्ट्रपति (रक्षा मंत्रालय) के द्वारा होती है जो छावनी परिषद् के द्वारा बनाई गई नीतियों को क्रियान्वित करता है| नगरीय स्थानीय निकायों की समस्याएं और मुद्दे स्थानीय लोकतंत्र और राजनीतिक चेतना का अभाव अनियोजित तरीके से नगरीकरण निर्वाचित प्रतिनिधियों को पर्याप्त शक्ति का अभाव प्रशासनिक स्वायत्तता एवं विशेषज्ञता का अभाव कर राजस्व तथा गैर-कर राजस्व से धन प्राप्ति के बावजूद वित्तीय संकट एवं राज्य का अत्यधिक नियंत्रण कार्यों में अतिव्यापन और जनभागीदारी का अभाव संभावित सुझाव नागरिक घोषणा पात्र को प्रभावी बनाना मेयर के पद हेतु प्रत्यक्ष निर्वाचन एवं वास्तविक शक्तियां प्रदान करना 14वें और 15वें वित्त आयोग की सिफारिशों को प्रभावी तरीके से लागू करना जिला नियोजन समिति और महानगरीय नियोजन समिति को प्रभावशाली बनाना कार्मिक प्रशासन को गुणात्मक बनाना गाँव से शहरों की ओर पलायन को कम कर जनसंख्या घनत्व को नियंत्रित करना उपर्युक्त सुझावों के अलावा द्वितीय प्रशासनिक सुधार आयोग के निम्नलिखित सुझावों ध्यान दिया जाना चाहिए यथा नगरीय निकायों को भी त्रिस्तरीय व्यवस्था में लाना (क्षेत्र समिति/सभा, वार्ड समिति, नगर निगम या नगरपालिका); स्थानीय लोकपाल की नियुक्ति करना; जल आपूर्ति तथा जलनिकासी प्रबंधन (सीवर मैनेजमेंट) और ठोस कचरा प्रबंधन की जिम्मेदारी नगरीय निकायों को दिया जाना चाहिए तथा तकनीकी योग्यता विकसित करना| और गैर सरकारी संगठनों और स्वैच्छिक संगठनों को सहयोग के लिए प्रोत्साहित करने आदि प्रयासों सेनगरीय निकायों को सशक्त करना संभव होगा|
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##Question:नगरीय स्थानीय निकायों की संरचना की संक्षेप में चर्चा करते हुए इनसे सम्बन्धित मुद्दों और चुनौतियों को स्पष्ट कीजिए| साथ ही, इन मुद्दों के समाधान के संदर्भ में अपने सुझाव प्रस्तुत कीजिये (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Briefly discussing the structure of Urban Local Bodies, explain the issues and challenges related to them. Also, give your suggestions regarding the solution of these issues (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में नगरीय स्थानीय शासन के बारे में मूलभूत जानकारियाँ दीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में नगरीय स्थानीय निकायों की संरचना की संक्षेप में चर्चा कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में नगरीय स्थानीय निकायों सम्बन्धित मुद्दों और चुनौतियों को स्पष्ट कीजिए 4- अंतिम में उपरोक्त मुद्दों के समाधान के संदर्भ में अपने सुझावों के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| 1688 में मद्रास में नगर निगम की स्थापना के साथ भारत में नगरीय स्थानीय निकाय का व्यवस्थित विकास प्रारम्भ हुआ|1726 में बॉम्बे और कलकत्ता नगर निगम की स्थापना की गयी| ग्रामीण स्थानीय निकायों से पृथक शहरी स्थानीय निकाय उर्ध्वाधर के बजाय क्षैतिज आधार पर गठित किये गए हैं(जनसंख्या का आधार) |इन निकायों पर राज्य सरकारों के साथ साथ भारत सरकार के शहरी विकास मंत्रालय, गृह मंत्रालय और रक्षा मंत्रालय से है| पंचायत की तीनों ही संस्थाओं का संविधान में उल्लेख किया गया है लेकिन सभी नगरीय निकायों का संविधान में उल्लेख नहीं है| एक जून 1993 से 74 संविधान संशोधन अधिनियम 1992 प्रभावी किया गया और उसके अनुसार संविधान के भाग 9A के तहत अनुच्छेद 243(P) से 243 (ZG)तक प्रावधान दिए गए हैं| इसके अलावा 12वीं अनुसूची के तहत 18 विषय शामिल किये गए हैं जिनपर नगरीय निकाय विधि का निर्माण और कर आरोपण से सम्बन्धित निर्णय ले सकते हैं| संवैधानिक प्रावधानों के अनुसार तीन प्रकार के नगरीय निकाय होते हैं, इनकी संरचना निम्नलिखित है| नगर पंचायत अपेक्षाकृत छोटे राज्यों में 15 हजार से 25 हजार की जनसंख्या पर गठित| सदस्य संख्या का निर्धारण राज्य सरकार द्वारा किया जाता है| इसके गठन से सम्बन्धित औपचारिक निर्णय राज्यपाल के द्वारा लिया जाता है| नगर पंचायत में निर्वाचित एवं मनोनीत सदस्य संभव| सामान्य तौर पर इसके सदस्यों को भी काउंसिलर या वार्ड मेम्बर कहते हैं नगरपालिका एक लाख से 3 लाख की जनसंख्या पर | प्रत्यक्ष चुनाव द्वारा पार्षदों का चयन कार्यकाल पांच वर्ष का परन्तु समय के पूर्व भंग किया जाना संभव (राज्य विधायिका की विधि के अनुसार)| भंग किये जाने की स्थिति में 6 महीने के भीतर निर्वाचन आवश्यक होगा परन्तु यदि ऐसे समय में भंग किया गया हो जिसके 6 महीने बाद नया चुनाव होने वाला हो तो उपचुनाव की आवश्यकता नहीं होगी| (यदि चुनाव कराना ही पडा तो बचे हुए समय के लिए ही उसका निर्वाचन होगा न कि पूर्ण पांच वर्ष के लिए) नगर पालिका 3 भागों में विभक्त की जाती है यथा परिषद, स्थायी समिति एवं मुख्य कार्यकारी पदाधिकारी नगर निगम 3 लाख से ज्यादा की जनसंख्या पर; |प्रत्यक्ष निर्वाचन द्वारा पार्षदों का चयन यह भी 3 भागों में विभक्त यथा परिषद, स्थायी समिति, नगर निगम आयुक्त अधिसूचित क्षेत्र समिति प्रशासनिक महत्त्व के उन क्षेत्रों में जहाँ पर नगर निगम या नगरपालिका गठित करने की शर्त पूरी नहीं हो पाती है| इसका गठन राज्यपाल के द्वारा किया जाता है और इसके सभी सदस्य मनोनीत होते हैं| शहरी क्षेत्र समिति इसका गठन राज्य विधायिका की विधि के द्वारा होता है| इसमें निर्वाचित और मनोनीत या सभी निर्वाचित या सभी मनोनीत सदस्य हो सकते हैं| टाउनशिप इसका गठन बड़े लोक उपक्रम क्षेत्रों में होता है| इसे नौकरशाही का विस्तार भी कहते हैं क्योंकि इसके सभी पदाधिकारी नियुक्त होते हैं| इसका प्रमुख शहर प्रशासक कहा जाता है| इसमें तकनीकी और गैर-तकनीकी कर्मी भी होते हैं| इसका कार्य लोक उपक्रमों के कर्मियों के लिए विकसित किए गए आवासीय क्षेत्र में जन सुविधाएं उपलब्ध कराना है| लोक उपक्रम के द्वारा वित्तीय सहायता उपलब्ध कराई जाती है| छावनी परिषद इसका गठन छावनी एक्ट 2006 के तहत होता है| मनोनीत एवं निर्वाचित दोनों ही तरह के सदस्य होते हैं| मनोनीत सदस्यों का कार्यकाल (सैन्य पक्ष) उनके स्थानांतरण से जुड़ा होता है जबकि निर्वाचित सदस्यों का कार्यकाल 5 वर्ष होता है| छावनी परिषद् का प्रमुख उस छावनी का सैन्य अधिकारी होता है जबकि उपाध्यक्ष का निर्वाचन, निर्वाचित सदस्यों द्वारा होता है| छावनी परिषद् में कार्यकारी पदाधिकारी की नियुक्ति राष्ट्रपति (रक्षा मंत्रालय) के द्वारा होती है जो छावनी परिषद् के द्वारा बनाई गई नीतियों को क्रियान्वित करता है| नगरीय स्थानीय निकायों की समस्याएं और मुद्दे स्थानीय लोकतंत्र और राजनीतिक चेतना का अभाव अनियोजित तरीके से नगरीकरण निर्वाचित प्रतिनिधियों को पर्याप्त शक्ति का अभाव प्रशासनिक स्वायत्तता एवं विशेषज्ञता का अभाव कर राजस्व तथा गैर-कर राजस्व से धन प्राप्ति के बावजूद वित्तीय संकट एवं राज्य का अत्यधिक नियंत्रण कार्यों में अतिव्यापन और जनभागीदारी का अभाव संभावित सुझाव नागरिक घोषणा पात्र को प्रभावी बनाना मेयर के पद हेतु प्रत्यक्ष निर्वाचन एवं वास्तविक शक्तियां प्रदान करना 14वें और 15वें वित्त आयोग की सिफारिशों को प्रभावी तरीके से लागू करना जिला नियोजन समिति और महानगरीय नियोजन समिति को प्रभावशाली बनाना कार्मिक प्रशासन को गुणात्मक बनाना गाँव से शहरों की ओर पलायन को कम कर जनसंख्या घनत्व को नियंत्रित करना उपर्युक्त सुझावों के अलावा द्वितीय प्रशासनिक सुधार आयोग के निम्नलिखित सुझावों ध्यान दिया जाना चाहिए यथा नगरीय निकायों को भी त्रिस्तरीय व्यवस्था में लाना (क्षेत्र समिति/सभा, वार्ड समिति, नगर निगम या नगरपालिका); स्थानीय लोकपाल की नियुक्ति करना; जल आपूर्ति तथा जलनिकासी प्रबंधन (सीवर मैनेजमेंट) और ठोस कचरा प्रबंधन की जिम्मेदारी नगरीय निकायों को दिया जाना चाहिए तथा तकनीकी योग्यता विकसित करना| और गैर सरकारी संगठनों और स्वैच्छिक संगठनों को सहयोग के लिए प्रोत्साहित करने आदि प्रयासों सेनगरीय निकायों को सशक्त करना संभव होगा|
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Elaborate on the reforms introduced by the British in the sphere of civil services and the police system in India. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Write a brief introduction about the British capture of power in India. Write various reforms introduced in both Civil Services and Police System. Conclude appropriately. Answer: The British East India Company’s power and administrative authority started in August 1765 with the grant of power to it called Diwani by the Mughal emperor. Gradually, the British introduced reforms in every branch of administration such as Civil Services, and Police. Reforms in Civil Services:- 1. The Civil Service was brought into existence by Lord Cornwallis. He enforced the rules against private trade and the acceptance of presents and bribes by officials with strictness. At the same time, he raised the salaries of the Company’s servants. 2. In 1800, Lord Wellesley established the College of Fort William at Calcutta for the education of young recruits to the Civil Service. Though it had not come in function. 3. Macaulay Committee gave India its first modern civil service in 1854 which recommended that the patronage-based system of the East India Company should be replaced by permanent civil service based on the merit-based system through competitive entrance examinations. in 1853, Charter Act declared that all recruits to the Civil Service were to be selected through an open competitive examination, and Indians were allowed as well. 4. The statuary Civil Service was abolished in 1892. 5. The Montagu-Chelmsford Report accepted in principle the demand for Indianisation of the higher civil services and accordingly a provision for this was made in the Government of India Act, 1919 6. From 1922 Onward, the Indian Civil Services exam began to be held in India. 7. In its 1924 Report, The Royal Commission of the Superior Civil Service in India under the Chairmanship of Lord Lee recommended setting up of Public Service Commission of India. The Public Service Commission of India was set up in 1926. 8. The Government of India Act, of 1935 provided for the establishment of a Public Service Commission for each Province and later each province had its own Service Commission. Police reforms:- 1. Lord Cornwallis Introduced the position of Superintendent of Police (SP). He relieved the zamindars of their police functions and established a regular police force to maintain law and order. 2. Cornwallis established a system of circles or thanas headed by a Daroga, who was an Indian. 3. Later, the post of the District Superintendent of Police was created to head the police organization in a district for the proper administration and tackle law and order situations. 4. Lord William Bentick Abolished the position of Superintendent of Police 5. Indian Police Act of 1860 re-introduced the position of Superintendent of Police which was continued after that. Thus, from these reforms, it can be concluded that the present administrative system in India is largely inspired/adopted from these reforms post-independence. Required changes were done and are still being done to take care of issues that have been changing over time.
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##Question:Elaborate on the reforms introduced by the British in the sphere of civil services and the police system in India. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Write a brief introduction about the British capture of power in India. Write various reforms introduced in both Civil Services and Police System. Conclude appropriately. Answer: The British East India Company’s power and administrative authority started in August 1765 with the grant of power to it called Diwani by the Mughal emperor. Gradually, the British introduced reforms in every branch of administration such as Civil Services, and Police. Reforms in Civil Services:- 1. The Civil Service was brought into existence by Lord Cornwallis. He enforced the rules against private trade and the acceptance of presents and bribes by officials with strictness. At the same time, he raised the salaries of the Company’s servants. 2. In 1800, Lord Wellesley established the College of Fort William at Calcutta for the education of young recruits to the Civil Service. Though it had not come in function. 3. Macaulay Committee gave India its first modern civil service in 1854 which recommended that the patronage-based system of the East India Company should be replaced by permanent civil service based on the merit-based system through competitive entrance examinations. in 1853, Charter Act declared that all recruits to the Civil Service were to be selected through an open competitive examination, and Indians were allowed as well. 4. The statuary Civil Service was abolished in 1892. 5. The Montagu-Chelmsford Report accepted in principle the demand for Indianisation of the higher civil services and accordingly a provision for this was made in the Government of India Act, 1919 6. From 1922 Onward, the Indian Civil Services exam began to be held in India. 7. In its 1924 Report, The Royal Commission of the Superior Civil Service in India under the Chairmanship of Lord Lee recommended setting up of Public Service Commission of India. The Public Service Commission of India was set up in 1926. 8. The Government of India Act, of 1935 provided for the establishment of a Public Service Commission for each Province and later each province had its own Service Commission. Police reforms:- 1. Lord Cornwallis Introduced the position of Superintendent of Police (SP). He relieved the zamindars of their police functions and established a regular police force to maintain law and order. 2. Cornwallis established a system of circles or thanas headed by a Daroga, who was an Indian. 3. Later, the post of the District Superintendent of Police was created to head the police organization in a district for the proper administration and tackle law and order situations. 4. Lord William Bentick Abolished the position of Superintendent of Police 5. Indian Police Act of 1860 re-introduced the position of Superintendent of Police which was continued after that. Thus, from these reforms, it can be concluded that the present administrative system in India is largely inspired/adopted from these reforms post-independence. Required changes were done and are still being done to take care of issues that have been changing over time.
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Despite employing the entire gamut of Gandhian strategies, the Swadeshi Movement ended in oblivion. Discuss. (200 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach: Mention briefly about Swadeshi Movement, its genesis, etc. Factors like boycotts, agitations, etc. need to be mentioned. Reasons for failure, annulment of the partition of Bengal in 1911, etc. can be discussed. A conclusion can be given about the failure yet the significance of the Swadeshi movement. Answer: Swadeshi movement started on August 7, 1905, with the passing of the ‘Boycott’ resolution, hartals, and chatting of Bande Mataram on the streets of Bengal. Introduction: Swadeshi was a mass movement in Bengal, and in 1907, INC also incorporated Swadeshi in its framework. The Swadeshi movement was seen as a symbol of protest against the Partition of Bengal. It deployed many methods which were Gandhian in nature, e.g. Non-cooperation, hartals, swadeshi, the boycott of foreign goods, etc. Body: Although successful, the Swadeshi started losing its sheen due to the following reasons: 1. Lack of a prominent leadershi p, for example, the one provided by Gandhiji in case of Non-cooperation of CDM. 2. British government cracked down on the Bengal revolutionaries. 3. Many influential leaders retired from politics during Swadeshi, e.g. the extremists like Aurobindo Ghosh and Bipin Chandra Pal, etc. 4. Although INC was supportive of Swadeshi, the crack within INC was exposed during the Split of Surat in 1907 . 5. Formation of the Muslim League and widening of the Hindu-Muslim divide were seen during this movement. 6. The annulment of the partition of Bengal was decided in 1911, after which the Swadeshi movement faded away. Conclusion: Although, Swadeshi Movement had failed to become a national movement, however, it was not completely unsuccessful. It had many achievements, e.g. Rise of extremist leadership in Congress, methods of boycott, etc. being tried in Indian conditions, these methods were later made popular by Gandhiji on a national scale. Hence, in the words of R.C. Majumdar, "Swadeshi Movement brought the realm of the national movement from ‘theory to absolute practicality’.
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##Question:Despite employing the entire gamut of Gandhian strategies, the Swadeshi Movement ended in oblivion. Discuss. (200 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Mention briefly about Swadeshi Movement, its genesis, etc. Factors like boycotts, agitations, etc. need to be mentioned. Reasons for failure, annulment of the partition of Bengal in 1911, etc. can be discussed. A conclusion can be given about the failure yet the significance of the Swadeshi movement. Answer: Swadeshi movement started on August 7, 1905, with the passing of the ‘Boycott’ resolution, hartals, and chatting of Bande Mataram on the streets of Bengal. Introduction: Swadeshi was a mass movement in Bengal, and in 1907, INC also incorporated Swadeshi in its framework. The Swadeshi movement was seen as a symbol of protest against the Partition of Bengal. It deployed many methods which were Gandhian in nature, e.g. Non-cooperation, hartals, swadeshi, the boycott of foreign goods, etc. Body: Although successful, the Swadeshi started losing its sheen due to the following reasons: 1. Lack of a prominent leadershi p, for example, the one provided by Gandhiji in case of Non-cooperation of CDM. 2. British government cracked down on the Bengal revolutionaries. 3. Many influential leaders retired from politics during Swadeshi, e.g. the extremists like Aurobindo Ghosh and Bipin Chandra Pal, etc. 4. Although INC was supportive of Swadeshi, the crack within INC was exposed during the Split of Surat in 1907 . 5. Formation of the Muslim League and widening of the Hindu-Muslim divide were seen during this movement. 6. The annulment of the partition of Bengal was decided in 1911, after which the Swadeshi movement faded away. Conclusion: Although, Swadeshi Movement had failed to become a national movement, however, it was not completely unsuccessful. It had many achievements, e.g. Rise of extremist leadership in Congress, methods of boycott, etc. being tried in Indian conditions, these methods were later made popular by Gandhiji on a national scale. Hence, in the words of R.C. Majumdar, "Swadeshi Movement brought the realm of the national movement from ‘theory to absolute practicality’.
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What were the tenets of British Orientalism in the early 19th century? Critically analyze the role of orientalism in the pursuit of colonizing India. (150 words/10 marks)
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What were the tenets of British Orientalism in the early 19th century? Critically analyze the role of orientalism in the pursuit of colonizing India. (150 words/10 marks) (44119): Approach: We can start with a brief description of Orientalism. We can then mention some features of the British perception of orientalism in India during the early 19th century. We must then evaluate how important orientalism was in colonizing India after considering other reasons for colonization, then conclude accordingly. Answer: Orientalism is the study of Eastern societies and cultures by Western scholars. It can also refer to the imitation or depiction of aspects of Eastern cultures in the West by writers designers, and artists. The former can also be interpreted to refer to the study of the East by Westerners influenced by the attitudes of the era of European imperialism in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. After the East India Company (EIC) established its rule over a major part of India in the 1770s, some British intellectuals who were curious and respectful of Indian culture, started propagating their views. They were called Positive orientalists, and they believed in the greatness of the ancient Indian civilization. Orientalism led to focus on the study of the Indian system, Indian laws, and languages by EIC officials so they could rule India in the Indian way. Most prominent of them was William Jones who was one of the earliest proponents of the Aryan Invasion theory. British consensus regarding orientalism did not put Indian culture in a positive light. Indians were seen as incapable of leadership in order to attain their past glory. Aryan Invasion theory in a way argued that even great Indian civilization was a product of the west. The argument of kinship had the benefit of decreasing opposition to colonial rule. It was soon accepted that India is not ready for modern British ideas, therefore rule India in the Indian way to prevent a negative reaction from Indians to the British. After the revolt of 1857, Indians were deemed barbaric without the scope of redemption. Under the influences of Liberalism, Utilitarianism, and Evangelism, the British sense of the White Man’s Burden increased and they started to perceive India as a wretched land that was in need of British favor of westernization. Orientalism helped the British to retain a charade of morality in maximizing their profits at cost of Indian interests and even Indian lives. Hence we can say that the main motive behind European always remained the maximization of profits. And even in their most positive opinion about the Orient, they could only consider India as inferior and in need of upliftment, but never at par with themselves.
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##Question:What were the tenets of British Orientalism in the early 19th century? Critically analyze the role of orientalism in the pursuit of colonizing India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:What were the tenets of British Orientalism in the early 19th century? Critically analyze the role of orientalism in the pursuit of colonizing India. (150 words/10 marks) (44119): Approach: We can start with a brief description of Orientalism. We can then mention some features of the British perception of orientalism in India during the early 19th century. We must then evaluate how important orientalism was in colonizing India after considering other reasons for colonization, then conclude accordingly. Answer: Orientalism is the study of Eastern societies and cultures by Western scholars. It can also refer to the imitation or depiction of aspects of Eastern cultures in the West by writers designers, and artists. The former can also be interpreted to refer to the study of the East by Westerners influenced by the attitudes of the era of European imperialism in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. After the East India Company (EIC) established its rule over a major part of India in the 1770s, some British intellectuals who were curious and respectful of Indian culture, started propagating their views. They were called Positive orientalists, and they believed in the greatness of the ancient Indian civilization. Orientalism led to focus on the study of the Indian system, Indian laws, and languages by EIC officials so they could rule India in the Indian way. Most prominent of them was William Jones who was one of the earliest proponents of the Aryan Invasion theory. British consensus regarding orientalism did not put Indian culture in a positive light. Indians were seen as incapable of leadership in order to attain their past glory. Aryan Invasion theory in a way argued that even great Indian civilization was a product of the west. The argument of kinship had the benefit of decreasing opposition to colonial rule. It was soon accepted that India is not ready for modern British ideas, therefore rule India in the Indian way to prevent a negative reaction from Indians to the British. After the revolt of 1857, Indians were deemed barbaric without the scope of redemption. Under the influences of Liberalism, Utilitarianism, and Evangelism, the British sense of the White Man’s Burden increased and they started to perceive India as a wretched land that was in need of British favor of westernization. Orientalism helped the British to retain a charade of morality in maximizing their profits at cost of Indian interests and even Indian lives. Hence we can say that the main motive behind European always remained the maximization of profits. And even in their most positive opinion about the Orient, they could only consider India as inferior and in need of upliftment, but never at par with themselves.
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हाल ही में निवारक निरोध बनाम व्यक्ति के अधिकारों के संदर्भ में राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा अधिनियम और गैर-कानूनी गतिविधि निवारक अधिनियम चर्चा में रहे हैं| इससे सम्बन्धित मुद्दों की चर्चा करते हुए इस संदर्भ में न्यायपालिका के दृष्टिकोण को स्पष्ट कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Recently, the National Security Act and the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act have been in the news in the context of preventive detention versus rights of the individual. Discussing the issues related to this, explain the view of the judiciary in this context. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण : 1- निवारण-निरोध क़ानूनों का संक्षिप्त परिचय देते संक्षिप्त भूमिका लिखिए । 2- इसके संदर्भ में किये गए विधिक प्रयासों की चर्चा कीजिये 3- राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा अधिनियम और गैर-कानूनी गतिविधि निवारक अधिनियम की सूचना देते हुए हाल ही में चर्चा में होने और उसके कारणों की सूचना दीजिये 4- अंतिम में इस संदर्भ में न्यायपालिका के दृष्टिकोण को स्पष्ट करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये उत्तर : निवारण-निरोध को ऐसे क़ानूनों के रूप में जाना जाता है जिसके तहत अपराध पूर्व ही अपराध की रोकथाम के लिए संभावित अपराधी को हिरासत में लिया जाता है । भारतीय संविधान के अनुच्छेद 22 का दूसरा भाग निवारण-निरोध के लिए आधार प्रदान करता है । भारत विश्व का शायद इकलौता लोकतांत्रिक राष्ट्र है जिसके संविधान के में निवारण-निरोध संबंधी कानून की पूरी व्यवस्थाएं हैं| यह व्यवस्था लोकतांत्रिक प्रणाली के विपरीत है क्योंकि इससे नागरिकों के अधिकारों का हनन होता है| निवारक निरोध के संदर्भ में विधिक प्रयास भारत में समय समय पर निवारक निरोध से सम्बन्धित विधियाँ बनायी गयीं हैं जिनमें कुछ प्रमुख इस प्रकार हैं- आंतरिक सुरक्षा संरक्षण अधिनियम 1971/मीसा(1978 में समाप्त), राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा अधिनियम/NSA-1980, लोक सुरक्षा अधिनियम-1978, आतंकवाद निवारक अधिनियम/ POTA-2002 (2004 में समाप्त), UAPA(गैर कानूनी गतिविधि निवारक अधिनियम-1967 जिसमें 2004, 2008 और 2019 में संशोधन किया गया है| राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा अधिनियम और गैर-कानूनी गतिविधि निवारक अधिनियम से सम्बन्धित हालिया विवाद राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा अधिनियम/NSA और UAPA हाल के वर्षों में अधिक विवादास्पद हुए हैं| NSA की धारा 3 के अनुसार संघ सरकार को अपने "स्वयं की संतुष्टि" के आधार पर किसी को भी राष्ट्रहित में अधिकार है जबकि 2019 में संशोधित UAPA के तहत किसी भारतीय या विदेशी को गिरफ्तार किया जा सकता है यदि निम्नलिखित आधार तय हों- 1- आतंकवाद के प्रति समर्पण या भागीदारी 2- आतंकवाद की तैयारी 3- आतंकवाद को बढ़ावा 4- अन्य तरीकों से आतंकवाद में शामिल NSA की धारा 43D (5) के तहत UAPA के अंतर्गत गिरफ्तार व्यक्ति को जमानत नहीं दी जायेगी यदि न्यायपालिका को यह महसूस होता हो कि प्रथम दृष्टि में अपराध होने की आशंका है UAPA के तहत गिरफ्तार व्यक्ति के विरुद्ध अधिकतम 180 दिनों में चार्जशीट दायर करना होता है और 90 दिनों के भीतर अन्वेषण का काम पूरा करना होता है| गृहमंत्रालय के आंकड़े के अनुसार 2018, 2019 और 2020 में UAPA के तहत लगभग 53 % गिरफ्तारियां 30 वर्ष से नीचे के लोगों की हुई है| उत्तर प्रदेश के अतिरिक्त सचिव गृहमंत्रालय के अनुसार सन 2020 में राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा अधिनियम के तहत 139 गिरफ्तारियां हुईं जिसमें लगभग 90 गोह्त्या और नागरिकता अधिनियम संशोधन के विरोध के आधार पर की गयीं| न्यायालय का दृष्टिकोण 2006 के प्रकाश सिंह बनाम भारत संघ वाद की पृष्ठभूमि में न्यायपालिका ने 2014 में अर्नेश कुमार बनाम बिहार राज्य के केस में गिरफ्तारी से सम्बन्धित मार्गदर्शिका दी जिसके प्रमुख बिंदु निम्नलिखित हैं- CRPC की धारा 41, 41A और 57 के तहत गिरफ्तारी के समय व्यक्ति की स्वतंत्रता और सामाजिक व्यवस्था के बीच संतुलन बनाने की जिम्मेदारी पुलिस पदाधिकारी की होगी| किसी भी ऐसे अपराध के लिए जो गैर जमानती या संज्ञेय (बहुत गंभीर) हो, गिरफ्तार करना आवश्यक नहीं है, यह अपवाद होना चाहिए (7 वर्ष की सजा तक) अर्थात केवल इस आधार पर गिरफ्तारी नहीं कि अपराध गैर-जमानती और गंभीर प्रकृति का है; किसी भी व्यक्ति को गिरफ्तार करने के पहले पर्याप्त मात्रा में तर्क संगत कारण होना आवश्यक है| तथ्य के साथ गिरफ्तार के व्यक्ति को मजिस्टेट के समक्ष प्रस्तुत किया जाय और मजिस्टेट स्वयं को संतुष्ट करे कि किस परिस्थिति में और किन कारणों से व्यक्ति को गिरफ्तार किया गया है| जब मजिस्ट्रेट के पास व्यक्ति को प्रस्तुत किया जाए तो पुलिस तथ्यों के आधार पर गिरफ्तारी को न्यायोचित सिद्ध करे और मजिस्ट्रेट अनमने ढंग से या मशीन की तरह हिरासत को उचित न घोषित करे अर्थात अर्थात अनावश्यक रूप से किसी को गिरफ्तार न किया जाय और मजिस्टेट अनमने या मशीनीकृत आधार पर हिरासत में लिए जाने को उचित करार न दे क्योंकि गिरफ्तारी बदनामी या बेइज्जती होती है, स्वतंत्रता कम होती और समाज में इसका बुरा प्रभाव पड़ता है; FIR पंजीकृत होने के 2 हफ्ते के भीतर पुलिस द्वारा मजिस्ट्रेट को यह बताना होगा कि किन कारणों से अभियुक्त को अभी तक गिरफ्तार नहीं किया गया है| इस तरह पूर्व में भी डी. के. बसु बनाम पश्चिम बंगाल वाद (1997) में सर्वोच्च न्यायालय द्वारा निर्देश दिया गया कि पुलिस किसी को गिरफ्तार करते समय स्पष्ट और साफ़ दिखने योग्य अपने नाम और पदनाम का नेमप्लेट (पट्ट) रखना चाहिए गिरफ्तारी में लाये गए व्यक्ति के सम्बन्धियों या मित्रों को गिरफ्तारी का समय और स्थान बताना चाहिए, प्रत्येक 48 घंटे पर चिकित्सकीय जांच होनी चाहिए| डी.के.बासु सम्बन्धी निर्णय पुलिस हिरासत से है न्यायिक हिरासत से नहीं; आदि | इसी क्रम में आगे बढ़ते हुए व्यक्ति के अधिकारों को महत्त्व देते हुए 2021 में न्यायपालिका ने यह निर्णय दिया कि जमानत (बेल) एक अधिकार जबकि जेल अपवाद है|जनवरी 2022 में दिल्ली उच्च न्यायालय ने एक सबइंस्पेक्टर को एक दिन की सजा और 2000 रूपये का दंड दिया क्योंकि उसने अर्नेश कुमार मार्गदर्शिका का उल्लंघन किया था| इससे स्पष्ट है कि न्यायपालिका का दृष्टिकोण व्यक्ति के अधिकारों के संरक्षण की ओर उन्मुख है ताकि देश की सुरक्षा और लोकतांत्रिक व्यवस्था तथा व्यक्ति के अधिकारों के बीच एक स्वस्थ संतुलन स्थापित किया जा सके|
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##Question:हाल ही में निवारक निरोध बनाम व्यक्ति के अधिकारों के संदर्भ में राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा अधिनियम और गैर-कानूनी गतिविधि निवारक अधिनियम चर्चा में रहे हैं| इससे सम्बन्धित मुद्दों की चर्चा करते हुए इस संदर्भ में न्यायपालिका के दृष्टिकोण को स्पष्ट कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Recently, the National Security Act and the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act have been in the news in the context of preventive detention versus rights of the individual. Discussing the issues related to this, explain the view of the judiciary in this context. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण : 1- निवारण-निरोध क़ानूनों का संक्षिप्त परिचय देते संक्षिप्त भूमिका लिखिए । 2- इसके संदर्भ में किये गए विधिक प्रयासों की चर्चा कीजिये 3- राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा अधिनियम और गैर-कानूनी गतिविधि निवारक अधिनियम की सूचना देते हुए हाल ही में चर्चा में होने और उसके कारणों की सूचना दीजिये 4- अंतिम में इस संदर्भ में न्यायपालिका के दृष्टिकोण को स्पष्ट करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये उत्तर : निवारण-निरोध को ऐसे क़ानूनों के रूप में जाना जाता है जिसके तहत अपराध पूर्व ही अपराध की रोकथाम के लिए संभावित अपराधी को हिरासत में लिया जाता है । भारतीय संविधान के अनुच्छेद 22 का दूसरा भाग निवारण-निरोध के लिए आधार प्रदान करता है । भारत विश्व का शायद इकलौता लोकतांत्रिक राष्ट्र है जिसके संविधान के में निवारण-निरोध संबंधी कानून की पूरी व्यवस्थाएं हैं| यह व्यवस्था लोकतांत्रिक प्रणाली के विपरीत है क्योंकि इससे नागरिकों के अधिकारों का हनन होता है| निवारक निरोध के संदर्भ में विधिक प्रयास भारत में समय समय पर निवारक निरोध से सम्बन्धित विधियाँ बनायी गयीं हैं जिनमें कुछ प्रमुख इस प्रकार हैं- आंतरिक सुरक्षा संरक्षण अधिनियम 1971/मीसा(1978 में समाप्त), राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा अधिनियम/NSA-1980, लोक सुरक्षा अधिनियम-1978, आतंकवाद निवारक अधिनियम/ POTA-2002 (2004 में समाप्त), UAPA(गैर कानूनी गतिविधि निवारक अधिनियम-1967 जिसमें 2004, 2008 और 2019 में संशोधन किया गया है| राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा अधिनियम और गैर-कानूनी गतिविधि निवारक अधिनियम से सम्बन्धित हालिया विवाद राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा अधिनियम/NSA और UAPA हाल के वर्षों में अधिक विवादास्पद हुए हैं| NSA की धारा 3 के अनुसार संघ सरकार को अपने "स्वयं की संतुष्टि" के आधार पर किसी को भी राष्ट्रहित में अधिकार है जबकि 2019 में संशोधित UAPA के तहत किसी भारतीय या विदेशी को गिरफ्तार किया जा सकता है यदि निम्नलिखित आधार तय हों- 1- आतंकवाद के प्रति समर्पण या भागीदारी 2- आतंकवाद की तैयारी 3- आतंकवाद को बढ़ावा 4- अन्य तरीकों से आतंकवाद में शामिल NSA की धारा 43D (5) के तहत UAPA के अंतर्गत गिरफ्तार व्यक्ति को जमानत नहीं दी जायेगी यदि न्यायपालिका को यह महसूस होता हो कि प्रथम दृष्टि में अपराध होने की आशंका है UAPA के तहत गिरफ्तार व्यक्ति के विरुद्ध अधिकतम 180 दिनों में चार्जशीट दायर करना होता है और 90 दिनों के भीतर अन्वेषण का काम पूरा करना होता है| गृहमंत्रालय के आंकड़े के अनुसार 2018, 2019 और 2020 में UAPA के तहत लगभग 53 % गिरफ्तारियां 30 वर्ष से नीचे के लोगों की हुई है| उत्तर प्रदेश के अतिरिक्त सचिव गृहमंत्रालय के अनुसार सन 2020 में राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा अधिनियम के तहत 139 गिरफ्तारियां हुईं जिसमें लगभग 90 गोह्त्या और नागरिकता अधिनियम संशोधन के विरोध के आधार पर की गयीं| न्यायालय का दृष्टिकोण 2006 के प्रकाश सिंह बनाम भारत संघ वाद की पृष्ठभूमि में न्यायपालिका ने 2014 में अर्नेश कुमार बनाम बिहार राज्य के केस में गिरफ्तारी से सम्बन्धित मार्गदर्शिका दी जिसके प्रमुख बिंदु निम्नलिखित हैं- CRPC की धारा 41, 41A और 57 के तहत गिरफ्तारी के समय व्यक्ति की स्वतंत्रता और सामाजिक व्यवस्था के बीच संतुलन बनाने की जिम्मेदारी पुलिस पदाधिकारी की होगी| किसी भी ऐसे अपराध के लिए जो गैर जमानती या संज्ञेय (बहुत गंभीर) हो, गिरफ्तार करना आवश्यक नहीं है, यह अपवाद होना चाहिए (7 वर्ष की सजा तक) अर्थात केवल इस आधार पर गिरफ्तारी नहीं कि अपराध गैर-जमानती और गंभीर प्रकृति का है; किसी भी व्यक्ति को गिरफ्तार करने के पहले पर्याप्त मात्रा में तर्क संगत कारण होना आवश्यक है| तथ्य के साथ गिरफ्तार के व्यक्ति को मजिस्टेट के समक्ष प्रस्तुत किया जाय और मजिस्टेट स्वयं को संतुष्ट करे कि किस परिस्थिति में और किन कारणों से व्यक्ति को गिरफ्तार किया गया है| जब मजिस्ट्रेट के पास व्यक्ति को प्रस्तुत किया जाए तो पुलिस तथ्यों के आधार पर गिरफ्तारी को न्यायोचित सिद्ध करे और मजिस्ट्रेट अनमने ढंग से या मशीन की तरह हिरासत को उचित न घोषित करे अर्थात अर्थात अनावश्यक रूप से किसी को गिरफ्तार न किया जाय और मजिस्टेट अनमने या मशीनीकृत आधार पर हिरासत में लिए जाने को उचित करार न दे क्योंकि गिरफ्तारी बदनामी या बेइज्जती होती है, स्वतंत्रता कम होती और समाज में इसका बुरा प्रभाव पड़ता है; FIR पंजीकृत होने के 2 हफ्ते के भीतर पुलिस द्वारा मजिस्ट्रेट को यह बताना होगा कि किन कारणों से अभियुक्त को अभी तक गिरफ्तार नहीं किया गया है| इस तरह पूर्व में भी डी. के. बसु बनाम पश्चिम बंगाल वाद (1997) में सर्वोच्च न्यायालय द्वारा निर्देश दिया गया कि पुलिस किसी को गिरफ्तार करते समय स्पष्ट और साफ़ दिखने योग्य अपने नाम और पदनाम का नेमप्लेट (पट्ट) रखना चाहिए गिरफ्तारी में लाये गए व्यक्ति के सम्बन्धियों या मित्रों को गिरफ्तारी का समय और स्थान बताना चाहिए, प्रत्येक 48 घंटे पर चिकित्सकीय जांच होनी चाहिए| डी.के.बासु सम्बन्धी निर्णय पुलिस हिरासत से है न्यायिक हिरासत से नहीं; आदि | इसी क्रम में आगे बढ़ते हुए व्यक्ति के अधिकारों को महत्त्व देते हुए 2021 में न्यायपालिका ने यह निर्णय दिया कि जमानत (बेल) एक अधिकार जबकि जेल अपवाद है|जनवरी 2022 में दिल्ली उच्च न्यायालय ने एक सबइंस्पेक्टर को एक दिन की सजा और 2000 रूपये का दंड दिया क्योंकि उसने अर्नेश कुमार मार्गदर्शिका का उल्लंघन किया था| इससे स्पष्ट है कि न्यायपालिका का दृष्टिकोण व्यक्ति के अधिकारों के संरक्षण की ओर उन्मुख है ताकि देश की सुरक्षा और लोकतांत्रिक व्यवस्था तथा व्यक्ति के अधिकारों के बीच एक स्वस्थ संतुलन स्थापित किया जा सके|
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Throw some light on the Neolithic and Chalcolithic age.[10 Marks/150 Words]
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Approach : Introduction: Briefly mention the Neolithic and Chalcolithic ages. Main Body: Discuss in-depth about Neolithic and Chalcolithic ages. Conclusion: Conclude appropriately Answer: Neolithic Age refers to the period between 6000 BC to 3000 BC having important sites located at various places like Burzahom in Kashmir, Chirand in Bihar, Belan Valley in Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh etc. whereas Chalcolithic Age refers to the period between 2000 BC to 500 BC having important sites located at Daimabad in Maharashtra, Ahar in Rajasthan, Malwa in Madhya Pradesh, Sonpur in Bihar etc. Features of Neolithic Age: It marked the beginning of food production, and a significant shift in the subsistence strategy occurred from hunting and gathering to agriculture. Domestication of animals occurred on a much larger scale. It also marked the coming of the first village in the Indian Sub-continent region at Mehargarh in Pakistan. People lived in pits, we also found evidence of dogs being buried with their masters. Features of Chalcolithic Age: It marked the emergence of the use of the first metal i.e. Copper by human beings. This age led to more grain production, well-developed villages, and distinct pottery culture. The houses were made of mud bricks. This period also marked the beginning of social inequalities where village chiefs became more prosperous than the normal populace. Copper smelting developed, however, the use of stone tools was not abandoned. The art of spinning and weaving clothes was known by people. Thus, the neolithic and chalcolithic ages helped in the evolution of the human settlements in the Indian Sub-continent and marked an improvement over the previous ages.
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##Question:Throw some light on the Neolithic and Chalcolithic age.[10 Marks/150 Words]##Answer:Approach : Introduction: Briefly mention the Neolithic and Chalcolithic ages. Main Body: Discuss in-depth about Neolithic and Chalcolithic ages. Conclusion: Conclude appropriately Answer: Neolithic Age refers to the period between 6000 BC to 3000 BC having important sites located at various places like Burzahom in Kashmir, Chirand in Bihar, Belan Valley in Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh etc. whereas Chalcolithic Age refers to the period between 2000 BC to 500 BC having important sites located at Daimabad in Maharashtra, Ahar in Rajasthan, Malwa in Madhya Pradesh, Sonpur in Bihar etc. Features of Neolithic Age: It marked the beginning of food production, and a significant shift in the subsistence strategy occurred from hunting and gathering to agriculture. Domestication of animals occurred on a much larger scale. It also marked the coming of the first village in the Indian Sub-continent region at Mehargarh in Pakistan. People lived in pits, we also found evidence of dogs being buried with their masters. Features of Chalcolithic Age: It marked the emergence of the use of the first metal i.e. Copper by human beings. This age led to more grain production, well-developed villages, and distinct pottery culture. The houses were made of mud bricks. This period also marked the beginning of social inequalities where village chiefs became more prosperous than the normal populace. Copper smelting developed, however, the use of stone tools was not abandoned. The art of spinning and weaving clothes was known by people. Thus, the neolithic and chalcolithic ages helped in the evolution of the human settlements in the Indian Sub-continent and marked an improvement over the previous ages.
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How different would have been the achievement of Indian Independence without Gandhi. Discuss. (10 Marks/175 Words)
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Approach : Introduce in breif about Mahatma Gandhi. In body mention, how different would have been the independence without Mahatma Gandhi Conclude accordingly Answer : Gandhi was the central figure in the Indian national movement. He played a major role in attaining independence. He was a preacher of non-violence. Though non-violence has been a dominant aspect of Indian civilization since the time of Buddha, nevertheless Gandhi was the first leader to use it as the instrument for the attainment of Swaraj. This provided a strong moral force in fighting against the mighty British Empire. Without Mahatma Gandhi, free India might have been fragmented further. The importance of Mahatma Gandhi in Indian Independence Movement should not be seen with respect to the time it took to achieve or the ease with which it achieved the Independence with his philosophy. Indian Independence without Mahatma Gandhi: Free India would have fragmented without Gandhi. Gandhi held no political office, and tended to stay back, and managed to keep the peoples and leaders together. This enabled a Union of India, instead of five or six parts which could have emerged with the powerful provincial leaders in Punjab or Bengal, for instance. Although there were many great leaders in the congress. Someone of them would have given the vision and philosophy and leadership needed. And he/they would have succeeded in achieving independence sooner or later than 1947. But nature of this independence can’t be ascertained. The armed revolutionary movement could have become prominent and India might have got independence after a great armed rebellion. This didn’t happen in India because of the innovative ways of Gandhiji. Further, revolutionary terrorism was also increasing due to various policies of British India. Along with that communalism was also increasing and riots became very common. The path chosen by him included a vast majority of people of India in to the freedom struggle. Simple acts by individuals such as refusing to use foreign goods, refusing to pay taxes, lifting a fistful of salt, quitting government schools and jobs became the weapons of freedom struggle. This gave a feeling of integrity among the people. They embraced the struggle as their own. Without Gandhi, there would not have such mass mobilisation in such a short span of time. All the classes of the people would not have united under one banner or leader. The freedom movement could have been violent without Gandhi. The communal forces could have dominated the political scene of the country and things could have been different now. Swadeshi and boycott movements wouldn’t have been more successful without Gandhi. If Gandhiji would not be present then our nation would have been more divided from communal and caste angles. The inclusion of peasants, students, women, and industrialists (later after the 1930s) would have taken more time as Congress mass movement was limited in covering the region and a certain class. As divide and rule was first policy after 1858, inclusion of all religion would have been difficult. (convergence of Khilafat and Non-cooperation, meetings in East Pakistan during partition etc). The freedom movement as started by Congress was in a Think-Tank mode. The two segments of Congress, the Moderates and Extremists were moving on two different ideologies. Gandhi transformed the whole movement into an activist mode which helped Congress get mainstream popularity and become the vanguard of the movement. People of all segments, castes and classes participated in the freedom movement under him. He has led to the generation of feelings of national integration and solidarity. Gandhi was not merely a political leader; he was also an important spiritual figure for many young leaders and a large number of Indian masses. This added full vigour to the fight for independence as a lot of people could connect Swaraj with religion and a religious way of life. There is no doubt that India would have achieved Independence without Gandhiji but the role of Gandhi was very significant in achieving as well as preserving the Independence of India. The contribution of Gandhi ji to the achievement of Indian independence is invaluable. Earlier the freedom movement was solely restricted to upper educated class. It would not have been a mass-based movement. In such a situation, it would have taken a long time for attaining independence, as the pressure on the Britishers would have been lower.
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##Question:How different would have been the achievement of Indian Independence without Gandhi. Discuss. (10 Marks/175 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in breif about Mahatma Gandhi. In body mention, how different would have been the independence without Mahatma Gandhi Conclude accordingly Answer : Gandhi was the central figure in the Indian national movement. He played a major role in attaining independence. He was a preacher of non-violence. Though non-violence has been a dominant aspect of Indian civilization since the time of Buddha, nevertheless Gandhi was the first leader to use it as the instrument for the attainment of Swaraj. This provided a strong moral force in fighting against the mighty British Empire. Without Mahatma Gandhi, free India might have been fragmented further. The importance of Mahatma Gandhi in Indian Independence Movement should not be seen with respect to the time it took to achieve or the ease with which it achieved the Independence with his philosophy. Indian Independence without Mahatma Gandhi: Free India would have fragmented without Gandhi. Gandhi held no political office, and tended to stay back, and managed to keep the peoples and leaders together. This enabled a Union of India, instead of five or six parts which could have emerged with the powerful provincial leaders in Punjab or Bengal, for instance. Although there were many great leaders in the congress. Someone of them would have given the vision and philosophy and leadership needed. And he/they would have succeeded in achieving independence sooner or later than 1947. But nature of this independence can’t be ascertained. The armed revolutionary movement could have become prominent and India might have got independence after a great armed rebellion. This didn’t happen in India because of the innovative ways of Gandhiji. Further, revolutionary terrorism was also increasing due to various policies of British India. Along with that communalism was also increasing and riots became very common. The path chosen by him included a vast majority of people of India in to the freedom struggle. Simple acts by individuals such as refusing to use foreign goods, refusing to pay taxes, lifting a fistful of salt, quitting government schools and jobs became the weapons of freedom struggle. This gave a feeling of integrity among the people. They embraced the struggle as their own. Without Gandhi, there would not have such mass mobilisation in such a short span of time. All the classes of the people would not have united under one banner or leader. The freedom movement could have been violent without Gandhi. The communal forces could have dominated the political scene of the country and things could have been different now. Swadeshi and boycott movements wouldn’t have been more successful without Gandhi. If Gandhiji would not be present then our nation would have been more divided from communal and caste angles. The inclusion of peasants, students, women, and industrialists (later after the 1930s) would have taken more time as Congress mass movement was limited in covering the region and a certain class. As divide and rule was first policy after 1858, inclusion of all religion would have been difficult. (convergence of Khilafat and Non-cooperation, meetings in East Pakistan during partition etc). The freedom movement as started by Congress was in a Think-Tank mode. The two segments of Congress, the Moderates and Extremists were moving on two different ideologies. Gandhi transformed the whole movement into an activist mode which helped Congress get mainstream popularity and become the vanguard of the movement. People of all segments, castes and classes participated in the freedom movement under him. He has led to the generation of feelings of national integration and solidarity. Gandhi was not merely a political leader; he was also an important spiritual figure for many young leaders and a large number of Indian masses. This added full vigour to the fight for independence as a lot of people could connect Swaraj with religion and a religious way of life. There is no doubt that India would have achieved Independence without Gandhiji but the role of Gandhi was very significant in achieving as well as preserving the Independence of India. The contribution of Gandhi ji to the achievement of Indian independence is invaluable. Earlier the freedom movement was solely restricted to upper educated class. It would not have been a mass-based movement. In such a situation, it would have taken a long time for attaining independence, as the pressure on the Britishers would have been lower.
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Two important factors affecting the temperature on the surface of the Earth are latitude and altitude. Elaborate. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduce the explanation of the temperature distribution across the earth with help of the heat budget. Then bring the factors affecting the distribution of temperature - Latitude and Altitude Then conclude. Answer: The source of heat on earth is the sun and it accounts for around 99% and 1% of the primordial heat conserved in the earth. Heat is a form of energy that is generated due to interaction between the sun’s insolation and the atmosphere. Insolation is incoming solar radiation. The measurement of this heat energy is defined as the temperature. The temperature is the measurement of the hotness and coldness of a body. There are three ways of heat transfer that are radiation, conduction, and convection. DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE It can be classified as Vertical distribution and Horizontal distribution of temperature. Vertical Distribution of temperature In the troposphere, the temperature decreases with increases in height. The inner stratosphere is isothermal. The temperature is equally distributed and no change of heat with height. The upper stratosphere has a negative lapse rate as temperature increases as the height increases. The increase in temperature is due to the ozone layer. In Mesosphere the temperature decreases with an increase in height due to the chemically active nature of the gas particles. The temperature in the Ionosphere starts increasing due to the presence of the charged particles. The important factors that are affecting the temperature on the surface of the Earth are 1) Latitude 2) Altitude 3) Distance from Sea 4) Oceanic Currents 5) Wind circulations 6) Transparency in the atmosphere Latitude: The sun rays reaching the equatorial region are perpendicular to the earth’s surface, which is called the angle of incidence at the equator. The area occupied by the sunlight is less but the intensity is high. When the sun’s rays reach the earth’s surface slantly the area occupied by the sunray is more but the intensity is less. This is the reason for high-temperature reasons in the lower latitude and low-temperature reasons in the upper latitude./ Altitude: All the gases are distributed close to the earth"s surface due to the gravitational pull. The gas distribution becomes sparse as we move towards the higher altitude. Within the troposphere temperature normally decreases with an increase in altitude. The places at higher elevations are likely to have lower temperatures than the adjacent low lands. The altitude is an important climatic controlling factor. The distribution of gases near the surface that is at low altitudes is more than the higher altitudes. When the earth releases the heat energy that was absorbed during the daytime in the form of terrestrial longwave radiation is absorbed by the gas particles. Thus more the gas particles more the temperature near the earth"s surface and less the gas particles less the absorption at the higher altitude. The surface area on the plain is more thus there will be more absorption of solar radiation. The earth absorbed the short wave solar radiation and emits the long wave terrestrial radiation. This longwave radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases and raises the temperature at the plain surface. Thus it is clear that various factors affect the distribution of temperature. The variation in the distribution of temperature affects biological diversity and the main determinant of the type of fauna and flora is the variation in temperature.
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##Question:Two important factors affecting the temperature on the surface of the Earth are latitude and altitude. Elaborate. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the explanation of the temperature distribution across the earth with help of the heat budget. Then bring the factors affecting the distribution of temperature - Latitude and Altitude Then conclude. Answer: The source of heat on earth is the sun and it accounts for around 99% and 1% of the primordial heat conserved in the earth. Heat is a form of energy that is generated due to interaction between the sun’s insolation and the atmosphere. Insolation is incoming solar radiation. The measurement of this heat energy is defined as the temperature. The temperature is the measurement of the hotness and coldness of a body. There are three ways of heat transfer that are radiation, conduction, and convection. DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE It can be classified as Vertical distribution and Horizontal distribution of temperature. Vertical Distribution of temperature In the troposphere, the temperature decreases with increases in height. The inner stratosphere is isothermal. The temperature is equally distributed and no change of heat with height. The upper stratosphere has a negative lapse rate as temperature increases as the height increases. The increase in temperature is due to the ozone layer. In Mesosphere the temperature decreases with an increase in height due to the chemically active nature of the gas particles. The temperature in the Ionosphere starts increasing due to the presence of the charged particles. The important factors that are affecting the temperature on the surface of the Earth are 1) Latitude 2) Altitude 3) Distance from Sea 4) Oceanic Currents 5) Wind circulations 6) Transparency in the atmosphere Latitude: The sun rays reaching the equatorial region are perpendicular to the earth’s surface, which is called the angle of incidence at the equator. The area occupied by the sunlight is less but the intensity is high. When the sun’s rays reach the earth’s surface slantly the area occupied by the sunray is more but the intensity is less. This is the reason for high-temperature reasons in the lower latitude and low-temperature reasons in the upper latitude./ Altitude: All the gases are distributed close to the earth"s surface due to the gravitational pull. The gas distribution becomes sparse as we move towards the higher altitude. Within the troposphere temperature normally decreases with an increase in altitude. The places at higher elevations are likely to have lower temperatures than the adjacent low lands. The altitude is an important climatic controlling factor. The distribution of gases near the surface that is at low altitudes is more than the higher altitudes. When the earth releases the heat energy that was absorbed during the daytime in the form of terrestrial longwave radiation is absorbed by the gas particles. Thus more the gas particles more the temperature near the earth"s surface and less the gas particles less the absorption at the higher altitude. The surface area on the plain is more thus there will be more absorption of solar radiation. The earth absorbed the short wave solar radiation and emits the long wave terrestrial radiation. This longwave radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases and raises the temperature at the plain surface. Thus it is clear that various factors affect the distribution of temperature. The variation in the distribution of temperature affects biological diversity and the main determinant of the type of fauna and flora is the variation in temperature.
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Give an account of the society, polity, and economy of the early Vedic period in India. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduction : Write a brief introduction about the Early Vedic Period. Body : Write various important features of Society, Polity, and economy of that period with facts and examples. Conclusion : Write an appropriate conclusion. Answer : The Harappan civilization was followed by another great civilization and culture known as the Vedic culture(1500 BC t0 1100 BC). The Vedic texts are the primary sources for the reconstruction of the Vedic culture/Vedic age. Archaeological materials have also supplemented the texts, though not comprehensively. Society of Rig Vedic Period: Kinship was the basis of social structure. The basic social unit was kula (family) and Kulapa was the head of the family. The family was part of a larger grouping called vis or clan. One or more clans made Jana/ tribe. The Jana was the largest social unit. In the Rig Veda, no desire is expressed for daughters, though the desire for children and cattle is a recurrent theme in the hymns. Women also had an important position in society, could attend assemblies (Vidatha), and even composed hymns. The institution of marriage was established and there are no examples of child marriages, Sati, or purdah in the Rig Veda. There are instances of re-marriage and levirate (marrying the husband’s younger brother on the death of the husband). The marriages were usually monogamous, though there are some references to polygamy and polyandry. The society was not divided into caste lines and occupation was not based on birth. The Rig Veda shows some consciousness of the physical appearance of people. Varna was the term used for color, and it seems that Aryans were fair and the indigenous inhabitants were dark in complexion. The color distinctions may have partially given rise to social orders. The Dasa and Dasyus, who were conquered by the Aryans were treated as slaves and Sudras. The only mention of the four varnas was found in the Purushasukta of the tenth mandala (book) of the Rig Veda, which makes one conclude that the varna system was probably introduced at the end of the Rig Vedic age and that there was social mobility and the absence of strict social hierarchy. The society was still tribal and largely egalitarian. The polity of Rig Vedic Period: The tribe was called Jana and the tribal chief was called Rajan, the main responsibility of the Rajan was to protect the Jana and cattle from the enemies along with offering prayers to gods on behalf of Janas. It seems that in the Rig Vedic period the King’s post was hereditary (similar to the monarchial form). Although his post was hereditary, we also have some traces of the election by the tribal assembly called Samiti. Administration : Purohit (priest) – In return for the ritualistic services, the priests received dana (gifts) and Dakshina (sacrificial offerings). Sanani – Chief of the army. Prajapati – Officer who controlled the territory. Gramin – Leader of the village and fighting unit. There is no evidence of any officer concerned with the collection of taxes. Probably, the chief received voluntary offerings called “bali” from the people. Assemblies : Sabha – Smaller body meant for elites. Samiti – Broad-based folk assembly, presided over by the Rajan. Vidatha – Tribal assembly with diverse functions. Gana – Assembly or troop. Women also attended the Sabha and Vidatha in Rig Vedic times. The Sabha and Samiti were important assemblies from a political point of view and the king showed eagerness to win their support. The king did not maintain any regular or standing army, but in times of war, he mustered a militia whose military functions were performed by different tribal groups called Vrata, Sardha, or Gana. Battles: The Aryans have engaged in two types of battles –With pre-Aryans called Dasa / Dasyus. The economy of the Rig Vedic Period: There are so many references to the cow in the Rig Veda that the Rig Vedic Aryans seem to have been pastoral people. Most of their wars were fought for the sake of cows. The term for war in the Rig Veda is “gavisthi” or search for cows. The land did not form a well-established type of private property. Mostly, trade was conducted on the barter system and the cow was an important unit of value. The kingdom was maintained by the voluntary offerings (bali) of subjects and bounty won in a battle, as there was no regular revenue system. The Rig Veda mentions artisans such as the carpenter, the chariot maker (who enjoyed a special status), the weaver, the potter, the leather workers, etc. The term “ayas” used for copper and bronze shows that these were in use in the Rig Vedic age. However, it seems that they didn’t use iron technology. For transport – bullock carts, horses, and horse-drawn chariots were used. There are also references to the sea and boats. With the time early Vedic egalitarian society which was mainly pastoral & Tribal in nature expanded and became more hierarchical and ritualistic with clear stratification resulting in the phase known as the later Vedic phase.
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##Question:Give an account of the society, polity, and economy of the early Vedic period in India. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction : Write a brief introduction about the Early Vedic Period. Body : Write various important features of Society, Polity, and economy of that period with facts and examples. Conclusion : Write an appropriate conclusion. Answer : The Harappan civilization was followed by another great civilization and culture known as the Vedic culture(1500 BC t0 1100 BC). The Vedic texts are the primary sources for the reconstruction of the Vedic culture/Vedic age. Archaeological materials have also supplemented the texts, though not comprehensively. Society of Rig Vedic Period: Kinship was the basis of social structure. The basic social unit was kula (family) and Kulapa was the head of the family. The family was part of a larger grouping called vis or clan. One or more clans made Jana/ tribe. The Jana was the largest social unit. In the Rig Veda, no desire is expressed for daughters, though the desire for children and cattle is a recurrent theme in the hymns. Women also had an important position in society, could attend assemblies (Vidatha), and even composed hymns. The institution of marriage was established and there are no examples of child marriages, Sati, or purdah in the Rig Veda. There are instances of re-marriage and levirate (marrying the husband’s younger brother on the death of the husband). The marriages were usually monogamous, though there are some references to polygamy and polyandry. The society was not divided into caste lines and occupation was not based on birth. The Rig Veda shows some consciousness of the physical appearance of people. Varna was the term used for color, and it seems that Aryans were fair and the indigenous inhabitants were dark in complexion. The color distinctions may have partially given rise to social orders. The Dasa and Dasyus, who were conquered by the Aryans were treated as slaves and Sudras. The only mention of the four varnas was found in the Purushasukta of the tenth mandala (book) of the Rig Veda, which makes one conclude that the varna system was probably introduced at the end of the Rig Vedic age and that there was social mobility and the absence of strict social hierarchy. The society was still tribal and largely egalitarian. The polity of Rig Vedic Period: The tribe was called Jana and the tribal chief was called Rajan, the main responsibility of the Rajan was to protect the Jana and cattle from the enemies along with offering prayers to gods on behalf of Janas. It seems that in the Rig Vedic period the King’s post was hereditary (similar to the monarchial form). Although his post was hereditary, we also have some traces of the election by the tribal assembly called Samiti. Administration : Purohit (priest) – In return for the ritualistic services, the priests received dana (gifts) and Dakshina (sacrificial offerings). Sanani – Chief of the army. Prajapati – Officer who controlled the territory. Gramin – Leader of the village and fighting unit. There is no evidence of any officer concerned with the collection of taxes. Probably, the chief received voluntary offerings called “bali” from the people. Assemblies : Sabha – Smaller body meant for elites. Samiti – Broad-based folk assembly, presided over by the Rajan. Vidatha – Tribal assembly with diverse functions. Gana – Assembly or troop. Women also attended the Sabha and Vidatha in Rig Vedic times. The Sabha and Samiti were important assemblies from a political point of view and the king showed eagerness to win their support. The king did not maintain any regular or standing army, but in times of war, he mustered a militia whose military functions were performed by different tribal groups called Vrata, Sardha, or Gana. Battles: The Aryans have engaged in two types of battles –With pre-Aryans called Dasa / Dasyus. The economy of the Rig Vedic Period: There are so many references to the cow in the Rig Veda that the Rig Vedic Aryans seem to have been pastoral people. Most of their wars were fought for the sake of cows. The term for war in the Rig Veda is “gavisthi” or search for cows. The land did not form a well-established type of private property. Mostly, trade was conducted on the barter system and the cow was an important unit of value. The kingdom was maintained by the voluntary offerings (bali) of subjects and bounty won in a battle, as there was no regular revenue system. The Rig Veda mentions artisans such as the carpenter, the chariot maker (who enjoyed a special status), the weaver, the potter, the leather workers, etc. The term “ayas” used for copper and bronze shows that these were in use in the Rig Vedic age. However, it seems that they didn’t use iron technology. For transport – bullock carts, horses, and horse-drawn chariots were used. There are also references to the sea and boats. With the time early Vedic egalitarian society which was mainly pastoral & Tribal in nature expanded and became more hierarchical and ritualistic with clear stratification resulting in the phase known as the later Vedic phase.
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Critically evaluate the impact of the Green Revolution on Indian Agriculture, highlighting the issues arising out of the same. (150 words/10 marks )
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Approach Introduce with Green revolution or its background. Write in detail about components of the Green revolution Impacts of Green Revolution: Positive impacts and issues. Issues w.r.t Green Revolution Conclude with way forward or steps are taken to overcome issues created by GR Answer India had to import food grains and industrial materials in 1957 and hence faced a Balance of Payment (BOP) crisis 1957. India Approached the Ford foundation so the Ford foundation brought seeds to India developed by Norman Borlaug in Mexico created the HYV seeds of wheat up to 4 times an increase in production.HYV program is known as the green revolution. Characteristics of the Green revolution Use of High yields variety seeds such as Rice, wheat, maize, bajra, and jowar. Use of Chemical fertilizer. Use of Chemical pesticides. Dependency on irrigation water. Capital intensive agriculture Modern Machines were used Impact of Green Revolution: Benefits of Green Revolution: Increased agriculture productivity and hence overall production => ensuring food security-2200 to 2400 calories intake per person. Prosperity of farmers. No compulsion of food grain input. Investment in agriculture started happening. Hence, increased overall profits. Agricultural industrialization increased. Therefore, agricultural processing industries also thrived now. High standard of living for farmers. Therefore, multiplication of consumer good industries. It has led to employment generation. Employment generation from people in other states. Issues : Only a few crops and few regions the productivity has increased whereas for various different crops neither has increased. Agricultural biodiversity is declining because of HYV seeds. Faulty field preparation. Faulty irrigation and over-irrigation lead to salinization of the soil. Fertilizer effectiveness has declined. Euthrophication which means that unused fertilizer is washed away. Algal bloom has also popped up. The excessive use of weedicide and pesticides leads to a concentration of PoPs in the food cycle and ultimately the human body causing different types of diseases like genetic diseases, and cancer diseases. Excessive use of machines is destroying the field and crops. Low energy efficiency in machines is a cause of pollution. Transportation and cold storage are low therefore farmers are not able to take their produce farther. Capital availability to small farmers is still not there. Considering the negative externalities of Green revolution Indian government is pushing for evergreen revolution, Zero budget natural farming and organic farming.
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##Question:Critically evaluate the impact of the Green Revolution on Indian Agriculture, highlighting the issues arising out of the same. (150 words/10 marks )##Answer:Approach Introduce with Green revolution or its background. Write in detail about components of the Green revolution Impacts of Green Revolution: Positive impacts and issues. Issues w.r.t Green Revolution Conclude with way forward or steps are taken to overcome issues created by GR Answer India had to import food grains and industrial materials in 1957 and hence faced a Balance of Payment (BOP) crisis 1957. India Approached the Ford foundation so the Ford foundation brought seeds to India developed by Norman Borlaug in Mexico created the HYV seeds of wheat up to 4 times an increase in production.HYV program is known as the green revolution. Characteristics of the Green revolution Use of High yields variety seeds such as Rice, wheat, maize, bajra, and jowar. Use of Chemical fertilizer. Use of Chemical pesticides. Dependency on irrigation water. Capital intensive agriculture Modern Machines were used Impact of Green Revolution: Benefits of Green Revolution: Increased agriculture productivity and hence overall production => ensuring food security-2200 to 2400 calories intake per person. Prosperity of farmers. No compulsion of food grain input. Investment in agriculture started happening. Hence, increased overall profits. Agricultural industrialization increased. Therefore, agricultural processing industries also thrived now. High standard of living for farmers. Therefore, multiplication of consumer good industries. It has led to employment generation. Employment generation from people in other states. Issues : Only a few crops and few regions the productivity has increased whereas for various different crops neither has increased. Agricultural biodiversity is declining because of HYV seeds. Faulty field preparation. Faulty irrigation and over-irrigation lead to salinization of the soil. Fertilizer effectiveness has declined. Euthrophication which means that unused fertilizer is washed away. Algal bloom has also popped up. The excessive use of weedicide and pesticides leads to a concentration of PoPs in the food cycle and ultimately the human body causing different types of diseases like genetic diseases, and cancer diseases. Excessive use of machines is destroying the field and crops. Low energy efficiency in machines is a cause of pollution. Transportation and cold storage are low therefore farmers are not able to take their produce farther. Capital availability to small farmers is still not there. Considering the negative externalities of Green revolution Indian government is pushing for evergreen revolution, Zero budget natural farming and organic farming.
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What are Departmental Related Standing Committees? Briefly exaplain. (150 Words/ 10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduce by giving some information about the committee. Briefly explain its constituents. Functions of the committee. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: The Departmental Related Standing Committees are one of the parliamentary committees necessary for expendential functioning of the government in India. They hold huge significance in smooth disbursal of funds in India. DEPARTMENT RELATED STANDING COMMITTEES: FEATURES These committees are of uttermost significance as their role is important with respect to the budget. The Department Related Standing Committees have 31 members (21 from Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha) There are 24 such committees- 8 from RS and 16 from LS. MAJOR FUNCTIONS: To consider the demand for grants. To consider the annual reports of the ministries. To consider the bills pertaining to ministries. To consider the long-term policy documents. CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DRSCs: The legislature with elected representatives represents the will of the people of India. In a parliamentary democracy the accountability of the executive toward the legislature is increased by better scrutiny and parliamentary oversight. These committees are of enormous importance due to their multi-tasking nature considering demands, examining the reports of CAG, etc. Parliamentary Committees also have made valuable suggestions, feedback, and views thereby improving the quality of Although a major shortcoming is that these committees mostly perform a post-mortem of accounts and their recommendations are advisory in nature. The DRSCs secure more accountability of the Executive (i.e., the Council of Ministers) to the Parliament. Through Committees, Parliament exercises its control and influence over administration and keeps vigilance over the executive.
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##Question:What are Departmental Related Standing Committees? Briefly exaplain. (150 Words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce by giving some information about the committee. Briefly explain its constituents. Functions of the committee. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: The Departmental Related Standing Committees are one of the parliamentary committees necessary for expendential functioning of the government in India. They hold huge significance in smooth disbursal of funds in India. DEPARTMENT RELATED STANDING COMMITTEES: FEATURES These committees are of uttermost significance as their role is important with respect to the budget. The Department Related Standing Committees have 31 members (21 from Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha) There are 24 such committees- 8 from RS and 16 from LS. MAJOR FUNCTIONS: To consider the demand for grants. To consider the annual reports of the ministries. To consider the bills pertaining to ministries. To consider the long-term policy documents. CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DRSCs: The legislature with elected representatives represents the will of the people of India. In a parliamentary democracy the accountability of the executive toward the legislature is increased by better scrutiny and parliamentary oversight. These committees are of enormous importance due to their multi-tasking nature considering demands, examining the reports of CAG, etc. Parliamentary Committees also have made valuable suggestions, feedback, and views thereby improving the quality of Although a major shortcoming is that these committees mostly perform a post-mortem of accounts and their recommendations are advisory in nature. The DRSCs secure more accountability of the Executive (i.e., the Council of Ministers) to the Parliament. Through Committees, Parliament exercises its control and influence over administration and keeps vigilance over the executive.
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What do you understand by the term "Economics"? Mention some challenges faced during economical redistribution.(150 words/10 marks)
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What do you understand by the term "Economics"? Mention some challenges faced during economical redistribution. (150 words/10 marks) Approach We can start by defining Economics, as a principle, rather than as a practice. We must then mention some basic aspects of economics and relate them to everyday life. We can then mention the different stages associated with economics, along with their challenges. We can then conclude on an optimistic note with a present-day relevance of Economics. Answer: Economics is the study of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in an economy. It is concerned with the allocation of scarce productive resources for maximizing the satisfaction of human material wants. Economics also deals with human behavior with a particular focus on decision-making, choices made by individuals and institutions, and the societal management of scarce resources. The first mention of the term “Economics” can be seen in ancient Greece when economics was denoted as “Oikos + Nomos” which translated into “Rule of the Household”. The logic was to be later extrapolated at the village, state, national, and even international levels. Enhancing the standard of living and satisfaction still remains the ultimate aim of economics. Since the resources are most likely to remain scarce as compared to the population, equitable distribution of the resources is bound to be challenging. Some challenges faced in this regard are: 1) Inequality: Despite the increase in the net wealth of the world over time, various studies have pointed out the fact that the major portion of the wealth generated goes to a very tiny portion of elites, while the population at the bottom of the socio-economic ladder hardly sees any improvement in their condition. 2) Skill gap: The economical system seeks to generate more and more outcomes by improving means. In this situation, the better-skilled workforce will accumulate much more dividends than the lesser skilled workforce. Eventually, the lower-skilled population might get pushed away from economical participation. 3) Social issues: The social differences both exaggerate and get more pronounced by skewed economical distribution. Unequal redistribution is believed to discriminate against weaker sections like women scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, religious minorities, physically handicapped, etc. Time and equitable distribution of the economical gains remain the primary responsibility of the government. For this purpose, the government uses taxation and also human capital development initiatives. Economics has a direct and continuous engagement with everyone in one way or another. Both the public and private initiatives must be driven by tenets of ethics and our constitution so as to achieve amicable participation and sharing of gains.
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##Question:What do you understand by the term "Economics"? Mention some challenges faced during economical redistribution.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:What do you understand by the term "Economics"? Mention some challenges faced during economical redistribution. (150 words/10 marks) Approach We can start by defining Economics, as a principle, rather than as a practice. We must then mention some basic aspects of economics and relate them to everyday life. We can then mention the different stages associated with economics, along with their challenges. We can then conclude on an optimistic note with a present-day relevance of Economics. Answer: Economics is the study of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in an economy. It is concerned with the allocation of scarce productive resources for maximizing the satisfaction of human material wants. Economics also deals with human behavior with a particular focus on decision-making, choices made by individuals and institutions, and the societal management of scarce resources. The first mention of the term “Economics” can be seen in ancient Greece when economics was denoted as “Oikos + Nomos” which translated into “Rule of the Household”. The logic was to be later extrapolated at the village, state, national, and even international levels. Enhancing the standard of living and satisfaction still remains the ultimate aim of economics. Since the resources are most likely to remain scarce as compared to the population, equitable distribution of the resources is bound to be challenging. Some challenges faced in this regard are: 1) Inequality: Despite the increase in the net wealth of the world over time, various studies have pointed out the fact that the major portion of the wealth generated goes to a very tiny portion of elites, while the population at the bottom of the socio-economic ladder hardly sees any improvement in their condition. 2) Skill gap: The economical system seeks to generate more and more outcomes by improving means. In this situation, the better-skilled workforce will accumulate much more dividends than the lesser skilled workforce. Eventually, the lower-skilled population might get pushed away from economical participation. 3) Social issues: The social differences both exaggerate and get more pronounced by skewed economical distribution. Unequal redistribution is believed to discriminate against weaker sections like women scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, religious minorities, physically handicapped, etc. Time and equitable distribution of the economical gains remain the primary responsibility of the government. For this purpose, the government uses taxation and also human capital development initiatives. Economics has a direct and continuous engagement with everyone in one way or another. Both the public and private initiatives must be driven by tenets of ethics and our constitution so as to achieve amicable participation and sharing of gains.
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Explain the concept of Sensex and how it reflects the health of the Indian economy. (150 words/10 marks).
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Approach: We can start with a brief description of stock exchanges and share prices. Then we can mention what Sensex is and what it denotes. We can then mention how the performance and future expectations of the Indian economy can be gauged by Sensex. We can also mention some questions which are being raised on Sensex, before concluding positively. Answer: A stock exchange refers to a venue in which shares of publicly held companies are bought and sold. Such financial activities are conducted through institutionalized formal exchanges (physical or electronic) and via over-the-counter (OTC) marketplaces that operate under a defined set of regulations. Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange (NSE) are the major stock exchanges of India which function under the guidelines of the Securities and Exchanges Board of India (SEBI). Sensex stands for ‘Stock Exchange Sensitive Index’, is the stock market index for the Bombay Stock Exchange. Sensex refers to the (Free Floating Market Capital )FFMC at Current Prices of the largest 30 listed companies ( by capitalization)/ FFMC at base year price(1978-79 for BSE) FFMC= Price of each stock* Total number of stocks being traded on the stock exchange. Sensex= P1* N1 + P2*N2+…………P 30*N*30(at Current Prices/ P1* N1 + P2*N2+…………P 30*N*30 (at base year prices) For the companies which do not exist in 1978-79, their share prices are deflated to the 1978-79 level as per an index. The performance of the listed companies reflects their share prices and increases and decreases accordingly. So if the Sensex increases, we can infer that not only those 30 companies, but the overall economy including the other companies are also doing well. · Some of the 30 companies are Infosys, Tata Motors, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, and Coal India. These 30 companies represent various industrial sectors of the economy in India and are considered some of the largest and most actively traded stocks. · When the prices of the stocks of these companies increase by 1%, the Sensex number increases by 1% too. For example, if the Sensex number was 10,000 yesterday and India’s top 30 companies grew by 1%, today’s Sensex number would be recorded at 10,100. Similarly, if these companies drop by 1%, Sensex would drop from 10,000 to 9,900. Just like most indices in the world, the sense began with an arbitrary number 100 on 1st January 1979.The Sensex number at any point in time is irrelevant – what is important is how it changes over a period of time. Sensex is the shorthand for the Indian stock market and it is a good indicator of how the Indian economy is performing as: If the Sensex is deteriorating, it means that the probability of the Indian economy picking up is quite slim. On the other hand, if the sensex is growing, it means that the probability of the Indian economy growing in the future is pretty high too. If it is steadily rising then it means the labor market is rising and private investors can forecast their profit potential and start investing. This will create more employment opportunities and unemployment levels in the economy can come down reducing redistributive injustice in the economy. Especially after the Covid era, there have been serious apprehensions regarding the efficiency of Sensex to indicate economic performance. When the economic wheels were halted, the sensex was surprisingly showing very good performance probably on the expectation of a large stimulus or steps for rejuvenating the economy. Hence, the Sensex remains a very important indicator, but it is not holistic.
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##Question:Explain the concept of Sensex and how it reflects the health of the Indian economy. (150 words/10 marks).##Answer:Approach: We can start with a brief description of stock exchanges and share prices. Then we can mention what Sensex is and what it denotes. We can then mention how the performance and future expectations of the Indian economy can be gauged by Sensex. We can also mention some questions which are being raised on Sensex, before concluding positively. Answer: A stock exchange refers to a venue in which shares of publicly held companies are bought and sold. Such financial activities are conducted through institutionalized formal exchanges (physical or electronic) and via over-the-counter (OTC) marketplaces that operate under a defined set of regulations. Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange (NSE) are the major stock exchanges of India which function under the guidelines of the Securities and Exchanges Board of India (SEBI). Sensex stands for ‘Stock Exchange Sensitive Index’, is the stock market index for the Bombay Stock Exchange. Sensex refers to the (Free Floating Market Capital )FFMC at Current Prices of the largest 30 listed companies ( by capitalization)/ FFMC at base year price(1978-79 for BSE) FFMC= Price of each stock* Total number of stocks being traded on the stock exchange. Sensex= P1* N1 + P2*N2+…………P 30*N*30(at Current Prices/ P1* N1 + P2*N2+…………P 30*N*30 (at base year prices) For the companies which do not exist in 1978-79, their share prices are deflated to the 1978-79 level as per an index. The performance of the listed companies reflects their share prices and increases and decreases accordingly. So if the Sensex increases, we can infer that not only those 30 companies, but the overall economy including the other companies are also doing well. · Some of the 30 companies are Infosys, Tata Motors, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, and Coal India. These 30 companies represent various industrial sectors of the economy in India and are considered some of the largest and most actively traded stocks. · When the prices of the stocks of these companies increase by 1%, the Sensex number increases by 1% too. For example, if the Sensex number was 10,000 yesterday and India’s top 30 companies grew by 1%, today’s Sensex number would be recorded at 10,100. Similarly, if these companies drop by 1%, Sensex would drop from 10,000 to 9,900. Just like most indices in the world, the sense began with an arbitrary number 100 on 1st January 1979.The Sensex number at any point in time is irrelevant – what is important is how it changes over a period of time. Sensex is the shorthand for the Indian stock market and it is a good indicator of how the Indian economy is performing as: If the Sensex is deteriorating, it means that the probability of the Indian economy picking up is quite slim. On the other hand, if the sensex is growing, it means that the probability of the Indian economy growing in the future is pretty high too. If it is steadily rising then it means the labor market is rising and private investors can forecast their profit potential and start investing. This will create more employment opportunities and unemployment levels in the economy can come down reducing redistributive injustice in the economy. Especially after the Covid era, there have been serious apprehensions regarding the efficiency of Sensex to indicate economic performance. When the economic wheels were halted, the sensex was surprisingly showing very good performance probably on the expectation of a large stimulus or steps for rejuvenating the economy. Hence, the Sensex remains a very important indicator, but it is not holistic.
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Discuss various types of goods that are based on: (1) Slope of the demand curve (2) Relation of goods with the income, and, (3) Relation with the other goods. (10 Marks, 150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce the answer with the definition of "Goods" and the law of demand. Discuss different types of goods other than those based on production. Bring those types of Goods that violate the Law of Demand Conclude accordingly. Answer: In economics, goods are items that satisfy human wants and provide utility, for example, to a consumer making a purchase of a satisfying product. The Law of demand holds that the price of the good increases with an increase in the demand of the good or vice-versa, provided the other factors remain constant. Different types of goods: On the basis of the slope of the demand curve: Necessary goods: These are the goods for which the change in the quantity demanded is very less even when the change in price is high. These goods have a near-vertical demand curve, reflecting the inelastic quantity demanded with respect to the price. For example, the demand for life-saving drugs, water, necessary food items etc. Luxury goods: These are the goods in which the quantity demanded changes by a large amount even when there is a small change in the price. Such goods have a near-horizontal demand curve. For example, jewellery items, decorative items, luxury cars etc. On the basis of the relationship between the demand and income: Normal goods: These are those goods whose demand increases with an increase in the income of the consumers. Inferior goods: These are those goods whose demand decreases with an increase in the income of the consumers. On the basis of the relationship with other goods: Substitute goods: These are the goods that can substitute each other"s consumption i.e. one good can make up for consumption if another is not available. For example, tea and coffee, matchstick and lighter etc. Complementary goods: These are the goods in which one good complements the consumption of the other good. Usually, there is one leading good and another good which complements it. The relationship is such that an increase in the quantity demanded of one good leads to an increase in the quantity demanded of the other. For example, tea and biscuits, automobiles and fuel etc. Goods which seem to violate the law of demand: Veblen Goods: These are those goods whose possession is expected to be associated with a higher social status. These goods generally do not have any practical utility but rather only have a social status that may be acquired through their possession. When the price of such goods increases, more people would be willing to possess them and hence their demand would be expected to increase. Whereas if their price falls, they do not become affordable for those who would want them and become undesirable for those who can afford them, and hence their demand decreases with a fall in their price. For example, luxury sports cars, expensive designer jewellery items, rare artefacts, paintings etc. Giffen Goods: These are low income and non-luxury product that defies standard economic and consumer demand theory. Demand for Giffen goods rises when the price rises and falls when the price falls. Thus, the goods can be classified into various categories depending upon their demand, the income of the consumer, relationship with the other goods and compliance with the law of demand.
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##Question:Discuss various types of goods that are based on: (1) Slope of the demand curve (2) Relation of goods with the income, and, (3) Relation with the other goods. (10 Marks, 150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the answer with the definition of "Goods" and the law of demand. Discuss different types of goods other than those based on production. Bring those types of Goods that violate the Law of Demand Conclude accordingly. Answer: In economics, goods are items that satisfy human wants and provide utility, for example, to a consumer making a purchase of a satisfying product. The Law of demand holds that the price of the good increases with an increase in the demand of the good or vice-versa, provided the other factors remain constant. Different types of goods: On the basis of the slope of the demand curve: Necessary goods: These are the goods for which the change in the quantity demanded is very less even when the change in price is high. These goods have a near-vertical demand curve, reflecting the inelastic quantity demanded with respect to the price. For example, the demand for life-saving drugs, water, necessary food items etc. Luxury goods: These are the goods in which the quantity demanded changes by a large amount even when there is a small change in the price. Such goods have a near-horizontal demand curve. For example, jewellery items, decorative items, luxury cars etc. On the basis of the relationship between the demand and income: Normal goods: These are those goods whose demand increases with an increase in the income of the consumers. Inferior goods: These are those goods whose demand decreases with an increase in the income of the consumers. On the basis of the relationship with other goods: Substitute goods: These are the goods that can substitute each other"s consumption i.e. one good can make up for consumption if another is not available. For example, tea and coffee, matchstick and lighter etc. Complementary goods: These are the goods in which one good complements the consumption of the other good. Usually, there is one leading good and another good which complements it. The relationship is such that an increase in the quantity demanded of one good leads to an increase in the quantity demanded of the other. For example, tea and biscuits, automobiles and fuel etc. Goods which seem to violate the law of demand: Veblen Goods: These are those goods whose possession is expected to be associated with a higher social status. These goods generally do not have any practical utility but rather only have a social status that may be acquired through their possession. When the price of such goods increases, more people would be willing to possess them and hence their demand would be expected to increase. Whereas if their price falls, they do not become affordable for those who would want them and become undesirable for those who can afford them, and hence their demand decreases with a fall in their price. For example, luxury sports cars, expensive designer jewellery items, rare artefacts, paintings etc. Giffen Goods: These are low income and non-luxury product that defies standard economic and consumer demand theory. Demand for Giffen goods rises when the price rises and falls when the price falls. Thus, the goods can be classified into various categories depending upon their demand, the income of the consumer, relationship with the other goods and compliance with the law of demand.
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Highlight important provisions of the Government of India Act 1919. (150 words/10 marks)
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APPROACH Briefly introduce GOI Act 1919. DIscuss provisions of GOI Act 1919. Conclude accordingly. ANSWER The Government of India Act 1919 was an act of the British Parliament that sought to increase the participation of Indians in the administration of their country. The act was based on the recommendations of a report by Montagu, then-Secretary of State for India, and Lord Chelmsford, India’s Viceroy between 1916 and 1921. Hence the act is also called the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms or Montford reforms. Provisions - A historic declaration was made in the house of commons in the British parliament - "Henceforth, British policy in India would have an overall objective of gradual development of self-governing institutions with a view to the progressive realisation of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British empire". Therefore now the demand for Swaraj was not seditious as the British policy goal is Swaraj in long term. Dyarchy was introduced, i.e., there were two classes of administrators – Executive councillors and ministers. The Governor was the executive head of the province. The subjects were divided into two lists – reserved and transferred. GOI act 1919 created a bicameral legislature at the centre. Women got the right to vote. Separate electorate to Sikh. Reservation for depressed classes in nominated seats. Council of States to have only male members. Seats to provinces in the central legislature based on their importance and not population. This act provided for the first time, the establishment of a public service commission in India. GOI Act 1919, for the first time, elections were known to the people and it created political consciousness among the people. Some Indian women also had the right to vote for the first time but at the same time, this act extended consolidated and communal representation. The governor-general and the governors had a lot of power to undermine the legislatures at the centre and the provinces respectively.
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##Question:Highlight important provisions of the Government of India Act 1919. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:APPROACH Briefly introduce GOI Act 1919. DIscuss provisions of GOI Act 1919. Conclude accordingly. ANSWER The Government of India Act 1919 was an act of the British Parliament that sought to increase the participation of Indians in the administration of their country. The act was based on the recommendations of a report by Montagu, then-Secretary of State for India, and Lord Chelmsford, India’s Viceroy between 1916 and 1921. Hence the act is also called the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms or Montford reforms. Provisions - A historic declaration was made in the house of commons in the British parliament - "Henceforth, British policy in India would have an overall objective of gradual development of self-governing institutions with a view to the progressive realisation of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British empire". Therefore now the demand for Swaraj was not seditious as the British policy goal is Swaraj in long term. Dyarchy was introduced, i.e., there were two classes of administrators – Executive councillors and ministers. The Governor was the executive head of the province. The subjects were divided into two lists – reserved and transferred. GOI act 1919 created a bicameral legislature at the centre. Women got the right to vote. Separate electorate to Sikh. Reservation for depressed classes in nominated seats. Council of States to have only male members. Seats to provinces in the central legislature based on their importance and not population. This act provided for the first time, the establishment of a public service commission in India. GOI Act 1919, for the first time, elections were known to the people and it created political consciousness among the people. Some Indian women also had the right to vote for the first time but at the same time, this act extended consolidated and communal representation. The governor-general and the governors had a lot of power to undermine the legislatures at the centre and the provinces respectively.
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Discuss in detail the various jurisdictions of the Supreme Court of India. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction- Briefly mention the supreme court of India. Body- Mention all of the jurisdiction of the supreme court in detail. Conclusion- conclude accordingly. Answer: The supreme court of India is the highest court of the land and sits at the apex of the integrated judicial system of India. It is bestowed upon by the constitution with diverse and wide jurisdictions so as to perform its role in an efficient manner. Writs Jurisdiction: In case of violation of Fundamental Rights, one can directly approach the supreme court under article 32 of the constitution. The supreme court can issue any order, direction, or writ. The supreme court as the final interpreter of the constitution, and custodian of the constitution protects the Magna Carta of the constitution which is Fundamental Rights. The Writ jurisdiction of the supreme court is shared with high courts too, therefore they are original but not exclusive jurisdiction. Original(exclusive) jurisdiction related to federal disputes: They are the federal dispute, they can be between the center and one state, center and more than one state, or between two or more states. They are the exclusive jurisdiction(only) of the supreme court. Appellate Jurisdiction: On constitutional matters: If high courts give a certificate of appeal that involves an interpretation of the constitution by the supreme court. Civil matters: If the case involves a substantial question of law and a certificate is issued by the high court. Criminal matters: If the high court reverses the acquittal by the lower court and sentences the person to death. If the high court takes before itself any case from the subordinate court and sentenced to death. If the high court issues a certificate of appeal. Advisory jurisdiction. Article 143 of the Constitution empowers the president to seek the opinion of the supreme court on any question of law or fact that is of public importance. The opinion rendered by the supreme court is not binding on the president. It is not binding on the supreme court to render advice except when it is a matter related to a pre-constitutional treaty or agreement. In advisory jurisdiction, the opinion is rendered through an open court. As per the provisions of Article 145(4), the judgment shall be delivered in open court and as per article 145(3), the minimum number of judges shall be 5. Parliament is authorized to confer on the Supreme Court any further powers to entertain and hear appeals from any judgment, final order, or sentence in a criminal proceeding of a High Court.
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##Question:Discuss in detail the various jurisdictions of the Supreme Court of India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction- Briefly mention the supreme court of India. Body- Mention all of the jurisdiction of the supreme court in detail. Conclusion- conclude accordingly. Answer: The supreme court of India is the highest court of the land and sits at the apex of the integrated judicial system of India. It is bestowed upon by the constitution with diverse and wide jurisdictions so as to perform its role in an efficient manner. Writs Jurisdiction: In case of violation of Fundamental Rights, one can directly approach the supreme court under article 32 of the constitution. The supreme court can issue any order, direction, or writ. The supreme court as the final interpreter of the constitution, and custodian of the constitution protects the Magna Carta of the constitution which is Fundamental Rights. The Writ jurisdiction of the supreme court is shared with high courts too, therefore they are original but not exclusive jurisdiction. Original(exclusive) jurisdiction related to federal disputes: They are the federal dispute, they can be between the center and one state, center and more than one state, or between two or more states. They are the exclusive jurisdiction(only) of the supreme court. Appellate Jurisdiction: On constitutional matters: If high courts give a certificate of appeal that involves an interpretation of the constitution by the supreme court. Civil matters: If the case involves a substantial question of law and a certificate is issued by the high court. Criminal matters: If the high court reverses the acquittal by the lower court and sentences the person to death. If the high court takes before itself any case from the subordinate court and sentenced to death. If the high court issues a certificate of appeal. Advisory jurisdiction. Article 143 of the Constitution empowers the president to seek the opinion of the supreme court on any question of law or fact that is of public importance. The opinion rendered by the supreme court is not binding on the president. It is not binding on the supreme court to render advice except when it is a matter related to a pre-constitutional treaty or agreement. In advisory jurisdiction, the opinion is rendered through an open court. As per the provisions of Article 145(4), the judgment shall be delivered in open court and as per article 145(3), the minimum number of judges shall be 5. Parliament is authorized to confer on the Supreme Court any further powers to entertain and hear appeals from any judgment, final order, or sentence in a criminal proceeding of a High Court.
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Give an account of the various exchangesin India. What is the importance of Commmodity Exchanges? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce by giving the definition of the stock exchange. Mention different types of Stock exchanges in India. Mention the importance of commodity exchanges Conclude accordingly. Answer: A stock exchange, securities exchange is an exchange where stockbrokers and traders can buy and sell securities, such as shares of stock, bonds, and other financial instruments. Such as BSE and NSE in India. Various Stock exchanges in India: Bombay Stock Exchange It is one of the oldest and came in 1875. However, in 1957 it was recognized by the government of India providing legitimacy to it. However, then it came under the regulation of controller of capital issues which later on converted in SEBI. This Bombay Stock exchange got another feather in the cap in 1996 when S&P (famous global rating agencies) has acknowledged it which make BSE a destination for global investors also. Following the international practices, a sensitive Index was prepared to understand the market performance by taking 30 TOP companies" free-floating market capital value of 1979 as the base year and was equated with 100. Whenever we say Sensex is 60000 it means those 100 units value gone up to 60000. While be these 30 companies will be revised every six months in June and December on the basis of free-floating market capital (FFMP). National Stock exchange- It was introduced in 1992 by the government of India. It has more than 2000 companies listed and has floated two sensitive indexes- NIFTY-50 which is based upon Top 50 companies.NIFTY-50 Junior or NIFTY NEXT-50 which consist of the Next 50 companies (51 to 100 top companies). Multi commodity Exchange MCX- It came in 2003. Deals with Non-agricultural commodities in three categories of Precious metals, Base Metal, Energy (crude oil and petroleum products) Each of them has their own sensitive Index National commodity and derivatives exchange NCDEX- It came in 2003 and deals with agricultural product Earlier it was controlled by Forward Market commission (The regulator of Forwards Markets) ,but after the Jignesh Shah case it came under the regulation of SEBI in 2015. They have their sensitive index called as AGRIDEX - which consist of 10 crops from both Kharif and Rabi. On similar lines, there are Indian Gas Exchange India energy Exchange And the proposal of the social stock exchange is also there. Commodity Exchanges are very important because: · Diversification - Commodity returns have a low correlation to returns from other assets and can diversify the investor’s portfolio. · Inflation safeguard - Commodities are considered a good hedge against inflation as their prices tend to rise during periods of high inflation. This helps maintain the purchasing power parity. · Hedge against event risk - Supply disruptions during a natural disaster, an economic crisis, or war could push up the prices of commodities. However, the trading of commodities could help you guard against loss by leveraging strategically on price swings. Depending on the standard rules of supply and demand, the stock exchange needs to ensure that all interested market participants have instant access to data for all buy and sell orders, thereby helping in the fair and transparent pricing of securities. Additionally, it should also perform efficient matching of appropriate buy and sell orders.
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##Question:Give an account of the various exchangesin India. What is the importance of Commmodity Exchanges? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce by giving the definition of the stock exchange. Mention different types of Stock exchanges in India. Mention the importance of commodity exchanges Conclude accordingly. Answer: A stock exchange, securities exchange is an exchange where stockbrokers and traders can buy and sell securities, such as shares of stock, bonds, and other financial instruments. Such as BSE and NSE in India. Various Stock exchanges in India: Bombay Stock Exchange It is one of the oldest and came in 1875. However, in 1957 it was recognized by the government of India providing legitimacy to it. However, then it came under the regulation of controller of capital issues which later on converted in SEBI. This Bombay Stock exchange got another feather in the cap in 1996 when S&P (famous global rating agencies) has acknowledged it which make BSE a destination for global investors also. Following the international practices, a sensitive Index was prepared to understand the market performance by taking 30 TOP companies" free-floating market capital value of 1979 as the base year and was equated with 100. Whenever we say Sensex is 60000 it means those 100 units value gone up to 60000. While be these 30 companies will be revised every six months in June and December on the basis of free-floating market capital (FFMP). National Stock exchange- It was introduced in 1992 by the government of India. It has more than 2000 companies listed and has floated two sensitive indexes- NIFTY-50 which is based upon Top 50 companies.NIFTY-50 Junior or NIFTY NEXT-50 which consist of the Next 50 companies (51 to 100 top companies). Multi commodity Exchange MCX- It came in 2003. Deals with Non-agricultural commodities in three categories of Precious metals, Base Metal, Energy (crude oil and petroleum products) Each of them has their own sensitive Index National commodity and derivatives exchange NCDEX- It came in 2003 and deals with agricultural product Earlier it was controlled by Forward Market commission (The regulator of Forwards Markets) ,but after the Jignesh Shah case it came under the regulation of SEBI in 2015. They have their sensitive index called as AGRIDEX - which consist of 10 crops from both Kharif and Rabi. On similar lines, there are Indian Gas Exchange India energy Exchange And the proposal of the social stock exchange is also there. Commodity Exchanges are very important because: · Diversification - Commodity returns have a low correlation to returns from other assets and can diversify the investor’s portfolio. · Inflation safeguard - Commodities are considered a good hedge against inflation as their prices tend to rise during periods of high inflation. This helps maintain the purchasing power parity. · Hedge against event risk - Supply disruptions during a natural disaster, an economic crisis, or war could push up the prices of commodities. However, the trading of commodities could help you guard against loss by leveraging strategically on price swings. Depending on the standard rules of supply and demand, the stock exchange needs to ensure that all interested market participants have instant access to data for all buy and sell orders, thereby helping in the fair and transparent pricing of securities. Additionally, it should also perform efficient matching of appropriate buy and sell orders.
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What is Nano Technology? Discuss its uses in different fields. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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APPROACH: Introduce by explaining what is Nano Technology. Briefly discuss how it works. Applications of Nano Technology. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: NANOTECHNOLOGY Nano Technology is the understanding and control of matter at the nanoscale. It is about 1-100NM. At such a scale matter exhibit unusual physical, chemical, and biological properties that differ in important ways from the properties of bulk material as well as from single atoms and molecules. WHAT OCCURS AT NANOSCALE? At the nanoscale Quantum Effects dominate. Surface behavior plays a larger role as nanomaterials have a very high surface area. Nano Materials are highly chemically reactive because of the increased surface area. At the nanoscale self-assembly phenomenon is prominent. Most of the biology occurs at the nanoscale. For Example, a strand of DNA has a diameter of 2 nm. APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY Applications in daily life: In Fabrics, nano-scale additives can help them resist wrinkling, staining, and bacterial growth. In Smart Fabrics, nanoscale sensors are used for health monitoring, solar energy capture, and energy harvesting through movement. Nanoscale surfaces can make them water and residue repellant, anti-reflective and scratch-resistant. Light weighting of cars, trucks, and airplanes could lead to significant fuel savings Nanoscale titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are used in sunscreen lotions to provide protection from harmful rays. Medical applications: Cancer treatment Many nanomaterials such as nano-gold are being clinically investigated as a potential treatment for cancer and other diseases. Targetted drug delivery A nanoparticle can encapsulate or help to deliver medication directly to diseased cells. This has the potential to minimize the risk to healthy tissue. Nano Robots Nano-sized robots can navigate the human body and communicate with the physician using sensors. Vaccines Many researchers are looking at ways that nanotechnology can improve vaccines, including vaccine delivery without the use of needles. Tissue Engineering Nano Technology has applications in regenerative medicine that includes bone and neural tissue engineering. Gene Sequencing Some nano core materials have allowed for efficient gene sequencing techniques. Anti-Microbial Resistance Nanotechnology holds the key to killing antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Environmental Remediation: Nanomembranes are being used for water filtration. Nanoparticles are being developed to clean industrial pollution in the groundwater. Water repellant nanoparticles are being used to tackle the issue of oil spills. Nanotechnology has come a long way since the time it was first used and now affects many industries. It is an interdisciplinary field converging many streams of engineering and science.
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##Question:What is Nano Technology? Discuss its uses in different fields. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce by explaining what is Nano Technology. Briefly discuss how it works. Applications of Nano Technology. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: NANOTECHNOLOGY Nano Technology is the understanding and control of matter at the nanoscale. It is about 1-100NM. At such a scale matter exhibit unusual physical, chemical, and biological properties that differ in important ways from the properties of bulk material as well as from single atoms and molecules. WHAT OCCURS AT NANOSCALE? At the nanoscale Quantum Effects dominate. Surface behavior plays a larger role as nanomaterials have a very high surface area. Nano Materials are highly chemically reactive because of the increased surface area. At the nanoscale self-assembly phenomenon is prominent. Most of the biology occurs at the nanoscale. For Example, a strand of DNA has a diameter of 2 nm. APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY Applications in daily life: In Fabrics, nano-scale additives can help them resist wrinkling, staining, and bacterial growth. In Smart Fabrics, nanoscale sensors are used for health monitoring, solar energy capture, and energy harvesting through movement. Nanoscale surfaces can make them water and residue repellant, anti-reflective and scratch-resistant. Light weighting of cars, trucks, and airplanes could lead to significant fuel savings Nanoscale titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are used in sunscreen lotions to provide protection from harmful rays. Medical applications: Cancer treatment Many nanomaterials such as nano-gold are being clinically investigated as a potential treatment for cancer and other diseases. Targetted drug delivery A nanoparticle can encapsulate or help to deliver medication directly to diseased cells. This has the potential to minimize the risk to healthy tissue. Nano Robots Nano-sized robots can navigate the human body and communicate with the physician using sensors. Vaccines Many researchers are looking at ways that nanotechnology can improve vaccines, including vaccine delivery without the use of needles. Tissue Engineering Nano Technology has applications in regenerative medicine that includes bone and neural tissue engineering. Gene Sequencing Some nano core materials have allowed for efficient gene sequencing techniques. Anti-Microbial Resistance Nanotechnology holds the key to killing antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Environmental Remediation: Nanomembranes are being used for water filtration. Nanoparticles are being developed to clean industrial pollution in the groundwater. Water repellant nanoparticles are being used to tackle the issue of oil spills. Nanotechnology has come a long way since the time it was first used and now affects many industries. It is an interdisciplinary field converging many streams of engineering and science.
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The Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India can broadly be categorised into original jurisdiction, appellate jurisdiction and advisory jurisdiction. Elaborate. (10Marks/150Words)
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APPROACH: Introduce by giving some information about the jurisdiction of the courts in India. Elaborate that Supreme Court has original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction. Conclude appropriately highlighting the position of the Supreme Court of India. ANSWER: The scope of powers of the Supreme Court to hear and decide cases is called its jurisdiction. The Supreme Court in India has three types of jurisdictions – original, appellate, and advisory as provided in Articles 131, 133 – 136, and 143 respectively of the Indian Constitution. Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court: Original and exclusive: Federal disputes: any disputes between State vs. Union or State vs. State: Its exclusive original jurisdiction extends to any dispute between the Government of India and one or more States or between the Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more States on the other or between two or more States, if and insofar as the dispute involves any question (whether of law or of fact) on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends. Original and non-exclusive: Safeguarding Fundamental Rights. The constitution of India has empowered the Supreme Court under Article 32 to issue orders/directions/writs for enforcement of the Fundamental Rights. The writ jurisdiction of the supreme court makes it a protector of Fundamental Rights. The Supreme Court can issue writs of 5 types ie. Habeus Corpus, Mandamus, Certiorari, Prohibition, and Quo-warranto. Appellate Jurisdiction of Supreme Court: The appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court can be invoked by a certificate granted by the High Court concerned under Article 132(1), 133(1) or 134 of the Constitution in respect of any judgment. In civil cases: Appeals also lie to the Supreme Court in civil matters if the High Court concerned certifies : Question of Law: That the case involves a substantial question of law of general importance, and that, in the opinion of the High Court, the said question needs to be decided by the Supreme Court. In criminal cases: An appeal lies to the Supreme Court if the High Court (a) has on appeal reversed an order of acquittal of an accused person and sentenced him to death or to imprisonment for life or for a period of not less than 10 years, or (b) has withdrawn for trial before itself any case from any Court subordinate to its authority and has in such trial convicted the accused and sentenced him to death or to imprisonment for life or for a period of not less than 10 years, or (c) certified that the case is a fit for an appeal to the Supreme Court. Parliament is authorized to confer on the Supreme Court any further powers to entertain and hear appeals from any judgment, final order, or sentence in a criminal proceeding of a High Court. Advisory jurisdiction: Article 143: The President can seek the opinion of the Supreme Court on any question of law or fact ie. of public importance. The advice tendered by the Supreme Court is not binding on the President. The Supreme Court also is not under compulsion to tender advice until it is a pre-constitutional treaty or agreement. In these cases, we don"t use the term ruled but we use the term opined. The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is not limited to the above. It also has jurisdiction in matters of contempt of court, review of its own decrees, public interest litigation, provision of legal aid, etc. Hence, we can say that the Supreme Court of India is an important pillar of democracy that safeguards the rights of the people, oversees federal disputes, and also renders advice to the executive on constitutional matters.
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##Question:The Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India can broadly be categorised into original jurisdiction, appellate jurisdiction and advisory jurisdiction. Elaborate. (10Marks/150Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce by giving some information about the jurisdiction of the courts in India. Elaborate that Supreme Court has original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction. Conclude appropriately highlighting the position of the Supreme Court of India. ANSWER: The scope of powers of the Supreme Court to hear and decide cases is called its jurisdiction. The Supreme Court in India has three types of jurisdictions – original, appellate, and advisory as provided in Articles 131, 133 – 136, and 143 respectively of the Indian Constitution. Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court: Original and exclusive: Federal disputes: any disputes between State vs. Union or State vs. State: Its exclusive original jurisdiction extends to any dispute between the Government of India and one or more States or between the Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more States on the other or between two or more States, if and insofar as the dispute involves any question (whether of law or of fact) on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends. Original and non-exclusive: Safeguarding Fundamental Rights. The constitution of India has empowered the Supreme Court under Article 32 to issue orders/directions/writs for enforcement of the Fundamental Rights. The writ jurisdiction of the supreme court makes it a protector of Fundamental Rights. The Supreme Court can issue writs of 5 types ie. Habeus Corpus, Mandamus, Certiorari, Prohibition, and Quo-warranto. Appellate Jurisdiction of Supreme Court: The appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court can be invoked by a certificate granted by the High Court concerned under Article 132(1), 133(1) or 134 of the Constitution in respect of any judgment. In civil cases: Appeals also lie to the Supreme Court in civil matters if the High Court concerned certifies : Question of Law: That the case involves a substantial question of law of general importance, and that, in the opinion of the High Court, the said question needs to be decided by the Supreme Court. In criminal cases: An appeal lies to the Supreme Court if the High Court (a) has on appeal reversed an order of acquittal of an accused person and sentenced him to death or to imprisonment for life or for a period of not less than 10 years, or (b) has withdrawn for trial before itself any case from any Court subordinate to its authority and has in such trial convicted the accused and sentenced him to death or to imprisonment for life or for a period of not less than 10 years, or (c) certified that the case is a fit for an appeal to the Supreme Court. Parliament is authorized to confer on the Supreme Court any further powers to entertain and hear appeals from any judgment, final order, or sentence in a criminal proceeding of a High Court. Advisory jurisdiction: Article 143: The President can seek the opinion of the Supreme Court on any question of law or fact ie. of public importance. The advice tendered by the Supreme Court is not binding on the President. The Supreme Court also is not under compulsion to tender advice until it is a pre-constitutional treaty or agreement. In these cases, we don"t use the term ruled but we use the term opined. The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is not limited to the above. It also has jurisdiction in matters of contempt of court, review of its own decrees, public interest litigation, provision of legal aid, etc. Hence, we can say that the Supreme Court of India is an important pillar of democracy that safeguards the rights of the people, oversees federal disputes, and also renders advice to the executive on constitutional matters.
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मौर्ययुगीन अभिलेख, समकालीन भाषा एवं लिपि के साथ-साथ अशोक के साम्राज्य विस्तार एवं उसकी नीतियों को जानने का भी एक महत्त्वपूर्ण स्रोत हैं|चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) The Mauryan inscriptions are an important source of knowledge of the contemporary language and script as well as the expansion of Ashoka"s empire and his policies. Discuss. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में मौर्यकालीन इतिहास को जानने के स्रोतों के बारे में संक्षिप्त जानकारी दीजिये 2- मुख्य भाग में विभिन्न उपशीर्षकों के अंतर्गत अशोक के अभिलेखों और उनसे प्राप्त जानकारियों को प्रस्तुत कीजिये 3- अंतिम में प्रश्न के कथन के अनुरूप जाते हुए निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| मौर्यकालीन इतिहास को जानने में पुरातात्विक और साहित्यिक दोनों स्रोत महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं हालाँकिमौर्यकालीन पुरातात्विक साक्ष्यों में सर्वाधिक महत्त्व अशोक के लेखों का है। अशोक के अभिलेख भारत, पाकिस्तान तथा अफगानिस्तान के विभिन्न भागों से मिले हैं जिससे अशोक के साम्राज्य के विस्तार का पता चलता है।सर्वप्रथम 1837 में जेम्स प्रिन्सेप ने अशोक के अभिलेख को पढ़ा था| अशोक के अभिलेखों की तीन श्रेणियाँ हैं यथा शिलालेख/पत्थरों पर लेख,स्तम्भ लेख एवं गुफा लेख| अशोक के शिलालेख वृहद्, पृथक एवं लघु शिलालेखों में वर्गीकृत किये जाते हैं इन अभिलेखों से अशोक के इतिहास की विस्तृत जानकारी प्राप्त होती है जिसे हम निम्नलिखित विश्लेषण से समझ सकते हैं| वृहद् शिलालेख वृहद् शिलालेख 8 स्थानों से पाए गए है, इनमे 14 आदेश उत्कीर्ण हैं गिरनार(गुजरात), कालसी(उत्तराखंड), धौली एवं जौगढ़(उड़ीसा), सोपारा (महाराष्ट्र) एर्रागुड़ी (आंध्र प्रदेश) तथा सहबाजगढ़ी एवं मानसेहरा (पाकिस्तान) से प्राप्त इसमें अशोक के विभिन्न आदेशों के बारे में जानकारी मिलती है जिनके माध्यम से अशोक की नीतियों को समझा जा सकता है| अशोक के महत्वपूर्ण नीतिगत आदेश निम्नलिखित हैं- राजभवन में पशु ह्त्या पर रोक (फिर भी कुछ पशुओं की ह्त्या होती थी ) धम्म महामात्र नामक अधिकारी का उल्लेख,समाज में सभी वर्गों में धम्म के प्रचार के लिए मैं कहीं भी रहूँ प्रजा से सम्बन्धित जानकारी मुझे दी जाए और ऋण से उऋण होने का प्रयास हमारे राज्य में कोई भी व्यक्ति कहीं भी निवास कर सकता है व्यक्ति को अपने सम्प्रदाय की प्रशंसा और दुसरे सम्प्रदाय की निंदा नहीं करनी चाहिए स्त्री महामात्य नामक अधिकारी का उल्लेख 13वें आदेश में शासन के नौवें वर्ष में कलिंग विजय का उल्लेख है, उत्तराधिकारियों को भेरीघोस( युद्ध की नीति) के स्थान पर धम्म के रास्ते पर चलने का सुझाव, कुछ पडोसी राज्यों का भी उल्लेख है जैसे उत्तर-पश्चिम में(सीरिया-एंटीयोकस एवं मिस्र-टॉलमी फिलाडेलफस) एवं दक्षिण के पडोसी राज्यों यथा चोल, चेर, पांड्य, ताम्रपर्णी/श्रीलंका तथा सतियपुत्त का उल्लेख| पृथक शिलालेख धौली एवं जौगढ़ से प्राप्त शिलालेखों पर आदेश नम्बर 11, 12 एवं 13 के स्थान पर पृथक आदेश हैं| इसमें सभी प्रजा को पुत्र के समान कहता है तथा नगर व्यवहारिक नामक अधिकारी को आदेश कि प्रजा को बिना किसी कारण यातना न दे| इसलिए इन्हें पृथक शिलालेख भी कहते हैं| लघु शिला लेख लगभग 20 की संख्या के आसपास हैं, इन अभिलेखों से भी अशोक की नीतियों एवं बौद्ध धर्म के प्रति उसके झुकाव की जानकारी मिलती है ये लघु शिलालेख मध्य प्रदेश में रूपनाथ, गुर्जरा, सारोमारो, पंगुडाडिया, राजस्थान- भाब्रू (अशोक, बौद्ध धर्म के त्रिरत्न के प्रति आस्था व्यक्त करता है), बिहार- सासाराम, उत्तर प्रदेश- अहरौरा, आंध्र प्रदेश- एर्रागुडी, रजुलामंडागिरि , कर्नाटक- मास्की- सर्वप्रथम अशोक का नाम इसी अभिलेख में मिला था, इसमें अशोक स्वयं को बुद्ध शाक्य कहता है, ब्रह्मगिरी (कर्नाटक), गोवीमठ, जटिंग रामेश्वर, सिद्धपुर, सनती, उद्गोलम इत्यादि से प्राप्त हुए हैं| मास्की, गुर्जरा, नेत्तूर एवं उद्गोलम में अशोक का नाम मिलता है अन्य सभी अभिलेखों में अशोक को देवानामप्रिय कहा गया है| स्तम्भ लेख इनकी तीन श्रेणियां हैं यथा श्रंखलाबद्ध आदेश, स्मारक स्तम्भ एवं अन्य ये 6 स्थानों से प्राप्त 7 श्रृंखलाबद्ध आदेश हैं जो दिल्ली-टोपरा (सहारनपुर), दिल्ली-मेरठ(इन दोनों अभिलेखों को फिरोजशाह तुगलक ने दिल्ली मंगवाया था), लौरिया अरराज, लौरिया नंदनगढ़, रामपुरवा (तीनों बिहार में) एवं प्रयाग(कौशाम्बी से अकबर द्वारा प्रयाग मंगवाया गया) से प्राप्त हुए हैं| इनमें उत्कीर्ण प्रमुख आदेश निम्नलिखित हैं जैसे आदेश नंबर 2 में धम्म को परिभाषित किया गया है जबकि आदेश नंबर 7 में विस्तारपूर्वक कल्याणकारी कार्यों का उल्लेख है स्मारक स्तम्भ रुम्मिनदेई (लुम्बिनी) एवं निग्लीवा से प्राप्त लुम्बिनी स्मारक स्तम्भ से पता चलता है कि अशोक धर्म यात्रा पर गया, बलि नामक कर को माफ़ किया और भाग नामक कर को घटा कर 1/8 किया| निग्लीवा स्तम्भ लेख से कनक मुनि (बुद्ध का ही एक नाम) के स्तूप में विस्तार का उल्लेख है अन्य स्तम्भ साँची, सारनाथ एवं कौशाम्बी- इन स्तम्भ लेखों से बौद्ध संघ में फूट डालने वाले को चेतावनी देता है| कौशाम्बी के लेख में अशोक की पत्नी कारुवाकी एवं पुत्र तीवर का भी उल्लेख है| अभिलेखों की भाषाएँ एवं लिपियाँ- अशोक के अधिकांशतः अभिलेख प्राकृत भाषा एवं ब्राह्मी लिपि में हैं| मानसेहरा एवं शहबाजगढ़ी के अभिलेख खरोष्ठी लिपि में हैं| कंधार (लघुशिलालेख) यूनानी एवं अरमाइक लिपियों में है| इस तरह से देख सकते हैं कि अशोक के अभिलेख, समकालीन भाषा एवं लिपि के साथ-साथ अशोक के साम्राज्य विस्तार (मिलने के स्थान के आधार पर) एवं उसकी नीतियों को जानने का भी एक महत्त्वपूर्ण स्रोत हैं|
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##Question:मौर्ययुगीन अभिलेख, समकालीन भाषा एवं लिपि के साथ-साथ अशोक के साम्राज्य विस्तार एवं उसकी नीतियों को जानने का भी एक महत्त्वपूर्ण स्रोत हैं|चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) The Mauryan inscriptions are an important source of knowledge of the contemporary language and script as well as the expansion of Ashoka"s empire and his policies. Discuss. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में मौर्यकालीन इतिहास को जानने के स्रोतों के बारे में संक्षिप्त जानकारी दीजिये 2- मुख्य भाग में विभिन्न उपशीर्षकों के अंतर्गत अशोक के अभिलेखों और उनसे प्राप्त जानकारियों को प्रस्तुत कीजिये 3- अंतिम में प्रश्न के कथन के अनुरूप जाते हुए निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| मौर्यकालीन इतिहास को जानने में पुरातात्विक और साहित्यिक दोनों स्रोत महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं हालाँकिमौर्यकालीन पुरातात्विक साक्ष्यों में सर्वाधिक महत्त्व अशोक के लेखों का है। अशोक के अभिलेख भारत, पाकिस्तान तथा अफगानिस्तान के विभिन्न भागों से मिले हैं जिससे अशोक के साम्राज्य के विस्तार का पता चलता है।सर्वप्रथम 1837 में जेम्स प्रिन्सेप ने अशोक के अभिलेख को पढ़ा था| अशोक के अभिलेखों की तीन श्रेणियाँ हैं यथा शिलालेख/पत्थरों पर लेख,स्तम्भ लेख एवं गुफा लेख| अशोक के शिलालेख वृहद्, पृथक एवं लघु शिलालेखों में वर्गीकृत किये जाते हैं इन अभिलेखों से अशोक के इतिहास की विस्तृत जानकारी प्राप्त होती है जिसे हम निम्नलिखित विश्लेषण से समझ सकते हैं| वृहद् शिलालेख वृहद् शिलालेख 8 स्थानों से पाए गए है, इनमे 14 आदेश उत्कीर्ण हैं गिरनार(गुजरात), कालसी(उत्तराखंड), धौली एवं जौगढ़(उड़ीसा), सोपारा (महाराष्ट्र) एर्रागुड़ी (आंध्र प्रदेश) तथा सहबाजगढ़ी एवं मानसेहरा (पाकिस्तान) से प्राप्त इसमें अशोक के विभिन्न आदेशों के बारे में जानकारी मिलती है जिनके माध्यम से अशोक की नीतियों को समझा जा सकता है| अशोक के महत्वपूर्ण नीतिगत आदेश निम्नलिखित हैं- राजभवन में पशु ह्त्या पर रोक (फिर भी कुछ पशुओं की ह्त्या होती थी ) धम्म महामात्र नामक अधिकारी का उल्लेख,समाज में सभी वर्गों में धम्म के प्रचार के लिए मैं कहीं भी रहूँ प्रजा से सम्बन्धित जानकारी मुझे दी जाए और ऋण से उऋण होने का प्रयास हमारे राज्य में कोई भी व्यक्ति कहीं भी निवास कर सकता है व्यक्ति को अपने सम्प्रदाय की प्रशंसा और दुसरे सम्प्रदाय की निंदा नहीं करनी चाहिए स्त्री महामात्य नामक अधिकारी का उल्लेख 13वें आदेश में शासन के नौवें वर्ष में कलिंग विजय का उल्लेख है, उत्तराधिकारियों को भेरीघोस( युद्ध की नीति) के स्थान पर धम्म के रास्ते पर चलने का सुझाव, कुछ पडोसी राज्यों का भी उल्लेख है जैसे उत्तर-पश्चिम में(सीरिया-एंटीयोकस एवं मिस्र-टॉलमी फिलाडेलफस) एवं दक्षिण के पडोसी राज्यों यथा चोल, चेर, पांड्य, ताम्रपर्णी/श्रीलंका तथा सतियपुत्त का उल्लेख| पृथक शिलालेख धौली एवं जौगढ़ से प्राप्त शिलालेखों पर आदेश नम्बर 11, 12 एवं 13 के स्थान पर पृथक आदेश हैं| इसमें सभी प्रजा को पुत्र के समान कहता है तथा नगर व्यवहारिक नामक अधिकारी को आदेश कि प्रजा को बिना किसी कारण यातना न दे| इसलिए इन्हें पृथक शिलालेख भी कहते हैं| लघु शिला लेख लगभग 20 की संख्या के आसपास हैं, इन अभिलेखों से भी अशोक की नीतियों एवं बौद्ध धर्म के प्रति उसके झुकाव की जानकारी मिलती है ये लघु शिलालेख मध्य प्रदेश में रूपनाथ, गुर्जरा, सारोमारो, पंगुडाडिया, राजस्थान- भाब्रू (अशोक, बौद्ध धर्म के त्रिरत्न के प्रति आस्था व्यक्त करता है), बिहार- सासाराम, उत्तर प्रदेश- अहरौरा, आंध्र प्रदेश- एर्रागुडी, रजुलामंडागिरि , कर्नाटक- मास्की- सर्वप्रथम अशोक का नाम इसी अभिलेख में मिला था, इसमें अशोक स्वयं को बुद्ध शाक्य कहता है, ब्रह्मगिरी (कर्नाटक), गोवीमठ, जटिंग रामेश्वर, सिद्धपुर, सनती, उद्गोलम इत्यादि से प्राप्त हुए हैं| मास्की, गुर्जरा, नेत्तूर एवं उद्गोलम में अशोक का नाम मिलता है अन्य सभी अभिलेखों में अशोक को देवानामप्रिय कहा गया है| स्तम्भ लेख इनकी तीन श्रेणियां हैं यथा श्रंखलाबद्ध आदेश, स्मारक स्तम्भ एवं अन्य ये 6 स्थानों से प्राप्त 7 श्रृंखलाबद्ध आदेश हैं जो दिल्ली-टोपरा (सहारनपुर), दिल्ली-मेरठ(इन दोनों अभिलेखों को फिरोजशाह तुगलक ने दिल्ली मंगवाया था), लौरिया अरराज, लौरिया नंदनगढ़, रामपुरवा (तीनों बिहार में) एवं प्रयाग(कौशाम्बी से अकबर द्वारा प्रयाग मंगवाया गया) से प्राप्त हुए हैं| इनमें उत्कीर्ण प्रमुख आदेश निम्नलिखित हैं जैसे आदेश नंबर 2 में धम्म को परिभाषित किया गया है जबकि आदेश नंबर 7 में विस्तारपूर्वक कल्याणकारी कार्यों का उल्लेख है स्मारक स्तम्भ रुम्मिनदेई (लुम्बिनी) एवं निग्लीवा से प्राप्त लुम्बिनी स्मारक स्तम्भ से पता चलता है कि अशोक धर्म यात्रा पर गया, बलि नामक कर को माफ़ किया और भाग नामक कर को घटा कर 1/8 किया| निग्लीवा स्तम्भ लेख से कनक मुनि (बुद्ध का ही एक नाम) के स्तूप में विस्तार का उल्लेख है अन्य स्तम्भ साँची, सारनाथ एवं कौशाम्बी- इन स्तम्भ लेखों से बौद्ध संघ में फूट डालने वाले को चेतावनी देता है| कौशाम्बी के लेख में अशोक की पत्नी कारुवाकी एवं पुत्र तीवर का भी उल्लेख है| अभिलेखों की भाषाएँ एवं लिपियाँ- अशोक के अधिकांशतः अभिलेख प्राकृत भाषा एवं ब्राह्मी लिपि में हैं| मानसेहरा एवं शहबाजगढ़ी के अभिलेख खरोष्ठी लिपि में हैं| कंधार (लघुशिलालेख) यूनानी एवं अरमाइक लिपियों में है| इस तरह से देख सकते हैं कि अशोक के अभिलेख, समकालीन भाषा एवं लिपि के साथ-साथ अशोक के साम्राज्य विस्तार (मिलने के स्थान के आधार पर) एवं उसकी नीतियों को जानने का भी एक महत्त्वपूर्ण स्रोत हैं|
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भारत के बाढ़ प्रभावित क्षेत्र को दर्शाते हुए बाढ़ आपदा प्रबंधन की दिशा में किए जाने वाले कार्यों की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक -10 ) Depicting the flood affected area of India, briefly discuss the works to be done in the direction of flood disaster management. (150-200 words, Marks-10)
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दृष्टिकोण :- भारत में बाढ़ आपदा की गंभीरता को बताते हुए एक संक्षिप्त भूमिका लिखिए . भारत के बाढ़ प्रभावित क्षेत्र का वर्गीकरण प्रस्तुत करते हुए प्रमुख बाढ़ प्रभावित क्षेत्रों को बताइए . मानचित्र पर भारत के प्रमुख बाढ़ प्रभावित क्षेत्रों को दर्शाइये . बाढ़ आपदा की विभिषका के प्रभावों की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . बाढ़ आपदा प्रबंधन की दिशा में उठाए जाने वाले प्रमुख क़दमों की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . उत्तर :- भारत बाढ़ की आपदा से अत्यधिक असुरक्षित है . NDMA के अनुसार 3290 लाख (329 मिलियन) हेक्टेयर के कुल भौगोलिक क्षेत्र में से, 400 लाख (40 मिलियन) हेक्टेयर से अधिक हिस्सा बाढ़ प्रवण हिस्सा है। बाढ़ बारंबार आने वाली ऐसी आपदा है जिससे लोगों के जीवन की भारी हानि होती है तथा इसके कारण आजीविका तंत्रों, संपत्ति, आधारढांचों तथा जन-सुविधाओं को काफी क्षति पहुँचती है . बाढ़ की सुभेद्यता के आधार पर भारत को तीन बाढ़ प्रभावित क्षेत्रों में बांटा गया है :- 1. अत्यधिक बाढ़ प्रभावित क्षेत्र :- इसके अंतर्गत गंगा - ब्रह्मपुत्र बेसिन वाले राज्य शामिल हैं , जिसमें असम , बंगाल , बिहार , उत्तरप्रदेश एवं झारखंड जैसे राज्य शामिल हैं . यह देश का सर्वाधिक बाढ़ प्रभावित क्षेत्र है जहां लगभग प्रतिवर्ष दक्षिण - पश्चिम मानसून के समय बाढ़ आती है जिसके निम्नलिखित कारण हैं :- नदियों के जलग्रहण क्षेत्र में मूसलाधार वर्षा . कई नदियाँ अपना मार्ग परिवर्तन करने के लिए जानी जाती हैं , जैसे - कोसी , तीस्ता . नदियों में अवसादीकरण की समस्या . भूमिगत जलस्तर का अधिक ऊँचा होना . नदियों के जल ग्रहण क्षेत्र अधिक ऊँचे हैं जबकि मैदानी क्षेत्र अत्यधिक समतल हैं , अतः ऊँचाई से जल मैदानों में आने पर फैलती है . पूर्वोत्तर राज्यों में झूम कृषि के कारण नदियों में अवसादीकरण . ब्रह्मपुत्र घाटी / असम एक रैम्प घाटी का उदाहरण है , अतः शिवालिक और मेघालय पठार पर होने वाली वर्षा का जल भी ब्रह्मपुत्र बेसिन में तेजी से आ जाता है . 2. अधिक बाढ़ प्रभावित क्षेत्र :- इसके अंतर्गत पूर्वी तटीय मैदानी राज्य तथा मध्य - पश्चिम भारत में राजस्थान , गुजरात , मध्यप्रदेश प्रमुख रूप से बाढ़ प्रभावित क्षेत्र हैं . इन राज्यों में बाढ़ के निम्नलिखित कारण हैं :-दक्षिण - पश्चिम मानसून के समय नदी के जलग्रहण क्षेत्र में मूसलाधार वर्षा . पूर्वी तटीय राज्यों में चक्रवात से मूसलाधार वर्षा , परन्तु तमिलनाडु में लौटते हुए मानसून के समय नदी के जल ग्रहण क्षेत्र में अत्यधिक वर्षा होने से बाढ़ आती है . जबकि मध्य - पश्चिम भारत के राज्यों में हाल के वर्षों में दक्षिण - पश्चिम मानसून से अत्यधिक वर्षा बाढ़ का कारण बन रही है . 3. अन्य क्षेत्र :- इसके अंतर्गत कश्मीर घाटी तथा पंजाब हरियाणा जैसे राज्य शामिल हैं . कश्मीर घाटी में बादल फटने की घटना और मानसून से अत्यधिक वर्षा जबकि पंजाब हरियाणा बेसिन एक तस्तरीनुमा बेसिन का क्षेत्र है जो यहाँ पर जल जमाव और बाढ़ का कारण है . बाढ़ आपदा का प्रभाव :- बाढ़ आपदा का प्रभाव कृषि प्रणाली , मृदा तंत्र , जल तंत्र , प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण आदि पर प्रभाव पड़ता है जो अंततः सामाजिक ,आर्थिक ,राजनीतिक व जनांकीय प्रभाव उत्पन्न करता है . बाढ़ आपदा प्रबंधन की दिशा में कार्य :- 1. अधिसंरचनात्मक प्रयास :- बहुउद्देशीय नदी घाटी परियोजना की स्थापना :- देश में अधिक बाढ़ लाने वाली दामोदर , कोसी , महानदी आदि नदियों के बाढ़ नियंत्रण के उद्देश्य से बहुउद्देशीय नदी घाटी परियोजनाएं क्रियान्वित की गयी ; जैसे - दामोदर घाटी निगम आदि . नदी जोड़ो परियोजना का क्रियान्वयन :- इस परियोजना के तहत गंगा और ब्रह्मपुत्र बेसिन के अतिरिक्त जल को प्रायद्वीपीय भारत की ओर ले जाया जाना है ताकि उत्तर भारत में बाढ़ की समस्या और दक्षिण भारत में सूखे के प्रभाव में कमी लायी जा सके . 2. संस्थागत प्रयास :- केन्द्रीय जल आयोग :- इसकी स्थापना 1945 में की गयी ; यह बाढ़ नियंत्रण में संलग्न एक प्रमुख संस्था है . राष्ट्रीय बाढ़ आयोग :- इसकी स्थापना 1976 में की गयी ; इसका मुख्य कार्य बाढ़ ग्रस्त क्षेत्र की पहचान करना , भारत को बाढ़ प्रभावित जोन में बांटना , बाढ़ग्रस्त क्षेत्र में भूमि उपयोग के लिए क़ानून बनाना , बाढ़ क्षेत्र कटिबंधन को बढ़ावा देना आदि . 3. अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सहयोग :- विभिन्न पड़ोसी राष्ट्रों के साथ बाढ़ नियंत्रण के लिए भारत द्वारा द्विपक्षीय संबंधों के माध्यम से प्रयास किया गया है . भारत एवं भूटान के बीच जल वैज्ञानिक आंकड़ों के आदान - प्रदान के लिए समग्र स्कीम चलाया जा रहा है . इसी प्रकार भारत और तिब्बत में प्रभावित होने वाली सतलज , सिंधु एवं ब्रह्मपुत्र नदियों के जल वैज्ञानिक आंकड़ों की जानकारी के लिए भारत एवं चीन के बीच MOU हुआ है . भारत और नेपाल के बीच महाकाली समझौता है . बाढ़ आपदा के प्रबंधन के सन्दर्भ में NDMA के दिशानिर्देश :- बाढ़ लाने वाली नदियों के ऊपर चैक - डेम का निर्माण कर जल संसाधन का उपयोग सुनिश्चित करना . सभी विभाग एवं एजेंसियों को बाढ़ आपदा प्रबंधन योजना तैयार करनी चाहिए . बाढ़ग्रस्त क्षेत्र में बांध सुरक्षा पर विशेष ध्यान दिया जाना चाहिए . बाढ़ पूर्वानुमान एवं चेतावनी प्रणाली निचले स्तर तक स्थापित किया जाना चाहिए . सभी बाढ़ प्रभावित राज्य बाढ़ प्रबंधन के लिए एक मास्टर प्लान तैयार करें .
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##Question:भारत के बाढ़ प्रभावित क्षेत्र को दर्शाते हुए बाढ़ आपदा प्रबंधन की दिशा में किए जाने वाले कार्यों की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक -10 ) Depicting the flood affected area of India, briefly discuss the works to be done in the direction of flood disaster management. (150-200 words, Marks-10)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण :- भारत में बाढ़ आपदा की गंभीरता को बताते हुए एक संक्षिप्त भूमिका लिखिए . भारत के बाढ़ प्रभावित क्षेत्र का वर्गीकरण प्रस्तुत करते हुए प्रमुख बाढ़ प्रभावित क्षेत्रों को बताइए . मानचित्र पर भारत के प्रमुख बाढ़ प्रभावित क्षेत्रों को दर्शाइये . बाढ़ आपदा की विभिषका के प्रभावों की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . बाढ़ आपदा प्रबंधन की दिशा में उठाए जाने वाले प्रमुख क़दमों की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . उत्तर :- भारत बाढ़ की आपदा से अत्यधिक असुरक्षित है . NDMA के अनुसार 3290 लाख (329 मिलियन) हेक्टेयर के कुल भौगोलिक क्षेत्र में से, 400 लाख (40 मिलियन) हेक्टेयर से अधिक हिस्सा बाढ़ प्रवण हिस्सा है। बाढ़ बारंबार आने वाली ऐसी आपदा है जिससे लोगों के जीवन की भारी हानि होती है तथा इसके कारण आजीविका तंत्रों, संपत्ति, आधारढांचों तथा जन-सुविधाओं को काफी क्षति पहुँचती है . बाढ़ की सुभेद्यता के आधार पर भारत को तीन बाढ़ प्रभावित क्षेत्रों में बांटा गया है :- 1. अत्यधिक बाढ़ प्रभावित क्षेत्र :- इसके अंतर्गत गंगा - ब्रह्मपुत्र बेसिन वाले राज्य शामिल हैं , जिसमें असम , बंगाल , बिहार , उत्तरप्रदेश एवं झारखंड जैसे राज्य शामिल हैं . यह देश का सर्वाधिक बाढ़ प्रभावित क्षेत्र है जहां लगभग प्रतिवर्ष दक्षिण - पश्चिम मानसून के समय बाढ़ आती है जिसके निम्नलिखित कारण हैं :- नदियों के जलग्रहण क्षेत्र में मूसलाधार वर्षा . कई नदियाँ अपना मार्ग परिवर्तन करने के लिए जानी जाती हैं , जैसे - कोसी , तीस्ता . नदियों में अवसादीकरण की समस्या . भूमिगत जलस्तर का अधिक ऊँचा होना . नदियों के जल ग्रहण क्षेत्र अधिक ऊँचे हैं जबकि मैदानी क्षेत्र अत्यधिक समतल हैं , अतः ऊँचाई से जल मैदानों में आने पर फैलती है . पूर्वोत्तर राज्यों में झूम कृषि के कारण नदियों में अवसादीकरण . ब्रह्मपुत्र घाटी / असम एक रैम्प घाटी का उदाहरण है , अतः शिवालिक और मेघालय पठार पर होने वाली वर्षा का जल भी ब्रह्मपुत्र बेसिन में तेजी से आ जाता है . 2. अधिक बाढ़ प्रभावित क्षेत्र :- इसके अंतर्गत पूर्वी तटीय मैदानी राज्य तथा मध्य - पश्चिम भारत में राजस्थान , गुजरात , मध्यप्रदेश प्रमुख रूप से बाढ़ प्रभावित क्षेत्र हैं . इन राज्यों में बाढ़ के निम्नलिखित कारण हैं :-दक्षिण - पश्चिम मानसून के समय नदी के जलग्रहण क्षेत्र में मूसलाधार वर्षा . पूर्वी तटीय राज्यों में चक्रवात से मूसलाधार वर्षा , परन्तु तमिलनाडु में लौटते हुए मानसून के समय नदी के जल ग्रहण क्षेत्र में अत्यधिक वर्षा होने से बाढ़ आती है . जबकि मध्य - पश्चिम भारत के राज्यों में हाल के वर्षों में दक्षिण - पश्चिम मानसून से अत्यधिक वर्षा बाढ़ का कारण बन रही है . 3. अन्य क्षेत्र :- इसके अंतर्गत कश्मीर घाटी तथा पंजाब हरियाणा जैसे राज्य शामिल हैं . कश्मीर घाटी में बादल फटने की घटना और मानसून से अत्यधिक वर्षा जबकि पंजाब हरियाणा बेसिन एक तस्तरीनुमा बेसिन का क्षेत्र है जो यहाँ पर जल जमाव और बाढ़ का कारण है . बाढ़ आपदा का प्रभाव :- बाढ़ आपदा का प्रभाव कृषि प्रणाली , मृदा तंत्र , जल तंत्र , प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण आदि पर प्रभाव पड़ता है जो अंततः सामाजिक ,आर्थिक ,राजनीतिक व जनांकीय प्रभाव उत्पन्न करता है . बाढ़ आपदा प्रबंधन की दिशा में कार्य :- 1. अधिसंरचनात्मक प्रयास :- बहुउद्देशीय नदी घाटी परियोजना की स्थापना :- देश में अधिक बाढ़ लाने वाली दामोदर , कोसी , महानदी आदि नदियों के बाढ़ नियंत्रण के उद्देश्य से बहुउद्देशीय नदी घाटी परियोजनाएं क्रियान्वित की गयी ; जैसे - दामोदर घाटी निगम आदि . नदी जोड़ो परियोजना का क्रियान्वयन :- इस परियोजना के तहत गंगा और ब्रह्मपुत्र बेसिन के अतिरिक्त जल को प्रायद्वीपीय भारत की ओर ले जाया जाना है ताकि उत्तर भारत में बाढ़ की समस्या और दक्षिण भारत में सूखे के प्रभाव में कमी लायी जा सके . 2. संस्थागत प्रयास :- केन्द्रीय जल आयोग :- इसकी स्थापना 1945 में की गयी ; यह बाढ़ नियंत्रण में संलग्न एक प्रमुख संस्था है . राष्ट्रीय बाढ़ आयोग :- इसकी स्थापना 1976 में की गयी ; इसका मुख्य कार्य बाढ़ ग्रस्त क्षेत्र की पहचान करना , भारत को बाढ़ प्रभावित जोन में बांटना , बाढ़ग्रस्त क्षेत्र में भूमि उपयोग के लिए क़ानून बनाना , बाढ़ क्षेत्र कटिबंधन को बढ़ावा देना आदि . 3. अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सहयोग :- विभिन्न पड़ोसी राष्ट्रों के साथ बाढ़ नियंत्रण के लिए भारत द्वारा द्विपक्षीय संबंधों के माध्यम से प्रयास किया गया है . भारत एवं भूटान के बीच जल वैज्ञानिक आंकड़ों के आदान - प्रदान के लिए समग्र स्कीम चलाया जा रहा है . इसी प्रकार भारत और तिब्बत में प्रभावित होने वाली सतलज , सिंधु एवं ब्रह्मपुत्र नदियों के जल वैज्ञानिक आंकड़ों की जानकारी के लिए भारत एवं चीन के बीच MOU हुआ है . भारत और नेपाल के बीच महाकाली समझौता है . बाढ़ आपदा के प्रबंधन के सन्दर्भ में NDMA के दिशानिर्देश :- बाढ़ लाने वाली नदियों के ऊपर चैक - डेम का निर्माण कर जल संसाधन का उपयोग सुनिश्चित करना . सभी विभाग एवं एजेंसियों को बाढ़ आपदा प्रबंधन योजना तैयार करनी चाहिए . बाढ़ग्रस्त क्षेत्र में बांध सुरक्षा पर विशेष ध्यान दिया जाना चाहिए . बाढ़ पूर्वानुमान एवं चेतावनी प्रणाली निचले स्तर तक स्थापित किया जाना चाहिए . सभी बाढ़ प्रभावित राज्य बाढ़ प्रबंधन के लिए एक मास्टर प्लान तैयार करें .
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What do you understand by the money supply? Discuss the relationship between money supply and reserve money in the economy. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Give a brief introduction Explain the concept of speculative demand of money Explain the relationship between bond price and interest rate to explain the speculative demand of money Conclude appropriately Answer: The demand for money could be for transaction purposes, precautionary purposes and speculative purposes. Speculation means that people have some expectations from the future and based on that they take present decisions. Therefore, the present decisions are not arbitrary, rather they are based on what a person, given his bounded rationality, thinks is a reasonable decision. Speculative demand of money Out of the total money available with a person or in an economy, only some proportion will be needed to meet the transaction demand. The remaining surplus would either be retained as cash or be converted(partly or fully) to an asset. Retaining money as cash gives the flexibility to spend, that is, liquidity. However, the cost of storage may be high as money will lose its value due to inflation. As such, the preference is to convert it into assets. The price of an asset and the view about its price in future determines whether the money would be converted to the asset or not. The money retained as cash, that is, not converted into assets is called the speculative component of the demand of money. Relationship between bond prices and interest rates Promised interest rate on bond/investment= R Yield depends upon the relative attractiveness of investment compared to the economy"s interest rate. Let"s say the present interest rate in the economy is r. There are two possibilities: Possible view Expectation Bond prices at present The expectation on Bond Prices Speculative decision Speculative demand of money r is high Fall in future Less Rise in future Hold onto bonds/buy if possible Will be low r is low Rise in future High Fall in future Sell the existing existing bonds or hold onto the existing cash Will be high The speculative demand of money depends on interest rates in the economy as it is the interest rates which determine the price of an asset, and thus help in forming a view about the direction of price. Thus speculative demand of money is inversely proportional to interest rates.
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##Question:What do you understand by the money supply? Discuss the relationship between money supply and reserve money in the economy. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief introduction Explain the concept of speculative demand of money Explain the relationship between bond price and interest rate to explain the speculative demand of money Conclude appropriately Answer: The demand for money could be for transaction purposes, precautionary purposes and speculative purposes. Speculation means that people have some expectations from the future and based on that they take present decisions. Therefore, the present decisions are not arbitrary, rather they are based on what a person, given his bounded rationality, thinks is a reasonable decision. Speculative demand of money Out of the total money available with a person or in an economy, only some proportion will be needed to meet the transaction demand. The remaining surplus would either be retained as cash or be converted(partly or fully) to an asset. Retaining money as cash gives the flexibility to spend, that is, liquidity. However, the cost of storage may be high as money will lose its value due to inflation. As such, the preference is to convert it into assets. The price of an asset and the view about its price in future determines whether the money would be converted to the asset or not. The money retained as cash, that is, not converted into assets is called the speculative component of the demand of money. Relationship between bond prices and interest rates Promised interest rate on bond/investment= R Yield depends upon the relative attractiveness of investment compared to the economy"s interest rate. Let"s say the present interest rate in the economy is r. There are two possibilities: Possible view Expectation Bond prices at present The expectation on Bond Prices Speculative decision Speculative demand of money r is high Fall in future Less Rise in future Hold onto bonds/buy if possible Will be low r is low Rise in future High Fall in future Sell the existing existing bonds or hold onto the existing cash Will be high The speculative demand of money depends on interest rates in the economy as it is the interest rates which determine the price of an asset, and thus help in forming a view about the direction of price. Thus speculative demand of money is inversely proportional to interest rates.
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Discuss in detail the contributions of JC Bose and Subramaniam Chandrashekhar in the field of Science & Technology in India. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)
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APPROACH : Introduce by highlighting the achievements of Indians in Science & Technology. Discuss in detail the contributions of JC Bose and S. Chandrashekhar separately. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER : Indians pioneered the field of science & technology from the times of Aryabhatta in Ancient India to Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam in the modern times. Some of the astounding contributions were presented by JC Bose in the field of communications and S. Chandrashekhar in astrophysics. Jagdish Chandra Bose Dr. J.C Bose was a polymath, a physicist, a zoologist, a botanist, and an archaeologist. He pioneered the study of Radio and Microwave optics. He was the first person to use semiconductor junctions to detect radio signals and demonstrate wireless communication for the first time. He hypothesized that plants can feel pain and affection. He developed a device called a crescograph through which he measured the response of plants to various stimuli. He led the foundation of experimental science in the Indian subcontinent. He is often called the Father of Open Technology in India as he made his inventions and work freely available for others to further develop. His reluctance for patenting his work is legendry. Dr. Subramaniam Chandrashekhar Dr. Chandrashekhar was a pioneer astrophysicist who worked on a theoretical model of how stars originate, evolve and how do they die? The most accepted theory was that stars become Red giants once the fusion of Hydrogen stops and later become white dwarf stars. Dr. Chandrashekhar showed that if the mass of stars is very high compared to the mass of the sun (more than 1.44 times the mass of the sun), the white dwarf star will not be in a stable state. Stars can further collapse because of their own gravity. This leads to Super Nova Explosions. Star can become a neutron star or a black hole. This limit was ignored by the scientific community as Black Holes were considered a theoretical impossibility. However, with more astronomical data the ideas of Dr. Chandrashekhar were proven correct and he was awarded the Nobel prize in Physics in 1983. With continued government policies and required reforms in educational sector India shall be on its way to mark the new heights in the sphere of Science & Technology.
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##Question:Discuss in detail the contributions of JC Bose and Subramaniam Chandrashekhar in the field of Science & Technology in India. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH : Introduce by highlighting the achievements of Indians in Science & Technology. Discuss in detail the contributions of JC Bose and S. Chandrashekhar separately. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER : Indians pioneered the field of science & technology from the times of Aryabhatta in Ancient India to Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam in the modern times. Some of the astounding contributions were presented by JC Bose in the field of communications and S. Chandrashekhar in astrophysics. Jagdish Chandra Bose Dr. J.C Bose was a polymath, a physicist, a zoologist, a botanist, and an archaeologist. He pioneered the study of Radio and Microwave optics. He was the first person to use semiconductor junctions to detect radio signals and demonstrate wireless communication for the first time. He hypothesized that plants can feel pain and affection. He developed a device called a crescograph through which he measured the response of plants to various stimuli. He led the foundation of experimental science in the Indian subcontinent. He is often called the Father of Open Technology in India as he made his inventions and work freely available for others to further develop. His reluctance for patenting his work is legendry. Dr. Subramaniam Chandrashekhar Dr. Chandrashekhar was a pioneer astrophysicist who worked on a theoretical model of how stars originate, evolve and how do they die? The most accepted theory was that stars become Red giants once the fusion of Hydrogen stops and later become white dwarf stars. Dr. Chandrashekhar showed that if the mass of stars is very high compared to the mass of the sun (more than 1.44 times the mass of the sun), the white dwarf star will not be in a stable state. Stars can further collapse because of their own gravity. This leads to Super Nova Explosions. Star can become a neutron star or a black hole. This limit was ignored by the scientific community as Black Holes were considered a theoretical impossibility. However, with more astronomical data the ideas of Dr. Chandrashekhar were proven correct and he was awarded the Nobel prize in Physics in 1983. With continued government policies and required reforms in educational sector India shall be on its way to mark the new heights in the sphere of Science & Technology.
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Despite the contentious issues between India-Sri Lanka, there are various areas of cooperation between the two countries. Comment on the statement (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Briefly introduce by giving a background on India-Sri Lanka relations. Mention the various issues present between India and Sri Lanka. Mention the areas of cooperation. Conclude briefly. Answer: The relationship between India and Sri Lanka is more than 2,500 years old and both sides have built upon a legacy of intellectual, cultural, religious and linguistic interaction. However, there are also issues present between the two nations. The major issues that exist in India-Sri Lanka relations: 1. China Factor In the last few years, especially post-2009, Sri Lankan relationship with China has improved which is reflected in Sri Lanka"s member of the Belt and Road Initiative, Chinese stake in Hambantota port and involvement in the Colombo port city project. 2. Tamil issue The assimilation of Tamil minorities and their multiple concern is yet to be addressed. The reconciliation has not happened in the true sense. The 13th Amendment has to be implemented, devolving more powers to northern provinces. The war trial against those involved in war crimes and enforced disappearances are still to witness justice. 3. Fishermen issue Concentrated efforts have been made to solve the issue of fishermen and their crossing of the international maritime boundary line(IMBL). The government provides fishing vessels, nets, training, etc and a humanitarian perspective to the inadvertent crossing of IMBL. However, the issue is yet to be fully resolved. 4. General issues The major flaw in India"s commitments is the delay in the completion of projects. On the other hand, China is performing much better on this front. However, in recent years, the relationship has been marked by close contacts at the highest political level, growing trade and investment, and cooperation in the fields of education, culture and defence. The major areas of cooperation are: 1. Economic a. Upgradation from Free Trade Agreement(FTA) to Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement(CEPA). b. India has helped in the redevelopment of Jaffna Sports Stadium, and constructed houses for the Tamil population displaced during the war. d. We also have helped them in their proposed unitary digital identity framework(similar to our Aadhaar). 2. Political Political relations between the two countries have been marked by high-level exchanges of visits at regular intervals. Recently the first Virtual Bilateral Summit (VBS) was done with Sri Lanka by the Indian PM. 3. Defence a. SLINEX is a joint exercise between the two countries. b. MitraShakti - joint military drill for counter-terror cooperation. 3. Culture and education a. India Sri Lanka Cultural cooperation Agreement was signed in 1977. b. Indian Cultural Centre in Colombo promotes cultural interaction. c. Under the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Scheme, short and medium-term training courses were provided. d. From 2018 onwards, Sri Lankan students were eligible to sit for NEET and IIT-JEE exams. 4. People-to-people ties Buddhism is one of the strongest pillars connecting the two nations and civilizations from the time when the Great Indian Emperor Ashoka sent his children to spread the teachings of Buddha. The Virtual Bilateral Summit held between India and Sri Lanka on 26 September 2020, announced a USD 15 million grant assistance for the protection and promotion of Buddhist ties between the countries. Recently, a state of emergency was declared in Sri Lanka after the economic crisis of 2022. India has been helping Sri Lanka in multiple ways such as extending a 1 billion dollar line of credit, direct supply of rice, milk powder and medicines, export of urea, etc. Building on this, a robust relationship should be built based on respect for mutual interests.
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##Question:Despite the contentious issues between India-Sri Lanka, there are various areas of cooperation between the two countries. Comment on the statement (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Briefly introduce by giving a background on India-Sri Lanka relations. Mention the various issues present between India and Sri Lanka. Mention the areas of cooperation. Conclude briefly. Answer: The relationship between India and Sri Lanka is more than 2,500 years old and both sides have built upon a legacy of intellectual, cultural, religious and linguistic interaction. However, there are also issues present between the two nations. The major issues that exist in India-Sri Lanka relations: 1. China Factor In the last few years, especially post-2009, Sri Lankan relationship with China has improved which is reflected in Sri Lanka"s member of the Belt and Road Initiative, Chinese stake in Hambantota port and involvement in the Colombo port city project. 2. Tamil issue The assimilation of Tamil minorities and their multiple concern is yet to be addressed. The reconciliation has not happened in the true sense. The 13th Amendment has to be implemented, devolving more powers to northern provinces. The war trial against those involved in war crimes and enforced disappearances are still to witness justice. 3. Fishermen issue Concentrated efforts have been made to solve the issue of fishermen and their crossing of the international maritime boundary line(IMBL). The government provides fishing vessels, nets, training, etc and a humanitarian perspective to the inadvertent crossing of IMBL. However, the issue is yet to be fully resolved. 4. General issues The major flaw in India"s commitments is the delay in the completion of projects. On the other hand, China is performing much better on this front. However, in recent years, the relationship has been marked by close contacts at the highest political level, growing trade and investment, and cooperation in the fields of education, culture and defence. The major areas of cooperation are: 1. Economic a. Upgradation from Free Trade Agreement(FTA) to Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement(CEPA). b. India has helped in the redevelopment of Jaffna Sports Stadium, and constructed houses for the Tamil population displaced during the war. d. We also have helped them in their proposed unitary digital identity framework(similar to our Aadhaar). 2. Political Political relations between the two countries have been marked by high-level exchanges of visits at regular intervals. Recently the first Virtual Bilateral Summit (VBS) was done with Sri Lanka by the Indian PM. 3. Defence a. SLINEX is a joint exercise between the two countries. b. MitraShakti - joint military drill for counter-terror cooperation. 3. Culture and education a. India Sri Lanka Cultural cooperation Agreement was signed in 1977. b. Indian Cultural Centre in Colombo promotes cultural interaction. c. Under the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Scheme, short and medium-term training courses were provided. d. From 2018 onwards, Sri Lankan students were eligible to sit for NEET and IIT-JEE exams. 4. People-to-people ties Buddhism is one of the strongest pillars connecting the two nations and civilizations from the time when the Great Indian Emperor Ashoka sent his children to spread the teachings of Buddha. The Virtual Bilateral Summit held between India and Sri Lanka on 26 September 2020, announced a USD 15 million grant assistance for the protection and promotion of Buddhist ties between the countries. Recently, a state of emergency was declared in Sri Lanka after the economic crisis of 2022. India has been helping Sri Lanka in multiple ways such as extending a 1 billion dollar line of credit, direct supply of rice, milk powder and medicines, export of urea, etc. Building on this, a robust relationship should be built based on respect for mutual interests.
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Briefly discuss the factors for location of cotton textile industry in Mumbai. Can it be taken as an example of Historical inertia ? (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach: We can start with a background in the cotton textile industry in India and specifically Mumbai. We can then mention the factors that led to the concentration of cotton textile industries in and around Mumbai. We can segregate the factors as Economical, Geographical, etc. We can then mention the current state of Cotton textiles in Mumbai. We can then evaluate if this can be taken as an example of historical inertia. Answer: Cotton has been a very important commercial commodity of the Indian sub-continent since time immemorial. The first modern cotton mill was set up in Fort Gloster near Kolkata in 1818 , but it was a commercial failure. Less humidity caused the cotton threads to repeatedly snap. The first commercial mill production of cotton started in Bombay in 1854. With the passage of time, Bombay (later Mumbai) became a major center of cotton textiles in the world. The reasons behind this can be classified as: Geographical reasons: The warm and humid climate ensured that the cotton threads did not snap while being worked upon in machines, and this meant the machines could run continuously. Mumbai enjoyed the proximity to large cotton-growing zones of the black soil regions of Deccan and Saurashtra. A water body, preferably a river is very important for the cotton industry for various purposes like dyeing, etc. Just like the Sabarmati in Ahmedabad, and Ganga in Kanpur, it was the Mithi river that was utilized by the cotton industries of Mumbai. Being a major commercial center, Mumbai had a steady supply of cheap labor. Economical reasons : Bombay region had been an abode of entrepreneurial communities like Parsis, Jains, Sindhis, etc. Also, Bombay had many commercial banks for financing. Commercial reasons: Port location helped in both importing machinery and exporting finished goods. In the present times, Mumbai does not hold the apex position as the “Cottonopolis of India”. Along with repeated disruptions due to strikes that eventually closed down most of the mills, the major reason behind this is that with the development of humidifiers, the necessary environmental conditions could be created anywhere. Mumbai though still holds a very important role in the supply chain and the services. Hence it can be said that is the historical inertia of the cotton textile supply chains that are contributing to the significance of Mumbai in the Cotton Textile Industry.
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##Question:Briefly discuss the factors for location of cotton textile industry in Mumbai. Can it be taken as an example of Historical inertia ? (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: We can start with a background in the cotton textile industry in India and specifically Mumbai. We can then mention the factors that led to the concentration of cotton textile industries in and around Mumbai. We can segregate the factors as Economical, Geographical, etc. We can then mention the current state of Cotton textiles in Mumbai. We can then evaluate if this can be taken as an example of historical inertia. Answer: Cotton has been a very important commercial commodity of the Indian sub-continent since time immemorial. The first modern cotton mill was set up in Fort Gloster near Kolkata in 1818 , but it was a commercial failure. Less humidity caused the cotton threads to repeatedly snap. The first commercial mill production of cotton started in Bombay in 1854. With the passage of time, Bombay (later Mumbai) became a major center of cotton textiles in the world. The reasons behind this can be classified as: Geographical reasons: The warm and humid climate ensured that the cotton threads did not snap while being worked upon in machines, and this meant the machines could run continuously. Mumbai enjoyed the proximity to large cotton-growing zones of the black soil regions of Deccan and Saurashtra. A water body, preferably a river is very important for the cotton industry for various purposes like dyeing, etc. Just like the Sabarmati in Ahmedabad, and Ganga in Kanpur, it was the Mithi river that was utilized by the cotton industries of Mumbai. Being a major commercial center, Mumbai had a steady supply of cheap labor. Economical reasons : Bombay region had been an abode of entrepreneurial communities like Parsis, Jains, Sindhis, etc. Also, Bombay had many commercial banks for financing. Commercial reasons: Port location helped in both importing machinery and exporting finished goods. In the present times, Mumbai does not hold the apex position as the “Cottonopolis of India”. Along with repeated disruptions due to strikes that eventually closed down most of the mills, the major reason behind this is that with the development of humidifiers, the necessary environmental conditions could be created anywhere. Mumbai though still holds a very important role in the supply chain and the services. Hence it can be said that is the historical inertia of the cotton textile supply chains that are contributing to the significance of Mumbai in the Cotton Textile Industry.
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Briefly discuss the extent of Legislative powers of the Union and the States in the context of center-state relations. (10Marks/150 Words)
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APPROACH: Briefly introduce with some information on Center-State relations. Explain the provisions of the legislative extent of these relations. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar once said that the basic principle of the federations is that the legislative and executive authority is divided between the centre and the states not by any law to be established by the centre, but by the constitution itself. The above statement makes it very clear that the Constitution of India establishes a federal framework as the basic structure of the government of the country. It is from the Constitution, which separates all competences-legislative, executive and financial-that union and states derive their power. LEGISLATIVE EXTENT OF THE CENTER-STATE RELATIONS: The Parliament is empowered to make laws for the entire country or any part of the country. Only Parliament is empowered to enact extra-territorial legislation. Parliament can make laws for Indians and their property abroad. The state legislature can make laws for the entire state or part of the state. In the RMDC Corporation case the Supreme Court ruled that states can legislate outside their state if there is a sufficient nexus between the state and the object of the legislation. The President can make a regulation for peace, progress, and good governance of: (a) Andaman & Nicobar, (b) Dagar Nagr Haweli and Daman & Diu, and, (c) Ladakh. The regulation has the same force as an act of the parliament. LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE CENTRE AND STATES The Parliament can legislate on the Union list exclusively. The laws are its exclusive domain. The subjects in the Union list normally are those connected with the nation as a whole or of sovereignty, integrity, etc. The State Legislature legislates on the state list other than those 5 extraordinary circumstances wherein the parliament can legislate on the state list. The Parliament and the state legislatures have the power to legislate on the concurrent list. The Parliament has supremacy over the state legislature if there is a clash on a subject enumerated in the Concurrent List. If a law passed by the state legislature on a concurrent list subject wherein already a parliamentary law exists then the state law may prevail over the parliamentary law only for that state if it receives the assent of the President. Those subjects that are not enumerated in any of the 3 lists ie. residuary powers rest with the Parliament. This also includes the power to levy Residuary Taxes. Under these 5 extra-ordinary circumstances the Parliament can legislate over a matter in the state list. (1) When Rajya Sabha passes a resolution. If the Rajya Sabha is supported by 2/3rd members present and voting then the Parliament can legislate on that matter in the State list. The resolution is valid for one year and it can be renewed. The law has to be enacted within the validity of the resolution and remains valid 6 months after the resolution ceases to be in operation. (2) During National Emergency The law becomes inoperative after the expiration of 6 months when the emergency ceases to be in operation. (3) During President"s rule The Parliament can legislate on the state list or it can empower any other authority to do so. Normally the President legislates on the state list for that state which is under the President"s rule. These laws are called Presidential Acts and they are made in consultation with the MPs of that state. The law remains valid forever until it is repealed or amended by the state legislature. (4) When two or more states request Parliament to enact laws on a matter in the state list. In such a case, the Parliament can enact a law on that matter. Such laws shall only be applicable to the respective states and the states lose their right to make a law on that matter further. (5) To implement an international treaty or an agreement. Parliament can legislate on state list to implement an international treaty or agreement which India has signed and ratified. Legislatures both in the parliament and in the State have spcific powers of legislation as delineated in the constitution. In the event of a conflict between the law of the State and the law of the Union on a subject in the Concurrent List, the law of the Parliament shall prevail.
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##Question:Briefly discuss the extent of Legislative powers of the Union and the States in the context of center-state relations. (10Marks/150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Briefly introduce with some information on Center-State relations. Explain the provisions of the legislative extent of these relations. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar once said that the basic principle of the federations is that the legislative and executive authority is divided between the centre and the states not by any law to be established by the centre, but by the constitution itself. The above statement makes it very clear that the Constitution of India establishes a federal framework as the basic structure of the government of the country. It is from the Constitution, which separates all competences-legislative, executive and financial-that union and states derive their power. LEGISLATIVE EXTENT OF THE CENTER-STATE RELATIONS: The Parliament is empowered to make laws for the entire country or any part of the country. Only Parliament is empowered to enact extra-territorial legislation. Parliament can make laws for Indians and their property abroad. The state legislature can make laws for the entire state or part of the state. In the RMDC Corporation case the Supreme Court ruled that states can legislate outside their state if there is a sufficient nexus between the state and the object of the legislation. The President can make a regulation for peace, progress, and good governance of: (a) Andaman & Nicobar, (b) Dagar Nagr Haweli and Daman & Diu, and, (c) Ladakh. The regulation has the same force as an act of the parliament. LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE CENTRE AND STATES The Parliament can legislate on the Union list exclusively. The laws are its exclusive domain. The subjects in the Union list normally are those connected with the nation as a whole or of sovereignty, integrity, etc. The State Legislature legislates on the state list other than those 5 extraordinary circumstances wherein the parliament can legislate on the state list. The Parliament and the state legislatures have the power to legislate on the concurrent list. The Parliament has supremacy over the state legislature if there is a clash on a subject enumerated in the Concurrent List. If a law passed by the state legislature on a concurrent list subject wherein already a parliamentary law exists then the state law may prevail over the parliamentary law only for that state if it receives the assent of the President. Those subjects that are not enumerated in any of the 3 lists ie. residuary powers rest with the Parliament. This also includes the power to levy Residuary Taxes. Under these 5 extra-ordinary circumstances the Parliament can legislate over a matter in the state list. (1) When Rajya Sabha passes a resolution. If the Rajya Sabha is supported by 2/3rd members present and voting then the Parliament can legislate on that matter in the State list. The resolution is valid for one year and it can be renewed. The law has to be enacted within the validity of the resolution and remains valid 6 months after the resolution ceases to be in operation. (2) During National Emergency The law becomes inoperative after the expiration of 6 months when the emergency ceases to be in operation. (3) During President"s rule The Parliament can legislate on the state list or it can empower any other authority to do so. Normally the President legislates on the state list for that state which is under the President"s rule. These laws are called Presidential Acts and they are made in consultation with the MPs of that state. The law remains valid forever until it is repealed or amended by the state legislature. (4) When two or more states request Parliament to enact laws on a matter in the state list. In such a case, the Parliament can enact a law on that matter. Such laws shall only be applicable to the respective states and the states lose their right to make a law on that matter further. (5) To implement an international treaty or an agreement. Parliament can legislate on state list to implement an international treaty or agreement which India has signed and ratified. Legislatures both in the parliament and in the State have spcific powers of legislation as delineated in the constitution. In the event of a conflict between the law of the State and the law of the Union on a subject in the Concurrent List, the law of the Parliament shall prevail.
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Define the term “Office of Profit” and discuss the objective behind the “Office of Profit”. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce the contextual background of the Office of Profit. Then define the term Office of Profit. In the body explain the objective behind the Office of Profit. Conclude accordingly Answer British King has started offering the seat of the MPs in his court to influence their decision. MPs felt that this may lead to undue interference and influence of the king on the Parliamentary functioning. Office of Profit was introduced to ensure the Separation of Power. Definition of the term Office of profit There is no clear definition of office of profit in any law in India. Even though exceptions have been provided to exclude certain offices from this definition. In General terms, an office of profit is interpreted to be a position that brings to the office holder some financial gain or advantage, or benefit. The amount of such profit is immaterial. In India, we adopted the same principle as Britain but no law defines the office of profit in India. We have laws that tell which offices are exempted from the Office of Profit category. Supreme Court through its various judgments has provided the meaning of the Office of Profit. Objective Behind the Office of Profit Members of the legislature hold the government accountable for its work. The basic office of profit law is that if a legislature holds an office of profit under the government, he/she might be susceptible to government influences and may not discharge their constitutional duties impartially. The intent of the law is to ensure that there are no conflicts of interest in the case of an elected member of a legislature. It simply seeks to enforce the concept of separation of power between the legislature and the executive. As per ambiguity and recent misuse of it by the government in power we need to bring a law that clearly defines the office of profit.
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##Question:Define the term “Office of Profit” and discuss the objective behind the “Office of Profit”. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce the contextual background of the Office of Profit. Then define the term Office of Profit. In the body explain the objective behind the Office of Profit. Conclude accordingly Answer British King has started offering the seat of the MPs in his court to influence their decision. MPs felt that this may lead to undue interference and influence of the king on the Parliamentary functioning. Office of Profit was introduced to ensure the Separation of Power. Definition of the term Office of profit There is no clear definition of office of profit in any law in India. Even though exceptions have been provided to exclude certain offices from this definition. In General terms, an office of profit is interpreted to be a position that brings to the office holder some financial gain or advantage, or benefit. The amount of such profit is immaterial. In India, we adopted the same principle as Britain but no law defines the office of profit in India. We have laws that tell which offices are exempted from the Office of Profit category. Supreme Court through its various judgments has provided the meaning of the Office of Profit. Objective Behind the Office of Profit Members of the legislature hold the government accountable for its work. The basic office of profit law is that if a legislature holds an office of profit under the government, he/she might be susceptible to government influences and may not discharge their constitutional duties impartially. The intent of the law is to ensure that there are no conflicts of interest in the case of an elected member of a legislature. It simply seeks to enforce the concept of separation of power between the legislature and the executive. As per ambiguity and recent misuse of it by the government in power we need to bring a law that clearly defines the office of profit.
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What do you understand by the term Social Media? Critically analyse the role of social media in internal security of India. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Explain the meaning of social media in the introduction. Highlight the positive role played by social media. Mention the negative role played by social media. Conclude appropriately. Answer: Social media can be defined as a grouping of interactive web 2.0 internet-based applications that facilitate the sharing of ideas, thoughts, and information by people. Social media is different from traditional media in the sense that it has a broader reach, and allows two-way conversation and instant exchange of communication. Some examples of social media platforms include Twitter, Facebook, Whatsapp, etc. Social media is impacting the internal security of India in multiple ways. The positive impact of social media: It has helped in enhancing the reach of the government agencies to the citizens. Social media has acted as a tool to provide a voice to marginalised communities to fully express themselves against age-old operations. It plays a very crucial role in providing feedback to the government about the delivery of services . It has acted as a tool of cultural integration by linking people from diverse communities , traditions and places and thereby establishing a sense of belonging to a bigger social network than one"s own community. State agencies have been using social media effectively to bust rumours and expose fake news . Challenges created by social media to India"s internal security: Polarisation of society - There is an increasing concern that social media is dividing people on various issues and has reduced the scope of a civilised debate on various burning topics. Excessive social polarisation is undesirable as it erodes democratic principles such as free speech. Fake news - Fake news, rumours, and click baits spread virally through platforms such as Facebook, WhatsApp, etc. The aim of such news items is usually to create mischief and nuisance in society. For example, during covid 19, fake news became a common phenomenon that ended up costing people their lives. In 2013, the Muzaffarnagar riots were sparked by fake clips spread over the internet. Organising and planning incidents of riots and mob violence - In 2012, riots in London were organised with the help of social media. Used for inflicting trauma and harassment of individuals , particularly women. It is used for cyberbullying and sexual harassment. Privacy concerns associated with social media - Social media has been used as a tool to snoop on individuals and also to determine and guide their behaviour. For example, Cambridge Analytica was accused of determining the voting behaviour of Indian citizens. Use of social media by terror organisations - Terror organisations have established a strong presence on social media and are using it for various activities such as radicalisation, recruitment, spreading propaganda and even planning the terror attacks. Financial and cyber frauds - Social media has become a powerful tool in the hands of cybercriminals to conduct various financial frauds. Several phishing websites have cropped up which resemble the mainstream social networking sites and therefore end up duping the people. The promotion of pornography and obscenity through social media platforms can have an adverse effect on the psychology of children. The amount of information on social media is too huge to be regulated by the government. Therefore, there is a need to develop Artificial Intelligence tools to ensure early detection so that issues like fake news, and financial fraud can be timely detected and addressed.
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##Question:What do you understand by the term Social Media? Critically analyse the role of social media in internal security of India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Explain the meaning of social media in the introduction. Highlight the positive role played by social media. Mention the negative role played by social media. Conclude appropriately. Answer: Social media can be defined as a grouping of interactive web 2.0 internet-based applications that facilitate the sharing of ideas, thoughts, and information by people. Social media is different from traditional media in the sense that it has a broader reach, and allows two-way conversation and instant exchange of communication. Some examples of social media platforms include Twitter, Facebook, Whatsapp, etc. Social media is impacting the internal security of India in multiple ways. The positive impact of social media: It has helped in enhancing the reach of the government agencies to the citizens. Social media has acted as a tool to provide a voice to marginalised communities to fully express themselves against age-old operations. It plays a very crucial role in providing feedback to the government about the delivery of services . It has acted as a tool of cultural integration by linking people from diverse communities , traditions and places and thereby establishing a sense of belonging to a bigger social network than one"s own community. State agencies have been using social media effectively to bust rumours and expose fake news . Challenges created by social media to India"s internal security: Polarisation of society - There is an increasing concern that social media is dividing people on various issues and has reduced the scope of a civilised debate on various burning topics. Excessive social polarisation is undesirable as it erodes democratic principles such as free speech. Fake news - Fake news, rumours, and click baits spread virally through platforms such as Facebook, WhatsApp, etc. The aim of such news items is usually to create mischief and nuisance in society. For example, during covid 19, fake news became a common phenomenon that ended up costing people their lives. In 2013, the Muzaffarnagar riots were sparked by fake clips spread over the internet. Organising and planning incidents of riots and mob violence - In 2012, riots in London were organised with the help of social media. Used for inflicting trauma and harassment of individuals , particularly women. It is used for cyberbullying and sexual harassment. Privacy concerns associated with social media - Social media has been used as a tool to snoop on individuals and also to determine and guide their behaviour. For example, Cambridge Analytica was accused of determining the voting behaviour of Indian citizens. Use of social media by terror organisations - Terror organisations have established a strong presence on social media and are using it for various activities such as radicalisation, recruitment, spreading propaganda and even planning the terror attacks. Financial and cyber frauds - Social media has become a powerful tool in the hands of cybercriminals to conduct various financial frauds. Several phishing websites have cropped up which resemble the mainstream social networking sites and therefore end up duping the people. The promotion of pornography and obscenity through social media platforms can have an adverse effect on the psychology of children. The amount of information on social media is too huge to be regulated by the government. Therefore, there is a need to develop Artificial Intelligence tools to ensure early detection so that issues like fake news, and financial fraud can be timely detected and addressed.
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“Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms. Hence, caste system cannot be eradicated in India.” Comment. (150 words/10 marks)
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APPROACH- INTRODUCTION- Briefly mention how caste system has changed but not eradicated. Body- Elaborate on how Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms. Conclusion/Way Forward ANSWER- It was thought that with urbanization and modernity, caste barriers would reduce. With the advent of modern education and values, the younger generation is more acceptable towards working, studying, cooperating and employing people from other castes. Inter-dining, use of public transport and merit-based employment has led to changes in the caste system. However, it is often believed that the caste system cannot be eradicated in India. REASONS FOR CASTE SYSTEM ASSUMING NEW IDENTITIES AND ASSOCIATIONAL FORMS The caste-based reservation has strengthened caste identities. The recent Jat and Patidar agitation shows how caste-based identity unites people. Use of caste to mobilize votes is detrimental to society. Voting pattern of the citizens and candidate selection to contest elections by political parties is highly influenced by caste considerations. Continued practice of endogamy is also a manifestation of continued caste identity. Even on matrimonial sites, many people search for same caste partner. Caste-based hostels and trade unions also ensure the importance given to caste. Even today lower castes have limited mobility and thus feel united under their caste identity. Eg. Manual scavengers are lower caste people and slums are also mostly inhabited by backward castes. Presence of extra-constitutional bodies like Khap Panchayats doesn’t allow people to violate caste norms. Caste system as an institution has been present in Indian society for centuries and can’t be eradicated in few decades. The government has taken affirmative actions to remove caste barriers and identities. Dereservation on the basis of social mapping, promoting exogamy, creating awareness through education can help to remove caste barriers.
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##Question:“Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms. Hence, caste system cannot be eradicated in India.” Comment. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:APPROACH- INTRODUCTION- Briefly mention how caste system has changed but not eradicated. Body- Elaborate on how Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms. Conclusion/Way Forward ANSWER- It was thought that with urbanization and modernity, caste barriers would reduce. With the advent of modern education and values, the younger generation is more acceptable towards working, studying, cooperating and employing people from other castes. Inter-dining, use of public transport and merit-based employment has led to changes in the caste system. However, it is often believed that the caste system cannot be eradicated in India. REASONS FOR CASTE SYSTEM ASSUMING NEW IDENTITIES AND ASSOCIATIONAL FORMS The caste-based reservation has strengthened caste identities. The recent Jat and Patidar agitation shows how caste-based identity unites people. Use of caste to mobilize votes is detrimental to society. Voting pattern of the citizens and candidate selection to contest elections by political parties is highly influenced by caste considerations. Continued practice of endogamy is also a manifestation of continued caste identity. Even on matrimonial sites, many people search for same caste partner. Caste-based hostels and trade unions also ensure the importance given to caste. Even today lower castes have limited mobility and thus feel united under their caste identity. Eg. Manual scavengers are lower caste people and slums are also mostly inhabited by backward castes. Presence of extra-constitutional bodies like Khap Panchayats doesn’t allow people to violate caste norms. Caste system as an institution has been present in Indian society for centuries and can’t be eradicated in few decades. The government has taken affirmative actions to remove caste barriers and identities. Dereservation on the basis of social mapping, promoting exogamy, creating awareness through education can help to remove caste barriers.
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What do you understand by Indian orthodox philosophy? Discuss Samkhya, Yoga and Nyaya school of philosophies.(150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction: A brief introduction can be given Main body: 3 types of orthodox schools to be discussed. Conclusion: It can be given if the word limit is not breached. Answer: The Hindu philosophy is categorized into six Orthodox and three Heterodox philosophies. The classification is based on the acceptance of the authority of the Vedas. The Orthodox school of philosophy also called the Aastika school believes in the authority of Vedas. The following are the types of orthodox philosophy- Sankhya Philosophy Kapila Muni is considered the founder of this philosophy and it is the oldest of all the philosophies. The early Samkhya Philosophy maintains that Universe owes its origin to nature. The later Samkhya philosopher maintains that not only nature but also the divine agency is responsible for the origin of the universe. Many a time this philosophy is referred to as Dvaitvada or dualism because it believes in two realities which are Purush and Prakriti. Purush is inner consciousness and Prakriti is the element of nature. They maintain that salvation can be attained through real knowledge. It mentions three Pramada or sources of knowledge that are Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference), and Shabda (Testimony that is Veda). Yoga It was founded by Patanjali. The tenets of Yoga are mentioned in his book Yogasutra. This philosophy emphasizes Astanga Yoga as the path of salvation. Astanga yoga refers to 8 phases of yoga. Nyaya It says that knowledge must not be only real but also logical and reasoned. They quote four Pramana of knowledge- Pratyaksha, Anumana, Upmana (comparison), Shabda They believe in the theory of causation which can be explained in "where there is smoke, there is fire. Hindu philosophy also includes several sub-schools of theistic philosophies that integrate ideas from two or more of the six orthodox philosophies, such as the realism of the Nyāya.
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##Question:What do you understand by Indian orthodox philosophy? Discuss Samkhya, Yoga and Nyaya school of philosophies.(150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: A brief introduction can be given Main body: 3 types of orthodox schools to be discussed. Conclusion: It can be given if the word limit is not breached. Answer: The Hindu philosophy is categorized into six Orthodox and three Heterodox philosophies. The classification is based on the acceptance of the authority of the Vedas. The Orthodox school of philosophy also called the Aastika school believes in the authority of Vedas. The following are the types of orthodox philosophy- Sankhya Philosophy Kapila Muni is considered the founder of this philosophy and it is the oldest of all the philosophies. The early Samkhya Philosophy maintains that Universe owes its origin to nature. The later Samkhya philosopher maintains that not only nature but also the divine agency is responsible for the origin of the universe. Many a time this philosophy is referred to as Dvaitvada or dualism because it believes in two realities which are Purush and Prakriti. Purush is inner consciousness and Prakriti is the element of nature. They maintain that salvation can be attained through real knowledge. It mentions three Pramada or sources of knowledge that are Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference), and Shabda (Testimony that is Veda). Yoga It was founded by Patanjali. The tenets of Yoga are mentioned in his book Yogasutra. This philosophy emphasizes Astanga Yoga as the path of salvation. Astanga yoga refers to 8 phases of yoga. Nyaya It says that knowledge must not be only real but also logical and reasoned. They quote four Pramana of knowledge- Pratyaksha, Anumana, Upmana (comparison), Shabda They believe in the theory of causation which can be explained in "where there is smoke, there is fire. Hindu philosophy also includes several sub-schools of theistic philosophies that integrate ideas from two or more of the six orthodox philosophies, such as the realism of the Nyāya.
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Explain the causes of seafloor spreading and the formation of Seafloor? (150 words / 10 marks)
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Approach - Give a brief account of sea-floor spreading. Enumerate the causes of the formation of the seafloor and then provide evidence in support of the Sea-floor spreading theory. Conclude with the importance of seafloor spreading and it"s relevance with plate tectonics. Answer - From world war 2, the seafloor exploration race was started between the major powers for military reasons. Various maps and data were accumulated which led to the formation of the sea-floor spread hypothesis. This hypothesis was proposed by Harry Hess in the early 1960s. Causes and Formation of Sea floor: This hypothesis traces oceanic crust from its origin at a mid-ocean ridge to its destruction at a deep-sea trench and is the mechanism for continental drift. In this hypothesis, a hot buoyant mantle rises up a mid-ocean ridge, causing the ridge to rise upward. The central fault"s continuous slow volcanic eruption was taking place adding a huge amount of lava. The hot magma at the ridge erupts as lava that forms new seafloor. On both sides of the central fault, at equal distances, rocks had similar characteristics in terms of chemical composition, and age. As we kept going away from the Central fault the age of the rocks kept increasing up to the trenches, but nowhere they were found older than 200 million years. This was despite that ocean was formed 4000 million years before the present. Just for reference, the oldest continental rocks are found to be as old as 3200 million years. The magnetic polarity of rocks near the central fault was earth"s normal polarity but as we go away we find that parallel strips to the central fault have reverse polarity are there alternated by normal and reverse further called a magnetic reversal. Even the sediments on the ocean floor are nowhere older than 200 million years. Both, at central fault as well as deep trenches Earthquake activity frequently takes place. If the oceanic crust reaches a deep-sea trench, it sinks into the trench and is lost into the mantle. Scientists now know that the oldest crust is the coldest and lies deepest in the ocean because it is less buoyant than the hot new crust There are numerous pieces of evidence that proved that the sea floor is spreading like similar magnetic polarity on either since of the Mid oceanic Ridge, the age of rocks on both sides of the fault is the same, etc. hence the sea-floor spreading theory was the advancement over the continental drift theory and it also served as an important link for the holistic development of the plate tectonics theory.
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##Question:Explain the causes of seafloor spreading and the formation of Seafloor? (150 words / 10 marks)##Answer:Approach - Give a brief account of sea-floor spreading. Enumerate the causes of the formation of the seafloor and then provide evidence in support of the Sea-floor spreading theory. Conclude with the importance of seafloor spreading and it"s relevance with plate tectonics. Answer - From world war 2, the seafloor exploration race was started between the major powers for military reasons. Various maps and data were accumulated which led to the formation of the sea-floor spread hypothesis. This hypothesis was proposed by Harry Hess in the early 1960s. Causes and Formation of Sea floor: This hypothesis traces oceanic crust from its origin at a mid-ocean ridge to its destruction at a deep-sea trench and is the mechanism for continental drift. In this hypothesis, a hot buoyant mantle rises up a mid-ocean ridge, causing the ridge to rise upward. The central fault"s continuous slow volcanic eruption was taking place adding a huge amount of lava. The hot magma at the ridge erupts as lava that forms new seafloor. On both sides of the central fault, at equal distances, rocks had similar characteristics in terms of chemical composition, and age. As we kept going away from the Central fault the age of the rocks kept increasing up to the trenches, but nowhere they were found older than 200 million years. This was despite that ocean was formed 4000 million years before the present. Just for reference, the oldest continental rocks are found to be as old as 3200 million years. The magnetic polarity of rocks near the central fault was earth"s normal polarity but as we go away we find that parallel strips to the central fault have reverse polarity are there alternated by normal and reverse further called a magnetic reversal. Even the sediments on the ocean floor are nowhere older than 200 million years. Both, at central fault as well as deep trenches Earthquake activity frequently takes place. If the oceanic crust reaches a deep-sea trench, it sinks into the trench and is lost into the mantle. Scientists now know that the oldest crust is the coldest and lies deepest in the ocean because it is less buoyant than the hot new crust There are numerous pieces of evidence that proved that the sea floor is spreading like similar magnetic polarity on either since of the Mid oceanic Ridge, the age of rocks on both sides of the fault is the same, etc. hence the sea-floor spreading theory was the advancement over the continental drift theory and it also served as an important link for the holistic development of the plate tectonics theory.
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What do you understand by Instruments of Monetary Policy? Discuss the quantitative measures of credit control by the Reserve Bank of India. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduce with the definition of Instruments of Monetary Policy. Brings various quantitative measures used by RBI. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The instruments of the Monetary Policy refer to all those methods/ways which the central banks can use to increase or decrease the money supply in order to go dovish or hawkish. These instruments could be quantitative or qualitative. The qualitative tools consist of instruments like priority sector lending, loan to value ratio, and such like. While the quantitative tools refer to bank rate reserve ratio, liquidity adjustment facility, and open market operation. Monetary policy is the policy used by the central bank to control the supply and availability of credit in the economy. The objective of using monetary policy aims at maintaining economic and financial stability in the economy. In India, the central bank uses two types of measures to control money supply which are quantitative (to regulate the total volume of credit supply) and qualitative measures (to regulate the flow of credit). Methods of quantitative Measures used by RBI to control the money supply Bank Rate Bank Rate is the rate at which RBI provides loans to banks or refinancing for a longer period of time and without any collateral. If the bank rate is high then loans will be expensive to the Banks and subsequently to the customers which will reduce the money supply. Thus higher the bank rate, the lesser the money supply. For controlling the credit, inflation, and money supply, RBI will increase the Bank Rate Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) This is the reserve cash a bank needs to keep with RBI. If CRR is more that means banks have lesser money to do business resulting in expensive loans. Thus reduction in the money supply. The higher the CRR, the lesser will be money supply. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) SLR refers to that portion of deposits with the banks that it has to keep with itself as liquid assets (Gold, approved government securities, etc.). RBI increases CRR & SLR to control credit and discourage the money supply. Repo Rate Repo rate is the rate at which RBI lends to its clients generally against government securities. Reduction in Repo rate helps the commercial banks to get money at a cheaper rate and an increase in Repo rate discourages the commercial banks to get money as the rate increases and becomes expensive. Reverse Repo Rate The Reverse Repo Rate is the rate at which RBI borrows money from commercial banks. The increase in the Repo rate will increase the cost of borrowing and lending of the banks which will discourage the public to borrow money and will encourage them to deposit. As the rates are high the availability of credit and demand decreases resulting in to decrease in inflation. Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) MSF refers to the penal rate at which banks can borrow money from the central bank over and above what is available to them through the LAF window. MSF, being a penal rate, is always fixed above the repo rate. The MSF would be the last resort for banks once they exhaust all borrowing options including the liquidity adjustment facility by pledging government securities, where the rates are lower in comparison with the MSF. The MSF would be a penal rate for banks and the banks can borrow funds by pledging government securities within the limits of the statutory liquidity ratio. If MSF is more then the loan will be expensive and subsequently, the money supply will go down. Reserve Bank of India with its monetary policy tries to maintain a stable supply and availability of credit in the economy so that the goal of higher economic growth can be maintained at all times.
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##Question:What do you understand by Instruments of Monetary Policy? Discuss the quantitative measures of credit control by the Reserve Bank of India. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the definition of Instruments of Monetary Policy. Brings various quantitative measures used by RBI. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The instruments of the Monetary Policy refer to all those methods/ways which the central banks can use to increase or decrease the money supply in order to go dovish or hawkish. These instruments could be quantitative or qualitative. The qualitative tools consist of instruments like priority sector lending, loan to value ratio, and such like. While the quantitative tools refer to bank rate reserve ratio, liquidity adjustment facility, and open market operation. Monetary policy is the policy used by the central bank to control the supply and availability of credit in the economy. The objective of using monetary policy aims at maintaining economic and financial stability in the economy. In India, the central bank uses two types of measures to control money supply which are quantitative (to regulate the total volume of credit supply) and qualitative measures (to regulate the flow of credit). Methods of quantitative Measures used by RBI to control the money supply Bank Rate Bank Rate is the rate at which RBI provides loans to banks or refinancing for a longer period of time and without any collateral. If the bank rate is high then loans will be expensive to the Banks and subsequently to the customers which will reduce the money supply. Thus higher the bank rate, the lesser the money supply. For controlling the credit, inflation, and money supply, RBI will increase the Bank Rate Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) This is the reserve cash a bank needs to keep with RBI. If CRR is more that means banks have lesser money to do business resulting in expensive loans. Thus reduction in the money supply. The higher the CRR, the lesser will be money supply. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) SLR refers to that portion of deposits with the banks that it has to keep with itself as liquid assets (Gold, approved government securities, etc.). RBI increases CRR & SLR to control credit and discourage the money supply. Repo Rate Repo rate is the rate at which RBI lends to its clients generally against government securities. Reduction in Repo rate helps the commercial banks to get money at a cheaper rate and an increase in Repo rate discourages the commercial banks to get money as the rate increases and becomes expensive. Reverse Repo Rate The Reverse Repo Rate is the rate at which RBI borrows money from commercial banks. The increase in the Repo rate will increase the cost of borrowing and lending of the banks which will discourage the public to borrow money and will encourage them to deposit. As the rates are high the availability of credit and demand decreases resulting in to decrease in inflation. Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) MSF refers to the penal rate at which banks can borrow money from the central bank over and above what is available to them through the LAF window. MSF, being a penal rate, is always fixed above the repo rate. The MSF would be the last resort for banks once they exhaust all borrowing options including the liquidity adjustment facility by pledging government securities, where the rates are lower in comparison with the MSF. The MSF would be a penal rate for banks and the banks can borrow funds by pledging government securities within the limits of the statutory liquidity ratio. If MSF is more then the loan will be expensive and subsequently, the money supply will go down. Reserve Bank of India with its monetary policy tries to maintain a stable supply and availability of credit in the economy so that the goal of higher economic growth can be maintained at all times.
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“Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment”. Critically analyze the statement in context of Indian society. (150 words/10marks)
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Approach: · Define the Feminization of agriculture · Provide points to substantiate Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Give argument against Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Conclude with way forward. Answer: The feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women"s participation in the agriculture sector, particularly in the developing countries such as India. As per Economic Survey 2017-18, with growing rural to urban migration by men, there is ‘feminisation’ of agriculture sector, with increasing number of women in multiple roles as cultivators, entrepreneurs, and labourers. The arguments in favour of the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · Agriculture, contributing around 16% of the GDP, is increasingly becoming a female activity. · Agriculture sector employs 80% of all economically active women; they comprise 33% of the agricultural labour force and 48% of self employed farmers. · About 18% of the farm families in India, according to NSSO Reports are headed by women. Women play an important role in agricultural development, in ensuring food security and preserving local agro-biodiversity. Rural women are also responsible for the integrated management and use of diverse natural resources to meet the daily household needs. The arguments against the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · In addition to intensive work on the farm all day, women are also expected to fulfil domestic obligations like cooking, child rearing, water collection, fuel wood gathering, household maintenance etc. Thus it further led to exploit of the women. · Despite more work for longer hours when compared to male farmers, women farmers have lower wage rates and at times remain unpaid. · Women lack viable livelihood alternatives, and are forced to undertake farm activities that have been left by men due to agrarian distress. Thus feminization of agriculture in India is actually “feminization of agrarian distress” or can also be termed as “feminization of poverty”. · Violence and sexual harassment at workplace is a major issue faced by women agricultural labours and cultivators in India which mostly goes unreported. · Women face health hazards in the cultivation of many crops and plantations due to lack of training, lack of protective gears and long working hours. Lack of nutritional security further perpetuates health issues. Way Forward · The production of the tools and machines suited to women’s need should be incentivized. · Women farmers need to be educated and trained with respect to innovative technology and extension services with help of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in specific manner. · Women farmers need to be provided with collateral free credit with help of NABARD. · Government schemes such as Rashtryiya Kroshi Vikas Yojana, Sub-Mission on Seed and Planting Material need to be made more women-centric. CONCLUSION · With women predominant at all levels-production, pre-harvest, post-harvest processing, packaging, marketing – of the agricultural value chain, to increase productivity in agriculture, it is imperative to adopt gender specific interventions.
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##Question:“Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment”. Critically analyze the statement in context of Indian society. (150 words/10marks)##Answer:Approach: · Define the Feminization of agriculture · Provide points to substantiate Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Give argument against Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Conclude with way forward. Answer: The feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women"s participation in the agriculture sector, particularly in the developing countries such as India. As per Economic Survey 2017-18, with growing rural to urban migration by men, there is ‘feminisation’ of agriculture sector, with increasing number of women in multiple roles as cultivators, entrepreneurs, and labourers. The arguments in favour of the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · Agriculture, contributing around 16% of the GDP, is increasingly becoming a female activity. · Agriculture sector employs 80% of all economically active women; they comprise 33% of the agricultural labour force and 48% of self employed farmers. · About 18% of the farm families in India, according to NSSO Reports are headed by women. Women play an important role in agricultural development, in ensuring food security and preserving local agro-biodiversity. Rural women are also responsible for the integrated management and use of diverse natural resources to meet the daily household needs. The arguments against the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · In addition to intensive work on the farm all day, women are also expected to fulfil domestic obligations like cooking, child rearing, water collection, fuel wood gathering, household maintenance etc. Thus it further led to exploit of the women. · Despite more work for longer hours when compared to male farmers, women farmers have lower wage rates and at times remain unpaid. · Women lack viable livelihood alternatives, and are forced to undertake farm activities that have been left by men due to agrarian distress. Thus feminization of agriculture in India is actually “feminization of agrarian distress” or can also be termed as “feminization of poverty”. · Violence and sexual harassment at workplace is a major issue faced by women agricultural labours and cultivators in India which mostly goes unreported. · Women face health hazards in the cultivation of many crops and plantations due to lack of training, lack of protective gears and long working hours. Lack of nutritional security further perpetuates health issues. Way Forward · The production of the tools and machines suited to women’s need should be incentivized. · Women farmers need to be educated and trained with respect to innovative technology and extension services with help of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in specific manner. · Women farmers need to be provided with collateral free credit with help of NABARD. · Government schemes such as Rashtryiya Kroshi Vikas Yojana, Sub-Mission on Seed and Planting Material need to be made more women-centric. CONCLUSION · With women predominant at all levels-production, pre-harvest, post-harvest processing, packaging, marketing – of the agricultural value chain, to increase productivity in agriculture, it is imperative to adopt gender specific interventions.
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“Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment”. Critically analyze the statement in context of Indian society. (150 words/10marks)
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Approach: · Define the Feminization of agriculture · Provide points to substantiate Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Give argument against Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Conclude with way forward. Answer: The feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women"s participation in the agriculture sector, particularly in the developing countries such as India. As per Economic Survey 2017-18, with growing rural to urban migration by men, there is ‘feminisation’ of agriculture sector, with increasing number of women in multiple roles as cultivators, entrepreneurs, and labourers. The arguments in favour of the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · Agriculture, contributing around 16% of the GDP, is increasingly becoming a female activity. · Agriculture sector employs 80% of all economically active women; they comprise 33% of the agricultural labour force and 48% of self employed farmers. · About 18% of the farm families in India, according to NSSO Reports are headed by women. Women play an important role in agricultural development, in ensuring food security and preserving local agro-biodiversity. Rural women are also responsible for the integrated management and use of diverse natural resources to meet the daily household needs. The arguments against the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · In addition to intensive work on the farm all day, women are also expected to fulfil domestic obligations like cooking, child rearing, water collection, fuel wood gathering, household maintenance etc. Thus it further led to exploit of the women. · Despite more work for longer hours when compared to male farmers, women farmers have lower wage rates and at times remain unpaid. · Women lack viable livelihood alternatives, and are forced to undertake farm activities that have been left by men due to agrarian distress. Thus feminization of agriculture in India is actually “feminization of agrarian distress” or can also be termed as “feminization of poverty”. · Violence and sexual harassment at workplace is a major issue faced by women agricultural labours and cultivators in India which mostly goes unreported. · Women face health hazards in the cultivation of many crops and plantations due to lack of training, lack of protective gears and long working hours. Lack of nutritional security further perpetuates health issues. Way Forward · The production of the tools and machines suited to women’s need should be incentivized. · Women farmers need to be educated and trained with respect to innovative technology and extension services with help of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in specific manner. · Women farmers need to be provided with collateral free credit with help of NABARD. · Government schemes such as Rashtryiya Kroshi Vikas Yojana, Sub-Mission on Seed and Planting Material need to be made more women-centric. CONCLUSION · With women predominant at all levels-production, pre-harvest, post-harvest processing, packaging, marketing – of the agricultural value chain, to increase productivity in agriculture, it is imperative to adopt gender specific interventions.
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##Question:“Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment”. Critically analyze the statement in context of Indian society. (150 words/10marks)##Answer:Approach: · Define the Feminization of agriculture · Provide points to substantiate Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Give argument against Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Conclude with way forward. Answer: The feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women"s participation in the agriculture sector, particularly in the developing countries such as India. As per Economic Survey 2017-18, with growing rural to urban migration by men, there is ‘feminisation’ of agriculture sector, with increasing number of women in multiple roles as cultivators, entrepreneurs, and labourers. The arguments in favour of the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · Agriculture, contributing around 16% of the GDP, is increasingly becoming a female activity. · Agriculture sector employs 80% of all economically active women; they comprise 33% of the agricultural labour force and 48% of self employed farmers. · About 18% of the farm families in India, according to NSSO Reports are headed by women. Women play an important role in agricultural development, in ensuring food security and preserving local agro-biodiversity. Rural women are also responsible for the integrated management and use of diverse natural resources to meet the daily household needs. The arguments against the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · In addition to intensive work on the farm all day, women are also expected to fulfil domestic obligations like cooking, child rearing, water collection, fuel wood gathering, household maintenance etc. Thus it further led to exploit of the women. · Despite more work for longer hours when compared to male farmers, women farmers have lower wage rates and at times remain unpaid. · Women lack viable livelihood alternatives, and are forced to undertake farm activities that have been left by men due to agrarian distress. Thus feminization of agriculture in India is actually “feminization of agrarian distress” or can also be termed as “feminization of poverty”. · Violence and sexual harassment at workplace is a major issue faced by women agricultural labours and cultivators in India which mostly goes unreported. · Women face health hazards in the cultivation of many crops and plantations due to lack of training, lack of protective gears and long working hours. Lack of nutritional security further perpetuates health issues. Way Forward · The production of the tools and machines suited to women’s need should be incentivized. · Women farmers need to be educated and trained with respect to innovative technology and extension services with help of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in specific manner. · Women farmers need to be provided with collateral free credit with help of NABARD. · Government schemes such as Rashtryiya Kroshi Vikas Yojana, Sub-Mission on Seed and Planting Material need to be made more women-centric. CONCLUSION · With women predominant at all levels-production, pre-harvest, post-harvest processing, packaging, marketing – of the agricultural value chain, to increase productivity in agriculture, it is imperative to adopt gender specific interventions.
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“Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment”. Critically analyze the statement in context of Indian society. (150 words/10marks)
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Approach: · Define the Feminization of agriculture · Provide points to substantiate Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Give argument against Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Conclude with way forward. Answer: The feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women"s participation in the agriculture sector, particularly in the developing countries such as India. As per Economic Survey 2017-18, with growing rural to urban migration by men, there is ‘feminisation’ of agriculture sector, with increasing number of women in multiple roles as cultivators, entrepreneurs, and labourers. The arguments in favour of the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · Agriculture, contributing around 16% of the GDP, is increasingly becoming a female activity. · Agriculture sector employs 80% of all economically active women; they comprise 33% of the agricultural labour force and 48% of self employed farmers. · About 18% of the farm families in India, according to NSSO Reports are headed by women. Women play an important role in agricultural development, in ensuring food security and preserving local agro-biodiversity. Rural women are also responsible for the integrated management and use of diverse natural resources to meet the daily household needs. The arguments against the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · In addition to intensive work on the farm all day, women are also expected to fulfil domestic obligations like cooking, child rearing, water collection, fuel wood gathering, household maintenance etc. Thus it further led to exploit of the women. · Despite more work for longer hours when compared to male farmers, women farmers have lower wage rates and at times remain unpaid. · Women lack viable livelihood alternatives, and are forced to undertake farm activities that have been left by men due to agrarian distress. Thus feminization of agriculture in India is actually “feminization of agrarian distress” or can also be termed as “feminization of poverty”. · Violence and sexual harassment at workplace is a major issue faced by women agricultural labours and cultivators in India which mostly goes unreported. · Women face health hazards in the cultivation of many crops and plantations due to lack of training, lack of protective gears and long working hours. Lack of nutritional security further perpetuates health issues. Way Forward · The production of the tools and machines suited to women’s need should be incentivized. · Women farmers need to be educated and trained with respect to innovative technology and extension services with help of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in specific manner. · Women farmers need to be provided with collateral free credit with help of NABARD. · Government schemes such as Rashtryiya Kroshi Vikas Yojana, Sub-Mission on Seed and Planting Material need to be made more women-centric. CONCLUSION · With women predominant at all levels-production, pre-harvest, post-harvest processing, packaging, marketing – of the agricultural value chain, to increase productivity in agriculture, it is imperative to adopt gender specific interventions.
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##Question:“Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment”. Critically analyze the statement in context of Indian society. (150 words/10marks)##Answer:Approach: · Define the Feminization of agriculture · Provide points to substantiate Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Give argument against Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Conclude with way forward. Answer: The feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women"s participation in the agriculture sector, particularly in the developing countries such as India. As per Economic Survey 2017-18, with growing rural to urban migration by men, there is ‘feminisation’ of agriculture sector, with increasing number of women in multiple roles as cultivators, entrepreneurs, and labourers. The arguments in favour of the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · Agriculture, contributing around 16% of the GDP, is increasingly becoming a female activity. · Agriculture sector employs 80% of all economically active women; they comprise 33% of the agricultural labour force and 48% of self employed farmers. · About 18% of the farm families in India, according to NSSO Reports are headed by women. Women play an important role in agricultural development, in ensuring food security and preserving local agro-biodiversity. Rural women are also responsible for the integrated management and use of diverse natural resources to meet the daily household needs. The arguments against the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · In addition to intensive work on the farm all day, women are also expected to fulfil domestic obligations like cooking, child rearing, water collection, fuel wood gathering, household maintenance etc. Thus it further led to exploit of the women. · Despite more work for longer hours when compared to male farmers, women farmers have lower wage rates and at times remain unpaid. · Women lack viable livelihood alternatives, and are forced to undertake farm activities that have been left by men due to agrarian distress. Thus feminization of agriculture in India is actually “feminization of agrarian distress” or can also be termed as “feminization of poverty”. · Violence and sexual harassment at workplace is a major issue faced by women agricultural labours and cultivators in India which mostly goes unreported. · Women face health hazards in the cultivation of many crops and plantations due to lack of training, lack of protective gears and long working hours. Lack of nutritional security further perpetuates health issues. Way Forward · The production of the tools and machines suited to women’s need should be incentivized. · Women farmers need to be educated and trained with respect to innovative technology and extension services with help of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in specific manner. · Women farmers need to be provided with collateral free credit with help of NABARD. · Government schemes such as Rashtryiya Kroshi Vikas Yojana, Sub-Mission on Seed and Planting Material need to be made more women-centric. CONCLUSION · With women predominant at all levels-production, pre-harvest, post-harvest processing, packaging, marketing – of the agricultural value chain, to increase productivity in agriculture, it is imperative to adopt gender specific interventions.
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“Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment”. Critically analyze the statement in context of Indian society. (150 words/10marks)
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Approach: · Define the Feminization of agriculture · Provide points to substantiate Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Give argument against Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Conclude with way forward. Answer: The feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women"s participation in the agriculture sector, particularly in the developing countries such as India. As per Economic Survey 2017-18, with growing rural to urban migration by men, there is ‘feminisation’ of agriculture sector, with increasing number of women in multiple roles as cultivators, entrepreneurs, and labourers. The arguments in favour of the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · Agriculture, contributing around 16% of the GDP, is increasingly becoming a female activity. · Agriculture sector employs 80% of all economically active women; they comprise 33% of the agricultural labour force and 48% of self employed farmers. · About 18% of the farm families in India, according to NSSO Reports are headed by women. Women play an important role in agricultural development, in ensuring food security and preserving local agro-biodiversity. Rural women are also responsible for the integrated management and use of diverse natural resources to meet the daily household needs. The arguments against the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · In addition to intensive work on the farm all day, women are also expected to fulfil domestic obligations like cooking, child rearing, water collection, fuel wood gathering, household maintenance etc. Thus it further led to exploit of the women. · Despite more work for longer hours when compared to male farmers, women farmers have lower wage rates and at times remain unpaid. · Women lack viable livelihood alternatives, and are forced to undertake farm activities that have been left by men due to agrarian distress. Thus feminization of agriculture in India is actually “feminization of agrarian distress” or can also be termed as “feminization of poverty”. · Violence and sexual harassment at workplace is a major issue faced by women agricultural labours and cultivators in India which mostly goes unreported. · Women face health hazards in the cultivation of many crops and plantations due to lack of training, lack of protective gears and long working hours. Lack of nutritional security further perpetuates health issues. Way Forward · The production of the tools and machines suited to women’s need should be incentivized. · Women farmers need to be educated and trained with respect to innovative technology and extension services with help of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in specific manner. · Women farmers need to be provided with collateral free credit with help of NABARD. · Government schemes such as Rashtryiya Kroshi Vikas Yojana, Sub-Mission on Seed and Planting Material need to be made more women-centric. CONCLUSION · With women predominant at all levels-production, pre-harvest, post-harvest processing, packaging, marketing – of the agricultural value chain, to increase productivity in agriculture, it is imperative to adopt gender specific interventions.
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##Question:“Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment”. Critically analyze the statement in context of Indian society. (150 words/10marks)##Answer:Approach: · Define the Feminization of agriculture · Provide points to substantiate Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Give argument against Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Conclude with way forward. Answer: The feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women"s participation in the agriculture sector, particularly in the developing countries such as India. As per Economic Survey 2017-18, with growing rural to urban migration by men, there is ‘feminisation’ of agriculture sector, with increasing number of women in multiple roles as cultivators, entrepreneurs, and labourers. The arguments in favour of the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · Agriculture, contributing around 16% of the GDP, is increasingly becoming a female activity. · Agriculture sector employs 80% of all economically active women; they comprise 33% of the agricultural labour force and 48% of self employed farmers. · About 18% of the farm families in India, according to NSSO Reports are headed by women. Women play an important role in agricultural development, in ensuring food security and preserving local agro-biodiversity. Rural women are also responsible for the integrated management and use of diverse natural resources to meet the daily household needs. The arguments against the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · In addition to intensive work on the farm all day, women are also expected to fulfil domestic obligations like cooking, child rearing, water collection, fuel wood gathering, household maintenance etc. Thus it further led to exploit of the women. · Despite more work for longer hours when compared to male farmers, women farmers have lower wage rates and at times remain unpaid. · Women lack viable livelihood alternatives, and are forced to undertake farm activities that have been left by men due to agrarian distress. Thus feminization of agriculture in India is actually “feminization of agrarian distress” or can also be termed as “feminization of poverty”. · Violence and sexual harassment at workplace is a major issue faced by women agricultural labours and cultivators in India which mostly goes unreported. · Women face health hazards in the cultivation of many crops and plantations due to lack of training, lack of protective gears and long working hours. Lack of nutritional security further perpetuates health issues. Way Forward · The production of the tools and machines suited to women’s need should be incentivized. · Women farmers need to be educated and trained with respect to innovative technology and extension services with help of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in specific manner. · Women farmers need to be provided with collateral free credit with help of NABARD. · Government schemes such as Rashtryiya Kroshi Vikas Yojana, Sub-Mission on Seed and Planting Material need to be made more women-centric. CONCLUSION · With women predominant at all levels-production, pre-harvest, post-harvest processing, packaging, marketing – of the agricultural value chain, to increase productivity in agriculture, it is imperative to adopt gender specific interventions.
| 78,513
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“Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment”. Critically analyze the statement in context of Indian society. (150 words/10marks)
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Approach: · Define the Feminization of agriculture · Provide points to substantiate Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Give argument against Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Conclude with way forward. Answer: The feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women"s participation in the agriculture sector, particularly in the developing countries such as India. As per Economic Survey 2017-18, with growing rural to urban migration by men, there is ‘feminisation’ of agriculture sector, with increasing number of women in multiple roles as cultivators, entrepreneurs, and labourers. The arguments in favour of the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · Agriculture, contributing around 16% of the GDP, is increasingly becoming a female activity. · Agriculture sector employs 80% of all economically active women; they comprise 33% of the agricultural labour force and 48% of self employed farmers. · About 18% of the farm families in India, according to NSSO Reports are headed by women. Women play an important role in agricultural development, in ensuring food security and preserving local agro-biodiversity. Rural women are also responsible for the integrated management and use of diverse natural resources to meet the daily household needs. The arguments against the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · In addition to intensive work on the farm all day, women are also expected to fulfil domestic obligations like cooking, child rearing, water collection, fuel wood gathering, household maintenance etc. Thus it further led to exploit of the women. · Despite more work for longer hours when compared to male farmers, women farmers have lower wage rates and at times remain unpaid. · Women lack viable livelihood alternatives, and are forced to undertake farm activities that have been left by men due to agrarian distress. Thus feminization of agriculture in India is actually “feminization of agrarian distress” or can also be termed as “feminization of poverty”. · Violence and sexual harassment at workplace is a major issue faced by women agricultural labours and cultivators in India which mostly goes unreported. · Women face health hazards in the cultivation of many crops and plantations due to lack of training, lack of protective gears and long working hours. Lack of nutritional security further perpetuates health issues. Way Forward · The production of the tools and machines suited to women’s need should be incentivized. · Women farmers need to be educated and trained with respect to innovative technology and extension services with help of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in specific manner. · Women farmers need to be provided with collateral free credit with help of NABARD. · Government schemes such as Rashtryiya Kroshi Vikas Yojana, Sub-Mission on Seed and Planting Material need to be made more women-centric. CONCLUSION · With women predominant at all levels-production, pre-harvest, post-harvest processing, packaging, marketing – of the agricultural value chain, to increase productivity in agriculture, it is imperative to adopt gender specific interventions.
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##Question:“Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment”. Critically analyze the statement in context of Indian society. (150 words/10marks)##Answer:Approach: · Define the Feminization of agriculture · Provide points to substantiate Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Give argument against Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Conclude with way forward. Answer: The feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women"s participation in the agriculture sector, particularly in the developing countries such as India. As per Economic Survey 2017-18, with growing rural to urban migration by men, there is ‘feminisation’ of agriculture sector, with increasing number of women in multiple roles as cultivators, entrepreneurs, and labourers. The arguments in favour of the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · Agriculture, contributing around 16% of the GDP, is increasingly becoming a female activity. · Agriculture sector employs 80% of all economically active women; they comprise 33% of the agricultural labour force and 48% of self employed farmers. · About 18% of the farm families in India, according to NSSO Reports are headed by women. Women play an important role in agricultural development, in ensuring food security and preserving local agro-biodiversity. Rural women are also responsible for the integrated management and use of diverse natural resources to meet the daily household needs. The arguments against the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · In addition to intensive work on the farm all day, women are also expected to fulfil domestic obligations like cooking, child rearing, water collection, fuel wood gathering, household maintenance etc. Thus it further led to exploit of the women. · Despite more work for longer hours when compared to male farmers, women farmers have lower wage rates and at times remain unpaid. · Women lack viable livelihood alternatives, and are forced to undertake farm activities that have been left by men due to agrarian distress. Thus feminization of agriculture in India is actually “feminization of agrarian distress” or can also be termed as “feminization of poverty”. · Violence and sexual harassment at workplace is a major issue faced by women agricultural labours and cultivators in India which mostly goes unreported. · Women face health hazards in the cultivation of many crops and plantations due to lack of training, lack of protective gears and long working hours. Lack of nutritional security further perpetuates health issues. Way Forward · The production of the tools and machines suited to women’s need should be incentivized. · Women farmers need to be educated and trained with respect to innovative technology and extension services with help of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in specific manner. · Women farmers need to be provided with collateral free credit with help of NABARD. · Government schemes such as Rashtryiya Kroshi Vikas Yojana, Sub-Mission on Seed and Planting Material need to be made more women-centric. CONCLUSION · With women predominant at all levels-production, pre-harvest, post-harvest processing, packaging, marketing – of the agricultural value chain, to increase productivity in agriculture, it is imperative to adopt gender specific interventions.
| 78,514
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“Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment”. Critically analyze the statement in context of Indian society. (150 words/10marks)
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Approach: · Define the Feminization of agriculture · Provide points to substantiate Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Give argument against Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Conclude with way forward. Answer: The feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women"s participation in the agriculture sector, particularly in the developing countries such as India. As per Economic Survey 2017-18, with growing rural to urban migration by men, there is ‘feminisation’ of agriculture sector, with increasing number of women in multiple roles as cultivators, entrepreneurs, and labourers. The arguments in favour of the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · Agriculture, contributing around 16% of the GDP, is increasingly becoming a female activity. · Agriculture sector employs 80% of all economically active women; they comprise 33% of the agricultural labour force and 48% of self employed farmers. · About 18% of the farm families in India, according to NSSO Reports are headed by women. Women play an important role in agricultural development, in ensuring food security and preserving local agro-biodiversity. Rural women are also responsible for the integrated management and use of diverse natural resources to meet the daily household needs. The arguments against the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · In addition to intensive work on the farm all day, women are also expected to fulfil domestic obligations like cooking, child rearing, water collection, fuel wood gathering, household maintenance etc. Thus it further led to exploit of the women. · Despite more work for longer hours when compared to male farmers, women farmers have lower wage rates and at times remain unpaid. · Women lack viable livelihood alternatives, and are forced to undertake farm activities that have been left by men due to agrarian distress. Thus feminization of agriculture in India is actually “feminization of agrarian distress” or can also be termed as “feminization of poverty”. · Violence and sexual harassment at workplace is a major issue faced by women agricultural labours and cultivators in India which mostly goes unreported. · Women face health hazards in the cultivation of many crops and plantations due to lack of training, lack of protective gears and long working hours. Lack of nutritional security further perpetuates health issues. Way Forward · The production of the tools and machines suited to women’s need should be incentivized. · Women farmers need to be educated and trained with respect to innovative technology and extension services with help of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in specific manner. · Women farmers need to be provided with collateral free credit with help of NABARD. · Government schemes such as Rashtryiya Kroshi Vikas Yojana, Sub-Mission on Seed and Planting Material need to be made more women-centric. CONCLUSION · With women predominant at all levels-production, pre-harvest, post-harvest processing, packaging, marketing – of the agricultural value chain, to increase productivity in agriculture, it is imperative to adopt gender specific interventions.
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##Question:“Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment”. Critically analyze the statement in context of Indian society. (150 words/10marks)##Answer:Approach: · Define the Feminization of agriculture · Provide points to substantiate Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Give argument against Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Conclude with way forward. Answer: The feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women"s participation in the agriculture sector, particularly in the developing countries such as India. As per Economic Survey 2017-18, with growing rural to urban migration by men, there is ‘feminisation’ of agriculture sector, with increasing number of women in multiple roles as cultivators, entrepreneurs, and labourers. The arguments in favour of the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · Agriculture, contributing around 16% of the GDP, is increasingly becoming a female activity. · Agriculture sector employs 80% of all economically active women; they comprise 33% of the agricultural labour force and 48% of self employed farmers. · About 18% of the farm families in India, according to NSSO Reports are headed by women. Women play an important role in agricultural development, in ensuring food security and preserving local agro-biodiversity. Rural women are also responsible for the integrated management and use of diverse natural resources to meet the daily household needs. The arguments against the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · In addition to intensive work on the farm all day, women are also expected to fulfil domestic obligations like cooking, child rearing, water collection, fuel wood gathering, household maintenance etc. Thus it further led to exploit of the women. · Despite more work for longer hours when compared to male farmers, women farmers have lower wage rates and at times remain unpaid. · Women lack viable livelihood alternatives, and are forced to undertake farm activities that have been left by men due to agrarian distress. Thus feminization of agriculture in India is actually “feminization of agrarian distress” or can also be termed as “feminization of poverty”. · Violence and sexual harassment at workplace is a major issue faced by women agricultural labours and cultivators in India which mostly goes unreported. · Women face health hazards in the cultivation of many crops and plantations due to lack of training, lack of protective gears and long working hours. Lack of nutritional security further perpetuates health issues. Way Forward · The production of the tools and machines suited to women’s need should be incentivized. · Women farmers need to be educated and trained with respect to innovative technology and extension services with help of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in specific manner. · Women farmers need to be provided with collateral free credit with help of NABARD. · Government schemes such as Rashtryiya Kroshi Vikas Yojana, Sub-Mission on Seed and Planting Material need to be made more women-centric. CONCLUSION · With women predominant at all levels-production, pre-harvest, post-harvest processing, packaging, marketing – of the agricultural value chain, to increase productivity in agriculture, it is imperative to adopt gender specific interventions.
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“Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment”. Critically analyze the statement in context of Indian society. (150 words/10marks)
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Approach: · Define the Feminization of agriculture · Provide points to substantiate Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Give argument against Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Conclude with way forward. Answer: The feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women"s participation in the agriculture sector, particularly in the developing countries such as India. As per Economic Survey 2017-18, with growing rural to urban migration by men, there is ‘feminisation’ of agriculture sector, with increasing number of women in multiple roles as cultivators, entrepreneurs, and labourers. The arguments in favour of the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · Agriculture, contributing around 16% of the GDP, is increasingly becoming a female activity. · Agriculture sector employs 80% of all economically active women; they comprise 33% of the agricultural labour force and 48% of self employed farmers. · About 18% of the farm families in India, according to NSSO Reports are headed by women. Women play an important role in agricultural development, in ensuring food security and preserving local agro-biodiversity. Rural women are also responsible for the integrated management and use of diverse natural resources to meet the daily household needs. The arguments against the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · In addition to intensive work on the farm all day, women are also expected to fulfil domestic obligations like cooking, child rearing, water collection, fuel wood gathering, household maintenance etc. Thus it further led to exploit of the women. · Despite more work for longer hours when compared to male farmers, women farmers have lower wage rates and at times remain unpaid. · Women lack viable livelihood alternatives, and are forced to undertake farm activities that have been left by men due to agrarian distress. Thus feminization of agriculture in India is actually “feminization of agrarian distress” or can also be termed as “feminization of poverty”. · Violence and sexual harassment at workplace is a major issue faced by women agricultural labours and cultivators in India which mostly goes unreported. · Women face health hazards in the cultivation of many crops and plantations due to lack of training, lack of protective gears and long working hours. Lack of nutritional security further perpetuates health issues. Way Forward · The production of the tools and machines suited to women’s need should be incentivized. · Women farmers need to be educated and trained with respect to innovative technology and extension services with help of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in specific manner. · Women farmers need to be provided with collateral free credit with help of NABARD. · Government schemes such as Rashtryiya Kroshi Vikas Yojana, Sub-Mission on Seed and Planting Material need to be made more women-centric. CONCLUSION · With women predominant at all levels-production, pre-harvest, post-harvest processing, packaging, marketing – of the agricultural value chain, to increase productivity in agriculture, it is imperative to adopt gender specific interventions.
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##Question:“Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment”. Critically analyze the statement in context of Indian society. (150 words/10marks)##Answer:Approach: · Define the Feminization of agriculture · Provide points to substantiate Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Give argument against Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Conclude with way forward. Answer: The feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women"s participation in the agriculture sector, particularly in the developing countries such as India. As per Economic Survey 2017-18, with growing rural to urban migration by men, there is ‘feminisation’ of agriculture sector, with increasing number of women in multiple roles as cultivators, entrepreneurs, and labourers. The arguments in favour of the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · Agriculture, contributing around 16% of the GDP, is increasingly becoming a female activity. · Agriculture sector employs 80% of all economically active women; they comprise 33% of the agricultural labour force and 48% of self employed farmers. · About 18% of the farm families in India, according to NSSO Reports are headed by women. Women play an important role in agricultural development, in ensuring food security and preserving local agro-biodiversity. Rural women are also responsible for the integrated management and use of diverse natural resources to meet the daily household needs. The arguments against the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · In addition to intensive work on the farm all day, women are also expected to fulfil domestic obligations like cooking, child rearing, water collection, fuel wood gathering, household maintenance etc. Thus it further led to exploit of the women. · Despite more work for longer hours when compared to male farmers, women farmers have lower wage rates and at times remain unpaid. · Women lack viable livelihood alternatives, and are forced to undertake farm activities that have been left by men due to agrarian distress. Thus feminization of agriculture in India is actually “feminization of agrarian distress” or can also be termed as “feminization of poverty”. · Violence and sexual harassment at workplace is a major issue faced by women agricultural labours and cultivators in India which mostly goes unreported. · Women face health hazards in the cultivation of many crops and plantations due to lack of training, lack of protective gears and long working hours. Lack of nutritional security further perpetuates health issues. Way Forward · The production of the tools and machines suited to women’s need should be incentivized. · Women farmers need to be educated and trained with respect to innovative technology and extension services with help of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in specific manner. · Women farmers need to be provided with collateral free credit with help of NABARD. · Government schemes such as Rashtryiya Kroshi Vikas Yojana, Sub-Mission on Seed and Planting Material need to be made more women-centric. CONCLUSION · With women predominant at all levels-production, pre-harvest, post-harvest processing, packaging, marketing – of the agricultural value chain, to increase productivity in agriculture, it is imperative to adopt gender specific interventions.
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“Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment”. Critically analyze the statement in context of Indian society. (150 words/10marks)
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Approach: · Define the Feminization of agriculture · Provide points to substantiate Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Give argument against Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Conclude with way forward. Answer: The feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women"s participation in the agriculture sector, particularly in the developing countries such as India. As per Economic Survey 2017-18, with growing rural to urban migration by men, there is ‘feminisation’ of agriculture sector, with increasing number of women in multiple roles as cultivators, entrepreneurs, and labourers. The arguments in favour of the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · Agriculture, contributing around 16% of the GDP, is increasingly becoming a female activity. · Agriculture sector employs 80% of all economically active women; they comprise 33% of the agricultural labour force and 48% of self employed farmers. · About 18% of the farm families in India, according to NSSO Reports are headed by women. Women play an important role in agricultural development, in ensuring food security and preserving local agro-biodiversity. Rural women are also responsible for the integrated management and use of diverse natural resources to meet the daily household needs. The arguments against the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · In addition to intensive work on the farm all day, women are also expected to fulfil domestic obligations like cooking, child rearing, water collection, fuel wood gathering, household maintenance etc. Thus it further led to exploit of the women. · Despite more work for longer hours when compared to male farmers, women farmers have lower wage rates and at times remain unpaid. · Women lack viable livelihood alternatives, and are forced to undertake farm activities that have been left by men due to agrarian distress. Thus feminization of agriculture in India is actually “feminization of agrarian distress” or can also be termed as “feminization of poverty”. · Violence and sexual harassment at workplace is a major issue faced by women agricultural labours and cultivators in India which mostly goes unreported. · Women face health hazards in the cultivation of many crops and plantations due to lack of training, lack of protective gears and long working hours. Lack of nutritional security further perpetuates health issues. Way Forward · The production of the tools and machines suited to women’s need should be incentivized. · Women farmers need to be educated and trained with respect to innovative technology and extension services with help of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in specific manner. · Women farmers need to be provided with collateral free credit with help of NABARD. · Government schemes such as Rashtryiya Kroshi Vikas Yojana, Sub-Mission on Seed and Planting Material need to be made more women-centric. CONCLUSION · With women predominant at all levels-production, pre-harvest, post-harvest processing, packaging, marketing – of the agricultural value chain, to increase productivity in agriculture, it is imperative to adopt gender specific interventions.
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##Question:“Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment”. Critically analyze the statement in context of Indian society. (150 words/10marks)##Answer:Approach: · Define the Feminization of agriculture · Provide points to substantiate Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Give argument against Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Conclude with way forward. Answer: The feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women"s participation in the agriculture sector, particularly in the developing countries such as India. As per Economic Survey 2017-18, with growing rural to urban migration by men, there is ‘feminisation’ of agriculture sector, with increasing number of women in multiple roles as cultivators, entrepreneurs, and labourers. The arguments in favour of the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · Agriculture, contributing around 16% of the GDP, is increasingly becoming a female activity. · Agriculture sector employs 80% of all economically active women; they comprise 33% of the agricultural labour force and 48% of self employed farmers. · About 18% of the farm families in India, according to NSSO Reports are headed by women. Women play an important role in agricultural development, in ensuring food security and preserving local agro-biodiversity. Rural women are also responsible for the integrated management and use of diverse natural resources to meet the daily household needs. The arguments against the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · In addition to intensive work on the farm all day, women are also expected to fulfil domestic obligations like cooking, child rearing, water collection, fuel wood gathering, household maintenance etc. Thus it further led to exploit of the women. · Despite more work for longer hours when compared to male farmers, women farmers have lower wage rates and at times remain unpaid. · Women lack viable livelihood alternatives, and are forced to undertake farm activities that have been left by men due to agrarian distress. Thus feminization of agriculture in India is actually “feminization of agrarian distress” or can also be termed as “feminization of poverty”. · Violence and sexual harassment at workplace is a major issue faced by women agricultural labours and cultivators in India which mostly goes unreported. · Women face health hazards in the cultivation of many crops and plantations due to lack of training, lack of protective gears and long working hours. Lack of nutritional security further perpetuates health issues. Way Forward · The production of the tools and machines suited to women’s need should be incentivized. · Women farmers need to be educated and trained with respect to innovative technology and extension services with help of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in specific manner. · Women farmers need to be provided with collateral free credit with help of NABARD. · Government schemes such as Rashtryiya Kroshi Vikas Yojana, Sub-Mission on Seed and Planting Material need to be made more women-centric. CONCLUSION · With women predominant at all levels-production, pre-harvest, post-harvest processing, packaging, marketing – of the agricultural value chain, to increase productivity in agriculture, it is imperative to adopt gender specific interventions.
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“Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment”. Critically analyze the statement in context of Indian society. (150 words/10marks)
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Approach: · Define the Feminization of agriculture · Provide points to substantiate Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Give argument against the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Conclude with way forward. Answer: The feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women"s participation in the agriculture sector, particularly in the developing countries such as India. As per Economic Survey 2017-18, with growing rural to urban migration by men, there is ‘feminisation’ of agriculture sector, with increasing number of women in multiple roles as cultivators, entrepreneurs, and labourers. The arguments in favour of the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · Agriculture, contributing around 16% of the GDP, is increasingly becoming a female activity. · Agriculture sector employs 80% of all economically active women; they comprise 33% of the agricultural labour force and 48% of self employed farmers. · About 18% of the farm families in India, according to NSSO Reports are headed by women. Women play an important role in agricultural development, in ensuring food security and preserving local agro-biodiversity. Rural women are also responsible for the integrated management and use of diverse natural resources to meet the daily household needs. The arguments against the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · In addition to intensive work on the farm all day, women are also expected to fulfil domestic obligations like cooking, child rearing, water collection, fuel wood gathering, household maintenance etc. Thus it further led to exploit of the women. · Despite more work for longer hours when compared to male farmers, women farmers have lower wage rates and at times remain unpaid. · Women lack viable livelihood alternatives, and are forced to undertake farm activities that have been left by men due to agrarian distress. Thus feminization of agriculture in India is actually “feminization of agrarian distress” or can also be termed as “feminization of poverty”. · Violence and sexual harassment at workplace is a major issue faced by women agricultural labours and cultivators in India which mostly goes unreported. · Women face health hazards in the cultivation of many crops and plantations due to lack of training, lack of protective gears and long working hours. Lack of nutritional security further perpetuates health issues. Way Forward · The production of the tools and machines suited to women’s need should be incentivized. · Women farmers need to be educated and trained with respect to innovative technology and extension services with help of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in specific manner. · Women farmers need to be provided with collateral free credit with help of NABARD. · Government schemes such as Rashtryiya Kroshi Vikas Yojana, Sub-Mission on Seed and Planting Material need to be made more women-centric. CONCLUSION · With women predominant at all levels-production, pre-harvest, post-harvest processing, packaging, marketing – of the agricultural value chain, to increase productivity in agriculture, it is imperative to adopt gender specific interventions.
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##Question:“Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment”. Critically analyze the statement in context of Indian society. (150 words/10marks)##Answer:Approach: · Define the Feminization of agriculture · Provide points to substantiate Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Give argument against the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment. · Conclude with way forward. Answer: The feminization of agriculture refers to the measurable increase of women"s participation in the agriculture sector, particularly in the developing countries such as India. As per Economic Survey 2017-18, with growing rural to urban migration by men, there is ‘feminisation’ of agriculture sector, with increasing number of women in multiple roles as cultivators, entrepreneurs, and labourers. The arguments in favour of the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · Agriculture, contributing around 16% of the GDP, is increasingly becoming a female activity. · Agriculture sector employs 80% of all economically active women; they comprise 33% of the agricultural labour force and 48% of self employed farmers. · About 18% of the farm families in India, according to NSSO Reports are headed by women. Women play an important role in agricultural development, in ensuring food security and preserving local agro-biodiversity. Rural women are also responsible for the integrated management and use of diverse natural resources to meet the daily household needs. The arguments against the Feminization of agriculture has led to women empowerment · In addition to intensive work on the farm all day, women are also expected to fulfil domestic obligations like cooking, child rearing, water collection, fuel wood gathering, household maintenance etc. Thus it further led to exploit of the women. · Despite more work for longer hours when compared to male farmers, women farmers have lower wage rates and at times remain unpaid. · Women lack viable livelihood alternatives, and are forced to undertake farm activities that have been left by men due to agrarian distress. Thus feminization of agriculture in India is actually “feminization of agrarian distress” or can also be termed as “feminization of poverty”. · Violence and sexual harassment at workplace is a major issue faced by women agricultural labours and cultivators in India which mostly goes unreported. · Women face health hazards in the cultivation of many crops and plantations due to lack of training, lack of protective gears and long working hours. Lack of nutritional security further perpetuates health issues. Way Forward · The production of the tools and machines suited to women’s need should be incentivized. · Women farmers need to be educated and trained with respect to innovative technology and extension services with help of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in specific manner. · Women farmers need to be provided with collateral free credit with help of NABARD. · Government schemes such as Rashtryiya Kroshi Vikas Yojana, Sub-Mission on Seed and Planting Material need to be made more women-centric. CONCLUSION · With women predominant at all levels-production, pre-harvest, post-harvest processing, packaging, marketing – of the agricultural value chain, to increase productivity in agriculture, it is imperative to adopt gender specific interventions.
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What are the challenges to national security which are posed by the Media? Give examples of their positive contribution to ensuring National Security. Suggest measures to improve their contributions. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Write briefly about the role of media in National security State the Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India Highlight the Positive Contribution of media in internal security Suggest the way forward Answer The media and national security policies of a nation have a strong connection in the contemporary environment, both directly and indirectly. The media is considered an influential channel for effective communication. It provides a real exposure to the mass viewers about the right or wrong process. However, with 24/7 coverage and the breaking news sensation, the boundaries between facts, opinions, and speculations have blurred. Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India: Sensationalisation of national security issues by the media agencies, Indian media does not have a wider perspective of National Security issues. Coverage of Anti-terror operations in an irresponsible manner. Indian media analysis and over-analysis of national security issues by former diplomats, generals, and academia’s armchair strategists distort a national security perspective. All these gentlemen can only draw on their outdated experience and none of them are privy to the latest inputs. Also in many cases, reticence is the first casualty after retirement. Trivialisation and insensitive coverage of communal conflicts. It creates dividing tendencies among people on the basis of caste, creed, and religion, etc. Eg- The Muzaffarnagar riot case, 2013, and the Asifi case of Jammu & Kashmir. Indian TV anchors discussing national security issues do not have the political and strategic maturity to discuss such issues as their western counterparts Indian TV debates on national security issues tend to cut out the development of contrary views and perspectives by imposing commercial breaks or go hectoring themselves, There are successive intrusions and coverage of subjudice matters in a very irresponsible manner. Spread of fake news and propaganda medium and Paid news for making over the image to enter politics. Positive Contribution of media in internal security: Coverage of the Kargil war updated the people of India on the government’s effort in ensuring national security, thus bridging the gap between the two and also the sacrifices of Military personnel strengthened the bond of fraternity among people. Coverage of a Plane flying over India on 10th August 1999, a month after the Kargil war reported by media first, and then it was shot down by Indian forces over Rann of Kutch. The media acts as mediators between the two communities TRACK-3 diplomacy- Aman ki Asha campaign in 1998. Way forward: The press council of India has suggested that in the event of terrorist attacks, the media should restrain from giving sensational and melodramatic reporting. A glimpse of which was witnessed during the Mumbai attack. The media should show greater restraint while covering issues of communal conflict. Eg-UK has an exemplary set of guidelines for war and terror coverage. The guidelines call the use of proper terror coverage. Media agencies should evolve their own code of ethics and self-regulation mechanism. The government should also be proactive and provide accurate & reliable information to the public so that it does not get influenced by biased reporting by the news agency.
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##Question:What are the challenges to national security which are posed by the Media? Give examples of their positive contribution to ensuring National Security. Suggest measures to improve their contributions. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Write briefly about the role of media in National security State the Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India Highlight the Positive Contribution of media in internal security Suggest the way forward Answer The media and national security policies of a nation have a strong connection in the contemporary environment, both directly and indirectly. The media is considered an influential channel for effective communication. It provides a real exposure to the mass viewers about the right or wrong process. However, with 24/7 coverage and the breaking news sensation, the boundaries between facts, opinions, and speculations have blurred. Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India: Sensationalisation of national security issues by the media agencies, Indian media does not have a wider perspective of National Security issues. Coverage of Anti-terror operations in an irresponsible manner. Indian media analysis and over-analysis of national security issues by former diplomats, generals, and academia’s armchair strategists distort a national security perspective. All these gentlemen can only draw on their outdated experience and none of them are privy to the latest inputs. Also in many cases, reticence is the first casualty after retirement. Trivialisation and insensitive coverage of communal conflicts. It creates dividing tendencies among people on the basis of caste, creed, and religion, etc. Eg- The Muzaffarnagar riot case, 2013, and the Asifi case of Jammu & Kashmir. Indian TV anchors discussing national security issues do not have the political and strategic maturity to discuss such issues as their western counterparts Indian TV debates on national security issues tend to cut out the development of contrary views and perspectives by imposing commercial breaks or go hectoring themselves, There are successive intrusions and coverage of subjudice matters in a very irresponsible manner. Spread of fake news and propaganda medium and Paid news for making over the image to enter politics. Positive Contribution of media in internal security: Coverage of the Kargil war updated the people of India on the government’s effort in ensuring national security, thus bridging the gap between the two and also the sacrifices of Military personnel strengthened the bond of fraternity among people. Coverage of a Plane flying over India on 10th August 1999, a month after the Kargil war reported by media first, and then it was shot down by Indian forces over Rann of Kutch. The media acts as mediators between the two communities TRACK-3 diplomacy- Aman ki Asha campaign in 1998. Way forward: The press council of India has suggested that in the event of terrorist attacks, the media should restrain from giving sensational and melodramatic reporting. A glimpse of which was witnessed during the Mumbai attack. The media should show greater restraint while covering issues of communal conflict. Eg-UK has an exemplary set of guidelines for war and terror coverage. The guidelines call the use of proper terror coverage. Media agencies should evolve their own code of ethics and self-regulation mechanism. The government should also be proactive and provide accurate & reliable information to the public so that it does not get influenced by biased reporting by the news agency.
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What are the challenges to national security which are posed by the Media? Give examples of their positive contribution to ensuring National Security. Suggest measures to improve their contributions. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Write briefly about the role of media in National security State the Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India Highlight the Positive Contribution of media in internal security Suggest the way forward Answer The media and national security policies of a nation have a strong connection in the contemporary environment, both directly and indirectly. Media is considered an influential channel for effective communication. It provides a real exposure to the mass viewers about right or wrong process. However, with 24/7 coverage and the breaking news sensation, the boundaries between facts, opinions, and speculations have blurred. Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India: 1. Sensationalisation of national security issues by the media agencies, Indian media does not have a wider perspective of National Security issues 2. Coverage of Anti-terror operation in an irresponsible manner. 3. Indian media analysis and over-analysis of national security issues by former diplomats, generals, and academia’s armchair strategists distort a national security perspective. All these gentlemen can only draw on their outdated experience and none of them are privy to the latest inputs. Also in many cases, reticence is the first casualty after retirement. 4. Trivialisation and insensitive coverage of communal conflicts. It creates dividing tendencies among people on the basis of caste, creed, and religion, etc. Eg- Muzzafarnagar riot case, 2013 and Asifi case of Jammu & Kashmir. 5. Indian TV anchors discussing national security issues do not have the political and strategic maturity to discuss such issues as their western counterparts 6. Indian TV debates on national security issues tend to cut out the development of contrary views and perspective by imposing commercial breaks or go hectoring themselves, 7. There are successive intrusion and coverage of subjudice matters in a very irresponsible manner. 8. Spread of fake news and propaganda medium and Paid news for making over the image to enter politics. Positive Contribution of media in internal security Coverage of Kargil war updated the people of India of govt’s effort in ensuring national security, thus bridged the gap between the two and also the sacrifices of Military personnel strengthened the bond of fraternity among people. Coverage of Plane flying over India on 10th August 1999, a month after the Kargil war reported by media first and then it was shot down by Indian forces over Rann of Kutch. Media acts as mediators between the two communities TRACK-3 diplomacy- Aman ki Asha campaign in 1998. Way forward The press council of India has suggested that in the event of terrorist attacks, media should restrain from giving sensational and melodramatic reporting. A glimpse of which was witnessed during the Mumbai attack. Media should show greater restraint while covering issues of communal conflict. Eg-UK has an exemplary set of guidelines for war and terror coverage. The guidelines call use of proper terror coverage. Media agencies should evolve their own code of ethics and self-regulation mechanism. The government should also be proactive and provide accurate & reliable information to the public so that it does not get influenced by biased reporting by the news agency.
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##Question:What are the challenges to national security which are posed by the Media? Give examples of their positive contribution to ensuring National Security. Suggest measures to improve their contributions. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Write briefly about the role of media in National security State the Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India Highlight the Positive Contribution of media in internal security Suggest the way forward Answer The media and national security policies of a nation have a strong connection in the contemporary environment, both directly and indirectly. Media is considered an influential channel for effective communication. It provides a real exposure to the mass viewers about right or wrong process. However, with 24/7 coverage and the breaking news sensation, the boundaries between facts, opinions, and speculations have blurred. Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India: 1. Sensationalisation of national security issues by the media agencies, Indian media does not have a wider perspective of National Security issues 2. Coverage of Anti-terror operation in an irresponsible manner. 3. Indian media analysis and over-analysis of national security issues by former diplomats, generals, and academia’s armchair strategists distort a national security perspective. All these gentlemen can only draw on their outdated experience and none of them are privy to the latest inputs. Also in many cases, reticence is the first casualty after retirement. 4. Trivialisation and insensitive coverage of communal conflicts. It creates dividing tendencies among people on the basis of caste, creed, and religion, etc. Eg- Muzzafarnagar riot case, 2013 and Asifi case of Jammu & Kashmir. 5. Indian TV anchors discussing national security issues do not have the political and strategic maturity to discuss such issues as their western counterparts 6. Indian TV debates on national security issues tend to cut out the development of contrary views and perspective by imposing commercial breaks or go hectoring themselves, 7. There are successive intrusion and coverage of subjudice matters in a very irresponsible manner. 8. Spread of fake news and propaganda medium and Paid news for making over the image to enter politics. Positive Contribution of media in internal security Coverage of Kargil war updated the people of India of govt’s effort in ensuring national security, thus bridged the gap between the two and also the sacrifices of Military personnel strengthened the bond of fraternity among people. Coverage of Plane flying over India on 10th August 1999, a month after the Kargil war reported by media first and then it was shot down by Indian forces over Rann of Kutch. Media acts as mediators between the two communities TRACK-3 diplomacy- Aman ki Asha campaign in 1998. Way forward The press council of India has suggested that in the event of terrorist attacks, media should restrain from giving sensational and melodramatic reporting. A glimpse of which was witnessed during the Mumbai attack. Media should show greater restraint while covering issues of communal conflict. Eg-UK has an exemplary set of guidelines for war and terror coverage. The guidelines call use of proper terror coverage. Media agencies should evolve their own code of ethics and self-regulation mechanism. The government should also be proactive and provide accurate & reliable information to the public so that it does not get influenced by biased reporting by the news agency.
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What are the challenges to national security which are posed by the Media? Give examples of their positive contribution to ensuring National Security. Suggest measures to improve their contributions. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Write briefly about the role of media in National security State the Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India Highlight the Positive Contribution of media in internal security Suggest the way forward Answer The media and national security policies of a nation have a strong connection in the contemporary environment, both directly and indirectly. Media is considered an influential channel for effective communication. It provides a real exposure to the mass viewers about right or wrong process. However, with 24/7 coverage and the breaking news sensation, the boundaries between facts, opinions, and speculations have blurred. Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India: 1. Sensationalisation of national security issues by the media agencies, Indian media does not have a wider perspective of National Security issues 2. Coverage of Anti-terror operation in an irresponsible manner. 3. Indian media analysis and over-analysis of national security issues by former diplomats, generals, and academia’s armchair strategists distort a national security perspective. All these gentlemen can only draw on their outdated experience and none of them are privy to the latest inputs. Also in many cases, reticence is the first casualty after retirement. 4. Trivialisation and insensitive coverage of communal conflicts. It creates dividing tendencies among people on the basis of caste, creed, and religion, etc. Eg- Muzzafarnagar riot case, 2013 and Asifi case of Jammu & Kashmir. 5. Indian TV anchors discussing national security issues do not have the political and strategic maturity to discuss such issues as their western counterparts 6. Indian TV debates on national security issues tend to cut out the development of contrary views and perspective by imposing commercial breaks or go hectoring themselves, 7. There are successive intrusion and coverage of subjudice matters in a very irresponsible manner. 8. Spread of fake news and propaganda medium and Paid news for making over the image to enter politics. Positive Contribution of media in internal security Coverage of Kargil war updated the people of India of govt’s effort in ensuring national security, thus bridged the gap between the two and also the sacrifices of Military personnel strengthened the bond of fraternity among people. Coverage of Plane flying over India on 10th August 1999, a month after the Kargil war reported by media first and then it was shot down by Indian forces over Rann of Kutch. Media acts as mediators between the two communities TRACK-3 diplomacy- Aman ki Asha campaign in 1998. Way forward The press council of India has suggested that in the event of terrorist attacks, media should restrain from giving sensational and melodramatic reporting. A glimpse of which was witnessed during the Mumbai attack. Media should show greater restraint while covering issues of communal conflict. Eg-UK has an exemplary set of guidelines for war and terror coverage. The guidelines call use of proper terror coverage. Media agencies should evolve their own code of ethics and self-regulation mechanism. The government should also be proactive and provide accurate & reliable information to the public so that it does not get influenced by biased reporting by the news agency.
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##Question:What are the challenges to national security which are posed by the Media? Give examples of their positive contribution to ensuring National Security. Suggest measures to improve their contributions. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Write briefly about the role of media in National security State the Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India Highlight the Positive Contribution of media in internal security Suggest the way forward Answer The media and national security policies of a nation have a strong connection in the contemporary environment, both directly and indirectly. Media is considered an influential channel for effective communication. It provides a real exposure to the mass viewers about right or wrong process. However, with 24/7 coverage and the breaking news sensation, the boundaries between facts, opinions, and speculations have blurred. Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India: 1. Sensationalisation of national security issues by the media agencies, Indian media does not have a wider perspective of National Security issues 2. Coverage of Anti-terror operation in an irresponsible manner. 3. Indian media analysis and over-analysis of national security issues by former diplomats, generals, and academia’s armchair strategists distort a national security perspective. All these gentlemen can only draw on their outdated experience and none of them are privy to the latest inputs. Also in many cases, reticence is the first casualty after retirement. 4. Trivialisation and insensitive coverage of communal conflicts. It creates dividing tendencies among people on the basis of caste, creed, and religion, etc. Eg- Muzzafarnagar riot case, 2013 and Asifi case of Jammu & Kashmir. 5. Indian TV anchors discussing national security issues do not have the political and strategic maturity to discuss such issues as their western counterparts 6. Indian TV debates on national security issues tend to cut out the development of contrary views and perspective by imposing commercial breaks or go hectoring themselves, 7. There are successive intrusion and coverage of subjudice matters in a very irresponsible manner. 8. Spread of fake news and propaganda medium and Paid news for making over the image to enter politics. Positive Contribution of media in internal security Coverage of Kargil war updated the people of India of govt’s effort in ensuring national security, thus bridged the gap between the two and also the sacrifices of Military personnel strengthened the bond of fraternity among people. Coverage of Plane flying over India on 10th August 1999, a month after the Kargil war reported by media first and then it was shot down by Indian forces over Rann of Kutch. Media acts as mediators between the two communities TRACK-3 diplomacy- Aman ki Asha campaign in 1998. Way forward The press council of India has suggested that in the event of terrorist attacks, media should restrain from giving sensational and melodramatic reporting. A glimpse of which was witnessed during the Mumbai attack. Media should show greater restraint while covering issues of communal conflict. Eg-UK has an exemplary set of guidelines for war and terror coverage. The guidelines call use of proper terror coverage. Media agencies should evolve their own code of ethics and self-regulation mechanism. The government should also be proactive and provide accurate & reliable information to the public so that it does not get influenced by biased reporting by the news agency.
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What are the challenges to national security which are posed by the Media? Give examples of their positive contribution to ensuring National Security. Suggest measures to improve their contributions. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Write briefly about the role of media in National security State the Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India Highlight the Positive Contribution of media in internal security Suggest the way forward Answer The media and national security policies of a nation have a strong connection in the contemporary environment, both directly and indirectly. Media is considered an influential channel for effective communication. It provides a real exposure to the mass viewers about right or wrong process. However, with 24/7 coverage and the breaking news sensation, the boundaries between facts, opinions, and speculations have blurred. Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India: 1. Sensationalisation of national security issues by the media agencies, Indian media does not have a wider perspective of National Security issues 2. Coverage of Anti-terror operation in an irresponsible manner. 3. Indian media analysis and over-analysis of national security issues by former diplomats, generals, and academia’s armchair strategists distort a national security perspective. All these gentlemen can only draw on their outdated experience and none of them are privy to the latest inputs. Also in many cases, reticence is the first casualty after retirement. 4. Trivialisation and insensitive coverage of communal conflicts. It creates dividing tendencies among people on the basis of caste, creed, and religion, etc. Eg- Muzzafarnagar riot case, 2013 and Asifi case of Jammu & Kashmir. 5. Indian TV anchors discussing national security issues do not have the political and strategic maturity to discuss such issues as their western counterparts 6. Indian TV debates on national security issues tend to cut out the development of contrary views and perspective by imposing commercial breaks or go hectoring themselves, 7. There are successive intrusion and coverage of subjudice matters in a very irresponsible manner. 8. Spread of fake news and propaganda medium and Paid news for making over the image to enter politics. Positive Contribution of media in internal security Coverage of Kargil war updated the people of India of govt’s effort in ensuring national security, thus bridged the gap between the two and also the sacrifices of Military personnel strengthened the bond of fraternity among people. Coverage of Plane flying over India on 10th August 1999, a month after the Kargil war reported by media first and then it was shot down by Indian forces over Rann of Kutch. Media acts as mediators between the two communities TRACK-3 diplomacy- Aman ki Asha campaign in 1998. Way forward The press council of India has suggested that in the event of terrorist attacks, media should restrain from giving sensational and melodramatic reporting. A glimpse of which was witnessed during the Mumbai attack. Media should show greater restraint while covering issues of communal conflict. Eg-UK has an exemplary set of guidelines for war and terror coverage. The guidelines call use of proper terror coverage. Media agencies should evolve their own code of ethics and self-regulation mechanism. The government should also be proactive and provide accurate & reliable information to the public so that it does not get influenced by biased reporting by the news agency.
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##Question:What are the challenges to national security which are posed by the Media? Give examples of their positive contribution to ensuring National Security. Suggest measures to improve their contributions. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Write briefly about the role of media in National security State the Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India Highlight the Positive Contribution of media in internal security Suggest the way forward Answer The media and national security policies of a nation have a strong connection in the contemporary environment, both directly and indirectly. Media is considered an influential channel for effective communication. It provides a real exposure to the mass viewers about right or wrong process. However, with 24/7 coverage and the breaking news sensation, the boundaries between facts, opinions, and speculations have blurred. Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India: 1. Sensationalisation of national security issues by the media agencies, Indian media does not have a wider perspective of National Security issues 2. Coverage of Anti-terror operation in an irresponsible manner. 3. Indian media analysis and over-analysis of national security issues by former diplomats, generals, and academia’s armchair strategists distort a national security perspective. All these gentlemen can only draw on their outdated experience and none of them are privy to the latest inputs. Also in many cases, reticence is the first casualty after retirement. 4. Trivialisation and insensitive coverage of communal conflicts. It creates dividing tendencies among people on the basis of caste, creed, and religion, etc. Eg- Muzzafarnagar riot case, 2013 and Asifi case of Jammu & Kashmir. 5. Indian TV anchors discussing national security issues do not have the political and strategic maturity to discuss such issues as their western counterparts 6. Indian TV debates on national security issues tend to cut out the development of contrary views and perspective by imposing commercial breaks or go hectoring themselves, 7. There are successive intrusion and coverage of subjudice matters in a very irresponsible manner. 8. Spread of fake news and propaganda medium and Paid news for making over the image to enter politics. Positive Contribution of media in internal security Coverage of Kargil war updated the people of India of govt’s effort in ensuring national security, thus bridged the gap between the two and also the sacrifices of Military personnel strengthened the bond of fraternity among people. Coverage of Plane flying over India on 10th August 1999, a month after the Kargil war reported by media first and then it was shot down by Indian forces over Rann of Kutch. Media acts as mediators between the two communities TRACK-3 diplomacy- Aman ki Asha campaign in 1998. Way forward The press council of India has suggested that in the event of terrorist attacks, media should restrain from giving sensational and melodramatic reporting. A glimpse of which was witnessed during the Mumbai attack. Media should show greater restraint while covering issues of communal conflict. Eg-UK has an exemplary set of guidelines for war and terror coverage. The guidelines call use of proper terror coverage. Media agencies should evolve their own code of ethics and self-regulation mechanism. The government should also be proactive and provide accurate & reliable information to the public so that it does not get influenced by biased reporting by the news agency.
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What are the challenges to national security which are posed by the Media? Give examples of their positive contribution to ensuring National Security. Suggest measures to improve their contributions. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Write briefly about the role of media in National security State the Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India Highlight the Positive Contribution of media in internal security Suggest the way forward Answer The media and national security policies of a nation have a strong connection in the contemporary environment, both directly and indirectly. Media is considered an influential channel for effective communication. It provides a real exposure to the mass viewers about right or wrong process. However, with 24/7 coverage and the breaking news sensation, the boundaries between facts, opinions, and speculations have blurred. Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India: 1. Sensationalisation of national security issues by the media agencies, Indian media does not have a wider perspective of National Security issues 2. Coverage of Anti-terror operation in an irresponsible manner. 3. Indian media analysis and over-analysis of national security issues by former diplomats, generals, and academia’s armchair strategists distort a national security perspective. All these gentlemen can only draw on their outdated experience and none of them are privy to the latest inputs. Also in many cases, reticence is the first casualty after retirement. 4. Trivialisation and insensitive coverage of communal conflicts. It creates dividing tendencies among people on the basis of caste, creed, and religion, etc. Eg- Muzzafarnagar riot case, 2013 and Asifi case of Jammu & Kashmir. 5. Indian TV anchors discussing national security issues do not have the political and strategic maturity to discuss such issues as their western counterparts 6. Indian TV debates on national security issues tend to cut out the development of contrary views and perspective by imposing commercial breaks or go hectoring themselves, 7. There are successive intrusion and coverage of subjudice matters in a very irresponsible manner. 8. Spread of fake news and propaganda medium and Paid news for making over the image to enter politics. Positive Contribution of media in internal security Coverage of Kargil war updated the people of India of govt’s effort in ensuring national security, thus bridged the gap between the two and also the sacrifices of Military personnel strengthened the bond of fraternity among people. Coverage of Plane flying over India on 10th August 1999, a month after the Kargil war reported by media first and then it was shot down by Indian forces over Rann of Kutch. Media acts as mediators between the two communities TRACK-3 diplomacy- Aman ki Asha campaign in 1998. Way forward The press council of India has suggested that in the event of terrorist attacks, media should restrain from giving sensational and melodramatic reporting. A glimpse of which was witnessed during the Mumbai attack. Media should show greater restraint while covering issues of communal conflict. Eg-UK has an exemplary set of guidelines for war and terror coverage. The guidelines call use of proper terror coverage. Media agencies should evolve their own code of ethics and self-regulation mechanism. The government should also be proactive and provide accurate & reliable information to the public so that it does not get influenced by biased reporting by the news agency.
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##Question:What are the challenges to national security which are posed by the Media? Give examples of their positive contribution to ensuring National Security. Suggest measures to improve their contributions. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Write briefly about the role of media in National security State the Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India Highlight the Positive Contribution of media in internal security Suggest the way forward Answer The media and national security policies of a nation have a strong connection in the contemporary environment, both directly and indirectly. Media is considered an influential channel for effective communication. It provides a real exposure to the mass viewers about right or wrong process. However, with 24/7 coverage and the breaking news sensation, the boundaries between facts, opinions, and speculations have blurred. Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India: 1. Sensationalisation of national security issues by the media agencies, Indian media does not have a wider perspective of National Security issues 2. Coverage of Anti-terror operation in an irresponsible manner. 3. Indian media analysis and over-analysis of national security issues by former diplomats, generals, and academia’s armchair strategists distort a national security perspective. All these gentlemen can only draw on their outdated experience and none of them are privy to the latest inputs. Also in many cases, reticence is the first casualty after retirement. 4. Trivialisation and insensitive coverage of communal conflicts. It creates dividing tendencies among people on the basis of caste, creed, and religion, etc. Eg- Muzzafarnagar riot case, 2013 and Asifi case of Jammu & Kashmir. 5. Indian TV anchors discussing national security issues do not have the political and strategic maturity to discuss such issues as their western counterparts 6. Indian TV debates on national security issues tend to cut out the development of contrary views and perspective by imposing commercial breaks or go hectoring themselves, 7. There are successive intrusion and coverage of subjudice matters in a very irresponsible manner. 8. Spread of fake news and propaganda medium and Paid news for making over the image to enter politics. Positive Contribution of media in internal security Coverage of Kargil war updated the people of India of govt’s effort in ensuring national security, thus bridged the gap between the two and also the sacrifices of Military personnel strengthened the bond of fraternity among people. Coverage of Plane flying over India on 10th August 1999, a month after the Kargil war reported by media first and then it was shot down by Indian forces over Rann of Kutch. Media acts as mediators between the two communities TRACK-3 diplomacy- Aman ki Asha campaign in 1998. Way forward The press council of India has suggested that in the event of terrorist attacks, media should restrain from giving sensational and melodramatic reporting. A glimpse of which was witnessed during the Mumbai attack. Media should show greater restraint while covering issues of communal conflict. Eg-UK has an exemplary set of guidelines for war and terror coverage. The guidelines call use of proper terror coverage. Media agencies should evolve their own code of ethics and self-regulation mechanism. The government should also be proactive and provide accurate & reliable information to the public so that it does not get influenced by biased reporting by the news agency.
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What are the challenges to national security which are posed by the Media? Give examples of their positive contribution to ensuring National Security. Suggest measures to improve their contributions. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Write briefly about the role of media in National security State the Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India Highlight the Positive Contribution of media in internal security Suggest the way forward Answer The media and national security policies of a nation have a strong connection in the contemporary environment, both directly and indirectly. Media is considered an influential channel for effective communication. It provides a real exposure to the mass viewers about right or wrong process. However, with 24/7 coverage and the breaking news sensation, the boundaries between facts, opinions, and speculations have blurred. Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India: 1. Sensationalisation of national security issues by the media agencies, Indian media does not have a wider perspective of National Security issues 2. Coverage of Anti-terror operation in an irresponsible manner. 3. Indian media analysis and over-analysis of national security issues by former diplomats, generals, and academia’s armchair strategists distort a national security perspective. All these gentlemen can only draw on their outdated experience and none of them are privy to the latest inputs. Also in many cases, reticence is the first casualty after retirement. 4. Trivialisation and insensitive coverage of communal conflicts. It creates dividing tendencies among people on the basis of caste, creed, and religion, etc. Eg- Muzzafarnagar riot case, 2013 and Asifi case of Jammu & Kashmir. 5. Indian TV anchors discussing national security issues do not have the political and strategic maturity to discuss such issues as their western counterparts 6. Indian TV debates on national security issues tend to cut out the development of contrary views and perspective by imposing commercial breaks or go hectoring themselves, 7. There are successive intrusion and coverage of subjudice matters in a very irresponsible manner. 8. Spread of fake news and propaganda medium and Paid news for making over the image to enter politics. Positive Contribution of media in internal security Coverage of Kargil war updated the people of India of govt’s effort in ensuring national security, thus bridged the gap between the two and also the sacrifices of Military personnel strengthened the bond of fraternity among people. Coverage of Plane flying over India on 10th August 1999, a month after the Kargil war reported by media first and then it was shot down by Indian forces over Rann of Kutch. Media acts as mediators between the two communities TRACK-3 diplomacy- Aman ki Asha campaign in 1998. Way forward The press council of India has suggested that in the event of terrorist attacks, media should restrain from giving sensational and melodramatic reporting. A glimpse of which was witnessed during the Mumbai attack. Media should show greater restraint while covering issues of communal conflict. Eg-UK has an exemplary set of guidelines for war and terror coverage. The guidelines call use of proper terror coverage. Media agencies should evolve their own code of ethics and self-regulation mechanism. The government should also be proactive and provide accurate & reliable information to the public so that it does not get influenced by biased reporting by the news agency.
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##Question:What are the challenges to national security which are posed by the Media? Give examples of their positive contribution to ensuring National Security. Suggest measures to improve their contributions. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Write briefly about the role of media in National security State the Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India Highlight the Positive Contribution of media in internal security Suggest the way forward Answer The media and national security policies of a nation have a strong connection in the contemporary environment, both directly and indirectly. Media is considered an influential channel for effective communication. It provides a real exposure to the mass viewers about right or wrong process. However, with 24/7 coverage and the breaking news sensation, the boundaries between facts, opinions, and speculations have blurred. Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India: 1. Sensationalisation of national security issues by the media agencies, Indian media does not have a wider perspective of National Security issues 2. Coverage of Anti-terror operation in an irresponsible manner. 3. Indian media analysis and over-analysis of national security issues by former diplomats, generals, and academia’s armchair strategists distort a national security perspective. All these gentlemen can only draw on their outdated experience and none of them are privy to the latest inputs. Also in many cases, reticence is the first casualty after retirement. 4. Trivialisation and insensitive coverage of communal conflicts. It creates dividing tendencies among people on the basis of caste, creed, and religion, etc. Eg- Muzzafarnagar riot case, 2013 and Asifi case of Jammu & Kashmir. 5. Indian TV anchors discussing national security issues do not have the political and strategic maturity to discuss such issues as their western counterparts 6. Indian TV debates on national security issues tend to cut out the development of contrary views and perspective by imposing commercial breaks or go hectoring themselves, 7. There are successive intrusion and coverage of subjudice matters in a very irresponsible manner. 8. Spread of fake news and propaganda medium and Paid news for making over the image to enter politics. Positive Contribution of media in internal security Coverage of Kargil war updated the people of India of govt’s effort in ensuring national security, thus bridged the gap between the two and also the sacrifices of Military personnel strengthened the bond of fraternity among people. Coverage of Plane flying over India on 10th August 1999, a month after the Kargil war reported by media first and then it was shot down by Indian forces over Rann of Kutch. Media acts as mediators between the two communities TRACK-3 diplomacy- Aman ki Asha campaign in 1998. Way forward The press council of India has suggested that in the event of terrorist attacks, media should restrain from giving sensational and melodramatic reporting. A glimpse of which was witnessed during the Mumbai attack. Media should show greater restraint while covering issues of communal conflict. Eg-UK has an exemplary set of guidelines for war and terror coverage. The guidelines call use of proper terror coverage. Media agencies should evolve their own code of ethics and self-regulation mechanism. The government should also be proactive and provide accurate & reliable information to the public so that it does not get influenced by biased reporting by the news agency.
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What are the challenges to national security which are posed by the Media? Give examples of their positive contribution to ensuring National Security. Suggest measures to improve their contributions. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Write briefly about the role of media in National security State the Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India Highlight the Positive Contribution of media in internal security Suggest the way forward Answer The media and national security policies of a nation have a strong connection in the contemporary environment, both directly and indirectly. Media is considered an influential channel for effective communication. It provides a real exposure to the mass viewers about right or wrong process. However, with 24/7 coverage and the breaking news sensation, the boundaries between facts, opinions, and speculations have blurred. Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India: 1. Sensationalisation of national security issues by the media agencies, Indian media does not have a wider perspective of National Security issues 2. Coverage of Anti-terror operation in an irresponsible manner. 3. Indian media analysis and over-analysis of national security issues by former diplomats, generals, and academia’s armchair strategists distort a national security perspective. All these gentlemen can only draw on their outdated experience and none of them are privy to the latest inputs. Also in many cases, reticence is the first casualty after retirement. 4. Trivialisation and insensitive coverage of communal conflicts. It creates dividing tendencies among people on the basis of caste, creed, and religion, etc. Eg- Muzzafarnagar riot case, 2013 and Asifi case of Jammu & Kashmir. 5. Indian TV anchors discussing national security issues do not have the political and strategic maturity to discuss such issues as their western counterparts 6. Indian TV debates on national security issues tend to cut out the development of contrary views and perspective by imposing commercial breaks or go hectoring themselves, 7. There are successive intrusion and coverage of subjudice matters in a very irresponsible manner. 8. Spread of fake news and propaganda medium and Paid news for making over the image to enter politics. Positive Contribution of media in internal security Coverage of Kargil war updated the people of India of govt’s effort in ensuring national security, thus bridged the gap between the two and also the sacrifices of Military personnel strengthened the bond of fraternity among people. Coverage of Plane flying over India on 10th August 1999, a month after the Kargil war reported by media first and then it was shot down by Indian forces over Rann of Kutch. Media acts as mediators between the two communities TRACK-3 diplomacy- Aman ki Asha campaign in 1998. Way forward The press council of India has suggested that in the event of terrorist attacks, media should restrain from giving sensational and melodramatic reporting. A glimpse of which was witnessed during the Mumbai attack. Media should show greater restraint while covering issues of communal conflict. Eg-UK has an exemplary set of guidelines for war and terror coverage. The guidelines call use of proper terror coverage. Media agencies should evolve their own code of ethics and self-regulation mechanism. The government should also be proactive and provide accurate & reliable information to the public so that it does not get influenced by biased reporting by the news agency.
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##Question:What are the challenges to national security which are posed by the Media? Give examples of their positive contribution to ensuring National Security. Suggest measures to improve their contributions. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Write briefly about the role of media in National security State the Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India Highlight the Positive Contribution of media in internal security Suggest the way forward Answer The media and national security policies of a nation have a strong connection in the contemporary environment, both directly and indirectly. Media is considered an influential channel for effective communication. It provides a real exposure to the mass viewers about right or wrong process. However, with 24/7 coverage and the breaking news sensation, the boundaries between facts, opinions, and speculations have blurred. Challenges posed by media in the internal security of India: 1. Sensationalisation of national security issues by the media agencies, Indian media does not have a wider perspective of National Security issues 2. Coverage of Anti-terror operation in an irresponsible manner. 3. Indian media analysis and over-analysis of national security issues by former diplomats, generals, and academia’s armchair strategists distort a national security perspective. All these gentlemen can only draw on their outdated experience and none of them are privy to the latest inputs. Also in many cases, reticence is the first casualty after retirement. 4. Trivialisation and insensitive coverage of communal conflicts. It creates dividing tendencies among people on the basis of caste, creed, and religion, etc. Eg- Muzzafarnagar riot case, 2013 and Asifi case of Jammu & Kashmir. 5. Indian TV anchors discussing national security issues do not have the political and strategic maturity to discuss such issues as their western counterparts 6. Indian TV debates on national security issues tend to cut out the development of contrary views and perspective by imposing commercial breaks or go hectoring themselves, 7. There are successive intrusion and coverage of subjudice matters in a very irresponsible manner. 8. Spread of fake news and propaganda medium and Paid news for making over the image to enter politics. Positive Contribution of media in internal security Coverage of Kargil war updated the people of India of govt’s effort in ensuring national security, thus bridged the gap between the two and also the sacrifices of Military personnel strengthened the bond of fraternity among people. Coverage of Plane flying over India on 10th August 1999, a month after the Kargil war reported by media first and then it was shot down by Indian forces over Rann of Kutch. Media acts as mediators between the two communities TRACK-3 diplomacy- Aman ki Asha campaign in 1998. Way forward The press council of India has suggested that in the event of terrorist attacks, media should restrain from giving sensational and melodramatic reporting. A glimpse of which was witnessed during the Mumbai attack. Media should show greater restraint while covering issues of communal conflict. Eg-UK has an exemplary set of guidelines for war and terror coverage. The guidelines call use of proper terror coverage. Media agencies should evolve their own code of ethics and self-regulation mechanism. The government should also be proactive and provide accurate & reliable information to the public so that it does not get influenced by biased reporting by the news agency.
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What is Poverty? How do we identify the poor and measure poverty? (10 Marks/ 150 Words)
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APPROACH: Introduce by defining Poverty. Explain the concepts of identification and measurement of poverty. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: According to the World Bank Poverty is defined as pronounced deprivation of various aspects of well-being. These include lack of income and ability to buy goods & services necessary for survival with dignity. It also includes a lack of access to health and educational facilities, clean drinking water, and sanitation, lack of voice, and ability & opportunity to improve one"s life. Hygiene, Environment, Political voice, well-being, etc, are some of the dimensions of well-being. IDENTIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF POOR Absolute Poverty It refers to the measurement of Poverty by using some objectively measurable standards. Standards help in a fair, spatial and temporal comparison. Using standards we can compare the incidence of poverty in two places, also we can measure the progress on poverty alleviation in a particular place. * The standards are statements of opinions of an expert committee that has been accepted by an authority responsible for identifying and measuring the poor. Since these are ultimately statements of opinion, such poverty is also called Normative Poverty. Relative Poverty It is comparative poverty ie. when the status of a person to be poor or not is assessed through comparison, usually with another person or with some section of the society. POVERTY LINE (PL) AND POVERTY LINE BASKET (PLB) The standards that are used to assess poverty status are called as Poverty Line. For Example, Rs. 10,000 income per month The standards can not be arbitrary, rather they have to be reasoned. A Poverty Line Basket is the basis of standards. A PLB is that basket of goods and services that is considered necessary to be consumed by a household or person so that they can live with basic dignity. The expenditure incurred to afford the goods and services in the PLB is the Poverty Line. The basic identification of poor is done using these concepts of Absolute and Relative Poverty. On the basis of these concepts, various poverty lines evolve and committees like Tendulkar Committee, Rangarajan Committee, etc. have been formed in India to estimate so.
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##Question:What is Poverty? How do we identify the poor and measure poverty? (10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce by defining Poverty. Explain the concepts of identification and measurement of poverty. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: According to the World Bank Poverty is defined as pronounced deprivation of various aspects of well-being. These include lack of income and ability to buy goods & services necessary for survival with dignity. It also includes a lack of access to health and educational facilities, clean drinking water, and sanitation, lack of voice, and ability & opportunity to improve one"s life. Hygiene, Environment, Political voice, well-being, etc, are some of the dimensions of well-being. IDENTIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF POOR Absolute Poverty It refers to the measurement of Poverty by using some objectively measurable standards. Standards help in a fair, spatial and temporal comparison. Using standards we can compare the incidence of poverty in two places, also we can measure the progress on poverty alleviation in a particular place. * The standards are statements of opinions of an expert committee that has been accepted by an authority responsible for identifying and measuring the poor. Since these are ultimately statements of opinion, such poverty is also called Normative Poverty. Relative Poverty It is comparative poverty ie. when the status of a person to be poor or not is assessed through comparison, usually with another person or with some section of the society. POVERTY LINE (PL) AND POVERTY LINE BASKET (PLB) The standards that are used to assess poverty status are called as Poverty Line. For Example, Rs. 10,000 income per month The standards can not be arbitrary, rather they have to be reasoned. A Poverty Line Basket is the basis of standards. A PLB is that basket of goods and services that is considered necessary to be consumed by a household or person so that they can live with basic dignity. The expenditure incurred to afford the goods and services in the PLB is the Poverty Line. The basic identification of poor is done using these concepts of Absolute and Relative Poverty. On the basis of these concepts, various poverty lines evolve and committees like Tendulkar Committee, Rangarajan Committee, etc. have been formed in India to estimate so.
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Discuss the needs and objectives of the Land Reform for Independent India. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the contextual background of the Land Reforms. Discuss the need for Land Reforms. Further, bring the Phases in which land reform was done after independence. Explain the objectives of Land Reforms Conclude accordingly with impact. Answer: In the country in the early stages of development, most of the population was employed in agriculture which increase the demand for the land as compared to its supply. In such a scenario, the owner will lease out the land at increasing rents. They would not be willing to invest in the land as they are getting easy money from the tenants. Tenants facing high rents and low security of tenure are unable to make the investments thereby leading to poor productivity in agriculture. In such a context, land reform was given utmost priority after the independence. Need for the Land Reforms in India Agriculture in pre-independence India was characterized by absentee landlords (Zamindars). The owner collected very high rents from the tenants without making any investment for the improvement of the land. Rents did not have any relationship to the net output value of the land. Investment in agriculture suffers due to insecurity of the tenure of the tenant cultivator. Rise in population and increasing pressure on land due to closure of other avenues of employment. There was a decline in the average size of land holding. 1/5th of the agricultural families were the landless laborers among the families who had land to cultivate 38% had less than 2.5 Hectares and in total cultivated only 6% of the area. As many as 59% of the cultivating families had the holding of less the 5% and operated only 16% of the area. Objectives of Land reforms Land reform is a part of the heritage of the country’s freedom movement since the agrarian structure that we inherited from the British at the time of independence was of a feudalistic exploitative character. Zamindars- intermediaries-moneylenders played a big role in exploiting the masses. It is in this background, the objectives of the Land Reform policy in India were: Restructuring of agrarian relations to achieve an egalitarian structure and to eliminate social inequality Elimination of exploitation in land relations, it also aimed at providing security of tenure, fixation of rents and conferment of ownership. Actualization of the goal of “land to the tiller” and assure equality of status and opportunity to all the sections of the rural population Facilitating land-based development of rural poor, Improvement of socio-economic conditions of the rural poor by widening their land base; To remove the impediments in the way of agricultural production as may arise from the character of the agrarian structure and evolve an agrarian economy conducive of high levels of efficiency and productivity; Infusion of a great measure of equality in local institutions. Though the objectives were set, measures taken to achieve them were ambivalent and there were large gaps between policy and legislation and between legislation and implementation. Therefore it can be said land reform measures were conceived boldly but were implemented badly. However, the abolition of Zamindari ended the power of the feudal landlords and introduced a new middle class among India’s farmers. At least 25 million tenants were brought under the direct relationship with the government. The total area which was released from the intermediaries is estimated to be around 63 million Hectares. As part of the common property resources, the wasteland amounting to some 6 million Hectares was distributed to the landless.
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##Question:Discuss the needs and objectives of the Land Reform for Independent India. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the contextual background of the Land Reforms. Discuss the need for Land Reforms. Further, bring the Phases in which land reform was done after independence. Explain the objectives of Land Reforms Conclude accordingly with impact. Answer: In the country in the early stages of development, most of the population was employed in agriculture which increase the demand for the land as compared to its supply. In such a scenario, the owner will lease out the land at increasing rents. They would not be willing to invest in the land as they are getting easy money from the tenants. Tenants facing high rents and low security of tenure are unable to make the investments thereby leading to poor productivity in agriculture. In such a context, land reform was given utmost priority after the independence. Need for the Land Reforms in India Agriculture in pre-independence India was characterized by absentee landlords (Zamindars). The owner collected very high rents from the tenants without making any investment for the improvement of the land. Rents did not have any relationship to the net output value of the land. Investment in agriculture suffers due to insecurity of the tenure of the tenant cultivator. Rise in population and increasing pressure on land due to closure of other avenues of employment. There was a decline in the average size of land holding. 1/5th of the agricultural families were the landless laborers among the families who had land to cultivate 38% had less than 2.5 Hectares and in total cultivated only 6% of the area. As many as 59% of the cultivating families had the holding of less the 5% and operated only 16% of the area. Objectives of Land reforms Land reform is a part of the heritage of the country’s freedom movement since the agrarian structure that we inherited from the British at the time of independence was of a feudalistic exploitative character. Zamindars- intermediaries-moneylenders played a big role in exploiting the masses. It is in this background, the objectives of the Land Reform policy in India were: Restructuring of agrarian relations to achieve an egalitarian structure and to eliminate social inequality Elimination of exploitation in land relations, it also aimed at providing security of tenure, fixation of rents and conferment of ownership. Actualization of the goal of “land to the tiller” and assure equality of status and opportunity to all the sections of the rural population Facilitating land-based development of rural poor, Improvement of socio-economic conditions of the rural poor by widening their land base; To remove the impediments in the way of agricultural production as may arise from the character of the agrarian structure and evolve an agrarian economy conducive of high levels of efficiency and productivity; Infusion of a great measure of equality in local institutions. Though the objectives were set, measures taken to achieve them were ambivalent and there were large gaps between policy and legislation and between legislation and implementation. Therefore it can be said land reform measures were conceived boldly but were implemented badly. However, the abolition of Zamindari ended the power of the feudal landlords and introduced a new middle class among India’s farmers. At least 25 million tenants were brought under the direct relationship with the government. The total area which was released from the intermediaries is estimated to be around 63 million Hectares. As part of the common property resources, the wasteland amounting to some 6 million Hectares was distributed to the landless.
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Do you agree that repo rate is a powerful tool of monetary policy that can regulate inflation levels and money supply? Elaborate. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction: Define repo rate, a tool used by RBI for monetary control, etc. Body: Explain both the effects of increasing repo and decreasing repo rates on the economy, liquidity, growth, etc. Can mention about loans, credit, liquidity, and how they are affected by changes in repo rates. Conclusion: Finally, the importance of repo operations can be mentioned, including any recent change in repo rates by RBI. Answer: RBI uses repo rate and reverse repo rate as tools to regulate the money supply and liquidity in the market and control inflation levels. RBI usually increases the repo rate in order to control high inflation levels. The Repo rate is used to control inflation and money supply in the following way: Increase in Repo Rate: An increase in repo rate makes it expensive for commercial banks to borrow money from the RBI, This pushes commercial banks to increase their lending rates as well. Reduction in loans, credit available to firms and individuals: This move discourages businesses and individuals from taking loans which reduces the money available in the hands of the public. Such a move slows down the overall money supply in the economy, thereby controlling the rising inflation levels. Also, decreasing Repo Rate can have the following effects: Boosting the growth rate: RBI may then decrease the repo rate and reverse the repo rate to inject liquidity into the economy to boost growth. A reduction in repo rate allows banks to borrow money from the RBI at lower interest rates which then may lead to banks. This helps the banks in lowering their own lending rates to businesses and individuals. Repo rate reduction results in prompting them to avail of such loans at cheaper rates and start spending the money, thereby increasing the overall supply of money in the economy which eventually leads to economic growth . A reduction in the reverse repo rate also has a similar effect as banks now find it more advantageous to infuse surplus funds into the market instead of depositing the surplus with the RBI due to the reduced rate of interest. Also, reverse repo rates can also be varied by RBI for controlling the money supply in the market. Hence, we can say that repo rate variations are an important tool to regulate the money supply, promote growth, and control inflation in an economy. In May 2022, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) raised the repo rate by 40 basis points to 4.40% with immediate effect, which will have the desired effect of controlling inflation.
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##Question:Do you agree that repo rate is a powerful tool of monetary policy that can regulate inflation levels and money supply? Elaborate. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Define repo rate, a tool used by RBI for monetary control, etc. Body: Explain both the effects of increasing repo and decreasing repo rates on the economy, liquidity, growth, etc. Can mention about loans, credit, liquidity, and how they are affected by changes in repo rates. Conclusion: Finally, the importance of repo operations can be mentioned, including any recent change in repo rates by RBI. Answer: RBI uses repo rate and reverse repo rate as tools to regulate the money supply and liquidity in the market and control inflation levels. RBI usually increases the repo rate in order to control high inflation levels. The Repo rate is used to control inflation and money supply in the following way: Increase in Repo Rate: An increase in repo rate makes it expensive for commercial banks to borrow money from the RBI, This pushes commercial banks to increase their lending rates as well. Reduction in loans, credit available to firms and individuals: This move discourages businesses and individuals from taking loans which reduces the money available in the hands of the public. Such a move slows down the overall money supply in the economy, thereby controlling the rising inflation levels. Also, decreasing Repo Rate can have the following effects: Boosting the growth rate: RBI may then decrease the repo rate and reverse the repo rate to inject liquidity into the economy to boost growth. A reduction in repo rate allows banks to borrow money from the RBI at lower interest rates which then may lead to banks. This helps the banks in lowering their own lending rates to businesses and individuals. Repo rate reduction results in prompting them to avail of such loans at cheaper rates and start spending the money, thereby increasing the overall supply of money in the economy which eventually leads to economic growth . A reduction in the reverse repo rate also has a similar effect as banks now find it more advantageous to infuse surplus funds into the market instead of depositing the surplus with the RBI due to the reduced rate of interest. Also, reverse repo rates can also be varied by RBI for controlling the money supply in the market. Hence, we can say that repo rate variations are an important tool to regulate the money supply, promote growth, and control inflation in an economy. In May 2022, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) raised the repo rate by 40 basis points to 4.40% with immediate effect, which will have the desired effect of controlling inflation.
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Give an account of the various sources and travelogues which give an idea of the Early Medieval Indian History. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce in brief Early Medieval Indian History In body mention the various sources and travelogues Conclude accordingly Answer: The medieval period that began in the 13th and came to an end by the mid of 17th century CE can be considered the most important tenure or reign of Indian history. It was seen as a period of invasions by various groups which changed the course of Indian history and acted as a watershed movement. There are multiple sources which exist and depict the same. The various literary sources include : Chach Nama: It talks about the history of Sind on the eve of the Arab Invasion in the early 8th Century. Sind was ruled by the Rai Dynasty After the death of Shashi Rai, his minister Chach became the king His son Dahir faced the first Arab onslaught by Mohammad Bin Qasim. Dahir and his entire family perished Writings of Alberuni: He was Uzbekistan who came to India with invading horses of Mahmud Ghazni Alberuni was a polyglot/who speak many languages and polymath/skills in many arts who stayed in India for long He wrote Tariq-ul-Hind/Kitab-ul-Hindin Arabic which was translated into Persian In this book, a detailed socio-religious conditions of India of the time along with its history and geography are written Alberuni highlighted the weakness of Indian society and the shortcomings which led to their defeat by invaders He adopted a distinctive structure. Each chapter begins with a question following this up with a description based on tradition and concluding with a comparison with other cultures was maintained For example, he found the Varna system to be similar to 4 social categories in Persia but he upholds the notion of purity and pollution Writings of Amir Khusrao: He was not a historian but a poet. He was a prominent representative of Indo-Muslim culture for 4 decades when the sultanate of Delhi was at the apex of glory He was known as Tut-e-Hind. He is considered the father of Qawalli and Hindustani Music. He is a follower of Persian and Urdu (Hindvi) He adorned the courts of Balban, Jalaluddin Khilji, Allauddin Khilji and Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. He was the disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya He wrote many books such as Miftahaul Fateh, military campaigns of Jalaluddin Khilji, Tariq-e-Illahi, the conquest of Alauddin Khilji, Tughlaqnama about Ghiasuddin Tughlaq Ziyauddin Barani: He wrote Tariq-e-Firozshahi which is considered one of the best works in the history of the Delhi Sultanate He was a contemporary of Amir Khausrao He also wrote Fatwa-e-Tahanderi which describes the political philosophy of the Sultanate Books by Mohammad Qasim Ferista: His book Tariq-e-Ferishte and Gulshan-i-Ibrahimi are great sources of the history of medieval India. He served Deccan Sultans Travelogues: Al-Masudi: He was from Baghdad and visited many regions of India and wrote about India in detail in his account Muruj-ul-Zahab He compared India and Italy and called Rome the Banaras Ibn Batuta: He was a traveller from Morocco known for his book Rihla He came to India during the reign of Mohammad Bin Tughlaq and was appointed as Qazi of Delhi He describes the taste of pan and coconut to an audience who has never tasted them He was looted many times during his travel and writes about dacoits in different parts of the country He also wrote about the postal system in India He mentions Ulug (by horse) and Dawa (foot post). According to him, Dawa was faster Thus, from the above, we see that there are multiple literary resources and travelogues which give an idea of the Early Medieval Indian History.
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##Question:Give an account of the various sources and travelogues which give an idea of the Early Medieval Indian History. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief Early Medieval Indian History In body mention the various sources and travelogues Conclude accordingly Answer: The medieval period that began in the 13th and came to an end by the mid of 17th century CE can be considered the most important tenure or reign of Indian history. It was seen as a period of invasions by various groups which changed the course of Indian history and acted as a watershed movement. There are multiple sources which exist and depict the same. The various literary sources include : Chach Nama: It talks about the history of Sind on the eve of the Arab Invasion in the early 8th Century. Sind was ruled by the Rai Dynasty After the death of Shashi Rai, his minister Chach became the king His son Dahir faced the first Arab onslaught by Mohammad Bin Qasim. Dahir and his entire family perished Writings of Alberuni: He was Uzbekistan who came to India with invading horses of Mahmud Ghazni Alberuni was a polyglot/who speak many languages and polymath/skills in many arts who stayed in India for long He wrote Tariq-ul-Hind/Kitab-ul-Hindin Arabic which was translated into Persian In this book, a detailed socio-religious conditions of India of the time along with its history and geography are written Alberuni highlighted the weakness of Indian society and the shortcomings which led to their defeat by invaders He adopted a distinctive structure. Each chapter begins with a question following this up with a description based on tradition and concluding with a comparison with other cultures was maintained For example, he found the Varna system to be similar to 4 social categories in Persia but he upholds the notion of purity and pollution Writings of Amir Khusrao: He was not a historian but a poet. He was a prominent representative of Indo-Muslim culture for 4 decades when the sultanate of Delhi was at the apex of glory He was known as Tut-e-Hind. He is considered the father of Qawalli and Hindustani Music. He is a follower of Persian and Urdu (Hindvi) He adorned the courts of Balban, Jalaluddin Khilji, Allauddin Khilji and Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. He was the disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya He wrote many books such as Miftahaul Fateh, military campaigns of Jalaluddin Khilji, Tariq-e-Illahi, the conquest of Alauddin Khilji, Tughlaqnama about Ghiasuddin Tughlaq Ziyauddin Barani: He wrote Tariq-e-Firozshahi which is considered one of the best works in the history of the Delhi Sultanate He was a contemporary of Amir Khausrao He also wrote Fatwa-e-Tahanderi which describes the political philosophy of the Sultanate Books by Mohammad Qasim Ferista: His book Tariq-e-Ferishte and Gulshan-i-Ibrahimi are great sources of the history of medieval India. He served Deccan Sultans Travelogues: Al-Masudi: He was from Baghdad and visited many regions of India and wrote about India in detail in his account Muruj-ul-Zahab He compared India and Italy and called Rome the Banaras Ibn Batuta: He was a traveller from Morocco known for his book Rihla He came to India during the reign of Mohammad Bin Tughlaq and was appointed as Qazi of Delhi He describes the taste of pan and coconut to an audience who has never tasted them He was looted many times during his travel and writes about dacoits in different parts of the country He also wrote about the postal system in India He mentions Ulug (by horse) and Dawa (foot post). According to him, Dawa was faster Thus, from the above, we see that there are multiple literary resources and travelogues which give an idea of the Early Medieval Indian History.
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Trace the evolution of the Poverty Line in post-independence India. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach- 1. Define poverty in the introduction. 2. Trace the evolution of the poverty line and state recommendations of various committees and critically analyze them. 3. Provide a forward-looking conclusion Answer- Poverty refers to the inability to get the minimum consumption requirements for health, life, and efficiency. This minimum comprises food, clothing, housing, education, etc. Non-fulfilment of these requirements leads to great distress and suffering. Post-independence VM Dandekar and N Rath made the first systematic assessment of poverty in India in 1971, based on the National Sample Survey (NSS) data from 1960-61. They argued that the poverty line must be derived from the expenditure that was adequate to provide 2250 calories per day in both rural and urban areas. This generated debate on minimum calorie consumption norms while estimating poverty and variations in these norms based on age and sex. Alagh Committee (1979) constructed a poverty line for rural and urban areas based on nutritional requirements. Later in 1993 Lakdawala Committee made the following suggestions: Continued with the calorie-based approach, and added some other expenses such as housing, clothing, and transportation. Separated the poverty lines at the state level based on state-specific consumption basket. To update the poverty line with respect to the change in prices of the items in PLB. He suggested using a group relevant inflation index, rather than ascertaining the price of individual items in PLB from the market. * Due to the recommendations of Lakdawala, the poverty line increased, and so did the estimates of Poverty. In 2005 another expert group Tendulkar committee was set up to look into the following shortcomings of previous methods - Tendulkar Committee expanded the idea of PLB by incorporating some of those expenses which were hitherto assumed to be incurred by the governments. Hence, assumed to be not required to be incurred by the households. These included out-of-pocket expenses on health, education, drinking water, sanitation, etc. This led to an increase in the poverty line and estimates of poverty in the country as such behavioural expenses were included for the first time. The government set up the Rangarajan Committee in 2013 to review the Tendulkar Committee methodology for estimating poverty and clear the ambiguity over the number of poor in the country. It was done in a response to the severe criticism of Planning Commission estimates on poverty based on the Tendulkar panel. Persons spending below Rs. 47 a day in cities should be considered poor, much above the Rs. 33/day mark suggested by the Suresh Tendulkar Committee. Poverty stood at 38.2% in 2009-10 and reduced to 29.5% in 2011-12. Rangarajan (2012) presented a more scientific and clearly constructed poverty line. This PL clearly separated the normative from behavioural components. The normative food components were also expanded and ICMR recommendations based on age and gender were used to calculate food requirements. Expenses on fat and protein were therefore added to the poverty line. Behavioural expenses included that such as- on alcohol, tobacco, entertainment, education, health, water, etc. * Tendulkar modified the manner of collecting CE data to make it more accurate. The recall period which was uniform earlier (URP-Uniform Recall Period) was changed to MRP (Mixed Recall Period.) Rangarajan further modified it to MMRP- Modified Mixed Recall Period. The current methodology for poverty estimation is based on the recommendations of an Expert Group to Review the Methodology for the Estimation of Poverty (Tendulkar Committee). If India wants to achieve the Sustainable development goal of no poverty then it needs to ensure no error in the inclusion of beneficiaries and a holistic review of poverty estimation is needed.
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##Question:Trace the evolution of the Poverty Line in post-independence India. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach- 1. Define poverty in the introduction. 2. Trace the evolution of the poverty line and state recommendations of various committees and critically analyze them. 3. Provide a forward-looking conclusion Answer- Poverty refers to the inability to get the minimum consumption requirements for health, life, and efficiency. This minimum comprises food, clothing, housing, education, etc. Non-fulfilment of these requirements leads to great distress and suffering. Post-independence VM Dandekar and N Rath made the first systematic assessment of poverty in India in 1971, based on the National Sample Survey (NSS) data from 1960-61. They argued that the poverty line must be derived from the expenditure that was adequate to provide 2250 calories per day in both rural and urban areas. This generated debate on minimum calorie consumption norms while estimating poverty and variations in these norms based on age and sex. Alagh Committee (1979) constructed a poverty line for rural and urban areas based on nutritional requirements. Later in 1993 Lakdawala Committee made the following suggestions: Continued with the calorie-based approach, and added some other expenses such as housing, clothing, and transportation. Separated the poverty lines at the state level based on state-specific consumption basket. To update the poverty line with respect to the change in prices of the items in PLB. He suggested using a group relevant inflation index, rather than ascertaining the price of individual items in PLB from the market. * Due to the recommendations of Lakdawala, the poverty line increased, and so did the estimates of Poverty. In 2005 another expert group Tendulkar committee was set up to look into the following shortcomings of previous methods - Tendulkar Committee expanded the idea of PLB by incorporating some of those expenses which were hitherto assumed to be incurred by the governments. Hence, assumed to be not required to be incurred by the households. These included out-of-pocket expenses on health, education, drinking water, sanitation, etc. This led to an increase in the poverty line and estimates of poverty in the country as such behavioural expenses were included for the first time. The government set up the Rangarajan Committee in 2013 to review the Tendulkar Committee methodology for estimating poverty and clear the ambiguity over the number of poor in the country. It was done in a response to the severe criticism of Planning Commission estimates on poverty based on the Tendulkar panel. Persons spending below Rs. 47 a day in cities should be considered poor, much above the Rs. 33/day mark suggested by the Suresh Tendulkar Committee. Poverty stood at 38.2% in 2009-10 and reduced to 29.5% in 2011-12. Rangarajan (2012) presented a more scientific and clearly constructed poverty line. This PL clearly separated the normative from behavioural components. The normative food components were also expanded and ICMR recommendations based on age and gender were used to calculate food requirements. Expenses on fat and protein were therefore added to the poverty line. Behavioural expenses included that such as- on alcohol, tobacco, entertainment, education, health, water, etc. * Tendulkar modified the manner of collecting CE data to make it more accurate. The recall period which was uniform earlier (URP-Uniform Recall Period) was changed to MRP (Mixed Recall Period.) Rangarajan further modified it to MMRP- Modified Mixed Recall Period. The current methodology for poverty estimation is based on the recommendations of an Expert Group to Review the Methodology for the Estimation of Poverty (Tendulkar Committee). If India wants to achieve the Sustainable development goal of no poverty then it needs to ensure no error in the inclusion of beneficiaries and a holistic review of poverty estimation is needed.
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पूर्ववर्ती कालों की अपेक्षा मौर्योत्तर काल का इतिहास जटिल प्रतीत होता है, इस संदर्भ में मौर्योत्तर कालीन समाज की प्रमुख विशेषताओं को विस्तार से स्पष्ट कीजिये। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) The history of the post-Mauryan period appears to be complex as compared to the earlier periods, in this context, explain in detail the main features of the post mauryan society. (150-200 words/10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण: भूमिका में मौर्योत्तर काल का संक्षिप्त परिचय दीजिए। फिर संक्षेप में मौर्योत्तर काल की जटिलता को विभिन्न राजवंशों की उपस्थिति के माध्यम से दर्शाइए। फिर मौर्योत्तर कालीन समाज की विशेषताओं को बिन्दुवार लिखिए। अंत में, मौर्योत्तर काल की अन्य विशेषताओं को बताकर उत्तर का निष्कर्ष लिखिए। उत्तर : मौर्य साम्राज्य के अवसान के बाद सम्पूर्ण भारत में अनेक राज्यों का उदय हुआ। मौर्योत्तर काल में अधिकतर छोटे-छोटे राज्य थे। मौर्योत्तर युग में भारत में अनेक देशी-विदेशी राज्यों की स्थापना हुई। मौर्य साम्राज्य के अवशेषों पर शुंगों ने शासन किया उनके बाद कणव वंश का शासन स्थापित हुआ। इसी समय मिनांडर जैसे इंडो-ग्रीक, रुद्रदामां जैसे शक आदि प्रसिद्ध विदेशी शासक हुए। कुषाणों और सातवाहनों के अतिरक्त मौर्योत्तर काल में आभीर, वाकाटक एवं सुदूर दक्षिण में चेर, चोल एवं पांड्य राज्य स्थापित हुए। उत्तर में कुषाणों एवं दक्षिण में सातवाहनों ने काफी विस्तृत प्रदेशों पर राज किया किन्तु न तो सातवाहन और न तो कुषाणों के राजनीतिक संगठन में वह केन्द्रीयकरण था जो मौर्य प्रशासन की प्रमुख विशेषता थी। सातवाहन शासकों के कई अधीनस्थ शासक थे, जैसे-इक्ष्वाकु आदि, जिन्होंने सातवाहन शासकों के पतन होने पर स्वतंत्र राज्य स्थापित कर लिये। विदेशी जातियों के आगमन, कुषाणों द्वारा मध्य एशिया तक विस्तृत राज्य की स्थापना, व्यापार के अनुकूल परिस्थितियों के निर्माण से इस काल के समाज और अर्थव्यवस्था में जटिलता दिखती है| इसे तत्कालीन समाज और अर्थव्यवस्था की विशेषताओं के माध्यम से समझ सकते हैं। मौर्योत्तर काल के समाज को को निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं के माध्यम से समझा जा सकता है:- मौर्यकाल की तरह इस काल में भी सामाजिक व्यवस्था का आधार वर्ण व्यवस्था, जातिप्रथा, छुआछूत, दासप्रथा इत्यादि थे। उत्तर एवं पश्चिम भारत में बड़ी संख्या में आक्रमणकारियों को भारतीय वर्णव्यवस्था में अधम क्षत्रिय या निम्नश्रेणी के क्षत्रिय के रूप में समाहित किया गया। शुंग एवं सातवाहन शासक दोनों ही ब्राह्मण वर्ण के थे और दोनों को वर्ण व्यवस्था का संरक्षक माना गया है। संगम साहित्य में भी वर्ण व्यवस्था का उल्लेख मिलता है लेकिन यह पूरी तरह से स्थापित नहीं हुआ था। संगम काल में सर्वोच्च वर्ण के रूप में ब्राह्मण वर्ण का उल्लेख मिलता है, वे मांस एवं मदिरा का उल्लेख मिलता है। बड़ी संख्या में व्यवसायों एवं विदेशियों को वर्ण व्यवस्था में शामिल किए जाने के कारण जातियों की संख्या में वृद्धि। महिलाओं की दशा इस काल में भी अच्छी नहीं थी। मनुस्मृति में प्रत्येक स्थिति में महिलाओं को पुरुषों के अधीन रखे जाने का उल्लेख मिलता है। सातवाहन शासकों के नाम में उनकी माताओं के नाम तथा रानियों के द्वारा अभिलेख जारी करना एवं दान देना इत्यादि राजपरिवार में महिलाओं की बेहतर स्थिति का द्योतक हो सकता है। लेकिन सातवहन शासकों का भी बल वर्णाश्रम व्यवस्था को भी स्थापित करने पर था और यह व्यवस्था पितृसत्तात्मक समाज को ही महत्व देता है। संगम काल में भी महिलाओं की दशा बेहतर नहीं थी, विधवा के सिर के मुंडन का उल्लेख मिलता है। हालांकि संगम साहित्य में नर्तक, गायक एवं कुछ शिक्षित महिलाओं की भी जानकारी मिलती है। जिनके पुत्रों की मृत्यु युद्ध में हो जाती थी उन्हे समाज में विशेष स्थान प्राप्त था। खान-पान में शाकाहार एवं मांसाहार दोनों का प्रचलन। संगम साहित्य में अतिथियों के सम्मान का उल्लेख। शिक्षा व्यवस्था पूर्ववर्ती काल की तरह। इस काल में लगभग सभी शहरों से उन्नत आवासीय संरचना की जानकारी, पक्की ईंटों के मकान, छल्लेदार कुवाँ इत्यादि के साक्ष्य। भारतीय समाज में विदेशियों के आगमन से पहनावे में कई महत्वपूर्ण परिवर्तन। धार्मिक विश्वास में विविधताएं, पूर्ववर्ती काल की तरह। जैसे- ब्राह्मण, बौद्ध, जैन एवं कई अन्य संप्रदायों का प्रचलन। बौद्ध धर्म में इसी काल में महायान संप्रदाय का उदय, विदेशी शासकों ने भी भारतीय धर्म को अपनाया और संरक्षण प्रदान किया, शुंग एवं सातवहन शासक ब्राह्मण वर्ण के होते हुए भी धार्मिक सहिष्णुता की नीति का पालन किया। संगम साहित्य में भी सूदर दक्षिण में ब्राह्मण, बौद्ध एवं जैन संप्रदायों के प्रचलन के साक्ष्य मिलते हैं। अगस्त ऋषि को ब्राह्मण धर्म के प्रसार का श्रेय दिया जाता है। विभिन्न देवी-देवताओं की पूजा जैसे- विष्णु, कृष्ण, इन्द्र, मुरूगन या कार्तिकेय आदि, यज्ञ का प्रचलन। अंतिम संस्कार के रूप में दाह संस्कार का अधिक प्रचलन। सुदूर दक्षिण में दफनाने की प्रथा का भी प्रचलन। उपरोक्त बिन्दुओं से स्पष्ट होता है कि न केवल समाज के क्षेत्र में बल्कि अर्थव्यवस्था के क्षेत्र में मौर्योत्तर युगीन इतिहास की प्रकृति जटिल थी। वर्ण संकर की अवधारणा, सुदूर क्षेत्रों तक व्यापार विस्तार, विदेशियों का आगमन, सुदूर क्षेत्रों तक सम्पर्क, जातीय संरचना में परिवर्तन आदि बिंदु इस काल के इतिहास को जटिलता प्रदान करते हैं। इस जटिलता को गुप्तकाल में भी देखा जा सकता है।
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##Question:पूर्ववर्ती कालों की अपेक्षा मौर्योत्तर काल का इतिहास जटिल प्रतीत होता है, इस संदर्भ में मौर्योत्तर कालीन समाज की प्रमुख विशेषताओं को विस्तार से स्पष्ट कीजिये। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) The history of the post-Mauryan period appears to be complex as compared to the earlier periods, in this context, explain in detail the main features of the post mauryan society. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: भूमिका में मौर्योत्तर काल का संक्षिप्त परिचय दीजिए। फिर संक्षेप में मौर्योत्तर काल की जटिलता को विभिन्न राजवंशों की उपस्थिति के माध्यम से दर्शाइए। फिर मौर्योत्तर कालीन समाज की विशेषताओं को बिन्दुवार लिखिए। अंत में, मौर्योत्तर काल की अन्य विशेषताओं को बताकर उत्तर का निष्कर्ष लिखिए। उत्तर : मौर्य साम्राज्य के अवसान के बाद सम्पूर्ण भारत में अनेक राज्यों का उदय हुआ। मौर्योत्तर काल में अधिकतर छोटे-छोटे राज्य थे। मौर्योत्तर युग में भारत में अनेक देशी-विदेशी राज्यों की स्थापना हुई। मौर्य साम्राज्य के अवशेषों पर शुंगों ने शासन किया उनके बाद कणव वंश का शासन स्थापित हुआ। इसी समय मिनांडर जैसे इंडो-ग्रीक, रुद्रदामां जैसे शक आदि प्रसिद्ध विदेशी शासक हुए। कुषाणों और सातवाहनों के अतिरक्त मौर्योत्तर काल में आभीर, वाकाटक एवं सुदूर दक्षिण में चेर, चोल एवं पांड्य राज्य स्थापित हुए। उत्तर में कुषाणों एवं दक्षिण में सातवाहनों ने काफी विस्तृत प्रदेशों पर राज किया किन्तु न तो सातवाहन और न तो कुषाणों के राजनीतिक संगठन में वह केन्द्रीयकरण था जो मौर्य प्रशासन की प्रमुख विशेषता थी। सातवाहन शासकों के कई अधीनस्थ शासक थे, जैसे-इक्ष्वाकु आदि, जिन्होंने सातवाहन शासकों के पतन होने पर स्वतंत्र राज्य स्थापित कर लिये। विदेशी जातियों के आगमन, कुषाणों द्वारा मध्य एशिया तक विस्तृत राज्य की स्थापना, व्यापार के अनुकूल परिस्थितियों के निर्माण से इस काल के समाज और अर्थव्यवस्था में जटिलता दिखती है| इसे तत्कालीन समाज और अर्थव्यवस्था की विशेषताओं के माध्यम से समझ सकते हैं। मौर्योत्तर काल के समाज को को निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं के माध्यम से समझा जा सकता है:- मौर्यकाल की तरह इस काल में भी सामाजिक व्यवस्था का आधार वर्ण व्यवस्था, जातिप्रथा, छुआछूत, दासप्रथा इत्यादि थे। उत्तर एवं पश्चिम भारत में बड़ी संख्या में आक्रमणकारियों को भारतीय वर्णव्यवस्था में अधम क्षत्रिय या निम्नश्रेणी के क्षत्रिय के रूप में समाहित किया गया। शुंग एवं सातवाहन शासक दोनों ही ब्राह्मण वर्ण के थे और दोनों को वर्ण व्यवस्था का संरक्षक माना गया है। संगम साहित्य में भी वर्ण व्यवस्था का उल्लेख मिलता है लेकिन यह पूरी तरह से स्थापित नहीं हुआ था। संगम काल में सर्वोच्च वर्ण के रूप में ब्राह्मण वर्ण का उल्लेख मिलता है, वे मांस एवं मदिरा का उल्लेख मिलता है। बड़ी संख्या में व्यवसायों एवं विदेशियों को वर्ण व्यवस्था में शामिल किए जाने के कारण जातियों की संख्या में वृद्धि। महिलाओं की दशा इस काल में भी अच्छी नहीं थी। मनुस्मृति में प्रत्येक स्थिति में महिलाओं को पुरुषों के अधीन रखे जाने का उल्लेख मिलता है। सातवाहन शासकों के नाम में उनकी माताओं के नाम तथा रानियों के द्वारा अभिलेख जारी करना एवं दान देना इत्यादि राजपरिवार में महिलाओं की बेहतर स्थिति का द्योतक हो सकता है। लेकिन सातवहन शासकों का भी बल वर्णाश्रम व्यवस्था को भी स्थापित करने पर था और यह व्यवस्था पितृसत्तात्मक समाज को ही महत्व देता है। संगम काल में भी महिलाओं की दशा बेहतर नहीं थी, विधवा के सिर के मुंडन का उल्लेख मिलता है। हालांकि संगम साहित्य में नर्तक, गायक एवं कुछ शिक्षित महिलाओं की भी जानकारी मिलती है। जिनके पुत्रों की मृत्यु युद्ध में हो जाती थी उन्हे समाज में विशेष स्थान प्राप्त था। खान-पान में शाकाहार एवं मांसाहार दोनों का प्रचलन। संगम साहित्य में अतिथियों के सम्मान का उल्लेख। शिक्षा व्यवस्था पूर्ववर्ती काल की तरह। इस काल में लगभग सभी शहरों से उन्नत आवासीय संरचना की जानकारी, पक्की ईंटों के मकान, छल्लेदार कुवाँ इत्यादि के साक्ष्य। भारतीय समाज में विदेशियों के आगमन से पहनावे में कई महत्वपूर्ण परिवर्तन। धार्मिक विश्वास में विविधताएं, पूर्ववर्ती काल की तरह। जैसे- ब्राह्मण, बौद्ध, जैन एवं कई अन्य संप्रदायों का प्रचलन। बौद्ध धर्म में इसी काल में महायान संप्रदाय का उदय, विदेशी शासकों ने भी भारतीय धर्म को अपनाया और संरक्षण प्रदान किया, शुंग एवं सातवहन शासक ब्राह्मण वर्ण के होते हुए भी धार्मिक सहिष्णुता की नीति का पालन किया। संगम साहित्य में भी सूदर दक्षिण में ब्राह्मण, बौद्ध एवं जैन संप्रदायों के प्रचलन के साक्ष्य मिलते हैं। अगस्त ऋषि को ब्राह्मण धर्म के प्रसार का श्रेय दिया जाता है। विभिन्न देवी-देवताओं की पूजा जैसे- विष्णु, कृष्ण, इन्द्र, मुरूगन या कार्तिकेय आदि, यज्ञ का प्रचलन। अंतिम संस्कार के रूप में दाह संस्कार का अधिक प्रचलन। सुदूर दक्षिण में दफनाने की प्रथा का भी प्रचलन। उपरोक्त बिन्दुओं से स्पष्ट होता है कि न केवल समाज के क्षेत्र में बल्कि अर्थव्यवस्था के क्षेत्र में मौर्योत्तर युगीन इतिहास की प्रकृति जटिल थी। वर्ण संकर की अवधारणा, सुदूर क्षेत्रों तक व्यापार विस्तार, विदेशियों का आगमन, सुदूर क्षेत्रों तक सम्पर्क, जातीय संरचना में परिवर्तन आदि बिंदु इस काल के इतिहास को जटिलता प्रदान करते हैं। इस जटिलता को गुप्तकाल में भी देखा जा सकता है।
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Discuss different aspects of the measures taken under the Tenancy Reform with their implication. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduce with the contextual background of Indian Agriculture under that Tenancy reforms were introduced. Highlight various aspects of the Tenancy Reforms. Further, discuss their implementation and loopholes. Conclude your answer with the impact of Tenancy Reform. Answer: Agriculture in pre-independence India was characterized by absentee landlords (Zamindars). The owner collected very high rents from the tenants without making any investment for the improvement of the land. Rents did not have any relationship to the net output value of the land. Investment in agriculture suffers due to insecurity of the tenure of the tenant cultivator. Rise in population and increasing pressure on land due to closure of other avenues of employment. There was a decline in the average size of land holding. The Tenancy reform was based on the Regulation of Rent, Security of tenure, and ownership rights. Regulation of Rent The central government passed the Act that fixed the upper limit for rent around 20 to 25% of the crop produce. On average, most of the state governments also passed laws with the upper limit of rent of around 33% of the crop produce. Reason for the Failure It failed as there was no legal agreement between owner and tenant. It was mostly based on the oral deed. There was a lack of a grievance redressal mechanism for the tenants. There was no provision under which the tenant can go if the oral deed was violated. Lack of awareness among the tenant about the provision of the rent receipts resulted in the absence of the rent receipts. The computation of rent was subjective. Security of Tenure The Central Government passed Model Law on Security Law in 1951 for the security of tenure for the tenant. The law provides the definition of the Tenant. It also defined the condition under which the tenant can be removed. There were conditions under which the tenants can voluntarily surrender the tenancy. All these were provided under the legal terms. Certain states also provided certain land to be left for the tenant to work. In case of tenant is evicted from the complete land, it should be done by providing some compensation for the tenant. Reason for the failure of the security of tenure The definition of the tenant was defined in a very narrow manner. Sharecroppers were not recognized as the tenants. Most of the voluntary surrender was not voluntary but forced. Later under the 3rd and 4th FYP provided guidelines to check the voluntary surrender. The condition for the owner to resume the cultivation was very easy. Definition of compensation and how it should decide was not well defined neither it was paid. No legal agreement for the tenure along with the land records were missing. Most of the tenancy agreement was oral. Ownership Rights Central Government law said 12 years of the continuous tenancy then tenants should have the right to buy the land or ownership rights. Kerala and West Bengal were most successful because of the socialist ideology of the governments and very strong local self-government. Pro-poor policy. They organized local camps. Kerala had land tribunals. The burden of proof lies on the owner to prove that tenancy is not with the tenant. These laws of Land Reform were placed under the 9th schedule at very early. Reason for the failure The shorter period of tenancy. No proof of tenancy. No legal agreement or rent receipts. Lack of capacity of the tenant to pay to buy the land. Voluntary surrender due to lack of willingness to buy the land by the tenant and thus forced. Lack of adequate and updated land records. However, due to these Tenancy Reforms, the period of lease which used to be more than 10 years has now been reduced to 1 to 3 years. Due to stringent regulations for the protection of tenants the tenancy market has been moved underground where there are no written agreements and hence tenants have to pay higher rents and are provided with no security of tenure. As a result of fear of tenant occupancy, a lot of the landowners start keeping their land fallow.
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##Question:Discuss different aspects of the measures taken under the Tenancy Reform with their implication. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the contextual background of Indian Agriculture under that Tenancy reforms were introduced. Highlight various aspects of the Tenancy Reforms. Further, discuss their implementation and loopholes. Conclude your answer with the impact of Tenancy Reform. Answer: Agriculture in pre-independence India was characterized by absentee landlords (Zamindars). The owner collected very high rents from the tenants without making any investment for the improvement of the land. Rents did not have any relationship to the net output value of the land. Investment in agriculture suffers due to insecurity of the tenure of the tenant cultivator. Rise in population and increasing pressure on land due to closure of other avenues of employment. There was a decline in the average size of land holding. The Tenancy reform was based on the Regulation of Rent, Security of tenure, and ownership rights. Regulation of Rent The central government passed the Act that fixed the upper limit for rent around 20 to 25% of the crop produce. On average, most of the state governments also passed laws with the upper limit of rent of around 33% of the crop produce. Reason for the Failure It failed as there was no legal agreement between owner and tenant. It was mostly based on the oral deed. There was a lack of a grievance redressal mechanism for the tenants. There was no provision under which the tenant can go if the oral deed was violated. Lack of awareness among the tenant about the provision of the rent receipts resulted in the absence of the rent receipts. The computation of rent was subjective. Security of Tenure The Central Government passed Model Law on Security Law in 1951 for the security of tenure for the tenant. The law provides the definition of the Tenant. It also defined the condition under which the tenant can be removed. There were conditions under which the tenants can voluntarily surrender the tenancy. All these were provided under the legal terms. Certain states also provided certain land to be left for the tenant to work. In case of tenant is evicted from the complete land, it should be done by providing some compensation for the tenant. Reason for the failure of the security of tenure The definition of the tenant was defined in a very narrow manner. Sharecroppers were not recognized as the tenants. Most of the voluntary surrender was not voluntary but forced. Later under the 3rd and 4th FYP provided guidelines to check the voluntary surrender. The condition for the owner to resume the cultivation was very easy. Definition of compensation and how it should decide was not well defined neither it was paid. No legal agreement for the tenure along with the land records were missing. Most of the tenancy agreement was oral. Ownership Rights Central Government law said 12 years of the continuous tenancy then tenants should have the right to buy the land or ownership rights. Kerala and West Bengal were most successful because of the socialist ideology of the governments and very strong local self-government. Pro-poor policy. They organized local camps. Kerala had land tribunals. The burden of proof lies on the owner to prove that tenancy is not with the tenant. These laws of Land Reform were placed under the 9th schedule at very early. Reason for the failure The shorter period of tenancy. No proof of tenancy. No legal agreement or rent receipts. Lack of capacity of the tenant to pay to buy the land. Voluntary surrender due to lack of willingness to buy the land by the tenant and thus forced. Lack of adequate and updated land records. However, due to these Tenancy Reforms, the period of lease which used to be more than 10 years has now been reduced to 1 to 3 years. Due to stringent regulations for the protection of tenants the tenancy market has been moved underground where there are no written agreements and hence tenants have to pay higher rents and are provided with no security of tenure. As a result of fear of tenant occupancy, a lot of the landowners start keeping their land fallow.
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Explain the major oceanic deposits with special emphasis on the Polymetallic Nodules. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the origin of the Oceanic deposits and Polymetallic Nodules Then further elaborate on the types of the Oceanic Deposits and Polymetallic deposits. Conclude accordingly Answer Oceanic deposits usually consist of unconsolidated sediments which can come from various sources and are deposited on the oceanic bottom floor. These deposits are differentiated on the basis of their composition, source, method of transit, and mode of distribution. The deposition can be transported by rivers, winds, and even organisms. Plant and animals can also contribute to oceanic deposits. Based on the characteristics of ocean depth, the ocean deposit can be classified as terrigenous deposits and pelagic deposits. Terrigenous deposits: These depositions are sourced from the continents and are deposited at shallow depths of the ocean. They include sand, silt, mud, or larger sediments like boulders, cobbles, and pebbles. Pelagic deposits: These are dominant depositions of the oceans contributing to more than 75% of the ocean area. It includes both organic and inorganic materials. The inorganic material mainly consists of the Red Clay which accounts for 31.1% of the oceanic floor. The red clay is made of silica and aluminum oxides. It also includes minerals like manganese, iron, and phosphorous, and it trace quantities of radium. Organic deposits: These are basically the products of plants and animals. The organic material occurs as “ Ooze ”. It is liquid mud made of the remains of marine organisms. When the ooze is made of calcium carbonate then it is known as the Calcareous ooze. If the ooze is made of silica, it is known as the Siliceous. Calcareous ooze is further classified into globigerina and Pteropod. Globigerina is plankton marine protozoa with a calcareous shell. The shell collects as a deposit over the ocean floor. It belongs to the family called foraminifera. Pteropods are the free-floating pelagic sea snails and slugs. They are planktons and are considered “the potato chips of the ocean”. Siliceous oozes are further classified as the Radiolarian and Diatom. Diatoms are found mainly in the southern hemisphere as a continuous belt in the upper latitudes. Radiolarian is found in the equatorial region of the Pacific Ocean. Polymetallic Nodules The polymetallic nodules are commonly called as manganese nodules. They are round in shape and formed due to the accretion of manganese and iron hydroxide. They are abundantly found on the abyssal plains at the depth of 4000 to 6500 meters. They formed through the aggregation of layers of iron and manganese hydroxide around a shell or small rock fragments. These range in size from a few millimeters to tens of centimeters. The growth of these nodules is extremely slow at the rate of a millimeter per million years. The main composition of these nodules is manganese and iron along with commercially attractive concentrations of nickel, copper, and cobalt as well as the traces of other valuable metals like molybdenum, zirconium, rare earth elements, and lithium. The nodules of the greatest commercial interest occur in the Clarion Clipperton Zone in the equatorial Pacific Ocean and the Central Indian Ocean. Thus India needs to be efficient and effective in the exploration and extraction of these minerals for the speedy development of our industrial sector and to compete with China.
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##Question:Explain the major oceanic deposits with special emphasis on the Polymetallic Nodules. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the origin of the Oceanic deposits and Polymetallic Nodules Then further elaborate on the types of the Oceanic Deposits and Polymetallic deposits. Conclude accordingly Answer Oceanic deposits usually consist of unconsolidated sediments which can come from various sources and are deposited on the oceanic bottom floor. These deposits are differentiated on the basis of their composition, source, method of transit, and mode of distribution. The deposition can be transported by rivers, winds, and even organisms. Plant and animals can also contribute to oceanic deposits. Based on the characteristics of ocean depth, the ocean deposit can be classified as terrigenous deposits and pelagic deposits. Terrigenous deposits: These depositions are sourced from the continents and are deposited at shallow depths of the ocean. They include sand, silt, mud, or larger sediments like boulders, cobbles, and pebbles. Pelagic deposits: These are dominant depositions of the oceans contributing to more than 75% of the ocean area. It includes both organic and inorganic materials. The inorganic material mainly consists of the Red Clay which accounts for 31.1% of the oceanic floor. The red clay is made of silica and aluminum oxides. It also includes minerals like manganese, iron, and phosphorous, and it trace quantities of radium. Organic deposits: These are basically the products of plants and animals. The organic material occurs as “ Ooze ”. It is liquid mud made of the remains of marine organisms. When the ooze is made of calcium carbonate then it is known as the Calcareous ooze. If the ooze is made of silica, it is known as the Siliceous. Calcareous ooze is further classified into globigerina and Pteropod. Globigerina is plankton marine protozoa with a calcareous shell. The shell collects as a deposit over the ocean floor. It belongs to the family called foraminifera. Pteropods are the free-floating pelagic sea snails and slugs. They are planktons and are considered “the potato chips of the ocean”. Siliceous oozes are further classified as the Radiolarian and Diatom. Diatoms are found mainly in the southern hemisphere as a continuous belt in the upper latitudes. Radiolarian is found in the equatorial region of the Pacific Ocean. Polymetallic Nodules The polymetallic nodules are commonly called as manganese nodules. They are round in shape and formed due to the accretion of manganese and iron hydroxide. They are abundantly found on the abyssal plains at the depth of 4000 to 6500 meters. They formed through the aggregation of layers of iron and manganese hydroxide around a shell or small rock fragments. These range in size from a few millimeters to tens of centimeters. The growth of these nodules is extremely slow at the rate of a millimeter per million years. The main composition of these nodules is manganese and iron along with commercially attractive concentrations of nickel, copper, and cobalt as well as the traces of other valuable metals like molybdenum, zirconium, rare earth elements, and lithium. The nodules of the greatest commercial interest occur in the Clarion Clipperton Zone in the equatorial Pacific Ocean and the Central Indian Ocean. Thus India needs to be efficient and effective in the exploration and extraction of these minerals for the speedy development of our industrial sector and to compete with China.
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Discuss the salient features of the Harappan Civiliation with focus on trade and commerce, social and relgious aspect. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach- A brief introduction about the Harappan civilization- its extent and duration. Discussing the features with respect to the trade and commerce, social and religious aspects of the Harappan Civilisation. Conclusion- A brief introduction to the subsequent civilization. Harappan or Indus Valley civilization is one of the significant civilizations in ancient history, contemporary of the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilisation. The civilization spanned from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE in regions primarily of North-East Afghanistan, northwest Pakistan to the Northern regions of India. Trade and Commerce Trading contacts with Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq) plus Oman and Bahrain in the Persian Gulf. Gulf of Khambat (Gujarat) Dockyard has been found by ASI of port city Lothal (situated on the confluence of two rivers Sabarmati and Bhogar) - Anchoring of the ships - trade with foreign civilization. In Polity, control was of traders and merchants. The medium of exchange used was seals- maximum Harappan Seals have been found in Mohenjo-Daro. (square shape) , Persian Gulf seal (Bahrain, Oman - cylindrical in shape) Harappan exported textiles to Mesopotamia (Harappan seal have been found), no evidence of goods imported. Likely to imported copper and tin for Oman. (as India was deficient in tin deposits) Cultural exchanges due to trading contact - Mesopotamia culture influence -1. Stone statues of a bearded man have been found in Mohenjo-Daro- “ Priest-King” 2. Bear Man wearing a shawl- trefoil embroidery. Inter-marriages (coffin burial- young lady foreign wife of a high official of Harappa). Harappan culture influence - Monkey as a pet animal in West Asia. Overland trading contact with Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Helmand. Harappan from Afghanistan imported Lapis lazuli (the semi-precious blue color very bright stone which was used for ornaments such as beads by richer person- Chanhudaru (bead making factory has been found by ASI)), also Silver. Harappan established a trading outpost in N.E Afghanistan in Shortughai near river Kokcha. From Central Asia imported- Jade, Double humped camel (original inhabitant of Central Asia, used for transportation purpose other animals were buffalo, bulls ). Social Aspects Urban and Class-based society Town Planning- Citadel (Fortified part- Richer people) and non-Citadel The Harappan script is undeciphered, no literature is present- difficult to say about the position of women and other social aspects such as the nature of society whether it was patriarchal or matriarchal, however, based on teeth evidence- women were less fed. Religion Temple worship absent as no public buildings have been found. Only in Mhenjo-daro, a double story building is found- a lot of seals, depiction of mythological animal-unicorn (maximum importance), also a bull, no image of cow, horse. Idol worship present - worship God and Goddesses. Pashupati seal (Mohenjo-Daro)- Proto-Shiva horned god surrounded by rhinoceros, buffalo, elephant and tiger, two antelope near the feat. Phallus/Linga worship- Cylindrical stones have been found in Kalibangan (Rajasthan). Archeological evidence of terracotta figurines made of clay - "Mother Goddesses” Nature worship - Pipal tree (spirit/deities) Religion close to Shamanism - Preist have supernatural power to communicate with God and Goddesses. With subsequent time ahead, People started deserting the cities gradually, there were migration to the present-day Uttar Pradesh and Northern Madhya Pradesh areas and a culture developed called as Ochre Colour Pottery (OCP) Culture also known as Copper Hoard Culture.
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##Question:Discuss the salient features of the Harappan Civiliation with focus on trade and commerce, social and relgious aspect. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach- A brief introduction about the Harappan civilization- its extent and duration. Discussing the features with respect to the trade and commerce, social and religious aspects of the Harappan Civilisation. Conclusion- A brief introduction to the subsequent civilization. Harappan or Indus Valley civilization is one of the significant civilizations in ancient history, contemporary of the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilisation. The civilization spanned from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE in regions primarily of North-East Afghanistan, northwest Pakistan to the Northern regions of India. Trade and Commerce Trading contacts with Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq) plus Oman and Bahrain in the Persian Gulf. Gulf of Khambat (Gujarat) Dockyard has been found by ASI of port city Lothal (situated on the confluence of two rivers Sabarmati and Bhogar) - Anchoring of the ships - trade with foreign civilization. In Polity, control was of traders and merchants. The medium of exchange used was seals- maximum Harappan Seals have been found in Mohenjo-Daro. (square shape) , Persian Gulf seal (Bahrain, Oman - cylindrical in shape) Harappan exported textiles to Mesopotamia (Harappan seal have been found), no evidence of goods imported. Likely to imported copper and tin for Oman. (as India was deficient in tin deposits) Cultural exchanges due to trading contact - Mesopotamia culture influence -1. Stone statues of a bearded man have been found in Mohenjo-Daro- “ Priest-King” 2. Bear Man wearing a shawl- trefoil embroidery. Inter-marriages (coffin burial- young lady foreign wife of a high official of Harappa). Harappan culture influence - Monkey as a pet animal in West Asia. Overland trading contact with Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Helmand. Harappan from Afghanistan imported Lapis lazuli (the semi-precious blue color very bright stone which was used for ornaments such as beads by richer person- Chanhudaru (bead making factory has been found by ASI)), also Silver. Harappan established a trading outpost in N.E Afghanistan in Shortughai near river Kokcha. From Central Asia imported- Jade, Double humped camel (original inhabitant of Central Asia, used for transportation purpose other animals were buffalo, bulls ). Social Aspects Urban and Class-based society Town Planning- Citadel (Fortified part- Richer people) and non-Citadel The Harappan script is undeciphered, no literature is present- difficult to say about the position of women and other social aspects such as the nature of society whether it was patriarchal or matriarchal, however, based on teeth evidence- women were less fed. Religion Temple worship absent as no public buildings have been found. Only in Mhenjo-daro, a double story building is found- a lot of seals, depiction of mythological animal-unicorn (maximum importance), also a bull, no image of cow, horse. Idol worship present - worship God and Goddesses. Pashupati seal (Mohenjo-Daro)- Proto-Shiva horned god surrounded by rhinoceros, buffalo, elephant and tiger, two antelope near the feat. Phallus/Linga worship- Cylindrical stones have been found in Kalibangan (Rajasthan). Archeological evidence of terracotta figurines made of clay - "Mother Goddesses” Nature worship - Pipal tree (spirit/deities) Religion close to Shamanism - Preist have supernatural power to communicate with God and Goddesses. With subsequent time ahead, People started deserting the cities gradually, there were migration to the present-day Uttar Pradesh and Northern Madhya Pradesh areas and a culture developed called as Ochre Colour Pottery (OCP) Culture also known as Copper Hoard Culture.
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What is inequality? What are the reasons for inequality in society? (10Marks/ 150 Words)
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APPROACH: Introduce by defining inequality. In the body part, explain what are the reasons for inequality- traditional as well as modern. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: Inequality refers to differences amongst people or groups of people on various aspects of well-being. Like Poverty, inequality can be seen pertaining to various dimensions such as differences in income, educational attainment, access, in health facilities in social status, etc. To measure inequality we choose the objectively measurable economic dimensions such as income, wealth, and consumption expenditure. REASONS FOR INEQUALITY: TRADITIONAL REASONSONING FOR INEQUALITY (1) Natural Advantages- These are ascribed identities due to birth or location. For Example, being born in a privileged household or in a well-off place. These advantages are due to accidents and birth locations and usually manifest in inequality. Comparative Advantages- These are those natural advantages that may not be apparent by themselves, but manifest themselves later on. For Example, amongst two places or two people who are equally endowed, one may have some greater advantage which may result in inequality in the future. (2) Economic Advantages- It is seen that wealth because of profits grows at a faster pace as compared to the wages. Profits are usually not shared with the workers and therefore the owners of factors of production pertaining to capital ie. the capitalist earn a higher return as compared to the labor, causing inequalities. MODERN REASONING FOR INEQUALITY It has been observed that over a long period the returns on capital as compared to wages earned are not so different. This is because of the low survival rate of firms. When we observe profits, they pertain to only those firms that survive, the losses of the firms which close down are not accounted for while comparing profits and wages. Wages grow at an average rate corresponding to the rate of growth of the economy or the market. Profits grow at an exceptional pace ie. not just with the growth of the market but also due to the increase in the share of the market by the firms that survive. The firms know this- ie. the key to earning profits is survival therefore the firms always have a monopolizing tendency. Firms monopolize either by creating products that differentiate them from others or through unfair practices which facilitate the closure of other firms. These include misuse of the governance system, influencing policies favorable to them, or general trade practices such as collusion, or long tern predatory pricing. To prevent such practices there is a need for a strong state ie. a governance system that formulates laws and policies fairly and implements them in a just manner. In absence of such a state ie. a weak state where the rule of law is difficult to implement, the monopolizing tendencies become exaggerated and hence firms misuse the system leading to inequality.
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##Question:What is inequality? What are the reasons for inequality in society? (10Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce by defining inequality. In the body part, explain what are the reasons for inequality- traditional as well as modern. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: Inequality refers to differences amongst people or groups of people on various aspects of well-being. Like Poverty, inequality can be seen pertaining to various dimensions such as differences in income, educational attainment, access, in health facilities in social status, etc. To measure inequality we choose the objectively measurable economic dimensions such as income, wealth, and consumption expenditure. REASONS FOR INEQUALITY: TRADITIONAL REASONSONING FOR INEQUALITY (1) Natural Advantages- These are ascribed identities due to birth or location. For Example, being born in a privileged household or in a well-off place. These advantages are due to accidents and birth locations and usually manifest in inequality. Comparative Advantages- These are those natural advantages that may not be apparent by themselves, but manifest themselves later on. For Example, amongst two places or two people who are equally endowed, one may have some greater advantage which may result in inequality in the future. (2) Economic Advantages- It is seen that wealth because of profits grows at a faster pace as compared to the wages. Profits are usually not shared with the workers and therefore the owners of factors of production pertaining to capital ie. the capitalist earn a higher return as compared to the labor, causing inequalities. MODERN REASONING FOR INEQUALITY It has been observed that over a long period the returns on capital as compared to wages earned are not so different. This is because of the low survival rate of firms. When we observe profits, they pertain to only those firms that survive, the losses of the firms which close down are not accounted for while comparing profits and wages. Wages grow at an average rate corresponding to the rate of growth of the economy or the market. Profits grow at an exceptional pace ie. not just with the growth of the market but also due to the increase in the share of the market by the firms that survive. The firms know this- ie. the key to earning profits is survival therefore the firms always have a monopolizing tendency. Firms monopolize either by creating products that differentiate them from others or through unfair practices which facilitate the closure of other firms. These include misuse of the governance system, influencing policies favorable to them, or general trade practices such as collusion, or long tern predatory pricing. To prevent such practices there is a need for a strong state ie. a governance system that formulates laws and policies fairly and implements them in a just manner. In absence of such a state ie. a weak state where the rule of law is difficult to implement, the monopolizing tendencies become exaggerated and hence firms misuse the system leading to inequality.
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What do you understand by poverty? Trace the evolution of the Poverty Line in India post-independence. (10Marks/150 Words)
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Approach- Introduction: Define poverty and mention Absolute and Relative poverty. Body: Briefly highlight the recommendations of various committees formed in the post-independence era. Conclusion: Provide a forward-looking conclusion Model answer Poverty as per World Bank is pronounced deprivation in well-being and comprises many dimensions. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire basic goods and services necessary for survival with dignity. Poverty also refers to a situation in which an individual/ section of society is unable to meet basic amenities of life (Food, clothing, shelter, clean drinking water, hygiene, etc. It is a multi-faceted concept that includes social, economic as well as political elements. Poverty can be defined in either an absolute or relative manner. Absolute Poverty: It refers to the lack of means necessary to fulfill basic needs like food, clothing, and shelter. It is expressed about the poverty line. Relative poverty: It takes into consideration individual social and economic status compared to the rest of the society. Post-Independence Poverty Estimations In India, poverty was measured by the Planning commission (Now it is by NITI Aayog) based on consumption expenditure data collected by NSSO. The Planning commission used to estimate poverty based on methodologies suggested by expert groups/ committees based on the minimum recommended nutritional requirements (i.e suggested by ICMR). VM Dandekar and N Rath made the first systematic assessment of poverty in India in 1971, based on the National Sample Survey (NSS) data from 1960-61. They argued that the poverty line must be derived from the expenditure that was adequate to provide 2250 calories per day in both rural and urban areas. This generated debate on minimum calorie consumption norms while estimating poverty and variations in these norms based on age and sex.2) V M Dandekar & N Rath (1971). Rs 15 per capita per month for rural areas and Rs. 22.50 for urban areas (1960-61 price) - Based on 2200 Calories. Then Y K Alagh Committee in 1979 measured the poverty line in the following manner: For rural areas Rs. 49 & for urban area Rs. 56 per capita per month (1973-74 Prices) - Based on different calories requirement for urban areas and rural areas i.e For urban areas: 2100 Calories per capita per day and For rural areas: 2400 Calories per capita per day Later the Lakdawala Committee (1993) gave the following recommendations: The expert committee submitted its report in 1993. It didn"t redefine the poverty line and retains the separate rural and urban poverty lines recommended by the Alagh committee at the national level based on minimum nutritional requirements. However, it disaggregated them into state-specific poverty lines to reflect inter-state price differences. It suggested their updating using the consumer price index (CPI) of Industrial Workers {CPI-IW} and CPI- Agricultural Labours {CPI-AL} i.e ICPI-IW for Urban areas and CPI-Al for rural areas rather than using National Accounts statistics (using private consumption expenditure deflator) In 2005 another expert group Tendulkar committee was set up to look into the following shortcomings of previous methods. It provided the following things: Rs. 32 in Urban areas per person per day consumption and Rs. 26 in rural areas per person per day consumption (2011-12 prices) It didn"t construct a poverty line. however, it suggested the following changes: It recommended a shift away from basing the poverty line on calorie norms used in all poverty estimations since 1979 and towards target nutritional outcomes instead. Instead of two separate poverty line baskets for rural and urban poverty lines, it recommended a uniform all-India Urban PLB (poverty line basket) across urban and rural India. It is recommended to use mixed reference period(MRP) based estimates, as opposed to uniform reference period based estimates used in earlier methods for estimating poverty. It recommended the incorporation of private expenditure on health and education while estimating poverty. It validated poverty lines by checking the adequacy of actual private consumption expenditure per capita near the poverty line on food, education, and health by comparing them with normative expenditures consistent with nutritional, educational, and health outcomes respectively. The government set up the Rangarajan Committee in 2013 to review the Tendulkar Committee methodology for estimating poverty and clear the ambiguity over the number of poor in the country. It was done in a response to the severe criticism of Planning Commission estimates on poverty based on the Tendulkar panel. Persons spending below Rs. 47 a day in cities should be considered poor, much above the Rs. 33/day mark suggested by the Suresh Tendulkar Committee. Poverty stood at 38.2% in 2009-10 and reduced to 29.5% in 2011-12. Rangarajan (2012) presented a more scientific and clearly constructed poverty line. This PL clearly separated the normative from behavioral components. The normative food components were also expanded and ICMR recommendations based on age and gender were used to calculate food requirements. Expenses on fat and protein were therefore added to the poverty line. Behavioural expenses included that such as- on alcohol, tobacco, entertainment, education, health, water, etc. Tendulkar modified the manner of collecting CE data to make it more accurate. The recall period which was uniform earlier (URP-Uniform Recall Period) was changed to MRP (Mixed Recall Period.) Rangarajan further modified it to MMRP- Modified Mixed Recall Period. The current methodology for poverty estimation is based on the recommendations of an Expert Group to Review the Methodology for the Estimation of Poverty (Tendulkar Committee). If India wants to achieve the Sustainable development goal of no poverty then it needs to ensure no error in the inclusion of beneficiaries and a holistic review of poverty estimation is needed.
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##Question:What do you understand by poverty? Trace the evolution of the Poverty Line in India post-independence. (10Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach- Introduction: Define poverty and mention Absolute and Relative poverty. Body: Briefly highlight the recommendations of various committees formed in the post-independence era. Conclusion: Provide a forward-looking conclusion Model answer Poverty as per World Bank is pronounced deprivation in well-being and comprises many dimensions. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire basic goods and services necessary for survival with dignity. Poverty also refers to a situation in which an individual/ section of society is unable to meet basic amenities of life (Food, clothing, shelter, clean drinking water, hygiene, etc. It is a multi-faceted concept that includes social, economic as well as political elements. Poverty can be defined in either an absolute or relative manner. Absolute Poverty: It refers to the lack of means necessary to fulfill basic needs like food, clothing, and shelter. It is expressed about the poverty line. Relative poverty: It takes into consideration individual social and economic status compared to the rest of the society. Post-Independence Poverty Estimations In India, poverty was measured by the Planning commission (Now it is by NITI Aayog) based on consumption expenditure data collected by NSSO. The Planning commission used to estimate poverty based on methodologies suggested by expert groups/ committees based on the minimum recommended nutritional requirements (i.e suggested by ICMR). VM Dandekar and N Rath made the first systematic assessment of poverty in India in 1971, based on the National Sample Survey (NSS) data from 1960-61. They argued that the poverty line must be derived from the expenditure that was adequate to provide 2250 calories per day in both rural and urban areas. This generated debate on minimum calorie consumption norms while estimating poverty and variations in these norms based on age and sex.2) V M Dandekar & N Rath (1971). Rs 15 per capita per month for rural areas and Rs. 22.50 for urban areas (1960-61 price) - Based on 2200 Calories. Then Y K Alagh Committee in 1979 measured the poverty line in the following manner: For rural areas Rs. 49 & for urban area Rs. 56 per capita per month (1973-74 Prices) - Based on different calories requirement for urban areas and rural areas i.e For urban areas: 2100 Calories per capita per day and For rural areas: 2400 Calories per capita per day Later the Lakdawala Committee (1993) gave the following recommendations: The expert committee submitted its report in 1993. It didn"t redefine the poverty line and retains the separate rural and urban poverty lines recommended by the Alagh committee at the national level based on minimum nutritional requirements. However, it disaggregated them into state-specific poverty lines to reflect inter-state price differences. It suggested their updating using the consumer price index (CPI) of Industrial Workers {CPI-IW} and CPI- Agricultural Labours {CPI-AL} i.e ICPI-IW for Urban areas and CPI-Al for rural areas rather than using National Accounts statistics (using private consumption expenditure deflator) In 2005 another expert group Tendulkar committee was set up to look into the following shortcomings of previous methods. It provided the following things: Rs. 32 in Urban areas per person per day consumption and Rs. 26 in rural areas per person per day consumption (2011-12 prices) It didn"t construct a poverty line. however, it suggested the following changes: It recommended a shift away from basing the poverty line on calorie norms used in all poverty estimations since 1979 and towards target nutritional outcomes instead. Instead of two separate poverty line baskets for rural and urban poverty lines, it recommended a uniform all-India Urban PLB (poverty line basket) across urban and rural India. It is recommended to use mixed reference period(MRP) based estimates, as opposed to uniform reference period based estimates used in earlier methods for estimating poverty. It recommended the incorporation of private expenditure on health and education while estimating poverty. It validated poverty lines by checking the adequacy of actual private consumption expenditure per capita near the poverty line on food, education, and health by comparing them with normative expenditures consistent with nutritional, educational, and health outcomes respectively. The government set up the Rangarajan Committee in 2013 to review the Tendulkar Committee methodology for estimating poverty and clear the ambiguity over the number of poor in the country. It was done in a response to the severe criticism of Planning Commission estimates on poverty based on the Tendulkar panel. Persons spending below Rs. 47 a day in cities should be considered poor, much above the Rs. 33/day mark suggested by the Suresh Tendulkar Committee. Poverty stood at 38.2% in 2009-10 and reduced to 29.5% in 2011-12. Rangarajan (2012) presented a more scientific and clearly constructed poverty line. This PL clearly separated the normative from behavioral components. The normative food components were also expanded and ICMR recommendations based on age and gender were used to calculate food requirements. Expenses on fat and protein were therefore added to the poverty line. Behavioural expenses included that such as- on alcohol, tobacco, entertainment, education, health, water, etc. Tendulkar modified the manner of collecting CE data to make it more accurate. The recall period which was uniform earlier (URP-Uniform Recall Period) was changed to MRP (Mixed Recall Period.) Rangarajan further modified it to MMRP- Modified Mixed Recall Period. The current methodology for poverty estimation is based on the recommendations of an Expert Group to Review the Methodology for the Estimation of Poverty (Tendulkar Committee). If India wants to achieve the Sustainable development goal of no poverty then it needs to ensure no error in the inclusion of beneficiaries and a holistic review of poverty estimation is needed.
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What do you understand by Ecology, Habitat, and Niche? How do the Species evolve in the Environment.? (150 Words/ 10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduction: Body Conclusion: Model Answer: Ecology is the scientific study of interaction and interdependencies among the species on one hand and among the species & non-living components on the other hand. Ecology can also be defined as the study of the relationships between plants, animals, people, and their environment, and the balances between these relationships. It also includes the study of populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes, and the biosphere as a whole. A German scientist "Ernst Haeckel" defined "ecology" as the study of a house of living. Ecology first began gaining popularity in the 1960s, when environmental issues were rising to the forefront of public awareness. Although scientists have been studying the natural world for centuries, ecology in the modern sense has only been around since the 19th century. Habitat and Niche Habitat is the physical environment in which an organism lives . Each organism has particular requirements for its survival and lives where the environment provides for those needs. e.g., Forest, River & Oceans Habitat generally has four structural components: 1) Space 2) Food 3) Water 4) Shelter The functional characteristics of a species in its habitat are referred to as niche. It basically means some of all activities and relationships of a species by which it uses the resources in its habitat for its survival and reproduction. No two species in a habitat can have the same niche . This is because if two species occupy the same niche, they will compete with one another until one is displaced. e.g., A large number of insects may be pests on the same plants but they coexist as they feed on different parts of the same plant. This is called resource partitioning. Species and their evolution A species is defined as a group of a similar population of organisms whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. The most accepted theory of the evolution of species was propounded by Charles Darwin. Organisms tends to produce offsprings that can be supported by the environment. Sometimes, a change in genetic material that results from an error in the replication of DNA causes new genes to arise in a population. This is called a mutation. An evolutionary force that Darwin termed natural selection selects among various i.e, genes that help the organism to adapt to its environment. Such genes are reproduced more in a population due to natural selection. Offsprings that are suited to their immediate environment have a better chance of survival and reaching reproductive age and passing on the suitable adaptation to their progeny. Evolution thus results in the adaptation and diversity of the species.
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##Question:What do you understand by Ecology, Habitat, and Niche? How do the Species evolve in the Environment.? (150 Words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Body Conclusion: Model Answer: Ecology is the scientific study of interaction and interdependencies among the species on one hand and among the species & non-living components on the other hand. Ecology can also be defined as the study of the relationships between plants, animals, people, and their environment, and the balances between these relationships. It also includes the study of populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes, and the biosphere as a whole. A German scientist "Ernst Haeckel" defined "ecology" as the study of a house of living. Ecology first began gaining popularity in the 1960s, when environmental issues were rising to the forefront of public awareness. Although scientists have been studying the natural world for centuries, ecology in the modern sense has only been around since the 19th century. Habitat and Niche Habitat is the physical environment in which an organism lives . Each organism has particular requirements for its survival and lives where the environment provides for those needs. e.g., Forest, River & Oceans Habitat generally has four structural components: 1) Space 2) Food 3) Water 4) Shelter The functional characteristics of a species in its habitat are referred to as niche. It basically means some of all activities and relationships of a species by which it uses the resources in its habitat for its survival and reproduction. No two species in a habitat can have the same niche . This is because if two species occupy the same niche, they will compete with one another until one is displaced. e.g., A large number of insects may be pests on the same plants but they coexist as they feed on different parts of the same plant. This is called resource partitioning. Species and their evolution A species is defined as a group of a similar population of organisms whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. The most accepted theory of the evolution of species was propounded by Charles Darwin. Organisms tends to produce offsprings that can be supported by the environment. Sometimes, a change in genetic material that results from an error in the replication of DNA causes new genes to arise in a population. This is called a mutation. An evolutionary force that Darwin termed natural selection selects among various i.e, genes that help the organism to adapt to its environment. Such genes are reproduced more in a population due to natural selection. Offsprings that are suited to their immediate environment have a better chance of survival and reaching reproductive age and passing on the suitable adaptation to their progeny. Evolution thus results in the adaptation and diversity of the species.
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Trace the evolution and implementation of the Green Revolution in India. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach Introduce the contextual background under which the Green revolution started. Further elaborate on the major steps taken and implementation on the ground level. Conclude accordingly. Answer In 1957, the government faced the Balance of Payments problem. It was due to the import of the food grain as well for the cash crop. In 1958, the government consulted Ford Foundation to solve the problem of agricultural production. The problem in India was the low level of technology and lack of Capital. Ford Foundation came out with a solution that Intensive Agriculture in terms of technology and capital. Thus, India should increase productivity in agriculture by paying credit and infusing technology. Evolution In 1950, the government started separating Rice and Wheat zone to control the supply of the food grains Under the First Five Year Plan (1951-1956) the government focussed on investment in agriculture by focusing on infrastructure in agriculture such as irrigation facilities, canal networks, and infrastructure for the storage and weighing of the produce. These all are the productivity-enhancing program. At that time we were a closed economy. India was not in favor of the investment coming from the outside country due to the experience of the British East India Companies. In 1958, the government consulted Ford Foundation to solve the problem of agricultural production. The problem in India was the low level of technology and lack of Capital. Ford Foundation came out with a solution that Intensive Agriculture in terms of technology and capital. Thus, India should increase productivity in agriculture by paying credit and infusing technology. In 1960 the government came out with the Intensive Agriculture Development Program (IADP), in 7 states, under which the government provided for capital and technology. This program got a success. In 1964, the government launched the Intensive Agriculture Area Program (IAAP) was extended to 114 districts. In 1965, India faced the Indo-Pak war, and Pakistan was supported by Allied Nations. Thus aid coming from the allies in India, there was major hiccups. For example, India used to receive PL480 under it, and poor-quality grains were given to India by the US. In 1966 and 1967, India faced droughts due to the failure of the monsoon. Implementation Norman Borlaug brought High Yielding Variety of seeds. HYV Wheat seeds were brought from Mexico, and HYV rice seeds from the Philippines were introduced. A new agricultural strategy was introduced under the third Five Year Plan. The High Yielding Variety Program (HYVP) focused on 5 crops (wheat, rice, maize, barley, and jowar). We saw a bumper rise in production which is why it is known as the Green revolution. The word Green Revolution was mentioned first time in the fourth Five year Plan. A new agricultural strategy was introduced under the third FYP. It changes the face of agriculture in India. It shifted from subsistence agriculture to intensive agriculture. HYV had a shorter maturity period. Thus it increased the cropping cycles. It required HYV seeds, need for irrigation, the requirement of fertilizers, and chemical pesticides to be used. This is known as technological reform and not structural and institutional reform. The western UP, Punjab, and Haryana benefited from Green Revolution as the Land consolidation was done effectively in Punjab and Haryana and well-irrigated areas like Bhakra Nangal Dam, etc. Land consolidation provided for the large tract of land. The farmers of these regions were more prosperous and ready to take risks as compared to eastern India. These areas were part of the Mahalwari System and had a good history of the proper land record. It made the study of these new processes under the HYV seeds smooth. The government provided subsidies for seeds, fertilizer, pesticides, irrigation, and credit facility from the banks. At the output stage, the government procured the food grains, under two prices at that time Procurement Price (PP) and Minimum Support Price (MSP). The Green revolution despite solved the issue of food security in India and made India self-sufficient in food grain. However, it is negative externalities such as degradation of land, over-exploitation of water, and biased cropping pattern toward the food grain. Thus to rectify the ill effect of the Green Revolution the government has now shifted towards the evergreen revolution, Zero budget natural farming, and organic farming.
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##Question:Trace the evolution and implementation of the Green Revolution in India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce the contextual background under which the Green revolution started. Further elaborate on the major steps taken and implementation on the ground level. Conclude accordingly. Answer In 1957, the government faced the Balance of Payments problem. It was due to the import of the food grain as well for the cash crop. In 1958, the government consulted Ford Foundation to solve the problem of agricultural production. The problem in India was the low level of technology and lack of Capital. Ford Foundation came out with a solution that Intensive Agriculture in terms of technology and capital. Thus, India should increase productivity in agriculture by paying credit and infusing technology. Evolution In 1950, the government started separating Rice and Wheat zone to control the supply of the food grains Under the First Five Year Plan (1951-1956) the government focussed on investment in agriculture by focusing on infrastructure in agriculture such as irrigation facilities, canal networks, and infrastructure for the storage and weighing of the produce. These all are the productivity-enhancing program. At that time we were a closed economy. India was not in favor of the investment coming from the outside country due to the experience of the British East India Companies. In 1958, the government consulted Ford Foundation to solve the problem of agricultural production. The problem in India was the low level of technology and lack of Capital. Ford Foundation came out with a solution that Intensive Agriculture in terms of technology and capital. Thus, India should increase productivity in agriculture by paying credit and infusing technology. In 1960 the government came out with the Intensive Agriculture Development Program (IADP), in 7 states, under which the government provided for capital and technology. This program got a success. In 1964, the government launched the Intensive Agriculture Area Program (IAAP) was extended to 114 districts. In 1965, India faced the Indo-Pak war, and Pakistan was supported by Allied Nations. Thus aid coming from the allies in India, there was major hiccups. For example, India used to receive PL480 under it, and poor-quality grains were given to India by the US. In 1966 and 1967, India faced droughts due to the failure of the monsoon. Implementation Norman Borlaug brought High Yielding Variety of seeds. HYV Wheat seeds were brought from Mexico, and HYV rice seeds from the Philippines were introduced. A new agricultural strategy was introduced under the third Five Year Plan. The High Yielding Variety Program (HYVP) focused on 5 crops (wheat, rice, maize, barley, and jowar). We saw a bumper rise in production which is why it is known as the Green revolution. The word Green Revolution was mentioned first time in the fourth Five year Plan. A new agricultural strategy was introduced under the third FYP. It changes the face of agriculture in India. It shifted from subsistence agriculture to intensive agriculture. HYV had a shorter maturity period. Thus it increased the cropping cycles. It required HYV seeds, need for irrigation, the requirement of fertilizers, and chemical pesticides to be used. This is known as technological reform and not structural and institutional reform. The western UP, Punjab, and Haryana benefited from Green Revolution as the Land consolidation was done effectively in Punjab and Haryana and well-irrigated areas like Bhakra Nangal Dam, etc. Land consolidation provided for the large tract of land. The farmers of these regions were more prosperous and ready to take risks as compared to eastern India. These areas were part of the Mahalwari System and had a good history of the proper land record. It made the study of these new processes under the HYV seeds smooth. The government provided subsidies for seeds, fertilizer, pesticides, irrigation, and credit facility from the banks. At the output stage, the government procured the food grains, under two prices at that time Procurement Price (PP) and Minimum Support Price (MSP). The Green revolution despite solved the issue of food security in India and made India self-sufficient in food grain. However, it is negative externalities such as degradation of land, over-exploitation of water, and biased cropping pattern toward the food grain. Thus to rectify the ill effect of the Green Revolution the government has now shifted towards the evergreen revolution, Zero budget natural farming, and organic farming.
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Discuss the reasons for the low Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) of women in our country. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach : Introduce in brief about Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) and provide data showing the low LFPR of women in our country. In body mention the reasons for the low Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) of women in our country Conclude accordingly with the way forward Answer : Labour Force Participation Rate is defined as the ratio of the labour force to the total population (multiplied by 100 to arrive at the percentage figure). The labour force participation rate (hereafter referred to as LFPR) is around 75% for men while around 23.75% for women. Therefore, only around 1/4th of the female population is in the labour force. Women’s participation in India’s labour force is low and has been declining this century, official employment surveys like the Employment and Unemployment Survey (EUS), and the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) have shown. Reasons for the low Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) of women in our country: Increased Mechanisation: In agriculture as the use of seed drillers, harvesters, threshers and husking equipment increased, men displaced women. In textiles, power looms, button stitching machines and textile machinery phased out women’s labour. Increasing income: With increasing household incomes, especially over the last three decades, the need for a “second income” reduced. Consequently, families withdrew women from labour as a signal of prosperity. Gender gaps in higher education and skill training: Tertiary-level female enrolment rose from 2 per cent in 1971 to only 30 per cent in 2019 (World Bank data). As of 2018-19, only 2 per cent of working-age women received formal vocational training, of which 47 per cent did not join the labour force (NSSO, 2018-19). Social norms: Unpaid care work continues to be a women’s responsibility. Women regularly sacrifice wages, career progression, and education opportunities to meet family responsibilities, safety considerations, and other restrictions. Marriage, for example, significantly reduces women’s LFPR. In the 21-25 years and 26-30 years cohorts, unmarried women are twice as much likely to participate in the labour force as married women. This suggests that the expectation of household work after marriage negatively impacts women’s participation in the labour force. PAID VERSUS UNPAID HOURS - As per the Time Use Survey, quoted by the Economic Survey, the share of women devoted to unpaid hours in India is around 9.6 times the hours devoted by men (in India). This figure is only 3 times when taken for the world average-i.e. share of women in unpaid work hours is around 3 times that of the hours devoted by men in the world. INCREASE IN THE INCOME LEVEL IN SOCIETY - As per the Economic Survey, an increase in the income level in society has been a discouraging factor. When the income levels were low, people/ families were forced to send their women to work. However, with the rise in income levels, people do not prefer to send their women to work. All the gender gap indices like the Gender Development Index show huge disparities among men and women in India. India ranks low in most of such indices. META-SON PREFERENCE - It means that people in India prefer to have children until they produce the desired number of boys. For example, if a family wants to have 2 boys, then they will keep on having children until they have 2 boys.This has created two problems. THE PROBLEM OF UNWANTED GIRLS - Unwanted girls are discriminated against. For example, they will not care about the health of the girl child etc. MISSING WOMEN - The unwanted girl children are aborted. As stated, they will not care about the health and nutrition of their girl children. Thus, the mortality rate of women is much higher than that of men in India. PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY - Women are not preferred to work in India. Contrary to popular perception, this issue is more widespread among the more well off families and in the urban areas. ( This is so as women are forced to work in agricultural fields etc. due to poverty in the rural areas). HOUSEHOLD ACTIVITIES - Women are mainly engaged in household work. LOWER LITERACY RATE - Lower literacy rate means that they are unable to find suitable jobs. A lower literacy rate implies that their level of skill development is less. Therefore, their chances of finding skilled employment are also low. CONSTRAINING FACTORS - Women require safety. The cases of eve-teasing, molestation, and rapes are quite high. This makes them and their families feel unsafe to send them out of their homes. Also, women prefer convenience because they give prime importance to their families. Development implies that gender disparities should decrease. The Economic Survey compared gender parity on 15 parameters. It was found that, in India, with development, there was an improvement in 13 out of 15 indicators. However, there was a worsening on 2 parameters. One was that the employment rate for women was very low. Also, there was a gap in pay parity of around 14%. The way forward here is that the labour laws should not be too rigid. For example, due to the maternity benefit act, firms do not want to hire women, as they have to provide them 26 weeks of paid leave. Laws should be more facilitative than rigid. Therefore, labour laws require more reform. To address the above challenges a multi-dimensional approach is needed to increase women"s labour force participation. High LFPR of women is necessary to achieve the goal of inclusive growth in India.
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##Question:Discuss the reasons for the low Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) of women in our country. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in brief about Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) and provide data showing the low LFPR of women in our country. In body mention the reasons for the low Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) of women in our country Conclude accordingly with the way forward Answer : Labour Force Participation Rate is defined as the ratio of the labour force to the total population (multiplied by 100 to arrive at the percentage figure). The labour force participation rate (hereafter referred to as LFPR) is around 75% for men while around 23.75% for women. Therefore, only around 1/4th of the female population is in the labour force. Women’s participation in India’s labour force is low and has been declining this century, official employment surveys like the Employment and Unemployment Survey (EUS), and the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) have shown. Reasons for the low Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) of women in our country: Increased Mechanisation: In agriculture as the use of seed drillers, harvesters, threshers and husking equipment increased, men displaced women. In textiles, power looms, button stitching machines and textile machinery phased out women’s labour. Increasing income: With increasing household incomes, especially over the last three decades, the need for a “second income” reduced. Consequently, families withdrew women from labour as a signal of prosperity. Gender gaps in higher education and skill training: Tertiary-level female enrolment rose from 2 per cent in 1971 to only 30 per cent in 2019 (World Bank data). As of 2018-19, only 2 per cent of working-age women received formal vocational training, of which 47 per cent did not join the labour force (NSSO, 2018-19). Social norms: Unpaid care work continues to be a women’s responsibility. Women regularly sacrifice wages, career progression, and education opportunities to meet family responsibilities, safety considerations, and other restrictions. Marriage, for example, significantly reduces women’s LFPR. In the 21-25 years and 26-30 years cohorts, unmarried women are twice as much likely to participate in the labour force as married women. This suggests that the expectation of household work after marriage negatively impacts women’s participation in the labour force. PAID VERSUS UNPAID HOURS - As per the Time Use Survey, quoted by the Economic Survey, the share of women devoted to unpaid hours in India is around 9.6 times the hours devoted by men (in India). This figure is only 3 times when taken for the world average-i.e. share of women in unpaid work hours is around 3 times that of the hours devoted by men in the world. INCREASE IN THE INCOME LEVEL IN SOCIETY - As per the Economic Survey, an increase in the income level in society has been a discouraging factor. When the income levels were low, people/ families were forced to send their women to work. However, with the rise in income levels, people do not prefer to send their women to work. All the gender gap indices like the Gender Development Index show huge disparities among men and women in India. India ranks low in most of such indices. META-SON PREFERENCE - It means that people in India prefer to have children until they produce the desired number of boys. For example, if a family wants to have 2 boys, then they will keep on having children until they have 2 boys.This has created two problems. THE PROBLEM OF UNWANTED GIRLS - Unwanted girls are discriminated against. For example, they will not care about the health of the girl child etc. MISSING WOMEN - The unwanted girl children are aborted. As stated, they will not care about the health and nutrition of their girl children. Thus, the mortality rate of women is much higher than that of men in India. PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY - Women are not preferred to work in India. Contrary to popular perception, this issue is more widespread among the more well off families and in the urban areas. ( This is so as women are forced to work in agricultural fields etc. due to poverty in the rural areas). HOUSEHOLD ACTIVITIES - Women are mainly engaged in household work. LOWER LITERACY RATE - Lower literacy rate means that they are unable to find suitable jobs. A lower literacy rate implies that their level of skill development is less. Therefore, their chances of finding skilled employment are also low. CONSTRAINING FACTORS - Women require safety. The cases of eve-teasing, molestation, and rapes are quite high. This makes them and their families feel unsafe to send them out of their homes. Also, women prefer convenience because they give prime importance to their families. Development implies that gender disparities should decrease. The Economic Survey compared gender parity on 15 parameters. It was found that, in India, with development, there was an improvement in 13 out of 15 indicators. However, there was a worsening on 2 parameters. One was that the employment rate for women was very low. Also, there was a gap in pay parity of around 14%. The way forward here is that the labour laws should not be too rigid. For example, due to the maternity benefit act, firms do not want to hire women, as they have to provide them 26 weeks of paid leave. Laws should be more facilitative than rigid. Therefore, labour laws require more reform. To address the above challenges a multi-dimensional approach is needed to increase women"s labour force participation. High LFPR of women is necessary to achieve the goal of inclusive growth in India.
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What do you understand by biotic interactions? Discuss types of biotic interactions with examples. (150 words/ 10 Marks)
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Approach Define biotic interaction Briefly explain different biotic interactions with examples Conclude Accordingly Model Answer Biotic interaction is the activity of the living organism which may cause a marked effect on the survival of other organisms. The interaction that occurs among different individuals of the same species is called intraspecific interaction while the interaction among individuals of different species in a community is termed interspecific interaction. Such type of interactions can be classified into two types- Positive Biotic Interactions Mutualism Protocooperation Commensalism NegativeBiotic Interactions Competition Predation Amensalism Parasitism Positive Biotic Interactions Mutualism- Mutualism is a close association between two species in which both species benefit. For example the sea anemone, a cnidarian gets attached to the shell of hermit crabs for benefit of transport and obtaining new food while the anemone provides camouflage and protection by means of its stinging cells to the hermit crab. Protocooperation - In this both the partners are mutually benefited and it increases their chances of survival. However, here the interaction is not obligatory for their survival and both can live without interaction. For example relationship, b/w sea snakes and birds where birds make their nests on lower branches of trees and snakes gather around the base of trees. This protects birds from predators and snakes feed on birds" droppings from fish. Commensalism - In this small members get benefitted from large members like "hosts" who are neither benefited nor harmed. For example- interaction b/w Suckerfish and Shark is one such relation. Negative Biotic Interactions Competition- two or more members of different species of the same tropic level compete for common resources like nutrition, water, habitat, etc whichever is in short supply, this further can be of two types- interspecific competition occurring between individuals of two different species occurring in habitat and intraspecific competition-occurs between individuals of same species Predation- In this a large species ie predator attack and kill small species ie prey and keep their population in check as the unchecked population could lead to ecosystem instability. For example Relationship b/w tiger and deer. Amensalism- One species harms or restricts the other species without itself being adversely affected or harmed by the presence of the other species. For Example, A large tree shades a small plant, retarding the growth of the small plant. The small plant has no effect on the large tree. Parasitism- I n this type of interaction, one species is harmed, and the other benefits. For example- Plants like dodder plants (Cuscuta) and mistletoe (Loranthus) are parasites that live on flowering plants. Thus, Species" biotic interactions form the basis for many ecosystem properties and processes such as nutrient cycling and food webs.
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##Question:What do you understand by biotic interactions? Discuss types of biotic interactions with examples. (150 words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Define biotic interaction Briefly explain different biotic interactions with examples Conclude Accordingly Model Answer Biotic interaction is the activity of the living organism which may cause a marked effect on the survival of other organisms. The interaction that occurs among different individuals of the same species is called intraspecific interaction while the interaction among individuals of different species in a community is termed interspecific interaction. Such type of interactions can be classified into two types- Positive Biotic Interactions Mutualism Protocooperation Commensalism NegativeBiotic Interactions Competition Predation Amensalism Parasitism Positive Biotic Interactions Mutualism- Mutualism is a close association between two species in which both species benefit. For example the sea anemone, a cnidarian gets attached to the shell of hermit crabs for benefit of transport and obtaining new food while the anemone provides camouflage and protection by means of its stinging cells to the hermit crab. Protocooperation - In this both the partners are mutually benefited and it increases their chances of survival. However, here the interaction is not obligatory for their survival and both can live without interaction. For example relationship, b/w sea snakes and birds where birds make their nests on lower branches of trees and snakes gather around the base of trees. This protects birds from predators and snakes feed on birds" droppings from fish. Commensalism - In this small members get benefitted from large members like "hosts" who are neither benefited nor harmed. For example- interaction b/w Suckerfish and Shark is one such relation. Negative Biotic Interactions Competition- two or more members of different species of the same tropic level compete for common resources like nutrition, water, habitat, etc whichever is in short supply, this further can be of two types- interspecific competition occurring between individuals of two different species occurring in habitat and intraspecific competition-occurs between individuals of same species Predation- In this a large species ie predator attack and kill small species ie prey and keep their population in check as the unchecked population could lead to ecosystem instability. For example Relationship b/w tiger and deer. Amensalism- One species harms or restricts the other species without itself being adversely affected or harmed by the presence of the other species. For Example, A large tree shades a small plant, retarding the growth of the small plant. The small plant has no effect on the large tree. Parasitism- I n this type of interaction, one species is harmed, and the other benefits. For example- Plants like dodder plants (Cuscuta) and mistletoe (Loranthus) are parasites that live on flowering plants. Thus, Species" biotic interactions form the basis for many ecosystem properties and processes such as nutrient cycling and food webs.
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What are the different types of species? Also, explain their role in the ecosystem along with examples. (150 words, 10 marks)
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Approach: 1. Define Species. 2. Mention the different types of species and their role along with examples. 3. Conclude accordingly. What is Species ? Species is the rudimentary unit of classification in biology and biodiversity. Spices are often defined as a large section of an organism where two individuals of the opposite sexes produce fertile offspring. Keystone Species: Some of the species in its ecosystem have a significant effect on other community members or species. In case of such species disappear, it could lead to the extinction of the other species. Such species are known as keystone species. Example: Corals are significant in the ocean food chain as it supports very high biodiversity in the aquatic ecosystem. In the absence of corals, the entire ecosystem is disrupted. Top-level predators like tiger, lion, and cheetah are also considered to be the keystone species. In the absence of these predators, the unchecked outburst in the population of deer shall result in excessive consumption of grass, leaving behind the dirth of food in the future. This can result in the extinction of deer. Insects and honey bees (Pollinators): Cross-pollination generally increases the diversity at the level of species. this can result in the prevention of disease outbreaks. The wild durian tree which is endemic to the Western Ghats is a keystone species as it engages in attracting the diverse population of birds, reptiles, and many more to support the western ghats ecosystem. Indicator Species (Sentinel Species): When any species is present or absent or is abundant, then it reflects a particular environmental condition. This is also seen as an early warning from nature to prevent the changes in sensitive environmental conditions. Example: Frogs. These indicate the presence of sufficient humidity and moisture. When there is insufficient availability of water it leads to species of frogs extinction. Frog"s eggs are laid on the leaves just before the monsoon. On the arrival of the monsoon, these drops onto the mud and develop to become tadpoles. Due to concretisation, the extinction of the frog species indicates the expansion of the drought region. Presence of rats, vultures, and crows signify the accumulation of garbage or inefficient disposal system. All the top-level predators, tigers, lions, cheetahs, and snow leopards are also indicator species. Like Lichens indicate acid rain as it changes the pH level that facilitates the outgrowth of the Lichens. Endemic Species: Those species exclusive to the specific geographic location are called endemic species. Example: Lion-tailed Macaque, Nilgiri Tahr, and Malabar Civet are endemic to the Western Ghats. Kondana Rat is endemic to the Pune region. Indian Wild Ass, Kharai Camel, and Asiatic Lion are endemic to Gujarat. Flying Squirrels to Namdapha National Park, Pigmy Hogs are endemic to Assam. Red Pandas are endemic to North Eastern Himalayas. Invasive Alien Species: Exotic species when introduced intentionally or unintentionally, multiply rapidly and become a threat to the local ecosystem. Such species are called Invasive Alien Species. These invasive alien species tend to multiply rapidly because of their tendency to colonize the new area so as to destroy the natural ecosystem at the destination. This is made possible for these species as it is not integrated with the food chain. Example: Rabbits when introduced in Australia had all the characteristics to be an invasive alien species. Thus, it was capable enough to destroy wheat production in Australia in the 1990s. Eucalyptus and Wattle are banned from growing as they reduce the groundwater level. Cassia, was recently noticed in the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, as an alien species because it has the ability to curtail the germination of the native species and further disturb the food chain. Natural Conference on the Status of Invasive Alien Species was organised by the Zoological Survey of India and Botanical Survey of India. On the lines of this conference, the Zoological Survey of India compiles 157 Invasive Alien Species for the first time which includes Cotton Mealy Bug that affected the Deccan region and is native to North America. Papaya Mealy Bug destroyed the Papaya plantation and is native to South America. Amazon Sailfin Catfish is a threat to the population of native fish of Kolkata. Edge Species: These are the species abundantly found in the ecotone boundary. E.g. mangroves. Critical link Species: These are important species that support the network species as pollinators, dispersal agents, and absorption or circulation of nutrients. E.g. Mycorrhizal Fungi that absorb and circulate the nutrients from the soil and organic residues. Pollinators help in carrying the pollens. Dominant Species: Species with substantial abundance in comparison to other species in that area are called the dominant species. Example: Mangroves in the tidal swamps. Foundational Species: This generally maintains and creates a habitat by supporting other species. Example: Corals. Flagship Species: Important species of the area which require to be conserved, are advertised so as to bring awareness to the local population. Example: One horn Rhinos of Assam, Elephants, and Tigers of South India, Snow Leopard of the Himalayas. Umbrella Species: From the conservation point of view, a particular species that can save and protect the entire ecosystem or the protected site is called an Umbrella Species. Examples: Corals, Saving tigers shall result in saving other species such as leopards, boars, hares, antelopes, monkeys, and others. Conclusion: Humans depend on biodiversity in myriad ways, yet species are being rapidly lost due to human activities. Species are an integral component of ecosystems, and the value they provide in terms of services should be a standard part of ecosystem assessments. However, assessing the value of species is difficult and will always remain incomplete.
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##Question:What are the different types of species? Also, explain their role in the ecosystem along with examples. (150 words, 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: 1. Define Species. 2. Mention the different types of species and their role along with examples. 3. Conclude accordingly. What is Species ? Species is the rudimentary unit of classification in biology and biodiversity. Spices are often defined as a large section of an organism where two individuals of the opposite sexes produce fertile offspring. Keystone Species: Some of the species in its ecosystem have a significant effect on other community members or species. In case of such species disappear, it could lead to the extinction of the other species. Such species are known as keystone species. Example: Corals are significant in the ocean food chain as it supports very high biodiversity in the aquatic ecosystem. In the absence of corals, the entire ecosystem is disrupted. Top-level predators like tiger, lion, and cheetah are also considered to be the keystone species. In the absence of these predators, the unchecked outburst in the population of deer shall result in excessive consumption of grass, leaving behind the dirth of food in the future. This can result in the extinction of deer. Insects and honey bees (Pollinators): Cross-pollination generally increases the diversity at the level of species. this can result in the prevention of disease outbreaks. The wild durian tree which is endemic to the Western Ghats is a keystone species as it engages in attracting the diverse population of birds, reptiles, and many more to support the western ghats ecosystem. Indicator Species (Sentinel Species): When any species is present or absent or is abundant, then it reflects a particular environmental condition. This is also seen as an early warning from nature to prevent the changes in sensitive environmental conditions. Example: Frogs. These indicate the presence of sufficient humidity and moisture. When there is insufficient availability of water it leads to species of frogs extinction. Frog"s eggs are laid on the leaves just before the monsoon. On the arrival of the monsoon, these drops onto the mud and develop to become tadpoles. Due to concretisation, the extinction of the frog species indicates the expansion of the drought region. Presence of rats, vultures, and crows signify the accumulation of garbage or inefficient disposal system. All the top-level predators, tigers, lions, cheetahs, and snow leopards are also indicator species. Like Lichens indicate acid rain as it changes the pH level that facilitates the outgrowth of the Lichens. Endemic Species: Those species exclusive to the specific geographic location are called endemic species. Example: Lion-tailed Macaque, Nilgiri Tahr, and Malabar Civet are endemic to the Western Ghats. Kondana Rat is endemic to the Pune region. Indian Wild Ass, Kharai Camel, and Asiatic Lion are endemic to Gujarat. Flying Squirrels to Namdapha National Park, Pigmy Hogs are endemic to Assam. Red Pandas are endemic to North Eastern Himalayas. Invasive Alien Species: Exotic species when introduced intentionally or unintentionally, multiply rapidly and become a threat to the local ecosystem. Such species are called Invasive Alien Species. These invasive alien species tend to multiply rapidly because of their tendency to colonize the new area so as to destroy the natural ecosystem at the destination. This is made possible for these species as it is not integrated with the food chain. Example: Rabbits when introduced in Australia had all the characteristics to be an invasive alien species. Thus, it was capable enough to destroy wheat production in Australia in the 1990s. Eucalyptus and Wattle are banned from growing as they reduce the groundwater level. Cassia, was recently noticed in the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, as an alien species because it has the ability to curtail the germination of the native species and further disturb the food chain. Natural Conference on the Status of Invasive Alien Species was organised by the Zoological Survey of India and Botanical Survey of India. On the lines of this conference, the Zoological Survey of India compiles 157 Invasive Alien Species for the first time which includes Cotton Mealy Bug that affected the Deccan region and is native to North America. Papaya Mealy Bug destroyed the Papaya plantation and is native to South America. Amazon Sailfin Catfish is a threat to the population of native fish of Kolkata. Edge Species: These are the species abundantly found in the ecotone boundary. E.g. mangroves. Critical link Species: These are important species that support the network species as pollinators, dispersal agents, and absorption or circulation of nutrients. E.g. Mycorrhizal Fungi that absorb and circulate the nutrients from the soil and organic residues. Pollinators help in carrying the pollens. Dominant Species: Species with substantial abundance in comparison to other species in that area are called the dominant species. Example: Mangroves in the tidal swamps. Foundational Species: This generally maintains and creates a habitat by supporting other species. Example: Corals. Flagship Species: Important species of the area which require to be conserved, are advertised so as to bring awareness to the local population. Example: One horn Rhinos of Assam, Elephants, and Tigers of South India, Snow Leopard of the Himalayas. Umbrella Species: From the conservation point of view, a particular species that can save and protect the entire ecosystem or the protected site is called an Umbrella Species. Examples: Corals, Saving tigers shall result in saving other species such as leopards, boars, hares, antelopes, monkeys, and others. Conclusion: Humans depend on biodiversity in myriad ways, yet species are being rapidly lost due to human activities. Species are an integral component of ecosystems, and the value they provide in terms of services should be a standard part of ecosystem assessments. However, assessing the value of species is difficult and will always remain incomplete.
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What is a Solar Eclipse? Write about its different types in detail. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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APPROACH: Briefly introduce with a definition of the solar eclipse. In the body write about the types of solar eclipses. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: An eclipse is an event where one heavenly body moves into the shadow of another causing the shadow. There comes a time when the three heavenly bodies get aligned in the same straight line and this is when an eclipse occurs. Solar eclipse: When the moon blocks the light of the sun from reaching the earth, it casts a shadow onto the earth. Umbra is the darker shadow of the moon or any blocking body which causes a total eclipse. Penumbra is the region in lighter shadow causing a partial eclipse. Types of Solar eclipse- Total Solar eclipse It is when the sun is completely blocked by the moon. During this, the photosphere is completely blocked, and the chromosphere and corona are visible. Partial solar eclipse When the sun is partially blocked and is visible from the Penumbra region. Annular solar eclipse When the moon is farthest from the Earth, it will not be able to block the entire Photosphere creating a ring in the sky called as Ring of Fire. It occurs during the apogee (ie. the farthest position of the moon from the Earth.) Understanding the kind of eclipses gives us a chance to understand the functioning of the solar system which is crucial for the advancement of Science and living beings.
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##Question:What is a Solar Eclipse? Write about its different types in detail. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Briefly introduce with a definition of the solar eclipse. In the body write about the types of solar eclipses. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: An eclipse is an event where one heavenly body moves into the shadow of another causing the shadow. There comes a time when the three heavenly bodies get aligned in the same straight line and this is when an eclipse occurs. Solar eclipse: When the moon blocks the light of the sun from reaching the earth, it casts a shadow onto the earth. Umbra is the darker shadow of the moon or any blocking body which causes a total eclipse. Penumbra is the region in lighter shadow causing a partial eclipse. Types of Solar eclipse- Total Solar eclipse It is when the sun is completely blocked by the moon. During this, the photosphere is completely blocked, and the chromosphere and corona are visible. Partial solar eclipse When the sun is partially blocked and is visible from the Penumbra region. Annular solar eclipse When the moon is farthest from the Earth, it will not be able to block the entire Photosphere creating a ring in the sky called as Ring of Fire. It occurs during the apogee (ie. the farthest position of the moon from the Earth.) Understanding the kind of eclipses gives us a chance to understand the functioning of the solar system which is crucial for the advancement of Science and living beings.
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In the light of the constitutional provisions, explain the doctrine of Separation of Powers. Also, mention Supreme Court judgements related to it. (150 words/10 marks).
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Approach Define the doctrine of separation of power Mention constitutional provisions related to the doctrine of SoP Highlight related Supreme Court judgements Conclude with special emphasis on the checks and balances related to SoP Answer The doctrine of separation of powers is based on the tripartite division of powers between the legislature, executive, and Judiciary. The theory is propounded by French philosopher Montesquieu in his seminal work spirit of the law in 1748. Separation of powers in simple terms refers to establishing the three organs defining their functions, no person can be a member of more than one organ. Constitutional provisions related to the Separation of Powers Article 50 - Judiciary shall be separated from the executive in the public services of the state. The judicial powers have been taken away from the executive in order to implement article 50 in the true sense. The separation of the judiciary from the executive promotes constitutionalism. Article 122 and 212 - The validity in the proceedings of Parliament and Legislatures shall not be called into question in any court. Article 105 - This provides an immunity. No Member of Parliament shall be liable with respect to any vote given or anything said on the floor of the house or any parliamentary committee. Article 53 and 154 - The executive power of the Union and the state shall be vested with President and Governor. Under Article 361, they also enjoy immunity from judicial proceedings in lieu of acts done in an official capacity. Major Supreme Court Judgements Golaknath v/s State of Punjab - The constitution of India demarcates their jurisdiction minutely and they are expected to exercise their jurisdiction without overstepping limits. Bandhua Mukti Morcha case - Court in its degree of interpreting a law accomplishes a marginal degree of legislative exercise, nevertheless, the constitution rests on a healthy balance between different institutions. Kesavananda Bharati case - The amending power of the Parliament is subject to a basic structure and not unlimited The doctrine of checks and balances is an important element of upholding the spirit of democracy by restricting the powers through checks and balances. Checks and balances ensure that various organs function within their limits and any breach would be corrected by the other organ. Thus, in India, separation of powers has acquired its own uniqueness with sufficient checks and balances to ensure that no organ of the state exercises arbitrary power.
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##Question:In the light of the constitutional provisions, explain the doctrine of Separation of Powers. Also, mention Supreme Court judgements related to it. (150 words/10 marks).##Answer:Approach Define the doctrine of separation of power Mention constitutional provisions related to the doctrine of SoP Highlight related Supreme Court judgements Conclude with special emphasis on the checks and balances related to SoP Answer The doctrine of separation of powers is based on the tripartite division of powers between the legislature, executive, and Judiciary. The theory is propounded by French philosopher Montesquieu in his seminal work spirit of the law in 1748. Separation of powers in simple terms refers to establishing the three organs defining their functions, no person can be a member of more than one organ. Constitutional provisions related to the Separation of Powers Article 50 - Judiciary shall be separated from the executive in the public services of the state. The judicial powers have been taken away from the executive in order to implement article 50 in the true sense. The separation of the judiciary from the executive promotes constitutionalism. Article 122 and 212 - The validity in the proceedings of Parliament and Legislatures shall not be called into question in any court. Article 105 - This provides an immunity. No Member of Parliament shall be liable with respect to any vote given or anything said on the floor of the house or any parliamentary committee. Article 53 and 154 - The executive power of the Union and the state shall be vested with President and Governor. Under Article 361, they also enjoy immunity from judicial proceedings in lieu of acts done in an official capacity. Major Supreme Court Judgements Golaknath v/s State of Punjab - The constitution of India demarcates their jurisdiction minutely and they are expected to exercise their jurisdiction without overstepping limits. Bandhua Mukti Morcha case - Court in its degree of interpreting a law accomplishes a marginal degree of legislative exercise, nevertheless, the constitution rests on a healthy balance between different institutions. Kesavananda Bharati case - The amending power of the Parliament is subject to a basic structure and not unlimited The doctrine of checks and balances is an important element of upholding the spirit of democracy by restricting the powers through checks and balances. Checks and balances ensure that various organs function within their limits and any breach would be corrected by the other organ. Thus, in India, separation of powers has acquired its own uniqueness with sufficient checks and balances to ensure that no organ of the state exercises arbitrary power.
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What is the Wage-Rate unemployment? How do Keynesians deviate from this concept of unemployment? (10Marks/150Words)
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APPROACH: Introduce by explaining what is wage rate unemployment. Explain the classical/wage rate unemployment in detail in the body. Expalin what is the view point of Keynesians on this. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: The Wage rate unemployment is the name given to the unemployment attributed to unusual high wage rates in the short run by the classical economists. According to the classical school of economics, in the labor market, the labor themselves are the suppliers, and with an increase in wages, more labor would be supplied. The demanders are the employers or the firms, whose demand would vary inversely with the price of labor ie. and wages. In the market, the wages should eventually settle at the equilibrium level such that the demand and supply of the labor are equal, and hence no unemployment. (Kindly ask the student to show this using a graph.) However, if the wages are greater than equilibrium wages then there would be greater supply as compared to the demand and hence unemployment. Such a UE is called a Classical or Wage Rate UE. It is explained by two possible reasons: (1) Higher than equilibrium minimum wages formulated by the government. (2) Strong labor unions negotiating for higher than equilibrium wages. However, during the 1930s, at the time of great depression the classicals school failed to justify the high rate of unemployment. It is here that Keynes attacked the self adjusting tendencies of wage rate as explained by the Classicists. Keynes explained the unemployment in the economy using the cyclical nature of the economy. He atttributed the persisting unemployment to slowdown in the economy which would require reconcialiation by increase in demand. (Kindly ask the student to show this using the graph.) An economy grows at rates of growth that continue to change over time. The general economic cycle consists of phases of high growth, slow down, recession and recovery. When an economy grows fast, it is expected that it will create more jobs as compared to when the economy grows slowly. As a result during periods of high growth job creation is faster and hence unemployment rate declines. During periods of low growth, job creation is slower, and hence unemployment rate increases. Therefore unemployment rises and falls like the cycle of the economy. Such unemployment which is due to the economy growing at a slower pace is called Cyclical Unemployment. Thus, Keynesian school of Economics changed the hitherto understood working of the economy. Unlike Classicals, which say that unemployment is due to higher than equilibrium wages, Keynesians emphasize that unemployment can be high even if wages are low when the economy is growing at a slow pace or is in a recession. With the concerted efforts the investment and money supply in the economy was raised which eventually helped the economy come out of the depression.
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##Question:What is the Wage-Rate unemployment? How do Keynesians deviate from this concept of unemployment? (10Marks/150Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce by explaining what is wage rate unemployment. Explain the classical/wage rate unemployment in detail in the body. Expalin what is the view point of Keynesians on this. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: The Wage rate unemployment is the name given to the unemployment attributed to unusual high wage rates in the short run by the classical economists. According to the classical school of economics, in the labor market, the labor themselves are the suppliers, and with an increase in wages, more labor would be supplied. The demanders are the employers or the firms, whose demand would vary inversely with the price of labor ie. and wages. In the market, the wages should eventually settle at the equilibrium level such that the demand and supply of the labor are equal, and hence no unemployment. (Kindly ask the student to show this using a graph.) However, if the wages are greater than equilibrium wages then there would be greater supply as compared to the demand and hence unemployment. Such a UE is called a Classical or Wage Rate UE. It is explained by two possible reasons: (1) Higher than equilibrium minimum wages formulated by the government. (2) Strong labor unions negotiating for higher than equilibrium wages. However, during the 1930s, at the time of great depression the classicals school failed to justify the high rate of unemployment. It is here that Keynes attacked the self adjusting tendencies of wage rate as explained by the Classicists. Keynes explained the unemployment in the economy using the cyclical nature of the economy. He atttributed the persisting unemployment to slowdown in the economy which would require reconcialiation by increase in demand. (Kindly ask the student to show this using the graph.) An economy grows at rates of growth that continue to change over time. The general economic cycle consists of phases of high growth, slow down, recession and recovery. When an economy grows fast, it is expected that it will create more jobs as compared to when the economy grows slowly. As a result during periods of high growth job creation is faster and hence unemployment rate declines. During periods of low growth, job creation is slower, and hence unemployment rate increases. Therefore unemployment rises and falls like the cycle of the economy. Such unemployment which is due to the economy growing at a slower pace is called Cyclical Unemployment. Thus, Keynesian school of Economics changed the hitherto understood working of the economy. Unlike Classicals, which say that unemployment is due to higher than equilibrium wages, Keynesians emphasize that unemployment can be high even if wages are low when the economy is growing at a slow pace or is in a recession. With the concerted efforts the investment and money supply in the economy was raised which eventually helped the economy come out of the depression.
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Discuss the facets of Investment-led Growth Model. In this regard, gauge the performance of China and India so far. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Define the Investment led growth model, capacity building, job creation, etc. Factors involved in investment-led growth, focus on exports, etc. Further, try to mention the Chinese growth story, success, drawbacks, low domestic consumption, etc. Indian context, more focus on savings, etc. can be discussed and compared. Answer: Investment-led growth: Investment-led growth is a model which, through investments, creates infrastructure, more employment, exports, and higher demand, while simultaneously, increasing production capacity. Investment-led growth requires the following: 1. Infusion of capital in the economy. 2. Development of large industrial hubs, e.g. Beijing, Shanghai, etc. 3. Creation of infrastructure, SEZs, for economies of scale. 4. Production of capital goods (which can further produce consumption goods.) Performance of China via Investment led Growth: Capitalist investments in China: Chinese introduction of capitalist market principles led to mass privatization and opening up of their markets to foreign investments. Cheap labor in the 1980s: Due to the availability of cheap labor, overseas firms started building firms in China, to take the advantage of cheap labor. Focus on Big industrial cities: Chinese development strategy increased their focus on larger cities like Shanghai and Beijing. Investment-led growth model increased production but did not increase the consumption base proportionately. That is a lack of inclusiveness. India"s growth model, and how it differed from investment-led growth: India’s growth model was different from the investment-export-oriented strategy of China. India"s growth from internal sectors: While China has derived the predominant part of its growth from external sources, both in terms of foreign investment and export markets, India’s growth was from internal sources. Low Indian exports: India’s net export to GDP ratio has been significantly lower than that of China. Large Indian trade deficit: India, in spite of having a large trade deficit, yet has managed to grow at reasonably high rates. High domestic savings: The domestic savings to investment gap in India has been kept at low levels and India has managed to finance a predominant part of its capital formation from domestic savings. Due to the Investment model, China was successful in increasing GDP growth but failed to increase household income growth. The consumption to GDP ratio of China was generally low, and the household savings rate was also not as high as in India. However, Chinese Investment led growth was significantly successful in removing poverty, creating jobs in China, etc. Hence, India is also learning from the Chinese growth story and wants to follow an investment-led growth model.
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##Question:Discuss the facets of Investment-led Growth Model. In this regard, gauge the performance of China and India so far. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Define the Investment led growth model, capacity building, job creation, etc. Factors involved in investment-led growth, focus on exports, etc. Further, try to mention the Chinese growth story, success, drawbacks, low domestic consumption, etc. Indian context, more focus on savings, etc. can be discussed and compared. Answer: Investment-led growth: Investment-led growth is a model which, through investments, creates infrastructure, more employment, exports, and higher demand, while simultaneously, increasing production capacity. Investment-led growth requires the following: 1. Infusion of capital in the economy. 2. Development of large industrial hubs, e.g. Beijing, Shanghai, etc. 3. Creation of infrastructure, SEZs, for economies of scale. 4. Production of capital goods (which can further produce consumption goods.) Performance of China via Investment led Growth: Capitalist investments in China: Chinese introduction of capitalist market principles led to mass privatization and opening up of their markets to foreign investments. Cheap labor in the 1980s: Due to the availability of cheap labor, overseas firms started building firms in China, to take the advantage of cheap labor. Focus on Big industrial cities: Chinese development strategy increased their focus on larger cities like Shanghai and Beijing. Investment-led growth model increased production but did not increase the consumption base proportionately. That is a lack of inclusiveness. India"s growth model, and how it differed from investment-led growth: India’s growth model was different from the investment-export-oriented strategy of China. India"s growth from internal sectors: While China has derived the predominant part of its growth from external sources, both in terms of foreign investment and export markets, India’s growth was from internal sources. Low Indian exports: India’s net export to GDP ratio has been significantly lower than that of China. Large Indian trade deficit: India, in spite of having a large trade deficit, yet has managed to grow at reasonably high rates. High domestic savings: The domestic savings to investment gap in India has been kept at low levels and India has managed to finance a predominant part of its capital formation from domestic savings. Due to the Investment model, China was successful in increasing GDP growth but failed to increase household income growth. The consumption to GDP ratio of China was generally low, and the household savings rate was also not as high as in India. However, Chinese Investment led growth was significantly successful in removing poverty, creating jobs in China, etc. Hence, India is also learning from the Chinese growth story and wants to follow an investment-led growth model.
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Discuss the impact of social media on the social and political culture of India. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Introduce in brief social media and its opportunities with respect to expressing views In body discuss the effect of social media on the social and political culture of the country Conclude briefly with a balanced view Answer: Social media such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, Telegram, etc offers people-to-people interaction that breaks barriers and forges a true human connection. It has provided the tools of communicating more openly and anonymously. So, should be used in the right way in the right perspective, the right purpose and for upholding the right causes and ethically. In today"s time, there is so much presence of social media that it impacted every aspect of life for eg social and political culture. Social Culture: Positive impact: Awareness with respect to (wrt) social evils in the society Leads to mobilisation and helps in the assertion and hence lead to social change Accommodative culture and tolerance towards diversity It would also lead to the strengthening of social capital Generate empathy and compassion towards the marginalised sections of society It would create a platform for 3Ds ie debate, discussion and deliberation With anonymity, it provides the aspect of questioning the regressive practices Awareness and promoting of traditional values Preservation and promotion of indigenous culture The democratisation of social culture and Breaking of stereotypes Negative impact: Hatred and intolerance Radicalisation Generating prejudices Anonymity - diffusion of responsibility Fake news - the exodus of communities Political Culture: Positive Impact: Strengthening democracy Accountability and responsibility will ensure good and smooth governance Checks and balances - prevents hasty policy decisions The legitimacy to the government Mobilisation for a political cause eg Umbrella Movement (Hongkong) A platform for the pressure groups/interest groups It will ensure representation to every section of the society Provides voice to stakeholders Negative Impact: Fake news/narrative and Propaganda Political parties and organisations in a polarising manner. Paid News and for predicting voting patterns. Polarising society and used for surveillance, election meddling, Online abuse Technology in itself is value-neutral. It depends on what use it has been put to will determine whether it is positive or negative - Mohd Yunus. Social media needs to be used in an ethical manner so that problems are solved rather than created. Government and civil society besides should work together to curb the unethical use of social media in the country so that various tenets that are country upholds should not get violated.
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##Question:Discuss the impact of social media on the social and political culture of India. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief social media and its opportunities with respect to expressing views In body discuss the effect of social media on the social and political culture of the country Conclude briefly with a balanced view Answer: Social media such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, Telegram, etc offers people-to-people interaction that breaks barriers and forges a true human connection. It has provided the tools of communicating more openly and anonymously. So, should be used in the right way in the right perspective, the right purpose and for upholding the right causes and ethically. In today"s time, there is so much presence of social media that it impacted every aspect of life for eg social and political culture. Social Culture: Positive impact: Awareness with respect to (wrt) social evils in the society Leads to mobilisation and helps in the assertion and hence lead to social change Accommodative culture and tolerance towards diversity It would also lead to the strengthening of social capital Generate empathy and compassion towards the marginalised sections of society It would create a platform for 3Ds ie debate, discussion and deliberation With anonymity, it provides the aspect of questioning the regressive practices Awareness and promoting of traditional values Preservation and promotion of indigenous culture The democratisation of social culture and Breaking of stereotypes Negative impact: Hatred and intolerance Radicalisation Generating prejudices Anonymity - diffusion of responsibility Fake news - the exodus of communities Political Culture: Positive Impact: Strengthening democracy Accountability and responsibility will ensure good and smooth governance Checks and balances - prevents hasty policy decisions The legitimacy to the government Mobilisation for a political cause eg Umbrella Movement (Hongkong) A platform for the pressure groups/interest groups It will ensure representation to every section of the society Provides voice to stakeholders Negative Impact: Fake news/narrative and Propaganda Political parties and organisations in a polarising manner. Paid News and for predicting voting patterns. Polarising society and used for surveillance, election meddling, Online abuse Technology in itself is value-neutral. It depends on what use it has been put to will determine whether it is positive or negative - Mohd Yunus. Social media needs to be used in an ethical manner so that problems are solved rather than created. Government and civil society besides should work together to curb the unethical use of social media in the country so that various tenets that are country upholds should not get violated.
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