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Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition be broken through the microfinancing of women"s SHGs? Explain with examples. (150 words /10 marks)
Approach 1). First mention how gender inequality leads to poverty and malnutrition. 2). then one can show the vicious cycle also. 3). then one can mention how this vicious cycle can be broken by microfinancing through SHGs 4). try to substantiate with examples 5). conclude Answer:- Gender inequality results in unequal opportunities in terms of access to health, education, nutrition, and quality jobs pushing women into poverty and malnutrition. Vicious Cycle 1). Gender inequality practices such as Women in India earning 19% less than men, women"s labor force participation is only 4% in the Formal sector, and women eating the last meal, etc lead to the Perpetuation of poverty 2). poverty will lead to a lack of food, lack of nutritious food, and a lack of a body to absorb the nutritious food which further aggravates the situation of Malnutrition. 3). And Malnutrition will lead to a lack of cognitive development, lack of absorption of skills, and lack of economic development leading to Gender Inequality 4). Thus completing the vicious cycle This vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition can be broken with the help of microfinancing through SHGs Role of Microfinancing in breaking the vicious cycle 1). Nutritional indicators: Microfinancing of the women"s SHGs is linked to better nutritional outcomes for the whole family. It is important in breaking inter-generational poverty. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. results in better nutritional values among their families. For example, Self Employed Women’s Association works towards nutrition security amongst women, and the Lizzat papad 2). Community involvement: Microfinancing of women SHGs, help break the barriers of social conventions and gender ideology, with enhanced community engagement. For example, Kudumbshree, an initiative in Kerala started as an SHG. example- SHGs in Bhilangana valley, Tehri Garhwal - here SHG started their own enterprises such as Grammen Mart and Umang Dairy for income generation. example - Sakhi sanghthan is helping with the fodder management 3). Decision-making ability: Microfinancing of women SHGs improves the decision-making ability of its members. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. For example, Indira Kranti Patham enhanced the human resource capacity of its women members. Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) in Maharashtra provides financial and livelihood services to SHGs. 4). Socio-economic empowerment: Mission Shakti initiative of the Orissa government has led to better socio-economic indicators among tribal women. 5). Credit availability: Microfinancing of women SHGs is linked to the increased credit worthiness of the members. Access to credit provides resilience against falling into the poverty trap. For example, Jay Ambe SHG, in Rajasthan facilitates credit availability for its poor members. 6). Providing for non-farm employment is crucial in supporting the primary occupation of agriculture during times of agricultural distress. 7). Active involvement in different SHG initiatives helps members to grow leadership skills. They have representatives also in the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) Government initiatives 1). Mahila kishan shashktikaran pariyojana 2). Priyadarshini scheme (NABARD as nodal agency) 3). Deendayal antyodaya yojana- NRLM- building sustainable community institutions This SHG grouping in its true potent, if excludes the weaknesses can really help in the growth and prosperity of the rural hinterland by effectively increasing the participation of women to fight the evils of inequality, malnutrition, and poverty.
##Question:Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition be broken through the microfinancing of women"s SHGs? Explain with examples. (150 words /10 marks)##Answer:Approach 1). First mention how gender inequality leads to poverty and malnutrition. 2). then one can show the vicious cycle also. 3). then one can mention how this vicious cycle can be broken by microfinancing through SHGs 4). try to substantiate with examples 5). conclude Answer:- Gender inequality results in unequal opportunities in terms of access to health, education, nutrition, and quality jobs pushing women into poverty and malnutrition. Vicious Cycle 1). Gender inequality practices such as Women in India earning 19% less than men, women"s labor force participation is only 4% in the Formal sector, and women eating the last meal, etc lead to the Perpetuation of poverty 2). poverty will lead to a lack of food, lack of nutritious food, and a lack of a body to absorb the nutritious food which further aggravates the situation of Malnutrition. 3). And Malnutrition will lead to a lack of cognitive development, lack of absorption of skills, and lack of economic development leading to Gender Inequality 4). Thus completing the vicious cycle This vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition can be broken with the help of microfinancing through SHGs Role of Microfinancing in breaking the vicious cycle 1). Nutritional indicators: Microfinancing of the women"s SHGs is linked to better nutritional outcomes for the whole family. It is important in breaking inter-generational poverty. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. results in better nutritional values among their families. For example, Self Employed Women’s Association works towards nutrition security amongst women, and the Lizzat papad 2). Community involvement: Microfinancing of women SHGs, help break the barriers of social conventions and gender ideology, with enhanced community engagement. For example, Kudumbshree, an initiative in Kerala started as an SHG. example- SHGs in Bhilangana valley, Tehri Garhwal - here SHG started their own enterprises such as Grammen Mart and Umang Dairy for income generation. example - Sakhi sanghthan is helping with the fodder management 3). Decision-making ability: Microfinancing of women SHGs improves the decision-making ability of its members. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. For example, Indira Kranti Patham enhanced the human resource capacity of its women members. Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) in Maharashtra provides financial and livelihood services to SHGs. 4). Socio-economic empowerment: Mission Shakti initiative of the Orissa government has led to better socio-economic indicators among tribal women. 5). Credit availability: Microfinancing of women SHGs is linked to the increased credit worthiness of the members. Access to credit provides resilience against falling into the poverty trap. For example, Jay Ambe SHG, in Rajasthan facilitates credit availability for its poor members. 6). Providing for non-farm employment is crucial in supporting the primary occupation of agriculture during times of agricultural distress. 7). Active involvement in different SHG initiatives helps members to grow leadership skills. They have representatives also in the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) Government initiatives 1). Mahila kishan shashktikaran pariyojana 2). Priyadarshini scheme (NABARD as nodal agency) 3). Deendayal antyodaya yojana- NRLM- building sustainable community institutions This SHG grouping in its true potent, if excludes the weaknesses can really help in the growth and prosperity of the rural hinterland by effectively increasing the participation of women to fight the evils of inequality, malnutrition, and poverty.
80,861
Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition be broken through the microfinancing of women"s SHGs? Explain with examples. (150 words /10 marks)
Approach 1). First mention how gender inequality leads to poverty and malnutrition. 2). then one can show the vicious cycle also. 3). then one can mention how this vicious cycle can be broken by microfinancing through SHGs 4). try to substantiate with examples 5). conclude Answer:- Gender inequality results in unequal opportunities in terms of access to health, education, nutrition, and quality jobs pushing women into poverty and malnutrition. Vicious Cycle 1). Gender inequality practices such as Women in India earning 19% less than men, women"s labor force participation is only 4% in the Formal sector, and women eating the last meal, etc lead to the Perpetuation of poverty 2). poverty will lead to a lack of food, lack of nutritious food, and a lack of a body to absorb the nutritious food which further aggravates the situation of Malnutrition. 3). And Malnutrition will lead to a lack of cognitive development, lack of absorption of skills, and lack of economic development leading to Gender Inequality 4). Thus completing the vicious cycle This vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition can be broken with the help of microfinancing through SHGs Role of Microfinancing in breaking the vicious cycle 1). Nutritional indicators: Microfinancing of the women"s SHGs is linked to better nutritional outcomes for the whole family. It is important in breaking inter-generational poverty. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. results in better nutritional values among their families. For example, Self Employed Women’s Association works towards nutrition security amongst women, and the Lizzat papad 2). Community involvement: Microfinancing of women SHGs, help break the barriers of social conventions and gender ideology, with enhanced community engagement. For example, Kudumbshree, an initiative in Kerala started as an SHG. example- SHGs in Bhilangana valley, Tehri Garhwal - here SHG started their own enterprises such as Grammen Mart and Umang Dairy for income generation. example - Sakhi sanghthan is helping with the fodder management 3). Decision-making ability: Microfinancing of women SHGs improves the decision-making ability of its members. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. For example, Indira Kranti Patham enhanced the human resource capacity of its women members. Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) in Maharashtra provides financial and livelihood services to SHGs. 4). Socio-economic empowerment: Mission Shakti initiative of the Orissa government has led to better socio-economic indicators among tribal women. 5). Credit availability: Microfinancing of women SHGs is linked to the increased credit worthiness of the members. Access to credit provides resilience against falling into the poverty trap. For example, Jay Ambe SHG, in Rajasthan facilitates credit availability for its poor members. 6). Providing for non-farm employment is crucial in supporting the primary occupation of agriculture during times of agricultural distress. 7). Active involvement in different SHG initiatives helps members to grow leadership skills. They have representatives also in the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) Government initiatives 1). Mahila kishan shashktikaran pariyojana 2). Priyadarshini scheme (NABARD as nodal agency) 3). Deendayal antyodaya yojana- NRLM- building sustainable community institutions This SHG grouping in its true potent, if excludes the weaknesses can really help in the growth and prosperity of the rural hinterland by effectively increasing the participation of women to fight the evils of inequality, malnutrition, and poverty.
##Question:Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition be broken through the microfinancing of women"s SHGs? Explain with examples. (150 words /10 marks)##Answer:Approach 1). First mention how gender inequality leads to poverty and malnutrition. 2). then one can show the vicious cycle also. 3). then one can mention how this vicious cycle can be broken by microfinancing through SHGs 4). try to substantiate with examples 5). conclude Answer:- Gender inequality results in unequal opportunities in terms of access to health, education, nutrition, and quality jobs pushing women into poverty and malnutrition. Vicious Cycle 1). Gender inequality practices such as Women in India earning 19% less than men, women"s labor force participation is only 4% in the Formal sector, and women eating the last meal, etc lead to the Perpetuation of poverty 2). poverty will lead to a lack of food, lack of nutritious food, and a lack of a body to absorb the nutritious food which further aggravates the situation of Malnutrition. 3). And Malnutrition will lead to a lack of cognitive development, lack of absorption of skills, and lack of economic development leading to Gender Inequality 4). Thus completing the vicious cycle This vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition can be broken with the help of microfinancing through SHGs Role of Microfinancing in breaking the vicious cycle 1). Nutritional indicators: Microfinancing of the women"s SHGs is linked to better nutritional outcomes for the whole family. It is important in breaking inter-generational poverty. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. results in better nutritional values among their families. For example, Self Employed Women’s Association works towards nutrition security amongst women, and the Lizzat papad 2). Community involvement: Microfinancing of women SHGs, help break the barriers of social conventions and gender ideology, with enhanced community engagement. For example, Kudumbshree, an initiative in Kerala started as an SHG. example- SHGs in Bhilangana valley, Tehri Garhwal - here SHG started their own enterprises such as Grammen Mart and Umang Dairy for income generation. example - Sakhi sanghthan is helping with the fodder management 3). Decision-making ability: Microfinancing of women SHGs improves the decision-making ability of its members. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. For example, Indira Kranti Patham enhanced the human resource capacity of its women members. Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) in Maharashtra provides financial and livelihood services to SHGs. 4). Socio-economic empowerment: Mission Shakti initiative of the Orissa government has led to better socio-economic indicators among tribal women. 5). Credit availability: Microfinancing of women SHGs is linked to the increased credit worthiness of the members. Access to credit provides resilience against falling into the poverty trap. For example, Jay Ambe SHG, in Rajasthan facilitates credit availability for its poor members. 6). Providing for non-farm employment is crucial in supporting the primary occupation of agriculture during times of agricultural distress. 7). Active involvement in different SHG initiatives helps members to grow leadership skills. They have representatives also in the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) Government initiatives 1). Mahila kishan shashktikaran pariyojana 2). Priyadarshini scheme (NABARD as nodal agency) 3). Deendayal antyodaya yojana- NRLM- building sustainable community institutions This SHG grouping in its true potent, if excludes the weaknesses can really help in the growth and prosperity of the rural hinterland by effectively increasing the participation of women to fight the evils of inequality, malnutrition, and poverty.
80,862
Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition be broken through the microfinancing of women"s SHGs? Explain with examples. (150 words /10 marks)
Approach 1). First mention how gender inequality leads to poverty and malnutrition. 2). then one can show the vicious cycle also. 3). then one can mention how this vicious cycle can be broken by microfinancing through SHGs 4). try to substantiate with examples 5). conclude Answer:- Gender inequality results in unequal opportunities in terms of access to health, education, nutrition, and quality jobs pushing women into poverty and malnutrition. Vicious Cycle 1). Gender inequality practices such as Women in India earning 19% less than men, women"s labor force participation is only 4% in the Formal sector, and women eating the last meal, etc lead to the Perpetuation of poverty 2). poverty will lead to a lack of food, lack of nutritious food, and a lack of a body to absorb the nutritious food which further aggravates the situation of Malnutrition. 3). And Malnutrition will lead to a lack of cognitive development, lack of absorption of skills, and lack of economic development leading to Gender Inequality 4). Thus completing the vicious cycle This vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition can be broken with the help of microfinancing through SHGs Role of Microfinancing in breaking the vicious cycle 1). Nutritional indicators: Microfinancing of the women"s SHGs is linked to better nutritional outcomes for the whole family. It is important in breaking inter-generational poverty. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. results in better nutritional values among their families. For example, Self Employed Women’s Association works towards nutrition security amongst women, and the Lizzat papad 2). Community involvement: Microfinancing of women SHGs, help break the barriers of social conventions and gender ideology, with enhanced community engagement. For example, Kudumbshree, an initiative in Kerala started as an SHG. example- SHGs in Bhilangana valley, Tehri Garhwal - here SHG started their own enterprises such as Grammen Mart and Umang Dairy for income generation. example - Sakhi sanghthan is helping with the fodder management 3). Decision-making ability: Microfinancing of women SHGs improves the decision-making ability of its members. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. For example, Indira Kranti Patham enhanced the human resource capacity of its women members. Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) in Maharashtra provides financial and livelihood services to SHGs. 4). Socio-economic empowerment: Mission Shakti initiative of the Orissa government has led to better socio-economic indicators among tribal women. 5). Credit availability: Microfinancing of women SHGs is linked to the increased credit worthiness of the members. Access to credit provides resilience against falling into the poverty trap. For example, Jay Ambe SHG, in Rajasthan facilitates credit availability for its poor members. 6). Providing for non-farm employment is crucial in supporting the primary occupation of agriculture during times of agricultural distress. 7). Active involvement in different SHG initiatives helps members to grow leadership skills. They have representatives also in the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) Government initiatives 1). Mahila kishan shashktikaran pariyojana 2). Priyadarshini scheme (NABARD as nodal agency) 3). Deendayal antyodaya yojana- NRLM- building sustainable community institutions This SHG grouping in its true potent, if excludes the weaknesses can really help in the growth and prosperity of the rural hinterland by effectively increasing the participation of women to fight the evils of inequality, malnutrition, and poverty.
##Question:Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition be broken through the microfinancing of women"s SHGs? Explain with examples. (150 words /10 marks)##Answer:Approach 1). First mention how gender inequality leads to poverty and malnutrition. 2). then one can show the vicious cycle also. 3). then one can mention how this vicious cycle can be broken by microfinancing through SHGs 4). try to substantiate with examples 5). conclude Answer:- Gender inequality results in unequal opportunities in terms of access to health, education, nutrition, and quality jobs pushing women into poverty and malnutrition. Vicious Cycle 1). Gender inequality practices such as Women in India earning 19% less than men, women"s labor force participation is only 4% in the Formal sector, and women eating the last meal, etc lead to the Perpetuation of poverty 2). poverty will lead to a lack of food, lack of nutritious food, and a lack of a body to absorb the nutritious food which further aggravates the situation of Malnutrition. 3). And Malnutrition will lead to a lack of cognitive development, lack of absorption of skills, and lack of economic development leading to Gender Inequality 4). Thus completing the vicious cycle This vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition can be broken with the help of microfinancing through SHGs Role of Microfinancing in breaking the vicious cycle 1). Nutritional indicators: Microfinancing of the women"s SHGs is linked to better nutritional outcomes for the whole family. It is important in breaking inter-generational poverty. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. results in better nutritional values among their families. For example, Self Employed Women’s Association works towards nutrition security amongst women, and the Lizzat papad 2). Community involvement: Microfinancing of women SHGs, help break the barriers of social conventions and gender ideology, with enhanced community engagement. For example, Kudumbshree, an initiative in Kerala started as an SHG. example- SHGs in Bhilangana valley, Tehri Garhwal - here SHG started their own enterprises such as Grammen Mart and Umang Dairy for income generation. example - Sakhi sanghthan is helping with the fodder management 3). Decision-making ability: Microfinancing of women SHGs improves the decision-making ability of its members. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. For example, Indira Kranti Patham enhanced the human resource capacity of its women members. Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) in Maharashtra provides financial and livelihood services to SHGs. 4). Socio-economic empowerment: Mission Shakti initiative of the Orissa government has led to better socio-economic indicators among tribal women. 5). Credit availability: Microfinancing of women SHGs is linked to the increased credit worthiness of the members. Access to credit provides resilience against falling into the poverty trap. For example, Jay Ambe SHG, in Rajasthan facilitates credit availability for its poor members. 6). Providing for non-farm employment is crucial in supporting the primary occupation of agriculture during times of agricultural distress. 7). Active involvement in different SHG initiatives helps members to grow leadership skills. They have representatives also in the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) Government initiatives 1). Mahila kishan shashktikaran pariyojana 2). Priyadarshini scheme (NABARD as nodal agency) 3). Deendayal antyodaya yojana- NRLM- building sustainable community institutions This SHG grouping in its true potent, if excludes the weaknesses can really help in the growth and prosperity of the rural hinterland by effectively increasing the participation of women to fight the evils of inequality, malnutrition, and poverty.
80,863
Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition be broken through the microfinancing of women"s SHGs? Explain with examples. (150 words /10 marks)
Approach 1). First mention how gender inequality leads to poverty and malnutrition. 2). then one can show the vicious cycle also. 3). then one can mention how this vicious cycle can be broken by microfinancing through SHGs 4). try to substantiate with examples 5). conclude Answer:- Gender inequality results in unequal opportunities in terms of access to health, education, nutrition, and quality jobs pushing women into poverty and malnutrition. Vicious Cycle 1). Gender inequality practices such as Women in India earning 19% less than men, women"s labor force participation is only 4% in the Formal sector, and women eating the last meal, etc lead to the Perpetuation of poverty 2). poverty will lead to a lack of food, lack of nutritious food, and a lack of a body to absorb the nutritious food which further aggravates the situation of Malnutrition. 3). And Malnutrition will lead to a lack of cognitive development, lack of absorption of skills, and lack of economic development leading to Gender Inequality 4). Thus completing the vicious cycle This vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition can be broken with the help of microfinancing through SHGs Role of Microfinancing in breaking the vicious cycle 1). Nutritional indicators: Microfinancing of the women"s SHGs is linked to better nutritional outcomes for the whole family. It is important in breaking inter-generational poverty. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. results in better nutritional values among their families. For example, Self Employed Women’s Association works towards nutrition security amongst women, and the Lizzat papad 2). Community involvement: Microfinancing of women SHGs, help break the barriers of social conventions and gender ideology, with enhanced community engagement. For example, Kudumbshree, an initiative in Kerala started as an SHG. example- SHGs in Bhilangana valley, Tehri Garhwal - here SHG started their own enterprises such as Grammen Mart and Umang Dairy for income generation. example - Sakhi sanghthan is helping with the fodder management 3). Decision-making ability: Microfinancing of women SHGs improves the decision-making ability of its members. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. For example, Indira Kranti Patham enhanced the human resource capacity of its women members. Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) in Maharashtra provides financial and livelihood services to SHGs. 4). Socio-economic empowerment: Mission Shakti initiative of the Orissa government has led to better socio-economic indicators among tribal women. 5). Credit availability: Microfinancing of women SHGs is linked to the increased credit worthiness of the members. Access to credit provides resilience against falling into the poverty trap. For example, Jay Ambe SHG, in Rajasthan facilitates credit availability for its poor members. 6). Providing for non-farm employment is crucial in supporting the primary occupation of agriculture during times of agricultural distress. 7). Active involvement in different SHG initiatives helps members to grow leadership skills. They have representatives also in the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) Government initiatives 1). Mahila kishan shashktikaran pariyojana 2). Priyadarshini scheme (NABARD as nodal agency) 3). Deendayal antyodaya yojana- NRLM- building sustainable community institutions This SHG grouping in its true potent, if excludes the weaknesses can really help in the growth and prosperity of the rural hinterland by effectively increasing the participation of women to fight the evils of inequality, malnutrition, and poverty.
##Question:Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition be broken through the microfinancing of women"s SHGs? Explain with examples. (150 words /10 marks)##Answer:Approach 1). First mention how gender inequality leads to poverty and malnutrition. 2). then one can show the vicious cycle also. 3). then one can mention how this vicious cycle can be broken by microfinancing through SHGs 4). try to substantiate with examples 5). conclude Answer:- Gender inequality results in unequal opportunities in terms of access to health, education, nutrition, and quality jobs pushing women into poverty and malnutrition. Vicious Cycle 1). Gender inequality practices such as Women in India earning 19% less than men, women"s labor force participation is only 4% in the Formal sector, and women eating the last meal, etc lead to the Perpetuation of poverty 2). poverty will lead to a lack of food, lack of nutritious food, and a lack of a body to absorb the nutritious food which further aggravates the situation of Malnutrition. 3). And Malnutrition will lead to a lack of cognitive development, lack of absorption of skills, and lack of economic development leading to Gender Inequality 4). Thus completing the vicious cycle This vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition can be broken with the help of microfinancing through SHGs Role of Microfinancing in breaking the vicious cycle 1). Nutritional indicators: Microfinancing of the women"s SHGs is linked to better nutritional outcomes for the whole family. It is important in breaking inter-generational poverty. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. results in better nutritional values among their families. For example, Self Employed Women’s Association works towards nutrition security amongst women, and the Lizzat papad 2). Community involvement: Microfinancing of women SHGs, help break the barriers of social conventions and gender ideology, with enhanced community engagement. For example, Kudumbshree, an initiative in Kerala started as an SHG. example- SHGs in Bhilangana valley, Tehri Garhwal - here SHG started their own enterprises such as Grammen Mart and Umang Dairy for income generation. example - Sakhi sanghthan is helping with the fodder management 3). Decision-making ability: Microfinancing of women SHGs improves the decision-making ability of its members. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. For example, Indira Kranti Patham enhanced the human resource capacity of its women members. Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) in Maharashtra provides financial and livelihood services to SHGs. 4). Socio-economic empowerment: Mission Shakti initiative of the Orissa government has led to better socio-economic indicators among tribal women. 5). Credit availability: Microfinancing of women SHGs is linked to the increased credit worthiness of the members. Access to credit provides resilience against falling into the poverty trap. For example, Jay Ambe SHG, in Rajasthan facilitates credit availability for its poor members. 6). Providing for non-farm employment is crucial in supporting the primary occupation of agriculture during times of agricultural distress. 7). Active involvement in different SHG initiatives helps members to grow leadership skills. They have representatives also in the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) Government initiatives 1). Mahila kishan shashktikaran pariyojana 2). Priyadarshini scheme (NABARD as nodal agency) 3). Deendayal antyodaya yojana- NRLM- building sustainable community institutions This SHG grouping in its true potent, if excludes the weaknesses can really help in the growth and prosperity of the rural hinterland by effectively increasing the participation of women to fight the evils of inequality, malnutrition, and poverty.
80,864
Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition be broken through the microfinancing of women"s SHGs? Explain with examples. (150 words /10 marks)
Approach 1). First mention how gender inequality leads to poverty and malnutrition. 2). then one can show the vicious cycle also. 3). then one can mention how this vicious cycle can be broken by microfinancing through SHGs 4). try to substantiate with examples 5). conclude Answer:- Gender inequality results in unequal opportunities in terms of access to health, education, nutrition, and quality jobs pushing women into poverty and malnutrition. Vicious Cycle 1). Gender inequality practices such as Women in India earning 19% less than men, women"s labor force participation is only 4% in the Formal sector, and women eating the last meal, etc lead to the Perpetuation of poverty 2). poverty will lead to a lack of food, lack of nutritious food, and a lack of a body to absorb the nutritious food which further aggravates the situation of Malnutrition. 3). And Malnutrition will lead to a lack of cognitive development, lack of absorption of skills, and lack of economic development leading to Gender Inequality 4). Thus completing the vicious cycle This vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition can be broken with the help of microfinancing through SHGs Role of Microfinancing in breaking the vicious cycle 1). Nutritional indicators: Microfinancing of the women"s SHGs is linked to better nutritional outcomes for the whole family. It is important in breaking inter-generational poverty. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. results in better nutritional values among their families. For example, Self Employed Women’s Association works towards nutrition security amongst women, and the Lizzat papad 2). Community involvement: Microfinancing of women SHGs, help break the barriers of social conventions and gender ideology, with enhanced community engagement. For example, Kudumbshree, an initiative in Kerala started as an SHG. example- SHGs in Bhilangana valley, Tehri Garhwal - here SHG started their own enterprises such as Grammen Mart and Umang Dairy for income generation. example - Sakhi sanghthan is helping with the fodder management 3). Decision-making ability: Microfinancing of women SHGs improves the decision-making ability of its members. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. For example, Indira Kranti Patham enhanced the human resource capacity of its women members. Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) in Maharashtra provides financial and livelihood services to SHGs. 4). Socio-economic empowerment: Mission Shakti initiative of the Orissa government has led to better socio-economic indicators among tribal women. 5). Credit availability: Microfinancing of women SHGs is linked to the increased credit worthiness of the members. Access to credit provides resilience against falling into the poverty trap. For example, Jay Ambe SHG, in Rajasthan facilitates credit availability for its poor members. 6). Providing for non-farm employment is crucial in supporting the primary occupation of agriculture during times of agricultural distress. 7). Active involvement in different SHG initiatives helps members to grow leadership skills. They have representatives also in the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) Government initiatives 1). Mahila kishan shashktikaran pariyojana 2). Priyadarshini scheme (NABARD as nodal agency) 3). Deendayal antyodaya yojana- NRLM- building sustainable community institutions This SHG grouping in its true potent, if excludes the weaknesses can really help in the growth and prosperity of the rural hinterland by effectively increasing the participation of women to fight the evils of inequality, malnutrition, and poverty.
##Question:Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition be broken through the microfinancing of women"s SHGs? Explain with examples. (150 words /10 marks)##Answer:Approach 1). First mention how gender inequality leads to poverty and malnutrition. 2). then one can show the vicious cycle also. 3). then one can mention how this vicious cycle can be broken by microfinancing through SHGs 4). try to substantiate with examples 5). conclude Answer:- Gender inequality results in unequal opportunities in terms of access to health, education, nutrition, and quality jobs pushing women into poverty and malnutrition. Vicious Cycle 1). Gender inequality practices such as Women in India earning 19% less than men, women"s labor force participation is only 4% in the Formal sector, and women eating the last meal, etc lead to the Perpetuation of poverty 2). poverty will lead to a lack of food, lack of nutritious food, and a lack of a body to absorb the nutritious food which further aggravates the situation of Malnutrition. 3). And Malnutrition will lead to a lack of cognitive development, lack of absorption of skills, and lack of economic development leading to Gender Inequality 4). Thus completing the vicious cycle This vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty, and malnutrition can be broken with the help of microfinancing through SHGs Role of Microfinancing in breaking the vicious cycle 1). Nutritional indicators: Microfinancing of the women"s SHGs is linked to better nutritional outcomes for the whole family. It is important in breaking inter-generational poverty. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. results in better nutritional values among their families. For example, Self Employed Women’s Association works towards nutrition security amongst women, and the Lizzat papad 2). Community involvement: Microfinancing of women SHGs, help break the barriers of social conventions and gender ideology, with enhanced community engagement. For example, Kudumbshree, an initiative in Kerala started as an SHG. example- SHGs in Bhilangana valley, Tehri Garhwal - here SHG started their own enterprises such as Grammen Mart and Umang Dairy for income generation. example - Sakhi sanghthan is helping with the fodder management 3). Decision-making ability: Microfinancing of women SHGs improves the decision-making ability of its members. With greater say in the matters of resource utilization, family planning, etc. For example, Indira Kranti Patham enhanced the human resource capacity of its women members. Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) in Maharashtra provides financial and livelihood services to SHGs. 4). Socio-economic empowerment: Mission Shakti initiative of the Orissa government has led to better socio-economic indicators among tribal women. 5). Credit availability: Microfinancing of women SHGs is linked to the increased credit worthiness of the members. Access to credit provides resilience against falling into the poverty trap. For example, Jay Ambe SHG, in Rajasthan facilitates credit availability for its poor members. 6). Providing for non-farm employment is crucial in supporting the primary occupation of agriculture during times of agricultural distress. 7). Active involvement in different SHG initiatives helps members to grow leadership skills. They have representatives also in the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) Government initiatives 1). Mahila kishan shashktikaran pariyojana 2). Priyadarshini scheme (NABARD as nodal agency) 3). Deendayal antyodaya yojana- NRLM- building sustainable community institutions This SHG grouping in its true potent, if excludes the weaknesses can really help in the growth and prosperity of the rural hinterland by effectively increasing the participation of women to fight the evils of inequality, malnutrition, and poverty.
80,865
Define Money. Explain its various functions and types. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach : Introduction - Define money. Main body - Explain the various functions of money. Explain the various types of money. Conclusion - Conclude accordingly. Answer - It is anything that is generally accepted as the medium of payment for buying goods and services or for repayment of debt. Functions of Money 1. Medium of exchange 2. Common measure of value 3. Standard to defer payments. 4. Store of wealth (not real wealth) Types of Money 1. Full-bodied money – it is the money whose value as money is equivalent to its value of commodity i.e., its face value is not in excess of its intrinsic value. 2. Token money/ Credit money/ Paper money- It is the money whose value as money is much more than its value as a commodity e.g., notes issued by the central bank. 3. Representative full-bodied money- it is the type of token money that is issued against the equivalent value of bullion (gold and silver), which is kept with the issuing authority (RBI or other Central banks). India or any modern country does not follow this system. 4. Convertible Money – It can be converted to the equivalent value of bullion kept with the issuing authority. 5. Non-convertible Money – it cannot be converted with the equivalent value of bullion kept with the issuing authority. 6. Legal Tender Money – 1. Limited Legal Tender – it is compulsory to accept them up to a certain limit. For ex 50 paise coin up to Rs 10 and 1 Rs coin up to Rs 100. 2. Unlimited Legal Tender – there is no limit to accept as payments for example notes issued by RBI. 7. Non-Legal Tender/ Optional Money – It is not compulsory to accept. 8. Fiduciary money – it serves as money on the basis of personal trust. 9. Fiat Money (ordered by the government) – It serves as money on the order of the government, and it has no intrinsic value and is non-convertible. 10. Near Money - highly liquid financial assets for example demand drafts, cheques, etc. 11.Plastic money – debit cards, credit card 12.Deposit or Secondary money – Money deposited in banks and financial institutions. Thus we can see that with the advent of money, many problems of the earlier barter system were done away with. Further money has also taken new forms such as cryptocurrency.
##Question:Define Money. Explain its various functions and types. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach : Introduction - Define money. Main body - Explain the various functions of money. Explain the various types of money. Conclusion - Conclude accordingly. Answer - It is anything that is generally accepted as the medium of payment for buying goods and services or for repayment of debt. Functions of Money 1. Medium of exchange 2. Common measure of value 3. Standard to defer payments. 4. Store of wealth (not real wealth) Types of Money 1. Full-bodied money – it is the money whose value as money is equivalent to its value of commodity i.e., its face value is not in excess of its intrinsic value. 2. Token money/ Credit money/ Paper money- It is the money whose value as money is much more than its value as a commodity e.g., notes issued by the central bank. 3. Representative full-bodied money- it is the type of token money that is issued against the equivalent value of bullion (gold and silver), which is kept with the issuing authority (RBI or other Central banks). India or any modern country does not follow this system. 4. Convertible Money – It can be converted to the equivalent value of bullion kept with the issuing authority. 5. Non-convertible Money – it cannot be converted with the equivalent value of bullion kept with the issuing authority. 6. Legal Tender Money – 1. Limited Legal Tender – it is compulsory to accept them up to a certain limit. For ex 50 paise coin up to Rs 10 and 1 Rs coin up to Rs 100. 2. Unlimited Legal Tender – there is no limit to accept as payments for example notes issued by RBI. 7. Non-Legal Tender/ Optional Money – It is not compulsory to accept. 8. Fiduciary money – it serves as money on the basis of personal trust. 9. Fiat Money (ordered by the government) – It serves as money on the order of the government, and it has no intrinsic value and is non-convertible. 10. Near Money - highly liquid financial assets for example demand drafts, cheques, etc. 11.Plastic money – debit cards, credit card 12.Deposit or Secondary money – Money deposited in banks and financial institutions. Thus we can see that with the advent of money, many problems of the earlier barter system were done away with. Further money has also taken new forms such as cryptocurrency.
80,875
Discuss the cause, methods adopted, and impact of the Swadeshi movement in India’s freedom struggle.(150 words/10 Marks)
Approach: Introduce the contextual background of the Swadeshi Movement Discuss the cause, methods adopted, and impact of the Swadeshi movement. Conclude accordingly Answer Swadeshi Movement can be divided into three phases. The Swadeshi movement between 1903-05 was a moderate phase. 1905-08 was the extremist phase and 1908-1911 was the revolutionary phase. The Movement was mainly in opposition to Lord Curzon’s act of division of Bengal. The important leaders of the movement were Lala Lajpat Ray, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal. It was also a transition of INM from the moderate phase to the extremist phase. Cause for the Swadeshi Movement: Calcutta Municipal corporation Act 1899 decreased the number of elected members. Indian Universities Act 1904 : Brought universities under stronger government control as Curzon 9905 believed that universities are becoming factories of sedition( also refer to handout on education reforms). Indian Officials Secrets Amendment Act 1904 : It reduced freedom of the press. Partition of Bengal October 1905. The goal was to divide Indians on basis of language and religion i.e. policy of divide and rule. British wanted to weaken INM and INC in Bengal by creating East Bengal and Assam as Muslim-majority provinces. Therefore INC leaders who were upper-caste Bengali Hindus would lose their support base as Bengalis will be a minority in new west Bengal and Hindus a minority in new East Bengal and Assam Methods adopted under the Swadeshi Movement They gave the call for a Boycott of British Goods and institutions (i.e.non-cooperation). Violation of unjust laws (i.e. Civil Disobedience). Continuation of constructive Swadeshi. Because it acts as the recruitment tool for the Swadesh movement or extremist policy. Labour Strikes in foreign-owned enterprises. Violent agitations in case of British oppression. There was high use of religion for mobilizing the masses. Samities were formed for the mass mobilization which also did constructive Swadeshi, therefore, raising awareness, cultural nationalism, and increased participation in the movement. For example Swadesh Bandhaw Samiti, and Barisal Samiti (worked among the Muslim Peasants). Picketing of liquor shops and shops selling British Goods. This led to the participation of women. Processions in the form of Prabhat Pheris (morning Worships in the group). Jatras : Plays and theatres to increase awareness. Strikes by the workers led by CR Das, and Bipin Chandra Pal in foreign own enterprises. Impact of the Swadeshi Movement: Hindu-Muslim Unity : Both Hindus and Muslims participated on equal footing in the movement. Participation of Women: Women came out of their homes and participated in the movement with much enthusiasm The emphasis on Swadeshi: The indigenization of Indian products and the boycott of foreign goods like clothes gave a boost to Swadeshi Industry. Many traders stopped selling foreign goods etc The real nature of the Bengal division was understood by people that it was not due to administrative reasons but to weaken the nerve centre of movement ie Bangal and to create a wedge between Hindu and Muslim The conduit of energy for upcoming struggle: the Swadeshi movement served as a guide to upcoming struggles like the Non-Cooperation movement, and civil disobedience movement which weaken the hold of Britishers in India; Corps of Volunteers or ‘Samitis’ such as the Swadesh Bandhab Samiti of Ashwini Kumar Dutta (in Barisal) emerge as a very popular and powerful means of mass mobilization. Emphasis given to Self-Reliance: Self-reliance or ‘Atma shakti’ was encouraged. This implied re-assertion of national dignity, honour, and confidence and social and economic regeneration of the villages. Swadeshi or Indigenous Enterprises: The swadeshi spirit also found expression in the establishment of swadeshi textile mills, soap and match factories, tanneries, banks, insurance companies, shops, etc. These enterprises were based more on patriotic zeal than on business acumen. In science, Jagdish Chandra Bose, Prafulla Chandra Roy, and others pioneered original research which was praised the world over. Imaginative use of Traditional Popular Festivals and Melas The idea was to use traditional festivals and occasions as a means of reaching out to the masses and spreading political messages. Despite the limited results of the Swadeshi movement, it brings a sense of confidence in Indians to struggle for Indian independence. It made a base for the Gandhian movement that ultimately resulted in Indian Independence.
##Question:Discuss the cause, methods adopted, and impact of the Swadeshi movement in India’s freedom struggle.(150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the contextual background of the Swadeshi Movement Discuss the cause, methods adopted, and impact of the Swadeshi movement. Conclude accordingly Answer Swadeshi Movement can be divided into three phases. The Swadeshi movement between 1903-05 was a moderate phase. 1905-08 was the extremist phase and 1908-1911 was the revolutionary phase. The Movement was mainly in opposition to Lord Curzon’s act of division of Bengal. The important leaders of the movement were Lala Lajpat Ray, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal. It was also a transition of INM from the moderate phase to the extremist phase. Cause for the Swadeshi Movement: Calcutta Municipal corporation Act 1899 decreased the number of elected members. Indian Universities Act 1904 : Brought universities under stronger government control as Curzon 9905 believed that universities are becoming factories of sedition( also refer to handout on education reforms). Indian Officials Secrets Amendment Act 1904 : It reduced freedom of the press. Partition of Bengal October 1905. The goal was to divide Indians on basis of language and religion i.e. policy of divide and rule. British wanted to weaken INM and INC in Bengal by creating East Bengal and Assam as Muslim-majority provinces. Therefore INC leaders who were upper-caste Bengali Hindus would lose their support base as Bengalis will be a minority in new west Bengal and Hindus a minority in new East Bengal and Assam Methods adopted under the Swadeshi Movement They gave the call for a Boycott of British Goods and institutions (i.e.non-cooperation). Violation of unjust laws (i.e. Civil Disobedience). Continuation of constructive Swadeshi. Because it acts as the recruitment tool for the Swadesh movement or extremist policy. Labour Strikes in foreign-owned enterprises. Violent agitations in case of British oppression. There was high use of religion for mobilizing the masses. Samities were formed for the mass mobilization which also did constructive Swadeshi, therefore, raising awareness, cultural nationalism, and increased participation in the movement. For example Swadesh Bandhaw Samiti, and Barisal Samiti (worked among the Muslim Peasants). Picketing of liquor shops and shops selling British Goods. This led to the participation of women. Processions in the form of Prabhat Pheris (morning Worships in the group). Jatras : Plays and theatres to increase awareness. Strikes by the workers led by CR Das, and Bipin Chandra Pal in foreign own enterprises. Impact of the Swadeshi Movement: Hindu-Muslim Unity : Both Hindus and Muslims participated on equal footing in the movement. Participation of Women: Women came out of their homes and participated in the movement with much enthusiasm The emphasis on Swadeshi: The indigenization of Indian products and the boycott of foreign goods like clothes gave a boost to Swadeshi Industry. Many traders stopped selling foreign goods etc The real nature of the Bengal division was understood by people that it was not due to administrative reasons but to weaken the nerve centre of movement ie Bangal and to create a wedge between Hindu and Muslim The conduit of energy for upcoming struggle: the Swadeshi movement served as a guide to upcoming struggles like the Non-Cooperation movement, and civil disobedience movement which weaken the hold of Britishers in India; Corps of Volunteers or ‘Samitis’ such as the Swadesh Bandhab Samiti of Ashwini Kumar Dutta (in Barisal) emerge as a very popular and powerful means of mass mobilization. Emphasis given to Self-Reliance: Self-reliance or ‘Atma shakti’ was encouraged. This implied re-assertion of national dignity, honour, and confidence and social and economic regeneration of the villages. Swadeshi or Indigenous Enterprises: The swadeshi spirit also found expression in the establishment of swadeshi textile mills, soap and match factories, tanneries, banks, insurance companies, shops, etc. These enterprises were based more on patriotic zeal than on business acumen. In science, Jagdish Chandra Bose, Prafulla Chandra Roy, and others pioneered original research which was praised the world over. Imaginative use of Traditional Popular Festivals and Melas The idea was to use traditional festivals and occasions as a means of reaching out to the masses and spreading political messages. Despite the limited results of the Swadeshi movement, it brings a sense of confidence in Indians to struggle for Indian independence. It made a base for the Gandhian movement that ultimately resulted in Indian Independence.
80,885
Discuss the main objectives and guiding principles of the Vienna Congress. (250 words/15 Marks)
Approach Introduce with the contextual and historical background of the Vienna convention after the Napoleonic Wars. Elaborate on the objectives and Principles of the Vienna Convention. Conclude accordingly. Answer After the defeat of Napoleon in the battle of Leipzig in 1813, victor powers assembled at Vienna, under the leadership of Austrian chancellor von Metternich.The Vienna Congress was an assembly of reactionary forces. It was a conference of the old regime and represented the forces of continuity in Europe. The Vienna congress had the following objectives It despised the liberal and progressive ideas of the French revolution and made every possible effort to reverse the changes brought about by the forces of the French revolution. The establishment of peace in Europe had been the general desire of the people of Europe who had grown tired of the long spell of war, bloodshed, violence, etc. Restoration of the prestige of the old order and repairing the damages caused by the revolutionary ideals which had been quite contiguous. To put a check or to contain the spread of revolutionary ideals. To restore the balance of power in Europe which was mostly perceived in terms of territorial adjustment. To redraw the political map of Europe which has been seriously disrupted by the French revolution and Napoleonic wars. To put a check on the power of France. The Vienna Congress was guided by the following principles The work of the Vienna Congress was based upon three principles: The principle of balance of power, and Principle of legitimate rule, and the principle of rewarding victor powers. According to the Legitimacy principle, the Vienna Congress accepted the legitimacy of only the old ruling dynasties of Europe. It did not acknowledge the legitimacy of the rulers and dynasties installed by Napoleon. It did not acknowledge the legitimacy of the rulers and dynasties installed by Napoleon. This led to the revival of the Bourbon monarchy in France under Louis VIII. Similarly, the Bourbon princes were restored in the southern Italian states such as Naples and Sicily. In the northern Italian states like Parma, Modena, Tuscany, and Romagna the Princes of the Habsburg dynasty came to be restored. The same policy was adopted towards the German states. Balance of Power (BoP) The Vienna Congress visualize the balance of power mostly in terms of territorial possessions. They reached a consensus that no fresh territorial acquisition would be made by any territory without the consent of the Concert of Europe. France was deprived of all the territorial gains made after the outbreak of the revolution but its pre-revolutionary natural boundaries were respected. An attempt was made to encircle France by bigger states. Thus it resulted in the merger of Belgium and Holland. (Thus Vienna conference neglected the nationalistic aspiration.) To achieve this end the Vienna Congress unified Belgium and Holland even against the will of the people. Austria was handed over to the Northern Italian States Venetia and Lombardy to strengthen its position against France. Reward and Punishment: Under this principle, the Victors tried to punish the defeated power (France and its allies under Napoleon). Denmark was deprived of Norway which was handed over to Sweden. Finland was given to Russia. Poland witnessed extinction and its territories were divided among Austria, Prussia, and Russia. The Vienna congress is criticized for fulfilling only the short-term desires of the European people which were related to the establishment of peace and neglecting the long-term ambitions of the European people which were related to revolutionary transformation. However, the Vienna Congress is appreciated in terms of its credential related to the establishment of peace that lasted for around 50 years without any major breakdown.
##Question:Discuss the main objectives and guiding principles of the Vienna Congress. (250 words/15 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the contextual and historical background of the Vienna convention after the Napoleonic Wars. Elaborate on the objectives and Principles of the Vienna Convention. Conclude accordingly. Answer After the defeat of Napoleon in the battle of Leipzig in 1813, victor powers assembled at Vienna, under the leadership of Austrian chancellor von Metternich.The Vienna Congress was an assembly of reactionary forces. It was a conference of the old regime and represented the forces of continuity in Europe. The Vienna congress had the following objectives It despised the liberal and progressive ideas of the French revolution and made every possible effort to reverse the changes brought about by the forces of the French revolution. The establishment of peace in Europe had been the general desire of the people of Europe who had grown tired of the long spell of war, bloodshed, violence, etc. Restoration of the prestige of the old order and repairing the damages caused by the revolutionary ideals which had been quite contiguous. To put a check or to contain the spread of revolutionary ideals. To restore the balance of power in Europe which was mostly perceived in terms of territorial adjustment. To redraw the political map of Europe which has been seriously disrupted by the French revolution and Napoleonic wars. To put a check on the power of France. The Vienna Congress was guided by the following principles The work of the Vienna Congress was based upon three principles: The principle of balance of power, and Principle of legitimate rule, and the principle of rewarding victor powers. According to the Legitimacy principle, the Vienna Congress accepted the legitimacy of only the old ruling dynasties of Europe. It did not acknowledge the legitimacy of the rulers and dynasties installed by Napoleon. It did not acknowledge the legitimacy of the rulers and dynasties installed by Napoleon. This led to the revival of the Bourbon monarchy in France under Louis VIII. Similarly, the Bourbon princes were restored in the southern Italian states such as Naples and Sicily. In the northern Italian states like Parma, Modena, Tuscany, and Romagna the Princes of the Habsburg dynasty came to be restored. The same policy was adopted towards the German states. Balance of Power (BoP) The Vienna Congress visualize the balance of power mostly in terms of territorial possessions. They reached a consensus that no fresh territorial acquisition would be made by any territory without the consent of the Concert of Europe. France was deprived of all the territorial gains made after the outbreak of the revolution but its pre-revolutionary natural boundaries were respected. An attempt was made to encircle France by bigger states. Thus it resulted in the merger of Belgium and Holland. (Thus Vienna conference neglected the nationalistic aspiration.) To achieve this end the Vienna Congress unified Belgium and Holland even against the will of the people. Austria was handed over to the Northern Italian States Venetia and Lombardy to strengthen its position against France. Reward and Punishment: Under this principle, the Victors tried to punish the defeated power (France and its allies under Napoleon). Denmark was deprived of Norway which was handed over to Sweden. Finland was given to Russia. Poland witnessed extinction and its territories were divided among Austria, Prussia, and Russia. The Vienna congress is criticized for fulfilling only the short-term desires of the European people which were related to the establishment of peace and neglecting the long-term ambitions of the European people which were related to revolutionary transformation. However, the Vienna Congress is appreciated in terms of its credential related to the establishment of peace that lasted for around 50 years without any major breakdown.
80,900
Critically discuss the need for privatization of the railway sector in India. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach in the introduction, write the context of the privatization of railways in the body part, first mention the need for privatization of railways then write the pros and cons of privatization of railways followed by way forward conclude. Answer:- Recently, the Indian Railways initiated the process to allow private firms to operate passenger trains on its network through 151 new trains. The privatization of Indian railways has been recommended for many decades, by the erstwhile Planning Commission of India and now by Niti Aayog. Need for such privatization The Indian Railways is one of the few government-owned enterprises which is incurring losses year after year. Indian Railways has not been able to keep pace with the modernization of its infrastructure and services and has not been able to expand at the pace and coverage that a country like India needs Almost all arms of the railways require modernization of equipment, processes, and training, all of which are still continuing as they have been, through the decades. The result is that the railways continue to be a drain on the exchequer while continuing to provide vital services inefficiently. Freight fares in railways are kept high to cross-subsidize the passenger segment. Rail Development Authority has been approved to determine rail fares to enhance affordability and utilize capacity in an efficient manner. Pros of privatization Improved Infrastructure- Niti Aayog’s strategy for New India @75 envisages many targets in railway infrastructure such as increasing the speed of infrastructure creation from the present 7 km/day to 19 km/day, 100% electrification of broad gauge track by 2022-23. Given this, a strong argument in favor of privatization is that it will lead to better infrastructure which in turn would lead to improved safety, reduction in travel time, etc. Improved Quality of Services- Indian Railway services are marred by issues like lack of punctuality, mismanagement in the form of stinking washrooms, lack of water supply, and dirty platforms. Privatization may solve these issues, as the move would foster competition and hence lead to overall betterment in the quality of services. Technology Infusion- The privatization will also help in accommodating the latest technology in railways coaches, safety, and traveling experience. Thereby, it may help Indian Railways to become a world-class network. Fewer accidents- Private ownership is synonymous with better maintenance, thus it will reduce the number of accidents, resulting in safe travel and higher monetary savings in the long run. Efficient and better Accountability -It is argued that a private firm has pressure from shareholders to perform efficiently. If the firm is inefficient then the firm could be subject to a takeover. A state-owned firm doesn’t have this pressure and so it is easier for them to be inefficient. Cons of privatization Coverage Limited to Lucrative Sectors- regions with rugged terrain and low population density like Himalayan states and North-eastern states will be not given more importance as these routes will not be viable for the private sector. Increased Fares- Given that a private enterprise runs on profit, thus it may be assumed that the easiest way of accruing profits in Indian Railways would be to hike fares. Issue of Cross-Subsidisation- Indian Railways tend to cross-subsidize passenger fares through freight revenue. This translates to below-cost pricing, which will make it difficult for private players to compete. Social Welfare Concerns- As the Indian Railways play a vital role in the transportation of goods in the country, it provides a low cost of transportation of many final and intermediate goods. Thus, the privatization of the system motivated by profit-making, will have an inflationary effect and thereby affect the common people. Dilemma between short-term gain and long-term investment- To please shareholders, the private players may seek to increase short-term profits and avoid investing in long-term projects. For example, the UK is suffering from a lack of investment in new energy sources; the privatized companies are trying to make use of existing plants rather than invest in new ones. Impact on the poor- In the long run, privatization of railways may no longer be a low-cost common man’s mode of transport and will be more on the lines of privatized services. As fares will increase, it will put pressure on poor people who can’t afford the hike in prices Way Forward Sustainable Pricing- There is a need to revisit Indian Railway"s pricing model to make the passenger and freight segments sustainable Independent Regulator- there is a need to expedite the process of establishing the Rail Development Authority, as it is already approved by the government. Modernization of Railways- There is a need to implement the recommendations of the Bibek Debroy committee, such as the expansion of the Indian Railways manufacturing company, the Corporatization of core functions of railways, etc. The need of the hour is to find a balanced solution that would incorporate the pros of both private and government enterprises and enhance the image of Indian Railways as it continues to serve the world’s largest democracy.
##Question:Critically discuss the need for privatization of the railway sector in India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach in the introduction, write the context of the privatization of railways in the body part, first mention the need for privatization of railways then write the pros and cons of privatization of railways followed by way forward conclude. Answer:- Recently, the Indian Railways initiated the process to allow private firms to operate passenger trains on its network through 151 new trains. The privatization of Indian railways has been recommended for many decades, by the erstwhile Planning Commission of India and now by Niti Aayog. Need for such privatization The Indian Railways is one of the few government-owned enterprises which is incurring losses year after year. Indian Railways has not been able to keep pace with the modernization of its infrastructure and services and has not been able to expand at the pace and coverage that a country like India needs Almost all arms of the railways require modernization of equipment, processes, and training, all of which are still continuing as they have been, through the decades. The result is that the railways continue to be a drain on the exchequer while continuing to provide vital services inefficiently. Freight fares in railways are kept high to cross-subsidize the passenger segment. Rail Development Authority has been approved to determine rail fares to enhance affordability and utilize capacity in an efficient manner. Pros of privatization Improved Infrastructure- Niti Aayog’s strategy for New India @75 envisages many targets in railway infrastructure such as increasing the speed of infrastructure creation from the present 7 km/day to 19 km/day, 100% electrification of broad gauge track by 2022-23. Given this, a strong argument in favor of privatization is that it will lead to better infrastructure which in turn would lead to improved safety, reduction in travel time, etc. Improved Quality of Services- Indian Railway services are marred by issues like lack of punctuality, mismanagement in the form of stinking washrooms, lack of water supply, and dirty platforms. Privatization may solve these issues, as the move would foster competition and hence lead to overall betterment in the quality of services. Technology Infusion- The privatization will also help in accommodating the latest technology in railways coaches, safety, and traveling experience. Thereby, it may help Indian Railways to become a world-class network. Fewer accidents- Private ownership is synonymous with better maintenance, thus it will reduce the number of accidents, resulting in safe travel and higher monetary savings in the long run. Efficient and better Accountability -It is argued that a private firm has pressure from shareholders to perform efficiently. If the firm is inefficient then the firm could be subject to a takeover. A state-owned firm doesn’t have this pressure and so it is easier for them to be inefficient. Cons of privatization Coverage Limited to Lucrative Sectors- regions with rugged terrain and low population density like Himalayan states and North-eastern states will be not given more importance as these routes will not be viable for the private sector. Increased Fares- Given that a private enterprise runs on profit, thus it may be assumed that the easiest way of accruing profits in Indian Railways would be to hike fares. Issue of Cross-Subsidisation- Indian Railways tend to cross-subsidize passenger fares through freight revenue. This translates to below-cost pricing, which will make it difficult for private players to compete. Social Welfare Concerns- As the Indian Railways play a vital role in the transportation of goods in the country, it provides a low cost of transportation of many final and intermediate goods. Thus, the privatization of the system motivated by profit-making, will have an inflationary effect and thereby affect the common people. Dilemma between short-term gain and long-term investment- To please shareholders, the private players may seek to increase short-term profits and avoid investing in long-term projects. For example, the UK is suffering from a lack of investment in new energy sources; the privatized companies are trying to make use of existing plants rather than invest in new ones. Impact on the poor- In the long run, privatization of railways may no longer be a low-cost common man’s mode of transport and will be more on the lines of privatized services. As fares will increase, it will put pressure on poor people who can’t afford the hike in prices Way Forward Sustainable Pricing- There is a need to revisit Indian Railway"s pricing model to make the passenger and freight segments sustainable Independent Regulator- there is a need to expedite the process of establishing the Rail Development Authority, as it is already approved by the government. Modernization of Railways- There is a need to implement the recommendations of the Bibek Debroy committee, such as the expansion of the Indian Railways manufacturing company, the Corporatization of core functions of railways, etc. The need of the hour is to find a balanced solution that would incorporate the pros of both private and government enterprises and enhance the image of Indian Railways as it continues to serve the world’s largest democracy.
80,914
Explain the reasons for the emergence of first stage revolutionary nationalism at the beginning of the 20th century in India during the Indian Freedom Struggle. Also, discuss the major events during this phase and their main features. (250 Words/15 Marks)
Approach: Introduce the contextual and historical background of the emergence of the first phase of Revolutionary Nationalism during the Indian freedom struggle. Explain the reasons for the emergence of revolutionary nationalism in the first phase. Further, bring the important revolutionary events during the first phase and then discuss the main features of revolutionary nationalism. Conclude the answer by explaining the importance of revolutionary nationalism. Answer: The period of political assassinations started in the 1890s, but only after the failure of the Swadeshi movement, Revolutionary Nationalism become a main trend in the national movement. The main goal of the revolutionaries was to drive the British out of India. Reasons for the rise of first stage revolutionary nationalism- Repressive policy of the government, during the Swadeshi movement, the extremist leadership was attacked by the government. Due to this, the movement became leaderless and the youth took the path of revolution and violence. Unable to guide the youth due to the organizational weakness of the Congress. There was dissatisfaction among the youth with the Moderate leadership of the Indian National Congress and their working style. Revolutionary activities were taking place at the international level such as the Irish Nationalists, the unification of Italy and Germany, French and American revolution. Inspiration from revolutionary activities abroad such as the defeat of imperialist Russia by Japan. Thoughts and writings of intellectuals like Vivekananda, Dayanand Saraswati, and Arvind Ghosh infused the spirit of fearlessness and self-confidence in the youth. The discriminatory policies of the government. Suppression of the common voice and the historical racial abuse. Important Revolutionary Events during the First Phase of Revolutionary Nationalism- In 1907 the attempt on the life of Lieutenant General of Bengal failed. In 1908, Barrah Dacoity the revolutionary nationalist looted the Zamindars of Barrah. Muzaffarpur Conspiracy Case, 1908 : Failed attempt at the life of magistrate Kingsford by Prafful Chaki and Khudiram Bose. The bomb was mistakenly thrown on a carriage that had two English women instead of Kingsford. These women died. Manicktolla/Alipore conspiracy Case, 1908 : was the result of the Muzaffarpur Conspiracy case and led to many arrests including of Aurobindo Ghosh from Manik Tola. Nashik Conspiracy case 1909: District Magistrate Jackson was shot dead by Anant Kanhere. Savarkar was sent to Andaman for life due to his involvement in the murder. Delhi Conspiracy Case 1912: Bomb attack on Viceroy Hardinge during a procession to celebrate shift of capital from Kolkata to Delhi. In Chandani Chowk Hardinge was on Elephant and Rash Behari Bose threw a bomb from the balcony. Features of Revolutionary Nationalism- Revolutionary ideas were spread through magazines to engage the youth with them. Revolutionary activities also influenced and attracted the youth. Revolutionary activities were often conducted in an organized manner but were conducted in secret. The movement spread to various cities of India as well as to many countries in Europe, America, Canada, France, Germany, and Southeast Asia. The main base of the movement was the educated youth of the urban background. The role of women in revolutionary activities was indirect. The public"s sentiment was with them but there is a lack of public support. With the national movement, communal consciousness spread on the one hand, and on the other hand, the independence of India remained their main creed in every phase of revolutionary nationalism. They were aroused by feelings of patriotism, the spirit of self-sacrifice, and hatred of servitude. They were inspired by the books that delineated the experience and lessons of previous revolutions and liberation struggles. Some of these books dealt with economic misery and ruin wrought by the British occupation of India. religious revivalism by the early revolutionaries during the Indian freedom struggle generated contempt for the British and instilled a hatred for the foreign rule. But it alienated a sizable section of the population, particularly Muslims. It had a strong accent on Hinduism. Congress did not give formal support to revolutionary activities but mostly the ideals of revolutionaries were leaders like Lal, Bal, and Pal. And the intensity of their activities was seen only when the Congress movements were weakening. Due to a lack of resources, limitations of violent politics, and government repression, the stream of revolutionary nationalism weakened. But the work of filling the political void created after the Swadeshi movement was done by the revolutionaries. Revolutionary nationalism presented an alternative path to the people for the national movement or freedom struggle. The British government was also in panic due to the activities of the revolutionary nationalists. Through this, the work of breaking the myth of the invincibility of the British was done, so it is clear that revolutionary nationalism influenced the national movement in a big way.
##Question:Explain the reasons for the emergence of first stage revolutionary nationalism at the beginning of the 20th century in India during the Indian Freedom Struggle. Also, discuss the major events during this phase and their main features. (250 Words/15 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the contextual and historical background of the emergence of the first phase of Revolutionary Nationalism during the Indian freedom struggle. Explain the reasons for the emergence of revolutionary nationalism in the first phase. Further, bring the important revolutionary events during the first phase and then discuss the main features of revolutionary nationalism. Conclude the answer by explaining the importance of revolutionary nationalism. Answer: The period of political assassinations started in the 1890s, but only after the failure of the Swadeshi movement, Revolutionary Nationalism become a main trend in the national movement. The main goal of the revolutionaries was to drive the British out of India. Reasons for the rise of first stage revolutionary nationalism- Repressive policy of the government, during the Swadeshi movement, the extremist leadership was attacked by the government. Due to this, the movement became leaderless and the youth took the path of revolution and violence. Unable to guide the youth due to the organizational weakness of the Congress. There was dissatisfaction among the youth with the Moderate leadership of the Indian National Congress and their working style. Revolutionary activities were taking place at the international level such as the Irish Nationalists, the unification of Italy and Germany, French and American revolution. Inspiration from revolutionary activities abroad such as the defeat of imperialist Russia by Japan. Thoughts and writings of intellectuals like Vivekananda, Dayanand Saraswati, and Arvind Ghosh infused the spirit of fearlessness and self-confidence in the youth. The discriminatory policies of the government. Suppression of the common voice and the historical racial abuse. Important Revolutionary Events during the First Phase of Revolutionary Nationalism- In 1907 the attempt on the life of Lieutenant General of Bengal failed. In 1908, Barrah Dacoity the revolutionary nationalist looted the Zamindars of Barrah. Muzaffarpur Conspiracy Case, 1908 : Failed attempt at the life of magistrate Kingsford by Prafful Chaki and Khudiram Bose. The bomb was mistakenly thrown on a carriage that had two English women instead of Kingsford. These women died. Manicktolla/Alipore conspiracy Case, 1908 : was the result of the Muzaffarpur Conspiracy case and led to many arrests including of Aurobindo Ghosh from Manik Tola. Nashik Conspiracy case 1909: District Magistrate Jackson was shot dead by Anant Kanhere. Savarkar was sent to Andaman for life due to his involvement in the murder. Delhi Conspiracy Case 1912: Bomb attack on Viceroy Hardinge during a procession to celebrate shift of capital from Kolkata to Delhi. In Chandani Chowk Hardinge was on Elephant and Rash Behari Bose threw a bomb from the balcony. Features of Revolutionary Nationalism- Revolutionary ideas were spread through magazines to engage the youth with them. Revolutionary activities also influenced and attracted the youth. Revolutionary activities were often conducted in an organized manner but were conducted in secret. The movement spread to various cities of India as well as to many countries in Europe, America, Canada, France, Germany, and Southeast Asia. The main base of the movement was the educated youth of the urban background. The role of women in revolutionary activities was indirect. The public"s sentiment was with them but there is a lack of public support. With the national movement, communal consciousness spread on the one hand, and on the other hand, the independence of India remained their main creed in every phase of revolutionary nationalism. They were aroused by feelings of patriotism, the spirit of self-sacrifice, and hatred of servitude. They were inspired by the books that delineated the experience and lessons of previous revolutions and liberation struggles. Some of these books dealt with economic misery and ruin wrought by the British occupation of India. religious revivalism by the early revolutionaries during the Indian freedom struggle generated contempt for the British and instilled a hatred for the foreign rule. But it alienated a sizable section of the population, particularly Muslims. It had a strong accent on Hinduism. Congress did not give formal support to revolutionary activities but mostly the ideals of revolutionaries were leaders like Lal, Bal, and Pal. And the intensity of their activities was seen only when the Congress movements were weakening. Due to a lack of resources, limitations of violent politics, and government repression, the stream of revolutionary nationalism weakened. But the work of filling the political void created after the Swadeshi movement was done by the revolutionaries. Revolutionary nationalism presented an alternative path to the people for the national movement or freedom struggle. The British government was also in panic due to the activities of the revolutionary nationalists. Through this, the work of breaking the myth of the invincibility of the British was done, so it is clear that revolutionary nationalism influenced the national movement in a big way.
80,927
Discuss how PIL has led to the democratization of Justice. Also, mention the challenges associated with the PIL. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach In the introduction mention very briefly the origin of PIL In the body part, show how PIL has led to the democratization of justice Then mention the challenges associated with it conclude Answer;- Public interest litigation is an Indian innovation introduced by the supreme court in order to further the enforcement of fundamental rights in the country. the origin can be traced to Hussainara khatoon v/s state of Bihar. PIL- the democratization of justice Under this regime the courts have relaxed the principle of locus standi where they may admit writ petitions from individuals who may not have a direct interest in an issue. PIL offers a ladder to justice to the disadvantaged section of society- For example- in Hussainara khatoon v/s state of Bihar, the plight of undertrials in prisons in Bihar was brought to the notice of the court and a petition was filed on behalf of the undertrials for the enforcement of justice. It provides an avenue to enforce diffused or collect rights and enables civil society to not only spread awareness about human rights but also allows them to participate in government decision-making. Justice PN Bhagvati set aside the principle of locus standi and ordered the release of more than 40000 undertrials across the country. This set a precedent for several future cases for the enforcement of the fundamental rights of the weak and the marginalized The spectrum of issues raised under PIL has expanded tremendously ranging from issues such as protection of the environment, and right to education and health to ensuring general accountability of the government. The courts have used PIL as a tool to initiate legislative reforms as seen in cases such as vishaka v/s State of Rajasthan It has helped in improving the judicial monitoring of institutions and enhancing the overall accountability of the government agencies for example- the cancellation of coal block allocation in the coal scam Challenges associated with the PIL There has been an unanticipated increase in the workload of the judiciary due to the PIL. Judiciary has increasingly encroached on the space of legislature and the executive weakening the principle of separation of powers for example- directions provided by Delhi HC to the Delhi govt for stopping the Diesel vehicles, The SC has expressed concern about PIL becoming the tool for settling corporate rivalry or personal scores It has been misused by several people to seek publicity, therefore, making PIL has become Personal Interest Litigation PIL has been used as a tool of harassment, where no. of frivolous cases have been filed to waste the time of courts. Steps were taken to address the challenges The Public Interest Litigation (Regulation) Bill had proposed that petitioners filing frivolous PIL cases should be put behind bars and pay the damage Indian Supreme Court, as well as High Courts, have tried to send strong messages on a case-to-case basis whenever they noticed that the process of PIL was misused. In some cases, the courts have gone to the extent of imposing a fine on plaintiffs who abused the judicial process. Supreme Court created detailed guidelines i.e 10 matters in which PIL can be entertained. PIL has an important role to play in the civil justice system in that it affords a ladder to justice to disadvantaged sections of society, some of which might not even be well-informed about their rights.
##Question:Discuss how PIL has led to the democratization of Justice. Also, mention the challenges associated with the PIL. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach In the introduction mention very briefly the origin of PIL In the body part, show how PIL has led to the democratization of justice Then mention the challenges associated with it conclude Answer;- Public interest litigation is an Indian innovation introduced by the supreme court in order to further the enforcement of fundamental rights in the country. the origin can be traced to Hussainara khatoon v/s state of Bihar. PIL- the democratization of justice Under this regime the courts have relaxed the principle of locus standi where they may admit writ petitions from individuals who may not have a direct interest in an issue. PIL offers a ladder to justice to the disadvantaged section of society- For example- in Hussainara khatoon v/s state of Bihar, the plight of undertrials in prisons in Bihar was brought to the notice of the court and a petition was filed on behalf of the undertrials for the enforcement of justice. It provides an avenue to enforce diffused or collect rights and enables civil society to not only spread awareness about human rights but also allows them to participate in government decision-making. Justice PN Bhagvati set aside the principle of locus standi and ordered the release of more than 40000 undertrials across the country. This set a precedent for several future cases for the enforcement of the fundamental rights of the weak and the marginalized The spectrum of issues raised under PIL has expanded tremendously ranging from issues such as protection of the environment, and right to education and health to ensuring general accountability of the government. The courts have used PIL as a tool to initiate legislative reforms as seen in cases such as vishaka v/s State of Rajasthan It has helped in improving the judicial monitoring of institutions and enhancing the overall accountability of the government agencies for example- the cancellation of coal block allocation in the coal scam Challenges associated with the PIL There has been an unanticipated increase in the workload of the judiciary due to the PIL. Judiciary has increasingly encroached on the space of legislature and the executive weakening the principle of separation of powers for example- directions provided by Delhi HC to the Delhi govt for stopping the Diesel vehicles, The SC has expressed concern about PIL becoming the tool for settling corporate rivalry or personal scores It has been misused by several people to seek publicity, therefore, making PIL has become Personal Interest Litigation PIL has been used as a tool of harassment, where no. of frivolous cases have been filed to waste the time of courts. Steps were taken to address the challenges The Public Interest Litigation (Regulation) Bill had proposed that petitioners filing frivolous PIL cases should be put behind bars and pay the damage Indian Supreme Court, as well as High Courts, have tried to send strong messages on a case-to-case basis whenever they noticed that the process of PIL was misused. In some cases, the courts have gone to the extent of imposing a fine on plaintiffs who abused the judicial process. Supreme Court created detailed guidelines i.e 10 matters in which PIL can be entertained. PIL has an important role to play in the civil justice system in that it affords a ladder to justice to disadvantaged sections of society, some of which might not even be well-informed about their rights.
80,935
Discuss the river water disputes between India and Bangladesh. Also, mention the measures needed to overcome these disputes. (10 Marks, 150 Words)
Approach: Briefly introduce India and Bangladesh relations. Discuss the river water disputes between India and Bangladesh. Mention the measures needed to overcome these disputes. Conclude appropriately Answer: India and Bangladesh share a close relationship that has evolved over more than 50 years. Both are important stakeholders in South Asia and also serve as members of SAARC and ASEAN. Both the countries share 54 rivers with each other including rivers like Ganga, Brahmaputra, etc. River water disputes between India and Bangladesh: The cross-border rivers have become a source of contention between countries. India is an upper riparian state whereas Bangladesh is a lower riparian state leading to repeated objections by Bangladesh over river water management. Farakka Barrage"s development over the Ganga river was the first water dispute that occurred between two countries. The Farakka agreement was first signed in 1977 for 10 years. The sharing of Ganga river water was also a major issue in the relations. In 1996, Gange"s water agreement was signed for 30 years. The Feni river agreement was signed in 2019 for the water supply of the town called Sabroom in Tripura. The Teesta river issue is a major and unresolved issue and is considered the litmus test for India-Bangladesh relations. There is dissatisfaction with the current management of the Teesta river as Bangladesh is demanding a 50% share in the Teesta River and Bangladesh is raising objections to the planned hydropower projects on the upper stretches of the Teesta river. The activities like urbanization, Industrialisation, overpopulation, etc. are pushing the demand for water. Also, water availability has become variable. In 2011, an agreement was not signed due to the objections raised by the West Bengal government. Measures needed to overcome these disputes: The 1983 interim agreement must be implemented as a short-term measure. 2011 draft agreement may provide the solution, but there is a need to develop political consensus around it. Engineering solutions such as storage structures can be developed in the basin to enhance the availability of water in the lean season. Promoting the engagement between the people of the basin across the borders to promote better understanding and create awareness and acceptability for the future. Changing cropping preferences away from water-intensive crops. Improving water use efficiency by deploying the methods like micro or drip irrigation. In the context of emerging climate change, the river basin management approach may be considered. River water cooperation is an important determinant of Indo-Bangladesh relations. Thus, efforts should be made to resolve the river water disputes amid the growing climate change. Cooperation can also be mutually beneficial for various purposes like agriculture, inland water transport, etc. promoting prosperity and development in both countries.
##Question:Discuss the river water disputes between India and Bangladesh. Also, mention the measures needed to overcome these disputes. (10 Marks, 150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Briefly introduce India and Bangladesh relations. Discuss the river water disputes between India and Bangladesh. Mention the measures needed to overcome these disputes. Conclude appropriately Answer: India and Bangladesh share a close relationship that has evolved over more than 50 years. Both are important stakeholders in South Asia and also serve as members of SAARC and ASEAN. Both the countries share 54 rivers with each other including rivers like Ganga, Brahmaputra, etc. River water disputes between India and Bangladesh: The cross-border rivers have become a source of contention between countries. India is an upper riparian state whereas Bangladesh is a lower riparian state leading to repeated objections by Bangladesh over river water management. Farakka Barrage"s development over the Ganga river was the first water dispute that occurred between two countries. The Farakka agreement was first signed in 1977 for 10 years. The sharing of Ganga river water was also a major issue in the relations. In 1996, Gange"s water agreement was signed for 30 years. The Feni river agreement was signed in 2019 for the water supply of the town called Sabroom in Tripura. The Teesta river issue is a major and unresolved issue and is considered the litmus test for India-Bangladesh relations. There is dissatisfaction with the current management of the Teesta river as Bangladesh is demanding a 50% share in the Teesta River and Bangladesh is raising objections to the planned hydropower projects on the upper stretches of the Teesta river. The activities like urbanization, Industrialisation, overpopulation, etc. are pushing the demand for water. Also, water availability has become variable. In 2011, an agreement was not signed due to the objections raised by the West Bengal government. Measures needed to overcome these disputes: The 1983 interim agreement must be implemented as a short-term measure. 2011 draft agreement may provide the solution, but there is a need to develop political consensus around it. Engineering solutions such as storage structures can be developed in the basin to enhance the availability of water in the lean season. Promoting the engagement between the people of the basin across the borders to promote better understanding and create awareness and acceptability for the future. Changing cropping preferences away from water-intensive crops. Improving water use efficiency by deploying the methods like micro or drip irrigation. In the context of emerging climate change, the river basin management approach may be considered. River water cooperation is an important determinant of Indo-Bangladesh relations. Thus, efforts should be made to resolve the river water disputes amid the growing climate change. Cooperation can also be mutually beneficial for various purposes like agriculture, inland water transport, etc. promoting prosperity and development in both countries.
80,967
What is Money? Briefly discuss the evolution of modern money and the reasons for its acceptability. (10Marks /150 Words)
APPROACH: Introduce by defining what is money. In the body, talk about the usage of money and its evolution in the present form of fiat money. Highlight the reasons for its acceptability. Conclude briefly. ANSWER: Money is a generally accepted medium of exchange. It means that it is acceptable by most people for most transactions ie. it is not specific to a group of people or to types of transactions. It is also a facilitator of transactions ie. if somebody demands a good or service from someone who has it (ie. the seller), the demander will offer this medium of exchange in return for the goods that he demands from the seller. The evolution of money can be traced under the following phases: Phase 1: Use of gold as a medium of exchange. Limitation: Limited reserves of gold. Phase 2: Use of gold standards ie. gold-backed currency Limitation: Fractional amount of gold in the hands of the king. Phase 3: Gold back bonds Limitation: The availability of gold. Phase 4: Government bond or G-Sec which did not require gold & introduction of paper currency. With the introduction of G-secs the limitation of having physical gold was removed. The economy was able to supplement its gold assets and issue more currency in return. The central bank"s ability to fulfill its promise is based on the government"s ability to fulfill its promise. Money is widely accepted as a medium of exchange because of the following reasons: (a) It is demanded, generally all the time by almost everyone. For it to be demanded it must be of value. The value can be either intrinsic or fiat. Historically, the medium of exchange had an intrinsic value ie. the people demanded it for its intrinsic qualities, and there was a value due to its scarcity. Modern money doesn"t have an intrinsic but a fiat value ie. value by an order of the authority. The authority is the one that has the capability to enforce the value of MoE. (b) It can also be stored for later use. Storage costs and processes should be relatively less and cheap. Further, it must not lose its value with time ie. should be used for the nearly same value in the future. (c) It must have authenticity ie. it should be able to be exchanged for the value it promises. This means it should not be counterfeit able ie. duplicable in an unauthorized manner and its quality should have assurance. To maintain authenticity, normally the authority responsible for issuing it is also made responsible. Fiat money is the most popular and accepted medium of exchange in use in the 21st century. Although, there still exist some other mediums which are used as money they are not as popular.
##Question:What is Money? Briefly discuss the evolution of modern money and the reasons for its acceptability. (10Marks /150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce by defining what is money. In the body, talk about the usage of money and its evolution in the present form of fiat money. Highlight the reasons for its acceptability. Conclude briefly. ANSWER: Money is a generally accepted medium of exchange. It means that it is acceptable by most people for most transactions ie. it is not specific to a group of people or to types of transactions. It is also a facilitator of transactions ie. if somebody demands a good or service from someone who has it (ie. the seller), the demander will offer this medium of exchange in return for the goods that he demands from the seller. The evolution of money can be traced under the following phases: Phase 1: Use of gold as a medium of exchange. Limitation: Limited reserves of gold. Phase 2: Use of gold standards ie. gold-backed currency Limitation: Fractional amount of gold in the hands of the king. Phase 3: Gold back bonds Limitation: The availability of gold. Phase 4: Government bond or G-Sec which did not require gold & introduction of paper currency. With the introduction of G-secs the limitation of having physical gold was removed. The economy was able to supplement its gold assets and issue more currency in return. The central bank"s ability to fulfill its promise is based on the government"s ability to fulfill its promise. Money is widely accepted as a medium of exchange because of the following reasons: (a) It is demanded, generally all the time by almost everyone. For it to be demanded it must be of value. The value can be either intrinsic or fiat. Historically, the medium of exchange had an intrinsic value ie. the people demanded it for its intrinsic qualities, and there was a value due to its scarcity. Modern money doesn"t have an intrinsic but a fiat value ie. value by an order of the authority. The authority is the one that has the capability to enforce the value of MoE. (b) It can also be stored for later use. Storage costs and processes should be relatively less and cheap. Further, it must not lose its value with time ie. should be used for the nearly same value in the future. (c) It must have authenticity ie. it should be able to be exchanged for the value it promises. This means it should not be counterfeit able ie. duplicable in an unauthorized manner and its quality should have assurance. To maintain authenticity, normally the authority responsible for issuing it is also made responsible. Fiat money is the most popular and accepted medium of exchange in use in the 21st century. Although, there still exist some other mediums which are used as money they are not as popular.
80,974
Discuss Article 15 of the Indian Constitution with exceptions provided under different clauses under it. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce with an explanation of Article 15. Then Discuss different clauses and further elaborate on the context under which such clause has been mentioned. Further, bring the exception with clarity on the specific matter. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Article 15 (1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, or any of them. Article 15 (2) No citizens should be discriminated against on the above ground from accessing access to shops, public restaurants, hotels, and places of public entertainment; or the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads, and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public. Article 15(3) states that Nothing can prevent the state from making any special provision for women and children. The two crucial words in this provision are ‘discrimination’ and ‘only’. The word ‘discrimination’ means ‘to make an adverse distinction with regard to or ‘to distinguish unfavourably from others’. The use of the word ‘only’ connotes that discrimination on other grounds is not prohibited. The second provision of Article 15 says that no citizen shall be subjected to any disability, liability, restriction or condition on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth with regard to (a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment; or (b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, road and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly by State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public. This provision prohibits discrimination both by the State and private individuals, while the former provision prohibits discrimination only by the State. Exceptions Under Article 15 Under Clause (3) of Article 15, the state is permitted to make any special provision for women and children. For example, the reservation of seats for women in local bodies or the provision of free education for children. Under Clause (4) of Article 15, the state is permitted to make any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. For example, reservation of seats or fee concessions in public educational institutions. Under Clause (5) of Article 15 the state is empowered to make any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the scheduled castes or the scheduled tribes regarding their admission to educational institutions including private educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the state, except the minority educational institutions. This provision was added by the 93rd Amendment Act of 2005. In order to give effect to this provision, the Centre enacted the Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006, providing a quota of 27% for candidates belonging to the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in all central higher educational institutions including the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs). In April 2008, the Supreme Court upheld the validity of both, the Amendment Act and the OBC Quota Act. But, the Court directed the central government to exclude the ‘creamy layer’ (advanced sections) among the OBCs while implementing the law. Recently Article 15(6) has been added under the Constitutional Amendment Act 103. As per Article 15(6), nothing in this article or sub-clause (g) of clause (1) of Article 19 or clause (2) of Article 29 shall prevent the State from making: any special provision for the advancement of any economically weaker sections of citizens other than the classes mentioned in clauses (4) and (5); and any special provision for the advancement of any economically weaker sections of citizens other than the clauses mentioned in clauses (4) and (5) insofar as such special provisions relate to their admissions to educational institutions including private educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the State, other than the minority educational institutions referred to in clause (1) of Article 30, which in the case of reservation would be in addition to the existing reservations and subject to a maximum of ten per cent of the total seats in each category. Thus we need to use Article 15 and Article 16 for affirmative action in a very sincere manner without any political motive so that a just and equitable society could be achieved.
##Question:Discuss Article 15 of the Indian Constitution with exceptions provided under different clauses under it. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with an explanation of Article 15. Then Discuss different clauses and further elaborate on the context under which such clause has been mentioned. Further, bring the exception with clarity on the specific matter. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Article 15 (1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, or any of them. Article 15 (2) No citizens should be discriminated against on the above ground from accessing access to shops, public restaurants, hotels, and places of public entertainment; or the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads, and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public. Article 15(3) states that Nothing can prevent the state from making any special provision for women and children. The two crucial words in this provision are ‘discrimination’ and ‘only’. The word ‘discrimination’ means ‘to make an adverse distinction with regard to or ‘to distinguish unfavourably from others’. The use of the word ‘only’ connotes that discrimination on other grounds is not prohibited. The second provision of Article 15 says that no citizen shall be subjected to any disability, liability, restriction or condition on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth with regard to (a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment; or (b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, road and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly by State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public. This provision prohibits discrimination both by the State and private individuals, while the former provision prohibits discrimination only by the State. Exceptions Under Article 15 Under Clause (3) of Article 15, the state is permitted to make any special provision for women and children. For example, the reservation of seats for women in local bodies or the provision of free education for children. Under Clause (4) of Article 15, the state is permitted to make any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. For example, reservation of seats or fee concessions in public educational institutions. Under Clause (5) of Article 15 the state is empowered to make any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the scheduled castes or the scheduled tribes regarding their admission to educational institutions including private educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the state, except the minority educational institutions. This provision was added by the 93rd Amendment Act of 2005. In order to give effect to this provision, the Centre enacted the Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006, providing a quota of 27% for candidates belonging to the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in all central higher educational institutions including the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs). In April 2008, the Supreme Court upheld the validity of both, the Amendment Act and the OBC Quota Act. But, the Court directed the central government to exclude the ‘creamy layer’ (advanced sections) among the OBCs while implementing the law. Recently Article 15(6) has been added under the Constitutional Amendment Act 103. As per Article 15(6), nothing in this article or sub-clause (g) of clause (1) of Article 19 or clause (2) of Article 29 shall prevent the State from making: any special provision for the advancement of any economically weaker sections of citizens other than the classes mentioned in clauses (4) and (5); and any special provision for the advancement of any economically weaker sections of citizens other than the clauses mentioned in clauses (4) and (5) insofar as such special provisions relate to their admissions to educational institutions including private educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the State, other than the minority educational institutions referred to in clause (1) of Article 30, which in the case of reservation would be in addition to the existing reservations and subject to a maximum of ten per cent of the total seats in each category. Thus we need to use Article 15 and Article 16 for affirmative action in a very sincere manner without any political motive so that a just and equitable society could be achieved.
80,976
Discuss how the industrial revolution in different parts of the world was different from the industrial revolution in England. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach- in the introduction one can start with the definition of the industrial revolution in body part show the comparison between the IR in England and other parts of the world. one can also mention the IR in USA and Japan conclude accordingly. Answer- The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain and spread to Western Europe and North America within a few decades Industrial revolution in England and other parts of the world The Industrialization of the countries of Western Europe differs from the industrialization of England in the sense that it was accomplished through conscious efforts or deliberate designs with the role of the state. Whereas in England it had been a spontaneous process in which the state did not play any deliberate role. these countries had to face challenges of the British industrial supremacy they had to start from the beginning, they had to start from a relatively advanced level, which made their Enterprises more capital intensive necessitating the role of the state in the mobilization of capital whereas in England capitalists play a more important role. These countries not only faced challenges from the British industrial supremacy but also received some assistance in terms of Capital, Machinery, technology, and even in terms of organizational principles which were made available to them by England though at a Higher cost. In the second half of the 19th century when the industrialization of western European countries got impetus/momentum, they started posing threats to the British industrial supremacy even England started changing its economic policies and departed from the Doctrine of Free Trade. In the industrialization of the USA, special emphasis was placed upon the development of modern means of transport and communication particularly the railways in order to eliminate economic sectionalism, there developed a maxim that the railways will create their own market. The Industrialization of Japan was a part of a larger program of modernization of Japan that was undertaken after the famous Meiji Restoration, Japan took the path of modernization, and militarisation to speed up the process of industrialization. The industrial revolution in these parts gave the ECONOMY to these regions and after getting the economy, they went for the creation of EMPIRE, which led to the colonial tendencies in Britain, Japan, the USA, and other parts of western Europe.
##Question:Discuss how the industrial revolution in different parts of the world was different from the industrial revolution in England. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach- in the introduction one can start with the definition of the industrial revolution in body part show the comparison between the IR in England and other parts of the world. one can also mention the IR in USA and Japan conclude accordingly. Answer- The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain and spread to Western Europe and North America within a few decades Industrial revolution in England and other parts of the world The Industrialization of the countries of Western Europe differs from the industrialization of England in the sense that it was accomplished through conscious efforts or deliberate designs with the role of the state. Whereas in England it had been a spontaneous process in which the state did not play any deliberate role. these countries had to face challenges of the British industrial supremacy they had to start from the beginning, they had to start from a relatively advanced level, which made their Enterprises more capital intensive necessitating the role of the state in the mobilization of capital whereas in England capitalists play a more important role. These countries not only faced challenges from the British industrial supremacy but also received some assistance in terms of Capital, Machinery, technology, and even in terms of organizational principles which were made available to them by England though at a Higher cost. In the second half of the 19th century when the industrialization of western European countries got impetus/momentum, they started posing threats to the British industrial supremacy even England started changing its economic policies and departed from the Doctrine of Free Trade. In the industrialization of the USA, special emphasis was placed upon the development of modern means of transport and communication particularly the railways in order to eliminate economic sectionalism, there developed a maxim that the railways will create their own market. The Industrialization of Japan was a part of a larger program of modernization of Japan that was undertaken after the famous Meiji Restoration, Japan took the path of modernization, and militarisation to speed up the process of industrialization. The industrial revolution in these parts gave the ECONOMY to these regions and after getting the economy, they went for the creation of EMPIRE, which led to the colonial tendencies in Britain, Japan, the USA, and other parts of western Europe.
81,192
Discuss how the industrial revolution in different parts of the world was different from the industrial revolution in England. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach- in the introduction one can start with the definition of the industrial revolution in body part show the comparison between the IR in England and other parts of the world. one can also mention the IR in USA and Japan conclude accordingly Answer- The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain and spread to Western Europe and North America within a few decades Industrial revolution in England and other parts of the world The Industrialization of the countries of Western Europe differs from the industrialization of England in the sense that it was accomplished through conscious efforts or deliberate designs with the role of the state. Whereas in England it had been a spontaneous process in which the state did not play any deliberate role. these countries had to face challenges of the British industrial supremacy they had to start from the beginning, they had to start from a relatively advanced level, which made their Enterprises more capital intensive necessitating the role of the state in the mobilization of capital whereas in England capitalists play a more important role. These countries not only faced challenges from the British industrial supremacy but also received some assistance in terms of Capital, Machinery, technology, and even in terms of organizational principles which were made available to them by England though at a Higher cost. In the second half of the 19th century when the industrialization of western European countries got impetus/momentum, they started posing threats to the British industrial supremacy even England started changing its economic policies and departed from the Doctrine of Free Trade. In the industrialization of the USA, special emphasis was placed upon the development of modern means of transport and communication particularly the railways in order to eliminate economic sectionalism, there developed a maxim that the railways will create their own market. The Industrialization of Japan was a part of a larger program of modernization of Japan that was undertaken after the famous Meiji Restoration, Japan took the path of modernization, and militarisation to speed up the process of industrialization. The industrial revolution in these parts gave the ECONOMY to these regions and after getting the economy, they went for the creation of EMPIRE, which led to the colonial tendencies in Britain, Japan, the USA, and other parts of western Europe.
##Question:Discuss how the industrial revolution in different parts of the world was different from the industrial revolution in England. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach- in the introduction one can start with the definition of the industrial revolution in body part show the comparison between the IR in England and other parts of the world. one can also mention the IR in USA and Japan conclude accordingly Answer- The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain and spread to Western Europe and North America within a few decades Industrial revolution in England and other parts of the world The Industrialization of the countries of Western Europe differs from the industrialization of England in the sense that it was accomplished through conscious efforts or deliberate designs with the role of the state. Whereas in England it had been a spontaneous process in which the state did not play any deliberate role. these countries had to face challenges of the British industrial supremacy they had to start from the beginning, they had to start from a relatively advanced level, which made their Enterprises more capital intensive necessitating the role of the state in the mobilization of capital whereas in England capitalists play a more important role. These countries not only faced challenges from the British industrial supremacy but also received some assistance in terms of Capital, Machinery, technology, and even in terms of organizational principles which were made available to them by England though at a Higher cost. In the second half of the 19th century when the industrialization of western European countries got impetus/momentum, they started posing threats to the British industrial supremacy even England started changing its economic policies and departed from the Doctrine of Free Trade. In the industrialization of the USA, special emphasis was placed upon the development of modern means of transport and communication particularly the railways in order to eliminate economic sectionalism, there developed a maxim that the railways will create their own market. The Industrialization of Japan was a part of a larger program of modernization of Japan that was undertaken after the famous Meiji Restoration, Japan took the path of modernization, and militarisation to speed up the process of industrialization. The industrial revolution in these parts gave the ECONOMY to these regions and after getting the economy, they went for the creation of EMPIRE, which led to the colonial tendencies in Britain, Japan, the USA, and other parts of western Europe.
81,197
Discuss how the industrial revolution in different parts of the world was different from the industrial revolution in England. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach- in the introduction one can start with the definition of the industrial revolution in body part show the comparison between the IR in England and other parts of the world. one can also mention the IR in USA and Japan conclude accordingly. Answer- The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain and spread to Western Europe and North America within a few decades Industrial revolution in England and other parts of the world The Industrialization of the countries of Western Europe differs from the industrialization of England in the sense that it was accomplished through conscious efforts or deliberate designs with the role of the state. Whereas in England it had been a spontaneous process in which the state did not play any deliberate role. these countries had to face challenges of the British industrial supremacy they had to start from the beginning, they had to start from a relatively advanced level, which made their Enterprises more capital intensive necessitating the role of the state in the mobilization of capital whereas in England capitalists play a more important role. These countries not only faced challenges from the British industrial supremacy but also received some assistance in terms of Capital, Machinery, technology, and even in terms of organizational principles which were made available to them by England though at a Higher cost. In the second half of the 19th century when the industrialization of western European countries got impetus/momentum, they started posing threats to the British industrial supremacy even England started changing its economic policies and departed from the Doctrine of Free Trade. In the industrialization of the USA, special emphasis was placed upon the development of modern means of transport and communication particularly the railways in order to eliminate economic sectionalism, there developed a maxim that the railways will create their own market. The Industrialization of Japan was a part of a larger program of modernization of Japan that was undertaken after the famous Meiji Restoration, Japan took the path of modernization, and militarisation to speed up the process of industrialization. The industrial revolution in these parts gave the ECONOMY to these regions and after getting the economy, they went for the creation of EMPIRE, which led to the colonial tendencies in Britain, Japan, the USA, and other parts of western Europe.
##Question:Discuss how the industrial revolution in different parts of the world was different from the industrial revolution in England. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach- in the introduction one can start with the definition of the industrial revolution in body part show the comparison between the IR in England and other parts of the world. one can also mention the IR in USA and Japan conclude accordingly. Answer- The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain and spread to Western Europe and North America within a few decades Industrial revolution in England and other parts of the world The Industrialization of the countries of Western Europe differs from the industrialization of England in the sense that it was accomplished through conscious efforts or deliberate designs with the role of the state. Whereas in England it had been a spontaneous process in which the state did not play any deliberate role. these countries had to face challenges of the British industrial supremacy they had to start from the beginning, they had to start from a relatively advanced level, which made their Enterprises more capital intensive necessitating the role of the state in the mobilization of capital whereas in England capitalists play a more important role. These countries not only faced challenges from the British industrial supremacy but also received some assistance in terms of Capital, Machinery, technology, and even in terms of organizational principles which were made available to them by England though at a Higher cost. In the second half of the 19th century when the industrialization of western European countries got impetus/momentum, they started posing threats to the British industrial supremacy even England started changing its economic policies and departed from the Doctrine of Free Trade. In the industrialization of the USA, special emphasis was placed upon the development of modern means of transport and communication particularly the railways in order to eliminate economic sectionalism, there developed a maxim that the railways will create their own market. The Industrialization of Japan was a part of a larger program of modernization of Japan that was undertaken after the famous Meiji Restoration, Japan took the path of modernization, and militarisation to speed up the process of industrialization. The industrial revolution in these parts gave the ECONOMY to these regions and after getting the economy, they went for the creation of EMPIRE, which led to the colonial tendencies in Britain, Japan, the USA, and other parts of western Europe.
81,198
Discuss how the industrial revolution in different parts of the world was different from the industrial revolution in England. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach- in the introduction one can start with the definition of the industrial revolution in body part show the comparison between the IR in England and other parts of the world. one can also mention the IR in USA and Japan conclude accordingly. Answer- The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain and spread to Western Europe and North America within a few decades Industrial revolution in England and other parts of the world The Industrialization of the countries of Western Europe differs from the industrialization of England in the sense that it was accomplished through conscious efforts or deliberate designs with the role of the state. Whereas in England it had been a spontaneous process in which the state did not play any deliberate role. these countries had to face challenges of the British industrial supremacy they had to start from the beginning, they had to start from a relatively advanced level, which made their Enterprises more capital intensive necessitating the role of the state in the mobilization of capital whereas in England capitalists play a more important role. These countries not only faced challenges from the British industrial supremacy but also received some assistance in terms of Capital, Machinery, technology, and even in terms of organizational principles which were made available to them by England though at a Higher cost. In the second half of the 19th century when the industrialization of western European countries got impetus/momentum, they started posing threats to the British industrial supremacy even England started changing its economic policies and departed from the Doctrine of Free Trade. In the industrialization of the USA, special emphasis was placed upon the development of modern means of transport and communication particularly the railways in order to eliminate economic sectionalism, there developed a maxim that the railways will create their own market. The Industrialization of Japan was a part of a larger program of modernization of Japan that was undertaken after the famous Meiji Restoration, Japan took the path of modernization, and militarisation to speed up the process of industrialization. The industrial revolution in these parts gave the ECONOMY to these regions and after getting the economy, they went for the creation of EMPIRE, which led to the colonial tendencies in Britain, Japan, the USA, and other parts of western Europe.
##Question:Discuss how the industrial revolution in different parts of the world was different from the industrial revolution in England. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach- in the introduction one can start with the definition of the industrial revolution in body part show the comparison between the IR in England and other parts of the world. one can also mention the IR in USA and Japan conclude accordingly. Answer- The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain and spread to Western Europe and North America within a few decades Industrial revolution in England and other parts of the world The Industrialization of the countries of Western Europe differs from the industrialization of England in the sense that it was accomplished through conscious efforts or deliberate designs with the role of the state. Whereas in England it had been a spontaneous process in which the state did not play any deliberate role. these countries had to face challenges of the British industrial supremacy they had to start from the beginning, they had to start from a relatively advanced level, which made their Enterprises more capital intensive necessitating the role of the state in the mobilization of capital whereas in England capitalists play a more important role. These countries not only faced challenges from the British industrial supremacy but also received some assistance in terms of Capital, Machinery, technology, and even in terms of organizational principles which were made available to them by England though at a Higher cost. In the second half of the 19th century when the industrialization of western European countries got impetus/momentum, they started posing threats to the British industrial supremacy even England started changing its economic policies and departed from the Doctrine of Free Trade. In the industrialization of the USA, special emphasis was placed upon the development of modern means of transport and communication particularly the railways in order to eliminate economic sectionalism, there developed a maxim that the railways will create their own market. The Industrialization of Japan was a part of a larger program of modernization of Japan that was undertaken after the famous Meiji Restoration, Japan took the path of modernization, and militarisation to speed up the process of industrialization. The industrial revolution in these parts gave the ECONOMY to these regions and after getting the economy, they went for the creation of EMPIRE, which led to the colonial tendencies in Britain, Japan, the USA, and other parts of western Europe.
81,199
Discuss how the industrial revolution in different parts of the world was different from the industrial revolution in England. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach- in the introduction one can start with the definition of the industrial revolution in body part show the comparison between the IR in England and other parts of the world. one can also mention the IR in USA and Japan conclude accordingly. Answer- The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain and spread to Western Europe and North America within a few decades Industrial revolution in England and other parts of the world The Industrialization of the countries of Western Europe differs from the industrialization of England in the sense that it was accomplished through conscious efforts or deliberate designs with the role of the state. Whereas in England it had been a spontaneous process in which the state did not play any deliberate role. these countries had to face challenges of the British industrial supremacy they had to start from the beginning, they had to start from a relatively advanced level, which made their Enterprises more capital intensive necessitating the role of the state in the mobilization of capital whereas in England capitalists play a more important role. These countries not only faced challenges from the British industrial supremacy but also received some assistance in terms of Capital, Machinery, technology, and even in terms of organizational principles which were made available to them by England though at a Higher cost. In the second half of the 19th century when the industrialization of western European countries got impetus/momentum, they started posing threats to the British industrial supremacy even England started changing its economic policies and departed from the Doctrine of Free Trade. In the industrialization of the USA, special emphasis was placed upon the development of modern means of transport and communication particularly the railways in order to eliminate economic sectionalism, there developed a maxim that the railways will create their own market. The Industrialization of Japan was a part of a larger program of modernization of Japan that was undertaken after the famous Meiji Restoration, Japan took the path of modernization, and militarisation to speed up the process of industrialization. The industrial revolution in these parts gave the ECONOMY to these regions and after getting the economy, they went for the creation of EMPIRE, which led to the colonial tendencies in Britain, Japan, the USA, and other parts of western Europe.
##Question:Discuss how the industrial revolution in different parts of the world was different from the industrial revolution in England. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach- in the introduction one can start with the definition of the industrial revolution in body part show the comparison between the IR in England and other parts of the world. one can also mention the IR in USA and Japan conclude accordingly. Answer- The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain and spread to Western Europe and North America within a few decades Industrial revolution in England and other parts of the world The Industrialization of the countries of Western Europe differs from the industrialization of England in the sense that it was accomplished through conscious efforts or deliberate designs with the role of the state. Whereas in England it had been a spontaneous process in which the state did not play any deliberate role. these countries had to face challenges of the British industrial supremacy they had to start from the beginning, they had to start from a relatively advanced level, which made their Enterprises more capital intensive necessitating the role of the state in the mobilization of capital whereas in England capitalists play a more important role. These countries not only faced challenges from the British industrial supremacy but also received some assistance in terms of Capital, Machinery, technology, and even in terms of organizational principles which were made available to them by England though at a Higher cost. In the second half of the 19th century when the industrialization of western European countries got impetus/momentum, they started posing threats to the British industrial supremacy even England started changing its economic policies and departed from the Doctrine of Free Trade. In the industrialization of the USA, special emphasis was placed upon the development of modern means of transport and communication particularly the railways in order to eliminate economic sectionalism, there developed a maxim that the railways will create their own market. The Industrialization of Japan was a part of a larger program of modernization of Japan that was undertaken after the famous Meiji Restoration, Japan took the path of modernization, and militarisation to speed up the process of industrialization. The industrial revolution in these parts gave the ECONOMY to these regions and after getting the economy, they went for the creation of EMPIRE, which led to the colonial tendencies in Britain, Japan, the USA, and other parts of western Europe.
81,200
नियोजन से आप क्या समझते हैं? विभिन्न प्रकार के नियोजनों को उदाहरण सहित स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150/200 शब्द, 10 अंक) What do you understand by planning? Explain different types of planning with examples. (150/200 words, 10 marks)
दृष्टिकोण: नियोजन को परिभाषित करते हुए उत्तर प्रारंभ कीजिए।। नियोजन के विभिन्न प्रकारो को उदाहरण सहित लिखिए। नियोजन के महत्व को लिखते हुए निष्कर्ष लिख सकते हैं। उत्तर नियोजन से आशय उस ब्लूप्रिंट या मसौदे से है जिसके अंतर्गत उपलब्ध स्रोतों का अधिकतम उपयोग करते हुए लक्ष्यों को प्राथमिकताओं के आधार पर निर्धारित किया जाता है। इस नियोजन द्वारा सतत विकास तथा स्रोतों का संवर्द्धन सुनिश्चित किया जाता है। एडम स्मिथ के अनुसार आर्थिक नियोजन इसलिए महत्वपूर्ण है क्योंकि स्रोत सदैव सीमित होते हैं तथा इच्छाएं अनंत होती हैं। ऐसे में प्राथमिकताओं का द्वंद्व जन्म लेता है। आर्थिक नियोजन में यह द्वंद्व निम्न तीन प्रकार का हो सकता है- उत्पादन किस वस्तु का?- इसके अंतर्गत नियोजन का द्वंद्व यह यह है कि पूंजीगत वस्तुओं को प्राथमिकता दी जाए या उपभोग हेतु वस्तुओं की। यदि पूंजीगत वस्तुओं को प्राथमिकता दी जाए तो निःसंदेह पूंजी निर्माण त्वरित होगा परंतु इसके सकारात्मक प्रभाव निष्प्रभावी हो जाएंगे यदि उपभोग की वस्तुएं महंगी हों। उत्पादन किस प्रकार से?- यह द्वंद्व उत्पादन की प्रक्रिया पर आधारित है कि तकनीकी को वरीयता दी जाए या श्रम को। वितरण किस प्रकार से?- क्या यह आवश्यकताओं पर आधारित हो या क्षमताओं पर। नियोजन के प्रकार : सामान्यतः नियोजन को चार प्रकार के वर्गीकृत किया जाता है- रणनीतिक नियोजन- इसके अंतर्गत लक्ष्यों की प्राथमिकता को सुनिश्चित करते हुए स्रोतों को आवंटित किया जाता है। यदि रणनीतिक नियोजन दीर्घकालिक हो तो उसे दृष्टिकोणगत (Perspective) नियोजन कहा जाता है (उदाहरण- SDG)। कार्यनीतिक (Tactical) नियोजन- इसके अंतर्गत आवंटित स्रोतों को दिए गए लक्ष्यों के संदर्भ में सहसंबंधों की रूपरेखा का मसौदा तैयार किया जाता है। अनुप्रयोगात्मक (Opretional) नियोजन- इसके अंतर्गत उपलब्ध स्रोतों तथा लक्ष्यों को अनुपालित करने का प्रयास किया जाता है। इस नियोजन में पहले प्रायोगिक तौर पर नियोजन की टेस्टिंग की जाती है ऐसे नियोजन को पायलेट प्रोजेक्ट कहा जाता है। आकस्मिक (Contingency) नियोजन- इसके अंतर्गत एक विकल्प के तौर पर अप्रत्याशित घटकों हेतु नियोजन किया जाता है। आदेशात्मक एवं प्रतीकात्मक नियोजन: आदेशात्मक नियोजन से आशय यह है कि इस प्रकार के नियोजन में प्रत्येक चरण का विस्तारपूर्वक नियोजन किया जाता है तथा लक्ष्यों को हासिल करने हेतु प्रत्येक चरण पर आवश्यक नियंत्रण बनाए जाते हैं। भारत में 1947 से 1991 तक का दौर प्रमुखतः आदेशात्मक नियोजन का रहा। यद्यपि 1980 के दशक में इसमें उदारवादिता दिखी। इसीलिए इस कालखंड को नियोजन काल कहते हैं। वहीं दूसरी तरफ प्रतीकात्मक/संकेतात्मक नियोजन में लक्ष्यों को चिन्हित किया जाता है तथा नियंत्रण के स्थान पर हितधारकों हेतु सुविधा प्रदाता की भूमिका को वरीयता दी जाती है। संसाधनों के युक्तियुक्त उपयोग व इसके परिणामों को अधिकतम सकारात्मक बनाने के लिए नियोजन बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है। समय, परिस्थिति, अपेक्षाओं को ध्यान में रखते हुए नियोजन के प्रकार को चुना जाना चाहिए।
##Question:नियोजन से आप क्या समझते हैं? विभिन्न प्रकार के नियोजनों को उदाहरण सहित स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150/200 शब्द, 10 अंक) What do you understand by planning? Explain different types of planning with examples. (150/200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: नियोजन को परिभाषित करते हुए उत्तर प्रारंभ कीजिए।। नियोजन के विभिन्न प्रकारो को उदाहरण सहित लिखिए। नियोजन के महत्व को लिखते हुए निष्कर्ष लिख सकते हैं। उत्तर नियोजन से आशय उस ब्लूप्रिंट या मसौदे से है जिसके अंतर्गत उपलब्ध स्रोतों का अधिकतम उपयोग करते हुए लक्ष्यों को प्राथमिकताओं के आधार पर निर्धारित किया जाता है। इस नियोजन द्वारा सतत विकास तथा स्रोतों का संवर्द्धन सुनिश्चित किया जाता है। एडम स्मिथ के अनुसार आर्थिक नियोजन इसलिए महत्वपूर्ण है क्योंकि स्रोत सदैव सीमित होते हैं तथा इच्छाएं अनंत होती हैं। ऐसे में प्राथमिकताओं का द्वंद्व जन्म लेता है। आर्थिक नियोजन में यह द्वंद्व निम्न तीन प्रकार का हो सकता है- उत्पादन किस वस्तु का?- इसके अंतर्गत नियोजन का द्वंद्व यह यह है कि पूंजीगत वस्तुओं को प्राथमिकता दी जाए या उपभोग हेतु वस्तुओं की। यदि पूंजीगत वस्तुओं को प्राथमिकता दी जाए तो निःसंदेह पूंजी निर्माण त्वरित होगा परंतु इसके सकारात्मक प्रभाव निष्प्रभावी हो जाएंगे यदि उपभोग की वस्तुएं महंगी हों। उत्पादन किस प्रकार से?- यह द्वंद्व उत्पादन की प्रक्रिया पर आधारित है कि तकनीकी को वरीयता दी जाए या श्रम को। वितरण किस प्रकार से?- क्या यह आवश्यकताओं पर आधारित हो या क्षमताओं पर। नियोजन के प्रकार : सामान्यतः नियोजन को चार प्रकार के वर्गीकृत किया जाता है- रणनीतिक नियोजन- इसके अंतर्गत लक्ष्यों की प्राथमिकता को सुनिश्चित करते हुए स्रोतों को आवंटित किया जाता है। यदि रणनीतिक नियोजन दीर्घकालिक हो तो उसे दृष्टिकोणगत (Perspective) नियोजन कहा जाता है (उदाहरण- SDG)। कार्यनीतिक (Tactical) नियोजन- इसके अंतर्गत आवंटित स्रोतों को दिए गए लक्ष्यों के संदर्भ में सहसंबंधों की रूपरेखा का मसौदा तैयार किया जाता है। अनुप्रयोगात्मक (Opretional) नियोजन- इसके अंतर्गत उपलब्ध स्रोतों तथा लक्ष्यों को अनुपालित करने का प्रयास किया जाता है। इस नियोजन में पहले प्रायोगिक तौर पर नियोजन की टेस्टिंग की जाती है ऐसे नियोजन को पायलेट प्रोजेक्ट कहा जाता है। आकस्मिक (Contingency) नियोजन- इसके अंतर्गत एक विकल्प के तौर पर अप्रत्याशित घटकों हेतु नियोजन किया जाता है। आदेशात्मक एवं प्रतीकात्मक नियोजन: आदेशात्मक नियोजन से आशय यह है कि इस प्रकार के नियोजन में प्रत्येक चरण का विस्तारपूर्वक नियोजन किया जाता है तथा लक्ष्यों को हासिल करने हेतु प्रत्येक चरण पर आवश्यक नियंत्रण बनाए जाते हैं। भारत में 1947 से 1991 तक का दौर प्रमुखतः आदेशात्मक नियोजन का रहा। यद्यपि 1980 के दशक में इसमें उदारवादिता दिखी। इसीलिए इस कालखंड को नियोजन काल कहते हैं। वहीं दूसरी तरफ प्रतीकात्मक/संकेतात्मक नियोजन में लक्ष्यों को चिन्हित किया जाता है तथा नियंत्रण के स्थान पर हितधारकों हेतु सुविधा प्रदाता की भूमिका को वरीयता दी जाती है। संसाधनों के युक्तियुक्त उपयोग व इसके परिणामों को अधिकतम सकारात्मक बनाने के लिए नियोजन बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है। समय, परिस्थिति, अपेक्षाओं को ध्यान में रखते हुए नियोजन के प्रकार को चुना जाना चाहिए।
81,206
Explain the impact of the Indira Sawhney Case (1993) on the reservation policy in India. (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce with the reservation policy in the country with help of the Article 15 and Article 16 Bring the contextual and historical background of the Indira Sawhney Verdict. Then discuss the verdict of the Indira Sawhney Case Explain the 77th Constitutional Amendment Act 1995 Further, discuss the 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act Conclude with the importance of the Indira Sawhney judgment in laying the course of the reservation policy in the country Answer: Indian society has been a highly unequal country due to the cast-based segregation of society and social and cultural restriction of the community under the caste hierarchy. Articles 15 and 16 provided provisions under which the state can take affirmative action for the improvement and upliftment of these disadvantaged communities. Thus the government of India constituted Kaka Kalelkar and Mandal Committee under Article 340 to recommend the government steps to improve the condition of these backward communities. Kaka Kalelkar Committee : This committee was appointed by the President in 1953 to suggest ways to implement our reservation policy. It suggested that around 1/4th of the population (22.5% of India) are the Dalit population, who have been left far behind in the race for development in India. Therefore, 22.5% reservation be provided. This was in line with Dr. BR Ambedkar’s view of proportional reservation for a level playing field. Social justice was the underlying mission of the reservation. Mandal Commission The Mandal report identified 52% of the population at that time as “Socially and Economically Backward Classes” (SEBCs) and recommended 27% reservation for SEBCs in addition to the previously existing 22.5% reservation for SC/STs. In 1990, when the V P Singh led-government set out to implement the Mandal report, It was challenged in court amidst widespread protests against the move. Indira Sawhney Judgement A PIL was, therefore, filed by Indra Sawhney against the implemented decision. The case was decided in 1993, also known as the Mandal judgment. In the Indra Sawhney case, the Supreme Court clarified that the backwardness which is being dealt with by the Mandal Commission report is primarily social backwardness. Therefore, the 10% reservation proposed in favour of General classes by the Narsimha Rao government was declared null and void. The Supreme Court also provided that creamy layer shall be applicable as an exception to reservation provided to OBCs, where the economically better off would not be provided such OBC reservation. Article 16(4) provides for the reservation for backward classes. However, the Mandal commission suggested for reservations for backward castes. Therefore, the Indra Sawhney judgment ruled that caste is a class in India. The Supreme Court stated that reservation would only be applicable for initial appointments and not at the time of promotion. 77th Constitutional Amendment Act: In response to the above judgment of reservation just being applicable at the time of initial appointment, the Parliament passed the said amendment, as per which reservation shall not only be provided for the initial appointment, but also for promotion. 103rd Constitutional Amendment : As per the Indra Sawhney judgment, the reservation was not possible for the economically weaker sections. As per the judgment given, the constitutional provisions did not allow for reservation on an economic basis, as the only caste was considered to be a class. Therefore, the said amendment had to be passed in order to provide the 10% reservation to the Economically Weaker Sections, on the basis of economic backwardness. Therefore, the Indra Sawhney case has been an important milestone in not only determining the reservation policy of the time in India but also for the future developments in the reservation policy in the country. Recently it has been used in the decision of the Maratha"s reservation case.
##Question:Explain the impact of the Indira Sawhney Case (1993) on the reservation policy in India. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the reservation policy in the country with help of the Article 15 and Article 16 Bring the contextual and historical background of the Indira Sawhney Verdict. Then discuss the verdict of the Indira Sawhney Case Explain the 77th Constitutional Amendment Act 1995 Further, discuss the 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act Conclude with the importance of the Indira Sawhney judgment in laying the course of the reservation policy in the country Answer: Indian society has been a highly unequal country due to the cast-based segregation of society and social and cultural restriction of the community under the caste hierarchy. Articles 15 and 16 provided provisions under which the state can take affirmative action for the improvement and upliftment of these disadvantaged communities. Thus the government of India constituted Kaka Kalelkar and Mandal Committee under Article 340 to recommend the government steps to improve the condition of these backward communities. Kaka Kalelkar Committee : This committee was appointed by the President in 1953 to suggest ways to implement our reservation policy. It suggested that around 1/4th of the population (22.5% of India) are the Dalit population, who have been left far behind in the race for development in India. Therefore, 22.5% reservation be provided. This was in line with Dr. BR Ambedkar’s view of proportional reservation for a level playing field. Social justice was the underlying mission of the reservation. Mandal Commission The Mandal report identified 52% of the population at that time as “Socially and Economically Backward Classes” (SEBCs) and recommended 27% reservation for SEBCs in addition to the previously existing 22.5% reservation for SC/STs. In 1990, when the V P Singh led-government set out to implement the Mandal report, It was challenged in court amidst widespread protests against the move. Indira Sawhney Judgement A PIL was, therefore, filed by Indra Sawhney against the implemented decision. The case was decided in 1993, also known as the Mandal judgment. In the Indra Sawhney case, the Supreme Court clarified that the backwardness which is being dealt with by the Mandal Commission report is primarily social backwardness. Therefore, the 10% reservation proposed in favour of General classes by the Narsimha Rao government was declared null and void. The Supreme Court also provided that creamy layer shall be applicable as an exception to reservation provided to OBCs, where the economically better off would not be provided such OBC reservation. Article 16(4) provides for the reservation for backward classes. However, the Mandal commission suggested for reservations for backward castes. Therefore, the Indra Sawhney judgment ruled that caste is a class in India. The Supreme Court stated that reservation would only be applicable for initial appointments and not at the time of promotion. 77th Constitutional Amendment Act: In response to the above judgment of reservation just being applicable at the time of initial appointment, the Parliament passed the said amendment, as per which reservation shall not only be provided for the initial appointment, but also for promotion. 103rd Constitutional Amendment : As per the Indra Sawhney judgment, the reservation was not possible for the economically weaker sections. As per the judgment given, the constitutional provisions did not allow for reservation on an economic basis, as the only caste was considered to be a class. Therefore, the said amendment had to be passed in order to provide the 10% reservation to the Economically Weaker Sections, on the basis of economic backwardness. Therefore, the Indra Sawhney case has been an important milestone in not only determining the reservation policy of the time in India but also for the future developments in the reservation policy in the country. Recently it has been used in the decision of the Maratha"s reservation case.
81,212
Discuss the reasons for a low and falling Labour Force Participation Rate(LFPR of women), especially in urban areas.(150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduce in brief about Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) and provide data showing the low LFPR of women. In body mention the reasons for the low Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) of women in our country. Conclude accordingly with the way forward. Answer: Labour Force Participation Rate is defined as the ratio of the labour force to the total population. The labour force participation rate (hereafter referred to as LFPR) is around 75% for men while around 23.75% for women. Therefore, only around 1/4th of the female population is in the labour force. Women’s participation in India’s labour force is low and has been declining this century, official employment surveys like the Employment and Unemployment Survey (EUS), and the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) have shown. This is true especially for urban areas as well. Reasons for the low Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) of women in urban areas Increased Mechanisation: In textiles, power looms, button stitching machines and textile machinery phased out women’s labour. Increasing income: With increasing household incomes, especially over the last three decades, the need for a “second income” reduced. Consequently, families withdrew women from labour as a signal of prosperity. Gender gaps in higher education and skill training: Tertiary-level female enrolment rose from 2 percent in 1971 to only 30 percent in 2019 (World Bank data). As of 2018-19, only 2 per cent of working-age women received formal vocational training, of which 47 percent did not join the labour force (NSSO, 2018-19). Social norms : Unpaid care work continues to be a women’s responsibility. Women regularly sacrifice wages, career progression, and education opportunities to meet family responsibilities, safety considerations, and other restrictions. Marriage, for example, significantly reduces women’s LFPR. In the 21-25 years and 26-30 years cohorts, unmarried women are twice as much likely to participate in the labour force as married women. This suggests that the expectation of household work after marriage negatively impacts women’s participation in the labour force. Paid versus unpaid hours - As per the Time Use Survey, quoted by the Economic Survey, the share of women devoted to unpaid hours in India is around 9.6 times the hours devoted by men (in India). This figure is only 3 times when taken for the world average-i.e. share of women in unpaid work hours is around 3 times that of the hours devoted by men in the world. Increase in the income level in society- As per the Economic Survey, an increase in the income level in society has been a discouraging factor. When the income levels were low, people/ families were forced to send their women to work. However, with the rise in income levels, people do not prefer to send their women to work. All the gender gap indices like the Gender Development Index show huge disparities among men and women in India. India ranks low in most of such indices. Meta-son preference- It means that people in India prefer to have children until they produce the desired number of boys. For example, if a family wants to have 2 boys, then they will keep on having children until they have 2 boys. This has created two problems. THE PROBLEM OF UNWANTED GIRLS - Unwanted girls are discriminated against. For example, they will not care about the health of the girl child etc. MISSING WOMEN - The unwanted girl children are aborted. As stated, they will not care about the health and nutrition of their girl children. Thus, the mortality rate of women is much higher than that of men in India. Patriarchal society- Women are not preferred to work in India. Contrary to popular perception, this issue is more widespread among the more well-off families and in urban areas. Household activities- Women are mainly engaged in household work. Lower Literacy rate- Lower literacy rate means that they are unable to find suitable jobs. A lower literacy rate implies that their level of skill development is less. Therefore, their chances of finding skilled employment are also low. Constraining factors- Women require safety. The cases of eve-teasing, molestation, and rapes are quite high. This makes them and their families feel unsafe to send them out of their homes. Also, women prefer convenience because they give prime importance to their families. Development implies that gender disparities should decrease. The Economic Survey compared gender parity on 15 parameters. It was found that, in India, with development, there was an improvement in 13 out of 15 indicators. However, there was a worsening on 2 parameters. One was that the employment rate for women was very low. Also, there was a gap in pay parity of around 14%. The way forward here is that the labour laws should not be too rigid. For example, due to the maternity benefit act, firms do not want to hire women, as they have to provide them with 26 weeks of paid leave. Laws should be more facilitative than rigid. Therefore, labour laws require more reform. To address the above challenges a multi-dimensional approach is needed to increase women"s labour force participation. High LFPR of women is necessary to achieve the goal of inclusive growth in India.
##Question:Discuss the reasons for a low and falling Labour Force Participation Rate(LFPR of women), especially in urban areas.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) and provide data showing the low LFPR of women. In body mention the reasons for the low Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) of women in our country. Conclude accordingly with the way forward. Answer: Labour Force Participation Rate is defined as the ratio of the labour force to the total population. The labour force participation rate (hereafter referred to as LFPR) is around 75% for men while around 23.75% for women. Therefore, only around 1/4th of the female population is in the labour force. Women’s participation in India’s labour force is low and has been declining this century, official employment surveys like the Employment and Unemployment Survey (EUS), and the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) have shown. This is true especially for urban areas as well. Reasons for the low Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) of women in urban areas Increased Mechanisation: In textiles, power looms, button stitching machines and textile machinery phased out women’s labour. Increasing income: With increasing household incomes, especially over the last three decades, the need for a “second income” reduced. Consequently, families withdrew women from labour as a signal of prosperity. Gender gaps in higher education and skill training: Tertiary-level female enrolment rose from 2 percent in 1971 to only 30 percent in 2019 (World Bank data). As of 2018-19, only 2 per cent of working-age women received formal vocational training, of which 47 percent did not join the labour force (NSSO, 2018-19). Social norms : Unpaid care work continues to be a women’s responsibility. Women regularly sacrifice wages, career progression, and education opportunities to meet family responsibilities, safety considerations, and other restrictions. Marriage, for example, significantly reduces women’s LFPR. In the 21-25 years and 26-30 years cohorts, unmarried women are twice as much likely to participate in the labour force as married women. This suggests that the expectation of household work after marriage negatively impacts women’s participation in the labour force. Paid versus unpaid hours - As per the Time Use Survey, quoted by the Economic Survey, the share of women devoted to unpaid hours in India is around 9.6 times the hours devoted by men (in India). This figure is only 3 times when taken for the world average-i.e. share of women in unpaid work hours is around 3 times that of the hours devoted by men in the world. Increase in the income level in society- As per the Economic Survey, an increase in the income level in society has been a discouraging factor. When the income levels were low, people/ families were forced to send their women to work. However, with the rise in income levels, people do not prefer to send their women to work. All the gender gap indices like the Gender Development Index show huge disparities among men and women in India. India ranks low in most of such indices. Meta-son preference- It means that people in India prefer to have children until they produce the desired number of boys. For example, if a family wants to have 2 boys, then they will keep on having children until they have 2 boys. This has created two problems. THE PROBLEM OF UNWANTED GIRLS - Unwanted girls are discriminated against. For example, they will not care about the health of the girl child etc. MISSING WOMEN - The unwanted girl children are aborted. As stated, they will not care about the health and nutrition of their girl children. Thus, the mortality rate of women is much higher than that of men in India. Patriarchal society- Women are not preferred to work in India. Contrary to popular perception, this issue is more widespread among the more well-off families and in urban areas. Household activities- Women are mainly engaged in household work. Lower Literacy rate- Lower literacy rate means that they are unable to find suitable jobs. A lower literacy rate implies that their level of skill development is less. Therefore, their chances of finding skilled employment are also low. Constraining factors- Women require safety. The cases of eve-teasing, molestation, and rapes are quite high. This makes them and their families feel unsafe to send them out of their homes. Also, women prefer convenience because they give prime importance to their families. Development implies that gender disparities should decrease. The Economic Survey compared gender parity on 15 parameters. It was found that, in India, with development, there was an improvement in 13 out of 15 indicators. However, there was a worsening on 2 parameters. One was that the employment rate for women was very low. Also, there was a gap in pay parity of around 14%. The way forward here is that the labour laws should not be too rigid. For example, due to the maternity benefit act, firms do not want to hire women, as they have to provide them with 26 weeks of paid leave. Laws should be more facilitative than rigid. Therefore, labour laws require more reform. To address the above challenges a multi-dimensional approach is needed to increase women"s labour force participation. High LFPR of women is necessary to achieve the goal of inclusive growth in India.
81,234
Despite the failure of the Ghadar Movement, it contributed to the Indian Freedom Struggle in many significant ways. Discuss. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce the Ghadar movement with its genesis. Mention the failure and reasons for the failure of the Ghadar movement in achieving its goal. Further, discuss the contribution of the Ghadar Movement. Conclude accordingly. Answer The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 gave a new lease of life to the nationalist movement which had been dormant since the heady days of the Swadeshi Movement. Britain’s difficulty was India’s ‘opportunity.’ This opportunity was seized, in different ways and with varying success, by the Ghadar revolutionaries based in North America. The Ghadarites attempted a violent overthrow of British rule. The first issue of The Ghadar was published in San Francisco on November 1, 1913. Later it got published in Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi and other languages also carrying the inscription,” Angrezi Raj ka Dushman”. Apart from America, it also reached Canada, Malay States, Hong Kong, Philippines, Honduras, Singapore, Trinidad, and India. Failure of the Ghadar movement The Ghadarites" efforts failed due to a lack of support from the general population. The Ghadar movement could not impact the colonial structure. There was an organizational, structural, and strategical failure. They completely underestimated the extent and amount of preparation at every level such as at organizational, ideological, strategic, tactical, and financial; that was necessary before an attempt at an armed revolt could be organized. Taken by surprise by the outbreak of the war and roused to a fever pitch by the Komagata Maru episode, they sounded the bugles of war without examining the state of their army. They underestimated the strength of the British in India, both their aimed and organizational might as well as the ideological foundations of British rule. The Ghadar Movement also failed to generate an effective and sustained leadership that was capable of integrating the various aspects of the movement. Another major weakness of the movement was its almost none existent organizational structure; the Ghadar Movement was sustained, more by the enthusiasm of the militants than by their effective organization. Despite all the above-mentioned failures, the Ghadar movement contributed in a very significant manner The Ghadar movement helped in the creation of a nationalist consciousness and a feeling of solidarity among immigrant Indians. The entire nationalist critique of colonialism, which was the most solid and abiding contribution of the moderate nationalists, was carried, in a powerful and simple form, to the mass of Indian immigrants, many of whom were poor workers and agricultural labourers. This huge propaganda effort motivated and educated an entire generation. Different religions and regions were accepted by the movement. Another major contribution of Ghadar ideology was its democratic and egalitarian content . It was clearly stated by the Ghadarites that their objective was the establishment of the an independent Republic of India . They brought a sense of equality and believed and spread the thought that Indians will never be treated as equals by the Americans until we free our own land. It incited the Indian army to revolt and enlisted the help of Germany through the Zimmermann plan. Helped in opinion formation of NRI’s against the misrule of British in India Gave an international platform and attention for the Indian Freedom Struggle. It brought global radicalism to the forefront by bringing together the common identity of South Asians in the United States. Extensive propaganda Campaign done by the Ghadar Movement on the masthead: ‘Angrezi Raj ka Dushman’ or ‘An Enemy of British Rule.’ On the front page of each issue was a feature titled Angrezi Raj Ka Kacha Chittha or ‘An Expose of British Rule.’ This Chittha consisted of fourteen points enumerating the harmful effects of British rule . The Ghadar Movement also contained references to the contributions of Lokamanya Tilak, Sri Aurobindo, V.D. Savarkar, Madame Cama, Shyamji Krishna Varma, Ajit Singh, and Sufi Amba Prasad, as well as highlights of the daring deeds of the Anushilan Samiti, the Yugantar group and the Russian secret societies. the most powerful impact was made by the poems that appeared in The Ghadar, soon collected and published as Ghadar di Goonj and distributed free of cost. These poems were marked as much by their secular tone as by their revolutionary zeal. Thus other major contribution was the creation of a truly internationalist outlook among the Ghadar revolutionaries. In Afghanistan Mahendra Pratap Singh and Barkatullah were successful in setting up a temporary provincial government So, though the Ghadar movement was not very successful and eventually faded off by 1915, it was a glorious failure as it helped in sowing the seeds of Indian nationalism abroad and spreading the spirit of nationalism. It also garnered international support for the Indian freedom movement. If the success and failure are to be measured in terms of the deepening of nationalist consciousness, the evolution and testing of new strategies and methods of struggle, and the creation of a tradition of resistance, of secularism, of democracy, and of egalitarianism, then, the Ghadarites certainly contributed to their share to the struggle for India’s freedom in a very significant manner.
##Question:Despite the failure of the Ghadar Movement, it contributed to the Indian Freedom Struggle in many significant ways. Discuss. (150 Words/10 Marks) ##Answer:Approach Introduce the Ghadar movement with its genesis. Mention the failure and reasons for the failure of the Ghadar movement in achieving its goal. Further, discuss the contribution of the Ghadar Movement. Conclude accordingly. Answer The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 gave a new lease of life to the nationalist movement which had been dormant since the heady days of the Swadeshi Movement. Britain’s difficulty was India’s ‘opportunity.’ This opportunity was seized, in different ways and with varying success, by the Ghadar revolutionaries based in North America. The Ghadarites attempted a violent overthrow of British rule. The first issue of The Ghadar was published in San Francisco on November 1, 1913. Later it got published in Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi and other languages also carrying the inscription,” Angrezi Raj ka Dushman”. Apart from America, it also reached Canada, Malay States, Hong Kong, Philippines, Honduras, Singapore, Trinidad, and India. Failure of the Ghadar movement The Ghadarites" efforts failed due to a lack of support from the general population. The Ghadar movement could not impact the colonial structure. There was an organizational, structural, and strategical failure. They completely underestimated the extent and amount of preparation at every level such as at organizational, ideological, strategic, tactical, and financial; that was necessary before an attempt at an armed revolt could be organized. Taken by surprise by the outbreak of the war and roused to a fever pitch by the Komagata Maru episode, they sounded the bugles of war without examining the state of their army. They underestimated the strength of the British in India, both their aimed and organizational might as well as the ideological foundations of British rule. The Ghadar Movement also failed to generate an effective and sustained leadership that was capable of integrating the various aspects of the movement. Another major weakness of the movement was its almost none existent organizational structure; the Ghadar Movement was sustained, more by the enthusiasm of the militants than by their effective organization. Despite all the above-mentioned failures, the Ghadar movement contributed in a very significant manner The Ghadar movement helped in the creation of a nationalist consciousness and a feeling of solidarity among immigrant Indians. The entire nationalist critique of colonialism, which was the most solid and abiding contribution of the moderate nationalists, was carried, in a powerful and simple form, to the mass of Indian immigrants, many of whom were poor workers and agricultural labourers. This huge propaganda effort motivated and educated an entire generation. Different religions and regions were accepted by the movement. Another major contribution of Ghadar ideology was its democratic and egalitarian content . It was clearly stated by the Ghadarites that their objective was the establishment of the an independent Republic of India . They brought a sense of equality and believed and spread the thought that Indians will never be treated as equals by the Americans until we free our own land. It incited the Indian army to revolt and enlisted the help of Germany through the Zimmermann plan. Helped in opinion formation of NRI’s against the misrule of British in India Gave an international platform and attention for the Indian Freedom Struggle. It brought global radicalism to the forefront by bringing together the common identity of South Asians in the United States. Extensive propaganda Campaign done by the Ghadar Movement on the masthead: ‘Angrezi Raj ka Dushman’ or ‘An Enemy of British Rule.’ On the front page of each issue was a feature titled Angrezi Raj Ka Kacha Chittha or ‘An Expose of British Rule.’ This Chittha consisted of fourteen points enumerating the harmful effects of British rule . The Ghadar Movement also contained references to the contributions of Lokamanya Tilak, Sri Aurobindo, V.D. Savarkar, Madame Cama, Shyamji Krishna Varma, Ajit Singh, and Sufi Amba Prasad, as well as highlights of the daring deeds of the Anushilan Samiti, the Yugantar group and the Russian secret societies. the most powerful impact was made by the poems that appeared in The Ghadar, soon collected and published as Ghadar di Goonj and distributed free of cost. These poems were marked as much by their secular tone as by their revolutionary zeal. Thus other major contribution was the creation of a truly internationalist outlook among the Ghadar revolutionaries. In Afghanistan Mahendra Pratap Singh and Barkatullah were successful in setting up a temporary provincial government So, though the Ghadar movement was not very successful and eventually faded off by 1915, it was a glorious failure as it helped in sowing the seeds of Indian nationalism abroad and spreading the spirit of nationalism. It also garnered international support for the Indian freedom movement. If the success and failure are to be measured in terms of the deepening of nationalist consciousness, the evolution and testing of new strategies and methods of struggle, and the creation of a tradition of resistance, of secularism, of democracy, and of egalitarianism, then, the Ghadarites certainly contributed to their share to the struggle for India’s freedom in a very significant manner.
81,268
Terrorist activities and mutual destruction have clouded India-Pakistan relations. Suggest solutions to deal with the challenges posed by Pakistan. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach INTRODUCTION: A brief reference to the history of the beginning of relations between the Indian and Pakistani nation-states has been made. BODY The terrorist activities and mutual destruction have clouded the India- Pakistan relations. The solutions to deal with the challenges posed by Pakistan Domestic solutions International solutions CONCLUSION A conclusion is not necessary since the way forward/ steps required have already been mentioned in the last part of the answer. Model Answer India and Pakistan share a common history. Both were given independence during the same time, in August 1947 (the date is just 1 day before that of India, for Pakistan). The relationship can be traced right from 1948 when the first war happened related to the signing of the instrument of accession with India. Even post this, up until very recent times, the relationship has not been smooth. Wars and attacks from the Pakistani side have been a source of constant stress for the country. In this light, it is important to take note of the terrorist activities and mutual destruction that have clouded India-Pakistan relations. THE TERRORIST ACTIVITIES AND MUTUAL DESTRUCTION THAT HAS CLOUDED INDIA-PAKISTAN RELATIONS The wars in 1965, 1971 - were a cause of significant destruction for both the sides, viz. India and Pakistan. 1989 - Insurgency in the Kashmir valley was said to be sponsored by Pakistan. The Kargil war of 1999 - The Kargil misadventure led to the resources of both India and Pakistan getting exhausted. October 2001 - the Srinagar Assembly (Legislative Assembly) was attacked, as a result of the Agra summit between India and Pakistan in the same year. Again, in December 2001, there was an attack on the Indian Parliament. The 2008 Mumbai Terror attack - This happened as the insurgents in Pakistan did not want the composite dialogue to go through. The Recent Pulwama attack - when a vehicle-borne suicide bomber attacked a convoy of CRPF personnel, killing 40 jawans. THE SOLUTIONS TO DEAL WITH THE CHALLENGES POSED BY PAKISTAN NEED FOR A CONCRETE POLICY Currently, policies with respect to Pakistan change with changes in government. There is a need for a concrete policy here. We need to first pick a side, deciding whether we should follow a policy of animosity or pursue friendly relations. Animosity is not a practical option, thus peace needs to be pursued. Rather, peace is not just a choice but a compulsion. Atal Bihari Vajpayee gave the slogan of “kasmiriyat,jamuriyat, insaniyat”- signifying the need for dialogue with Pakistan. However, the moment India engages in peaceful dialogues with Pakistan, it becomes more vulnerable to terror attacks. Therefore, certain more specific measures are required, as listed below Apart from these, a mix of domestic and international measures, are required. THE DOMESTIC MEASURES REQUIRED DEVELOP THE ECONOMY The other countries’ stake in India will rise as a result of the growth and development of the country. This will also ensure that Pakistan does not attack India. Rather, it will be the biggest guarantee against terrorist attacks. Thus, we must secure the “security of India”. MAINTAIN THE “SPIRIT OF INDIA” Pakistan, despite the various terrorist attacks, can win only when it is able to destroy the secular composite “spirit of India” (The spirit of India is defined by its secularism). Thus, India must prevent the radicalization of its youth and must work hard toward this end. SOLUTION TOWARD KASHMIR India must come out with a radical solution to the Kashmir issue since it is a fertile ground for terrorist activities. THE INTERNATIONAL STEPS REQUIRED BACKCHANNEL DIPLOMACY Shashi Tharoor suggested this measure. As per this policy, the dealings related to the solutions to the issues should be done covertly and not overtly i.e. away from the public eye. This is so because many times the leaders (Prime Ministers) are unable to take sensitive steps which could result in their defeat in the next elections. Also, improve relations with countries like UAE, Saudi Arabia, USA, etc. which have leverage over or have good relations with Pakistan. These countries will push Pakistan to maintain peace and have good relations with India. GET THE COMPREHENSIVE CONVENTION PASSED India must get the Comprehensive Convention on terrorism passed at the UN, at the earliest. In the context of these points, a politically imaginative solution, to the Kashmir issue, is required.
##Question:Terrorist activities and mutual destruction have clouded India-Pakistan relations. Suggest solutions to deal with the challenges posed by Pakistan. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach INTRODUCTION: A brief reference to the history of the beginning of relations between the Indian and Pakistani nation-states has been made. BODY The terrorist activities and mutual destruction have clouded the India- Pakistan relations. The solutions to deal with the challenges posed by Pakistan Domestic solutions International solutions CONCLUSION A conclusion is not necessary since the way forward/ steps required have already been mentioned in the last part of the answer. Model Answer India and Pakistan share a common history. Both were given independence during the same time, in August 1947 (the date is just 1 day before that of India, for Pakistan). The relationship can be traced right from 1948 when the first war happened related to the signing of the instrument of accession with India. Even post this, up until very recent times, the relationship has not been smooth. Wars and attacks from the Pakistani side have been a source of constant stress for the country. In this light, it is important to take note of the terrorist activities and mutual destruction that have clouded India-Pakistan relations. THE TERRORIST ACTIVITIES AND MUTUAL DESTRUCTION THAT HAS CLOUDED INDIA-PAKISTAN RELATIONS The wars in 1965, 1971 - were a cause of significant destruction for both the sides, viz. India and Pakistan. 1989 - Insurgency in the Kashmir valley was said to be sponsored by Pakistan. The Kargil war of 1999 - The Kargil misadventure led to the resources of both India and Pakistan getting exhausted. October 2001 - the Srinagar Assembly (Legislative Assembly) was attacked, as a result of the Agra summit between India and Pakistan in the same year. Again, in December 2001, there was an attack on the Indian Parliament. The 2008 Mumbai Terror attack - This happened as the insurgents in Pakistan did not want the composite dialogue to go through. The Recent Pulwama attack - when a vehicle-borne suicide bomber attacked a convoy of CRPF personnel, killing 40 jawans. THE SOLUTIONS TO DEAL WITH THE CHALLENGES POSED BY PAKISTAN NEED FOR A CONCRETE POLICY Currently, policies with respect to Pakistan change with changes in government. There is a need for a concrete policy here. We need to first pick a side, deciding whether we should follow a policy of animosity or pursue friendly relations. Animosity is not a practical option, thus peace needs to be pursued. Rather, peace is not just a choice but a compulsion. Atal Bihari Vajpayee gave the slogan of “kasmiriyat,jamuriyat, insaniyat”- signifying the need for dialogue with Pakistan. However, the moment India engages in peaceful dialogues with Pakistan, it becomes more vulnerable to terror attacks. Therefore, certain more specific measures are required, as listed below Apart from these, a mix of domestic and international measures, are required. THE DOMESTIC MEASURES REQUIRED DEVELOP THE ECONOMY The other countries’ stake in India will rise as a result of the growth and development of the country. This will also ensure that Pakistan does not attack India. Rather, it will be the biggest guarantee against terrorist attacks. Thus, we must secure the “security of India”. MAINTAIN THE “SPIRIT OF INDIA” Pakistan, despite the various terrorist attacks, can win only when it is able to destroy the secular composite “spirit of India” (The spirit of India is defined by its secularism). Thus, India must prevent the radicalization of its youth and must work hard toward this end. SOLUTION TOWARD KASHMIR India must come out with a radical solution to the Kashmir issue since it is a fertile ground for terrorist activities. THE INTERNATIONAL STEPS REQUIRED BACKCHANNEL DIPLOMACY Shashi Tharoor suggested this measure. As per this policy, the dealings related to the solutions to the issues should be done covertly and not overtly i.e. away from the public eye. This is so because many times the leaders (Prime Ministers) are unable to take sensitive steps which could result in their defeat in the next elections. Also, improve relations with countries like UAE, Saudi Arabia, USA, etc. which have leverage over or have good relations with Pakistan. These countries will push Pakistan to maintain peace and have good relations with India. GET THE COMPREHENSIVE CONVENTION PASSED India must get the Comprehensive Convention on terrorism passed at the UN, at the earliest. In the context of these points, a politically imaginative solution, to the Kashmir issue, is required.
81,270
What do you mean by Ecological Pyramid? Briefly explain the types of ecological pyramids along with examples and diagrams. (10 Marks/150 Words)
APPROACH: Define Ecological Pyramid. In the body, explain the types of pyramids along with examples and diagrams. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation of the relationship between different organisms in an ecosystem. Each bar in a pyramid represents a different trophic level in an ecosystem. There are three types of ecological pyramids- The pyramid of biomass, the Pyramid of numbers, and the Pyramid of energy. (1) PYRAMID OF BIOMASS The pyramid of biomass shows the amount of biomass present per unit area at each trophic level. Biomass is the organic matter present in an organism and is measured by its dry weight. Standing crop at a particular time each trophic level has a certain mass of living material called a standing crop. Pyramid of biomass is of two types: Upright and inverted. In the case of an upright pyramid of biomass, the biomass of producers will be maximum. For Example, the Grassland ecosystem In the case of an inverted pyramid of biomass, the biomass of producers will be lowest as they are very tiny and grow and reproduce at a very rapid rate. For Example Aquatic Ecosystem (2) PYRAMID OF NUMBERS It is the graphical representation of individuals per unit area of various trophic levels. An upright pyramid of numbers is where the number of individuals decreases from a lower level to a higher level. For Example, the Grassland ecosystem, Aquatic Ecosystem, etc. An inverted Pyramid of Numbers is when the number of individuals increases from a lower level to a higher level. For Example, Tree Ecosystem. (3) PYRAMID OF ENERGY It represents the flow of energy through each trophic level of an ecosystem. It is the amount of energy present at each trophic level. The pyramid of energy also represents the loss of energy at each trophic level. The amount of energy decreases at successive trophic levels. Only 10 % of the energy is transferred to each trophic level from the lower trophic level which is called the 10% Rule. Therefore the pyramid of energy is always upright. An ecological pyramid not only shows us the feeding patterns of organisms in different ecosystems, but can also give us an insight into how inefficient energy transfer is, and show the influence that a change in numbers at one trophic level can have on the trophic levels above and below it.
##Question:What do you mean by Ecological Pyramid? Briefly explain the types of ecological pyramids along with examples and diagrams. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Define Ecological Pyramid. In the body, explain the types of pyramids along with examples and diagrams. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation of the relationship between different organisms in an ecosystem. Each bar in a pyramid represents a different trophic level in an ecosystem. There are three types of ecological pyramids- The pyramid of biomass, the Pyramid of numbers, and the Pyramid of energy. (1) PYRAMID OF BIOMASS The pyramid of biomass shows the amount of biomass present per unit area at each trophic level. Biomass is the organic matter present in an organism and is measured by its dry weight. Standing crop at a particular time each trophic level has a certain mass of living material called a standing crop. Pyramid of biomass is of two types: Upright and inverted. In the case of an upright pyramid of biomass, the biomass of producers will be maximum. For Example, the Grassland ecosystem In the case of an inverted pyramid of biomass, the biomass of producers will be lowest as they are very tiny and grow and reproduce at a very rapid rate. For Example Aquatic Ecosystem (2) PYRAMID OF NUMBERS It is the graphical representation of individuals per unit area of various trophic levels. An upright pyramid of numbers is where the number of individuals decreases from a lower level to a higher level. For Example, the Grassland ecosystem, Aquatic Ecosystem, etc. An inverted Pyramid of Numbers is when the number of individuals increases from a lower level to a higher level. For Example, Tree Ecosystem. (3) PYRAMID OF ENERGY It represents the flow of energy through each trophic level of an ecosystem. It is the amount of energy present at each trophic level. The pyramid of energy also represents the loss of energy at each trophic level. The amount of energy decreases at successive trophic levels. Only 10 % of the energy is transferred to each trophic level from the lower trophic level which is called the 10% Rule. Therefore the pyramid of energy is always upright. An ecological pyramid not only shows us the feeding patterns of organisms in different ecosystems, but can also give us an insight into how inefficient energy transfer is, and show the influence that a change in numbers at one trophic level can have on the trophic levels above and below it.
81,281
The Sangam literature portrays the socio-economic and religious conditions of its time with remarkable vividness. Comment. (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach: Introduction - Briefly introduce about Sangma Age and the related literary sources. Body - Under different subheadings, discuss how Sangam literature talks about socio-economic, political, and religious conditions during this age. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Sangama literature is a collection of poems composed by various poets in praise of numerous heroes and heroines. Sangam literature combines idealism with realism and classic grace. It is one of the main sources used for documenting the early history of ancient South India. According to the Tamil legends, there were three Sangams held in ancient South India popularly called Muchchangam. However, most of the sources which existed and talk about socio-economic, political, and religious conditions during the Sangam age do not exist. The Sangam literature includes Tolkappiyam, Ettutogai, Pattuppattu, Pathinenkilkanakku, and two epics named – Silappathikaram and Manimegalai. These sources talk about the Sangam age and can be understood under the following heads: 1. Socio-economic Conditions: Tolkappiyam refers to the Five-fold division of lands – Kurinji (hilly tracks), Mullai (pastoral), Marudam (agricultural), Neydal (coastal), and Palai (desert). Tolkappiyam also refers to four castes namely Arasar (Ruling Class), Anthanar, Vanigar (carried on trade and commerce), and Vellalar (Agriculturists). Women had respect and were allowed intellectual pursuits. There were women poets like Avvaiyar, Nachchellaiyar, and Kakkaipadiniyar who flourished and contributed to Tamil literature. Agriculture was the chief occupation where rice was the most common crop. High expertise was attained in the spinning and weaving of cotton and silk clothes. These were in great demand in the western world, especially for the cotton clothes woven at Uraiyur. The port city of Puhar became an important place of foreign trade, as big ships entered this port containing precious goods. Major exports included cotton fabrics and spices like pepper, ginger, cardamom, cinnamon and turmeric along with ivory products, pearls, and precious stones. Major imports for the traders were horses, gold, and sweet wine. 2. Religious Conditions: The primary deity of the Sangam period was Murugan, who is famously hailed as the Tamil God. The worship of Murugan was having an ancient origin and the festivals relating to God Murugan were mentioned in the Sangam literature. Murugan was honoured with six abodes known as Arupadai Veedu. Other gods worshipped during the Sangam period were Mayon (Vishnu), Vendan (Indiran), Varuna, and Korravai. The Hero Stone or Nadu Kal worship was significant in the Sangam period and was erected in memory of the bravery shown by the warriors in the battle Thus, we can say that despite being not much useful in knowing about the political history of South India, Sangam literature is of great help in getting information about matters relating to public and social activity, war, trade, worship, agriculture, etc.
##Question:The Sangam literature portrays the socio-economic and religious conditions of its time with remarkable vividness. Comment. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction - Briefly introduce about Sangma Age and the related literary sources. Body - Under different subheadings, discuss how Sangam literature talks about socio-economic, political, and religious conditions during this age. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Sangama literature is a collection of poems composed by various poets in praise of numerous heroes and heroines. Sangam literature combines idealism with realism and classic grace. It is one of the main sources used for documenting the early history of ancient South India. According to the Tamil legends, there were three Sangams held in ancient South India popularly called Muchchangam. However, most of the sources which existed and talk about socio-economic, political, and religious conditions during the Sangam age do not exist. The Sangam literature includes Tolkappiyam, Ettutogai, Pattuppattu, Pathinenkilkanakku, and two epics named – Silappathikaram and Manimegalai. These sources talk about the Sangam age and can be understood under the following heads: 1. Socio-economic Conditions: Tolkappiyam refers to the Five-fold division of lands – Kurinji (hilly tracks), Mullai (pastoral), Marudam (agricultural), Neydal (coastal), and Palai (desert). Tolkappiyam also refers to four castes namely Arasar (Ruling Class), Anthanar, Vanigar (carried on trade and commerce), and Vellalar (Agriculturists). Women had respect and were allowed intellectual pursuits. There were women poets like Avvaiyar, Nachchellaiyar, and Kakkaipadiniyar who flourished and contributed to Tamil literature. Agriculture was the chief occupation where rice was the most common crop. High expertise was attained in the spinning and weaving of cotton and silk clothes. These were in great demand in the western world, especially for the cotton clothes woven at Uraiyur. The port city of Puhar became an important place of foreign trade, as big ships entered this port containing precious goods. Major exports included cotton fabrics and spices like pepper, ginger, cardamom, cinnamon and turmeric along with ivory products, pearls, and precious stones. Major imports for the traders were horses, gold, and sweet wine. 2. Religious Conditions: The primary deity of the Sangam period was Murugan, who is famously hailed as the Tamil God. The worship of Murugan was having an ancient origin and the festivals relating to God Murugan were mentioned in the Sangam literature. Murugan was honoured with six abodes known as Arupadai Veedu. Other gods worshipped during the Sangam period were Mayon (Vishnu), Vendan (Indiran), Varuna, and Korravai. The Hero Stone or Nadu Kal worship was significant in the Sangam period and was erected in memory of the bravery shown by the warriors in the battle Thus, we can say that despite being not much useful in knowing about the political history of South India, Sangam literature is of great help in getting information about matters relating to public and social activity, war, trade, worship, agriculture, etc.
81,284
Discuss the significance of salt in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Also, analyze the impact of the Civil Disobedience movement (CDM) on the Indian National Movement. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce the contextual background of 1928, and 1929 and the reasons for the launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) Then bring the reasons to choose salt as the centre of the movement. Then discuss the positive and negative impact of the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) Conclude accordingly. Answer It was at the Calcutta session of the Congress in December 1928 that the Nehru Report was approved but the younger elements led by Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhash Bose, and Satyamurthy expressed their dissatisfaction with dominion status as the goal of Congress. Under pressure from the younger the Congress decided that if the government did not accept a constitution based on dominion status by the end of the year, the Congress would not only demand complete independence but would also launch a civil disobedience movement to attain its goal. To carry forward the mandate given by the Lahore Congress, Gandhi presented eleven demands to the government and gave an ultimatum of January 31, 1930, to accept or reject these demands. With no positive response forthcoming from the government on these demands, the Congress Working Committee invested Gandhi with full powers to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement at a time and place of his choice. By February-end, Gandhi had decided to make salt the central formula for the movement. As Gandhi said, “There is no other article like salt, outside water, by taxing which the government can reach the starving millions, the sick, the maimed and the utterly helpless... it is the most inhuman poll tax the ingenuity of man can devise.” Salt in a flash linked the ideal of swaraj with a most concrete and universal grievance of the rural poor (and with no socially divisive implications like a no-rent campaign). Salt afforded a very small but psychologically important income, like khadi, for the poor through self-help. Like khadi, again, it offered the urban populace the opportunity of a symbolic identification with mass suffering. Positives Impacts Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) Initial violence did not influence Mahatma Gandhi to withdraw from the movement. Therefore Mahatma Gandhi showed more radicalism. Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) happed at all Indian levels and not just the non-cooperation. This was important progress in INM. (People were willing to go to jail, therefore more radically nationalistic now.) Masses were ready for imprisonment and British repression. First-time massive participation by the capitalist class. Especially traders who stopped importing British clothes. The decline of 50% in import of foreign clothes. Great Depression 1929 contributed to decreasing in imports but still important role of traders in the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM). For the first time large-scale Women Participation in rural as well as urban areas. People were shocked to see a huge gathering of women. Therefore MG morality decreased the inhibition of Indian men. MG focused on women empowerment and brought women into mainstream politics. First time rural and urban areas bot participated. Negatives Impact of Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) No major workers participated except in Sholapur and Nagpur as the Communist Party of India (CPI) boycotted Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM). Also, Mahatma Gandhi was not much in favour of involving workers due to fear of the movement turning violent as workers under the communist influence did not believe in non-violent methods. Lack of Hindu-Muslim unity due to lack of INC-ML unity contributes to low Muslim participation. Middle-class youth was not attracted to non-violent methods as were inspired by Bhagat Singh and other revolutionaries. Government repression led to a decline in movement after September 1930. The financial losses decreased capitalist participation. Confiscation of the property of peasants decreased the peasant"s participation. The great depression in 1929, contributed to declining in prices leading to no-rent campaigns by tenants which could have hurt unity among Indians and this made Mahatma Gandhi cautious. Therefore CDM was suspended under Gandhi-Irwin Pact 1931 and the main reason for the suspension was increased violence. For example Chittagong Armoury Raid, 1930-33, and violence after the arrest of frontier Gandhi/Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan in Peshawar/Badshah Khan. (His organization was red shirts/Khudai Khidmat Gars). Protested against the harsh collection methods. Sholapur: Huge violence by workers after the arrest of Mahatma Gandhi in May 1930. The youth were disappointed by the suspension of the CDM as they had participated enthusiastically and wanted the world to end with a bang and not with a whimper. Peasants of Gujarat were disappointed because their lands were not restored immediately (indeed, they were restored only during the rule of the Congress ministry in the province). But many people were jubilant that the government had been made to regard their movement as significant and treat their leader as an equal, and sign a pact with him. The political prisoners, when released from jails, were given a hero’s welcome. Thus Indian National Congress (INC) greatly benefitted from CDM as got great results in the 1937 elections held under GOI Act 1935.
##Question:Discuss the significance of salt in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Also, analyze the impact of the Civil Disobedience movement (CDM) on the Indian National Movement. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce the contextual background of 1928, and 1929 and the reasons for the launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) Then bring the reasons to choose salt as the centre of the movement. Then discuss the positive and negative impact of the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) Conclude accordingly. Answer It was at the Calcutta session of the Congress in December 1928 that the Nehru Report was approved but the younger elements led by Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhash Bose, and Satyamurthy expressed their dissatisfaction with dominion status as the goal of Congress. Under pressure from the younger the Congress decided that if the government did not accept a constitution based on dominion status by the end of the year, the Congress would not only demand complete independence but would also launch a civil disobedience movement to attain its goal. To carry forward the mandate given by the Lahore Congress, Gandhi presented eleven demands to the government and gave an ultimatum of January 31, 1930, to accept or reject these demands. With no positive response forthcoming from the government on these demands, the Congress Working Committee invested Gandhi with full powers to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement at a time and place of his choice. By February-end, Gandhi had decided to make salt the central formula for the movement. As Gandhi said, “There is no other article like salt, outside water, by taxing which the government can reach the starving millions, the sick, the maimed and the utterly helpless... it is the most inhuman poll tax the ingenuity of man can devise.” Salt in a flash linked the ideal of swaraj with a most concrete and universal grievance of the rural poor (and with no socially divisive implications like a no-rent campaign). Salt afforded a very small but psychologically important income, like khadi, for the poor through self-help. Like khadi, again, it offered the urban populace the opportunity of a symbolic identification with mass suffering. Positives Impacts Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) Initial violence did not influence Mahatma Gandhi to withdraw from the movement. Therefore Mahatma Gandhi showed more radicalism. Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) happed at all Indian levels and not just the non-cooperation. This was important progress in INM. (People were willing to go to jail, therefore more radically nationalistic now.) Masses were ready for imprisonment and British repression. First-time massive participation by the capitalist class. Especially traders who stopped importing British clothes. The decline of 50% in import of foreign clothes. Great Depression 1929 contributed to decreasing in imports but still important role of traders in the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM). For the first time large-scale Women Participation in rural as well as urban areas. People were shocked to see a huge gathering of women. Therefore MG morality decreased the inhibition of Indian men. MG focused on women empowerment and brought women into mainstream politics. First time rural and urban areas bot participated. Negatives Impact of Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) No major workers participated except in Sholapur and Nagpur as the Communist Party of India (CPI) boycotted Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM). Also, Mahatma Gandhi was not much in favour of involving workers due to fear of the movement turning violent as workers under the communist influence did not believe in non-violent methods. Lack of Hindu-Muslim unity due to lack of INC-ML unity contributes to low Muslim participation. Middle-class youth was not attracted to non-violent methods as were inspired by Bhagat Singh and other revolutionaries. Government repression led to a decline in movement after September 1930. The financial losses decreased capitalist participation. Confiscation of the property of peasants decreased the peasant"s participation. The great depression in 1929, contributed to declining in prices leading to no-rent campaigns by tenants which could have hurt unity among Indians and this made Mahatma Gandhi cautious. Therefore CDM was suspended under Gandhi-Irwin Pact 1931 and the main reason for the suspension was increased violence. For example Chittagong Armoury Raid, 1930-33, and violence after the arrest of frontier Gandhi/Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan in Peshawar/Badshah Khan. (His organization was red shirts/Khudai Khidmat Gars). Protested against the harsh collection methods. Sholapur: Huge violence by workers after the arrest of Mahatma Gandhi in May 1930. The youth were disappointed by the suspension of the CDM as they had participated enthusiastically and wanted the world to end with a bang and not with a whimper. Peasants of Gujarat were disappointed because their lands were not restored immediately (indeed, they were restored only during the rule of the Congress ministry in the province). But many people were jubilant that the government had been made to regard their movement as significant and treat their leader as an equal, and sign a pact with him. The political prisoners, when released from jails, were given a hero’s welcome. Thus Indian National Congress (INC) greatly benefitted from CDM as got great results in the 1937 elections held under GOI Act 1935.
81,286
Discuss how the Directive Principles of State Policy have shaped the policy-making process in India. Do you think it has been successful in achieving its objective? Analyze (150 words/10 marks)
Approach- in the introduction briefly mention the DPSP in the body part first mention the policies derived from the implementation of DPSP mention the progress in this aspect and challenges give some suggestions conclude accordingly Answer:- The Directive Principles of State Policy, although non-justiciable, lays down the principles, which are considered fundamental in the governance of the country. DPSP and policy making To fulfill article 39(a) i.e livelihood, the government came up with the PMKVY, skill India mission. in Olga Tellis v/s state of Bombay, it said that the right to livelihood is a fundamental right. To avoid concentration of wealth [Article 39(c)], the government started nationalization of banks To give effect to Article 39(d), the government came up with the payment of wages Act For fulfilling the objective of free legal aid [Article 39A], National Legal Services Authority Act, 1987, free legal aid clinics, free legal assistance to pregnant women, Lok Adalats, Family courts, ADR mechanisms For the organization of village panchayats (Article 40) - 73rd and 74th CAA, state finance commission, schedule 11 of the constitution, ministry of Panchayati raj, PESA 1996 (panchayats extension to scheduled areas Act) For Right to work, education, and public assistance [Article 41]- Vayoshree yojana, MGNREGA, NOAPS(national old age pension scheme) For provision for just and humane conditions of work [Article 42]- maternity benefit Act. SUMAN initiative. To promote cottage industries-KVIC (The Khadi and Village Industries Commission ), TRIFED (The Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India ). For early child care[Article 45] - ICDS, Anganwadi, vaccination and immunization programs for under six-year children, and fortified food. The above steps show that many steps have been taken however there is still a long way to go Challenges The concentration of wealth has increased. (India’s top 1% holds close to half of the country’s total wealth) PRI suffers from the lacunae of Funds, Functions, and Functionaries. Women"s labor force participation rate has come down to 32 percent. The provisions for safeguarding the Environment are getting diluted and priority is given to industries For example- The draft EIA Amendment There are hindrances in the implementation of DPSPs due to a lack of resources, lack of political will and lack of awareness, etc Way forward Strengthening the PRIs steps must be taken to improve the labor force participation, by increasing the entitlements and women as agencies of change (Amartya sen) Government must take steps to reduce inequalities by promoting Financial Inclusion Awareness generation about the Free legal aid services To fulfill the objective of the Welfare state government must show political will and the resources should be utilized in an optimum manner.
##Question:Discuss how the Directive Principles of State Policy have shaped the policy-making process in India. Do you think it has been successful in achieving its objective? Analyze (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach- in the introduction briefly mention the DPSP in the body part first mention the policies derived from the implementation of DPSP mention the progress in this aspect and challenges give some suggestions conclude accordingly Answer:- The Directive Principles of State Policy, although non-justiciable, lays down the principles, which are considered fundamental in the governance of the country. DPSP and policy making To fulfill article 39(a) i.e livelihood, the government came up with the PMKVY, skill India mission. in Olga Tellis v/s state of Bombay, it said that the right to livelihood is a fundamental right. To avoid concentration of wealth [Article 39(c)], the government started nationalization of banks To give effect to Article 39(d), the government came up with the payment of wages Act For fulfilling the objective of free legal aid [Article 39A], National Legal Services Authority Act, 1987, free legal aid clinics, free legal assistance to pregnant women, Lok Adalats, Family courts, ADR mechanisms For the organization of village panchayats (Article 40) - 73rd and 74th CAA, state finance commission, schedule 11 of the constitution, ministry of Panchayati raj, PESA 1996 (panchayats extension to scheduled areas Act) For Right to work, education, and public assistance [Article 41]- Vayoshree yojana, MGNREGA, NOAPS(national old age pension scheme) For provision for just and humane conditions of work [Article 42]- maternity benefit Act. SUMAN initiative. To promote cottage industries-KVIC (The Khadi and Village Industries Commission ), TRIFED (The Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India ). For early child care[Article 45] - ICDS, Anganwadi, vaccination and immunization programs for under six-year children, and fortified food. The above steps show that many steps have been taken however there is still a long way to go Challenges The concentration of wealth has increased. (India’s top 1% holds close to half of the country’s total wealth) PRI suffers from the lacunae of Funds, Functions, and Functionaries. Women"s labor force participation rate has come down to 32 percent. The provisions for safeguarding the Environment are getting diluted and priority is given to industries For example- The draft EIA Amendment There are hindrances in the implementation of DPSPs due to a lack of resources, lack of political will and lack of awareness, etc Way forward Strengthening the PRIs steps must be taken to improve the labor force participation, by increasing the entitlements and women as agencies of change (Amartya sen) Government must take steps to reduce inequalities by promoting Financial Inclusion Awareness generation about the Free legal aid services To fulfill the objective of the Welfare state government must show political will and the resources should be utilized in an optimum manner.
81,301
The Constitution of India has attempted to make a fine balance between individual liberty and the interest of society. Analyze in the context of Article 19. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce the significance of Article 19 Then bring the provisions provided under Article 19. Then explain the restriction applied to these rights to freedom. Then bring an analysis of the balancing act under Article 19. Conclude accordingly. Answer Justice DY Chandrachud in the Aadhaar case observed that dissent is the safety valve of democracy. Article 19 enables this safety valve and thus Supreme Court of India has time again reaffirmed that the nature of Speech and expression should be wide. Article 19 of the Indian Constitution provides for the following fundament forms of freedom All citizens shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression; All citizens shall have the right to assemble peaceably and without arms; All citizens shall have the right to form associations or unions; All citizens shall have the right to move freely throughout the territory of India; All citizens shall have the right to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; All citizens shall have the right to practise any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business. The fine balance between individual liberty and the interest of society Liberty provided under the Indian constitution is not absolute if liberty is left unchecked then it can create a condition of lawlessness in society and might will be always right and dominate the society. It can further bread separatism, the threat to the nation, and defame others at the whims of might. Thus the balance between individual freedom and larger social interest has been made by Article 19 by putting reasonable restrictions on the exercise of this right for certain purposes. Reasonable Restriction Provided under Article 19 Under Article 19 (2), in the case of freedom of speech and expression, the state can impose reasonable restrictions on the grounds of Sovereignty and integrity of India, Security of the state, Friendly relations with a foreign state, Public order, contempt of court, Decency and morality, Defamation or Incitement of an offence. Under Article 19 (3), in case of the right to assemble peaceably and without arms can be reasonably restricted on grounds such as the sovereignty and integrity of India or public order. Under Article 19 (4) Right to form associations or unions or cooperative societies can be reasonably restricted on the ground such as the sovereignty and integrity of India or public order or morality. Under Article 19 (5) right to move freely throughout the territory of India and the right to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India can be reasonably restricted in the interest of the scheduled tribes and the general public. Under Article 19 (6) right to practice any profession, occupation, trade or business can be restricted where the state can prescribe professional or technical qualifications for any profession, etc. However, these restrictions could be misused by the state where the apex court intervenes to make the balance Section 124A of IPC 1860 criminalizes sedition by providing for imprisonment for life as maximum punishment for those who excite the disaffection of the government established by law. The Supreme Court also is examining the constitutionality of Section 124A of IPC 1860. The Supreme Court in the Shreya Singhal vs Union of India Case declared Section 66A of IT Act 2006 as unreasonably restricting freedom of speech and expression due to the use of terms like an inconvenience, annoyance, and disturbance. It declared section 66A of the IT Act 2006 as unconstitutional. A rule-based social order where citizens can participate effectively in the social and political process of the country is only possible by making a fine balance between individual liberty and societal interest.
##Question:The Constitution of India has attempted to make a fine balance between individual liberty and the interest of society. Analyze in the context of Article 19. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce the significance of Article 19 Then bring the provisions provided under Article 19. Then explain the restriction applied to these rights to freedom. Then bring an analysis of the balancing act under Article 19. Conclude accordingly. Answer Justice DY Chandrachud in the Aadhaar case observed that dissent is the safety valve of democracy. Article 19 enables this safety valve and thus Supreme Court of India has time again reaffirmed that the nature of Speech and expression should be wide. Article 19 of the Indian Constitution provides for the following fundament forms of freedom All citizens shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression; All citizens shall have the right to assemble peaceably and without arms; All citizens shall have the right to form associations or unions; All citizens shall have the right to move freely throughout the territory of India; All citizens shall have the right to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; All citizens shall have the right to practise any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business. The fine balance between individual liberty and the interest of society Liberty provided under the Indian constitution is not absolute if liberty is left unchecked then it can create a condition of lawlessness in society and might will be always right and dominate the society. It can further bread separatism, the threat to the nation, and defame others at the whims of might. Thus the balance between individual freedom and larger social interest has been made by Article 19 by putting reasonable restrictions on the exercise of this right for certain purposes. Reasonable Restriction Provided under Article 19 Under Article 19 (2), in the case of freedom of speech and expression, the state can impose reasonable restrictions on the grounds of Sovereignty and integrity of India, Security of the state, Friendly relations with a foreign state, Public order, contempt of court, Decency and morality, Defamation or Incitement of an offence. Under Article 19 (3), in case of the right to assemble peaceably and without arms can be reasonably restricted on grounds such as the sovereignty and integrity of India or public order. Under Article 19 (4) Right to form associations or unions or cooperative societies can be reasonably restricted on the ground such as the sovereignty and integrity of India or public order or morality. Under Article 19 (5) right to move freely throughout the territory of India and the right to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India can be reasonably restricted in the interest of the scheduled tribes and the general public. Under Article 19 (6) right to practice any profession, occupation, trade or business can be restricted where the state can prescribe professional or technical qualifications for any profession, etc. However, these restrictions could be misused by the state where the apex court intervenes to make the balance Section 124A of IPC 1860 criminalizes sedition by providing for imprisonment for life as maximum punishment for those who excite the disaffection of the government established by law. The Supreme Court also is examining the constitutionality of Section 124A of IPC 1860. The Supreme Court in the Shreya Singhal vs Union of India Case declared Section 66A of IT Act 2006 as unreasonably restricting freedom of speech and expression due to the use of terms like an inconvenience, annoyance, and disturbance. It declared section 66A of the IT Act 2006 as unconstitutional. A rule-based social order where citizens can participate effectively in the social and political process of the country is only possible by making a fine balance between individual liberty and societal interest.
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श्रीलंका के आर्थिक संकट के लिए उत्तरदायी कारणों को रेखांकित कीजिये| क्या आप मानते हैं कि श्रीलंकाई संकट ने भारत के समक्ष अवसर एवं चुनौतियों दोनों उत्पन्न की हैं ? अपने पक्ष के समर्थन में तर्क प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) Outline the reasons responsible for the economic crisis of Sri Lanka. Do you believe that the Sri Lankan crisis has posed both opportunities and challenges to India? Give arguments in support of your side. (150-200 words, 10 marks)
दृष्टिकोण- 1- भूमिका में श्रीलंका के आर्थिक संकट को संक्षेप में स्पष्ट कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में श्रीलंका के आर्थिक संकट के लिए उत्तरदायी कारणों को रेखांकित कीजिये 3- दुसरे भाग में श्रीलंका संकट का भारत पर प्रभाव- अवसर एवं चुनौतियों को स्पष्ट कीजिये 4- अंतिम में श्रीलंका को आर्थिक संकट से बाहर निकालने के लिए कुछ सुझाव देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| वर्तमान में श्रीलंका आर्थिक संकट के दौर से गुजर रहा है। देश में विदेशी मुद्रा की भारी कमी है। श्रीलंकाई सरकार ईंधन सहित आवश्यक आयात के लिए भुगतान करने में असमर्थ है। देश बढती मुद्रास्फीति का सामना कर रहा है देश के पास अपने भंडार में केवल 2.31 बिलियन डॉलर (फरवरी तक) बचा था, लेकिन 2022 में लगभग 4 बिलियन डॉलर के ऋण चुकौती का सामना करना पड़ा, जिसमें जुलाई में परिपक्व होने वाला $ 1 बिलियन का अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सॉवरेन बॉन्ड (ISB) भी शामिल है। अनेक कारणों से उत्पन्न श्रीलंका के इस आर्थिक संकट ने भारत को भी प्रभावित किया है| श्रीलंकाई संकट के लिए उत्तरदायी कारण विदेशी ऋण देयता संबंधी चूक : अपनी स्वतंत्रता (वर्ष 1948) | के बाद से पहली बार इस तरह के प्रतिकूल आर्थिक संकट का सामना करने के कारण श्रीलंका अपनी 51 बिलियन डॉलर की विदेशी ऋण देयता के भुगतान में विफल रहा है। ऋण जाल कूटनीति: यह दावा किया गया है कि श्रीलंका अवसंरचना परियोजनाओं (हंबनटोटा बंदरगाह) हेतु चीन द्वारा दिए गए ऋण के दुष्चक्र में फंस गया और उनका पुनर्भुगतान करने में विफल रहा है। पर्यटन क्षेत्र में गिरावट: कोविड-19 वैश्विक महामारी और वर्ष 2019 के ईस्टर बम विस्फोट के कारण युद्ध-जनित मुद्रास्फीति: रूस यूक्रेन के मध्य चल रहे युद्ध के परिणामस्वरूप कच्चे तेल, "सूरजमुखी तेल और गेहूं की कीमतों में भारी मुद्रास्फीति देखी गई है। कृषि संकट: वर्ष 2020 में, रासायनिक उर्वरकों पर प्रतिबंध और कृषि को 100% जैविक बनाने के लिए किए गए आकस्मिक परिवर्तन प्रत्यक्ष विदेशी निवेश में गिरावट श्रीलंका संकट का भारत पर प्रभाव- अवसर एवं चुनौतियां अवसर रक्षाः भारत एक प्रशिक्षण दल के साथ श्रीलंका को एक फ्री-फ्लोटिंग डॉक सुविधा और एक डोर्नियर टोही विमान की पेशकश की गई है। इससे हिंद महासागर क्षेत्र में सुरक्षा को और सुदृढ़ करने में मदद मिलेगी। चीन का प्रतिरोध: बीजिंग के साथ कोलंबो का किसी भी प्रकार का मोहभंग हिंद प्रशांत क्षेत्र में चीन की "स्ट्रिंग ऑफ पर्ल नीति से श्रीलंकाई द्वीपसमूह को बाहर रखने के भारत के प्रयास को सुगम बनाता है। वैश्विक निर्यातः बिगड़ते संकट और उत्पादन तथा शिपमेंट में गिरावट का यह दौर, भारतीय निर्यातकों को चाय और वस्त्र जैसे उत्पादों के निर्यात एवं बाजार में हिस्सेदारी बढ़ाने के अवसर प्रदान कर सकता है। निवेश: अधिकतम ऋण सीमाएं (क्रेडिट लाइन्स) और मुद्रा विनिमय (करेंसी स्वैप्स) जैसी सुविधाएं श्रीलंका को अपनी तात्कालिक चिंताओं को दूर करने में मदद करेंगी और निवेश तक पहुंच एक दीर्घकालिक समाधान प्रदान करने में सहयोग करेगी। अतीत के मुद्दों का समाधान हो सकेगा चुनौतियां शरणार्थी संकटः- व्यापक शरणार्थी नीति की कमी के शरणार्थियों के MRIT प्रवेश के कारण सामाजिक. आर्थिक चुनौतियों को बढ़ावा मिल सकता है। चीन का प्रभावः- श्रीलंका ने चीन से आपातकालीन सहायता की मांग की है, अतः ऐसे में इस बात का खतरा है कि चीन इस द्वीपीय राष्ट्र में अपना प्रभाव स्थापित कर सकता है निवेश से जुड़े संकटः- यह मौजूदा संकट इंडियन ऑयल आदि जैसी कई भारतीय कंपनियों के निवेश और राजस्व को प्रभावित कर सकता है। व्यापार पर प्रभावः- कोलंबो बंदरगाह के संचालन में कोई भी व्यवधान भारत को लागत में वृद्धि और भीड़भाड़ जैसे मुद्दों के प्रति संवेदनशील बना सकता है। विद्रोही समूहों का उदयः- तमिल विद्रोही और सिहली समुदाय जैसे असंतुष्ट समूह संकट के इस दौर में शस्त्र उठा सकते हैं, जिससे गृहयुद्ध की स्थिति उत्पन्न हो सकती है। अतः भारत को श्रीलंका की आर्थिक स्थिति को सामान्य बनाने हेतु प्रयास करने की आवश्यकता है| इस संदर्भ में भारत भारत श्रीलंका में अपनी सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी कंपनियों की उपस्थिति का विस्तार करके वहां रोजगार के अवसर सृजित कर सकता है। इससे इस द्वीपीय राष्ट्र की सेवा अर्थव्यवस्था को बढ़ावा मिलेगा। श्रीलंका ने एक संविधान का मसौदा तैयार करने की कठिन परियोजना शुरू की है। भारत इस परियोजना में अल्पसंख्यक अधिकारों और विविध आबादी के प्रबंधन में अपना अनुभव साझा कर सकता है। ऐसे सहयोग श्रीलंका की आर्थिक स्थिति को सामान्य बनाने में प्रभावी सिद्ध होंगे और भारत संभावित चुनौतियों का बेहतर सामना कर पायेगा|
##Question:श्रीलंका के आर्थिक संकट के लिए उत्तरदायी कारणों को रेखांकित कीजिये| क्या आप मानते हैं कि श्रीलंकाई संकट ने भारत के समक्ष अवसर एवं चुनौतियों दोनों उत्पन्न की हैं ? अपने पक्ष के समर्थन में तर्क प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) Outline the reasons responsible for the economic crisis of Sri Lanka. Do you believe that the Sri Lankan crisis has posed both opportunities and challenges to India? Give arguments in support of your side. (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण- 1- भूमिका में श्रीलंका के आर्थिक संकट को संक्षेप में स्पष्ट कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में श्रीलंका के आर्थिक संकट के लिए उत्तरदायी कारणों को रेखांकित कीजिये 3- दुसरे भाग में श्रीलंका संकट का भारत पर प्रभाव- अवसर एवं चुनौतियों को स्पष्ट कीजिये 4- अंतिम में श्रीलंका को आर्थिक संकट से बाहर निकालने के लिए कुछ सुझाव देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| वर्तमान में श्रीलंका आर्थिक संकट के दौर से गुजर रहा है। देश में विदेशी मुद्रा की भारी कमी है। श्रीलंकाई सरकार ईंधन सहित आवश्यक आयात के लिए भुगतान करने में असमर्थ है। देश बढती मुद्रास्फीति का सामना कर रहा है देश के पास अपने भंडार में केवल 2.31 बिलियन डॉलर (फरवरी तक) बचा था, लेकिन 2022 में लगभग 4 बिलियन डॉलर के ऋण चुकौती का सामना करना पड़ा, जिसमें जुलाई में परिपक्व होने वाला $ 1 बिलियन का अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सॉवरेन बॉन्ड (ISB) भी शामिल है। अनेक कारणों से उत्पन्न श्रीलंका के इस आर्थिक संकट ने भारत को भी प्रभावित किया है| श्रीलंकाई संकट के लिए उत्तरदायी कारण विदेशी ऋण देयता संबंधी चूक : अपनी स्वतंत्रता (वर्ष 1948) | के बाद से पहली बार इस तरह के प्रतिकूल आर्थिक संकट का सामना करने के कारण श्रीलंका अपनी 51 बिलियन डॉलर की विदेशी ऋण देयता के भुगतान में विफल रहा है। ऋण जाल कूटनीति: यह दावा किया गया है कि श्रीलंका अवसंरचना परियोजनाओं (हंबनटोटा बंदरगाह) हेतु चीन द्वारा दिए गए ऋण के दुष्चक्र में फंस गया और उनका पुनर्भुगतान करने में विफल रहा है। पर्यटन क्षेत्र में गिरावट: कोविड-19 वैश्विक महामारी और वर्ष 2019 के ईस्टर बम विस्फोट के कारण युद्ध-जनित मुद्रास्फीति: रूस यूक्रेन के मध्य चल रहे युद्ध के परिणामस्वरूप कच्चे तेल, "सूरजमुखी तेल और गेहूं की कीमतों में भारी मुद्रास्फीति देखी गई है। कृषि संकट: वर्ष 2020 में, रासायनिक उर्वरकों पर प्रतिबंध और कृषि को 100% जैविक बनाने के लिए किए गए आकस्मिक परिवर्तन प्रत्यक्ष विदेशी निवेश में गिरावट श्रीलंका संकट का भारत पर प्रभाव- अवसर एवं चुनौतियां अवसर रक्षाः भारत एक प्रशिक्षण दल के साथ श्रीलंका को एक फ्री-फ्लोटिंग डॉक सुविधा और एक डोर्नियर टोही विमान की पेशकश की गई है। इससे हिंद महासागर क्षेत्र में सुरक्षा को और सुदृढ़ करने में मदद मिलेगी। चीन का प्रतिरोध: बीजिंग के साथ कोलंबो का किसी भी प्रकार का मोहभंग हिंद प्रशांत क्षेत्र में चीन की "स्ट्रिंग ऑफ पर्ल नीति से श्रीलंकाई द्वीपसमूह को बाहर रखने के भारत के प्रयास को सुगम बनाता है। वैश्विक निर्यातः बिगड़ते संकट और उत्पादन तथा शिपमेंट में गिरावट का यह दौर, भारतीय निर्यातकों को चाय और वस्त्र जैसे उत्पादों के निर्यात एवं बाजार में हिस्सेदारी बढ़ाने के अवसर प्रदान कर सकता है। निवेश: अधिकतम ऋण सीमाएं (क्रेडिट लाइन्स) और मुद्रा विनिमय (करेंसी स्वैप्स) जैसी सुविधाएं श्रीलंका को अपनी तात्कालिक चिंताओं को दूर करने में मदद करेंगी और निवेश तक पहुंच एक दीर्घकालिक समाधान प्रदान करने में सहयोग करेगी। अतीत के मुद्दों का समाधान हो सकेगा चुनौतियां शरणार्थी संकटः- व्यापक शरणार्थी नीति की कमी के शरणार्थियों के MRIT प्रवेश के कारण सामाजिक. आर्थिक चुनौतियों को बढ़ावा मिल सकता है। चीन का प्रभावः- श्रीलंका ने चीन से आपातकालीन सहायता की मांग की है, अतः ऐसे में इस बात का खतरा है कि चीन इस द्वीपीय राष्ट्र में अपना प्रभाव स्थापित कर सकता है निवेश से जुड़े संकटः- यह मौजूदा संकट इंडियन ऑयल आदि जैसी कई भारतीय कंपनियों के निवेश और राजस्व को प्रभावित कर सकता है। व्यापार पर प्रभावः- कोलंबो बंदरगाह के संचालन में कोई भी व्यवधान भारत को लागत में वृद्धि और भीड़भाड़ जैसे मुद्दों के प्रति संवेदनशील बना सकता है। विद्रोही समूहों का उदयः- तमिल विद्रोही और सिहली समुदाय जैसे असंतुष्ट समूह संकट के इस दौर में शस्त्र उठा सकते हैं, जिससे गृहयुद्ध की स्थिति उत्पन्न हो सकती है। अतः भारत को श्रीलंका की आर्थिक स्थिति को सामान्य बनाने हेतु प्रयास करने की आवश्यकता है| इस संदर्भ में भारत भारत श्रीलंका में अपनी सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी कंपनियों की उपस्थिति का विस्तार करके वहां रोजगार के अवसर सृजित कर सकता है। इससे इस द्वीपीय राष्ट्र की सेवा अर्थव्यवस्था को बढ़ावा मिलेगा। श्रीलंका ने एक संविधान का मसौदा तैयार करने की कठिन परियोजना शुरू की है। भारत इस परियोजना में अल्पसंख्यक अधिकारों और विविध आबादी के प्रबंधन में अपना अनुभव साझा कर सकता है। ऐसे सहयोग श्रीलंका की आर्थिक स्थिति को सामान्य बनाने में प्रभावी सिद्ध होंगे और भारत संभावित चुनौतियों का बेहतर सामना कर पायेगा|
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The economic crisis was seen as an opportunity to demonstrate New Delhi’s commitment as a net security provider in an economic sense and to show that India as a regional power could support Sri Lanka in a time of crisis. Comment. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach- In the introduction, one can briefly mention the economic crisis faced by Srilanka In the body part, first mention the reasons that led to the economic crisis Then mention India"s commitment to being the net security provider Then mention India"s economic help Suggest a way forward Answer:- Sri Lanka is one of the neighboring countries of India. India- Srilanka shares a cultural, civilizational, and socio-economic heritage. recently Srilanka faced the worst economic crisis Reasons for Economic Crisis Mismanagement of the debt Pandemic tourism declines- due to the lockdown tourism declined Populist tax breaks Chinese projects" role in draining public finances - Hambantota port and other ports are called "White Elephants" Shift to organic agriculture in the peak rice sowing season- farmers show massive crop losses This was seen as an opportunity for India, for whom Chinese presence close to its shores had become a " strategic headache". Also, India is committed to the "Gujral Doctrine" and "Neighborhood First policy". India also eyes to become a " net security provider " in the Indian Ocean region and accordingly India devised the Mission SAGAR. India"s Economic help:- India has committed about $3 billion in loans. credit lines and currency swaps to Colombo to import essential commodities. India has also shipped food, fuel, and medical supplies to the country to ease hardships caused by the massive shortages of essential commodities. For the rice-sowing season in Sri Lanka, India plans to send fertilizer to help farmers, who suffered massive crop losses. India is also supporting Sri Lanka’s bid to get a bailout from the International Monetary Fund. India also asked Japan to assist the country at a recent summit of the Quad There is however concern in Colombo whether China will be willing to restructure its loan as it negotiates a bailout with the International Monetary Fund. Way Forward India must align with like-minded countries to check the viability of the infrastructure funding given by china (Blue Dot Network can be used) India and Japan can come up with an alternative to the Chinese finding India"s help to Srilanka for socio-economic development has Reinforced the image of " Dependable Ally".
##Question:The economic crisis was seen as an opportunity to demonstrate New Delhi’s commitment as a net security provider in an economic sense and to show that India as a regional power could support Sri Lanka in a time of crisis. Comment. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach- In the introduction, one can briefly mention the economic crisis faced by Srilanka In the body part, first mention the reasons that led to the economic crisis Then mention India"s commitment to being the net security provider Then mention India"s economic help Suggest a way forward Answer:- Sri Lanka is one of the neighboring countries of India. India- Srilanka shares a cultural, civilizational, and socio-economic heritage. recently Srilanka faced the worst economic crisis Reasons for Economic Crisis Mismanagement of the debt Pandemic tourism declines- due to the lockdown tourism declined Populist tax breaks Chinese projects" role in draining public finances - Hambantota port and other ports are called "White Elephants" Shift to organic agriculture in the peak rice sowing season- farmers show massive crop losses This was seen as an opportunity for India, for whom Chinese presence close to its shores had become a " strategic headache". Also, India is committed to the "Gujral Doctrine" and "Neighborhood First policy". India also eyes to become a " net security provider " in the Indian Ocean region and accordingly India devised the Mission SAGAR. India"s Economic help:- India has committed about $3 billion in loans. credit lines and currency swaps to Colombo to import essential commodities. India has also shipped food, fuel, and medical supplies to the country to ease hardships caused by the massive shortages of essential commodities. For the rice-sowing season in Sri Lanka, India plans to send fertilizer to help farmers, who suffered massive crop losses. India is also supporting Sri Lanka’s bid to get a bailout from the International Monetary Fund. India also asked Japan to assist the country at a recent summit of the Quad There is however concern in Colombo whether China will be willing to restructure its loan as it negotiates a bailout with the International Monetary Fund. Way Forward India must align with like-minded countries to check the viability of the infrastructure funding given by china (Blue Dot Network can be used) India and Japan can come up with an alternative to the Chinese finding India"s help to Srilanka for socio-economic development has Reinforced the image of " Dependable Ally".
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What is Carbon Nanotube? Discuss the potential application of carbon nanotube in the 21st century. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach Briefly define the Carbon nanotubes. Mention the applications of Carbon Nanotubes in 21st-century India. Conclude appropriately Answer Carbon Nanotubes are cylindrical molecules that consist of a rolled-up sheet of single-layer carbon items (Graphene). Apart from electrical and thermal properties which they inherit from Graphene. Carbon nanotubes not only retain the properties of graphene but also high own unique properties owing to their structure and size, for example, they can become semiconductors or a very good conductor depending upon the size. Their tensile strength is very high despite being lighter. Their thermal conductivity is better than Diamond. They are highly chemically stable. Applications of Nanotube: Medical: Nanomedicine is the medical application of carbon nanotubes. Nanomedicine ranges from the medical application of Nanomaterials and biological devices to nanoelectronic biosensors and future biological machines. They can be used as carriers of drugs and antigens in the human body. Electricals: The electrical resistance of Carbon nanotubes changes significantly when other molecules attach themselves to the carbon atom. Companies are using this property to develop sensors that can detect chemical vapours such as carbon monoxide or biological molecules. carbon nanotubes are also ideal candidates for electronic devices, transistors, sensors, hydrogen storage cells, lithium-ion batteries, Electric shielding etc. Pollution: Nanotubes of iron oxide are extremely effective & in binding & removing arsenic from groundwater. Agriculture: The major role of Nanotubes enable devices will be the increased use of Nanosensors linked to GPS for real-time monitoring Nanosensors are distributed throughout the field where they can monitor soil condition and crop growth including rapid disease detection. Although, the carbon nanotubes look very promising and useful in their applications in different fields more research, including clinical trials, will be needed to prove their safety and effectiveness in humans. The stage is now set for the government to intervene and provide some funds for clinical trials.
##Question:What is Carbon Nanotube? Discuss the potential application of carbon nanotube in the 21st century. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Briefly define the Carbon nanotubes. Mention the applications of Carbon Nanotubes in 21st-century India. Conclude appropriately Answer Carbon Nanotubes are cylindrical molecules that consist of a rolled-up sheet of single-layer carbon items (Graphene). Apart from electrical and thermal properties which they inherit from Graphene. Carbon nanotubes not only retain the properties of graphene but also high own unique properties owing to their structure and size, for example, they can become semiconductors or a very good conductor depending upon the size. Their tensile strength is very high despite being lighter. Their thermal conductivity is better than Diamond. They are highly chemically stable. Applications of Nanotube: Medical: Nanomedicine is the medical application of carbon nanotubes. Nanomedicine ranges from the medical application of Nanomaterials and biological devices to nanoelectronic biosensors and future biological machines. They can be used as carriers of drugs and antigens in the human body. Electricals: The electrical resistance of Carbon nanotubes changes significantly when other molecules attach themselves to the carbon atom. Companies are using this property to develop sensors that can detect chemical vapours such as carbon monoxide or biological molecules. carbon nanotubes are also ideal candidates for electronic devices, transistors, sensors, hydrogen storage cells, lithium-ion batteries, Electric shielding etc. Pollution: Nanotubes of iron oxide are extremely effective & in binding & removing arsenic from groundwater. Agriculture: The major role of Nanotubes enable devices will be the increased use of Nanosensors linked to GPS for real-time monitoring Nanosensors are distributed throughout the field where they can monitor soil condition and crop growth including rapid disease detection. Although, the carbon nanotubes look very promising and useful in their applications in different fields more research, including clinical trials, will be needed to prove their safety and effectiveness in humans. The stage is now set for the government to intervene and provide some funds for clinical trials.
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What do you understand by the term tribunalization of Justice? what can be done to strengthen the tribunal framework in India? (150 words/10 marks)
Approach:- in the introduction, one can start with the definition of tribunals. in the body part by mentioning the objective one can connect the tribunalization of justice mention some facts and data to show the tribunalization of justice suggest measures that can be taken to strengthen the framework conclude Answer:- Tribunals are those bodies that perform functions similar to the courts but are not courts themselves. Parliament enacted the 42nd CAA and introduced Articles 323 A and 323 B for setting up tribunals in the country Objectives of tribunal To provide speedy justice, affordable Justice, and justice on complex technical matters. To unburden the judiciary. Triibunalisation of justice:- A large no. of tribunals have been created leading to the Triibunalisation of justice, the last count of specialized tribunals in India stood at 93. Tribunals have become an "Additional layer", because a huge no. of appeals from the tribunals have managed to enter HC and SC, clogging the justice system Economic survey 2017-18, found that the average age of the pending cases in tribunals is 3.8 years which defeats its objectives. Law commission report 2017, said that the combined backlog of tribunals is over 35 lakh. As the head of the tribunal is appointed by executives, this creates a conflict of interest, as the parent ministry itself is the biggest litigant. Framework to strengthen the tribunal 272nd law commission suggested the Indian tribunal service Judicial Impact assessment before setting and closing a tribunal (Roger Mathew case judgment) Tribunals must not only be independent but also be seen as independent, therefore, they should be provided with requisite autonomy and made independent of the parent ministry. The SC has recommended that administrative matters related to tribunals should be managed by the Ministry of law and justice rather than the parent ministry SC also recommended the creation of a national tribunal commission to ensure uniformity in the functioning of the tribunals. Government must bring these reforms so that the tribunals can become the vehicle for speedy justice, expert justice, and accessible justice.
##Question:What do you understand by the term tribunalization of Justice? what can be done to strengthen the tribunal framework in India? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- in the introduction, one can start with the definition of tribunals. in the body part by mentioning the objective one can connect the tribunalization of justice mention some facts and data to show the tribunalization of justice suggest measures that can be taken to strengthen the framework conclude Answer:- Tribunals are those bodies that perform functions similar to the courts but are not courts themselves. Parliament enacted the 42nd CAA and introduced Articles 323 A and 323 B for setting up tribunals in the country Objectives of tribunal To provide speedy justice, affordable Justice, and justice on complex technical matters. To unburden the judiciary. Triibunalisation of justice:- A large no. of tribunals have been created leading to the Triibunalisation of justice, the last count of specialized tribunals in India stood at 93. Tribunals have become an "Additional layer", because a huge no. of appeals from the tribunals have managed to enter HC and SC, clogging the justice system Economic survey 2017-18, found that the average age of the pending cases in tribunals is 3.8 years which defeats its objectives. Law commission report 2017, said that the combined backlog of tribunals is over 35 lakh. As the head of the tribunal is appointed by executives, this creates a conflict of interest, as the parent ministry itself is the biggest litigant. Framework to strengthen the tribunal 272nd law commission suggested the Indian tribunal service Judicial Impact assessment before setting and closing a tribunal (Roger Mathew case judgment) Tribunals must not only be independent but also be seen as independent, therefore, they should be provided with requisite autonomy and made independent of the parent ministry. The SC has recommended that administrative matters related to tribunals should be managed by the Ministry of law and justice rather than the parent ministry SC also recommended the creation of a national tribunal commission to ensure uniformity in the functioning of the tribunals. Government must bring these reforms so that the tribunals can become the vehicle for speedy justice, expert justice, and accessible justice.
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What do you understabd by Goldilcok zone? Discuss the origin of surface of earth.(150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduction: Define Goldilocks zone Main Body: Explain how Conclusion: End the answer with a general statement regarding how the earth acquired its present shape. Answer- Goldilock Zone It"s a region around planets that is at a suitable distance such that a planet in this region will neither be too hot nor too cold due to the heat of the star and hence have the possibility of liquid H2O( water to exist) which is a precondition for life"s evolution. Simply said Goldilock zone is the suitable distance from a star where a planet can have evolution and sustenance of life. In other words, It refers to a habitable zone in the planetary system where the temperature is neither too high nor too low. Such conditions could allow for the presence on the planet"s surface of liquid water – a key ingredient for life. Origin of Earth"s surface The most accepted theory is that earth was formed along the sun like other planets 4.6 bn years before the present. At that time it had a lifeless barren surface which also had a layer of gases surrounding it as the earth"s first atmosphere. The first atmosphere was primarily made up of hydrogen and helium, the leftover gases from the earth"s atmosphere as they were the lightest of material as gravity pulled in the densest. But this atmosphere was blown away. Sun initially was the hotter and hence high amount of solar winds(solar charged particles) drew away the gases. Hence, the earth finally lost its first atmosphere( 4.6 billion years ago before the present). 4.44 bn years ago before the present, the earth of that time had a collision with a marsh-like planet of that time. The two planets collided leading to the formation of the present earth and our moon. Earth formed due to collision was extremely heated and was fully molten on the surface. The volcanic eruptions of that time threw molten rocks(lava), ash(solid particles), and gases (NH4, CO2, SO2, and water vapor). We know that these came out because even presently this is what comes out of volcanoes. The gases (denser than the first atmosphere) formed the second atmosphere of the earth. The water vapor continuously formed clouds on condensation and gradually these clouds led to precipitation which is rain. The precipitation if it fell on the molten regions, evaporated and went back cooling the surface and if it fell on the cooled rocky surface it filled the depression. Here we see that along with the formation of atmosphere and clouds the surface was also simultaneously cooling turning into a rocky surface. This process continued for hundreds of millions of years and was in process for 4 bn years before present the second atmosphere, the ocean, and the land below the ocean(ocean floor/sea floor) was formed. Earth, along with the other planets, is believed to have been born 4.5 billion years ago as a solidified cloud of dust and gases left over from the creation of the Sun. For perhaps 500 million years, the interior of Earth stayed solid and relatively cool, perhaps 2,000°F. The main ingredients, according to the best available evidence, were iron and silicates, with small amounts of other elements, some of them radioactive. As millions of years passed, the energy released by radioactive decay—mostly of uranium, thorium, and potassium—gradually heated Earth, melting some of its constituents. The iron melted before the silicates, and, being heavier, sank toward the center. This forced up the silicates that it found there. After many years, the iron reached the center, almost 4,000 mi deep, and began to accumulate. No eyes were around at that time to view the turmoil that must have taken place on the face of Earth—gigantic heaves and bubblings on the surface, exploding volcanoes, and flowing lava covering everything in sight. Finally, the iron in the center accumulated as the core. Around it, a thin but fairly stable crust of solid rock formed as Earth cooled. Depressions in the crust were natural basins in which water, rising from the interior of the planet through volcanoes and fissures, collected to form the oceans. Slowly, Earth acquired its present appearance.
##Question:What do you understabd by Goldilcok zone? Discuss the origin of surface of earth.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer: Approach: Introduction: Define Goldilocks zone Main Body: Explain how Conclusion: End the answer with a general statement regarding how the earth acquired its present shape. Answer- Goldilock Zone It"s a region around planets that is at a suitable distance such that a planet in this region will neither be too hot nor too cold due to the heat of the star and hence have the possibility of liquid H2O( water to exist) which is a precondition for life"s evolution. Simply said Goldilock zone is the suitable distance from a star where a planet can have evolution and sustenance of life. In other words, It refers to a habitable zone in the planetary system where the temperature is neither too high nor too low. Such conditions could allow for the presence on the planet"s surface of liquid water – a key ingredient for life. Origin of Earth"s surface The most accepted theory is that earth was formed along the sun like other planets 4.6 bn years before the present. At that time it had a lifeless barren surface which also had a layer of gases surrounding it as the earth"s first atmosphere. The first atmosphere was primarily made up of hydrogen and helium, the leftover gases from the earth"s atmosphere as they were the lightest of material as gravity pulled in the densest. But this atmosphere was blown away. Sun initially was the hotter and hence high amount of solar winds(solar charged particles) drew away the gases. Hence, the earth finally lost its first atmosphere( 4.6 billion years ago before the present). 4.44 bn years ago before the present, the earth of that time had a collision with a marsh-like planet of that time. The two planets collided leading to the formation of the present earth and our moon. Earth formed due to collision was extremely heated and was fully molten on the surface. The volcanic eruptions of that time threw molten rocks(lava), ash(solid particles), and gases (NH4, CO2, SO2, and water vapor). We know that these came out because even presently this is what comes out of volcanoes. The gases (denser than the first atmosphere) formed the second atmosphere of the earth. The water vapor continuously formed clouds on condensation and gradually these clouds led to precipitation which is rain. The precipitation if it fell on the molten regions, evaporated and went back cooling the surface and if it fell on the cooled rocky surface it filled the depression. Here we see that along with the formation of atmosphere and clouds the surface was also simultaneously cooling turning into a rocky surface. This process continued for hundreds of millions of years and was in process for 4 bn years before present the second atmosphere, the ocean, and the land below the ocean(ocean floor/sea floor) was formed. Earth, along with the other planets, is believed to have been born 4.5 billion years ago as a solidified cloud of dust and gases left over from the creation of the Sun. For perhaps 500 million years, the interior of Earth stayed solid and relatively cool, perhaps 2,000°F. The main ingredients, according to the best available evidence, were iron and silicates, with small amounts of other elements, some of them radioactive. As millions of years passed, the energy released by radioactive decay—mostly of uranium, thorium, and potassium—gradually heated Earth, melting some of its constituents. The iron melted before the silicates, and, being heavier, sank toward the center. This forced up the silicates that it found there. After many years, the iron reached the center, almost 4,000 mi deep, and began to accumulate. No eyes were around at that time to view the turmoil that must have taken place on the face of Earth—gigantic heaves and bubblings on the surface, exploding volcanoes, and flowing lava covering everything in sight. Finally, the iron in the center accumulated as the core. Around it, a thin but fairly stable crust of solid rock formed as Earth cooled. Depressions in the crust were natural basins in which water, rising from the interior of the planet through volcanoes and fissures, collected to form the oceans. Slowly, Earth acquired its present appearance.
81,343
Discuss the role of Payment Banks and Small Finance Banks for financial inclusion in India. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce with the rationale behind the introduction of Payment Banks and Small Finance Banks. Then bring the functions of the Payment Banks and Small Finance Banks. Then Elaborate on the role played by Payment Banks and Small Finance Banks in financial inclusion. Then Bring the challenges. Concluded accordingly. Answer Payment Banks and Small Finance Banks were introduced on the recommendations of the Nachiket Mor Committee and Usha Thorat Committee which highlighted that for financial inclusion smaller banks should be promoted. Financial Inclusion is defined as the availability and equality of opportunities to access financial services. Due to the non-availability of banking services in rural areas and also to the urban poor, a large section of the population is not able to come out of poverty. Small finance bank (SFB) provides basic banking service of acceptance of deposits and supply of credit to small business units, small and marginal farmers, micro and small industries, and other unorganized sector entities through high technology-low cost operation lending and there is no restriction on the area of operations. It can also sell forex to customers, Sell mutual funds, insurance, and pensions. SFB can convert into a full-fledged bank. Role of the Payment Banks and Small Finance Banks in Financial Inclusion Due to their small in size, these Payment Banks and Small Financial Banks help in the branch expansion. More Physical branches provide more accessibility of financial services to the people in distant rural and backward regions. These banks have a much smaller operating cost. Hence able to do business in rural areas in an efficient manner. They help in the branch expansion campaign of the Indian Banking system. More Physical branches mean more accessibility of financial services to the people. They provide small savings accounts and payments/remittance services to the migrant labor force which were also excluded from the financial services provided by the banks due to their very low-income base and the nature of their job. Low-income households, other unorganized sector entities, and other users will be catered to by these banks and will reduce the number of financially excluded people. They can play the role of mobilizer of awareness regarding financial inclusion and help to link the rural economy with the formal financial sector. Small finance banks addressing the financial services requirements of SMEs clearly serve a much larger base of consumers. SFB serve small tickets size product and services to the lower segment of society or micro and small enterprise which have been traditionally untouched by the big banks while providing a decent interest rate to interest-sensitive investors. However, despite all these features, the Payment and Small Finance banks face the facing issue of viability due to a lack of expenditure avenues. In his famous article design to fail Bimal Jalan highlighted that these payment banks are having structural constraints whereas they had limited scope for deposits and cannot provide/advance loans their sources of earning are limited. So, there must be some increase in this facility of taking deposits and certain types of loans should be allowed for these payment banks. Besides that, the current requirement of the Indian economy is awareness, affordable, accessible, and accountable financial services, and SFB and payment banks can assist to build a sturdy and financially inclusive economy in India.
##Question:Discuss the role of Payment Banks and Small Finance Banks for financial inclusion in India. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the rationale behind the introduction of Payment Banks and Small Finance Banks. Then bring the functions of the Payment Banks and Small Finance Banks. Then Elaborate on the role played by Payment Banks and Small Finance Banks in financial inclusion. Then Bring the challenges. Concluded accordingly. Answer Payment Banks and Small Finance Banks were introduced on the recommendations of the Nachiket Mor Committee and Usha Thorat Committee which highlighted that for financial inclusion smaller banks should be promoted. Financial Inclusion is defined as the availability and equality of opportunities to access financial services. Due to the non-availability of banking services in rural areas and also to the urban poor, a large section of the population is not able to come out of poverty. Small finance bank (SFB) provides basic banking service of acceptance of deposits and supply of credit to small business units, small and marginal farmers, micro and small industries, and other unorganized sector entities through high technology-low cost operation lending and there is no restriction on the area of operations. It can also sell forex to customers, Sell mutual funds, insurance, and pensions. SFB can convert into a full-fledged bank. Role of the Payment Banks and Small Finance Banks in Financial Inclusion Due to their small in size, these Payment Banks and Small Financial Banks help in the branch expansion. More Physical branches provide more accessibility of financial services to the people in distant rural and backward regions. These banks have a much smaller operating cost. Hence able to do business in rural areas in an efficient manner. They help in the branch expansion campaign of the Indian Banking system. More Physical branches mean more accessibility of financial services to the people. They provide small savings accounts and payments/remittance services to the migrant labor force which were also excluded from the financial services provided by the banks due to their very low-income base and the nature of their job. Low-income households, other unorganized sector entities, and other users will be catered to by these banks and will reduce the number of financially excluded people. They can play the role of mobilizer of awareness regarding financial inclusion and help to link the rural economy with the formal financial sector. Small finance banks addressing the financial services requirements of SMEs clearly serve a much larger base of consumers. SFB serve small tickets size product and services to the lower segment of society or micro and small enterprise which have been traditionally untouched by the big banks while providing a decent interest rate to interest-sensitive investors. However, despite all these features, the Payment and Small Finance banks face the facing issue of viability due to a lack of expenditure avenues. In his famous article design to fail Bimal Jalan highlighted that these payment banks are having structural constraints whereas they had limited scope for deposits and cannot provide/advance loans their sources of earning are limited. So, there must be some increase in this facility of taking deposits and certain types of loans should be allowed for these payment banks. Besides that, the current requirement of the Indian economy is awareness, affordable, accessible, and accountable financial services, and SFB and payment banks can assist to build a sturdy and financially inclusive economy in India.
81,348
Discuss briefly 5G mobile communication technology. Also, highlight challenges associated with the pan-India rollout of 5G. (150 words/10 marks).
APPROACH: A brief introduction: Definition of 5G. Main Body: New technologies involved in 5G should be mentioned Challenges associated with 5G. Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be provided ANSWER: 5G is a next-generation mobile network technology after 4G LTE networks. It promises to provide seamless coverage, high data rate, ultra-low latency, and as a result highly reliable communications. 5G technology is not a single technology but an amalgamation of various technologies which make the performance above possible. Following are the major technologies used in 5G: mmWave (millimeter Wave): 5G technology envisages using frequencies up to 100GHz which come in the range of millimeter frequencies (30GHz to 300GHz). The advantage of the mmWave band is that it is less used and also higher frequency wave carries much more data than a lower frequency wave. Massive multi-user MIMO (Multiple inputs multiple outputs): This enables the network to have more antennas per unit (signal towers), thus ensuring the larger and faster transmission of data. Beamforming: It can be visualized as a laser beam between the transmitting entity and the user. This technology makes the transmission of data more directional resulting in reduced interference and increased energy efficiency in transmission. Small Cell stations: Small cells make use of low-power, short-range wireless transmission systems (or “base stations”) that cover small geographical areas or small proximity to indoor and outdoor spaces. However. there are challenges with the pan rollout of the 5G, which are as follows: 1. Technological challenges Availability of spectrum: 5G needs a significant amount of new harmonized mobile spectrum within three key frequency ranges to deliver widespread coverage and support. This may be difficult due to the unavailability of some bands. Electronic Equipment Manufacturing: Imports account for about 90% of India’s telecom equipment market resulting in high import dependency on the complete 5G supply chain. 2. Financial challenge: It is anticipated that the industry might require an additional investment of $60-$70 billion to implement 5G networks seamlessly 3. Administrative challenge: Delays due to complex procedures across states and non-uniformity of levies along with administrative approvals impact telecom service providers in rolling-out Optical Fibre Cables (OFC) and telecom towers necessary for 5G. 4. Other challenges: Privacy concerns : From the user’s perspective, privacy concerns center around location tracking, identity, and other personal data. eg- the US formally designated Huawei Technologies Company and ZTE Corporation, leading companies in 5G technology research, as “national security threats”. Digital Divide: In the current context, 5G is feasible mainly for more populated areas, where many antennas can be placed close together. This brings challenges of widening of the digital divide, rural areas where user density would be relatively low and regions with poor digital infrastructure would be left out. 5G technology presents India with an opportunity to become a leader in one of the omnipresent technologies of the future. India must embrace this opportunity by deploying 5G networks early, efficiently, and pervasively.
##Question:Discuss briefly 5G mobile communication technology. Also, highlight challenges associated with the pan-India rollout of 5G. (150 words/10 marks).##Answer:APPROACH: A brief introduction: Definition of 5G. Main Body: New technologies involved in 5G should be mentioned Challenges associated with 5G. Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be provided ANSWER: 5G is a next-generation mobile network technology after 4G LTE networks. It promises to provide seamless coverage, high data rate, ultra-low latency, and as a result highly reliable communications. 5G technology is not a single technology but an amalgamation of various technologies which make the performance above possible. Following are the major technologies used in 5G: mmWave (millimeter Wave): 5G technology envisages using frequencies up to 100GHz which come in the range of millimeter frequencies (30GHz to 300GHz). The advantage of the mmWave band is that it is less used and also higher frequency wave carries much more data than a lower frequency wave. Massive multi-user MIMO (Multiple inputs multiple outputs): This enables the network to have more antennas per unit (signal towers), thus ensuring the larger and faster transmission of data. Beamforming: It can be visualized as a laser beam between the transmitting entity and the user. This technology makes the transmission of data more directional resulting in reduced interference and increased energy efficiency in transmission. Small Cell stations: Small cells make use of low-power, short-range wireless transmission systems (or “base stations”) that cover small geographical areas or small proximity to indoor and outdoor spaces. However. there are challenges with the pan rollout of the 5G, which are as follows: 1. Technological challenges Availability of spectrum: 5G needs a significant amount of new harmonized mobile spectrum within three key frequency ranges to deliver widespread coverage and support. This may be difficult due to the unavailability of some bands. Electronic Equipment Manufacturing: Imports account for about 90% of India’s telecom equipment market resulting in high import dependency on the complete 5G supply chain. 2. Financial challenge: It is anticipated that the industry might require an additional investment of $60-$70 billion to implement 5G networks seamlessly 3. Administrative challenge: Delays due to complex procedures across states and non-uniformity of levies along with administrative approvals impact telecom service providers in rolling-out Optical Fibre Cables (OFC) and telecom towers necessary for 5G. 4. Other challenges: Privacy concerns : From the user’s perspective, privacy concerns center around location tracking, identity, and other personal data. eg- the US formally designated Huawei Technologies Company and ZTE Corporation, leading companies in 5G technology research, as “national security threats”. Digital Divide: In the current context, 5G is feasible mainly for more populated areas, where many antennas can be placed close together. This brings challenges of widening of the digital divide, rural areas where user density would be relatively low and regions with poor digital infrastructure would be left out. 5G technology presents India with an opportunity to become a leader in one of the omnipresent technologies of the future. India must embrace this opportunity by deploying 5G networks early, efficiently, and pervasively.
81,352
Discuss briefly 5G mobile communication technology. Also, highlight challenges associated with the pan-India rollout of 5G. (150 words/10 marks).
Approach: A brief introduction: Definition of 5G. Main Body: New technologies involved in 5G should be mentioned Challenges associated with 5G. Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be provided Answer: 5G is a next-generation mobile network technology after 4G LTE networks. It promises to provide seamless coverage, high data rate, ultra-low latency, and as a result highly reliable communications. 5G technology is not a single technology but an amalgamation of various technologies which make the performance above possible. Brief About 5G It uses certain new technologies such as small cell stations, beamforming etc As per recent study 5G technology will generate $13.2 Trillion dollars of global economic output which will support a wide range of industries 5G value chain will create around 22 million new jobs In India, it will create a cumulative economic impact of $1 trillion by 2035. Also, this technology will create new business opportunities It will also lead to the creation of various socioeconomic benefits To realize this potential and to deploy this technology in pan-India, there are certain challenges Challenges Technological challenges- Availability of spectrum, 5G needs a significant amount of new harmonized mobile spectrum Electronic Equipment Manufacturing- Imports account for about 90% of India’s telecom equipment market resulting in high import dependency on the complete 5G supply chain. Financial challenge- It is anticipated that the industry might require an additional investment of $60-$70 billion to seamlessly implement 5G networks Administrative challenge- Delays due to complex procedures across states and non-uniformity of levies along with administrative approvals 5G raises cyber security concerns. It enhances the cyber vulnerability Few of the frequency bands may not be availed for 5G for example- The aviation industry has highlighted interference in 5G signal with the signal used for communication with Aeroplanes Mobile towers need to be connected with optical fiber cables. In India optical fiber penetration is low It may contribute to the existing digital divide in the country Interoperability issues - 5G network will not be accessible with older smartphones. 5G as a stand-alone system will not be dependent upon previous networks 5G technology presents India with an opportunity to become a leader in one of the omnipresent technologies of the future. India must embrace this opportunity by deploying 5G networks early, efficiently, and pervasively.
##Question:Discuss briefly 5G mobile communication technology. Also, highlight challenges associated with the pan-India rollout of 5G. (150 words/10 marks).##Answer:Approach: A brief introduction: Definition of 5G. Main Body: New technologies involved in 5G should be mentioned Challenges associated with 5G. Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be provided Answer: 5G is a next-generation mobile network technology after 4G LTE networks. It promises to provide seamless coverage, high data rate, ultra-low latency, and as a result highly reliable communications. 5G technology is not a single technology but an amalgamation of various technologies which make the performance above possible. Brief About 5G It uses certain new technologies such as small cell stations, beamforming etc As per recent study 5G technology will generate $13.2 Trillion dollars of global economic output which will support a wide range of industries 5G value chain will create around 22 million new jobs In India, it will create a cumulative economic impact of $1 trillion by 2035. Also, this technology will create new business opportunities It will also lead to the creation of various socioeconomic benefits To realize this potential and to deploy this technology in pan-India, there are certain challenges Challenges Technological challenges- Availability of spectrum, 5G needs a significant amount of new harmonized mobile spectrum Electronic Equipment Manufacturing- Imports account for about 90% of India’s telecom equipment market resulting in high import dependency on the complete 5G supply chain. Financial challenge- It is anticipated that the industry might require an additional investment of $60-$70 billion to seamlessly implement 5G networks Administrative challenge- Delays due to complex procedures across states and non-uniformity of levies along with administrative approvals 5G raises cyber security concerns. It enhances the cyber vulnerability Few of the frequency bands may not be availed for 5G for example- The aviation industry has highlighted interference in 5G signal with the signal used for communication with Aeroplanes Mobile towers need to be connected with optical fiber cables. In India optical fiber penetration is low It may contribute to the existing digital divide in the country Interoperability issues - 5G network will not be accessible with older smartphones. 5G as a stand-alone system will not be dependent upon previous networks 5G technology presents India with an opportunity to become a leader in one of the omnipresent technologies of the future. India must embrace this opportunity by deploying 5G networks early, efficiently, and pervasively.
81,353
Article 244 of the Indian Constitution relates to the administration of scheduled areas and tribal areas. Analyze the impact of non-implementation of the provisions of the Fifth schedule on the growth of Left Wing extremism. (UPSC 2013) (10 marks/150 words)
Approach:- in the introduction, start with the context of Article 244 of the Indian constitution in the body part, mention some provisions of Article 244 related to the administration in the second part mention how the provisions of the 5th schedule were not implemented in the third part mention how it led to the growth of the left-wing extremism suggest a way forward Answer: - Article 244 of Part X of the Indian Constitution is about the Administration of Scheduled and Tribal Areas. Provisions of Article 244 of the Indian constitution Article 244(1) provides that the provisions of the fifth schedule shall apply to the administration and control of the scheduled areas and scheduled tribes in any state other than the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram The tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram are separately dealt with [Article 244(2)] Provisions of the Fifth schedule The Governor may make regulations for the Peace and Good Government of these areas The Governor can make specific regulations for Prohibiting or restricting the transfer of land by the tribal, Allotment of the land to the tribals, Regulating the business of Money lending in these areas Governor may also notify that a law of parliament or state legislature may not apply or apply with modifications as mentioned in the notification in these areas. Governor Must Consult Tribal Advisory Council Governor should annually or whenever desired by the president submit a report Reasons for non-implementation In most states, Tribal Advisory Councils have not been constituted Non-implementation of provisions led to continued displacement and alienation of land from the tribals Delay by the president in giving assent Enactment of parallel legislation such as PESA led to confusion Impact [growth of Left Wing Extremism] Non-implementation of fifth schedule provisions led to widespread displacement, forest issues, unsecured tenancies, and other forms of exploitation like usury, land alienation An expert group headed by D Bandopadhyay, pointed out that Land alienation, poverty amongst scheduled tribes, and lack of access to basic forest resources have contributed to the growth of Naxalism Constant alienation has made people take up arms As fifth schedule areas are rich in minerals, the corporate"s lobby the state government in eviction. thus tribals are not given the stake large scale industrialization is also leading to eviction and unrest in the tribals This is creating a gap in the administration, and this gap is filled by the Vested interests of the Naxalism [left wing extremism] Way Forward Bring the Naxals into the mainstream by giving them a stake in the mineral-rich area they occupy Use of legal means to ensure that the landless get land- implementation of FRA 2006, MGNREGA 2005, PESA 1996 Empowering the gram sabha Mandatory constitution of the Tribal advisory council.
##Question:Article 244 of the Indian Constitution relates to the administration of scheduled areas and tribal areas. Analyze the impact of non-implementation of the provisions of the Fifth schedule on the growth of Left Wing extremism. (UPSC 2013) (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach:- in the introduction, start with the context of Article 244 of the Indian constitution in the body part, mention some provisions of Article 244 related to the administration in the second part mention how the provisions of the 5th schedule were not implemented in the third part mention how it led to the growth of the left-wing extremism suggest a way forward Answer: - Article 244 of Part X of the Indian Constitution is about the Administration of Scheduled and Tribal Areas. Provisions of Article 244 of the Indian constitution Article 244(1) provides that the provisions of the fifth schedule shall apply to the administration and control of the scheduled areas and scheduled tribes in any state other than the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram The tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram are separately dealt with [Article 244(2)] Provisions of the Fifth schedule The Governor may make regulations for the Peace and Good Government of these areas The Governor can make specific regulations for Prohibiting or restricting the transfer of land by the tribal, Allotment of the land to the tribals, Regulating the business of Money lending in these areas Governor may also notify that a law of parliament or state legislature may not apply or apply with modifications as mentioned in the notification in these areas. Governor Must Consult Tribal Advisory Council Governor should annually or whenever desired by the president submit a report Reasons for non-implementation In most states, Tribal Advisory Councils have not been constituted Non-implementation of provisions led to continued displacement and alienation of land from the tribals Delay by the president in giving assent Enactment of parallel legislation such as PESA led to confusion Impact [growth of Left Wing Extremism] Non-implementation of fifth schedule provisions led to widespread displacement, forest issues, unsecured tenancies, and other forms of exploitation like usury, land alienation An expert group headed by D Bandopadhyay, pointed out that Land alienation, poverty amongst scheduled tribes, and lack of access to basic forest resources have contributed to the growth of Naxalism Constant alienation has made people take up arms As fifth schedule areas are rich in minerals, the corporate"s lobby the state government in eviction. thus tribals are not given the stake large scale industrialization is also leading to eviction and unrest in the tribals This is creating a gap in the administration, and this gap is filled by the Vested interests of the Naxalism [left wing extremism] Way Forward Bring the Naxals into the mainstream by giving them a stake in the mineral-rich area they occupy Use of legal means to ensure that the landless get land- implementation of FRA 2006, MGNREGA 2005, PESA 1996 Empowering the gram sabha Mandatory constitution of the Tribal advisory council.
81,363
Discuss the role played by the Development Finance Institution (DFIs) and their relevance in India. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce with the purpose of Development Finance Institution (DFIs) Then bring the performance of these Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) Then further discuss the role they played by Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) Bring the challenges faced by Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) and needed government support. Conclude accordingly. Answer Development Finance Institution (DFIs) refers to those dedicated financial institutions that provide funds for big projects for an average time period of 15 to 20 years. In India as early as 1948 Indian Financial Corporation Emerged as Development Finance Institution (DFIs). At the global level World Bank Itself was Development Finance Institution (DFIs). Further in 1955 ICICI became the Development Finance Institution (DFIs) with help of the World Bank. In 1964, the Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) under the Industrial Development Bank of India Act, of 1964 was introduced. Although initially, these Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) performed well around the 1970s and 1980s their NPA increased dramatically. Performance of Development Financial Institutions (DFIs) Development Financial Institutions (DFIs) are critical intermediaries for channeling long-term finance required for infrastructure and key manufacturing projects for realizing higher economic growth. Inadequate and inefficient infrastructure leads to high transaction costs, which in turn stunts an economy’s growth potential. DFIs in India like IDBI, ICICI, and IFCI did play a significant role in aiding industrial development in the past with the best of the resources made available to them. After the 1991 reforms, these DFIs had to change their tack due to changed policy stances and business environments. Earlier they were getting concessional funding from RBI and the government, which was no longer available in the subsequent years. As a consequence, IDBI and ICICI had to convert themselves into universal banks. IFCI continued but remained a beleaguered institution. With the conversion of the major DFIs into commercial banks, there were few institutions in the country that could take care of industrial or infrastructure development. While these DFIs disappeared, a new set of institutions like IDFC (1997), IIFCL (2006), and more recently, NIIF (2015) emerged to focus on funding infrastructure. While they played some role in the beginning, they also tended to attenuate over time. While IDFC was converted into a bank (IDFC First Bank), there has not been much of traction in IIFCL lending for the last 10 years nor is NIIF’s contribution significant. Thus Narsimhan Committee II recommended that these Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) should be discontinued. Either these Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) should be converted into Banks or should be closed. In 2021 the budget has reintroduced these Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) in her budget speech finance minister highlighted that as India is going for robust infrastructure facilities these Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) are needed to fund projects. The Budget has introduced the National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development (NaBFID). National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development (NaBFID) will provide funds for big infrastructure projects and also funding for the viability gaps Present Relevance The government has recognized the criticality of financing long-term infrastructure requirements by announcing the setting up of a new DFI. The new DFI is expected to build a portfolio of ₹5 trillion in the next three years. The ownership and organization structure are critical and require greater clarity as this would have bearing on the functioning, flexibility, governance of the institution, and its long-term sustainability. With the initial capital base of ₹20,000 crores as committed by the government, the new DFI, assuming leverage of around 7 times, can lend up to ₹1.4 trillion. If the government needs to build a portfolio of ₹5 trillion over a period of three years, the capital base needs to be augmented further by three times. If it is proposed as a 100 percent government entity, then the government will have to infuse capital from time to time. DFI can cater to the changing development needs, this could be a preferred option as these institutions will bring with them diversified perspectives and expertise. Challenges and need for Government Support The government is also proposing to encourage the setting up of private sector DFIs. This would require an assurance of an enabling environment. Private players may be reluctant if there are uncertainties as regards government policies, regulations, and delays in getting approvals. These risks are beyond the control of both the DFI and the project promoters. The designing of the framework for risk allocation is crucial to attract private participation. The government needs to set up institutions and network platforms to reach retail investors and incentivize and structure the bonds/instruments so that they are attracted to invest long-term in those instruments. Conclusion The government needs to draw lessons from our own past experiences as also success stories of development banks in other countries. It is critical to hire experts with a good understanding of infrastructure, policies, financing, and risk management to work with the institution by offering a market-driven compensation package. Besides, proper organizational structure and professional board are very critical in guiding the future path of DFI.
##Question:Discuss the role played by the Development Finance Institution (DFIs) and their relevance in India. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the purpose of Development Finance Institution (DFIs) Then bring the performance of these Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) Then further discuss the role they played by Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) Bring the challenges faced by Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) and needed government support. Conclude accordingly. Answer Development Finance Institution (DFIs) refers to those dedicated financial institutions that provide funds for big projects for an average time period of 15 to 20 years. In India as early as 1948 Indian Financial Corporation Emerged as Development Finance Institution (DFIs). At the global level World Bank Itself was Development Finance Institution (DFIs). Further in 1955 ICICI became the Development Finance Institution (DFIs) with help of the World Bank. In 1964, the Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) under the Industrial Development Bank of India Act, of 1964 was introduced. Although initially, these Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) performed well around the 1970s and 1980s their NPA increased dramatically. Performance of Development Financial Institutions (DFIs) Development Financial Institutions (DFIs) are critical intermediaries for channeling long-term finance required for infrastructure and key manufacturing projects for realizing higher economic growth. Inadequate and inefficient infrastructure leads to high transaction costs, which in turn stunts an economy’s growth potential. DFIs in India like IDBI, ICICI, and IFCI did play a significant role in aiding industrial development in the past with the best of the resources made available to them. After the 1991 reforms, these DFIs had to change their tack due to changed policy stances and business environments. Earlier they were getting concessional funding from RBI and the government, which was no longer available in the subsequent years. As a consequence, IDBI and ICICI had to convert themselves into universal banks. IFCI continued but remained a beleaguered institution. With the conversion of the major DFIs into commercial banks, there were few institutions in the country that could take care of industrial or infrastructure development. While these DFIs disappeared, a new set of institutions like IDFC (1997), IIFCL (2006), and more recently, NIIF (2015) emerged to focus on funding infrastructure. While they played some role in the beginning, they also tended to attenuate over time. While IDFC was converted into a bank (IDFC First Bank), there has not been much of traction in IIFCL lending for the last 10 years nor is NIIF’s contribution significant. Thus Narsimhan Committee II recommended that these Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) should be discontinued. Either these Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) should be converted into Banks or should be closed. In 2021 the budget has reintroduced these Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) in her budget speech finance minister highlighted that as India is going for robust infrastructure facilities these Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) are needed to fund projects. The Budget has introduced the National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development (NaBFID). National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development (NaBFID) will provide funds for big infrastructure projects and also funding for the viability gaps Present Relevance The government has recognized the criticality of financing long-term infrastructure requirements by announcing the setting up of a new DFI. The new DFI is expected to build a portfolio of ₹5 trillion in the next three years. The ownership and organization structure are critical and require greater clarity as this would have bearing on the functioning, flexibility, governance of the institution, and its long-term sustainability. With the initial capital base of ₹20,000 crores as committed by the government, the new DFI, assuming leverage of around 7 times, can lend up to ₹1.4 trillion. If the government needs to build a portfolio of ₹5 trillion over a period of three years, the capital base needs to be augmented further by three times. If it is proposed as a 100 percent government entity, then the government will have to infuse capital from time to time. DFI can cater to the changing development needs, this could be a preferred option as these institutions will bring with them diversified perspectives and expertise. Challenges and need for Government Support The government is also proposing to encourage the setting up of private sector DFIs. This would require an assurance of an enabling environment. Private players may be reluctant if there are uncertainties as regards government policies, regulations, and delays in getting approvals. These risks are beyond the control of both the DFI and the project promoters. The designing of the framework for risk allocation is crucial to attract private participation. The government needs to set up institutions and network platforms to reach retail investors and incentivize and structure the bonds/instruments so that they are attracted to invest long-term in those instruments. Conclusion The government needs to draw lessons from our own past experiences as also success stories of development banks in other countries. It is critical to hire experts with a good understanding of infrastructure, policies, financing, and risk management to work with the institution by offering a market-driven compensation package. Besides, proper organizational structure and professional board are very critical in guiding the future path of DFI.
81,372
Explain the role played by Article 20 in protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment to an accused person. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce with the provisions of Article 20. Then further explain each of the concepts provided under Article 20. Conclude accordingly. Answer Article 20 provides for the protection in respect of conviction for offences with concepts such as Ex-post-facto law, no double jeopardy and no self-incrimination. As per Article 20 (1) under the ex-post-facto law no person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of the law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence. As per Article 20 (2) under the no double jeopardy concept no person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once. As per Article 20 (3) under the no self-incrimination concept no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. Ex-Post facto Law Article 20 (1) It says that no person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the Act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence. This is called Ex-Post facto Law. It means that the legislature can not make a law which provides for punishment of acts which were committed prior to the date when it came into force. This means that a new law cannot punish an old act. The doctrine of Double Jeopardy Article 20(2) says that no person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once. This is called the Doctrine of Double Jeopardy. The objective of this article is to avoid harassment, which must be caused for successive criminal proceedings, where the person has committed only one crime. There are two aspects of the Doctrine of Jeopardy viz. autrefois convict and autrefois acquit. Autrefois convict means that the person has been previously convicted in respect of the same offence. The autrefois acquit means that the person has been acquitted on the same charge on which he is being prosecuted. The Constitution bars double punishment for the same offence. The conviction for such an offence does not bar for subsequent trial and conviction for another offence and it does not matter that some ingredients of these two offences are common. Self-Incrimination Law Article 20(3) of the constitution says that no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. This is based upon a legal maxim which means that No man is bound to accuse himself. The accused is presumed to be innocent till his guilt is proved. It is the duty of the prosecution to establish his guilt. The relevance of Article Article 20 has taken care to safeguard the rights of persons accused of crimes. Persons here means the citizens, non-citizens as well as corporations. This article cannot be suspended even during an emergency in operation under article 359. Article 20 also constitutes the limitation on the legislative powers of the Union and State legislatures. Thus Article 20 acts as the bulwark for protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment to an accused person. The judicial interpretation has further enriched it from time to time under its verdicts.
##Question:Explain the role played by Article 20 in protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment to an accused person. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the provisions of Article 20. Then further explain each of the concepts provided under Article 20. Conclude accordingly. Answer Article 20 provides for the protection in respect of conviction for offences with concepts such as Ex-post-facto law, no double jeopardy and no self-incrimination. As per Article 20 (1) under the ex-post-facto law no person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of the law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence. As per Article 20 (2) under the no double jeopardy concept no person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once. As per Article 20 (3) under the no self-incrimination concept no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. Ex-Post facto Law Article 20 (1) It says that no person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the Act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence. This is called Ex-Post facto Law. It means that the legislature can not make a law which provides for punishment of acts which were committed prior to the date when it came into force. This means that a new law cannot punish an old act. The doctrine of Double Jeopardy Article 20(2) says that no person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once. This is called the Doctrine of Double Jeopardy. The objective of this article is to avoid harassment, which must be caused for successive criminal proceedings, where the person has committed only one crime. There are two aspects of the Doctrine of Jeopardy viz. autrefois convict and autrefois acquit. Autrefois convict means that the person has been previously convicted in respect of the same offence. The autrefois acquit means that the person has been acquitted on the same charge on which he is being prosecuted. The Constitution bars double punishment for the same offence. The conviction for such an offence does not bar for subsequent trial and conviction for another offence and it does not matter that some ingredients of these two offences are common. Self-Incrimination Law Article 20(3) of the constitution says that no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. This is based upon a legal maxim which means that No man is bound to accuse himself. The accused is presumed to be innocent till his guilt is proved. It is the duty of the prosecution to establish his guilt. The relevance of Article Article 20 has taken care to safeguard the rights of persons accused of crimes. Persons here means the citizens, non-citizens as well as corporations. This article cannot be suspended even during an emergency in operation under article 359. Article 20 also constitutes the limitation on the legislative powers of the Union and State legislatures. Thus Article 20 acts as the bulwark for protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment to an accused person. The judicial interpretation has further enriched it from time to time under its verdicts.
81,398
In defence services, patriotism means laying down one"s life for the country. What according to you is patriotism in civil life? Give examples. (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach : 1. Define patriotism by highlighting its essential features. 2. Using a few examples elaborate on patriotism in day-to-day life. 3. Conclude by giving the view of some prominent philosopher over the idea of Patriotism. Answer : Patriotism refers to the feeling of love for one"s own country. It is also affection and a sense of attachment to one"s own homeland. Further, one also feel an alliance with other people who share the same sentiment. As opposed to nationalism, patriotism does not translate into a feeling of superiority. Patriotism in day-to-day life: 1. Being committed to human rights and fundamental rights as enshrined in the constitution. Cherishing the ideals of equality, fraternity, justice, and having a sense of duty with dutifulness. For example, in the event of the COVID- 19 crisis, many "Corona Warriors" are working with full dedication and showing a spirit of service towards fellow beings. This certainly an indication of being committed towards the ideas of humanism as mentioned in the Fundamental Duties. 2. Being patriotic also means recognizing our strengths. Our strength lies in strides in improving the well being of the people in post-independence times. Our other strengths are fast pacing advancement in Science and Technology e.g. Mission on Mars, Covaxin, etc. 3. However, being patriotic also means acknowledging the pressing problems of the country. For example, problems of female infanticide, persisting hunger, and malnutrition, increased pollution, etc. If we are patriotic then we must use our rational faculty and fight these challenges through people"s movement Overall, in the words of Tagore, our patriotism must inspire us to move on a path "Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high; Where knowledge is free; Where the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls; Where words come out from the depth of truth, etc.
##Question:In defence services, patriotism means laying down one"s life for the country. What according to you is patriotism in civil life? Give examples. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : 1. Define patriotism by highlighting its essential features. 2. Using a few examples elaborate on patriotism in day-to-day life. 3. Conclude by giving the view of some prominent philosopher over the idea of Patriotism. Answer : Patriotism refers to the feeling of love for one"s own country. It is also affection and a sense of attachment to one"s own homeland. Further, one also feel an alliance with other people who share the same sentiment. As opposed to nationalism, patriotism does not translate into a feeling of superiority. Patriotism in day-to-day life: 1. Being committed to human rights and fundamental rights as enshrined in the constitution. Cherishing the ideals of equality, fraternity, justice, and having a sense of duty with dutifulness. For example, in the event of the COVID- 19 crisis, many "Corona Warriors" are working with full dedication and showing a spirit of service towards fellow beings. This certainly an indication of being committed towards the ideas of humanism as mentioned in the Fundamental Duties. 2. Being patriotic also means recognizing our strengths. Our strength lies in strides in improving the well being of the people in post-independence times. Our other strengths are fast pacing advancement in Science and Technology e.g. Mission on Mars, Covaxin, etc. 3. However, being patriotic also means acknowledging the pressing problems of the country. For example, problems of female infanticide, persisting hunger, and malnutrition, increased pollution, etc. If we are patriotic then we must use our rational faculty and fight these challenges through people"s movement Overall, in the words of Tagore, our patriotism must inspire us to move on a path "Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high; Where knowledge is free; Where the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls; Where words come out from the depth of truth, etc.
81,415
नीतिशास्त्र के निर्धारक तत्वों को उदाहरण सहित स्पष्ट कीजिए। साथ ही, आप नीतिशास्त्र के परिणामों की चर्चा कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Explain the determining elements of ethics with examples. Also, you discuss the consequences of ethics. (150-200 words/10 marks)
दृष्टिकोण: नीतिशास्त्र की संक्षिप्त परिभाषा के साथ उत्तर का प्रारंभ। नीतिशास्त्र के निर्धारक तत्वों का उदाहरण सही बिन्दुवार विवरण। नीतिशास्त्र के परिमाणों की व्याख्या। अंत में नीतिशास्त्र के महत्व को बताकर उत्तर की समाप्ति। उत्तर: नीतिशास्त्र उन नैतिक सिद्धांतों का संग्रह है जिसके माध्यम से व्यक्ति और समाज के चरित्र, उनकी विश्वास व्यवस्था एवं उनके नैतिक सिद्धांतों को मर्यादित किया जाता है तथा मार्गदर्शित किया जाता है जिसके तहत "कैसा व्यवहार करना चाहिए" का निर्धारण होता है। यह समाज में मानव आचरण के प्रबंधन का मानकीय विज्ञान है। इसके तहत व्यवहार के बाह्य पक्ष को नियंत्रित किया जाता है। यह व्यक्ति और समाज के अधिकारों, उनके कर्तव्यों, गुणवत्ताओं एवं व्यापक हित को निर्धारित करता है। नीतिशास्त्र के निर्धारक तत्व निम्नलिखित हैं:- समय के आधार पर जब नीतिशास्त्र का निर्धारण होता है तो उसमें व्यक्ति की सोच और दिए गए समय में उसकी नेतृत्व क्षमता महत्वपूर्ण प्रभावी कारक होते हैं। उदाहरण के तौर पर 17, 18, 19 वीं सदी में सामाजिक कुरीतियों यथा रंगभेद, लिंगभेद को नीतिशास्त्रीय मानना। अनुभव व्यक्ति की बौद्धिक, मानसिक, संज्ञानात्मक कारकों से संबंधित है और इस आधार पर नीतिशास्त्रीय तत्वों का निर्धारण किसी घटना विशेष के मूल्यांकन पर आधारित होता है। उदाहरण के तौर पर सड़क दुर्घटना का मूल्यांकन करने के बाद यातायात के नियमों का पालन करना या युद्ध के परिणामों को जानने के बाद मानवता और अहिंसा के प्रति समर्पित होना। लागत-लाभ विश्लेषण सामाजिक और शैक्षणिक कारकों से प्रभावित होता है। जिसके माध्यम से व्यक्ति सामाजिक, आर्थिक एवं राजनैतिक परिस्थितियों का मूल्यांकन कर उचित और अनुचित का निर्धारण करता है और व्यापक स्वीकृति प्रदान करता है, उदाहरण के तौर पर उपयोगितवादी नीतिशास्त्र प्रेरणा और शक्ति जहां एक तरफ व्यक्ति के मनोविज्ञान और उसके दार्शनिक उन्मुखता से प्रभावित होता है वहीं दूसरी तरफ सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक कारक भी संबंधित व्यवहार और तर्कशक्ति का निर्धारण करते हैं। उदाहरण के तौर पर स्वतंत्रता संग्राम का अहिंसक होना या हिंसात्मक क्रांति का समर्थन करने वाले विचारकों के प्रभाव से प्रभावित होकर उग्र आंदोलन को समर्थन देना। इसी तरह आध्यात्मिक गुरुओं, सिलेब्रिटी (प्रसिद्ध व्यक्ति) के विचारों से प्रभावित होना और उनके मान्यताओं को नीतिशास्त्रीय मानदंड के रूप में स्वीकृति देना। शिक्षा और अभिशासन जहां एक तरफ सांस्कृतिक एवं सामाजिक एकताओं को प्रतिबिंबित करते हैं वहीं दूसरी तरफ देश के संविधान और विधियों की व्याख्या को स्पष्ट करते हैं। नीतिशास्त्रीय मानकताओं का निर्धारण जहां एक तरफ व्यक्ति के संज्ञानात्मक मूल्यों पर निर्भर करता है वहीं दूसरी तरफ इसके निर्धारण में संवैधानिक नैतिकता महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका का निर्वहन करती है। अंततः परंपरा और संस्कृति जो समाज के द्वारा मान्य मानदंड हैं उनके माध्यम से भी नीतिशास्त्र का निर्धारण होता है, उदाहरण के तौर पर सऊदी अरब में लिंगीय भेदभाव से संबंधित नीतिशास्त्रीय मानदंड पश्चिमी देशों की तुलना में या भारत जैसे धर्मनिरपेक्ष देशों की तुलना में पृथक हो सकता है। नीतिशास्त्र के परिणामों को दो भागों में बांटकर देखा जा सकता है:- व्यक्तिगत परिणाम- व्यक्ति के नीतिशास्त्रीय होने से उसे खुशी की अनुभूति होती है। व्यक्ति का समाज के प्रति सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण विकसित होता है। इससे व्यक्ति के व्यवहार की निःस्वार्थ भावना एवं उच्च विचार जागृत होते हैं। नीतिशास्त्र से व्यक्ति में सृजनात्मकता उत्पन्न होती एवं उसकी साख में वृद्धि होती है। नीतिशास्त्रीय होने से व्यक्ति उपलब्धि उन्मुख होता है। इससे व्यक्ति के निर्णय निर्माण की क्षमता में वृद्धि होती है।। समाज के लिए परिणाम- समाज के नीतिशास्त्रीय होने से समाज में शांति और सौहार्द्रपूर्ण वातावरण का निर्माण होता है। इससे समाज में सुशासन और नैतिक अभिशासन की स्थापना होती है। नीतिशास्त्रीय समाज समावेशी विकास और न्याय को प्राप्त करता है। इससे समतामूलक समाज का निर्माण होता है। नीतिशास्त्र से समाज पर्यावरण संरक्षण को बढ़ावा डेटा है एवं इससे स्वस्थ समाज का निर्माण होता है। एक नीतिशास्त्रीय समाज भविष्यउन्मुखी दृष्टिकोण को अपनाता है। उपर्युक्त आधार पर यह कहा जा सकता है कि नीतिशास्त्रीय मानदंड जहां एक तरफ व्यक्ति को स्वस्थ, सशक्त एवं सार्थक जीवन प्रदान करते हैं और जीवन के कार्यक्षेत्र में मर्यादा पुरुषोत्तम राम से राजा का गुण और उत्तम प्रशासकों से सरकार के प्रति कर्तव्यनिष्ठा, सत्यनिष्ठा एवं समानुभूति का व्यावहारिक रूप से इस्तेमाल करते हैं वहीं दूसरी ओर शांति, सौहार्द्र, समता और सृजनात्मकता के साथ सामाजिक गतिशीलता को सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण देकर स्वस्थ समाज के सृजन को सुनिश्चित करते हैं।
##Question:नीतिशास्त्र के निर्धारक तत्वों को उदाहरण सहित स्पष्ट कीजिए। साथ ही, आप नीतिशास्त्र के परिणामों की चर्चा कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Explain the determining elements of ethics with examples. Also, you discuss the consequences of ethics. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: नीतिशास्त्र की संक्षिप्त परिभाषा के साथ उत्तर का प्रारंभ। नीतिशास्त्र के निर्धारक तत्वों का उदाहरण सही बिन्दुवार विवरण। नीतिशास्त्र के परिमाणों की व्याख्या। अंत में नीतिशास्त्र के महत्व को बताकर उत्तर की समाप्ति। उत्तर: नीतिशास्त्र उन नैतिक सिद्धांतों का संग्रह है जिसके माध्यम से व्यक्ति और समाज के चरित्र, उनकी विश्वास व्यवस्था एवं उनके नैतिक सिद्धांतों को मर्यादित किया जाता है तथा मार्गदर्शित किया जाता है जिसके तहत "कैसा व्यवहार करना चाहिए" का निर्धारण होता है। यह समाज में मानव आचरण के प्रबंधन का मानकीय विज्ञान है। इसके तहत व्यवहार के बाह्य पक्ष को नियंत्रित किया जाता है। यह व्यक्ति और समाज के अधिकारों, उनके कर्तव्यों, गुणवत्ताओं एवं व्यापक हित को निर्धारित करता है। नीतिशास्त्र के निर्धारक तत्व निम्नलिखित हैं:- समय के आधार पर जब नीतिशास्त्र का निर्धारण होता है तो उसमें व्यक्ति की सोच और दिए गए समय में उसकी नेतृत्व क्षमता महत्वपूर्ण प्रभावी कारक होते हैं। उदाहरण के तौर पर 17, 18, 19 वीं सदी में सामाजिक कुरीतियों यथा रंगभेद, लिंगभेद को नीतिशास्त्रीय मानना। अनुभव व्यक्ति की बौद्धिक, मानसिक, संज्ञानात्मक कारकों से संबंधित है और इस आधार पर नीतिशास्त्रीय तत्वों का निर्धारण किसी घटना विशेष के मूल्यांकन पर आधारित होता है। उदाहरण के तौर पर सड़क दुर्घटना का मूल्यांकन करने के बाद यातायात के नियमों का पालन करना या युद्ध के परिणामों को जानने के बाद मानवता और अहिंसा के प्रति समर्पित होना। लागत-लाभ विश्लेषण सामाजिक और शैक्षणिक कारकों से प्रभावित होता है। जिसके माध्यम से व्यक्ति सामाजिक, आर्थिक एवं राजनैतिक परिस्थितियों का मूल्यांकन कर उचित और अनुचित का निर्धारण करता है और व्यापक स्वीकृति प्रदान करता है, उदाहरण के तौर पर उपयोगितवादी नीतिशास्त्र प्रेरणा और शक्ति जहां एक तरफ व्यक्ति के मनोविज्ञान और उसके दार्शनिक उन्मुखता से प्रभावित होता है वहीं दूसरी तरफ सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक कारक भी संबंधित व्यवहार और तर्कशक्ति का निर्धारण करते हैं। उदाहरण के तौर पर स्वतंत्रता संग्राम का अहिंसक होना या हिंसात्मक क्रांति का समर्थन करने वाले विचारकों के प्रभाव से प्रभावित होकर उग्र आंदोलन को समर्थन देना। इसी तरह आध्यात्मिक गुरुओं, सिलेब्रिटी (प्रसिद्ध व्यक्ति) के विचारों से प्रभावित होना और उनके मान्यताओं को नीतिशास्त्रीय मानदंड के रूप में स्वीकृति देना। शिक्षा और अभिशासन जहां एक तरफ सांस्कृतिक एवं सामाजिक एकताओं को प्रतिबिंबित करते हैं वहीं दूसरी तरफ देश के संविधान और विधियों की व्याख्या को स्पष्ट करते हैं। नीतिशास्त्रीय मानकताओं का निर्धारण जहां एक तरफ व्यक्ति के संज्ञानात्मक मूल्यों पर निर्भर करता है वहीं दूसरी तरफ इसके निर्धारण में संवैधानिक नैतिकता महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका का निर्वहन करती है। अंततः परंपरा और संस्कृति जो समाज के द्वारा मान्य मानदंड हैं उनके माध्यम से भी नीतिशास्त्र का निर्धारण होता है, उदाहरण के तौर पर सऊदी अरब में लिंगीय भेदभाव से संबंधित नीतिशास्त्रीय मानदंड पश्चिमी देशों की तुलना में या भारत जैसे धर्मनिरपेक्ष देशों की तुलना में पृथक हो सकता है। नीतिशास्त्र के परिणामों को दो भागों में बांटकर देखा जा सकता है:- व्यक्तिगत परिणाम- व्यक्ति के नीतिशास्त्रीय होने से उसे खुशी की अनुभूति होती है। व्यक्ति का समाज के प्रति सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण विकसित होता है। इससे व्यक्ति के व्यवहार की निःस्वार्थ भावना एवं उच्च विचार जागृत होते हैं। नीतिशास्त्र से व्यक्ति में सृजनात्मकता उत्पन्न होती एवं उसकी साख में वृद्धि होती है। नीतिशास्त्रीय होने से व्यक्ति उपलब्धि उन्मुख होता है। इससे व्यक्ति के निर्णय निर्माण की क्षमता में वृद्धि होती है।। समाज के लिए परिणाम- समाज के नीतिशास्त्रीय होने से समाज में शांति और सौहार्द्रपूर्ण वातावरण का निर्माण होता है। इससे समाज में सुशासन और नैतिक अभिशासन की स्थापना होती है। नीतिशास्त्रीय समाज समावेशी विकास और न्याय को प्राप्त करता है। इससे समतामूलक समाज का निर्माण होता है। नीतिशास्त्र से समाज पर्यावरण संरक्षण को बढ़ावा डेटा है एवं इससे स्वस्थ समाज का निर्माण होता है। एक नीतिशास्त्रीय समाज भविष्यउन्मुखी दृष्टिकोण को अपनाता है। उपर्युक्त आधार पर यह कहा जा सकता है कि नीतिशास्त्रीय मानदंड जहां एक तरफ व्यक्ति को स्वस्थ, सशक्त एवं सार्थक जीवन प्रदान करते हैं और जीवन के कार्यक्षेत्र में मर्यादा पुरुषोत्तम राम से राजा का गुण और उत्तम प्रशासकों से सरकार के प्रति कर्तव्यनिष्ठा, सत्यनिष्ठा एवं समानुभूति का व्यावहारिक रूप से इस्तेमाल करते हैं वहीं दूसरी ओर शांति, सौहार्द्र, समता और सृजनात्मकता के साथ सामाजिक गतिशीलता को सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण देकर स्वस्थ समाज के सृजन को सुनिश्चित करते हैं।
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जैव नीतिशास्त्र से आप क्या समझते हैं? इसके विभिन्न सिद्धांतों को भी स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) What do you understand by Bioethics? Explain its various principles also. (150-200 words/10 marks)
दृष्टिकोण: प्रायौगिक नीतिशास्त्र को परिभाषित कर उत्तर का प्रारंभ। जैव नीतिशास्त्र की विस्तार से उदाहरण सहित व्याख्या। जैव नीतिशास्त्र के विभिन्न सिद्धांतों का उदाहरण सहित वर्णन। अंत में, जैव नीतिशास्त्र के महत्व को बताकर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: प्रायौगिक नीतिशास्त्र के ज्ञान का समय के सापेक्ष में दिन-प्रतिदिन के जीवन में इस्तेमाल से है। व्यक्ति के निजी एवं लोकजीवन में नैतिक निर्णय निर्माण से संबंधित दुविधा उत्पन्न होती है। तो परिस्थिति विशेष को ध्यान में रख अपेक्षित व्यवहार का विश्लेषण और परीक्षण प्रायौगिक नीतिशास्त्र के अंतर्गत आता है। इसके अंतर्गत जैव नीतिशास्त्र एक शाखा है। जैव एथिक्स का प्रारंभ 20 वीं सदी के प्रारंभ से माना जाता है। परंतु अध्ययन-अध्यापन की मूलशाखा के रूप में इसका विकास 1950-60 के दशक से माना जाता है। जैव नीतिशास्त्र उस नीतिशास्त्रीय अवधारणा से संबंधित है जिसके तहत जैव चिकित्सा, जैव औषधि, जैव पर्यावरण एवं लोक स्वास्थ्य संबंधित विषय वस्तुओं का विस्तार से अध्ययन किया जाता है। जैव नीतिशास्त्र के तहत इस तथ्य पर विशेष बल होता है कि अलग-अलग परिस्थितियों में व्यक्ति किस प्रकार मानवता की रक्षा के संदर्भ में नीतिशास्त्रीय मानदंडों का इस्तेमाल कर सकता है। जैव नीतिशास्त्र संबंधित क्षेत्रों में नीति निर्माण और नीति क्रियान्वयन से संबंधित गतिविधियों को मार्गदर्शित करता है। जैव-नीतिशास्त्र मूलतः निम्नलिखित सिद्धांतों पर आधारित है- जैव नीतिशास्त्र इसका ध्यान रखता है कि किए गए कार्य मानव गरिमा के अनुरूप हों, इनसे मानवाधिकार सुरक्षित रहे और सभी को न्याय की प्राप्ति सुनिश्चित हो सके। जैव नीतिशास्त्र ऐसा होना चाहिए जिसमें लाभकारिता विद्यमान हो, अर्थात बिना किसी को नुकसान पहुंचाए व्यक्ति को लाभ प्राप्त हो सके। जैव नीतिशास्त्र समता, सहयोग और सहबद्धता पर आधारित होना चाहिए। जैव नीतिशास्त्र जैवीय वातावरण के प्रति उत्तरदायित्व या प्रतिबद्धता पूर्ण होना चाहिए अर्थात ऐसा कोई कार्य नहीं करना चाहिए जिससे पर्यावरण या जीवों की अनावश्यक हानि हो। जैव नीतिशास्त्र में सांस्कृतिक विविधता, बहुलवादिता, सहिष्णुता और धैर्य का पालन करना चाहिए। उपर्युक्त सिद्धांतों का पालन करते हुए चिकित्साशास्त्र से संबंधित कर्मियों को बीमारियों से संबंधित विशिष्ट निर्णय और जैव परिस्थितियों से संबंधित नीतिगत निर्णय लेने की आवश्यकता होती है। उदाहरण के तौर पर गर्भपात, सरोगेसी, यूथेनेसिया इत्यादि से संबंधित नीतिशास्त्रीय निर्णय। गर्भपात अवैधानिक या गैर-कानूनी हो सकता है क्योंकि भ्रूण के रूप में एक व्यक्ति की हत्या होती है और प्रत्येक माता का यह दायित्व होता है कि वह गर्भ में पल रहे जीवन की रक्षा करे। परंतु इसे विधिक भी कहा जा सकता है क्योंकि मां को अपने शरीर पर पूर्ण स्वतंत्रता होनी चाहिए और यह उसी के द्वारा निर्धारित होनी चाहिए कि उसे बच्चे को जन्म देना है या नहीं। अतः गैर-कानूनी एवं कानूनी तथ्यों को ध्यान में रख परिस्थिति के आधार पर चिकित्सक को नीतिशास्त्रीय निर्णय लेने की आवश्यकता होगी। समग्रतः जैव नीतिशास्त्र मानव मात्र के कल्याण, उसके विकास आदि पर आधारित होना चाहिए। जैव नीतिशास्त्र को अपनाकर हम वर्तमान की स्वास्थ्य संबंधी नैतिक समस्याओं का समाधान कर सकते हैं।
##Question:जैव नीतिशास्त्र से आप क्या समझते हैं? इसके विभिन्न सिद्धांतों को भी स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) What do you understand by Bioethics? Explain its various principles also. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: प्रायौगिक नीतिशास्त्र को परिभाषित कर उत्तर का प्रारंभ। जैव नीतिशास्त्र की विस्तार से उदाहरण सहित व्याख्या। जैव नीतिशास्त्र के विभिन्न सिद्धांतों का उदाहरण सहित वर्णन। अंत में, जैव नीतिशास्त्र के महत्व को बताकर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: प्रायौगिक नीतिशास्त्र के ज्ञान का समय के सापेक्ष में दिन-प्रतिदिन के जीवन में इस्तेमाल से है। व्यक्ति के निजी एवं लोकजीवन में नैतिक निर्णय निर्माण से संबंधित दुविधा उत्पन्न होती है। तो परिस्थिति विशेष को ध्यान में रख अपेक्षित व्यवहार का विश्लेषण और परीक्षण प्रायौगिक नीतिशास्त्र के अंतर्गत आता है। इसके अंतर्गत जैव नीतिशास्त्र एक शाखा है। जैव एथिक्स का प्रारंभ 20 वीं सदी के प्रारंभ से माना जाता है। परंतु अध्ययन-अध्यापन की मूलशाखा के रूप में इसका विकास 1950-60 के दशक से माना जाता है। जैव नीतिशास्त्र उस नीतिशास्त्रीय अवधारणा से संबंधित है जिसके तहत जैव चिकित्सा, जैव औषधि, जैव पर्यावरण एवं लोक स्वास्थ्य संबंधित विषय वस्तुओं का विस्तार से अध्ययन किया जाता है। जैव नीतिशास्त्र के तहत इस तथ्य पर विशेष बल होता है कि अलग-अलग परिस्थितियों में व्यक्ति किस प्रकार मानवता की रक्षा के संदर्भ में नीतिशास्त्रीय मानदंडों का इस्तेमाल कर सकता है। जैव नीतिशास्त्र संबंधित क्षेत्रों में नीति निर्माण और नीति क्रियान्वयन से संबंधित गतिविधियों को मार्गदर्शित करता है। जैव-नीतिशास्त्र मूलतः निम्नलिखित सिद्धांतों पर आधारित है- जैव नीतिशास्त्र इसका ध्यान रखता है कि किए गए कार्य मानव गरिमा के अनुरूप हों, इनसे मानवाधिकार सुरक्षित रहे और सभी को न्याय की प्राप्ति सुनिश्चित हो सके। जैव नीतिशास्त्र ऐसा होना चाहिए जिसमें लाभकारिता विद्यमान हो, अर्थात बिना किसी को नुकसान पहुंचाए व्यक्ति को लाभ प्राप्त हो सके। जैव नीतिशास्त्र समता, सहयोग और सहबद्धता पर आधारित होना चाहिए। जैव नीतिशास्त्र जैवीय वातावरण के प्रति उत्तरदायित्व या प्रतिबद्धता पूर्ण होना चाहिए अर्थात ऐसा कोई कार्य नहीं करना चाहिए जिससे पर्यावरण या जीवों की अनावश्यक हानि हो। जैव नीतिशास्त्र में सांस्कृतिक विविधता, बहुलवादिता, सहिष्णुता और धैर्य का पालन करना चाहिए। उपर्युक्त सिद्धांतों का पालन करते हुए चिकित्साशास्त्र से संबंधित कर्मियों को बीमारियों से संबंधित विशिष्ट निर्णय और जैव परिस्थितियों से संबंधित नीतिगत निर्णय लेने की आवश्यकता होती है। उदाहरण के तौर पर गर्भपात, सरोगेसी, यूथेनेसिया इत्यादि से संबंधित नीतिशास्त्रीय निर्णय। गर्भपात अवैधानिक या गैर-कानूनी हो सकता है क्योंकि भ्रूण के रूप में एक व्यक्ति की हत्या होती है और प्रत्येक माता का यह दायित्व होता है कि वह गर्भ में पल रहे जीवन की रक्षा करे। परंतु इसे विधिक भी कहा जा सकता है क्योंकि मां को अपने शरीर पर पूर्ण स्वतंत्रता होनी चाहिए और यह उसी के द्वारा निर्धारित होनी चाहिए कि उसे बच्चे को जन्म देना है या नहीं। अतः गैर-कानूनी एवं कानूनी तथ्यों को ध्यान में रख परिस्थिति के आधार पर चिकित्सक को नीतिशास्त्रीय निर्णय लेने की आवश्यकता होगी। समग्रतः जैव नीतिशास्त्र मानव मात्र के कल्याण, उसके विकास आदि पर आधारित होना चाहिए। जैव नीतिशास्त्र को अपनाकर हम वर्तमान की स्वास्थ्य संबंधी नैतिक समस्याओं का समाधान कर सकते हैं।
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Article 22 of the Indian Constitution is a necessary evil. Discuss. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach:- In the introduction give the context of Article 22 In the body part mention the provisions of Article 22 Then mention the contentious provisions Then show that despite the contentious provisions, it is necessary. conclude accordingly Answer:- Article 22 of the Indian Constitution provides that no person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed about the grounds of the same. Provisions of Article 22 Article 22 (1) says that the person detained has the right to be informed about the grounds of his/her arrest, along with the right to consult/be defended by a legal practitioner. Article 22(2) mentions that the detained person to be presented before the magistrate within 24 hours Contentious issues related to Article 22 In most democratic countries the preventive law is not mentioned under the Fundamental rights, as it curtails the civil liberties Article 22 (3) denies the rights provided in Article 22 (1) and Article 22 (2) to the person who is an ‘enemy alien’ or if a person is arrested or detained under a law providing for preventive detention. It bases the formulation of preventive detention laws in the name of ‘national security and ‘maintenance of public order, which are not clearly defined in the Constitution. It undermines the principle of ‘innocent until proven guilty by sanctioning the use of past criminality as a basis for imposing coercive force on citizens. The maximum duration of preventive detention shall be 3 months beyond which it shall be approved by an advisory board which shall constitute of persons who are/have been / eligible to be the HC judge, this provision is used to extend the duration of detention by three months. However, under certain circumstances, the freedom of the individual needs to be superseded in the interests of the state, so its necessity can be understood as The necessity of Article 22 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar argued that the government shall have to detain a person endangering the security of the nation and public services. Secessionist movements, which threaten national security and integrity require a strict law to enable the state to counter them. The Supreme Court has held that in the matter of preventive detention, once the detaining authority is subjectively satisfied with the various offenses labeled against the detenu, he/she is free to pass appropriate order to detain him/her. In the A.K.Roy case the National security Act was held valid by the SC. In a diverse country like India where a lot of subversive activities are carried out within the country and there is a threat from other non-state actors, idealism needs to be balanced by the adoption of realism.
##Question:Article 22 of the Indian Constitution is a necessary evil. Discuss. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction give the context of Article 22 In the body part mention the provisions of Article 22 Then mention the contentious provisions Then show that despite the contentious provisions, it is necessary. conclude accordingly Answer:- Article 22 of the Indian Constitution provides that no person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed about the grounds of the same. Provisions of Article 22 Article 22 (1) says that the person detained has the right to be informed about the grounds of his/her arrest, along with the right to consult/be defended by a legal practitioner. Article 22(2) mentions that the detained person to be presented before the magistrate within 24 hours Contentious issues related to Article 22 In most democratic countries the preventive law is not mentioned under the Fundamental rights, as it curtails the civil liberties Article 22 (3) denies the rights provided in Article 22 (1) and Article 22 (2) to the person who is an ‘enemy alien’ or if a person is arrested or detained under a law providing for preventive detention. It bases the formulation of preventive detention laws in the name of ‘national security and ‘maintenance of public order, which are not clearly defined in the Constitution. It undermines the principle of ‘innocent until proven guilty by sanctioning the use of past criminality as a basis for imposing coercive force on citizens. The maximum duration of preventive detention shall be 3 months beyond which it shall be approved by an advisory board which shall constitute of persons who are/have been / eligible to be the HC judge, this provision is used to extend the duration of detention by three months. However, under certain circumstances, the freedom of the individual needs to be superseded in the interests of the state, so its necessity can be understood as The necessity of Article 22 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar argued that the government shall have to detain a person endangering the security of the nation and public services. Secessionist movements, which threaten national security and integrity require a strict law to enable the state to counter them. The Supreme Court has held that in the matter of preventive detention, once the detaining authority is subjectively satisfied with the various offenses labeled against the detenu, he/she is free to pass appropriate order to detain him/her. In the A.K.Roy case the National security Act was held valid by the SC. In a diverse country like India where a lot of subversive activities are carried out within the country and there is a threat from other non-state actors, idealism needs to be balanced by the adoption of realism.
81,446
मीडिया नीतिशास्त्र की परिभाषा को स्पष्ट करते हुए भारत में मीडिया नीतिशास्त्र पर टिप्पणी कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Explaining the definition of the media ethics, comment on media ethics in India. (150-200 words/10 marks)
दृष्टिकोण: मीडिया नीतिशास्त्र की परिभाषा के साथ उत्तर का प्रारंभ। भारत में मीडिया नीतिशास्त्र प्रयासों का उल्लेख कीजिए। भारत में मीडिया नीतिशास्त्र में सुधार के सुझाव। उत्तर: प्रायौगिक नीतिशास्त्र का एक संभाग जिसके माध्यम से मीडिया की सभी संस्थाओं को विशिष्ट नैतिक सिद्धांतों और मानकताओं से जोड़ा जाता है। मीडिया सामाजिक उत्तरदायित्व का एक विचार है जिसके तहत संबंधित संस्थाओं के माध्यम से जहां एक तरफ मूक लोगों कि वाणी प्राप्त होती है वहीं दूसरी तरफ लोक प्रहरी के रूप में ये संस्थाएं लोकतंत्र को जीवंत एवं गुणात्मक बनाती हैं तथा जनता की सोच को बौद्धिक आधार प्रदान करती हैं। पारदर्शिता और जवाबदेहिता के साथ मीडिया संस्थाओं और उसके कार्यकर्ताओं से यह अपेक्षित है कि वे स्वनियंत्रित होकर अपने व्यवहार और चरित्र को मानकीय स्वरूप देते हुए सूचनाओं के प्रसारण के पूर्व तथा प्रसारण के पश्चात की अपनी जवाबदेही सुनिश्चित करें। मीडिया एथिक्स का संबंध विभिन्न गुणवत्ताओं से है जो इस प्रकार हैं- विश्वसनीयता, सम्मान, उत्तरदायित्व, निष्पक्षता, सत्य, स्वनियंत्रण (व्यक्तिगत एवं सामूहिक नियंत्रण दोनों)। इसके अलावा भारत में, मीडिया नीतिशास्त्र भारतीय संस्कृति, परंपरा एवं धर्मशास्त्रीय तत्वों के प्रभाव से प्रभावित रहा है। भारत में मीडिया नीतिशास्त्र के लिए किए गए प्रयास इस प्रकार हैं- ऑल इंडिया न्यूज पेपर एडिटर्स कॉन्फ्रेंस 1968 में मीडिया एथिक्स बताया गया- प्रेस का यह कर्तव्य है कि सत्य, विश्वास और लोकहित को ध्यान में रखते हुए जनमत को विकसित करने का कर्तव्य निभाना। समाचार प्रदान करने में सामाजिक एवं मानवीय अधिकारों एवं न्याय तथा समानता के मुद्दों को महत्ता प्रदान करना। लोक अव्यवस्था या अशान्ति उत्पन्न करने वाले कारकों की पहचान कर देश को समय के पूर्व सचेत करना। 1995 में प्रेस काउंसिल ऑफ इंडिया के द्वारा मीडिया एथिक्स पर बल देते हुए यह कहा गया कि- स्वतंत्र, सत्य, सटीक एवं तथ्य आधारित सूचना प्रदान की जाए। झूठ के सहारे किसी व्यक्ति या संगठन को बदनाम करने या उसकी मानहानि का प्रयास न हो। व्यक्ति की गरिमा और निजता भंग न की जाए। सांप्रदायिक या जातिगत या यौन शोषण संबंधी घटनाओं या अपराधों को देश के सामने लाते समय शांति और सौहार्द्र पर न कि तनाव और घृणा पर बल दिया जाए। इन सभी प्रयासों के बावजूद पिछले कुछ वर्षों में भारत में मीडिया नीतिशास्त्र में विशेषकर इलेक्ट्रॉनिक मीडिया के नीतिशास्त्र में कमी देखी गई है। अतः भारतीय मीडिया से यह अपेक्षित है कि वह स्वयं को अनुशासित करते हुए नीतिशास्त्र के निम्नलिखित मानदंडों पर खरा उतरे- मीडिया को जिम्मेदारी एवं स्वतंत्रतापूर्वक व्यवहार कर अपनी विश्वसनीयता पुनः स्थापित करना चाहिए। मीडिया को सही अर्थों में उद्देश्यपरक रिपोर्टिंग पर बल देना चाहिए। मीडिया को विभिन्न राजनैतिक, धार्मिक वैचारिक संस्थाओं से तटस्थता रखनी चाहिए। भारत में मीडिया को लोक जवाबदेही का पालन करना चाहिए। पिछले वर्षों में बढ़ी यलो पत्रकारिता से दूरी बनानी चाहिए। मीडिया को पेड न्यूज से बचना चाहिए और निष्पक्ष पत्रकारिता करनी चाहिए। मीडिया को लाभ के स्थान पर जीवन की सत्यता जैसे- सरकार की आलोचना; एवं उसकी कठोरता जैसे- गरीबी, बेरोजगारी के दर्पण के रूप में कार्य करना चाहिए। इसलिए महात्मा गांधी ने कहा था कि पत्रकारिता एक सेवा है और अनियंत्रित कलम देश की सेवा की बजाय देश का विनाश सुनिश्चित करेगी।
##Question:मीडिया नीतिशास्त्र की परिभाषा को स्पष्ट करते हुए भारत में मीडिया नीतिशास्त्र पर टिप्पणी कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Explaining the definition of the media ethics, comment on media ethics in India. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: मीडिया नीतिशास्त्र की परिभाषा के साथ उत्तर का प्रारंभ। भारत में मीडिया नीतिशास्त्र प्रयासों का उल्लेख कीजिए। भारत में मीडिया नीतिशास्त्र में सुधार के सुझाव। उत्तर: प्रायौगिक नीतिशास्त्र का एक संभाग जिसके माध्यम से मीडिया की सभी संस्थाओं को विशिष्ट नैतिक सिद्धांतों और मानकताओं से जोड़ा जाता है। मीडिया सामाजिक उत्तरदायित्व का एक विचार है जिसके तहत संबंधित संस्थाओं के माध्यम से जहां एक तरफ मूक लोगों कि वाणी प्राप्त होती है वहीं दूसरी तरफ लोक प्रहरी के रूप में ये संस्थाएं लोकतंत्र को जीवंत एवं गुणात्मक बनाती हैं तथा जनता की सोच को बौद्धिक आधार प्रदान करती हैं। पारदर्शिता और जवाबदेहिता के साथ मीडिया संस्थाओं और उसके कार्यकर्ताओं से यह अपेक्षित है कि वे स्वनियंत्रित होकर अपने व्यवहार और चरित्र को मानकीय स्वरूप देते हुए सूचनाओं के प्रसारण के पूर्व तथा प्रसारण के पश्चात की अपनी जवाबदेही सुनिश्चित करें। मीडिया एथिक्स का संबंध विभिन्न गुणवत्ताओं से है जो इस प्रकार हैं- विश्वसनीयता, सम्मान, उत्तरदायित्व, निष्पक्षता, सत्य, स्वनियंत्रण (व्यक्तिगत एवं सामूहिक नियंत्रण दोनों)। इसके अलावा भारत में, मीडिया नीतिशास्त्र भारतीय संस्कृति, परंपरा एवं धर्मशास्त्रीय तत्वों के प्रभाव से प्रभावित रहा है। भारत में मीडिया नीतिशास्त्र के लिए किए गए प्रयास इस प्रकार हैं- ऑल इंडिया न्यूज पेपर एडिटर्स कॉन्फ्रेंस 1968 में मीडिया एथिक्स बताया गया- प्रेस का यह कर्तव्य है कि सत्य, विश्वास और लोकहित को ध्यान में रखते हुए जनमत को विकसित करने का कर्तव्य निभाना। समाचार प्रदान करने में सामाजिक एवं मानवीय अधिकारों एवं न्याय तथा समानता के मुद्दों को महत्ता प्रदान करना। लोक अव्यवस्था या अशान्ति उत्पन्न करने वाले कारकों की पहचान कर देश को समय के पूर्व सचेत करना। 1995 में प्रेस काउंसिल ऑफ इंडिया के द्वारा मीडिया एथिक्स पर बल देते हुए यह कहा गया कि- स्वतंत्र, सत्य, सटीक एवं तथ्य आधारित सूचना प्रदान की जाए। झूठ के सहारे किसी व्यक्ति या संगठन को बदनाम करने या उसकी मानहानि का प्रयास न हो। व्यक्ति की गरिमा और निजता भंग न की जाए। सांप्रदायिक या जातिगत या यौन शोषण संबंधी घटनाओं या अपराधों को देश के सामने लाते समय शांति और सौहार्द्र पर न कि तनाव और घृणा पर बल दिया जाए। इन सभी प्रयासों के बावजूद पिछले कुछ वर्षों में भारत में मीडिया नीतिशास्त्र में विशेषकर इलेक्ट्रॉनिक मीडिया के नीतिशास्त्र में कमी देखी गई है। अतः भारतीय मीडिया से यह अपेक्षित है कि वह स्वयं को अनुशासित करते हुए नीतिशास्त्र के निम्नलिखित मानदंडों पर खरा उतरे- मीडिया को जिम्मेदारी एवं स्वतंत्रतापूर्वक व्यवहार कर अपनी विश्वसनीयता पुनः स्थापित करना चाहिए। मीडिया को सही अर्थों में उद्देश्यपरक रिपोर्टिंग पर बल देना चाहिए। मीडिया को विभिन्न राजनैतिक, धार्मिक वैचारिक संस्थाओं से तटस्थता रखनी चाहिए। भारत में मीडिया को लोक जवाबदेही का पालन करना चाहिए। पिछले वर्षों में बढ़ी यलो पत्रकारिता से दूरी बनानी चाहिए। मीडिया को पेड न्यूज से बचना चाहिए और निष्पक्ष पत्रकारिता करनी चाहिए। मीडिया को लाभ के स्थान पर जीवन की सत्यता जैसे- सरकार की आलोचना; एवं उसकी कठोरता जैसे- गरीबी, बेरोजगारी के दर्पण के रूप में कार्य करना चाहिए। इसलिए महात्मा गांधी ने कहा था कि पत्रकारिता एक सेवा है और अनियंत्रित कलम देश की सेवा की बजाय देश का विनाश सुनिश्चित करेगी।
81,457
Discuss the Right to freedom of religion in the context of Articles 25 and 26 of the Indian constitution. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce with the Right to religion provided under Article 25 and Article 26 Further, discuss Article 25 and Article 26 with its exception. Further, bring the recent debate on the right to freedom of religion in the context of the Sabarimala Case. Conclude accordingly. Answer Religion is one’s personal faith for self-attainment of eternal bliss. The right to believe in one’s religion in particular does not affect anyone else. It is only when the belief is practiced through outward acts that its exercise starts to affect the others around. The fundamental right to freedom of religion is guaranteed under Articles 25, 26, 27, and 28 of Part III of the Indian Constitution. It is religious freedom in the background of a secular state. The Supreme Court of India has explained the secular character of the Indian Constitution thus: “Secularism is neither anti-God nor pro-God, it treats alike the devout, the antagonistic and the atheist. It eliminates God from the matters of the state and ensures that no one shall be discriminated against on the ground of religion”. Article 25 Article 25 provides the freedom of conscience to persons while Article 26 is related to the freedoms given to religious denominations. Article 25 (1) Guaranteed to individuals the freedom to conscience, Right freely to profess, practice, propagate religion. Freedom of conscience: means a person’s right to entertain beliefs and doctrines which are considered conducive by him to his spiritual well-being. Right to profess religion: means to declare one’s faith and belief freely and openly Right to practice: means to perform religious rites and observe duties associated with the religion Right to propagate: means the right to communicate a person’s beliefs to another person or to expose the tenets of that faith Not absolute but is subject to reasonable restrictions on the ground for restriction: Public order, morality and health, and other provisions of Part III of the Indian Constitution Example of reasonable restrictions on Freedom of Religion: Restriction on time of bursting of fire-crackers (as it violates article 21) The exception to Article 25(1) Under Article 25(2)(a) the State by making a law can regulate or restrict any economic, financial, political, or other secular activity which may be associated with religious practice. Note: Anything that is non-religious is secular. Performing temple rituals will count as religious activity. The appointment of priests will be considered a secular activity. Provides state with the power to regular secular activities associated with religious activities that do not constitute an essential practice of the religion Article 25(2)(b): Even religious activities could be restricted on certain grounds Grounds: social welfare and reform or the throwing open of Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all classes and sections of Hindus What is an essential religious practice? The question is not whether a particular belief or practice appeals to our reason or sentiment but whether the belief is genuinely held as a part of the profession or practice of religion Supreme Court Verdict in Shirur Matt Case: No doubt that most religions have their basis in a system of beliefs and doctrines, which are regarded by those who practice them as conducive to their spiritual well-being. But it is not correct to say that religion is merely a collection of a set of beliefs and doctrines. A religion may prescribe rituals, ceremonies, and modes of worship that are recognized as an integral part of a religion. This may even extend to fooding, clothing, etc. Issues with essential religious practice Two explanations for Article 25: The wearing and carrying of kirpans shall be deemed to be included in the profession of the Sikh religion. In sub-clause (b) of Article (2), the reference to Hindus shall be construed as including a reference to persons professing the Sikh, Jaina or Buddhist religion, and the reference to Hindu religious institutions shall be construed accordingly. Article 26 Article 26 provides Freedom to manage religious affairs Subject to public order, morality, and health, every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right: To establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes; To manage its own affairs in matters of religion; To own and acquire movable and immovable property; and To administer such property in accordance with law Religious denomination: Examples : Radha Swamis, Rama Krishna Mission, Arya Samaj, etc. Article 26 of the constitution guarantees collective rights for the freedom of religion to religious denominations. SC has laid down a three-pronged test to determine if a particular group is a religious denomination. Criteria to be called as a religious denomination: Three criteria Collection of individuals with a set of beliefs, they regard as conducive to their spiritual wellbeing Common Organisation Distinct name Article 26 is also subject to exceptions mentioned in article 25(2) Sabrimala case 2018 Indian Young Lawyers’ Association v. the State of Kerala Supreme Court held that the practice violated the fundamental right to freedom of religion - Article 25(1) - of female worshippers. It struck down Rule 3(b) of the Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship Act as unconstitutional. Rule 3(b) allowed for Hindu denominations to exclude women from public places of worship, if the exclusion was based on "custom". Exclusion of women between the ages of 10-50 years practiced by the Sabarimala Temple denuded women of their freedom of worship, guaranteed under Article 25(1). Also, the devotees of Ayyappa did not pass the constitutional test to be declared a separate religious identity. Justice D Y Chandrachud held that the exclusion of women between the ages of 10-50 years by the Sabarimala Temple was contrary to constitutional morality and that it subverted the ideals of autonomy, liberty, and dignity. Justice Indu Malhotra delivered a dissenting opinion. She said that the Court must respect a religious denomination"s right to manage its internal affairs, regardless of whether their practices are rational or logical. Articles 25 and Article 26 deal with religious freedom and are essential in upholding the democratic norms and values in the country. These articles are also linked to the Right to Choice, Right to privacy that emanates from Article 21.
##Question:Discuss the Right to freedom of religion in the context of Articles 25 and 26 of the Indian constitution. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the Right to religion provided under Article 25 and Article 26 Further, discuss Article 25 and Article 26 with its exception. Further, bring the recent debate on the right to freedom of religion in the context of the Sabarimala Case. Conclude accordingly. Answer Religion is one’s personal faith for self-attainment of eternal bliss. The right to believe in one’s religion in particular does not affect anyone else. It is only when the belief is practiced through outward acts that its exercise starts to affect the others around. The fundamental right to freedom of religion is guaranteed under Articles 25, 26, 27, and 28 of Part III of the Indian Constitution. It is religious freedom in the background of a secular state. The Supreme Court of India has explained the secular character of the Indian Constitution thus: “Secularism is neither anti-God nor pro-God, it treats alike the devout, the antagonistic and the atheist. It eliminates God from the matters of the state and ensures that no one shall be discriminated against on the ground of religion”. Article 25 Article 25 provides the freedom of conscience to persons while Article 26 is related to the freedoms given to religious denominations. Article 25 (1) Guaranteed to individuals the freedom to conscience, Right freely to profess, practice, propagate religion. Freedom of conscience: means a person’s right to entertain beliefs and doctrines which are considered conducive by him to his spiritual well-being. Right to profess religion: means to declare one’s faith and belief freely and openly Right to practice: means to perform religious rites and observe duties associated with the religion Right to propagate: means the right to communicate a person’s beliefs to another person or to expose the tenets of that faith Not absolute but is subject to reasonable restrictions on the ground for restriction: Public order, morality and health, and other provisions of Part III of the Indian Constitution Example of reasonable restrictions on Freedom of Religion: Restriction on time of bursting of fire-crackers (as it violates article 21) The exception to Article 25(1) Under Article 25(2)(a) the State by making a law can regulate or restrict any economic, financial, political, or other secular activity which may be associated with religious practice. Note: Anything that is non-religious is secular. Performing temple rituals will count as religious activity. The appointment of priests will be considered a secular activity. Provides state with the power to regular secular activities associated with religious activities that do not constitute an essential practice of the religion Article 25(2)(b): Even religious activities could be restricted on certain grounds Grounds: social welfare and reform or the throwing open of Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all classes and sections of Hindus What is an essential religious practice? The question is not whether a particular belief or practice appeals to our reason or sentiment but whether the belief is genuinely held as a part of the profession or practice of religion Supreme Court Verdict in Shirur Matt Case: No doubt that most religions have their basis in a system of beliefs and doctrines, which are regarded by those who practice them as conducive to their spiritual well-being. But it is not correct to say that religion is merely a collection of a set of beliefs and doctrines. A religion may prescribe rituals, ceremonies, and modes of worship that are recognized as an integral part of a religion. This may even extend to fooding, clothing, etc. Issues with essential religious practice Two explanations for Article 25: The wearing and carrying of kirpans shall be deemed to be included in the profession of the Sikh religion. In sub-clause (b) of Article (2), the reference to Hindus shall be construed as including a reference to persons professing the Sikh, Jaina or Buddhist religion, and the reference to Hindu religious institutions shall be construed accordingly. Article 26 Article 26 provides Freedom to manage religious affairs Subject to public order, morality, and health, every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right: To establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes; To manage its own affairs in matters of religion; To own and acquire movable and immovable property; and To administer such property in accordance with law Religious denomination: Examples : Radha Swamis, Rama Krishna Mission, Arya Samaj, etc. Article 26 of the constitution guarantees collective rights for the freedom of religion to religious denominations. SC has laid down a three-pronged test to determine if a particular group is a religious denomination. Criteria to be called as a religious denomination: Three criteria Collection of individuals with a set of beliefs, they regard as conducive to their spiritual wellbeing Common Organisation Distinct name Article 26 is also subject to exceptions mentioned in article 25(2) Sabrimala case 2018 Indian Young Lawyers’ Association v. the State of Kerala Supreme Court held that the practice violated the fundamental right to freedom of religion - Article 25(1) - of female worshippers. It struck down Rule 3(b) of the Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship Act as unconstitutional. Rule 3(b) allowed for Hindu denominations to exclude women from public places of worship, if the exclusion was based on "custom". Exclusion of women between the ages of 10-50 years practiced by the Sabarimala Temple denuded women of their freedom of worship, guaranteed under Article 25(1). Also, the devotees of Ayyappa did not pass the constitutional test to be declared a separate religious identity. Justice D Y Chandrachud held that the exclusion of women between the ages of 10-50 years by the Sabarimala Temple was contrary to constitutional morality and that it subverted the ideals of autonomy, liberty, and dignity. Justice Indu Malhotra delivered a dissenting opinion. She said that the Court must respect a religious denomination"s right to manage its internal affairs, regardless of whether their practices are rational or logical. Articles 25 and Article 26 deal with religious freedom and are essential in upholding the democratic norms and values in the country. These articles are also linked to the Right to Choice, Right to privacy that emanates from Article 21.
81,461
Throw light on important aspects of the boundary question between India and China. In this context also discuss the framework for managing and resolving the key issues of the boundary question. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach:- In the introduction, start with the India- china relations Then mention the important aspects of the boundary question. Then mention the framework for managing and resolving the key issues Suggest a way forward. Answer:- India and china relations are characterized by boundary disputes. india- and china share 3488 Km of the boundary. Boundary Question The Sino-Indian border is generally divided into three sectors namely- The western sector, the Middle sector, and the Eastern sector. Issues in the western sector[Aksai Chin] India"s position is that China remains in illegal occupation of 38000 sq Km of Indian territory [Aksai Chin] china also has more than 5000 sq Km of territory ceded by Pakistan India"s claim is Legalistic based on the habitation records of the princely state of J&K Practical challenges such as boundaries decided by Jhonson line, foreign office line, and McCartney-McDonald line Issues in the Eastern sector[Arunachal Pradesh] India considers the McMohan line forming the basis for forming the border of India The understanding of the Shimla accord 1914 is not accepted by China Issues in the Middle sector[Himachal, Uttarakhand] Here the dispute is very less There is only an issue of alignment over the barahati plains Managing and resolving the key issues Resolution 15 rounds of negotiations on the joint working group started since 1988 Special representative mechanism [SR talks] since 2003 2005- 3-stage process was decided i.e. Agreement on political principles and parameters, Sector-wise determination of position, Demarcation on map and ground, and signing of a border agreement Management 1993- Agreement on peace and tranquility along the LAC 1996- signing of a confidence-building measure in the military field along the LAC 2005- protocols for details Practical solutions such as flag Drill, border post meeting, flag post meeting [commanders will talk with each other] 2012-working mechanism on consultation and coordination of border affairs [day-to-day border issues were raised on this platform] 2013-border defense cooperation agreement Way Forward Internal balancing by the strengthening of the border infrastructure, military modernization, economic strengthening External balancing by strengthening the relations with neighbors, and partnerships with like-minded countries.
##Question:Throw light on important aspects of the boundary question between India and China. In this context also discuss the framework for managing and resolving the key issues of the boundary question. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, start with the India- china relations Then mention the important aspects of the boundary question. Then mention the framework for managing and resolving the key issues Suggest a way forward. Answer:- India and china relations are characterized by boundary disputes. india- and china share 3488 Km of the boundary. Boundary Question The Sino-Indian border is generally divided into three sectors namely- The western sector, the Middle sector, and the Eastern sector. Issues in the western sector[Aksai Chin] India"s position is that China remains in illegal occupation of 38000 sq Km of Indian territory [Aksai Chin] china also has more than 5000 sq Km of territory ceded by Pakistan India"s claim is Legalistic based on the habitation records of the princely state of J&K Practical challenges such as boundaries decided by Jhonson line, foreign office line, and McCartney-McDonald line Issues in the Eastern sector[Arunachal Pradesh] India considers the McMohan line forming the basis for forming the border of India The understanding of the Shimla accord 1914 is not accepted by China Issues in the Middle sector[Himachal, Uttarakhand] Here the dispute is very less There is only an issue of alignment over the barahati plains Managing and resolving the key issues Resolution 15 rounds of negotiations on the joint working group started since 1988 Special representative mechanism [SR talks] since 2003 2005- 3-stage process was decided i.e. Agreement on political principles and parameters, Sector-wise determination of position, Demarcation on map and ground, and signing of a border agreement Management 1993- Agreement on peace and tranquility along the LAC 1996- signing of a confidence-building measure in the military field along the LAC 2005- protocols for details Practical solutions such as flag Drill, border post meeting, flag post meeting [commanders will talk with each other] 2012-working mechanism on consultation and coordination of border affairs [day-to-day border issues were raised on this platform] 2013-border defense cooperation agreement Way Forward Internal balancing by the strengthening of the border infrastructure, military modernization, economic strengthening External balancing by strengthening the relations with neighbors, and partnerships with like-minded countries.
81,465
Why did Dr B.R. Ambedkar see the CAG as "probably the most important officer in the Constitution of India"? Discuss the issues faced in the functioning of CAG. (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach: Introduce by highlighting the importance of the office of CAG. Enlist the various issues in the functioning of CAG. Suggest some measures to address these problems and conclude accordingly. Answer: The office of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India is established under Article 148 of the Constitution of India. He is the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department. CAG is seen as one of the most important officers in the Constitution due to following reasons: CAG is the guardian of the public purse and controls the entire financial system of the country at both levels- the Centre and state. CAG audits the accounts related to all expenditures from the Consolidated Fund, Contingency Fund, Public Account of India, and of all the states. CAG also audits the receipts and expenditures of all bodies and authorities substantially financed from the Central or State revenues or any other authority when requested by the President or Governor e.g., of local bodies. The accountability of the Executive (Council of Ministers) to the Parliament in the sphere of financial administration is secured through audit reports of the CAG. CAG also acts as a guide, friend, and philosopher of the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) of the Parliament. Reports of CAG sent to the President, under Article 151 of the Indian Constitution are of paramount importance to ensure propriety and prudence in spending from the public purse. For instance, they were instrumental in uncovering the 2G spectrum scandal of 2010, the Commonwealth games corruption scandal, etc. While performing the above-mentioned vital functions, the office of the CAG faces the following issues: Appointment of the CAG: It is done by the President of India and the process of same is not transparent, thus there is no accountability as to ensure the independence of the officeholder. Lack of expertise: Though CAG reports are discussed by the PAC of the respective legislatures, no one evaluates or questions what the CAG does. As a result, its functions are largely confined to itself and the office of the CAG is not known to meet with experts, professionals, or institutions. Post mortem role: All the reports submitted by the CAG deal with the already done expenditure thus the CAG is unable to prevent any inefficient expenditure. Shorter tenure: Tenure of a 6-year term with a cap of 65 years of age reduces the actual terms of successive CAGs leading to a lack of continuity and loss of expertise, causing an impediment to the independent and proper functioning of the institution. Precedence: The audit reports of CAG fall short of issuing any guidelines, best practices, or advisories that would restrict malpractices and set a precedent. Thus, the office of the CAG does not disseminate its policies or practices for the benefit of public servants and the general public. To strengthen such an important office, the suggested reforms include a transparent appointment process, increasing its tenure by increasing the age of retirement, use of technology, decentralization of duties of CAG, and making CAG a multi-member body like the Election Commission.
##Question:Why did Dr B.R. Ambedkar see the CAG as "probably the most important officer in the Constitution of India"? Discuss the issues faced in the functioning of CAG. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce by highlighting the importance of the office of CAG. Enlist the various issues in the functioning of CAG. Suggest some measures to address these problems and conclude accordingly. Answer: The office of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India is established under Article 148 of the Constitution of India. He is the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department. CAG is seen as one of the most important officers in the Constitution due to following reasons: CAG is the guardian of the public purse and controls the entire financial system of the country at both levels- the Centre and state. CAG audits the accounts related to all expenditures from the Consolidated Fund, Contingency Fund, Public Account of India, and of all the states. CAG also audits the receipts and expenditures of all bodies and authorities substantially financed from the Central or State revenues or any other authority when requested by the President or Governor e.g., of local bodies. The accountability of the Executive (Council of Ministers) to the Parliament in the sphere of financial administration is secured through audit reports of the CAG. CAG also acts as a guide, friend, and philosopher of the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) of the Parliament. Reports of CAG sent to the President, under Article 151 of the Indian Constitution are of paramount importance to ensure propriety and prudence in spending from the public purse. For instance, they were instrumental in uncovering the 2G spectrum scandal of 2010, the Commonwealth games corruption scandal, etc. While performing the above-mentioned vital functions, the office of the CAG faces the following issues: Appointment of the CAG: It is done by the President of India and the process of same is not transparent, thus there is no accountability as to ensure the independence of the officeholder. Lack of expertise: Though CAG reports are discussed by the PAC of the respective legislatures, no one evaluates or questions what the CAG does. As a result, its functions are largely confined to itself and the office of the CAG is not known to meet with experts, professionals, or institutions. Post mortem role: All the reports submitted by the CAG deal with the already done expenditure thus the CAG is unable to prevent any inefficient expenditure. Shorter tenure: Tenure of a 6-year term with a cap of 65 years of age reduces the actual terms of successive CAGs leading to a lack of continuity and loss of expertise, causing an impediment to the independent and proper functioning of the institution. Precedence: The audit reports of CAG fall short of issuing any guidelines, best practices, or advisories that would restrict malpractices and set a precedent. Thus, the office of the CAG does not disseminate its policies or practices for the benefit of public servants and the general public. To strengthen such an important office, the suggested reforms include a transparent appointment process, increasing its tenure by increasing the age of retirement, use of technology, decentralization of duties of CAG, and making CAG a multi-member body like the Election Commission.
81,490
एक व्यक्ति में मानव मूल्यों के विकास में परिवार, समाज और शैक्षणिक संस्थानों की भूमिका पर टिप्पणी कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) Comment on the role of family, society and educational institutions in the development of human values ​​in an individual. (150-200 words, 10 marks)
दृष्टिकोण: मानव मूल्यों को परिभाषित कर उत्तर का प्रारंभ। मानव मूल्यों के विकास में परिवार की भूमिका बिन्दुवार लिखिए। मानव मूल्यों के विकास में समाज एवं शैक्षणिक संस्थान की भूमिका बिन्दुवार लिखिए। एक व्यक्ति के जीवन में मानवीय मूल्यों का महत्व बताकर उत्तर को समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: मानव मूल्य उन गुणवत्ताओं से संबंधित है जो व्यक्ति के मानवीय तत्वों को मार्गदर्शित करता है और मानवता को समर्पित समाज से जोड़ता है। मानवीय मूल्य समाज में आनंद और सौहार्द्र को स्थापित करने की आधारशिला प्रदान करता है। मानवीय मूल्य आंतरिक और बाह्य, संस्थात्मक एवं व्यक्तिगत तथा यांत्रिक भी हो सकते हैं। परंतु, उन मानवीय मूल्यों को सार्वभौमिक प्राथमिकता प्राप्त होती है जो अंतर्निहित मूल्यों और संस्थात्मक मूल्यों के प्रति अधिक समर्पित होते हैं। अंतर्निहित मूल्यों का संबंध सत्यनिष्ठा, साहस, प्रसन्नता, सौहार्द्र इत्यादि गुणवत्ताओं से है। जबकि संस्थात्मक मूल्यों का संबंध सामाजिक, आर्थिक, राजनैतिक या सांस्कृतिक संस्थाओं के मूल्यों से है जो मानवता के विकास के लिए समाज में सकारात्मक रूपांतरण लाने का प्रयास करता है। प्रमुख मानवीय मूल्य हैं- बंधुता, करुणा, प्रतिभक्ति, सभ्यता, समानुभूति, दूसरों के प्रति सम्मान, दूसरों की प्रशंसा, दूसरों को साथ देना और सर्वांगीण दृष्टिकोण के साथ निस्वार्थ भाव से मानवता हेतु कार्य करना। उपर्युक्त मानव मूल्यों के विकास में परिवार की भूमिका को निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं से समझा जा सकता है:- परिवार व्यक्ति की अभिवृत्ति का निर्धारण करता है जिसके तहत मानसिक विकास को संभव बनाकर स्वयं को एवं समाज को समझने की क्षमता दी जाती है। परिवार एक व्यक्ति को सौहार्द्र, सहनशीलता, समानुभूति और सहानुभूति से संबंधित मानव धर्म का पाठ देता है। स्वच्छता, पर्यावरण उन्मुखता और आरोग्यता के प्रति व्यक्ति को समर्पित करता है। परिवार के माध्यम से व्यक्ति सूचनाओं के आदान-प्रदान की कला सीखता है एवं उन्नत तथा उत्तम जानकारियों के साथ अपने व्यवहार को मर्यादित करता है। जिसमें स्वयं की गलतियों को स्वीकार करने और उसके प्रति जवाबदेही का बोध भी शामिल होता है। परिवार व्यक्ति को सृजनात्मक और चिंतनशील बनाता है। समाज और शैक्षणिक संस्थान परिवार द्वारा प्रदत्त मानव मूल्यों को और अधिक सशक्त करने में अपना योगदान देते हैं और व्यक्ति को परिवार द्वारा दिए गए मूल्यों से आगे भविष्यदृष्टा बनने की योग्यता प्रदान करते हैं। जिसके लिए अपेक्षाकृत अधिक सशक्त चारित्रिक गुणवत्ता की आवश्यकता होती है। समाज और शैक्षणिक संस्थाओं के द्वारा मानव मूल्य विकास के क्षेत्र में दिए गए योगदान को निम्नलिखित शीर्षकों के तहत शामिल किया जा सकता है- समाज और शिक्षण संस्थान संवैधानिक नैतिकता का विकास करते हैं अर्थात देश की संस्कृति, सभ्यता के अनुरूप व्यक्तित्व निर्माण करते हैं। समाज और शिक्षण संस्थान व्यक्ति में मूल्य आधारित गुणात्मक शिक्षा को देते हैं, जैसे- परिश्रम कर सफलता प्राप्त करना। समाज व्यक्ति में नीतिशास्त्रीय संस्कृति का विकास और मानकीय समाजीकरण के गुण विकसित करने का प्रयास करता है। समाज व्यक्ति में लोकतान्त्रिक बहुलवाद एवं विविधता को सम्मान करना सिखाता है। शैक्षणिक संस्थाओं में शिक्षक द्वारा विद्यार्थियों के मस्तिष्क और हृदय को उच्च स्तरीय मानवीय मूल्य एवं व्यक्तित्व से जोड़ने का प्रयास किया जाता है। एक शिक्षण संस्थान और शिक्षक अभ्यर्थी में सीखने की कला विकसित करता है। शिक्षक द्वारा बच्चों में कार्य के प्रति श्रद्धा, समर्पण, समयबद्धता और प्रतिबद्धता एवं दृढ़निश्चय होने की कला का निर्माण और विकास किया जाता है। शिक्षण संस्थान अभ्यर्थी में सकारात्मक स्वमूल्यांकन की योग्यता एवं बौद्धिक सत्यनिष्ठा के साथ सृजनात्मकता संबंधी योग्यता का विकास करता है। समग्रतः एक व्यक्ति के चरित्र निर्माण और उसमें मानवीय मूल्यों के विकास में परिवार, समाज, शिक्षण संस्थाओं और शिक्षकों की महती भूमिका है। इससे व्यक्ति जीवन की समस्याओं और कठिनाइयों से सामना करने और उनका समाधान खोजने में सक्षम होता है। भारत के पूर्व राष्ट्रपति ए पी जे अब्दुल कलाम ने भी व्यक्ति के जीवन में परिवार और शिक्षक की भूमिका को रेखांकित किया है।
##Question:एक व्यक्ति में मानव मूल्यों के विकास में परिवार, समाज और शैक्षणिक संस्थानों की भूमिका पर टिप्पणी कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) Comment on the role of family, society and educational institutions in the development of human values ​​in an individual. (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: मानव मूल्यों को परिभाषित कर उत्तर का प्रारंभ। मानव मूल्यों के विकास में परिवार की भूमिका बिन्दुवार लिखिए। मानव मूल्यों के विकास में समाज एवं शैक्षणिक संस्थान की भूमिका बिन्दुवार लिखिए। एक व्यक्ति के जीवन में मानवीय मूल्यों का महत्व बताकर उत्तर को समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: मानव मूल्य उन गुणवत्ताओं से संबंधित है जो व्यक्ति के मानवीय तत्वों को मार्गदर्शित करता है और मानवता को समर्पित समाज से जोड़ता है। मानवीय मूल्य समाज में आनंद और सौहार्द्र को स्थापित करने की आधारशिला प्रदान करता है। मानवीय मूल्य आंतरिक और बाह्य, संस्थात्मक एवं व्यक्तिगत तथा यांत्रिक भी हो सकते हैं। परंतु, उन मानवीय मूल्यों को सार्वभौमिक प्राथमिकता प्राप्त होती है जो अंतर्निहित मूल्यों और संस्थात्मक मूल्यों के प्रति अधिक समर्पित होते हैं। अंतर्निहित मूल्यों का संबंध सत्यनिष्ठा, साहस, प्रसन्नता, सौहार्द्र इत्यादि गुणवत्ताओं से है। जबकि संस्थात्मक मूल्यों का संबंध सामाजिक, आर्थिक, राजनैतिक या सांस्कृतिक संस्थाओं के मूल्यों से है जो मानवता के विकास के लिए समाज में सकारात्मक रूपांतरण लाने का प्रयास करता है। प्रमुख मानवीय मूल्य हैं- बंधुता, करुणा, प्रतिभक्ति, सभ्यता, समानुभूति, दूसरों के प्रति सम्मान, दूसरों की प्रशंसा, दूसरों को साथ देना और सर्वांगीण दृष्टिकोण के साथ निस्वार्थ भाव से मानवता हेतु कार्य करना। उपर्युक्त मानव मूल्यों के विकास में परिवार की भूमिका को निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं से समझा जा सकता है:- परिवार व्यक्ति की अभिवृत्ति का निर्धारण करता है जिसके तहत मानसिक विकास को संभव बनाकर स्वयं को एवं समाज को समझने की क्षमता दी जाती है। परिवार एक व्यक्ति को सौहार्द्र, सहनशीलता, समानुभूति और सहानुभूति से संबंधित मानव धर्म का पाठ देता है। स्वच्छता, पर्यावरण उन्मुखता और आरोग्यता के प्रति व्यक्ति को समर्पित करता है। परिवार के माध्यम से व्यक्ति सूचनाओं के आदान-प्रदान की कला सीखता है एवं उन्नत तथा उत्तम जानकारियों के साथ अपने व्यवहार को मर्यादित करता है। जिसमें स्वयं की गलतियों को स्वीकार करने और उसके प्रति जवाबदेही का बोध भी शामिल होता है। परिवार व्यक्ति को सृजनात्मक और चिंतनशील बनाता है। समाज और शैक्षणिक संस्थान परिवार द्वारा प्रदत्त मानव मूल्यों को और अधिक सशक्त करने में अपना योगदान देते हैं और व्यक्ति को परिवार द्वारा दिए गए मूल्यों से आगे भविष्यदृष्टा बनने की योग्यता प्रदान करते हैं। जिसके लिए अपेक्षाकृत अधिक सशक्त चारित्रिक गुणवत्ता की आवश्यकता होती है। समाज और शैक्षणिक संस्थाओं के द्वारा मानव मूल्य विकास के क्षेत्र में दिए गए योगदान को निम्नलिखित शीर्षकों के तहत शामिल किया जा सकता है- समाज और शिक्षण संस्थान संवैधानिक नैतिकता का विकास करते हैं अर्थात देश की संस्कृति, सभ्यता के अनुरूप व्यक्तित्व निर्माण करते हैं। समाज और शिक्षण संस्थान व्यक्ति में मूल्य आधारित गुणात्मक शिक्षा को देते हैं, जैसे- परिश्रम कर सफलता प्राप्त करना। समाज व्यक्ति में नीतिशास्त्रीय संस्कृति का विकास और मानकीय समाजीकरण के गुण विकसित करने का प्रयास करता है। समाज व्यक्ति में लोकतान्त्रिक बहुलवाद एवं विविधता को सम्मान करना सिखाता है। शैक्षणिक संस्थाओं में शिक्षक द्वारा विद्यार्थियों के मस्तिष्क और हृदय को उच्च स्तरीय मानवीय मूल्य एवं व्यक्तित्व से जोड़ने का प्रयास किया जाता है। एक शिक्षण संस्थान और शिक्षक अभ्यर्थी में सीखने की कला विकसित करता है। शिक्षक द्वारा बच्चों में कार्य के प्रति श्रद्धा, समर्पण, समयबद्धता और प्रतिबद्धता एवं दृढ़निश्चय होने की कला का निर्माण और विकास किया जाता है। शिक्षण संस्थान अभ्यर्थी में सकारात्मक स्वमूल्यांकन की योग्यता एवं बौद्धिक सत्यनिष्ठा के साथ सृजनात्मकता संबंधी योग्यता का विकास करता है। समग्रतः एक व्यक्ति के चरित्र निर्माण और उसमें मानवीय मूल्यों के विकास में परिवार, समाज, शिक्षण संस्थाओं और शिक्षकों की महती भूमिका है। इससे व्यक्ति जीवन की समस्याओं और कठिनाइयों से सामना करने और उनका समाधान खोजने में सक्षम होता है। भारत के पूर्व राष्ट्रपति ए पी जे अब्दुल कलाम ने भी व्यक्ति के जीवन में परिवार और शिक्षक की भूमिका को रेखांकित किया है।
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Explain the major features of the Government of India Act 1935. Discuss its impact on the Indian polity. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce with the contextual background of the Act. Bring the major provisions of the Government of India Act 1935. Further, elaborate on its impact at the central and provincial levels. Conclude with its future implications. Answer The Government of India Act 1935 was a further step in concession for the growing demand for self-rule by the Indian National Movement. The content of the Government of India (GoI) Act 1935 can be mainly traced from sources such as the Simon Commission Report, the report of the All-Parties Conference (the Nehru Report), and the theme of the discussions of three Round Table Conferences. Major Provisions of Government of India Act 1935 (at Center) It provided for a federal structure for the whole of India i.e. India to be a Union of British India and 565 princely states with federalism. (A demand of Nehru Report August 1928.) But this needed the signing of an instrument of accession (Section 6 of Government of India Act 1935) to the union of India by at least half of the princes, which was never done, and therefore central level provisions of the Government of India (GoI) Act 1935 never came into force. Bicameral legislature at center in form of Federal Assembly (Lower House) and Council of States (Upper House). 1/3rd member to be nominees of princes in Federal Assembly. This eliminated the chances of the Indian National Congress (INC) having a majority at the center (not technically but practically). The life of the Council of State (CoS) was permanent with 1/3rd member retiring every year. The life of the federal assembly was 5 years. Direct elections to the Council of State (CoS) but indirect elections to the Federal Assembly. Right to vote to more Indians but still, only 10% of Indians had voting rights due to income criterion. The intent was to prevent voting rights to support base of the Indian National Congress (INC) which was mainly peasants and workers. Separate electorates continued. (ICA 1909: For Muslims; Government of India (GoI) Act 1919: provided for Sikhs, Anglo Indians, Christians) It provided for the reservation for the scheduled castes in all legislative bodies and also for the women and working class. First-time federal distribution of subjects into federal, provincials, and concurrent lists. (7th Schedule Constitution of India (CoI)) 80% of the central budget was still not votable and the viceroy could restore cuts in grants and residuary power were with Viceroy. Viceroy had Veto power, ordinance power, and power to certify the rejected bills. Dyarchy at center: It means the division of power under the Reserved and transferred subjects. Reserved subjects were under total control of the Viceroy e.g. Defence, internal security, foreign affairs, Church, and Tribal Affairs. (Link 5th and 6th Schedule of Constitution of India (CoI). Transferred subjects were to be legislated by the central legislature and to be administered by the ministers responsible to the legislature. Viceroy to function on aid and advice of executive council in relation to transferred subjects. 1919 there was zero responsible government at the center and partial responsible government in the provinces. In 1935 a partially responsible government was at the center and a fully responsible government at the provincial level. Thus moving towards democracy. Fiscal Autonomy : Transfer of financial control of British India from Secretary of State (SoS) to Viceroy. Therefore Government of India (GoI) Act 1935 reduced the powers of the Secretary of State (SoS) and increased the power of the Viceroy. Jawaharlal Nehru termed it as the only major change brought by the Government of India (GoI) Act 1935. Major Provisions of Government of India (GoI) 1935 (at Provinces) Provincial Autonomy : As now the federal distribution of subjects and since Dyarchy ended therefore fully responsible government at provinces as now all subjects were transferred and popular ministers now had independent financial powers. Direct elections with separate electorates. However, 40% budget was non-votable. Governor was still too powerful as he had discretionary powers to summon the legislature. Governor had veto power over the bills and ordinance power. Governor had the power to administration of the tribal region. Governor had a special power to protect the rights of minorities, British business interests, and privileges of civil servants. Governor had the power to take over the government and run it indefinitely in case of emergency circumstances. The Council of Ministers headed by the Premier (Chief Ministers) was responsible for the Provincial Legislative Assembly (PLA). Impact of the Government of India (GoI) Act 1935 No mention of Dominion Status and the goal was to have strong control over the center and get the Indian National Congress (INC) busy in provinces. Government formation by the regional leaders will make them autonomous power centers, independent of central INC leadership, and therefore weaken INC at all Indian levels. INC opposed the representation of princely states by the nominees of princes and demanded elected representatives from the princely states in the central legislature. Muslim League (1906) had fear of the Hindu majority at the center as there were very few Muslim provinces and indirect elections to Federal Assembly would result in a Hindu majority. Indian National Congress (INC) rejected the Government of India (GoI) Act 1935 and demanded a constitutional assembly elected by the universal Adult franchise. The British aimed to co-opt a section of the Indian political class as junior partners of British rule by handing them elected offices and ministries. The Congress saw through the plot and could foresee that its tryst with electoral politics was short-lived as its governments resigned in1939 28 months after getting elected. All these considerably increased the popularity and mass base of Congress. The defeat of the Muslim League in the 1937 election was a stark reminder of its limited appeal in Muslim-majority areas. Experience to Congress to contest elections and provided administrative experience also, something that was useful for smooth transfer of power post-1947. Government of India Act 1935 provided a blueprint for the constitution as more than 60% of the provisions are derived from it.
##Question:Explain the major features of the Government of India Act 1935. Discuss its impact on the Indian polity. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the contextual background of the Act. Bring the major provisions of the Government of India Act 1935. Further, elaborate on its impact at the central and provincial levels. Conclude with its future implications. Answer The Government of India Act 1935 was a further step in concession for the growing demand for self-rule by the Indian National Movement. The content of the Government of India (GoI) Act 1935 can be mainly traced from sources such as the Simon Commission Report, the report of the All-Parties Conference (the Nehru Report), and the theme of the discussions of three Round Table Conferences. Major Provisions of Government of India Act 1935 (at Center) It provided for a federal structure for the whole of India i.e. India to be a Union of British India and 565 princely states with federalism. (A demand of Nehru Report August 1928.) But this needed the signing of an instrument of accession (Section 6 of Government of India Act 1935) to the union of India by at least half of the princes, which was never done, and therefore central level provisions of the Government of India (GoI) Act 1935 never came into force. Bicameral legislature at center in form of Federal Assembly (Lower House) and Council of States (Upper House). 1/3rd member to be nominees of princes in Federal Assembly. This eliminated the chances of the Indian National Congress (INC) having a majority at the center (not technically but practically). The life of the Council of State (CoS) was permanent with 1/3rd member retiring every year. The life of the federal assembly was 5 years. Direct elections to the Council of State (CoS) but indirect elections to the Federal Assembly. Right to vote to more Indians but still, only 10% of Indians had voting rights due to income criterion. The intent was to prevent voting rights to support base of the Indian National Congress (INC) which was mainly peasants and workers. Separate electorates continued. (ICA 1909: For Muslims; Government of India (GoI) Act 1919: provided for Sikhs, Anglo Indians, Christians) It provided for the reservation for the scheduled castes in all legislative bodies and also for the women and working class. First-time federal distribution of subjects into federal, provincials, and concurrent lists. (7th Schedule Constitution of India (CoI)) 80% of the central budget was still not votable and the viceroy could restore cuts in grants and residuary power were with Viceroy. Viceroy had Veto power, ordinance power, and power to certify the rejected bills. Dyarchy at center: It means the division of power under the Reserved and transferred subjects. Reserved subjects were under total control of the Viceroy e.g. Defence, internal security, foreign affairs, Church, and Tribal Affairs. (Link 5th and 6th Schedule of Constitution of India (CoI). Transferred subjects were to be legislated by the central legislature and to be administered by the ministers responsible to the legislature. Viceroy to function on aid and advice of executive council in relation to transferred subjects. 1919 there was zero responsible government at the center and partial responsible government in the provinces. In 1935 a partially responsible government was at the center and a fully responsible government at the provincial level. Thus moving towards democracy. Fiscal Autonomy : Transfer of financial control of British India from Secretary of State (SoS) to Viceroy. Therefore Government of India (GoI) Act 1935 reduced the powers of the Secretary of State (SoS) and increased the power of the Viceroy. Jawaharlal Nehru termed it as the only major change brought by the Government of India (GoI) Act 1935. Major Provisions of Government of India (GoI) 1935 (at Provinces) Provincial Autonomy : As now the federal distribution of subjects and since Dyarchy ended therefore fully responsible government at provinces as now all subjects were transferred and popular ministers now had independent financial powers. Direct elections with separate electorates. However, 40% budget was non-votable. Governor was still too powerful as he had discretionary powers to summon the legislature. Governor had veto power over the bills and ordinance power. Governor had the power to administration of the tribal region. Governor had a special power to protect the rights of minorities, British business interests, and privileges of civil servants. Governor had the power to take over the government and run it indefinitely in case of emergency circumstances. The Council of Ministers headed by the Premier (Chief Ministers) was responsible for the Provincial Legislative Assembly (PLA). Impact of the Government of India (GoI) Act 1935 No mention of Dominion Status and the goal was to have strong control over the center and get the Indian National Congress (INC) busy in provinces. Government formation by the regional leaders will make them autonomous power centers, independent of central INC leadership, and therefore weaken INC at all Indian levels. INC opposed the representation of princely states by the nominees of princes and demanded elected representatives from the princely states in the central legislature. Muslim League (1906) had fear of the Hindu majority at the center as there were very few Muslim provinces and indirect elections to Federal Assembly would result in a Hindu majority. Indian National Congress (INC) rejected the Government of India (GoI) Act 1935 and demanded a constitutional assembly elected by the universal Adult franchise. The British aimed to co-opt a section of the Indian political class as junior partners of British rule by handing them elected offices and ministries. The Congress saw through the plot and could foresee that its tryst with electoral politics was short-lived as its governments resigned in1939 28 months after getting elected. All these considerably increased the popularity and mass base of Congress. The defeat of the Muslim League in the 1937 election was a stark reminder of its limited appeal in Muslim-majority areas. Experience to Congress to contest elections and provided administrative experience also, something that was useful for smooth transfer of power post-1947. Government of India Act 1935 provided a blueprint for the constitution as more than 60% of the provisions are derived from it.
81,507
China and India share a tension between two foundational internal narratives i.e. post-colonial state building, and the search for economic and social justice. The first leads to conflict and the second to cooperation. Do you agree? substantiate with examples(200 words/10 marks)
Approach:- In the introduction, mention the India-china relations In the body part, mention the two internal narratives and show the conflict and cooperation part Give some examples Conclude accordingly Answer:- India and china share a historical and civilizational relationship. both countries share the tension of post-colonial state building and socio-economic justice which leads to convergence and divergence in the relations. The conflict between India-china relation This conflict or divergence in India-china relations is due to British Indian policies and the post-colonial state building Border dispute - As per the Jhonson line Aksai chin is part of India and as per Mcdonald line it is part of china, which creates the conflict Use of Pakistan as a proxy state - china used Pakistan as a proxy state against India and still supplies weapons, CPEC corridor is also a pain point in relation. World order - China wants a multipolar world with unipolar Asia, while India wants a multipolar world with multipolar Asia NSG entry - china objects to the membership of India in the NSG Masood Azhar episode- china to protect its all-weather friend Pakistan vetoed the designation of Masood Azhar as an international terrorist. Unaceptance of Shimla Accord - China does not accept the Shimla Accord as it was signed by imperialist British India Water sharing agreement - china stopped the sharing of the hydrological data of the river Brahmaputra Indian ocean - expansionist China wants to increase its presence in the Indian Ocean region and India does not want any foreign power in its backyard Cooperation between the India- china The cooperation between India- china is the result of the search for socio-economic justice WTO - India, and china agreed to cooperate on agricultural subsidies and free trade Climate change negotiations - both countries stand side by side in the CoP meetings to counter the agenda of the west. Reform in World bank and IMF - both countries are in favor of bringing some reforms in these multilateral institutions. Both are part of SCO, BRICS, and RIC hence they cooperate with each other- formation of NDB[new development bank] and AIIB Cooperation during the Informal summits {Wuhan spirit { "china+ India+1" framework i.e in the third country}, Mamallapuram summit} Both want to dispel their image of aggressor [perception management]. Both countries share the same problem such as poverty, hunger, population, etc so there is cooperation on socio-economic issues. Way Forward Engage with china whenever possible and contain china whenever necessary Internal balancing by the strengthening of the border infrastructure, military modernization, economic strengthening External balancing by strengthening the relations with neighbors, and partnerships with like-minded countries.
##Question:China and India share a tension between two foundational internal narratives i.e. post-colonial state building, and the search for economic and social justice. The first leads to conflict and the second to cooperation. Do you agree? substantiate with examples(200 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, mention the India-china relations In the body part, mention the two internal narratives and show the conflict and cooperation part Give some examples Conclude accordingly Answer:- India and china share a historical and civilizational relationship. both countries share the tension of post-colonial state building and socio-economic justice which leads to convergence and divergence in the relations. The conflict between India-china relation This conflict or divergence in India-china relations is due to British Indian policies and the post-colonial state building Border dispute - As per the Jhonson line Aksai chin is part of India and as per Mcdonald line it is part of china, which creates the conflict Use of Pakistan as a proxy state - china used Pakistan as a proxy state against India and still supplies weapons, CPEC corridor is also a pain point in relation. World order - China wants a multipolar world with unipolar Asia, while India wants a multipolar world with multipolar Asia NSG entry - china objects to the membership of India in the NSG Masood Azhar episode- china to protect its all-weather friend Pakistan vetoed the designation of Masood Azhar as an international terrorist. Unaceptance of Shimla Accord - China does not accept the Shimla Accord as it was signed by imperialist British India Water sharing agreement - china stopped the sharing of the hydrological data of the river Brahmaputra Indian ocean - expansionist China wants to increase its presence in the Indian Ocean region and India does not want any foreign power in its backyard Cooperation between the India- china The cooperation between India- china is the result of the search for socio-economic justice WTO - India, and china agreed to cooperate on agricultural subsidies and free trade Climate change negotiations - both countries stand side by side in the CoP meetings to counter the agenda of the west. Reform in World bank and IMF - both countries are in favor of bringing some reforms in these multilateral institutions. Both are part of SCO, BRICS, and RIC hence they cooperate with each other- formation of NDB[new development bank] and AIIB Cooperation during the Informal summits {Wuhan spirit { "china+ India+1" framework i.e in the third country}, Mamallapuram summit} Both want to dispel their image of aggressor [perception management]. Both countries share the same problem such as poverty, hunger, population, etc so there is cooperation on socio-economic issues. Way Forward Engage with china whenever possible and contain china whenever necessary Internal balancing by the strengthening of the border infrastructure, military modernization, economic strengthening External balancing by strengthening the relations with neighbors, and partnerships with like-minded countries.
81,516
Identify the Significance of River waters in India-China Relations. Highlight major concerns India has. Also, suggest a way forward to adequately manage and resolve the issues involved. (10 Marks/ 150 words)
Brief Approach 1. Introduce the answer by briefly highlighting the significance of river waters in India-china relations. 2. Highlight major issues/concerns India has related to these river systems. 3. Suggest suitable solutions. 4. Give an appropriate conclusion. Answer: India and China share major River systems such as the Indus and the Brahmaputra, known as the Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet before it enters India. At about 2900 kilometers long, the Brahmaputra is an important river for irrigation, hydroelectricity generation, and transportation for both India and China. However, there are major concerns/issues regarding these river systems between the two countries. Issues: 1. No comprehensive river water agreement between the two countries, unlike Indus Water Treaty between India- Pakistan. 2. Even though the two countries have agreements that require the upstream country(China) to share hydrological data of the Brahmaputra river during the Monsoon season, it is not sufficient as: (a) It is limited only to the Monsoon season and not pertaining to the rest of the year. (b) In some years, such as 2017, India did not receive any hydrological data despite the agreement. Delhi has also asked for data for non-monsoonal flows of the river because there are suspicions in India that China could divert the waters of the Brahmaputra to its parched regions during dry seasons. 3. There are concerns with Chinese dam-building activities upstream of the Brahmaputra river. For example, Jiexu, Zangmu dam, etc. It has raised concerns such as: (a) Possibility of divergence of water, thus issue of flooding in lower riparian areas, like North-eastern states of India. (b) Effect on Ecology. For example, in 2017 the issue of the pollution of the Siang river contaminated the flow of the Brahmaputra in Assam. Solutions: 1. Long-Term Solution: Comprehensive River water agreement with China. 2. Better information sharing of existing agreements and expansion of the agreements. 3. Augment measurement and monitoring capabilities. For example, the use of satellites, effective hydrological mapping, etc to enhance India’s capabilities. 4. Basin Management approach to effectively handle concerns/issues related to river waters between the two countries. Thus need for an hour, is both a long-term and interim solution to address concerns related to sharing of river systems between the two countries.
##Question:Identify the Significance of River waters in India-China Relations. Highlight major concerns India has. Also, suggest a way forward to adequately manage and resolve the issues involved. (10 Marks/ 150 words)##Answer:Brief Approach 1. Introduce the answer by briefly highlighting the significance of river waters in India-china relations. 2. Highlight major issues/concerns India has related to these river systems. 3. Suggest suitable solutions. 4. Give an appropriate conclusion. Answer: India and China share major River systems such as the Indus and the Brahmaputra, known as the Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet before it enters India. At about 2900 kilometers long, the Brahmaputra is an important river for irrigation, hydroelectricity generation, and transportation for both India and China. However, there are major concerns/issues regarding these river systems between the two countries. Issues: 1. No comprehensive river water agreement between the two countries, unlike Indus Water Treaty between India- Pakistan. 2. Even though the two countries have agreements that require the upstream country(China) to share hydrological data of the Brahmaputra river during the Monsoon season, it is not sufficient as: (a) It is limited only to the Monsoon season and not pertaining to the rest of the year. (b) In some years, such as 2017, India did not receive any hydrological data despite the agreement. Delhi has also asked for data for non-monsoonal flows of the river because there are suspicions in India that China could divert the waters of the Brahmaputra to its parched regions during dry seasons. 3. There are concerns with Chinese dam-building activities upstream of the Brahmaputra river. For example, Jiexu, Zangmu dam, etc. It has raised concerns such as: (a) Possibility of divergence of water, thus issue of flooding in lower riparian areas, like North-eastern states of India. (b) Effect on Ecology. For example, in 2017 the issue of the pollution of the Siang river contaminated the flow of the Brahmaputra in Assam. Solutions: 1. Long-Term Solution: Comprehensive River water agreement with China. 2. Better information sharing of existing agreements and expansion of the agreements. 3. Augment measurement and monitoring capabilities. For example, the use of satellites, effective hydrological mapping, etc to enhance India’s capabilities. 4. Basin Management approach to effectively handle concerns/issues related to river waters between the two countries. Thus need for an hour, is both a long-term and interim solution to address concerns related to sharing of river systems between the two countries.
81,528
Discuss the major schools of thoughts in International Relations and their means to achieve peace at the international level. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce with the evolution of the major school of thought in International relations. Further, explain each of these three major schools. Bring the means proposed by these schools of thought to bring in the International level. Conclude accordingly. Answer No one sees the world just ‘as it is’. All of us look at the world through a veil of theories, presuppositions and assumptions. In this sense, observation and interpretation are inextricably bound together: when we look at the world we are also engaged in imposing meaning on it. This is why theory is important that gives shape and structure to an otherwise shapeless and confusing reality. The most important theories as far as global politics is concerned have come out of the discipline of International Relations, which has spawned a rich and increasingly diverse range of theoretical traditions. The dominant mainstream perspectives within the field have been realism, idealism and liberalism, each offering a different account of the balance between conflict and cooperation in world affairs. Realism Realism claims to offer an account of world affairs that is ‘realistic’, in the sense that it is hard-headed and devoid of wishful thinking and deluded moralizing. For realists, global politics is, first and last, about power and self-interest. Realism is often portrayed as a ‘power politics’ model of international politics. As per the realist school, ‘Politics is a struggle for power over men, and whatever its ultimate aim may be, power is its immediate goal and the modes of acquiring, maintaining and demonstrating it determine the technique of political action. The core theme of realist theory can therefore be summed up in the equation: egoism plus anarchy equals power politics. The theory of power politics is based on two core assumptions: People are essentially selfish and competitive, meaning that egoismis the defining characteristic of human nature. The state system operates in a context of international anarchy, in that there is no authority higher than the sovereign state. The key themes within realism are as follows: State egoism and conflict Statecraft and the national interest International anarchy and its implications Polarity, stability and the balance of power For Nation States (countries) national Interest is the primary interest. The way to achieve national interest is through the accumulation of power. It is the primary factor in the international sphere. The power becomes central under this school"s thoughts. International Politics is an anarchist. There is only chaos in international politics. Anarchy means the absence of rule of law. The absence of rule of law prevails in the international sphere is due to the lack of one sovereign at the international level unlike at the level of the country. Idealism Idealism is an approach to international politics that stresses the importance of moral values and ideals, rather than power and the pursuit of the national interest, as a guide to foreign policy-making. Idealism is essentially a variant of liberal internationalism: it reflects a strong optimism about the prospects for international peace, usually associated with a desire to reform the international system by strengthening international law and embracing cosmopolitan ethics. However, idealism is not co-extensive with liberalism: idealism is broader and more nebulous than liberalism, and modern liberal theorizing has often disconnected from the idealist impulse. It is not pragmatic but idealistic. It means the utopian. That means it is not possible to establish in the real life. It describes how international politics should be conducted rather than how it is conducted. According to the idealistic school, International Relations should be based on moral principles and international cooperation should be the guiding factor rather than considerations of power. Liberalism It emerges post-WWI and primarily in post-WWII. It wanted to provide an alternative description of international politics to end the incessant/continuous power politics in the world which realism subscribes to. It recognizes the national interest of the nation. However, the power struggle creates anarchy. One of the schools of liberalism seeks to establish the International Organization to end the state of anarchy in International politics. These International organizations would try to replicate the sovereignty that is present at the national level. League of Nations was first established but it failed. Later United Nations was established with rectification of the lacunae of the League of Nations. It focuses on the promotion of free trade to promote economic interdependencies such that wars become all the more expansive. Various Suggestions/means for establishing peace at the international level As per the Realist school of thought, the pre-condition to establish peace at the international level is the Balance of Power. Do not let any nation grow at the level of preponderance. Three to five important nation states or global powers should strive to make/establish the equilibrium of power amongst themselves. Any country which tries to become a preponderant (most powerful) power, in that case, the other countries will punish it and once again establish the equilibrium. For example the continental politics in Europe prior to WWI and WWII. Liberalism give emphasis on promotion of free trade, people-to-people ties, International Organization, diplomacy, etc. are the liberal recommendation for international peace. Realism, Idealism, and liberalism are commonly portrayed as antithetical theories of international politics the one emphasizing egoism, power and conflict; the other, morality, peace and cooperation the difference between them has tended to fade over time. One of the characteristic features of neoliberals is an acceptance of certain neorealist assumptions, making them, for instance, happier than ‘traditional’ liberals to explain state behaviour in terms of self-interest and to accept that the international system is essentially anarchical. Similarly, most modern realists are ‘weak’ or ‘hedged’ realists, in that they accept that international politics cannot be explained exclusively in terms of power, self-interest and conflict. The so-called ‘neo–neo debate’ has therefore become the norm of International Politics now.
##Question:Discuss the major schools of thoughts in International Relations and their means to achieve peace at the international level. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the evolution of the major school of thought in International relations. Further, explain each of these three major schools. Bring the means proposed by these schools of thought to bring in the International level. Conclude accordingly. Answer No one sees the world just ‘as it is’. All of us look at the world through a veil of theories, presuppositions and assumptions. In this sense, observation and interpretation are inextricably bound together: when we look at the world we are also engaged in imposing meaning on it. This is why theory is important that gives shape and structure to an otherwise shapeless and confusing reality. The most important theories as far as global politics is concerned have come out of the discipline of International Relations, which has spawned a rich and increasingly diverse range of theoretical traditions. The dominant mainstream perspectives within the field have been realism, idealism and liberalism, each offering a different account of the balance between conflict and cooperation in world affairs. Realism Realism claims to offer an account of world affairs that is ‘realistic’, in the sense that it is hard-headed and devoid of wishful thinking and deluded moralizing. For realists, global politics is, first and last, about power and self-interest. Realism is often portrayed as a ‘power politics’ model of international politics. As per the realist school, ‘Politics is a struggle for power over men, and whatever its ultimate aim may be, power is its immediate goal and the modes of acquiring, maintaining and demonstrating it determine the technique of political action. The core theme of realist theory can therefore be summed up in the equation: egoism plus anarchy equals power politics. The theory of power politics is based on two core assumptions: People are essentially selfish and competitive, meaning that egoismis the defining characteristic of human nature. The state system operates in a context of international anarchy, in that there is no authority higher than the sovereign state. The key themes within realism are as follows: State egoism and conflict Statecraft and the national interest International anarchy and its implications Polarity, stability and the balance of power For Nation States (countries) national Interest is the primary interest. The way to achieve national interest is through the accumulation of power. It is the primary factor in the international sphere. The power becomes central under this school"s thoughts. International Politics is an anarchist. There is only chaos in international politics. Anarchy means the absence of rule of law. The absence of rule of law prevails in the international sphere is due to the lack of one sovereign at the international level unlike at the level of the country. Idealism Idealism is an approach to international politics that stresses the importance of moral values and ideals, rather than power and the pursuit of the national interest, as a guide to foreign policy-making. Idealism is essentially a variant of liberal internationalism: it reflects a strong optimism about the prospects for international peace, usually associated with a desire to reform the international system by strengthening international law and embracing cosmopolitan ethics. However, idealism is not co-extensive with liberalism: idealism is broader and more nebulous than liberalism, and modern liberal theorizing has often disconnected from the idealist impulse. It is not pragmatic but idealistic. It means the utopian. That means it is not possible to establish in the real life. It describes how international politics should be conducted rather than how it is conducted. According to the idealistic school, International Relations should be based on moral principles and international cooperation should be the guiding factor rather than considerations of power. Liberalism It emerges post-WWI and primarily in post-WWII. It wanted to provide an alternative description of international politics to end the incessant/continuous power politics in the world which realism subscribes to. It recognizes the national interest of the nation. However, the power struggle creates anarchy. One of the schools of liberalism seeks to establish the International Organization to end the state of anarchy in International politics. These International organizations would try to replicate the sovereignty that is present at the national level. League of Nations was first established but it failed. Later United Nations was established with rectification of the lacunae of the League of Nations. It focuses on the promotion of free trade to promote economic interdependencies such that wars become all the more expansive. Various Suggestions/means for establishing peace at the international level As per the Realist school of thought, the pre-condition to establish peace at the international level is the Balance of Power. Do not let any nation grow at the level of preponderance. Three to five important nation states or global powers should strive to make/establish the equilibrium of power amongst themselves. Any country which tries to become a preponderant (most powerful) power, in that case, the other countries will punish it and once again establish the equilibrium. For example the continental politics in Europe prior to WWI and WWII. Liberalism give emphasis on promotion of free trade, people-to-people ties, International Organization, diplomacy, etc. are the liberal recommendation for international peace. Realism, Idealism, and liberalism are commonly portrayed as antithetical theories of international politics the one emphasizing egoism, power and conflict; the other, morality, peace and cooperation the difference between them has tended to fade over time. One of the characteristic features of neoliberals is an acceptance of certain neorealist assumptions, making them, for instance, happier than ‘traditional’ liberals to explain state behaviour in terms of self-interest and to accept that the international system is essentially anarchical. Similarly, most modern realists are ‘weak’ or ‘hedged’ realists, in that they accept that international politics cannot be explained exclusively in terms of power, self-interest and conflict. The so-called ‘neo–neo debate’ has therefore become the norm of International Politics now.
81,533
It is often said that the president of India is a mere rubber stamp. how far do you agree with the statement? Justify with the help of constitutional provisions.(150 words/10 marks)
Approach:- In the introduction, start with the constitutional reference of the President Then mention how the position of the president of India is nominal and it is said as a rubber stamp Then show his situational discretionary powers to show that he can apply his mind also Conclude accordingly Answer:- Article 52 of the constitution states that there shall be a president. In the parliamentary democracy adopted by India, the president of India is the nominal head of the state, but in some situational circumstances, he/she applies the mind also. President: as a rubber stamp All the actions of the union executive are carried out in the name of the president of India. and the president exercises these powers on the aid and advice of the Council of ministers In Samsher Singh v.s state of Punjab and in the U.N.R Rao case SC clearly stated that the president is only ceremonial head and he is bound by the aid and advice of CoM. 42nd CAA made the president bound by the advice of the CoM headed by PM Since responsibility is commensurate with powers, it leaves no doubt that the president is the nominal head under the constitution. The 44th CAA of 1978 authorized the president to require the CoM to reconsider such advice. however, he shall act in accordance with the advice tendered after such reconsideration President:- situational discretionary powers Under 74(1) - President can ask the CoM to reconsider the advice. for example - in 1998- K.R.Narayanan was the PoI, and Atal Bihari Vajpayee"s government (then PM) asked to implement the president"s rule in Bihar. he asked the CoM to reconsider such advice Article 111 (Assent of Bill )- President may exercise Veto powers [suspensive veto powers] to ask the parliament for reconsideration of a Bill. For example- in 2006 Dr. A.P.J.Kalam sent back the parliament (prevention of disqualification ) Amendment Bill and asked for the logic for such an Amendment Article 78(b) - the president may ask the Prime minister to inform him about the affairs of the union and important legislative matters. Article 78(c) - The president may ask for the consideration of a decision by the CoM which has been taken by a minister without the consideration of the rest of the council of ministers In the case of a hung parliament, it is the president"s discretion with respect to who shall be invited to form the government. In the case of a minority government, the president may exercise his discretionary power with respect to the early dissolution of the Lok sabha. By observing the above points it is clear that the seat of the President is the seat of wisdom , i.e. as the situation demands, the president of India can apply his/her mind. thus president of India is not a mere rubber stamp. the former presidents such as Dr.A.P.J Kalam and Pranav Mukherjee from time to time have proved this.
##Question:It is often said that the president of India is a mere rubber stamp. how far do you agree with the statement? Justify with the help of constitutional provisions.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, start with the constitutional reference of the President Then mention how the position of the president of India is nominal and it is said as a rubber stamp Then show his situational discretionary powers to show that he can apply his mind also Conclude accordingly Answer:- Article 52 of the constitution states that there shall be a president. In the parliamentary democracy adopted by India, the president of India is the nominal head of the state, but in some situational circumstances, he/she applies the mind also. President: as a rubber stamp All the actions of the union executive are carried out in the name of the president of India. and the president exercises these powers on the aid and advice of the Council of ministers In Samsher Singh v.s state of Punjab and in the U.N.R Rao case SC clearly stated that the president is only ceremonial head and he is bound by the aid and advice of CoM. 42nd CAA made the president bound by the advice of the CoM headed by PM Since responsibility is commensurate with powers, it leaves no doubt that the president is the nominal head under the constitution. The 44th CAA of 1978 authorized the president to require the CoM to reconsider such advice. however, he shall act in accordance with the advice tendered after such reconsideration President:- situational discretionary powers Under 74(1) - President can ask the CoM to reconsider the advice. for example - in 1998- K.R.Narayanan was the PoI, and Atal Bihari Vajpayee"s government (then PM) asked to implement the president"s rule in Bihar. he asked the CoM to reconsider such advice Article 111 (Assent of Bill )- President may exercise Veto powers [suspensive veto powers] to ask the parliament for reconsideration of a Bill. For example- in 2006 Dr. A.P.J.Kalam sent back the parliament (prevention of disqualification ) Amendment Bill and asked for the logic for such an Amendment Article 78(b) - the president may ask the Prime minister to inform him about the affairs of the union and important legislative matters. Article 78(c) - The president may ask for the consideration of a decision by the CoM which has been taken by a minister without the consideration of the rest of the council of ministers In the case of a hung parliament, it is the president"s discretion with respect to who shall be invited to form the government. In the case of a minority government, the president may exercise his discretionary power with respect to the early dissolution of the Lok sabha. By observing the above points it is clear that the seat of the President is the seat of wisdom , i.e. as the situation demands, the president of India can apply his/her mind. thus president of India is not a mere rubber stamp. the former presidents such as Dr.A.P.J Kalam and Pranav Mukherjee from time to time have proved this.
81,538
With growing apprehensions around China"s Belt and Road Initiative, discuss whether G7"s Build Back Better World (B3W) and European Union"s Global Gateway can provide an alternative for global infrastructure development. (10Marks/150Words)
Approach: • Give a brief overview of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). • Discuss the relevance of the Build Back Better World (B3W) and Global Gateway projects for global infrastructure development. • Conclude accordingly. Answer: China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an ambitious infrastructure project that aims to build land and sea routes to link Asia, Africa, and Europe. Many policy analysts believe that the BRI is a state-backedcampaign for global Chinese dominance and presents the following apprehensions: Chinese investments in strategic sectors in developing and struggling economies have led to a severe degree of economic dependence of these countries on China. Due to the unsustainable debt-for-infrastructure deals, the host countries find themselves handing over substantial tracts of territory and natural resources to the Chinese, for example, the Hambantota port in Sri Lanka. Several BRI projects violate the global principle of sovereignty and territorial integrity, for instance, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor in Pakistan Occupied Kashmir. Many analysts believe that China is pursuing a ‘String of Pearls’ geo-economic strategy in the Indian Ocean, through which it may seize control of the regional choke points. The host countries do not find opportunities to create skill and employment through these projects as almost 90% of all BRI contracts are executed by Chinese construction companies using Chinese labor. In this context, the Build Back Better World (B3W) of G7 and the EU"s ‘Global Gateway’ is deemed as alternatives that can fund the global infrastructure gap. BRI vs B3W: The focus of both BRI and B3W differs. BRI is primarily focused on traditional ‘hard infrastructure’ i.e., ports, roads, dams, railways, electric power plants, and telecommunication facilities. In comparison, the B3W focuses on “softer” outcomes, namely improvements in climate, health and health security, modernized digital technology, gender equity, and equality. However, the G-7 and their partners have deep experience with bilateral and multilateral development finance, which could help address the $40+ trillion global infrastructure gaps identified by it. BRI vs Global Gateway: The Global Gateway, similar to the BRI, aims at upgrading transport, digital, and energy networks and making them smarter, greener, and more sustainable. However, its target is broader as it also includes strengthening health, education, and research systems across the world. The Global Gateway aims to mobilize 300 billion euros by 2027 from public and private sources. It is no match to the financial assistance provided through BRI. Besides, it is not fresh money and the majority of the capital consists of existing funds and loans guarantee under different agreements. It is also questionable whether private sectors would participate or not as a long-term investment in developing countries are risky. The Global Gateway started later in comparison to the BRI. By the end of 2021, 145 countries, including 18 EU members such as Greece, Greek Cyprus, Italy, Portugal, and Austria, have already signed on to the BRI, and China has already invested about $2.5 trillion. The Global Gateway’s value-based approach conditions i.e. release of funds and investments on transparency and good governance will provide challenges as many countries in Africa and South-East Asia have undemocratic regimes. Global Gateway’s present focus is its periphery, mainly Africa and eastern Europe, while the BRI encompasses the 6 major economic corridors across the world. However, the Central European and East European nations are still reliant on EU structural funds and cannot take a stand against Western Europe. The two initiatives are timely interventions. However, loans might give the lending countries power and influence over the domestic and foreign policy of the countries accepting the loans. To counter the neo-colonialist policy of any nation, it is essential that the rest of the world provides an integrated alternative approach rather than individual commitments. The developing countries also need to be aware and resist falling trap to the hidden agenda.
##Question:With growing apprehensions around China"s Belt and Road Initiative, discuss whether G7"s Build Back Better World (B3W) and European Union"s Global Gateway can provide an alternative for global infrastructure development. (10Marks/150Words)##Answer:Approach: • Give a brief overview of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). • Discuss the relevance of the Build Back Better World (B3W) and Global Gateway projects for global infrastructure development. • Conclude accordingly. Answer: China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an ambitious infrastructure project that aims to build land and sea routes to link Asia, Africa, and Europe. Many policy analysts believe that the BRI is a state-backedcampaign for global Chinese dominance and presents the following apprehensions: Chinese investments in strategic sectors in developing and struggling economies have led to a severe degree of economic dependence of these countries on China. Due to the unsustainable debt-for-infrastructure deals, the host countries find themselves handing over substantial tracts of territory and natural resources to the Chinese, for example, the Hambantota port in Sri Lanka. Several BRI projects violate the global principle of sovereignty and territorial integrity, for instance, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor in Pakistan Occupied Kashmir. Many analysts believe that China is pursuing a ‘String of Pearls’ geo-economic strategy in the Indian Ocean, through which it may seize control of the regional choke points. The host countries do not find opportunities to create skill and employment through these projects as almost 90% of all BRI contracts are executed by Chinese construction companies using Chinese labor. In this context, the Build Back Better World (B3W) of G7 and the EU"s ‘Global Gateway’ is deemed as alternatives that can fund the global infrastructure gap. BRI vs B3W: The focus of both BRI and B3W differs. BRI is primarily focused on traditional ‘hard infrastructure’ i.e., ports, roads, dams, railways, electric power plants, and telecommunication facilities. In comparison, the B3W focuses on “softer” outcomes, namely improvements in climate, health and health security, modernized digital technology, gender equity, and equality. However, the G-7 and their partners have deep experience with bilateral and multilateral development finance, which could help address the $40+ trillion global infrastructure gaps identified by it. BRI vs Global Gateway: The Global Gateway, similar to the BRI, aims at upgrading transport, digital, and energy networks and making them smarter, greener, and more sustainable. However, its target is broader as it also includes strengthening health, education, and research systems across the world. The Global Gateway aims to mobilize 300 billion euros by 2027 from public and private sources. It is no match to the financial assistance provided through BRI. Besides, it is not fresh money and the majority of the capital consists of existing funds and loans guarantee under different agreements. It is also questionable whether private sectors would participate or not as a long-term investment in developing countries are risky. The Global Gateway started later in comparison to the BRI. By the end of 2021, 145 countries, including 18 EU members such as Greece, Greek Cyprus, Italy, Portugal, and Austria, have already signed on to the BRI, and China has already invested about $2.5 trillion. The Global Gateway’s value-based approach conditions i.e. release of funds and investments on transparency and good governance will provide challenges as many countries in Africa and South-East Asia have undemocratic regimes. Global Gateway’s present focus is its periphery, mainly Africa and eastern Europe, while the BRI encompasses the 6 major economic corridors across the world. However, the Central European and East European nations are still reliant on EU structural funds and cannot take a stand against Western Europe. The two initiatives are timely interventions. However, loans might give the lending countries power and influence over the domestic and foreign policy of the countries accepting the loans. To counter the neo-colonialist policy of any nation, it is essential that the rest of the world provides an integrated alternative approach rather than individual commitments. The developing countries also need to be aware and resist falling trap to the hidden agenda.
81,542
Mention the provisions of the Indian Councils Act of 1861. Also, discuss how it began decentralisation between the centre and provinces. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach to the answer: Introduce the answer with the context of ICA 1861 Mention the provisions of the ICA 1861 Mention the points for decentralization between the Centre and state Conclude appropriately Answer: After the revolt of 1857, the British wanted to co-opt elite Indians in the country"s administration as the 1857 revolt was provided leadership by elite Indians. Therefore, the first attempt at the representative character of governance was given by the Indian Councils Act 1861, as some Indians could be nominated to the legislative branch. Provisions of the Indian Councils Act, 1861 Viceroy"s council was converted into - a) Imperial Legislative Council (ILC) headed by Viceroy, b) Viceroy"s Executive Council (VEC) headed by Viceroy, that is separate legislative and executive bodies and both under the Viceroy. Viceroy could nominate 6 to 12 law members to ILC of which half must be non-officials. Therefore, for the first time, Indians could be included in the law-making. ICA 1861, introduced a grain of popular element. Therefore, the first attempt at the representative character of governance as some Indians could be nominated to the legislative branch. In 1862, three Indians were nominated to the Viceroy"s ILC - Raja of Benaras, Maharaja of Patiala, and Sir Dinkar Rao (all elites). Until 1892, Zamindars, money lenders from the British Indian Association, and British businessmen were nominated. Overall only 45 Indians were nominated in 30 years (1861-92). Powers conferred by the Indian Councils Act, 1861 No discussion by ILC without prior approval of Viceroy. No discussion allowed on the actions of the administration. Prior approval of the Viceroy is needed for the introduction of bills. Viceroy had veto powers over bills. Decentralization between the Centre and Provinces Indian Councils Act 1861 began decentralization between the centre and provinces - Legislative powers of Bombay and Madras were restored, therefore, began decentralization from Viceroys to Governors. New legislative councils proposed in Bengal, NWFP, and Punjab. Power to Viceroy to frame rules and orders for the conduct of business in all councils that is Imperial Legislative Councils and Provincial Legislative Councils. Although the Indian Councils Act 1861 aimed at Indian representation yet these claims were hollow as the role of the additional Indian members was advisory only and they were not eligible to oppose any bill. There was no control over the executive or no supremacy of Parliament.
##Question:Mention the provisions of the Indian Councils Act of 1861. Also, discuss how it began decentralisation between the centre and provinces. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach to the answer: Introduce the answer with the context of ICA 1861 Mention the provisions of the ICA 1861 Mention the points for decentralization between the Centre and state Conclude appropriately Answer: After the revolt of 1857, the British wanted to co-opt elite Indians in the country"s administration as the 1857 revolt was provided leadership by elite Indians. Therefore, the first attempt at the representative character of governance was given by the Indian Councils Act 1861, as some Indians could be nominated to the legislative branch. Provisions of the Indian Councils Act, 1861 Viceroy"s council was converted into - a) Imperial Legislative Council (ILC) headed by Viceroy, b) Viceroy"s Executive Council (VEC) headed by Viceroy, that is separate legislative and executive bodies and both under the Viceroy. Viceroy could nominate 6 to 12 law members to ILC of which half must be non-officials. Therefore, for the first time, Indians could be included in the law-making. ICA 1861, introduced a grain of popular element. Therefore, the first attempt at the representative character of governance as some Indians could be nominated to the legislative branch. In 1862, three Indians were nominated to the Viceroy"s ILC - Raja of Benaras, Maharaja of Patiala, and Sir Dinkar Rao (all elites). Until 1892, Zamindars, money lenders from the British Indian Association, and British businessmen were nominated. Overall only 45 Indians were nominated in 30 years (1861-92). Powers conferred by the Indian Councils Act, 1861 No discussion by ILC without prior approval of Viceroy. No discussion allowed on the actions of the administration. Prior approval of the Viceroy is needed for the introduction of bills. Viceroy had veto powers over bills. Decentralization between the Centre and Provinces Indian Councils Act 1861 began decentralization between the centre and provinces - Legislative powers of Bombay and Madras were restored, therefore, began decentralization from Viceroys to Governors. New legislative councils proposed in Bengal, NWFP, and Punjab. Power to Viceroy to frame rules and orders for the conduct of business in all councils that is Imperial Legislative Councils and Provincial Legislative Councils. Although the Indian Councils Act 1861 aimed at Indian representation yet these claims were hollow as the role of the additional Indian members was advisory only and they were not eligible to oppose any bill. There was no control over the executive or no supremacy of Parliament.
81,550
What are the objectives and Principles of India’s Foreign Policy? Discuss the major determinants of India’s Foreign Policy. (250 Words/15 Marks)
Approach Introduce with the explanation of the objectives and Principles of India’s Foreign Policy Further, elaborate on each determinant of India’s Foreign Policy. Conclude with the recent approach adopted by the government. Answer Without knowing the objectives and principles it may not be easy to appreciate and evaluate the course of the Indian Foreign Policy. India’s leaders have specified right from the time of Independence those objectives and Principles. The objectives and Principles of India’s Foreign Policy India’s foreign policy mainly aims to safeguard and further national interests in terms of protecting the country’s political independence and promoting its external security . With the help of a successful foreign policy, India would like to prevent or resist threats of military attacks from foreign quarters. India’s need for national security is placed in the wider and wiser backdrop of the need to jointly work for the security of the whole world. India’s foreign policy seeks to promote world peace and work to avoidance of dangerous wars like the two World Wars. India wants to promote harmony and cooperation between the countries that have ideological, political, and other differences. India’s foreign policy is committed to strive for bringing an end to colonialism everywhere . India’s foreign policy has another important goal, viz. to promote the economic development of underprivileged nations and their peoples . India has tried to stand by the principle of avoiding use of force in settling differences with other countries. Indeed it preferred peaceful methods like dialogue, negotiation and diplomacy for narrowing differences and easing tensions among countries. India has always actively supported the development of international law to regulate various problematic aspects of world affairs . India has firmly believed in strengthening the United Nations and other global and regional organizations as useful tools for international harmony and cooperation. India believes in working for the reduction and final elimination of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction . India’s foreign policy principles as enshrined in Panchsheel (1954) emphasize the imperatives of non-aggression, non-interference, and peaceful co-existence among countries. Foreign Policy and Its determinants It is a strategy or planned course of action of a state aimed at achieving national interest in international politics. The foreign policy of a country is shaped by a number of factors which are referred to as determinants of the foreign policy. Determinants: Geography, Economics, History, Domestic Milieu, Military Power, Culture, World Order, Political leadership, etc. Geographical factors as a determinant of Foreign Policy Napoleon described geography as the prime factor of foreign policy. India"s strategic location at the center of the Asian Arc extending from Aden to Tokyo makes it a gateway to South East Asia, and Central, and West Asia. India is a net security provider in the Indian Ocean and articulated a vision in the form of Security and Growth for All (SAGRA). Alfred Mahan : Naval Supremacy will rule the world. It was because of India’s central location that both the USA and USSR initially competed to bring India within their sphere of influence during the cold war. In fact, while Inda was ideologically closer to the liberal world, was in geographical proximity to the communist world (USSR and China). It was one of the factors which led India to choose the path of non-alignment. In fact, even presently India’s position or the foreign policy choices in the current tussle between the US and Russia is determined by Geography. While the USA is important for the maritime balancing of China, Russia is essential for its continental balancing. Thus despite threats of sanctions from the US, India concluded the S400 triumf Missle deal with Russia and has recently sought oil import from it despite global sanctions on it in wake of the Ukrainian invasion by Russia. India"s location at the head of the Indian Ocean along with other determinants makes India a net security provider in the Indian Ocean region. Unlike USA and UK, India has a large man-made disputed frontier with Pakistan and China consequently it needs to focus on both naval diplomacy and a continental policy. India"s Look East and Look West policies are determined by Geography and expressed in Geographical terms. India"s geographical size and large population make it an important contender for United Nations Security Council (UNSC) permanent membership. Apart from the other factors India’s strategic partnership with Australia is determined by the presence of critical elements in Australia. The Critical minerals/elements/metals are prerequisites in the production of mobiles, televisions, computers, satellites, solar panel modules, batteries for electric vehicles, etc. while being rarely available. Therefore cooperation vis-a-vis its uninterrupted supply is emerging as an important factor impacting India’s foreign policy. India needs to develop strong naval power along with a land-based military apart from strong diplomatic relations with both RIM and the land frontier countries. Distance has been identified as the prime inhibiting factor in the development of India- Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries. Cultural factors as determinants of Foreign Policy There are very few civilization states in the world and India is one of them. Therefore India World view cannot be separated from its culture and traditions. In fact, India"s first PM Jawaharlal Nehru, the key architect of India"s foreign policy commented that he is not developing any new foreign policy for the country rather he is merely "Re-discovering it from the past". India"s commitment to international peace is evident under Article 51 of the Indian Constitution. It is borne out of Indian Civilizational Values of nonviolence, Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, Sarve Bhavantu Sukhinah, etc. While other countries seek hard power (military or economic power) to gain influence in the international sphere, India has sought to leverage its culture be it with Sri Lanka, and South Asia to developed mutually beneficial partnerships. India’s culture is the source of its soft power. Indian system of medicine, Indian philosophy, and mythology augment India’s soft power. Despite the emphasis on India’s passive tradition, it does not lack a realist tradition as it is represented in the form of Kautilys’s Mandal Theory. The Mandal theory is one of the earliest examples of Geopolitical theories. One can see a good influence of the realist tradition on the foreign policies of the BJP while the congress party has laid more emphasis on the passive Buddhist tradition. Civilizational states like India are not satisfied with the mere pursuit of foreign policy to secure their national interest. They seek to shape the world order according to their cultural value system. For instance, India carved out Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in a world divided into two military camps. Through building Ramayan circuits and Buddhist circuits, the Government of India has sought to pursue close relations with Nepal, Sri Lanka, etc. History as a determinant of Foreign Policy India’s history of colonialism makes it an ardent (strong) supporter of anti-colonial movements in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. India’s support of the Anti-Apartheid movement in South Africa is borne out of its colonial legacy of the racial discrimination faced by Indians in India and elsewhere. India-Pakistan relations continued to be impacted by their history of partition. The distrust, shown during the Partition of the country continues to adversely affect India-Pakistan relations The partition of India and the creation of Pakistan on religious grounds made it difficult for India to accept the creation of a new state, Israel on similar grounds. Military Power as a determinant of Foreign Policy India could secure its national interest and emerge as an important global power only after conducting the Nuclear weapon test in 1998 (Operation Shakti) and becoming a de-facto Nuclear weapon state. It develops good relations with the USA and in fact, emerge as a major power in the world. Defence has emerged as the primary pillar of India-US relations. Also with the former USSR and then with resurgent Russia under Putin military cooperation has been the primary area of collaboration between the two countries. Economic Power as a determinant of Foreign Policy Foreign policies are formulated to achieve the economic goals of a country. Post-LPG reforms the Government of India under PM PV Narsimha Rao revamped its policy. The foreign policy was then redefined in the form of three concentric circles each indicating spheres of relative importance identified by India. India to promote external trade launched the look east policy and also brought in changes its West Asia policy by normalizing relations with Israel. Economic liberalization has raised the influence of businessmen and industrialists in a country"s foreign affairs as evident in business delegations accompanying ministers on their foreign visits. The foreign policy aims to promote trade bring in the needed civilian and defence technologies, promote inward and outward investments, and ensure energy security. It was after the adoption of the new economic policy and consequent LPG reforms that the then Government of India launched the Look East Policy to develop good relations with the vibrant economies of South East Asia, the Asian Tigers. In fact, foreign policies are intrinsically linked to the economic goals of a country, since they aim to secure the national interest of the country. India"s pursuit of close relations with Saudi Arabia and UAE apart from energy security is dedicated to India seeking investments in infrastructure Similarly, these two countries, are presently seen prioritizing their relations with India over Pakistan (a traditional ally) as they seek the large market that India has to offer. World Order as a determinant of Foreign Policy When the world was bipolar India carved out its place by forming NAM as the 3rd Pole. Since, as a newly independent country, India did not want to be part of either military pact. With the disintegration of the USSR, India sought to improve relations with the then single superpower the US. In the present times when the world order is in the state of flux with multi-polarity seriously upon us, India is following the policy of issue based partnerships with multiple countries to ensure its strategic autonomy. With the disintegration of the USSR and the emergence of the unipolar World Order, India took steps to befriend the USA. India seems to have done pretty well in formulating and implementing a foreign policy behind which the nation stood united and which projected the country as a peace-loving, mature, democratic, and law-abiding country in the realm of world affairs. In the present era of multipolarity, India seeks to pursue strategic autonomy through multiple alignments. India has entered into strategic partnerships with more than 30 countries and is part of QUAD, Japan America, and India (JAI) Trilateral and at the same time is also part of the Russia India and China (RIC) Trilateral, an active member of BRICS and SCO.
##Question:What are the objectives and Principles of India’s Foreign Policy? Discuss the major determinants of India’s Foreign Policy. (250 Words/15 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the explanation of the objectives and Principles of India’s Foreign Policy Further, elaborate on each determinant of India’s Foreign Policy. Conclude with the recent approach adopted by the government. Answer Without knowing the objectives and principles it may not be easy to appreciate and evaluate the course of the Indian Foreign Policy. India’s leaders have specified right from the time of Independence those objectives and Principles. The objectives and Principles of India’s Foreign Policy India’s foreign policy mainly aims to safeguard and further national interests in terms of protecting the country’s political independence and promoting its external security . With the help of a successful foreign policy, India would like to prevent or resist threats of military attacks from foreign quarters. India’s need for national security is placed in the wider and wiser backdrop of the need to jointly work for the security of the whole world. India’s foreign policy seeks to promote world peace and work to avoidance of dangerous wars like the two World Wars. India wants to promote harmony and cooperation between the countries that have ideological, political, and other differences. India’s foreign policy is committed to strive for bringing an end to colonialism everywhere . India’s foreign policy has another important goal, viz. to promote the economic development of underprivileged nations and their peoples . India has tried to stand by the principle of avoiding use of force in settling differences with other countries. Indeed it preferred peaceful methods like dialogue, negotiation and diplomacy for narrowing differences and easing tensions among countries. India has always actively supported the development of international law to regulate various problematic aspects of world affairs . India has firmly believed in strengthening the United Nations and other global and regional organizations as useful tools for international harmony and cooperation. India believes in working for the reduction and final elimination of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction . India’s foreign policy principles as enshrined in Panchsheel (1954) emphasize the imperatives of non-aggression, non-interference, and peaceful co-existence among countries. Foreign Policy and Its determinants It is a strategy or planned course of action of a state aimed at achieving national interest in international politics. The foreign policy of a country is shaped by a number of factors which are referred to as determinants of the foreign policy. Determinants: Geography, Economics, History, Domestic Milieu, Military Power, Culture, World Order, Political leadership, etc. Geographical factors as a determinant of Foreign Policy Napoleon described geography as the prime factor of foreign policy. India"s strategic location at the center of the Asian Arc extending from Aden to Tokyo makes it a gateway to South East Asia, and Central, and West Asia. India is a net security provider in the Indian Ocean and articulated a vision in the form of Security and Growth for All (SAGRA). Alfred Mahan : Naval Supremacy will rule the world. It was because of India’s central location that both the USA and USSR initially competed to bring India within their sphere of influence during the cold war. In fact, while Inda was ideologically closer to the liberal world, was in geographical proximity to the communist world (USSR and China). It was one of the factors which led India to choose the path of non-alignment. In fact, even presently India’s position or the foreign policy choices in the current tussle between the US and Russia is determined by Geography. While the USA is important for the maritime balancing of China, Russia is essential for its continental balancing. Thus despite threats of sanctions from the US, India concluded the S400 triumf Missle deal with Russia and has recently sought oil import from it despite global sanctions on it in wake of the Ukrainian invasion by Russia. India"s location at the head of the Indian Ocean along with other determinants makes India a net security provider in the Indian Ocean region. Unlike USA and UK, India has a large man-made disputed frontier with Pakistan and China consequently it needs to focus on both naval diplomacy and a continental policy. India"s Look East and Look West policies are determined by Geography and expressed in Geographical terms. India"s geographical size and large population make it an important contender for United Nations Security Council (UNSC) permanent membership. Apart from the other factors India’s strategic partnership with Australia is determined by the presence of critical elements in Australia. The Critical minerals/elements/metals are prerequisites in the production of mobiles, televisions, computers, satellites, solar panel modules, batteries for electric vehicles, etc. while being rarely available. Therefore cooperation vis-a-vis its uninterrupted supply is emerging as an important factor impacting India’s foreign policy. India needs to develop strong naval power along with a land-based military apart from strong diplomatic relations with both RIM and the land frontier countries. Distance has been identified as the prime inhibiting factor in the development of India- Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries. Cultural factors as determinants of Foreign Policy There are very few civilization states in the world and India is one of them. Therefore India World view cannot be separated from its culture and traditions. In fact, India"s first PM Jawaharlal Nehru, the key architect of India"s foreign policy commented that he is not developing any new foreign policy for the country rather he is merely "Re-discovering it from the past". India"s commitment to international peace is evident under Article 51 of the Indian Constitution. It is borne out of Indian Civilizational Values of nonviolence, Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, Sarve Bhavantu Sukhinah, etc. While other countries seek hard power (military or economic power) to gain influence in the international sphere, India has sought to leverage its culture be it with Sri Lanka, and South Asia to developed mutually beneficial partnerships. India’s culture is the source of its soft power. Indian system of medicine, Indian philosophy, and mythology augment India’s soft power. Despite the emphasis on India’s passive tradition, it does not lack a realist tradition as it is represented in the form of Kautilys’s Mandal Theory. The Mandal theory is one of the earliest examples of Geopolitical theories. One can see a good influence of the realist tradition on the foreign policies of the BJP while the congress party has laid more emphasis on the passive Buddhist tradition. Civilizational states like India are not satisfied with the mere pursuit of foreign policy to secure their national interest. They seek to shape the world order according to their cultural value system. For instance, India carved out Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in a world divided into two military camps. Through building Ramayan circuits and Buddhist circuits, the Government of India has sought to pursue close relations with Nepal, Sri Lanka, etc. History as a determinant of Foreign Policy India’s history of colonialism makes it an ardent (strong) supporter of anti-colonial movements in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. India’s support of the Anti-Apartheid movement in South Africa is borne out of its colonial legacy of the racial discrimination faced by Indians in India and elsewhere. India-Pakistan relations continued to be impacted by their history of partition. The distrust, shown during the Partition of the country continues to adversely affect India-Pakistan relations The partition of India and the creation of Pakistan on religious grounds made it difficult for India to accept the creation of a new state, Israel on similar grounds. Military Power as a determinant of Foreign Policy India could secure its national interest and emerge as an important global power only after conducting the Nuclear weapon test in 1998 (Operation Shakti) and becoming a de-facto Nuclear weapon state. It develops good relations with the USA and in fact, emerge as a major power in the world. Defence has emerged as the primary pillar of India-US relations. Also with the former USSR and then with resurgent Russia under Putin military cooperation has been the primary area of collaboration between the two countries. Economic Power as a determinant of Foreign Policy Foreign policies are formulated to achieve the economic goals of a country. Post-LPG reforms the Government of India under PM PV Narsimha Rao revamped its policy. The foreign policy was then redefined in the form of three concentric circles each indicating spheres of relative importance identified by India. India to promote external trade launched the look east policy and also brought in changes its West Asia policy by normalizing relations with Israel. Economic liberalization has raised the influence of businessmen and industrialists in a country"s foreign affairs as evident in business delegations accompanying ministers on their foreign visits. The foreign policy aims to promote trade bring in the needed civilian and defence technologies, promote inward and outward investments, and ensure energy security. It was after the adoption of the new economic policy and consequent LPG reforms that the then Government of India launched the Look East Policy to develop good relations with the vibrant economies of South East Asia, the Asian Tigers. In fact, foreign policies are intrinsically linked to the economic goals of a country, since they aim to secure the national interest of the country. India"s pursuit of close relations with Saudi Arabia and UAE apart from energy security is dedicated to India seeking investments in infrastructure Similarly, these two countries, are presently seen prioritizing their relations with India over Pakistan (a traditional ally) as they seek the large market that India has to offer. World Order as a determinant of Foreign Policy When the world was bipolar India carved out its place by forming NAM as the 3rd Pole. Since, as a newly independent country, India did not want to be part of either military pact. With the disintegration of the USSR, India sought to improve relations with the then single superpower the US. In the present times when the world order is in the state of flux with multi-polarity seriously upon us, India is following the policy of issue based partnerships with multiple countries to ensure its strategic autonomy. With the disintegration of the USSR and the emergence of the unipolar World Order, India took steps to befriend the USA. India seems to have done pretty well in formulating and implementing a foreign policy behind which the nation stood united and which projected the country as a peace-loving, mature, democratic, and law-abiding country in the realm of world affairs. In the present era of multipolarity, India seeks to pursue strategic autonomy through multiple alignments. India has entered into strategic partnerships with more than 30 countries and is part of QUAD, Japan America, and India (JAI) Trilateral and at the same time is also part of the Russia India and China (RIC) Trilateral, an active member of BRICS and SCO.
81,553
Explain the meaning of investment in an economy in terms of capital formation. Discuss the components of the investment by giving examples. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach:- In the introduction, start with the definition of investment In the body part elaborate on the investment in an economy in terms if capital formation Then mention the components Conclude accordingly Answer:- Investment refers to the expenditure incurred by firms in a year to purchase capital goods. Investment and capital formation Capital formation refers to the acquisition of new or existing fixed assets that are intended for use in the production of other goods and services for a period of over one year. Investment done in machinery will lead to the virtuous cycle i.e investment will increase the production of goods and services High goods and services produced will lead to the high employment High employment translates into high income and savings, which further leads to high investment and capital formation To measure the level of capital formation the GFCF [gross fixed capital formation] data is checked. GFCF takes account of expenditure on plant, machinery, equipment, buildings, and infrastructure If the GFCF is more, it means the producers are investing in machines and new setups, and the "Market sentiments/Animal spirits" are high If the GFCF is less, it means the producers are not investing in machines, which leads to stagnation of the economy. Components of investment GFCF- gross fixed capital formation- expenditure on plant, machinery, buildings, etc. it is the largest component of the investment Change in inventories- Changes in inventory can be both planned and unplanned. Since inventory is not being used as an ingredient, or being sold as final consumer good, therefore, it is treated as a capital good and is part of the investment Residential investments- Residential investments are investments by households in NEW residential units.[residential complexes, flats, etc] Thus, GFCF is an important tool that decides capital formation and also it is an important indicator that highlights the Animal spirits (market sentiments) for the business operations
##Question:Explain the meaning of investment in an economy in terms of capital formation. Discuss the components of the investment by giving examples. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, start with the definition of investment In the body part elaborate on the investment in an economy in terms if capital formation Then mention the components Conclude accordingly Answer:- Investment refers to the expenditure incurred by firms in a year to purchase capital goods. Investment and capital formation Capital formation refers to the acquisition of new or existing fixed assets that are intended for use in the production of other goods and services for a period of over one year. Investment done in machinery will lead to the virtuous cycle i.e investment will increase the production of goods and services High goods and services produced will lead to the high employment High employment translates into high income and savings, which further leads to high investment and capital formation To measure the level of capital formation the GFCF [gross fixed capital formation] data is checked. GFCF takes account of expenditure on plant, machinery, equipment, buildings, and infrastructure If the GFCF is more, it means the producers are investing in machines and new setups, and the "Market sentiments/Animal spirits" are high If the GFCF is less, it means the producers are not investing in machines, which leads to stagnation of the economy. Components of investment GFCF- gross fixed capital formation- expenditure on plant, machinery, buildings, etc. it is the largest component of the investment Change in inventories- Changes in inventory can be both planned and unplanned. Since inventory is not being used as an ingredient, or being sold as final consumer good, therefore, it is treated as a capital good and is part of the investment Residential investments- Residential investments are investments by households in NEW residential units.[residential complexes, flats, etc] Thus, GFCF is an important tool that decides capital formation and also it is an important indicator that highlights the Animal spirits (market sentiments) for the business operations
81,566
What do you mean by Optical Fibre Communication? Discuss its components and assess the utilizing the Optical Fiber Cables in various Applications. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)
Approach: Introduction: Define optical fiber communication in the introduction. Body: Highlight various components of Optical Fibre communication. Write various advantages and disadvantages of utilizing the Optical Fiber Cables in various Applications Conclusion: Conclude your answer based on the above points. Model Answer: Transmitting information through the pulses of light across an optical fiber over long distances is called optical fiber communication. The electromagnetic carrier wave is modulated over the light signals that carry the information. Components of Optical Fibre communication 1) Transmitter - This generates streams of modulated signals. The pulse of light indicated "1" and the absence of light indicates zero "0". 2) Glass fiber These are very thin fibers of Glass and such other suitable materials that carry the modulated stream of light to the destination These cables consist of a core, cladding, and buffer. Cladding is of lesser refractive index, thus facilitating the process of the phenomenon of Total Internal Reflection (TIR) along the core. 3) Amplifier This helps in overcoming the effects of attenuation or distortion by amplifying the signals. 4) Receiver This is engaged in converting the pulse of light into equivalent, electric pulses. Advantages and Disadvantages of utilizing the Optical Fiber Cables in various Applications Advantages i) reduces the loss of signals ii) reduces the chances of noise and distortions iii) Very less weight than coaxial cables -- thereby more compact. iv) They support a wider bandwidth in terms of communication. v) They are resistant to corrosion as there is no metal used. vi) They are efficient for long-distance communication as well as underwater communication. vii) They are free from sparks and fires and this can be a better source to use in explosive and inflammable environments. Disadvantages i) It is more expensive due to the technology involved. ii) These optical cables seek greater care thus maintenance cost is elevated. Thus, Fiber optics is one of the technologies used to transmit the information as pulses of light through strands of fiber made of glass or plastic over long distances.
##Question:What do you mean by Optical Fibre Communication? Discuss its components and assess the utilizing the Optical Fiber Cables in various Applications. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Define optical fiber communication in the introduction. Body: Highlight various components of Optical Fibre communication. Write various advantages and disadvantages of utilizing the Optical Fiber Cables in various Applications Conclusion: Conclude your answer based on the above points. Model Answer: Transmitting information through the pulses of light across an optical fiber over long distances is called optical fiber communication. The electromagnetic carrier wave is modulated over the light signals that carry the information. Components of Optical Fibre communication 1) Transmitter - This generates streams of modulated signals. The pulse of light indicated "1" and the absence of light indicates zero "0". 2) Glass fiber These are very thin fibers of Glass and such other suitable materials that carry the modulated stream of light to the destination These cables consist of a core, cladding, and buffer. Cladding is of lesser refractive index, thus facilitating the process of the phenomenon of Total Internal Reflection (TIR) along the core. 3) Amplifier This helps in overcoming the effects of attenuation or distortion by amplifying the signals. 4) Receiver This is engaged in converting the pulse of light into equivalent, electric pulses. Advantages and Disadvantages of utilizing the Optical Fiber Cables in various Applications Advantages i) reduces the loss of signals ii) reduces the chances of noise and distortions iii) Very less weight than coaxial cables -- thereby more compact. iv) They support a wider bandwidth in terms of communication. v) They are resistant to corrosion as there is no metal used. vi) They are efficient for long-distance communication as well as underwater communication. vii) They are free from sparks and fires and this can be a better source to use in explosive and inflammable environments. Disadvantages i) It is more expensive due to the technology involved. ii) These optical cables seek greater care thus maintenance cost is elevated. Thus, Fiber optics is one of the technologies used to transmit the information as pulses of light through strands of fiber made of glass or plastic over long distances.
81,571
What do you understand by Jet stream? Describe its characteristics and types. (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach: Define jet streams in the introduction Briefly explain the characteristics of the Jet Streams Highlight various types of Jet streams Describe the importance and role played by Jet streams in atmospheric circulations and community in general to conclude the answer Answer: As per WMO, the Jet stream is a strong narrow current concentrated along a quasi-horizontal axis in the upper troposphere and in the lower stratosphere. It is characterized by strong vertical and lateral wind share and features one or more velocity maxima. They are originated due to the difference in temperature and pressure gradient between two regions of the atmosphere such as polar and tropical. The larger the temperature differences, the stronger is the wind. Characteristics: 1. 1000s of km in length and 100s km in width 2. They normally blow from west to east. 3. The winds are faster during winters 4. They follow the zig-zag path in the form of Rossby waves. Types of Jet-Streams (JS): 1. Polar JS: These are found between polar cell and Ferrel cell with the direction from West to East. These are irregular and discontinuous in nature. 2. Sub-tropical Westerly JS: It is associated with temperature graduation at the poleward limit of the Hadley cell. It is strong in nature. 3. Tropical- Easterly JS: They are opposite in direction to the polar jet stream i.e from East to west. They occur only during summer. It forms over India and Africa in summer and is due to intense heating of the Tibetan plateau and northern plains. 4. Polar night jet stream: It is observed above the troposphere over the polar region during the winters. The direction of these jet streams is from the West to the East. These are also known as the stratospheric jet stream 5. Local jet stream: It occurs due to local thermal and dynamic conditions e.g Somalia Jet stream along the eastern coast of Africa. Jet Streams aid the transportation of pollutants including ozone-depleting substances into the upper troposphere from the urban centers. Moreover, they affect local weather conditions such as the monsoon in South Asia. Jet Streams are very much significant for Aircrafts, which utilize them in navigation.
##Question:What do you understand by Jet stream? Describe its characteristics and types. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Define jet streams in the introduction Briefly explain the characteristics of the Jet Streams Highlight various types of Jet streams Describe the importance and role played by Jet streams in atmospheric circulations and community in general to conclude the answer Answer: As per WMO, the Jet stream is a strong narrow current concentrated along a quasi-horizontal axis in the upper troposphere and in the lower stratosphere. It is characterized by strong vertical and lateral wind share and features one or more velocity maxima. They are originated due to the difference in temperature and pressure gradient between two regions of the atmosphere such as polar and tropical. The larger the temperature differences, the stronger is the wind. Characteristics: 1. 1000s of km in length and 100s km in width 2. They normally blow from west to east. 3. The winds are faster during winters 4. They follow the zig-zag path in the form of Rossby waves. Types of Jet-Streams (JS): 1. Polar JS: These are found between polar cell and Ferrel cell with the direction from West to East. These are irregular and discontinuous in nature. 2. Sub-tropical Westerly JS: It is associated with temperature graduation at the poleward limit of the Hadley cell. It is strong in nature. 3. Tropical- Easterly JS: They are opposite in direction to the polar jet stream i.e from East to west. They occur only during summer. It forms over India and Africa in summer and is due to intense heating of the Tibetan plateau and northern plains. 4. Polar night jet stream: It is observed above the troposphere over the polar region during the winters. The direction of these jet streams is from the West to the East. These are also known as the stratospheric jet stream 5. Local jet stream: It occurs due to local thermal and dynamic conditions e.g Somalia Jet stream along the eastern coast of Africa. Jet Streams aid the transportation of pollutants including ozone-depleting substances into the upper troposphere from the urban centers. Moreover, they affect local weather conditions such as the monsoon in South Asia. Jet Streams are very much significant for Aircrafts, which utilize them in navigation.
81,575
Swami Vivekananda once said that the western world must practice our spirituality and tradition and in return, they must teach us western science and methods to improve the standard of life. Elaborate the meaning of the statement (10 marks/150 words)
APPROACH: Introduction- Briefly mention Swami Vivekananda and his contributions to Socio-religious reform movements. Body- Discuss with examples the meanings associated with giving our ancient spirituality and culture and get in return western science, technology, and methods of raising the standard of life. Conclusion- Conclude your answer based on the above points. ANSWER: Swami Vivekananda attempted to combine Indian spirituality with Western material progress, maintaining that the two supplemented and complemented one another. He was educated at a Western-style university where he was exposed to Western philosophy, Christianity, and science. He joined the Brahmo Samaj (Society of Brahma), dedicated to eliminating child marriage and illiteracy and determined to spread education among women and the lower castes. He later became the most-notable disciple of Ramakrishna, who demonstrated the essential unity of all religions. Through the statement "We should give our ancient spirituality and culture and get in return western science, technology, methods of raising the standard of life", Swami Vivekananda meant that the person should adopt and practice the best of both worlds that is practicing our ancient wisdom of spirituality and raising our standard of life by also adopting scientific values and modern technology. We should give our ancient spirituality and culture: White man"s burden: To reduce the egoistic, apathetic, and cruel attitude of Britishers, it is necessary that they adopt the spiritual values of compassion, empathy, and the Vedantic philosophy o f "service to man is service to god" . For example, during the widespread famine, there was the pompous celebration of the Queen"s arrival in 1877. The richness of wisdom in spiritual philosophy and ancient culture : with the values of " Vasudaiv Kutumbkam " where the world is considered the one family. These values West needs to adopt to reduce the "they versus I" differences . For example, High tariffs on Indian imports in London. The blind race towards materialistic comforts: which may give comfortable life but do not reduce the pain and suffering. For example, Even after colonizing the most of regions of two continents that is Africa, Asia by Britain, there arose instances of world wars, unemployment, etc Get in return western science, technology, and methods of raising the standard of life: India was suffering from poverty and recurring famines : Apart from British apathy, the major reason was a lack of access to scientific techniques to reduce the impact of disasters such as droughts. Besides the drain of India"s wealth has led to pathetic conditions of poverty. For example, 50% of zamindars were changed due to the Permanent settlement policies of Britishers. Western Education : was seen as the tool of emancipation from the Educational backwardness of India at that time. The rapid progress of science and technology- in the Western world led to rising in their standard of living. If the same we get in return, India may become the "sink of gold" again. For example, when railways were constructed in our country, we have seen positive changes starting from the freedom struggle to that the movement of ideas across the country. Social justice- Ideas of rationality, liberty, rule of law helpful for addressing gender injustice, caste discrimination, etc Swami Vivekananda was not against or for any nation, but through his thoughts, he had always wanted to bring balance to the lives of the people which includes balancing spirituality and ancient culture and not rejecting the positive attributes of the modern Western ideas
##Question:Swami Vivekananda once said that the western world must practice our spirituality and tradition and in return, they must teach us western science and methods to improve the standard of life. Elaborate the meaning of the statement (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduction- Briefly mention Swami Vivekananda and his contributions to Socio-religious reform movements. Body- Discuss with examples the meanings associated with giving our ancient spirituality and culture and get in return western science, technology, and methods of raising the standard of life. Conclusion- Conclude your answer based on the above points. ANSWER: Swami Vivekananda attempted to combine Indian spirituality with Western material progress, maintaining that the two supplemented and complemented one another. He was educated at a Western-style university where he was exposed to Western philosophy, Christianity, and science. He joined the Brahmo Samaj (Society of Brahma), dedicated to eliminating child marriage and illiteracy and determined to spread education among women and the lower castes. He later became the most-notable disciple of Ramakrishna, who demonstrated the essential unity of all religions. Through the statement "We should give our ancient spirituality and culture and get in return western science, technology, methods of raising the standard of life", Swami Vivekananda meant that the person should adopt and practice the best of both worlds that is practicing our ancient wisdom of spirituality and raising our standard of life by also adopting scientific values and modern technology. We should give our ancient spirituality and culture: White man"s burden: To reduce the egoistic, apathetic, and cruel attitude of Britishers, it is necessary that they adopt the spiritual values of compassion, empathy, and the Vedantic philosophy o f "service to man is service to god" . For example, during the widespread famine, there was the pompous celebration of the Queen"s arrival in 1877. The richness of wisdom in spiritual philosophy and ancient culture : with the values of " Vasudaiv Kutumbkam " where the world is considered the one family. These values West needs to adopt to reduce the "they versus I" differences . For example, High tariffs on Indian imports in London. The blind race towards materialistic comforts: which may give comfortable life but do not reduce the pain and suffering. For example, Even after colonizing the most of regions of two continents that is Africa, Asia by Britain, there arose instances of world wars, unemployment, etc Get in return western science, technology, and methods of raising the standard of life: India was suffering from poverty and recurring famines : Apart from British apathy, the major reason was a lack of access to scientific techniques to reduce the impact of disasters such as droughts. Besides the drain of India"s wealth has led to pathetic conditions of poverty. For example, 50% of zamindars were changed due to the Permanent settlement policies of Britishers. Western Education : was seen as the tool of emancipation from the Educational backwardness of India at that time. The rapid progress of science and technology- in the Western world led to rising in their standard of living. If the same we get in return, India may become the "sink of gold" again. For example, when railways were constructed in our country, we have seen positive changes starting from the freedom struggle to that the movement of ideas across the country. Social justice- Ideas of rationality, liberty, rule of law helpful for addressing gender injustice, caste discrimination, etc Swami Vivekananda was not against or for any nation, but through his thoughts, he had always wanted to bring balance to the lives of the people which includes balancing spirituality and ancient culture and not rejecting the positive attributes of the modern Western ideas
81,578
1971 to 1991 was a Period of unquestioned supremacy on India in the Indian Sub-continent or a period of Greater Indian regional Assertion. Evaluate. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce with the contextual background of this phase with the previous three consecutive wars. Then bring the major foreign policy steps in the phase of 1971 to 1991. Discuss how it helps in achieving India as a regional power. Then conclude with the Indian Misadventure in Sri Lanka and the end of this phase. Answer The phase of 19971 to 1991 of Indian foreign policy started with the decisive dismemberment of Pakistan and the creation of Bangladesh For India, it was a strategic victory as the US was fully supporting Pakistan. Important Deveoplment India signed an agreement with the USSR the Indo–Soviet Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation. China was a camp follower of the USSR. A border conflict took place between USSR and China in 1969. China has befriended Pakistan since 1962. Due to the Soviet-China border conflict, the US tried to reach out to China for better relations. US wanted to utilize the fissure between USSR and China to tussle. It led to US-China-Pakistan Axis due to US-China Rapprochement. During this phase, the external strategic environment was marked by the Sino-US Rapproachment of 1971 leading to the beginning of the development of the US-Pakistan-China Axis, consequently, India concluded a Peace and Friendship Treaty with USSR leading to a USSR tilt in India"s stand on international issues. Important developments during this phase that made India Regional Power The India-Pakistan war resulted in the dismemberment of Pakistan to create Bangladesh. With this India emerged as the undisputed leader of the Indian subcontinent. Thus it made the most successful Indian Foreign Policy. Pokhran Test in 1974 became a compulsion as China became a nuclear state. Following, China"s development of Nuclear Weapons, India conducted its first nuclear test - It was code-named "Smiling Buddha" also it was referred to as SNEP (Sub Terranean Nuclear Explosion Project) or PNE (Peaceful Nuclear Explosion) in 1974. India was criticized for this nuclear test as India was part of the Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT). India faced global diplomatic disapprobation and significant technological and economic sanctions Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG) was established in 1965 to consolidate Nuclear apartheid or check India"s participation in global nuclear trade. India remained the regional power. A nation can be a member of NSG only if the nation is a member or signatory of the NPT. It was formulated to stop India from access to nuclear resources. India is not a signatory to the NPT as India wanted to develop the nuclear weapon as China in its neighbor was the nuclear state with a hostile relationship. The failure at the social and economic front prevented becoming a Global Power India"s regional ascendance did not lead to it becoming an important global player throughout these decades. The reason was sub-optimal economic performance. The Indian economy was trapped in the so-called "Hindu Rate of Growth" (3 to 5% GDP growth rate per annum). It also did not help in the improvement of social indicators such as education, health, agriculture, and employment. Because of Nuclear Test India faced widespread global diplomatic disapprobation and economic and technological sanctions. Indian policymakers choose not to carry out any further nuclear tests. This phase comes to an end with India’s Sri Lankan misadventure in which India lost 1200 of its soldiers. However, India has still the potential to show that it could lead the world on different fronts such as environmental issues, and issues of third-world countries, and now India has also shown its potential on the economic front as well. Thus Indian foreign policy has been realistic as well as idealistic and has shown flexibility as per the needs of the national interest.
##Question:1971 to 1991 was a Period of unquestioned supremacy on India in the Indian Sub-continent or a period of Greater Indian regional Assertion. Evaluate. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the contextual background of this phase with the previous three consecutive wars. Then bring the major foreign policy steps in the phase of 1971 to 1991. Discuss how it helps in achieving India as a regional power. Then conclude with the Indian Misadventure in Sri Lanka and the end of this phase. Answer The phase of 19971 to 1991 of Indian foreign policy started with the decisive dismemberment of Pakistan and the creation of Bangladesh For India, it was a strategic victory as the US was fully supporting Pakistan. Important Deveoplment India signed an agreement with the USSR the Indo–Soviet Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation. China was a camp follower of the USSR. A border conflict took place between USSR and China in 1969. China has befriended Pakistan since 1962. Due to the Soviet-China border conflict, the US tried to reach out to China for better relations. US wanted to utilize the fissure between USSR and China to tussle. It led to US-China-Pakistan Axis due to US-China Rapprochement. During this phase, the external strategic environment was marked by the Sino-US Rapproachment of 1971 leading to the beginning of the development of the US-Pakistan-China Axis, consequently, India concluded a Peace and Friendship Treaty with USSR leading to a USSR tilt in India"s stand on international issues. Important developments during this phase that made India Regional Power The India-Pakistan war resulted in the dismemberment of Pakistan to create Bangladesh. With this India emerged as the undisputed leader of the Indian subcontinent. Thus it made the most successful Indian Foreign Policy. Pokhran Test in 1974 became a compulsion as China became a nuclear state. Following, China"s development of Nuclear Weapons, India conducted its first nuclear test - It was code-named "Smiling Buddha" also it was referred to as SNEP (Sub Terranean Nuclear Explosion Project) or PNE (Peaceful Nuclear Explosion) in 1974. India was criticized for this nuclear test as India was part of the Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT). India faced global diplomatic disapprobation and significant technological and economic sanctions Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG) was established in 1965 to consolidate Nuclear apartheid or check India"s participation in global nuclear trade. India remained the regional power. A nation can be a member of NSG only if the nation is a member or signatory of the NPT. It was formulated to stop India from access to nuclear resources. India is not a signatory to the NPT as India wanted to develop the nuclear weapon as China in its neighbor was the nuclear state with a hostile relationship. The failure at the social and economic front prevented becoming a Global Power India"s regional ascendance did not lead to it becoming an important global player throughout these decades. The reason was sub-optimal economic performance. The Indian economy was trapped in the so-called "Hindu Rate of Growth" (3 to 5% GDP growth rate per annum). It also did not help in the improvement of social indicators such as education, health, agriculture, and employment. Because of Nuclear Test India faced widespread global diplomatic disapprobation and economic and technological sanctions. Indian policymakers choose not to carry out any further nuclear tests. This phase comes to an end with India’s Sri Lankan misadventure in which India lost 1200 of its soldiers. However, India has still the potential to show that it could lead the world on different fronts such as environmental issues, and issues of third-world countries, and now India has also shown its potential on the economic front as well. Thus Indian foreign policy has been realistic as well as idealistic and has shown flexibility as per the needs of the national interest.
81,582
Highlight the background of Srilankan civil war & reasons for India"s intervention in the Civil war. Also, discuss why is Srilanka important for India? (10 marks/150 words)
Approach: Briefly cover points of Indo-Srilanka relations including during the Civil war in the Introduction. Highlight the background of the Srilankan civil war. Cover points on reasons for India"s intervention in the Civil war. Also, discuss the reasons for the importance of Srilanka for India. Conclusion. Answer: Srilanka is important for India"s Indian ocean strategy and Indian-ocean Rim connectivity. The Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War was the deployment of the Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka intended to perform a peacekeeping role. The deployment followed the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord between India and Sri Lanka of 1987 which was intended to end the Sri Lankan Civil War between militant Sri Lankan Tamil nationalists, principally the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), and the Sri Lankan military. Background of the Srilankan civil war : The civil war from 1993-2009. Reasons: Ethnic tensions between Sinhalese (74.9% population) and Sinhalese Tamil (11.2% population). Conflicts could be traced back to Srilanka"s history: Origin theory. British rule The story reverses (post-independence). The idea of Tamil Eelam. Formation of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE: 1976). The civil war ended in 2009. Internationalization of Human Rights Violation issues. Reasons for India"s intervention in the Civil war : There were two main reasons: a. Rising separatism in Tamilnadu. b. Rising influx of refugees in southern India. In 1987, the Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord was signed. But LTTE was not part of it, hence the Accord got failed. In 2009, LTTE got defeated. Reasons for the importance of Srilanka for India : Location : Srilanka is important for India"s Indian ocean strategy and Indian-ocean Rim connectivity. Strategic importance : a. Both Colombo port (the 25th busiest port) and Trincomalee harbour are located in the busiest sea lane of communication. b. It lies across the oil-tanker routes from the Gulf countries to China, Japan and other Indo-Pacific countries. c. Important for the switch of fleets of Naval forces of India. d. Centre of China"s BRI. e. Srilanka is an important actor in India"s neighbourhood First Policy, Sagar project and Project Mausam. Sri Lanka is India"s one of largest trade partners in South Asia. India in turn is Sri Lanka"s largest trade partner globally. Trade between the two countries grew particularly rapidly after the entry into force of the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement in March 2000. Trade and investment have grown and there is cooperation in the fields of development, education, culture and defence. Both countries share a broad understanding of major issues of international interest.
##Question:Highlight the background of Srilankan civil war & reasons for India"s intervention in the Civil war. Also, discuss why is Srilanka important for India? (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Briefly cover points of Indo-Srilanka relations including during the Civil war in the Introduction. Highlight the background of the Srilankan civil war. Cover points on reasons for India"s intervention in the Civil war. Also, discuss the reasons for the importance of Srilanka for India. Conclusion. Answer: Srilanka is important for India"s Indian ocean strategy and Indian-ocean Rim connectivity. The Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War was the deployment of the Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka intended to perform a peacekeeping role. The deployment followed the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord between India and Sri Lanka of 1987 which was intended to end the Sri Lankan Civil War between militant Sri Lankan Tamil nationalists, principally the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), and the Sri Lankan military. Background of the Srilankan civil war : The civil war from 1993-2009. Reasons: Ethnic tensions between Sinhalese (74.9% population) and Sinhalese Tamil (11.2% population). Conflicts could be traced back to Srilanka"s history: Origin theory. British rule The story reverses (post-independence). The idea of Tamil Eelam. Formation of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE: 1976). The civil war ended in 2009. Internationalization of Human Rights Violation issues. Reasons for India"s intervention in the Civil war : There were two main reasons: a. Rising separatism in Tamilnadu. b. Rising influx of refugees in southern India. In 1987, the Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord was signed. But LTTE was not part of it, hence the Accord got failed. In 2009, LTTE got defeated. Reasons for the importance of Srilanka for India : Location : Srilanka is important for India"s Indian ocean strategy and Indian-ocean Rim connectivity. Strategic importance : a. Both Colombo port (the 25th busiest port) and Trincomalee harbour are located in the busiest sea lane of communication. b. It lies across the oil-tanker routes from the Gulf countries to China, Japan and other Indo-Pacific countries. c. Important for the switch of fleets of Naval forces of India. d. Centre of China"s BRI. e. Srilanka is an important actor in India"s neighbourhood First Policy, Sagar project and Project Mausam. Sri Lanka is India"s one of largest trade partners in South Asia. India in turn is Sri Lanka"s largest trade partner globally. Trade between the two countries grew particularly rapidly after the entry into force of the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement in March 2000. Trade and investment have grown and there is cooperation in the fields of development, education, culture and defence. Both countries share a broad understanding of major issues of international interest.
81,591
Examine the linkages between the 19th-century Indian renaissance and the emergence of national identity. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach:- In the introduction, start with the definition of the Indian Renaissance. In the body part, establish the linkages between the Indian Renaissance and the national identity Conclude accordingly Answer:- The social and religious movements, of the 19th century, are popularly termed the Indian renaissance. National Identity is related to the sense of belongingness shared by Individuals to a Nation, represented as the cohesion of tradition, culture, language, and Politics Indian renaissance and national identity Inquiry into the past- Ram Mohan Roy’s use of Hindu scriptures in his debate with his opponents on Sati, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar’s widow remarriage campaign sought to eliminate social obscurantism, religious superstition, and irrational rituals Purification and rediscovery - Indian civilization was by no means inferior to that of the West, rather in one sense, in its spiritual accomplishments, it was even superior to it. For example- R.D. Banerjee, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, etc. rediscovered India’s past glory from the history of this land. New Humanitarian morality- movements linked to social ills like untouchability and gender-based inequality derived legitimacy in the Humanitarian direction. For example -Preventing Female Infanticide, measures in favor of untouchables such as Jyotiba Phule, through Satyashodhak Samaj Focus on worldly existence and social integrity- Brahmo Samaj, discarded faith in Divine Avatars and also denied that any scripture could enjoy the status of ultimate authority transcending human reason and conscience Construct traditional knowledge- emphasis on vernacular languages, creation of an alternative system of education, defense of religion, efforts to regenerate Indian art and literature, the emphasis on Indian dress and food. To fight against the common enemy- This was seen in the efforts of ‘The Servants of India Society, by Gopal Krishna Gokhale which aimed to train national missionaries for the service of India The rise of the Renaissance can be attributed to the Intellectual and Cultural awakening, as it marked a period of transition in values, and, transformation in social sensibilities. Hence, Nationalism is conceptualized as the natural outcome of the renaissance.
##Question:Examine the linkages between the 19th-century Indian renaissance and the emergence of national identity. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, start with the definition of the Indian Renaissance. In the body part, establish the linkages between the Indian Renaissance and the national identity Conclude accordingly Answer:- The social and religious movements, of the 19th century, are popularly termed the Indian renaissance. National Identity is related to the sense of belongingness shared by Individuals to a Nation, represented as the cohesion of tradition, culture, language, and Politics Indian renaissance and national identity Inquiry into the past- Ram Mohan Roy’s use of Hindu scriptures in his debate with his opponents on Sati, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar’s widow remarriage campaign sought to eliminate social obscurantism, religious superstition, and irrational rituals Purification and rediscovery - Indian civilization was by no means inferior to that of the West, rather in one sense, in its spiritual accomplishments, it was even superior to it. For example- R.D. Banerjee, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, etc. rediscovered India’s past glory from the history of this land. New Humanitarian morality- movements linked to social ills like untouchability and gender-based inequality derived legitimacy in the Humanitarian direction. For example -Preventing Female Infanticide, measures in favor of untouchables such as Jyotiba Phule, through Satyashodhak Samaj Focus on worldly existence and social integrity- Brahmo Samaj, discarded faith in Divine Avatars and also denied that any scripture could enjoy the status of ultimate authority transcending human reason and conscience Construct traditional knowledge- emphasis on vernacular languages, creation of an alternative system of education, defense of religion, efforts to regenerate Indian art and literature, the emphasis on Indian dress and food. To fight against the common enemy- This was seen in the efforts of ‘The Servants of India Society, by Gopal Krishna Gokhale which aimed to train national missionaries for the service of India The rise of the Renaissance can be attributed to the Intellectual and Cultural awakening, as it marked a period of transition in values, and, transformation in social sensibilities. Hence, Nationalism is conceptualized as the natural outcome of the renaissance.
81,592
What do you understand by "Patent Evergreening" in the context of Intellectual Property Rights? Considering the Indian perspective, discuss various aspects related to this issue. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: We can start with an overall background of patents, and then define the term Patent Evergreening. Then we must mention some important aspects related to Patent Evergreening in the Indian context. We can then conclude with the steps that must be taken. Answer The basic objectives of Intellectual Property Rights are related to the protection of the economic interests of producers and consumers. In this context, the patent law dictates the rules and principles regarding the monopoly enjoyed by the said inventor/producer. In the recent context, disputes between Indian domestic claims manufacturing companies and foreign multinational companies related to the manufacture of various important drugs have been in the light, the main issues being the process followed in the manufacture of drugs and the extent of the monopoly that can be obtained over it. Patent ever-greening means increasing the monopoly of a patent by making minor changes to the process of production or manufacturing in the general sense, without meeting the criteria of novelty. There has been the activity of extension of patents mainly by pharma companies with minor modifications in the original composition of the drugs; Main aspects related to patent evergreening: As part of section 3(d) of the Patent Act 1970 , evergreening of patents is not allowed. It will delay the production and introduction of generic medicines which could be crucial, especially during a pandemic. It can also inhibit competition as the original patent holder can progress to a monopoly. India can take the following steps: Use of International Forum - India"s patent law is completely WTO compliant but still, patent law is being violated through evergreening. Therefore it is necessary that efforts should be made by India to establish consensus among the member states. In bilateral and multilateral cooperation – the drug sector patent is a major barrier to the implementation of free trade between India and the EU. Compulsory Licensing – The Patent Act of India provides for the issuance of patents only on the creation of new products by adopting original innovative methods, so this process should be kept more strict. An attempt has been made in the Indian patent system to strike a balance between the interests of the consumer with that of the market, which needs to be continued. Focus must also be laid for improving indigenous capacity.
##Question:What do you understand by "Patent Evergreening" in the context of Intellectual Property Rights? Considering the Indian perspective, discuss various aspects related to this issue. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: We can start with an overall background of patents, and then define the term Patent Evergreening. Then we must mention some important aspects related to Patent Evergreening in the Indian context. We can then conclude with the steps that must be taken. Answer The basic objectives of Intellectual Property Rights are related to the protection of the economic interests of producers and consumers. In this context, the patent law dictates the rules and principles regarding the monopoly enjoyed by the said inventor/producer. In the recent context, disputes between Indian domestic claims manufacturing companies and foreign multinational companies related to the manufacture of various important drugs have been in the light, the main issues being the process followed in the manufacture of drugs and the extent of the monopoly that can be obtained over it. Patent ever-greening means increasing the monopoly of a patent by making minor changes to the process of production or manufacturing in the general sense, without meeting the criteria of novelty. There has been the activity of extension of patents mainly by pharma companies with minor modifications in the original composition of the drugs; Main aspects related to patent evergreening: As part of section 3(d) of the Patent Act 1970 , evergreening of patents is not allowed. It will delay the production and introduction of generic medicines which could be crucial, especially during a pandemic. It can also inhibit competition as the original patent holder can progress to a monopoly. India can take the following steps: Use of International Forum - India"s patent law is completely WTO compliant but still, patent law is being violated through evergreening. Therefore it is necessary that efforts should be made by India to establish consensus among the member states. In bilateral and multilateral cooperation – the drug sector patent is a major barrier to the implementation of free trade between India and the EU. Compulsory Licensing – The Patent Act of India provides for the issuance of patents only on the creation of new products by adopting original innovative methods, so this process should be kept more strict. An attempt has been made in the Indian patent system to strike a balance between the interests of the consumer with that of the market, which needs to be continued. Focus must also be laid for improving indigenous capacity.
81,596
What do you understand by values and ethics? In what way is it important to be ethical along with being professionally competent? (10 Marks/ 150 words)
Approach: Define values and ethics along with examples in the introduction. Address the significance of professional Competence to ensure efficiency. How without ethics and values it will pose challenges. Examples, Osama bin Laden, Harshad Mehta, etc. Conclude highlighting the significance to develop ethics through the right socialization. Answer: Values are basic and fundamental beliefs that guide or motivate attitudes or actions and Ethics refers to the standard of right and wrong prescribed for the individual. It is enforced by society. Values and ethics help individuals to make the right decisions that are acceptable, desirable, and for the larger good of society. Values are the yardsticks that help in measuring the desirability or undesirability of any act, behavior, or practice. Due to this nature of the values, there can be some universal values that are admired by all cultures and societies. Competence on the other hand is one"s skill or ability to perform some tasks efficiently or expertise in certain areas. Competence is required in all walks of life including Civil services. But without values and ethics, many people with high competence can pose immense challenges. It is very important to be ethical in the performance of one"s duty. An unethical person can only bring harm to society, because professional competency, devoid of an ethical base, can only be a home for various vices. Whereas, an ethical person would strive for the common good, even if he lacks in the high standards of his profession. While an ethical and highly competent person is seen as an ideal; a person with no ethical principles and high professional competency can become a bane of society. There are many such examples where we can see that highly competent people without any ethics and value brought immense pain, distress, and harm to society and humanity. For example, Hitler, and Osama Bin Laden were known for their very high level of leadership qualities but without any ethical standards, empathy, and respect for humanity, they killed millions o Jews and bought immense misery to the world. On the other hand with similar competence but with values like empathy, equality, service to society, nonviolence, etc Gandhiji showed a path of peace and unity to the world. Hence, it is very important for any civilization or count to inculcate values and high ethical standards among its citizens through the right socialization for positive/constructive utilization of their competence for an inclusive, prosperous, happy, and progressive society.
##Question:What do you understand by values and ethics? In what way is it important to be ethical along with being professionally competent? (10 Marks/ 150 words)##Answer:Approach: Define values and ethics along with examples in the introduction. Address the significance of professional Competence to ensure efficiency. How without ethics and values it will pose challenges. Examples, Osama bin Laden, Harshad Mehta, etc. Conclude highlighting the significance to develop ethics through the right socialization. Answer: Values are basic and fundamental beliefs that guide or motivate attitudes or actions and Ethics refers to the standard of right and wrong prescribed for the individual. It is enforced by society. Values and ethics help individuals to make the right decisions that are acceptable, desirable, and for the larger good of society. Values are the yardsticks that help in measuring the desirability or undesirability of any act, behavior, or practice. Due to this nature of the values, there can be some universal values that are admired by all cultures and societies. Competence on the other hand is one"s skill or ability to perform some tasks efficiently or expertise in certain areas. Competence is required in all walks of life including Civil services. But without values and ethics, many people with high competence can pose immense challenges. It is very important to be ethical in the performance of one"s duty. An unethical person can only bring harm to society, because professional competency, devoid of an ethical base, can only be a home for various vices. Whereas, an ethical person would strive for the common good, even if he lacks in the high standards of his profession. While an ethical and highly competent person is seen as an ideal; a person with no ethical principles and high professional competency can become a bane of society. There are many such examples where we can see that highly competent people without any ethics and value brought immense pain, distress, and harm to society and humanity. For example, Hitler, and Osama Bin Laden were known for their very high level of leadership qualities but without any ethical standards, empathy, and respect for humanity, they killed millions o Jews and bought immense misery to the world. On the other hand with similar competence but with values like empathy, equality, service to society, nonviolence, etc Gandhiji showed a path of peace and unity to the world. Hence, it is very important for any civilization or count to inculcate values and high ethical standards among its citizens through the right socialization for positive/constructive utilization of their competence for an inclusive, prosperous, happy, and progressive society.
81,601
What is Nuclear technology? Discuss the applications of nuclear technology across various fields. (150 words/10 Marks)
APPROACH: Define nuclear technology. Highlight the applications of Nuclear technology. Conclude with some steps taken by India. ANSWER: Nuclear technology is the application of the nuclear reaction of atomic nuclei . Majorly it"s used for energy generation. There are mainly two ways energy production can occur- nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. In nuclear fission, a heavy nucleus disintegrates into 2 or lighter nuclei and in the process, a huge amount of energy is released. Fusion is the exact opposite where two or lighter nuclei fuse together to form a heavy nucleus. Application of Nuclear technology. 1) Application in Agriculture . Plant Mutation breeding- It is the process of Exposing seeds or cuttings of a plant to Gamma rays to cause mutation. Some of these mutations can be desirable such as higher productivity, resistance to drought, and salinity among others. Fertilizer efficiency- It is important to know how much fertilizer is used by the plant and how much is lost to the environment. Using Nitrogen-15 as a radioisotope it can be ascertained how much fertilizer has been taken up by the plant. Insect control- Radiation is used to control the insect population by using a sterile insect technique. In this technique, a large population of insects is sterilized by exposing them to gamma radiation they remain sexually competitive but can’t produce offspring. Food processing- Food items are irradiated via gamma rays, X-Rays, or electron beams to kill microorganisms. This increases the shelf life and also controls foodborne diseases. 2) Application in Medicines. Chemotherapy- Cobalt-60 is used to destroy cancerous cells via gamma radiation however it destroys many healthy cells. Brachytherapy- It is an advanced method of cancer treatment where a radioisotope is placed near the tumour to destroy the cancer cells. It has fewer side effects than chemotherapy. Diagnosis- Nuclear Medicines are used as radiotracers. These radiotracers emit gamma rays within the body and their interaction with cancerous cells can be recorded on a computer screen. Sterilization- Hospitals use gamma radiation to sterilize medical products such as syringes, gloves, medical devices, etc 3) Application in space technology . For deep space probes , solar energy can’t be relied upon. Scientist use radioisotopes such as plutonium-238 which releases Alpha particles and in the process also releases energy. Thermal energy produced by radioactivity can be converted into electrical energy which can become a continuous source of power. Space agencies such as NASA are also exploring nuclear propulsion technology for their rockets. 4) Application in Defence. Nuclear-powered submarines 5) Application in Industr y Radiotracers are used for inspection and instrumentation. Radioisotopes can help find the leakages as well as take pictures of the inside of solid surfaces to find any defects. In water de-salination , nuclear energy can be used. Carbon dating is used to determine the age of rocks and other materials that are of interest to geologists, archaeologist among others. India has made a major advancement in the utilization of nuclear technology products such Three stages nuclear energy program, Food processing, etc. Against the backdrop of growing energy needs and other issues, Nuclear technology will be very helpful to achieve welfare as well as achieving the goal of becoming a 5 Trillion Economy by 2030.
##Question:What is Nuclear technology? Discuss the applications of nuclear technology across various fields. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:APPROACH: Define nuclear technology. Highlight the applications of Nuclear technology. Conclude with some steps taken by India. ANSWER: Nuclear technology is the application of the nuclear reaction of atomic nuclei . Majorly it"s used for energy generation. There are mainly two ways energy production can occur- nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. In nuclear fission, a heavy nucleus disintegrates into 2 or lighter nuclei and in the process, a huge amount of energy is released. Fusion is the exact opposite where two or lighter nuclei fuse together to form a heavy nucleus. Application of Nuclear technology. 1) Application in Agriculture . Plant Mutation breeding- It is the process of Exposing seeds or cuttings of a plant to Gamma rays to cause mutation. Some of these mutations can be desirable such as higher productivity, resistance to drought, and salinity among others. Fertilizer efficiency- It is important to know how much fertilizer is used by the plant and how much is lost to the environment. Using Nitrogen-15 as a radioisotope it can be ascertained how much fertilizer has been taken up by the plant. Insect control- Radiation is used to control the insect population by using a sterile insect technique. In this technique, a large population of insects is sterilized by exposing them to gamma radiation they remain sexually competitive but can’t produce offspring. Food processing- Food items are irradiated via gamma rays, X-Rays, or electron beams to kill microorganisms. This increases the shelf life and also controls foodborne diseases. 2) Application in Medicines. Chemotherapy- Cobalt-60 is used to destroy cancerous cells via gamma radiation however it destroys many healthy cells. Brachytherapy- It is an advanced method of cancer treatment where a radioisotope is placed near the tumour to destroy the cancer cells. It has fewer side effects than chemotherapy. Diagnosis- Nuclear Medicines are used as radiotracers. These radiotracers emit gamma rays within the body and their interaction with cancerous cells can be recorded on a computer screen. Sterilization- Hospitals use gamma radiation to sterilize medical products such as syringes, gloves, medical devices, etc 3) Application in space technology . For deep space probes , solar energy can’t be relied upon. Scientist use radioisotopes such as plutonium-238 which releases Alpha particles and in the process also releases energy. Thermal energy produced by radioactivity can be converted into electrical energy which can become a continuous source of power. Space agencies such as NASA are also exploring nuclear propulsion technology for their rockets. 4) Application in Defence. Nuclear-powered submarines 5) Application in Industr y Radiotracers are used for inspection and instrumentation. Radioisotopes can help find the leakages as well as take pictures of the inside of solid surfaces to find any defects. In water de-salination , nuclear energy can be used. Carbon dating is used to determine the age of rocks and other materials that are of interest to geologists, archaeologist among others. India has made a major advancement in the utilization of nuclear technology products such Three stages nuclear energy program, Food processing, etc. Against the backdrop of growing energy needs and other issues, Nuclear technology will be very helpful to achieve welfare as well as achieving the goal of becoming a 5 Trillion Economy by 2030.
81,605
Taxation without representation continued with the Indian Councils Act of 1892. Discuss. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach to the answer Introduce by mentioning the hallmark of the Indian Council Acts of 1892 Mention some legislative changes Mention the points in favour of taxation without representation Conclude appropriately by critiquing the ICA 1892 Answer The hallmark of the Indian Councils Act of 1892 was that indirect elections were introduced in the Imperial Legislative Councils and Provincial Legislative Councils to some extent only. The composition and functioning of the legislative councils were amended by this act. It failed to meet the demands of the Moderates. Legislative Changes – Few more members were added to Imperial Legislative Councils that is, its size expanded to roughly 40 members. More non-official members as now 10 to 16 could be non-officials. Continuation of Taxation without representation – For the first time, there were indirectly elected members as some non-officials could be selected from local bodies. But it was the selection and not election because Viceroy and Governors would select members for the Imperial Legislative Council and Provincial Legislative Councils from the list of nominees sent by local bodies. Opposition consisting of non-officials can’t bring any resolution nor demand a vote on any government resolution. Government was given the power to legislate even without bringing a bill to the legislature. Therefore, legislature functions were at best recommendatory and not mandatory. Budget could be discussed for the first time but can neither vote on it nor amend it. Questions could be asked to the executive for the first time but no discussion of answers to those questions and no supplementary questions. Hence, the taxation without representation continued because the representation through indirect elections was mere tokenism. There were no proper indirect elections, a non-official majority was not possible in Imperial Legislative Councils and still, the Civil services were not Indianised. Ultimately, post-1892, moderates change their demand for self-government along the lines of Australia and Canada.
##Question:Taxation without representation continued with the Indian Councils Act of 1892. Discuss. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach to the answer Introduce by mentioning the hallmark of the Indian Council Acts of 1892 Mention some legislative changes Mention the points in favour of taxation without representation Conclude appropriately by critiquing the ICA 1892 Answer The hallmark of the Indian Councils Act of 1892 was that indirect elections were introduced in the Imperial Legislative Councils and Provincial Legislative Councils to some extent only. The composition and functioning of the legislative councils were amended by this act. It failed to meet the demands of the Moderates. Legislative Changes – Few more members were added to Imperial Legislative Councils that is, its size expanded to roughly 40 members. More non-official members as now 10 to 16 could be non-officials. Continuation of Taxation without representation – For the first time, there were indirectly elected members as some non-officials could be selected from local bodies. But it was the selection and not election because Viceroy and Governors would select members for the Imperial Legislative Council and Provincial Legislative Councils from the list of nominees sent by local bodies. Opposition consisting of non-officials can’t bring any resolution nor demand a vote on any government resolution. Government was given the power to legislate even without bringing a bill to the legislature. Therefore, legislature functions were at best recommendatory and not mandatory. Budget could be discussed for the first time but can neither vote on it nor amend it. Questions could be asked to the executive for the first time but no discussion of answers to those questions and no supplementary questions. Hence, the taxation without representation continued because the representation through indirect elections was mere tokenism. There were no proper indirect elections, a non-official majority was not possible in Imperial Legislative Councils and still, the Civil services were not Indianised. Ultimately, post-1892, moderates change their demand for self-government along the lines of Australia and Canada.
81,627
India and Pakistan have been the Brother enemy since the Independence. Evaluate the options of Animosity and peace with Pakistan for India. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce with the estranged persistent relationship between India and Pakistan. Then bring the option of Animosity with Pakistan. Then discuss the peace option. Then conclude with the suggestion to improve the relations between the two nations. Answer India’s relationship with Pakistan is the most intractable and intense of those with neighbours. At the core of animosities lies the question of Kashmir, but the relationship today is bedevilled by many further layers of resentment and anxiety. In recent years, Pakistan, rarely a beacon of stability, has been experiencing enhanced political volatility and internal violence, although, happily, in 2008, it returned to democratic rule. Successive Indian and Pakistani governments have attempted to negotiate and resolve outstanding problems, sometimes achieving limited if real success (for example, with World Bank participation and assistance, on the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960), but the overall relationship has never improved fundamentally for long. Evaluating the options of Animosity with Pakistan Pakistan is a rogue state (does not follow international law). It is an irrational actor prone to Brinkmanship and under the influence of radical elements. Pursuit of animosity to such an actor is ill advisable. Stopping the flow of the river Indus to Pakistan is neither feasible nor advisable. Withdrawal of MFN status did not create a necessary impact since the volume of bilateral trade is small (2 billion dollars annually). Internationally isolating Pakistan is easier said than done. Pakistan is a pivotal state in International politics with its strategic location. It shares a border with Afghanistan, has an Indian Ocean Coast and lies in proximity to Iran and Central Asia. Russian Scholars at times refer it to as the zipper state which connects Europe and Asia. Evaluating the Option of Peace with Pakistan Peace with Pakistan is not a choice but rather a compulsion as precisely/succinctly/aptly commented/described by our former PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee “Friends can be changed but not the neighbours who have to live together”. However, whenever India pursues peace with Pakistan it becomes vulnerable to terror attacks. Also, CPAC (China Pakistan Economic Corridor) will alter “the logic of geography”. It will reduce Pakistan’s economic dependence on India and therefore it would have less motivation to normalize its relations/ties with India. Thus India should pursue back-channel diplomacy. The civilian government is generally for good neighbourly relations. Thus appreciating this fact India should be supportive of the civilian government in Pakistan and aid, whatever manner it can, in building democratic institutions in Pakistan. India should improve its relations with countries that have leverage with Pakistan like UAE, Saudi Arabia, the USA, etc. Besides that, India should develop an International community stake in the Indian economy. It will serve as the biggest hedge against terror attacks. India should ensure early adoption of the Comprehensive Convention on International terrorism (CCIT) at the UN at the earliest. Most importantly, at the domestic level, India should maintain its spirit of India. Pakistan can win against India only when it is able to destroy the secular composite plural nature of India.
##Question:India and Pakistan have been the Brother enemy since the Independence. Evaluate the options of Animosity and peace with Pakistan for India. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the estranged persistent relationship between India and Pakistan. Then bring the option of Animosity with Pakistan. Then discuss the peace option. Then conclude with the suggestion to improve the relations between the two nations. Answer India’s relationship with Pakistan is the most intractable and intense of those with neighbours. At the core of animosities lies the question of Kashmir, but the relationship today is bedevilled by many further layers of resentment and anxiety. In recent years, Pakistan, rarely a beacon of stability, has been experiencing enhanced political volatility and internal violence, although, happily, in 2008, it returned to democratic rule. Successive Indian and Pakistani governments have attempted to negotiate and resolve outstanding problems, sometimes achieving limited if real success (for example, with World Bank participation and assistance, on the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960), but the overall relationship has never improved fundamentally for long. Evaluating the options of Animosity with Pakistan Pakistan is a rogue state (does not follow international law). It is an irrational actor prone to Brinkmanship and under the influence of radical elements. Pursuit of animosity to such an actor is ill advisable. Stopping the flow of the river Indus to Pakistan is neither feasible nor advisable. Withdrawal of MFN status did not create a necessary impact since the volume of bilateral trade is small (2 billion dollars annually). Internationally isolating Pakistan is easier said than done. Pakistan is a pivotal state in International politics with its strategic location. It shares a border with Afghanistan, has an Indian Ocean Coast and lies in proximity to Iran and Central Asia. Russian Scholars at times refer it to as the zipper state which connects Europe and Asia. Evaluating the Option of Peace with Pakistan Peace with Pakistan is not a choice but rather a compulsion as precisely/succinctly/aptly commented/described by our former PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee “Friends can be changed but not the neighbours who have to live together”. However, whenever India pursues peace with Pakistan it becomes vulnerable to terror attacks. Also, CPAC (China Pakistan Economic Corridor) will alter “the logic of geography”. It will reduce Pakistan’s economic dependence on India and therefore it would have less motivation to normalize its relations/ties with India. Thus India should pursue back-channel diplomacy. The civilian government is generally for good neighbourly relations. Thus appreciating this fact India should be supportive of the civilian government in Pakistan and aid, whatever manner it can, in building democratic institutions in Pakistan. India should improve its relations with countries that have leverage with Pakistan like UAE, Saudi Arabia, the USA, etc. Besides that, India should develop an International community stake in the Indian economy. It will serve as the biggest hedge against terror attacks. India should ensure early adoption of the Comprehensive Convention on International terrorism (CCIT) at the UN at the earliest. Most importantly, at the domestic level, India should maintain its spirit of India. Pakistan can win against India only when it is able to destroy the secular composite plural nature of India.
81,633
What do you understand by the Constitution? Do you think that Constitution is essential to satisfy the interests of society? ( 150 words/10 marks )
Approach : Introduction: Define Constitution. Main Body: Explain why Constitution is essential to satisfy the interests of society and what are its functions. Conclusion: conclude accordingly. Answer: Constitution is the body of fundamental principles with legal sanctity to guide and regulate the system (institutions and individuals both) of the country. Being the highest law of the land, it is supreme and binding on everyone. The constitution is essential to satisfy the interests of society because it serves the following functions : 1. It provides a set of basicrules that allow for minimal coordination among members of society. 2. It specifies who has the power to make decisions in a society. It decides how the government will be constituted. 3. It set some limits on what a government can impose on its citizens. These limits are fundamental in the sense that government may never trespass on them. 4. It enables the government to fulfill the aspirations of a society and create conditions for a just society. 5 It Declares and defines the sovereignty and territorial and political boundary of the country. 6. It Declares and defines the authority and nature of the authority of institutions in the country. 7. It Declares and defines citizenship, rights, and duties of the citizens in the country. 8. It Declares long-term and short-term goals covering social, economic, and political interests of the country in a given ecological system (socio-economic and political environment) Therefore in a modern democratic political setup, constitutions are set up to provide for the system of government and system of governance. All modern nations of the world adopted constitutions according to their needs and interests.
##Question:What do you understand by the Constitution? Do you think that Constitution is essential to satisfy the interests of society? ( 150 words/10 marks )##Answer:Approach : Introduction: Define Constitution. Main Body: Explain why Constitution is essential to satisfy the interests of society and what are its functions. Conclusion: conclude accordingly. Answer: Constitution is the body of fundamental principles with legal sanctity to guide and regulate the system (institutions and individuals both) of the country. Being the highest law of the land, it is supreme and binding on everyone. The constitution is essential to satisfy the interests of society because it serves the following functions : 1. It provides a set of basicrules that allow for minimal coordination among members of society. 2. It specifies who has the power to make decisions in a society. It decides how the government will be constituted. 3. It set some limits on what a government can impose on its citizens. These limits are fundamental in the sense that government may never trespass on them. 4. It enables the government to fulfill the aspirations of a society and create conditions for a just society. 5 It Declares and defines the sovereignty and territorial and political boundary of the country. 6. It Declares and defines the authority and nature of the authority of institutions in the country. 7. It Declares and defines citizenship, rights, and duties of the citizens in the country. 8. It Declares long-term and short-term goals covering social, economic, and political interests of the country in a given ecological system (socio-economic and political environment) Therefore in a modern democratic political setup, constitutions are set up to provide for the system of government and system of governance. All modern nations of the world adopted constitutions according to their needs and interests.
81,643
What do you understand by the term Net neutrality? Mention its benefits. Do you think that the content delivery network and Network slicing are a threat to Net neutrality? (150 words/10 marks)
Approach:- In the introduction, define the net neutrality The Body, part mentions the benefits of the net neutrality Mention the CDN and Network slicing and show whether they are a threat to net neutrality or not Suggest some way forward Answer:- Net Neutrality is a principle that internet service providers should treat all lawful data equally and not discriminate in favour of particular Apps /sites/services. Practices such as blocking, and granting preferential speeds are considered a violation of net neutrality. It is considered integral to the evolution of the internet because of its inherent benefits. Benefits of the Net Neutrality It protects innovation and entrepreneurship. For Example-This has led to the creation of Google, Facebook, Twitter, and countless other services. It is an important component of the open internet It protects freedom of expression and free speech It has enabled a level playing field on the internet. Internet use should be facilitated by ensuring plurality and diversity of views, opinions, and ideas It will effectively address the problem of anti-competitive practices adopted by certain providers. Judicious and transparent use of national resources for greater public benefit. In India telecom regulatory authority of India [TRAI], has regulations and recommendations regarding net neutrality. Any discriminatory treatment is prohibited. Recently, CDN and Network slicing Reignited the debate on Net Neutrality as they are not under the purview of TRAI"s Regulation. CDN and Network slicing CDN refers to a geographically distributed group of servers that work together to provide fast delivery of internet content Network slicing divides a physical network into many virtual networks and provides different bandwidths based on requirements. A challenge to the Net Neutrality Network Slicing effectively means giving preferential or differential treatment to a select set of customers in terms of cost or speed. Network-slicing in 5G networks may be used to deliver specialized services Content delivery networks are used by global big tech companies to host data locally, This may harm the interest of small tech companies. It is a market controlled by the few that have the scale and capital to make content delivery a successful business. Not a challenge to Net Neutrality Experts argue that the CDN market has nothing to do with the network neutrality issue. It is not disallowing the other players. it is open to all It is not discriminating against the service providers. Way Forward A Dedicated committee can be constituted to look into this matter Exemption to such services can be given Engagement of multiple stakeholders
##Question:What do you understand by the term Net neutrality? Mention its benefits. Do you think that the content delivery network and Network slicing are a threat to Net neutrality? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, define the net neutrality The Body, part mentions the benefits of the net neutrality Mention the CDN and Network slicing and show whether they are a threat to net neutrality or not Suggest some way forward Answer:- Net Neutrality is a principle that internet service providers should treat all lawful data equally and not discriminate in favour of particular Apps /sites/services. Practices such as blocking, and granting preferential speeds are considered a violation of net neutrality. It is considered integral to the evolution of the internet because of its inherent benefits. Benefits of the Net Neutrality It protects innovation and entrepreneurship. For Example-This has led to the creation of Google, Facebook, Twitter, and countless other services. It is an important component of the open internet It protects freedom of expression and free speech It has enabled a level playing field on the internet. Internet use should be facilitated by ensuring plurality and diversity of views, opinions, and ideas It will effectively address the problem of anti-competitive practices adopted by certain providers. Judicious and transparent use of national resources for greater public benefit. In India telecom regulatory authority of India [TRAI], has regulations and recommendations regarding net neutrality. Any discriminatory treatment is prohibited. Recently, CDN and Network slicing Reignited the debate on Net Neutrality as they are not under the purview of TRAI"s Regulation. CDN and Network slicing CDN refers to a geographically distributed group of servers that work together to provide fast delivery of internet content Network slicing divides a physical network into many virtual networks and provides different bandwidths based on requirements. A challenge to the Net Neutrality Network Slicing effectively means giving preferential or differential treatment to a select set of customers in terms of cost or speed. Network-slicing in 5G networks may be used to deliver specialized services Content delivery networks are used by global big tech companies to host data locally, This may harm the interest of small tech companies. It is a market controlled by the few that have the scale and capital to make content delivery a successful business. Not a challenge to Net Neutrality Experts argue that the CDN market has nothing to do with the network neutrality issue. It is not disallowing the other players. it is open to all It is not discriminating against the service providers. Way Forward A Dedicated committee can be constituted to look into this matter Exemption to such services can be given Engagement of multiple stakeholders
81,644
What do you understand by the term Net neutrality? Mention its benefits. Do you think that the content delivery network and Network slicing are a threat to Net neutrality? (150 words/10 marks)
Approach:- In the introduction, define the net neutrality In the Body part mention the benefits of the net neutrality Mention the CDN and Network slicing and show whether they are a threat to net neutrality or not Suggest some way forward Answer:- Net Neutrality is a principle that internet service providers should treat all lawful data equally and not discriminate in favor of particular Apps /sites/services. Practices such as blocking, and granting preferential speeds are considered a violation of net neutrality. It is considered integral to the evolution of the internet because of its inherent benefits. Benefits of the Net Neutrality It protects innovation and entrepreneurship. For Example-This has led to the creation of Google, Facebook, Twitter, and countless other services. It is an important component of the open internet It protects freedom of expression and free speech It has enabled a level playing field on the internet. Internet use should be facilitated by ensuring plurality and diversity of views, opinions, and ideas It will effectively address the problem of anti-competitive practices adopted by certain providers. Judicious and transparent use of national resources for greater public benefit. In India telecom regulatory authority of India [TRAI], has regulations and recommendations regarding net neutrality. Any discriminatory treatment is prohibited. Recently, CDN and Network slicing Reignited the debate on Net Neutrality as they are not under the purview of TRAI"s Regulation. CDN and Network slicing CDN refers to a geographically distributed group of servers that work together to provide fast delivery of internet content Network slicing divides a physical network into many virtual networks and provides different bandwidths based on requirements. A challenge to the Net Neutrality Network Slicing effectively means giving preferential or differential treatment to a select set of customers in terms of cost or speed. Network-slicing in 5G networks may be used to deliver specialized services Content delivery networks, are used by global big tech companies to host data locally, This may harm the interest of small tech companies. It is a market controlled by the few that have the scale and capital to make content delivery a successful business. Not a challenge to Net Neutrality Experts argue that the CDN market has nothing to do with the network neutrality issue. It is not disallowing the other players. it is open to all It is not discriminating against the service providers. Way Forward A Dedicated committee can be constituted to look into this matter Exemption to such services can be given Engagement of multiple stakeholders
##Question:What do you understand by the term Net neutrality? Mention its benefits. Do you think that the content delivery network and Network slicing are a threat to Net neutrality? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, define the net neutrality In the Body part mention the benefits of the net neutrality Mention the CDN and Network slicing and show whether they are a threat to net neutrality or not Suggest some way forward Answer:- Net Neutrality is a principle that internet service providers should treat all lawful data equally and not discriminate in favor of particular Apps /sites/services. Practices such as blocking, and granting preferential speeds are considered a violation of net neutrality. It is considered integral to the evolution of the internet because of its inherent benefits. Benefits of the Net Neutrality It protects innovation and entrepreneurship. For Example-This has led to the creation of Google, Facebook, Twitter, and countless other services. It is an important component of the open internet It protects freedom of expression and free speech It has enabled a level playing field on the internet. Internet use should be facilitated by ensuring plurality and diversity of views, opinions, and ideas It will effectively address the problem of anti-competitive practices adopted by certain providers. Judicious and transparent use of national resources for greater public benefit. In India telecom regulatory authority of India [TRAI], has regulations and recommendations regarding net neutrality. Any discriminatory treatment is prohibited. Recently, CDN and Network slicing Reignited the debate on Net Neutrality as they are not under the purview of TRAI"s Regulation. CDN and Network slicing CDN refers to a geographically distributed group of servers that work together to provide fast delivery of internet content Network slicing divides a physical network into many virtual networks and provides different bandwidths based on requirements. A challenge to the Net Neutrality Network Slicing effectively means giving preferential or differential treatment to a select set of customers in terms of cost or speed. Network-slicing in 5G networks may be used to deliver specialized services Content delivery networks, are used by global big tech companies to host data locally, This may harm the interest of small tech companies. It is a market controlled by the few that have the scale and capital to make content delivery a successful business. Not a challenge to Net Neutrality Experts argue that the CDN market has nothing to do with the network neutrality issue. It is not disallowing the other players. it is open to all It is not discriminating against the service providers. Way Forward A Dedicated committee can be constituted to look into this matter Exemption to such services can be given Engagement of multiple stakeholders
81,645
Discuss the issue of Kashmir between India and Pakistan with suggestions to resolve the issue. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce with the historical background under which the Kashmir issue started. Bring significance of Kashmir that makes it important for both India and Pakistan. Brings viable suggestions to resolve the issues. Conclude accordingly Answer India’s relationship with Pakistan is the most intractable and intense of those with India’s neighbors. At the core of animosities lies the question of Kashmir. The Kashmir issue is viewed differently by the two countries. For Pakistan, it is a leftover of Partition and needs to be resolved before meaningful engagement can take place between the two countries. However, for India, it is an integral part of the country with the signing of the Instrument of Accession by the then Princely state and the common people’s participation in the regular general elections in the state. However, the Kashmir Dispute has affected the bilateral ties since the independence, the two countries have gone through two wars and a limited war over Kashmir. Reason for the persistence of the Kashmir Dispute. The Kashmir issue has been associated with the identity of the country. Bolster India’s claim as a secular country. For Pakistan, religion is the basis of nationhood. K dilutes Pakistan"s claim that religion as the basis of nationhood. Wakhan corridor in Kashmir is a narrow land route to Afghanistan, in proximity to central Asia and China. On the other hand, being geographically contiguous to Pakistan, its integration with it would strengthen the Pakistani idea that religion is the basis of the nation. Kashmir’s strategic location in proximity to Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and China makes it crucial. The region is rich in water resources. The Himalayas are regarded as the Water Towers of South Asia. The Suggested solutions to the Kashmir Issue The long-term solution to the Kashmir dispute can be found only in politically imaginative suggestions. Former PM Atal Bihar Vajpayee had suggested that any solution to the Kashmiri dispute has to be found under the paradigm of Insaniyat (Humanity), Jamhuriyat (Democracy), and Kashmiriyat (Kashmiri Identity). Former PM Manmohan Singh along with his Pakistani counterpart Pavez Mussaraf had reportedly developed an understanding to convert LoC into a soft border which would include joint patrolling of the border, demilitarisation of the region, and free movement of people goods, and services across the LoC. Conducting Plebiscite in Kashmir: Pakistan insists on it though originally suggested by the UN as part of the 1949 ceased fire agreement, it could not be conducted then since Pakistan did not withdraw its forces from the UN-demarcated cease-fire line. Today India rejects the idea of Plebiscite as an instrument to elicit public opinion since the demography of the region has substantially changed following the Pakistanç occupation of PoK and Gilgit-Baltistan for more than 70 years. Third-Party mediation : Pakistan suggests it, but India rejects it since it is in violation of the Shimla Agreement. Pakistan contests that this agreement was signed by it after a devastating loss and in conditions of duress. However, since the letter and spirit of the Shimla Agreement is reiterated in the Lahore Declaration India continues to insist on the validity of the Shimla Agreement. K. Shankar Bajpai aptly describes dialogue with Pakistan as the ‘right, rational choice for a mature power’. Thus India as a mature and stronger party should go the extra mile in engaging Pakistan.
##Question:Discuss the issue of Kashmir between India and Pakistan with suggestions to resolve the issue. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the historical background under which the Kashmir issue started. Bring significance of Kashmir that makes it important for both India and Pakistan. Brings viable suggestions to resolve the issues. Conclude accordingly Answer India’s relationship with Pakistan is the most intractable and intense of those with India’s neighbors. At the core of animosities lies the question of Kashmir. The Kashmir issue is viewed differently by the two countries. For Pakistan, it is a leftover of Partition and needs to be resolved before meaningful engagement can take place between the two countries. However, for India, it is an integral part of the country with the signing of the Instrument of Accession by the then Princely state and the common people’s participation in the regular general elections in the state. However, the Kashmir Dispute has affected the bilateral ties since the independence, the two countries have gone through two wars and a limited war over Kashmir. Reason for the persistence of the Kashmir Dispute. The Kashmir issue has been associated with the identity of the country. Bolster India’s claim as a secular country. For Pakistan, religion is the basis of nationhood. K dilutes Pakistan"s claim that religion as the basis of nationhood. Wakhan corridor in Kashmir is a narrow land route to Afghanistan, in proximity to central Asia and China. On the other hand, being geographically contiguous to Pakistan, its integration with it would strengthen the Pakistani idea that religion is the basis of the nation. Kashmir’s strategic location in proximity to Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and China makes it crucial. The region is rich in water resources. The Himalayas are regarded as the Water Towers of South Asia. The Suggested solutions to the Kashmir Issue The long-term solution to the Kashmir dispute can be found only in politically imaginative suggestions. Former PM Atal Bihar Vajpayee had suggested that any solution to the Kashmiri dispute has to be found under the paradigm of Insaniyat (Humanity), Jamhuriyat (Democracy), and Kashmiriyat (Kashmiri Identity). Former PM Manmohan Singh along with his Pakistani counterpart Pavez Mussaraf had reportedly developed an understanding to convert LoC into a soft border which would include joint patrolling of the border, demilitarisation of the region, and free movement of people goods, and services across the LoC. Conducting Plebiscite in Kashmir: Pakistan insists on it though originally suggested by the UN as part of the 1949 ceased fire agreement, it could not be conducted then since Pakistan did not withdraw its forces from the UN-demarcated cease-fire line. Today India rejects the idea of Plebiscite as an instrument to elicit public opinion since the demography of the region has substantially changed following the Pakistanç occupation of PoK and Gilgit-Baltistan for more than 70 years. Third-Party mediation : Pakistan suggests it, but India rejects it since it is in violation of the Shimla Agreement. Pakistan contests that this agreement was signed by it after a devastating loss and in conditions of duress. However, since the letter and spirit of the Shimla Agreement is reiterated in the Lahore Declaration India continues to insist on the validity of the Shimla Agreement. K. Shankar Bajpai aptly describes dialogue with Pakistan as the ‘right, rational choice for a mature power’. Thus India as a mature and stronger party should go the extra mile in engaging Pakistan.
81,661
Discuss the two phases of the Quit India Movement with its cause and impacts on the Indian National Movement. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce with the contextual background of the QIM. Explain various causes behind the launching of QIM Discuss the two phases of QMI Then bring the significance of the QIM Conclude accordingly Answer The failure of the Cripps Mission in April 1942 made it clear that Britain was unwilling to offer an honorable settlement and a real constitutional advance during the War, and that Britain was determined to continue India’s unwilling partnership in the War efforts. The empty gesture of the even those Congressmen like Nehru and Gandhiji, who did not want to do anything to hamper the anti-fascist War effort that any further silence would be tantamount to accepting the right of the British Government to decide India’s fate without any reference to the wishes of her people. The popular discontent, a product of rising prices and war-time shortages, was gradually mounting. High-handed government actions such as the commandeering of boats in Bengal and Orissa to prevent their being used by the Japanese had led to considerable anger among the people. Thus Gandhiji was now convinced that the time was now ripe for struggle. In this context, the Quit India Movement (QIM) was launched in August 1942 at Gowalia Tank ground in Mumbai, which turned out as the last major mass struggle of India for its freedom. It was led by Mahatma Gandhi Ji on the line of "Do or Die". Causes behind the launching of QIM British attitude and failure of the Cripps Mission: British involved India in World War II without the permission of India. Further, the August Offer of the Viceroy didn"t assure the immediate devolution of the power. The Cripps Mission also failed to satisfy Indian leaders because against the popular demand for complete freedom, it talked about dominion status for India after the end of World War II. Side effects of war: There was no import of the foodgrains from Myanmar, due to war, most of the factories were producing military weapons instead of consumer goods. These factors resulted in a shortage of food grains and other essential consumer goods. Naturally, prices of essential goods increased with the high inflation rate. Bengal Famine: Due to the indifferent attitude and insensitivity of the British government, many thousands of people died in the Bengal famine causing huge distress among the people against British rule. British defeat: The defeat of British troops against Japan and advances made by Japan towards India made the masses do something. Further the treatment of their own subjects in the war zone by the British upset Indians. This defeat hampered the impression of the supremacy of British rule. Individual Satyagraha: Individual Satyagraha launched by Congress in the backdrop the World War II had only limited success. There was a growing demand from the people to launch a mass movement. 1st Phase of Quit India Movement (QIM) People faced the harshest repression to date in QIM. Rural and urban areas both participated. Maximum participation was of peasants with total focus on the British and no violence against the zamindars. (agro-eco: masses peasants: nation) Big zamindars stayed neutral and smaller zamindars participated actively. (It occurs the first time in Indian National Movement) Communist Party of India (CPI) 1925 did not support QIM since USSR (1920) was part of the Allied Powers since August 1941. Therefore for the communist Party of India (CPI) WWII was a people’s war fought by the Allied Powers. But still, many workers and hundreds of communists participated and many strikes were conducted. School and college girls played an important role by acting as couriers during the second phase. Aruna Asaf Ali and Sucheta Kriplani were active organizers in 2nd phase of QIM. Usha Mehta started Congress Radio for the coordination of the second phase activity. Achyut Patwardhan used Congress Radio frequently Students led the procession in the first phase and acted as a courrier in the second phase. Muslim participation was low because Muslim League (1906) did not support QIM as success will lead to Hindu rule as per Muslim League but even Muslim League supporters gave food and shelter and did not act as informers in 2nd The total absence of communal violence. British crushed the first phase in six weeks then the movement entered the second phase where leadership was provided by Congress Socialist Party (CSP) 1934. 2nd Phase of Quit India Movement (QIM) Government officials leaked information about raids. Businessmen donated generously. Sumati Morarji gave a different car every day to Achyut Patwardhan. Pilots and train drivers delivered arms and bombs. British wanted Mahatma Gandhi to condemn violence, instead, he started fast unto death (1942 against the British violence). And now New energy leads to a fresh mass upsurge. Indian members of the Viceroy Executive Council (VEC) resigned as they did not want to take the blame for Mahatma Gandhi’s death. International media now criticized British repression. Even those against QIM demanded Mahatma Gandhi’s release therefore fast increased unity. Parallel governments were set up in different parts as British rule was overthrown. For example Balia, Midnapore, and Satara, (referred to handout). These parallel governments collected their own taxes, set up their own courts, set up libraries, promoted education, worked against untouchability and for prohibition, did relief work by giving food, and set up their own police. With the end of WWII, all INC leaders were released in June 1945 to participate in the Shimla Conference, and this marked end of QIM. Also, Churchill wanted the solution to India’s problem before the next elections in Britain. Significance of the QIM Last Nail in Coffin: QIM from its very beginning was on the line of "Do or Die" clearly indicating complete independence as its ultimate goal. Mass Participation: All sections of society such as peasants, workers, lawyers, teachers, students, women, traders, etc. participated in the QIM. This helped to increase the base of the movement and the politicization of the masses. Support of businessmen to the QIM clearly showed that the movement gave huge confidence to Indians that the British rule to be ended soon. Kept Congress united during the tough times. Second level leadership got a good opportunity to lead the movement. Parallel Governments: Parallel governments got established at Baliya(UP-First Parallel Government), Tamluk (Bengal), Satara (Maharashtra-Longest Parallel Government), and Talchar(Orissa) during the QIM. In these places, there was no control of the British government for a considerable period of time. It was during this movement that the British realized that they would not be able to govern India for a long time anymore and began to think of ways they could exit the country in a peaceful and dignified manner. The great significance of this historic movement was that it placed the demand for independence on the immediate agenda of the national movement. After Quit India there could be no retreat. Any future negotiations with the British Government could only be on the manner of the transfer of power. Independence was no longer a matter of bargain. And this became amply clear after the War.
##Question:Discuss the two phases of the Quit India Movement with its cause and impacts on the Indian National Movement. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the contextual background of the QIM. Explain various causes behind the launching of QIM Discuss the two phases of QMI Then bring the significance of the QIM Conclude accordingly Answer The failure of the Cripps Mission in April 1942 made it clear that Britain was unwilling to offer an honorable settlement and a real constitutional advance during the War, and that Britain was determined to continue India’s unwilling partnership in the War efforts. The empty gesture of the even those Congressmen like Nehru and Gandhiji, who did not want to do anything to hamper the anti-fascist War effort that any further silence would be tantamount to accepting the right of the British Government to decide India’s fate without any reference to the wishes of her people. The popular discontent, a product of rising prices and war-time shortages, was gradually mounting. High-handed government actions such as the commandeering of boats in Bengal and Orissa to prevent their being used by the Japanese had led to considerable anger among the people. Thus Gandhiji was now convinced that the time was now ripe for struggle. In this context, the Quit India Movement (QIM) was launched in August 1942 at Gowalia Tank ground in Mumbai, which turned out as the last major mass struggle of India for its freedom. It was led by Mahatma Gandhi Ji on the line of "Do or Die". Causes behind the launching of QIM British attitude and failure of the Cripps Mission: British involved India in World War II without the permission of India. Further, the August Offer of the Viceroy didn"t assure the immediate devolution of the power. The Cripps Mission also failed to satisfy Indian leaders because against the popular demand for complete freedom, it talked about dominion status for India after the end of World War II. Side effects of war: There was no import of the foodgrains from Myanmar, due to war, most of the factories were producing military weapons instead of consumer goods. These factors resulted in a shortage of food grains and other essential consumer goods. Naturally, prices of essential goods increased with the high inflation rate. Bengal Famine: Due to the indifferent attitude and insensitivity of the British government, many thousands of people died in the Bengal famine causing huge distress among the people against British rule. British defeat: The defeat of British troops against Japan and advances made by Japan towards India made the masses do something. Further the treatment of their own subjects in the war zone by the British upset Indians. This defeat hampered the impression of the supremacy of British rule. Individual Satyagraha: Individual Satyagraha launched by Congress in the backdrop the World War II had only limited success. There was a growing demand from the people to launch a mass movement. 1st Phase of Quit India Movement (QIM) People faced the harshest repression to date in QIM. Rural and urban areas both participated. Maximum participation was of peasants with total focus on the British and no violence against the zamindars. (agro-eco: masses peasants: nation) Big zamindars stayed neutral and smaller zamindars participated actively. (It occurs the first time in Indian National Movement) Communist Party of India (CPI) 1925 did not support QIM since USSR (1920) was part of the Allied Powers since August 1941. Therefore for the communist Party of India (CPI) WWII was a people’s war fought by the Allied Powers. But still, many workers and hundreds of communists participated and many strikes were conducted. School and college girls played an important role by acting as couriers during the second phase. Aruna Asaf Ali and Sucheta Kriplani were active organizers in 2nd phase of QIM. Usha Mehta started Congress Radio for the coordination of the second phase activity. Achyut Patwardhan used Congress Radio frequently Students led the procession in the first phase and acted as a courrier in the second phase. Muslim participation was low because Muslim League (1906) did not support QIM as success will lead to Hindu rule as per Muslim League but even Muslim League supporters gave food and shelter and did not act as informers in 2nd The total absence of communal violence. British crushed the first phase in six weeks then the movement entered the second phase where leadership was provided by Congress Socialist Party (CSP) 1934. 2nd Phase of Quit India Movement (QIM) Government officials leaked information about raids. Businessmen donated generously. Sumati Morarji gave a different car every day to Achyut Patwardhan. Pilots and train drivers delivered arms and bombs. British wanted Mahatma Gandhi to condemn violence, instead, he started fast unto death (1942 against the British violence). And now New energy leads to a fresh mass upsurge. Indian members of the Viceroy Executive Council (VEC) resigned as they did not want to take the blame for Mahatma Gandhi’s death. International media now criticized British repression. Even those against QIM demanded Mahatma Gandhi’s release therefore fast increased unity. Parallel governments were set up in different parts as British rule was overthrown. For example Balia, Midnapore, and Satara, (referred to handout). These parallel governments collected their own taxes, set up their own courts, set up libraries, promoted education, worked against untouchability and for prohibition, did relief work by giving food, and set up their own police. With the end of WWII, all INC leaders were released in June 1945 to participate in the Shimla Conference, and this marked end of QIM. Also, Churchill wanted the solution to India’s problem before the next elections in Britain. Significance of the QIM Last Nail in Coffin: QIM from its very beginning was on the line of "Do or Die" clearly indicating complete independence as its ultimate goal. Mass Participation: All sections of society such as peasants, workers, lawyers, teachers, students, women, traders, etc. participated in the QIM. This helped to increase the base of the movement and the politicization of the masses. Support of businessmen to the QIM clearly showed that the movement gave huge confidence to Indians that the British rule to be ended soon. Kept Congress united during the tough times. Second level leadership got a good opportunity to lead the movement. Parallel Governments: Parallel governments got established at Baliya(UP-First Parallel Government), Tamluk (Bengal), Satara (Maharashtra-Longest Parallel Government), and Talchar(Orissa) during the QIM. In these places, there was no control of the British government for a considerable period of time. It was during this movement that the British realized that they would not be able to govern India for a long time anymore and began to think of ways they could exit the country in a peaceful and dignified manner. The great significance of this historic movement was that it placed the demand for independence on the immediate agenda of the national movement. After Quit India there could be no retreat. Any future negotiations with the British Government could only be on the manner of the transfer of power. Independence was no longer a matter of bargain. And this became amply clear after the War.
81,677
How Different Would have been the achievements of Indian Independence without Gandhi? Discuss. (10 Marks/150 Words)(Assignment code: 48086)
Approach: Introduction: Contextual Introduction Body: achievements of Indian Independence without Gandhi conclude accordingly Independence without Gandhi is unthinkable but there were many sung and unsung freedom fighters whose contribution is equally impressive and memorable. Gandhi was not only a political figure but also a spiritual leader. No doubt without his philosophy it is difficult to imagine Indian Independence. Indian Independence without Mahatma Gandhi: 1. Britain Financial Crisis: No matter what Britain would have left India in 1947 due to its collapsed economy, After WWII, Britain left not only India but nearly all its other holdings, including Jordan in 1946, Palestine in 1947, Sri Lanka in 1948, Myanmar in 1948, Egypt on 1952 and Malaysia in 1957. 2. Hitler the Main Reason: Hitler almost destroy the economy of Britain and France to the extent that they were almost not capable of picking up the threads of the freedom movement in any of the other colonies. There is a famous saying if there had been no Hitler and no World War II, gaining independence would have taken 3-4 more decades. 3. As per Atlee, Not Gandhi but Subhash Chandra Bose was the reason behind Indian Independence who almost had shaken the empire. 4. As per many British Historians Cripps"s mission played a very important role behind Indian Independence. 5. Some Heroes like Tilak, and Bhagat Singh who almost shattered the roots of Britishers. 6. There are some 80"s movements which played equivalent roles in the Indian Freedom Struggle by Educating the masses like socio-religious movements. Indian Independence is not only about attaining freedom against the British but it is also about the victory of good over evil for which our unsung heroes fought for and die as a martyr.
##Question:How Different Would have been the achievements of Indian Independence without Gandhi? Discuss. (10 Marks/150 Words)(Assignment code: 48086)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Contextual Introduction Body: achievements of Indian Independence without Gandhi conclude accordingly Independence without Gandhi is unthinkable but there were many sung and unsung freedom fighters whose contribution is equally impressive and memorable. Gandhi was not only a political figure but also a spiritual leader. No doubt without his philosophy it is difficult to imagine Indian Independence. Indian Independence without Mahatma Gandhi: 1. Britain Financial Crisis: No matter what Britain would have left India in 1947 due to its collapsed economy, After WWII, Britain left not only India but nearly all its other holdings, including Jordan in 1946, Palestine in 1947, Sri Lanka in 1948, Myanmar in 1948, Egypt on 1952 and Malaysia in 1957. 2. Hitler the Main Reason: Hitler almost destroy the economy of Britain and France to the extent that they were almost not capable of picking up the threads of the freedom movement in any of the other colonies. There is a famous saying if there had been no Hitler and no World War II, gaining independence would have taken 3-4 more decades. 3. As per Atlee, Not Gandhi but Subhash Chandra Bose was the reason behind Indian Independence who almost had shaken the empire. 4. As per many British Historians Cripps"s mission played a very important role behind Indian Independence. 5. Some Heroes like Tilak, and Bhagat Singh who almost shattered the roots of Britishers. 6. There are some 80"s movements which played equivalent roles in the Indian Freedom Struggle by Educating the masses like socio-religious movements. Indian Independence is not only about attaining freedom against the British but it is also about the victory of good over evil for which our unsung heroes fought for and die as a martyr.
81,681
Define Morality and Ethics. Explain the Determinants of Morality and Ethics (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach: - Define Morality and Ethics briefly Explain Determinants of Morality and Ethics separately Answer Morality:- Morals are social cultural and religious beliefs or values of groups that tell us what is right and what is wrong. Morals are rules and standards made by society that are followed by members of society by deciding what is right and what is wrong. Ethics:- E thics is the moral principles that govern a person"s behavior or how an affinity is conducted. Ethics refers to character standards that pervade a community or people at large. Determinants of Morality Socio-psychological factors determine morality in society. Individual value and morality generally be judged by society and the quality of the judgment will always be influenced by the decision- making ability of members of society. Most of the time morality in society is determined by the following factors: (i) Quality of individual (ii)Knowledge and ability of society (iii) Emotional intelligence (iv) Metaphysical belief system (v) Value orientation and Moral intuition Note- Metaphysical Belief System refers to a type of Philosophy that gives emphasis on the reality of their thinking and understanding of that. Metaphysical studies generally seek to explain inherent or universal elements of reality that are not really discovered or experienced in our everyday life. So Metaphysical ideas which are not based on direct experience with material reality are often in conflict with a modern science Morality is guided by a number of social factors also which are related to Societal moral reasoning and the process of moral development of individuals in society with cognitive skills and emotional skills. Determinant of ethics The number of factors that shape the ethical standards and behavior of people can be identified after going through microscopic analysis of the concept and philosophy of Ethics itself. Important factors are: Time, Experience, Cost Benefit Analysis, Inspiration, Power, Education, Governance, tradition, and Culture Ethics in Society enjoys universal acceptance but people find changing nature of Ethics with time and experience. Examples- Sati System in the 18th century was ethical but unethical in the 21st century Ashoka’s experience after the Kalinga war Cost- Benefit analysis- Big dams in Himalayan areas Inspiration- Bhagat Singh, Mahatma Gandhi, Hitler, etc Power- the impact of celebrities and politicians Education- educational system that shapes people’s ethical standards either in favor of nationalism or communalism or authortiraiasm Governance - Swacch Bharat Abhiyan Tradition and Culture- In India, Saudi Arabia, UK
##Question:Define Morality and Ethics. Explain the Determinants of Morality and Ethics (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: - Define Morality and Ethics briefly Explain Determinants of Morality and Ethics separately Answer Morality:- Morals are social cultural and religious beliefs or values of groups that tell us what is right and what is wrong. Morals are rules and standards made by society that are followed by members of society by deciding what is right and what is wrong. Ethics:- E thics is the moral principles that govern a person"s behavior or how an affinity is conducted. Ethics refers to character standards that pervade a community or people at large. Determinants of Morality Socio-psychological factors determine morality in society. Individual value and morality generally be judged by society and the quality of the judgment will always be influenced by the decision- making ability of members of society. Most of the time morality in society is determined by the following factors: (i) Quality of individual (ii)Knowledge and ability of society (iii) Emotional intelligence (iv) Metaphysical belief system (v) Value orientation and Moral intuition Note- Metaphysical Belief System refers to a type of Philosophy that gives emphasis on the reality of their thinking and understanding of that. Metaphysical studies generally seek to explain inherent or universal elements of reality that are not really discovered or experienced in our everyday life. So Metaphysical ideas which are not based on direct experience with material reality are often in conflict with a modern science Morality is guided by a number of social factors also which are related to Societal moral reasoning and the process of moral development of individuals in society with cognitive skills and emotional skills. Determinant of ethics The number of factors that shape the ethical standards and behavior of people can be identified after going through microscopic analysis of the concept and philosophy of Ethics itself. Important factors are: Time, Experience, Cost Benefit Analysis, Inspiration, Power, Education, Governance, tradition, and Culture Ethics in Society enjoys universal acceptance but people find changing nature of Ethics with time and experience. Examples- Sati System in the 18th century was ethical but unethical in the 21st century Ashoka’s experience after the Kalinga war Cost- Benefit analysis- Big dams in Himalayan areas Inspiration- Bhagat Singh, Mahatma Gandhi, Hitler, etc Power- the impact of celebrities and politicians Education- educational system that shapes people’s ethical standards either in favor of nationalism or communalism or authortiraiasm Governance - Swacch Bharat Abhiyan Tradition and Culture- In India, Saudi Arabia, UK
81,696
What do you understand by the Veto powers of the President? Also, mention the purpose of the veto powers with relevant examples. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach:- In the introduction, define the Veto power In the body, mention the veto powers of the president and give examples to substantiate the veto powers Then mention the purpose of the veto powers Conclude accordingly Answer:- President can exercise his Veto powers with respect to legislation passed by the parliament. Veto powers are nothing but the legal powers of an authority to stop an official action. Veto powers of the President Absolute Veto - It allows him to reject a Bill completely. It is exercised with the aid and advice of the CoM. In the case of a Private member Bill and a Bill introduced by the previous government pending the approval of the president, this Veto is exercised. For example- in 1954, Dr. Rajendra prasad withheld his assent on PEPSU appropriation Bill, In 1991. R Venkat Raman withheld his assent to the Bill related to salaries and allowances of MPs. Suspensive Veto- The president may send back the Bill for the reconsideration of the parliament along with the message. For example- in 2006, former President Dr. A.P.J. kalam asked the parliament to reconsider the office of the profit Bill. Pocket Veto- Article 111 does not prescribe the time limit for the president to approve the Bill. In such circumstances, he may choose to do nothing with the Bill and delay its passing for an indefinite period. For example, Giani Zail Singh used the veto power in the Indian post office (Amendment ) Bill 1986 till the end of his tenure. There is no provision for a Qualified veto in the case of the President of India. Suspensive Veto and Pocket veto are the discretionary powers of the president. And, as a result of the 24th Constitutional Amendment Act 1971, President enjoys no veto powers in case of a Constitutional Amendment Bill. Purpose of the Veto powers To prevent hasty legislation passed by the parliament due to a shortage of time To prohibit the parliament from passing a law approved due to populist considerations To prevent the parliament from passing a law that may be against national interest. To prevent Legislation that is not in the spirit of the constitution of India Thus, the Veto powers of the President act as an additional safeguard against hasty legislation and uphold the spirit of constitutionalism.
##Question:What do you understand by the Veto powers of the President? Also, mention the purpose of the veto powers with relevant examples. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, define the Veto power In the body, mention the veto powers of the president and give examples to substantiate the veto powers Then mention the purpose of the veto powers Conclude accordingly Answer:- President can exercise his Veto powers with respect to legislation passed by the parliament. Veto powers are nothing but the legal powers of an authority to stop an official action. Veto powers of the President Absolute Veto - It allows him to reject a Bill completely. It is exercised with the aid and advice of the CoM. In the case of a Private member Bill and a Bill introduced by the previous government pending the approval of the president, this Veto is exercised. For example- in 1954, Dr. Rajendra prasad withheld his assent on PEPSU appropriation Bill, In 1991. R Venkat Raman withheld his assent to the Bill related to salaries and allowances of MPs. Suspensive Veto- The president may send back the Bill for the reconsideration of the parliament along with the message. For example- in 2006, former President Dr. A.P.J. kalam asked the parliament to reconsider the office of the profit Bill. Pocket Veto- Article 111 does not prescribe the time limit for the president to approve the Bill. In such circumstances, he may choose to do nothing with the Bill and delay its passing for an indefinite period. For example, Giani Zail Singh used the veto power in the Indian post office (Amendment ) Bill 1986 till the end of his tenure. There is no provision for a Qualified veto in the case of the President of India. Suspensive Veto and Pocket veto are the discretionary powers of the president. And, as a result of the 24th Constitutional Amendment Act 1971, President enjoys no veto powers in case of a Constitutional Amendment Bill. Purpose of the Veto powers To prevent hasty legislation passed by the parliament due to a shortage of time To prohibit the parliament from passing a law approved due to populist considerations To prevent the parliament from passing a law that may be against national interest. To prevent Legislation that is not in the spirit of the constitution of India Thus, the Veto powers of the President act as an additional safeguard against hasty legislation and uphold the spirit of constitutionalism.
81,700
Discuss the role of Viceroy Mountbatten and Sardar Patel with respect to integration of princely states. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce with the context under which India wins its independence and status of Princely States. Bring the Role Played by the Viceroy Mountbatten. Then further bring the role of Sardar Patel in integration. Then conclude accordingly Answer At the time of Indian independence in 1947, India was divided into two sets of territories, one under direct British rule, and the other Princely states under the suzerainty of the British Crown, with control over their internal affairs remaining in the hands of their hereditary rulers. The princely states included 565 princely states, having different types of revenue-sharing arrangements with the British, often depending on their size, population, and local conditions. In addition, there were several colonial enclaves controlled by France and Portugal. In such conditions integration of the Princely state became of utmost importance to prevent the balkanization of India. In such a condition the role of Viceroys Mountbatten, Sardar Patel, and VP Menon became very significant to work as a combination of soft and hard power. Role of Sardar Patel in Integration of Princely States By invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in the event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of “privy purses” a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. Bikaner, Baroda, and a few other states from Rajasthan were the first ones to join the union. Patel and Menon took a more conciliatory approach to the integration of the Princely state. The official policy statement of the Government of India made by Patel on 5 July 1947 made no threats. Instead, it emphasized the unity of India and the common interests of the princes and independent India, reassured them about the Congress" intentions, and invited them to join independent India "to make laws sitting together as friends than to make treaties as aliens". Sardar Patel reiterated that the States Department would not attempt to establish a relationship of domination over the princely states. Unlike the Political Department of the British Government, it would not be an instrument of paramountcy, but a medium whereby business could be conducted between the states and India as equals. Patel and Menon backed up their diplomatic efforts by producing treaties that were designed to be attractive to rulers of princely states. Two key documents were produced. The first was the Standstill Agreement, which confirmed the continuance of the pre-existing agreements and administrative practices. The second was the Instrument of Accession, by which the ruler of the princely state in question agreed to the accession of his kingdom to independent India, granting the latter control over specified subject matters. There were several other states that were adamant to not joining India. Some of them thought this to be the best moment to acquire independent statehood, while there were others who wanted to become a part of Pakistan. In such a situation, he used hard power to bring them on track. The Role of Viceroy Mountbatten in Integration of Princely States Viceroy Mountbatten also played a prominent role, along with Sardar Patel, in convincing Nehru to order a military strike to help Kashmir, after Maharaja Hari Singh signed the accession document. Apart from this, he thought that it was the British rule’s doing, that the country was facing partition today, and considered it his moral responsibility to oversee the complete process, and the planning to be done to accommodate the refugees coming to India, after partition. 25th July speech of Mountbatten to the Chamber of Princes finally persuaded the Princes. This speech ranked as the most significant Act of Mountbatten in India. Mountbatten used his influence with the princes to push them towards accession. He declared that the British Government would not grant dominion status to any of the princely states, nor would it accept them into the British Commonwealth, which meant that the states would sever all connections with the British crown unless they joined either India or Pakistan. He pointed out that the Indian subcontinent was one economic entity, and that the states would suffer most if the link were broken. Viceroy Mountbatten engaged in a personal dialogue with reluctant princes, such as the Nawab of Bhopal, who he asked through a confidential letter to sign the Instrument of Accession making Bhopal part of India, which Mountbatten would keep locked up in his safe. It would be handed to the States Department on 15 August only if the Nawab did not change his mind before then, which he was free to do. The Nawab agreed and did not renege on the deal. His constitutional advisor, VP Menon, also played the role of a good advisor, while explaining to him, the aspirations of the Indian people, and convincing him to stay in India to help, after 15 August 1947. Thus Viceroy Mountbatten and Sardar Patel played an equally crucial role and a combination of soft and hard power to integrate a large number of Princely states into India as a nation. It helped India to take its significant place on the world stage.
##Question:Discuss the role of Viceroy Mountbatten and Sardar Patel with respect to integration of princely states. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the context under which India wins its independence and status of Princely States. Bring the Role Played by the Viceroy Mountbatten. Then further bring the role of Sardar Patel in integration. Then conclude accordingly Answer At the time of Indian independence in 1947, India was divided into two sets of territories, one under direct British rule, and the other Princely states under the suzerainty of the British Crown, with control over their internal affairs remaining in the hands of their hereditary rulers. The princely states included 565 princely states, having different types of revenue-sharing arrangements with the British, often depending on their size, population, and local conditions. In addition, there were several colonial enclaves controlled by France and Portugal. In such conditions integration of the Princely state became of utmost importance to prevent the balkanization of India. In such a condition the role of Viceroys Mountbatten, Sardar Patel, and VP Menon became very significant to work as a combination of soft and hard power. Role of Sardar Patel in Integration of Princely States By invoking the patriotism of the princes to remind them of the possibility of anarchy in the event of their refusal to join, Patel kept trying to convince them to join India. He also introduced the concept of “privy purses” a payment to be made to royal families for their agreement to merge with India. Bikaner, Baroda, and a few other states from Rajasthan were the first ones to join the union. Patel and Menon took a more conciliatory approach to the integration of the Princely state. The official policy statement of the Government of India made by Patel on 5 July 1947 made no threats. Instead, it emphasized the unity of India and the common interests of the princes and independent India, reassured them about the Congress" intentions, and invited them to join independent India "to make laws sitting together as friends than to make treaties as aliens". Sardar Patel reiterated that the States Department would not attempt to establish a relationship of domination over the princely states. Unlike the Political Department of the British Government, it would not be an instrument of paramountcy, but a medium whereby business could be conducted between the states and India as equals. Patel and Menon backed up their diplomatic efforts by producing treaties that were designed to be attractive to rulers of princely states. Two key documents were produced. The first was the Standstill Agreement, which confirmed the continuance of the pre-existing agreements and administrative practices. The second was the Instrument of Accession, by which the ruler of the princely state in question agreed to the accession of his kingdom to independent India, granting the latter control over specified subject matters. There were several other states that were adamant to not joining India. Some of them thought this to be the best moment to acquire independent statehood, while there were others who wanted to become a part of Pakistan. In such a situation, he used hard power to bring them on track. The Role of Viceroy Mountbatten in Integration of Princely States Viceroy Mountbatten also played a prominent role, along with Sardar Patel, in convincing Nehru to order a military strike to help Kashmir, after Maharaja Hari Singh signed the accession document. Apart from this, he thought that it was the British rule’s doing, that the country was facing partition today, and considered it his moral responsibility to oversee the complete process, and the planning to be done to accommodate the refugees coming to India, after partition. 25th July speech of Mountbatten to the Chamber of Princes finally persuaded the Princes. This speech ranked as the most significant Act of Mountbatten in India. Mountbatten used his influence with the princes to push them towards accession. He declared that the British Government would not grant dominion status to any of the princely states, nor would it accept them into the British Commonwealth, which meant that the states would sever all connections with the British crown unless they joined either India or Pakistan. He pointed out that the Indian subcontinent was one economic entity, and that the states would suffer most if the link were broken. Viceroy Mountbatten engaged in a personal dialogue with reluctant princes, such as the Nawab of Bhopal, who he asked through a confidential letter to sign the Instrument of Accession making Bhopal part of India, which Mountbatten would keep locked up in his safe. It would be handed to the States Department on 15 August only if the Nawab did not change his mind before then, which he was free to do. The Nawab agreed and did not renege on the deal. His constitutional advisor, VP Menon, also played the role of a good advisor, while explaining to him, the aspirations of the Indian people, and convincing him to stay in India to help, after 15 August 1947. Thus Viceroy Mountbatten and Sardar Patel played an equally crucial role and a combination of soft and hard power to integrate a large number of Princely states into India as a nation. It helped India to take its significant place on the world stage.
81,711
Discuss the importance of Nepal as a land locked country vis-a-vis two Asian giants. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: Introduction: Introduce by briefly highlighting the special relationship of India with Nepal. Body: Discuss the importance of Nepal vis a vis India and then China Conclusion: Conclude by briefly highlighting the Geostrategic significance of Nepal as an integral part of the South Asian Region. Given the importance of ties with Nepal, Indo- Nepal relations are often romanticized or considered as roti Beti ka Rishta. Importance of Nepal vis a vis India: Land-locked country: Since it has no access to the seas, Nepal has to depend upon its neighboring countries for transboundary trade and movement. Nepal shares a border with 5 Indian states. So, stability in the region in some way depends on the stability of Nepal. Strategic importance: Nepal acts as a buffer state against any Chinese aggression and Northern Frontier for India. Therefore, strategically it is important for both India and China as proclaimed by king Prithvi Narayan Shah, that Nepal is a Yam between two boulders. Security Concerns: There is a possibility of Nepalese territory being used for Anti-Indian activity through weekly regulated borders. The geographical proximity to China also creates security concerns. Hydroelectricity: The Indian river systems are perennial and are fed by rivers originating from Nepal. Therefore in terms of Hydroelectric potential and ecology, Nepal is important to India. Importance of Nepal Vis a vis China: For both India and China Nepal Security and stability are primary since they will have a spillover effect over on each other. Tibetan Autonomous Region: Nepal is important for China"s national security since it shares a border with China"s Tibet autonomous region(TAR). Nepal is thus a land bridge between TAR and China To control Tibetan Exiles: China seeks the support of Nepal in controlling Tibetan exiles in Nepal. Next to Pakistan, the Nepal is second priority in China"s strategic calculations in the region. To counter the US: China"s main concern in Nepal(more than India) is the US. China suspects that the US and its allies are trying to use Nepal in their larger strategy of encircling China. Nepal is also China"s BRI partner: Trans Himalayan Multi-dimensional connectivity is an economic corridor between China and Nepal and part of BRI. This would change Nepal from a Land locked to Land linked country. Hydroelectricity: China also needs energy for the development of TAR and for BRI in Nepal. With strong diplomacy, we can use the hydroelectric potential of Nepal and integrate it with SAR(within SAARC, BBIN, BIMSTEC, and ASEAN countries). Apart from its importance for two Asian giants, Nepal is important in the present era because: 1. Experimental place for Global Climate change: For example, Hindukush Himlayan Report 2. Potential for Mountain Economy for example tourism, mining, environment protection Thus, Nepal with its strong geo-strategic position between the two Asian Giants constitutes an integral part of the strategic calculations in the South Asia Region.
##Question:Discuss the importance of Nepal as a land locked country vis-a-vis two Asian giants. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Introduce by briefly highlighting the special relationship of India with Nepal. Body: Discuss the importance of Nepal vis a vis India and then China Conclusion: Conclude by briefly highlighting the Geostrategic significance of Nepal as an integral part of the South Asian Region. Given the importance of ties with Nepal, Indo- Nepal relations are often romanticized or considered as roti Beti ka Rishta. Importance of Nepal vis a vis India: Land-locked country: Since it has no access to the seas, Nepal has to depend upon its neighboring countries for transboundary trade and movement. Nepal shares a border with 5 Indian states. So, stability in the region in some way depends on the stability of Nepal. Strategic importance: Nepal acts as a buffer state against any Chinese aggression and Northern Frontier for India. Therefore, strategically it is important for both India and China as proclaimed by king Prithvi Narayan Shah, that Nepal is a Yam between two boulders. Security Concerns: There is a possibility of Nepalese territory being used for Anti-Indian activity through weekly regulated borders. The geographical proximity to China also creates security concerns. Hydroelectricity: The Indian river systems are perennial and are fed by rivers originating from Nepal. Therefore in terms of Hydroelectric potential and ecology, Nepal is important to India. Importance of Nepal Vis a vis China: For both India and China Nepal Security and stability are primary since they will have a spillover effect over on each other. Tibetan Autonomous Region: Nepal is important for China"s national security since it shares a border with China"s Tibet autonomous region(TAR). Nepal is thus a land bridge between TAR and China To control Tibetan Exiles: China seeks the support of Nepal in controlling Tibetan exiles in Nepal. Next to Pakistan, the Nepal is second priority in China"s strategic calculations in the region. To counter the US: China"s main concern in Nepal(more than India) is the US. China suspects that the US and its allies are trying to use Nepal in their larger strategy of encircling China. Nepal is also China"s BRI partner: Trans Himalayan Multi-dimensional connectivity is an economic corridor between China and Nepal and part of BRI. This would change Nepal from a Land locked to Land linked country. Hydroelectricity: China also needs energy for the development of TAR and for BRI in Nepal. With strong diplomacy, we can use the hydroelectric potential of Nepal and integrate it with SAR(within SAARC, BBIN, BIMSTEC, and ASEAN countries). Apart from its importance for two Asian giants, Nepal is important in the present era because: 1. Experimental place for Global Climate change: For example, Hindukush Himlayan Report 2. Potential for Mountain Economy for example tourism, mining, environment protection Thus, Nepal with its strong geo-strategic position between the two Asian Giants constitutes an integral part of the strategic calculations in the South Asia Region.
81,722
What is Normative Ethics? Differentiate between Deontological Ethics and Teleological Ethics. (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach Briefly define Normative Ethics and its subcategories. Explain Deontological Ethics and Teleological Ethics separately by quoting Immanuel Kant"s "Philosophy of Means and Ends" Briefly conclude Answer:- Normative Ethics Normative Ethics is the study of ethical beliefs that govern how individuals should act and behave in society. The principal purpose that Normative Ethical theories are to articulate and advocate an ethical code that is to provide justifiable and reliable principles to determine what is moral and immoral behavior. Normative Theory involves arriving at moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct. In this sense, it is a search for an ideal litmus test of proper behavior. The ‘Golden Rule is an example of Normative Theory that establishes a single principle against which we judge all actions. Normative Theories give focus onset of Fundamental Principles or a set of good character traits. Normative theories seek to provide action guides and procedures for correcting self and answer the practical question of what one should do. Generally, Normative Ethics is classified into a number of sub-classifications of Ethics like: Deontological Ethics it contains that ideal ethical actions protect and respect the moral rights of society. The fundamental assumption is that persons have dignity as a result of their own human nature or free choice. People have the right to be recognized as a goal in themselves. In that way, Deontological ethics is all about Duty Science. Immanuel Kant is one of the greatest exponents of Deontological Ethics. As per the philosophy of Kant -Moral Rules must be applied to all individuals because a moral life only is a rational life. People with Deontological Ethics will always give emphasis on ‘means’ rather than the ‘end result’. As per the opinion of Kant, a Human being is enjoying an extraordinary ability and with that ability of logic and rationality, he can understand what is ethical and what is nonethical this ability will not only differentiate human beings from animals but allow a human being to adopt the correct method to realize the goal. Teleological Ethics As per this point of view, the morality of the act is determined by the consequences of that action. It indicates that morally right activity will result in a good outcome whereas morally wrong conduct will result in a terrible end. In this viewpoint, the results are more essential or important than the basics (Ends justify the means) this kind of ethics gives emphasis on hedonism and consequentialism as well as Utilitarianism. Teleological Ethics talks about ‘End science’ rather than ‘Means Science’ and that is why it is always goal-directed. Because of these kinds of qualities attached to Teleological ethics person who used to cheat/steal something may not be considered wrong if the result will be achieved. When we compare Normative ethics with Teleological Ethics we find that Normative Ethics consider moral duties but Teleological Ethics gives emphasis on moral values rather than Moral duties . In Normative ethics ‘Right’ will be given priority to ‘Good’ but in Teleological Ethics ‘Good’ is given priority to ‘Right’. Teleological and deontological ethics are two opposing ethical theories that determine the moral goodness or badness of an action. The difference between teleological and deontological ethics is that the teleological view is a consequent-based view introduced by Jeremy Bentham while the deontological view is a rule-based view.
##Question:What is Normative Ethics? Differentiate between Deontological Ethics and Teleological Ethics. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Briefly define Normative Ethics and its subcategories. Explain Deontological Ethics and Teleological Ethics separately by quoting Immanuel Kant"s "Philosophy of Means and Ends" Briefly conclude Answer:- Normative Ethics Normative Ethics is the study of ethical beliefs that govern how individuals should act and behave in society. The principal purpose that Normative Ethical theories are to articulate and advocate an ethical code that is to provide justifiable and reliable principles to determine what is moral and immoral behavior. Normative Theory involves arriving at moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct. In this sense, it is a search for an ideal litmus test of proper behavior. The ‘Golden Rule is an example of Normative Theory that establishes a single principle against which we judge all actions. Normative Theories give focus onset of Fundamental Principles or a set of good character traits. Normative theories seek to provide action guides and procedures for correcting self and answer the practical question of what one should do. Generally, Normative Ethics is classified into a number of sub-classifications of Ethics like: Deontological Ethics it contains that ideal ethical actions protect and respect the moral rights of society. The fundamental assumption is that persons have dignity as a result of their own human nature or free choice. People have the right to be recognized as a goal in themselves. In that way, Deontological ethics is all about Duty Science. Immanuel Kant is one of the greatest exponents of Deontological Ethics. As per the philosophy of Kant -Moral Rules must be applied to all individuals because a moral life only is a rational life. People with Deontological Ethics will always give emphasis on ‘means’ rather than the ‘end result’. As per the opinion of Kant, a Human being is enjoying an extraordinary ability and with that ability of logic and rationality, he can understand what is ethical and what is nonethical this ability will not only differentiate human beings from animals but allow a human being to adopt the correct method to realize the goal. Teleological Ethics As per this point of view, the morality of the act is determined by the consequences of that action. It indicates that morally right activity will result in a good outcome whereas morally wrong conduct will result in a terrible end. In this viewpoint, the results are more essential or important than the basics (Ends justify the means) this kind of ethics gives emphasis on hedonism and consequentialism as well as Utilitarianism. Teleological Ethics talks about ‘End science’ rather than ‘Means Science’ and that is why it is always goal-directed. Because of these kinds of qualities attached to Teleological ethics person who used to cheat/steal something may not be considered wrong if the result will be achieved. When we compare Normative ethics with Teleological Ethics we find that Normative Ethics consider moral duties but Teleological Ethics gives emphasis on moral values rather than Moral duties . In Normative ethics ‘Right’ will be given priority to ‘Good’ but in Teleological Ethics ‘Good’ is given priority to ‘Right’. Teleological and deontological ethics are two opposing ethical theories that determine the moral goodness or badness of an action. The difference between teleological and deontological ethics is that the teleological view is a consequent-based view introduced by Jeremy Bentham while the deontological view is a rule-based view.
81,726
Inefficient food management, overflowing godowns alongside issues of food security, and the starving population seem to be a paradox in the Indian system. Comment and provide suggestions to rectify it. (200Words/15 Marks)
APPROACH: Introduce by highlighting the ironic situation in India. In the body write about the reasons for this situation. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: India produced 107.59 million tonnes of wheat and 118 million tonnes of rice in 2019-20. It is one of the world"s largest producers of grain and yet ranks 101 out of 116 countries under the Global Hunger Index report 2021 prepared by "Welthungerhilfe" and "Concern Worldwide". We observe the paradox of food shortage and overflowing godowns at the same time. The reasons for the same can be: (1) Inefficient Public Distribution System The network of fair price shops that undertake the distribution of food grains to the eligible under the NFSA 2013 is marred by the limitations of exclusion-inclusion errors, loss of food grains during transportation, and corruption issues. (2) Inefficient Food Corporation of India The storage and distribution functions of food grains are undertaken by the Food Corporation of India which has inadequate storage capacity, low financial capacity, inefficient manpower (3) Food Wastage: As per FAO reports, nearly 40% of the food produced in India is wasted every year due to fragmented food systems and inefficient supply chains. There is a lack of nutrition-rich food in the hinterland, while the consumption pattern in cities is leading to obesity. As per the Food Waste Index Report 2021, a staggering 50 kg of food is thrown away per person every year in Indian homes. (4) Ineffective implementation of schemes: It has been found that only 44% of the total allocated funds to the Integrated Child Development Services were utilized in 2018-19, while only 14 states were able to spend the entire fund allocated to them under the Mid-Day Meal scheme. The PDS in India remains cereal centric and does not focus on the availability of micronutrients to the targeted beneficiaries. (5) Technical issues: Several state reports suggest that being unable to link the ration card with Aadhaar and manual entry errors have led to people being denied essential food grains and starvation death. Although, India has achieved self-sufficiency in agricultural production and implemented the world"s largest social protection program against hunger such as the National Food Security Act and Mid-Day Meal, yet we see a starving population. Measures to rectify the same: (1) Efficiency in PDS: Making Program more targeted like Tamil Nadu implements a universal PDS, states like Chhattisgarh and MP implemented measures including the technological aspects to streamline TPDS, through the digitization of ration cards, etc. (2) One Nation One Ration Card or Integrated Management of PDS (3) Use of GPS technology to track the movement of trucks carrying food grains from the state depots to Fair Price Shops. (4) PDS and UID Synergy to identify the right beneficiary through biometric authentication. (5) Negotiable warehouse receipt systems (NWRs) should be taken up on priority and scaled up quickly. The government must ensure that the existing system’s performance and efficiency are improved and better planning and implementation of the schemes.
##Question:Inefficient food management, overflowing godowns alongside issues of food security, and the starving population seem to be a paradox in the Indian system. Comment and provide suggestions to rectify it. (200Words/15 Marks)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce by highlighting the ironic situation in India. In the body write about the reasons for this situation. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: India produced 107.59 million tonnes of wheat and 118 million tonnes of rice in 2019-20. It is one of the world"s largest producers of grain and yet ranks 101 out of 116 countries under the Global Hunger Index report 2021 prepared by "Welthungerhilfe" and "Concern Worldwide". We observe the paradox of food shortage and overflowing godowns at the same time. The reasons for the same can be: (1) Inefficient Public Distribution System The network of fair price shops that undertake the distribution of food grains to the eligible under the NFSA 2013 is marred by the limitations of exclusion-inclusion errors, loss of food grains during transportation, and corruption issues. (2) Inefficient Food Corporation of India The storage and distribution functions of food grains are undertaken by the Food Corporation of India which has inadequate storage capacity, low financial capacity, inefficient manpower (3) Food Wastage: As per FAO reports, nearly 40% of the food produced in India is wasted every year due to fragmented food systems and inefficient supply chains. There is a lack of nutrition-rich food in the hinterland, while the consumption pattern in cities is leading to obesity. As per the Food Waste Index Report 2021, a staggering 50 kg of food is thrown away per person every year in Indian homes. (4) Ineffective implementation of schemes: It has been found that only 44% of the total allocated funds to the Integrated Child Development Services were utilized in 2018-19, while only 14 states were able to spend the entire fund allocated to them under the Mid-Day Meal scheme. The PDS in India remains cereal centric and does not focus on the availability of micronutrients to the targeted beneficiaries. (5) Technical issues: Several state reports suggest that being unable to link the ration card with Aadhaar and manual entry errors have led to people being denied essential food grains and starvation death. Although, India has achieved self-sufficiency in agricultural production and implemented the world"s largest social protection program against hunger such as the National Food Security Act and Mid-Day Meal, yet we see a starving population. Measures to rectify the same: (1) Efficiency in PDS: Making Program more targeted like Tamil Nadu implements a universal PDS, states like Chhattisgarh and MP implemented measures including the technological aspects to streamline TPDS, through the digitization of ration cards, etc. (2) One Nation One Ration Card or Integrated Management of PDS (3) Use of GPS technology to track the movement of trucks carrying food grains from the state depots to Fair Price Shops. (4) PDS and UID Synergy to identify the right beneficiary through biometric authentication. (5) Negotiable warehouse receipt systems (NWRs) should be taken up on priority and scaled up quickly. The government must ensure that the existing system’s performance and efficiency are improved and better planning and implementation of the schemes.
81,731
Normally countries shift from agriculture to industries and then later to services, but India shifted directly from agriculture to services. What are the reasons for the less growth in the industrial sector vis-a-vis the service sector in the country? (150 words / 10 marks)
Approach: Introduce the answer by giving data to show the disparity in the industrial and service sectors. Discuss the reasons for less growth in the industry sector in the country vis-a-vis the service sector. Conclude the answer by giving some suggestions for improvement. Answer: India’s service sector dominates the Indian economy with a contribution of up to 60% while manufacturing contributes around 26% and agriculture is only 14% of the Economy. India leap-frogged from an agrarian economy to a service economy. Reasons for the less growth in the industry sector in the country: Infrastructure bottlenecks - Lack of availability of good quality roads, railways, and port infrastructure, increases the logistic cost (13% to 14% of the GDP) thereby compromising the competitiveness of the products. The peak power deficiency in India is estimated at around 7% to 8%, and a significant proportion of manufacturing units have to put up 100% power backup facilities which increase their costs. Factor market rigidities include poor availability of land, high cost of credit, and poor skill availability in the country. Poor Regulatory Policies and a complex regulatory structure inhibit industrial investment - some sectors have multiple regulators, eg. airports, and some don"t have any independent regulators eg. ports, roads, etc. Exchange rate fluctuations and increase in FPI leads to an appreciation of the rupee resulting in a decline in export since FPIs are volatile in nature their exit can lead to depreciation increasing the import bill. Demand side constraints - Lack of poverty alleviation and high inequality has led to market segmentation in India. The demand of the top 10% is met by imports and a few large industries whereas, the small sector provides goods to the majority of the population. The demand of these households is constrained by low purchasing power therefore, the small-scale industry remains trapped in a cycle of poor quality products with low levels of profitability. The implication of this is a lack of expansion in the industry. Why the Service sector thrives more?: The availability of English-speaking people in the country, availability of cheap labor, and increasing middle class due to LPG reforms, advancement of the IT sector, etc. led to high growth in the service sector. To make the Indian economy a $5 trillion economy and global powerhouse by 2024-25 reforms are needed in the areas of various bottlenecks, though the govt has also stepped in with various reforms like the Ease of Doing Business, liberalization of FDI policy, National Manufacturing Policy 2011, Make in India initiative, apart from this much needs to be done in the major bottleneck that is infrastructure specifically in the area of transportation (rail, road, waterways), Public Private Partnership could be explored in a more innovative manner.
##Question:Normally countries shift from agriculture to industries and then later to services, but India shifted directly from agriculture to services. What are the reasons for the less growth in the industrial sector vis-a-vis the service sector in the country? (150 words / 10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce the answer by giving data to show the disparity in the industrial and service sectors. Discuss the reasons for less growth in the industry sector in the country vis-a-vis the service sector. Conclude the answer by giving some suggestions for improvement. Answer: India’s service sector dominates the Indian economy with a contribution of up to 60% while manufacturing contributes around 26% and agriculture is only 14% of the Economy. India leap-frogged from an agrarian economy to a service economy. Reasons for the less growth in the industry sector in the country: Infrastructure bottlenecks - Lack of availability of good quality roads, railways, and port infrastructure, increases the logistic cost (13% to 14% of the GDP) thereby compromising the competitiveness of the products. The peak power deficiency in India is estimated at around 7% to 8%, and a significant proportion of manufacturing units have to put up 100% power backup facilities which increase their costs. Factor market rigidities include poor availability of land, high cost of credit, and poor skill availability in the country. Poor Regulatory Policies and a complex regulatory structure inhibit industrial investment - some sectors have multiple regulators, eg. airports, and some don"t have any independent regulators eg. ports, roads, etc. Exchange rate fluctuations and increase in FPI leads to an appreciation of the rupee resulting in a decline in export since FPIs are volatile in nature their exit can lead to depreciation increasing the import bill. Demand side constraints - Lack of poverty alleviation and high inequality has led to market segmentation in India. The demand of the top 10% is met by imports and a few large industries whereas, the small sector provides goods to the majority of the population. The demand of these households is constrained by low purchasing power therefore, the small-scale industry remains trapped in a cycle of poor quality products with low levels of profitability. The implication of this is a lack of expansion in the industry. Why the Service sector thrives more?: The availability of English-speaking people in the country, availability of cheap labor, and increasing middle class due to LPG reforms, advancement of the IT sector, etc. led to high growth in the service sector. To make the Indian economy a $5 trillion economy and global powerhouse by 2024-25 reforms are needed in the areas of various bottlenecks, though the govt has also stepped in with various reforms like the Ease of Doing Business, liberalization of FDI policy, National Manufacturing Policy 2011, Make in India initiative, apart from this much needs to be done in the major bottleneck that is infrastructure specifically in the area of transportation (rail, road, waterways), Public Private Partnership could be explored in a more innovative manner.
81,737
Explain the significance and scope of writs available with the Supreme Court of India under Article 32 of the Indian Constitution. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce with the constitutional provision for the writ. Then bring the significance and scope of the Writ. Then conclude with the further scope of the writ. Answer The provision of writs is borrowed from English law where they are known as ‘prerogative writs’. They are so called in England as they were issued in the exercise of the prerogative of the King who was, and is still, described as the ‘fountain of justice’. Later, the high court started issuing these writs as extraordinary remedies to uphold the rights and liberties of the British people. The Indian Constitution provides for the writ for Supreme Court under Article 32 and for the High Court under Article 226. The Supreme Court and High Court can issue the writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, and quo-warrant, whichever may be appropriate, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by this Part. Significance and scope of various types of writs available under Article 32 and Article 226 Habeas Corpus It means ‘to have the body of’. It is an order issued by the court to a person who has detained another person, to produce the body of the latter before it. The court then examines the cause and legality of the detention. It would set the detained person free if the detention is found to be illegal. Thus, this writ is a bulwark of individual liberty against arbitrary detention. The writ of habeas corpus can be issued against both public authorities as well as private individuals. Mandamus It literally means ‘we command’. It is a command issued by the court to a public official asking him to perform the official duties that he has failed or refused to perform. It can also be issued against any public body, a corporation, an inferior court, a tribunal or a government for the same purpose. Prohibition It means ‘to forbid’. It is issued by a higher court to a lower court or tribunal to prevent the latter from exceeding its jurisdiction or usurping a jurisdiction that it does not possess. Thus, unlike the mandamus that directs activity, prohibition directs inactivity. The writ of prohibition can be issued only against judicial and quasi-judicial authorities. Certiorari In the literal sense, it means ‘to be certified’ or ‘to be informed. It is issued by a higher court to a lower court or tribunal either to transfer a case pending with the latter to itself or to quash the order of the latter in a case. It is issued on the grounds of an excess of jurisdiction or lack of jurisdiction or error of law. Thus, unlike prohibition, which is only preventive, certiorari is both preventive as well as curative. Quo-Warranto In the literal sense, it means ‘by what authority or warrants’. It is issued by the court to inquire into the legality of the claim of a person to a public office. Hence, it prevents the illegal usurpation of public office by a person. The writ can be issued only in case of a substantive public office of a permanent character created by a statute or by the Constitution. The writ jurisdiction of the High Court is wider than that of the Supreme Court. High Court can issue writs for all legal rights including Fundamental rights. The Supreme Court can issue writs for Fundamental rights only. Parliament may by law empower writ for any other court to exercise within the local limits of its jurisdiction all or any of the powers exercisable by the Supreme Court. Thus apex court should use the writs as a tool to establish a just society.
##Question:Explain the significance and scope of writs available with the Supreme Court of India under Article 32 of the Indian Constitution. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the constitutional provision for the writ. Then bring the significance and scope of the Writ. Then conclude with the further scope of the writ. Answer The provision of writs is borrowed from English law where they are known as ‘prerogative writs’. They are so called in England as they were issued in the exercise of the prerogative of the King who was, and is still, described as the ‘fountain of justice’. Later, the high court started issuing these writs as extraordinary remedies to uphold the rights and liberties of the British people. The Indian Constitution provides for the writ for Supreme Court under Article 32 and for the High Court under Article 226. The Supreme Court and High Court can issue the writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, and quo-warrant, whichever may be appropriate, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by this Part. Significance and scope of various types of writs available under Article 32 and Article 226 Habeas Corpus It means ‘to have the body of’. It is an order issued by the court to a person who has detained another person, to produce the body of the latter before it. The court then examines the cause and legality of the detention. It would set the detained person free if the detention is found to be illegal. Thus, this writ is a bulwark of individual liberty against arbitrary detention. The writ of habeas corpus can be issued against both public authorities as well as private individuals. Mandamus It literally means ‘we command’. It is a command issued by the court to a public official asking him to perform the official duties that he has failed or refused to perform. It can also be issued against any public body, a corporation, an inferior court, a tribunal or a government for the same purpose. Prohibition It means ‘to forbid’. It is issued by a higher court to a lower court or tribunal to prevent the latter from exceeding its jurisdiction or usurping a jurisdiction that it does not possess. Thus, unlike the mandamus that directs activity, prohibition directs inactivity. The writ of prohibition can be issued only against judicial and quasi-judicial authorities. Certiorari In the literal sense, it means ‘to be certified’ or ‘to be informed. It is issued by a higher court to a lower court or tribunal either to transfer a case pending with the latter to itself or to quash the order of the latter in a case. It is issued on the grounds of an excess of jurisdiction or lack of jurisdiction or error of law. Thus, unlike prohibition, which is only preventive, certiorari is both preventive as well as curative. Quo-Warranto In the literal sense, it means ‘by what authority or warrants’. It is issued by the court to inquire into the legality of the claim of a person to a public office. Hence, it prevents the illegal usurpation of public office by a person. The writ can be issued only in case of a substantive public office of a permanent character created by a statute or by the Constitution. The writ jurisdiction of the High Court is wider than that of the Supreme Court. High Court can issue writs for all legal rights including Fundamental rights. The Supreme Court can issue writs for Fundamental rights only. Parliament may by law empower writ for any other court to exercise within the local limits of its jurisdiction all or any of the powers exercisable by the Supreme Court. Thus apex court should use the writs as a tool to establish a just society.
81,739
What are intellectual property Rights? Also, mention the Issues associated with the IPR regime in India. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach:- In the introduction, define the intellectual property rights In the body part, mention the types of the IPR Then mention the issues associated with the IPR Conclude accordingly Answer:- Intellectual property rights are rights given to a person over the creations of their mind. They usually provide the creator an exclusive right over the use of creation for a certain period of time. Types of IPRs Patent- A patent is granted for an invention that is a new product or process that meets the conditions of Novelty, Non-obviousness, and industrial use. They are granted for 20 years. In India, they are governed by The Patent Act 1970 which was amended in 2005 to make it TRIPS compliant. Copyright - Copyright is a right given by the law to creators of literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work and producers of films and sound recordings. They are generally given for 60 years. Trademark - Trademark means a mark capable of being represented graphically and distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. They are given for 10 years and governed by Trademarks Act 1999. Industrial design - An industrial design includes shape, configuration, pattern, and the composition of colors in 2 dimensions or 3 dimensions which contains the aesthetic value. Plant variety protection - It refers to the protection granted to plant varieties to encourage the development of new varieties of plants. This protection is available for plant breeders and farmers [10 years] Geographical indication -It is a sign used on agricultural, natural, or manufactured goods originating in a particular region of a country. It is given for 10 years and can be renewed. Trade secrets- These are confidential information that provides a competitive advantage to a company. It can be an invention, idea, survey method, Recipe, financial strategy, client database, etc. Semiconductors and integrated layout design - A layout design signifies transistors, wires, switches, and other circuitry elements in semiconductors integrated circuits. Issues with IPR There is no dedicated trade secrets law. Trademark violations are rampant and there are excessive delays in obtaining trademarks. India applies restrictive patentability criteria to reject pharma patents- For example- Evergreening High import duties on IP-intensive products such as medical devices, solar energy equipment, capital goods, etc. As per an OECD report, India is one of the top 5 sources of fake goods. As stated by Our honorable PM " Jai jawan, Jai Kisan, Jai Vigyan, and Jai Anushandhaan" , India"s future lies in Innovation. So government must take steps to protect the IPR rights so that India can march into innovation-led growth.
##Question:What are intellectual property Rights? Also, mention the Issues associated with the IPR regime in India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, define the intellectual property rights In the body part, mention the types of the IPR Then mention the issues associated with the IPR Conclude accordingly Answer:- Intellectual property rights are rights given to a person over the creations of their mind. They usually provide the creator an exclusive right over the use of creation for a certain period of time. Types of IPRs Patent- A patent is granted for an invention that is a new product or process that meets the conditions of Novelty, Non-obviousness, and industrial use. They are granted for 20 years. In India, they are governed by The Patent Act 1970 which was amended in 2005 to make it TRIPS compliant. Copyright - Copyright is a right given by the law to creators of literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work and producers of films and sound recordings. They are generally given for 60 years. Trademark - Trademark means a mark capable of being represented graphically and distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. They are given for 10 years and governed by Trademarks Act 1999. Industrial design - An industrial design includes shape, configuration, pattern, and the composition of colors in 2 dimensions or 3 dimensions which contains the aesthetic value. Plant variety protection - It refers to the protection granted to plant varieties to encourage the development of new varieties of plants. This protection is available for plant breeders and farmers [10 years] Geographical indication -It is a sign used on agricultural, natural, or manufactured goods originating in a particular region of a country. It is given for 10 years and can be renewed. Trade secrets- These are confidential information that provides a competitive advantage to a company. It can be an invention, idea, survey method, Recipe, financial strategy, client database, etc. Semiconductors and integrated layout design - A layout design signifies transistors, wires, switches, and other circuitry elements in semiconductors integrated circuits. Issues with IPR There is no dedicated trade secrets law. Trademark violations are rampant and there are excessive delays in obtaining trademarks. India applies restrictive patentability criteria to reject pharma patents- For example- Evergreening High import duties on IP-intensive products such as medical devices, solar energy equipment, capital goods, etc. As per an OECD report, India is one of the top 5 sources of fake goods. As stated by Our honorable PM " Jai jawan, Jai Kisan, Jai Vigyan, and Jai Anushandhaan" , India"s future lies in Innovation. So government must take steps to protect the IPR rights so that India can march into innovation-led growth.
81,751
What are intellectual property Rights? Also, mention the Issues associated with the IPR regime in India. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach:- In the introduction, define the intellectual property rights In the body part, mention the types of the IPR Then mention the issues associated with the IPR Conclude accordingly Answer:- Intellectual property rights are rights given to a person over the creations of their mind. They usually provide the creator an exclusive right over the use of creation for a certain period of time. Types of IPRs Patent- A patent is granted for an invention that is a new product or process that meets the conditions of Novelty, Non-obviousness, and industrial use. They are granted for 20 years. In India, they are governed by The Patent Act 1970 which was amended in 2005 to make it TRIPS compliant. Copyright- Copyright is a right given by the law to creators of literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work and producers of films and sound recordings. They are generally given for 60 years. Trademark - Trademark means a mark capable of being represented graphically and distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. They are given for 10 years and governed by Trademarks Act 1999. Industrial design- An industrial design includes shape, configuration, pattern, and the composition of colors in 2 dimensions or 3 dimensions which contains the aesthetic value. Plant variety protection - It refers to the protection granted to plant varieties to encourage the development of new varieties of plants. This protection is available for plant breeders and farmers [10 years] Geographical indication -It is a sign used on agricultural, natural, or manufactured goods originating in a particular region of a country. It is given for 10 years and can be renewed. Trade secrets - These are confidential information that provides a competitive advantage to a company. It can be an invention, idea, survey method, Recipe, financial strategy, client database, etc. Semiconductors and integrated layout design - A layout design signifies transistors, wires, switches, and other circuitry elements in semiconductors integrated circuits. Issues with IPR There is no dedicated trade secrets law. Trademark violations are rampant and there are excessive delays in obtaining trademarks. India applies restrictive patentability criteria to reject pharma patents- For example- Evergreening High import duties on IP-intensive products such as medical devices, solar energy equipment, capital goods, etc. As per an OECD report, India is one of the top 5 sources of fake goods. As stated by Our honorable PM "Jai jawan, Jai Kisan, Jai Vigyan, and Jai Anushandhaan", India"s future lies in Innovation. So government must take steps to protect the IPR rights so that India can march into innovation-led growth.
##Question:What are intellectual property Rights? Also, mention the Issues associated with the IPR regime in India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, define the intellectual property rights In the body part, mention the types of the IPR Then mention the issues associated with the IPR Conclude accordingly Answer:- Intellectual property rights are rights given to a person over the creations of their mind. They usually provide the creator an exclusive right over the use of creation for a certain period of time. Types of IPRs Patent- A patent is granted for an invention that is a new product or process that meets the conditions of Novelty, Non-obviousness, and industrial use. They are granted for 20 years. In India, they are governed by The Patent Act 1970 which was amended in 2005 to make it TRIPS compliant. Copyright- Copyright is a right given by the law to creators of literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work and producers of films and sound recordings. They are generally given for 60 years. Trademark - Trademark means a mark capable of being represented graphically and distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. They are given for 10 years and governed by Trademarks Act 1999. Industrial design- An industrial design includes shape, configuration, pattern, and the composition of colors in 2 dimensions or 3 dimensions which contains the aesthetic value. Plant variety protection - It refers to the protection granted to plant varieties to encourage the development of new varieties of plants. This protection is available for plant breeders and farmers [10 years] Geographical indication -It is a sign used on agricultural, natural, or manufactured goods originating in a particular region of a country. It is given for 10 years and can be renewed. Trade secrets - These are confidential information that provides a competitive advantage to a company. It can be an invention, idea, survey method, Recipe, financial strategy, client database, etc. Semiconductors and integrated layout design - A layout design signifies transistors, wires, switches, and other circuitry elements in semiconductors integrated circuits. Issues with IPR There is no dedicated trade secrets law. Trademark violations are rampant and there are excessive delays in obtaining trademarks. India applies restrictive patentability criteria to reject pharma patents- For example- Evergreening High import duties on IP-intensive products such as medical devices, solar energy equipment, capital goods, etc. As per an OECD report, India is one of the top 5 sources of fake goods. As stated by Our honorable PM "Jai jawan, Jai Kisan, Jai Vigyan, and Jai Anushandhaan", India"s future lies in Innovation. So government must take steps to protect the IPR rights so that India can march into innovation-led growth.
81,752
What is India"s concept of the Indo-Pacific region? Also, mention the challenges faced by the world in dealing with the Indo-Pacific region.(10 Marks/ 150 Words)
Approach: Mention India"s concept of the Indo-Western Pacific Region. Discuss the limitations/ challenges faced by India in dealing with Indo-Pacific Region. Conclude appropriately Answers: India"s concept of the Indo-Pacific region first came up in the Shangri La dialogue of 2018 speech by the Indian PM. It is rooted in common geography i.e. Indian and Pacific oceans are linked which India says has a vast array of opportunities and challenges. The countries of South East Asia geographically and civilizational link the two oceans. Indo-Pacific is not based on strategic rivalry. It is not a club of limited numbers to be dominated by a particular country. India"s conception of the Indian Ocean is a positive one and based on multiple principles. Any form of cooperation supported by India would be based on National sovereignty and territorial integrity. India supports freedom of navigation and overflight in the region. The countries have the freedom of unimpeded law of commerce. India calls for an open, free, inclusive and rules-based order in the Indo-pacific region. Challenges faced by the world in dealing with the Indo-Pacific region: 1. It is a new concept and still evolving. There is a lack of clarity about which countries are part of the region. 2. It lacks clarity about governing and defining arrangements. Examples include QUAD lacks clarity about its purpose and objectives. 3. Lack of a common approach among the major actors like India, ASEAN, China, US etc. 4. Complex relations with China. Examples include China is the largest trading partner of US, Japan and also a leading trading partner of India. The efforts to build cooperative arrangements in Indo-pacific region need priority like QUAD, East- Asia Summit etc. The middle powers/ regional powers like India, Australia etc. should be made stakeholders. Addressing security concerns in the region requires special efforts. India"s definition or concept of the Indo-Pacific may be helpful in creating a stable framework.
##Question:What is India"s concept of the Indo-Pacific region? Also, mention the challenges faced by the world in dealing with the Indo-Pacific region.(10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Mention India"s concept of the Indo-Western Pacific Region. Discuss the limitations/ challenges faced by India in dealing with Indo-Pacific Region. Conclude appropriately Answers: India"s concept of the Indo-Pacific region first came up in the Shangri La dialogue of 2018 speech by the Indian PM. It is rooted in common geography i.e. Indian and Pacific oceans are linked which India says has a vast array of opportunities and challenges. The countries of South East Asia geographically and civilizational link the two oceans. Indo-Pacific is not based on strategic rivalry. It is not a club of limited numbers to be dominated by a particular country. India"s conception of the Indian Ocean is a positive one and based on multiple principles. Any form of cooperation supported by India would be based on National sovereignty and territorial integrity. India supports freedom of navigation and overflight in the region. The countries have the freedom of unimpeded law of commerce. India calls for an open, free, inclusive and rules-based order in the Indo-pacific region. Challenges faced by the world in dealing with the Indo-Pacific region: 1. It is a new concept and still evolving. There is a lack of clarity about which countries are part of the region. 2. It lacks clarity about governing and defining arrangements. Examples include QUAD lacks clarity about its purpose and objectives. 3. Lack of a common approach among the major actors like India, ASEAN, China, US etc. 4. Complex relations with China. Examples include China is the largest trading partner of US, Japan and also a leading trading partner of India. The efforts to build cooperative arrangements in Indo-pacific region need priority like QUAD, East- Asia Summit etc. The middle powers/ regional powers like India, Australia etc. should be made stakeholders. Addressing security concerns in the region requires special efforts. India"s definition or concept of the Indo-Pacific may be helpful in creating a stable framework.
81,766
Despite India’s deep engagement with Afghanistan it has been side-lined in International Diplomacy on Afghanistan. Elucidate. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce with the historical and civilizational link between India-Afghanistan. Further elaborate on the role played by India in Afghanistan. Bring the evidence that shows India being side-lined on policy formulation on Afghanistan on an international platform. Conclude accordingly. Answer India and Afghanistan share close cultural and political ties. India was the first non-communist country to recognize the communist government installed by USSR in Afghanistan to post its invasion. New Delhi recognizes successive governments in Kabul until the rise of the Taliban in 1996. Following 9/11 and the US-led global war on terror, India and Afghanistan signed a strategic partnership agreement in 2001. India was the first country with which Afghanistan signed such an agreement despite countries like the USA and Pakistan lining up to sign the agreement with Afghanistan. India’s Role in Afghanistan India shares historical and civilizations ties with Afghanistan. Following the ouster of the Taliban in 2001, India reopened its embassy and found a welcoming environment with leaders of the Northern Alliance holding the key ministerial post. Nature of India’s engagement post-2001 It was limited to state-building efforts. It’s military participation was absent due to following reasons Primarily due to the USA’s consideration of Pakistan’s security dilemma vis-a-vis India because it was dependent on Pakistan for communication and supply lines in its war with the Taliban. Evidence of India’s Engagement with Afghanistan India became Afghanistan"s biggest regional development partner during the last two decades. India committed 3.1 Billion dollars in economic aid to Afghanistan. India has established children’s hospitals, built Afghan Parliament, the Salma Dam/India-Afghanistan Friendship Dam, Habiba Girls High School. India runs half a dozen medical camps providing prosthetics. India has built power transmission lines enabling electricity import from Uzbekistan, built cold storage units for the local agricultural produce, etc. The UN Development Programme (UNDP) partnered with India to train Afghan civil servants. To strengthen the local governance India has funded over 400 small developmental projects implemented by the NGOs at the district level. As a landlocked country, Afghanistan was dependent on the Karachi port for sea access. To break down such dependence on a single country India undertook to develop the Chabahar Port in Iran and also built the 200-kilometer-long Zerang-Delaram-Highway that connects Afghanistan to Iran’s border town. This would revive Afghanistan"s traditional role of cross-road connectivity between South Asia, Central Asia, and West Asia. India spearheaded Afghanistan"s membership in SAARC Despite India not being a traditional donor country, it is the fifth largest donor to Afghanistan in the world. India’s developmental partnership with Afghanistan has spread across each of its thirty-four provinces in critical areas such as power water supply, connectivity, agriculture, etc. Such cooperation has been based on demands raised by Afghanistan and has impacted the lives of the common people. Thus, India’s efforts have earned widespread goodwill among the Afghan population. Except for Pakistan, all other players in Afghanistan including the Taliban recognized the impact of India’s developmental cooperation. But despite this goodwill, India finds itself at the margins of international diplomacy. In 2011, India became the first country with which Afghanistan signed Strategic Partnership Agreement. India has become the largest destination of high-value Afghan imports since the launch of the bilateral air freight corridor. The nature of Indian assistance has been acknowledged as better value for money than traditional aid. India side-lined in International Diplomacy on Afghanistan Evidence UN Secretariate organized a meeting on Afghanistan of the 6+2+1 Group comprising 6 physical neighbors of Afghanistan (Iran, Pakistan, China, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan); two global played (Russia and the US); and Afghanistan itself. India was conspicuous in its absence. Reasons Though the official reason given was that India did not share physical borders with Afghanistan. However, it was the reluctance of India to have political communication channels open with the Taliban that was the real/true reason for its non-inclusion. Despite well recognized Indian security stake in Afghanistan and it being an important developmental partner India found itself on the margins of international diplomacy. India for long had insisted on the intra-afghan process which was Afghan-led Afghan Owned and Afghan Control as a solution to peace in Afghanistan. India should continue with its capacity-building approach in Afghanistan. It should participate in all formats of talks, and peace processes involving the Taliban. India’s participation in the Moscow process with other regional powers and the Taliban on the negotiating table should be welcomed.
##Question:Despite India’s deep engagement with Afghanistan it has been side-lined in International Diplomacy on Afghanistan. Elucidate. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the historical and civilizational link between India-Afghanistan. Further elaborate on the role played by India in Afghanistan. Bring the evidence that shows India being side-lined on policy formulation on Afghanistan on an international platform. Conclude accordingly. Answer India and Afghanistan share close cultural and political ties. India was the first non-communist country to recognize the communist government installed by USSR in Afghanistan to post its invasion. New Delhi recognizes successive governments in Kabul until the rise of the Taliban in 1996. Following 9/11 and the US-led global war on terror, India and Afghanistan signed a strategic partnership agreement in 2001. India was the first country with which Afghanistan signed such an agreement despite countries like the USA and Pakistan lining up to sign the agreement with Afghanistan. India’s Role in Afghanistan India shares historical and civilizations ties with Afghanistan. Following the ouster of the Taliban in 2001, India reopened its embassy and found a welcoming environment with leaders of the Northern Alliance holding the key ministerial post. Nature of India’s engagement post-2001 It was limited to state-building efforts. It’s military participation was absent due to following reasons Primarily due to the USA’s consideration of Pakistan’s security dilemma vis-a-vis India because it was dependent on Pakistan for communication and supply lines in its war with the Taliban. Evidence of India’s Engagement with Afghanistan India became Afghanistan"s biggest regional development partner during the last two decades. India committed 3.1 Billion dollars in economic aid to Afghanistan. India has established children’s hospitals, built Afghan Parliament, the Salma Dam/India-Afghanistan Friendship Dam, Habiba Girls High School. India runs half a dozen medical camps providing prosthetics. India has built power transmission lines enabling electricity import from Uzbekistan, built cold storage units for the local agricultural produce, etc. The UN Development Programme (UNDP) partnered with India to train Afghan civil servants. To strengthen the local governance India has funded over 400 small developmental projects implemented by the NGOs at the district level. As a landlocked country, Afghanistan was dependent on the Karachi port for sea access. To break down such dependence on a single country India undertook to develop the Chabahar Port in Iran and also built the 200-kilometer-long Zerang-Delaram-Highway that connects Afghanistan to Iran’s border town. This would revive Afghanistan"s traditional role of cross-road connectivity between South Asia, Central Asia, and West Asia. India spearheaded Afghanistan"s membership in SAARC Despite India not being a traditional donor country, it is the fifth largest donor to Afghanistan in the world. India’s developmental partnership with Afghanistan has spread across each of its thirty-four provinces in critical areas such as power water supply, connectivity, agriculture, etc. Such cooperation has been based on demands raised by Afghanistan and has impacted the lives of the common people. Thus, India’s efforts have earned widespread goodwill among the Afghan population. Except for Pakistan, all other players in Afghanistan including the Taliban recognized the impact of India’s developmental cooperation. But despite this goodwill, India finds itself at the margins of international diplomacy. In 2011, India became the first country with which Afghanistan signed Strategic Partnership Agreement. India has become the largest destination of high-value Afghan imports since the launch of the bilateral air freight corridor. The nature of Indian assistance has been acknowledged as better value for money than traditional aid. India side-lined in International Diplomacy on Afghanistan Evidence UN Secretariate organized a meeting on Afghanistan of the 6+2+1 Group comprising 6 physical neighbors of Afghanistan (Iran, Pakistan, China, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan); two global played (Russia and the US); and Afghanistan itself. India was conspicuous in its absence. Reasons Though the official reason given was that India did not share physical borders with Afghanistan. However, it was the reluctance of India to have political communication channels open with the Taliban that was the real/true reason for its non-inclusion. Despite well recognized Indian security stake in Afghanistan and it being an important developmental partner India found itself on the margins of international diplomacy. India for long had insisted on the intra-afghan process which was Afghan-led Afghan Owned and Afghan Control as a solution to peace in Afghanistan. India should continue with its capacity-building approach in Afghanistan. It should participate in all formats of talks, and peace processes involving the Taliban. India’s participation in the Moscow process with other regional powers and the Taliban on the negotiating table should be welcomed.
81,767
Describe the objective and importance of Environmental Ethics (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach Give a brief definition of Environmental Ethics Describe the Objective of Environmental Ethics outline the Importance of Environmental Ethics briefly Answer Definition-Environmental ethics is a branch of ethics that studies the relationship of human beings and the environment and how ethics play a role in this. This branch of ethics emerged due to the effects that technology, industry, economic expansion, and population growth have on the environment. Objectives of Environmental Ethics [5:05 PM] To understand the essential features of moral and ethical thinking To learn about the important and distinguishing characteristics in Environmental Ethics. Moral reasoning is not a substitute for science but it provides a powerful complement to scientific knowledge about the earth. Science does not teach us to care but morality with scientific knowledge can develop the ability to take care of the environment. Environmental Ethics built on scientific understanding by bringing human values, moral principles, and improved decision-making in conversation with science Environmental Ethics is essential to make individuals capable of an interdisciplinary approach to solving environmental problems. Environmental Ethics is with one specific objective to maintain a balance with approach, the consumerist attitude of modern capitalism, and the demand for a Green Lifestyle . Importance of Environmental Ethics It makes us aware of indiscriminate human activities. It is concerned with issues of responsible personal behavior to check destructive attitudes. It is concerned with issues but inculcates moral values towards nature. After considering all aspects of environmental ethics in today’s world people are expected to follow the philosophy of Buddhism where nature is considered dynamic and Gautam Buddha regarded natural beauty as a source of great joy and satisfaction. Similarly, Mahatma Gandhi was of the view that nature has given us to satisfy our needs but not to satisfy our greed. So, with the support of physical nature and spiritual nature people across the world are expected to protect the environment. This philosophical approach values the human/nonhuman dynamic in nature, recognizing how humans and the environment have an ongoing causal relationship with one another.
##Question:Describe the objective and importance of Environmental Ethics (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Give a brief definition of Environmental Ethics Describe the Objective of Environmental Ethics outline the Importance of Environmental Ethics briefly Answer Definition-Environmental ethics is a branch of ethics that studies the relationship of human beings and the environment and how ethics play a role in this. This branch of ethics emerged due to the effects that technology, industry, economic expansion, and population growth have on the environment. Objectives of Environmental Ethics [5:05 PM] To understand the essential features of moral and ethical thinking To learn about the important and distinguishing characteristics in Environmental Ethics. Moral reasoning is not a substitute for science but it provides a powerful complement to scientific knowledge about the earth. Science does not teach us to care but morality with scientific knowledge can develop the ability to take care of the environment. Environmental Ethics built on scientific understanding by bringing human values, moral principles, and improved decision-making in conversation with science Environmental Ethics is essential to make individuals capable of an interdisciplinary approach to solving environmental problems. Environmental Ethics is with one specific objective to maintain a balance with approach, the consumerist attitude of modern capitalism, and the demand for a Green Lifestyle . Importance of Environmental Ethics It makes us aware of indiscriminate human activities. It is concerned with issues of responsible personal behavior to check destructive attitudes. It is concerned with issues but inculcates moral values towards nature. After considering all aspects of environmental ethics in today’s world people are expected to follow the philosophy of Buddhism where nature is considered dynamic and Gautam Buddha regarded natural beauty as a source of great joy and satisfaction. Similarly, Mahatma Gandhi was of the view that nature has given us to satisfy our needs but not to satisfy our greed. So, with the support of physical nature and spiritual nature people across the world are expected to protect the environment. This philosophical approach values the human/nonhuman dynamic in nature, recognizing how humans and the environment have an ongoing causal relationship with one another.
81,789
WTO does not manage the global economy impartially, but in its operation has a systematic bias toward rich countries and multinational corporations, harming smaller countries that have less negotiation power. How far do you agree with this statement? (150 words/10 marks)
Approach:- In the introduction, Start with the Definition of WTO. In the body part mention the biasness towards the Rich countries Then mention how WTO has also benefitted the developing countries and LDCs Conclude accordingly. Answer:- The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations.WTO ministerial conference is the highest level of meeting in which the matters related to trade are decided. The countries having more negotiation power generally has the upper hand. Biasness toward the Rich countries and MNCs The Uruguay Round [1987 to 1994] still not concluded in spirit and Developed nations came up with new issues [envirnment and Women]. No conclusion with respect to domestic subsidies- i.e Amber box subsidies. Extension of the moratorium on e-commerce- which is beneficial to rich countries and MNCs. Lot of pressure was put by the developed nations in terms of reducing the tariffs in NAMA, which is again benefiting the developed nations. Green box subsidies are considered as not- trade distorting- and the developed counties are giving more subsidies for this. Doha Development Agenda and the issue of Food Security & Public stockholding are not solved yet. This is furthering the interest of developed nations. Aspect of multilateral trade is violated due to the development of Pressure groups [Buenous Aires ministerial conference] Dispute settlement body is losing relevance [The USA is blocking the appointment] So, it can be seen that the operation of WTO has a systemic bias toward the rich countries, although the developing countries and LDCs also benefitted from this platform. The benefit to the developing and least developing countries Agreement on Textiles - benefitted LDC. Case study of Bangladesh Consensus-based decision-making- has benefitted the developing countries in negotiating their demands Special Safeguard Mechanism- In Nairobi ministerial conference, SSM was agreed on which benefitted developing countries Non-patenting COVID vaccines for 5 years was agreed upon in Geneva ministerial conference which benefitted developing countries Fisheries subsidies- India was given some exceptions [small farmers were not affected]. Peace clause was signed- temporary relief given to Developing countries Export subsidies were removed at Nairobi ministerial conference. Certain reforms are required in the WTO such as the appointment of the members in the Dispute settlement body so that multilateral institutions can be more inclusive for developing countries and LDCs.
##Question:WTO does not manage the global economy impartially, but in its operation has a systematic bias toward rich countries and multinational corporations, harming smaller countries that have less negotiation power. How far do you agree with this statement? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, Start with the Definition of WTO. In the body part mention the biasness towards the Rich countries Then mention how WTO has also benefitted the developing countries and LDCs Conclude accordingly. Answer:- The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations.WTO ministerial conference is the highest level of meeting in which the matters related to trade are decided. The countries having more negotiation power generally has the upper hand. Biasness toward the Rich countries and MNCs The Uruguay Round [1987 to 1994] still not concluded in spirit and Developed nations came up with new issues [envirnment and Women]. No conclusion with respect to domestic subsidies- i.e Amber box subsidies. Extension of the moratorium on e-commerce- which is beneficial to rich countries and MNCs. Lot of pressure was put by the developed nations in terms of reducing the tariffs in NAMA, which is again benefiting the developed nations. Green box subsidies are considered as not- trade distorting- and the developed counties are giving more subsidies for this. Doha Development Agenda and the issue of Food Security & Public stockholding are not solved yet. This is furthering the interest of developed nations. Aspect of multilateral trade is violated due to the development of Pressure groups [Buenous Aires ministerial conference] Dispute settlement body is losing relevance [The USA is blocking the appointment] So, it can be seen that the operation of WTO has a systemic bias toward the rich countries, although the developing countries and LDCs also benefitted from this platform. The benefit to the developing and least developing countries Agreement on Textiles - benefitted LDC. Case study of Bangladesh Consensus-based decision-making- has benefitted the developing countries in negotiating their demands Special Safeguard Mechanism- In Nairobi ministerial conference, SSM was agreed on which benefitted developing countries Non-patenting COVID vaccines for 5 years was agreed upon in Geneva ministerial conference which benefitted developing countries Fisheries subsidies- India was given some exceptions [small farmers were not affected]. Peace clause was signed- temporary relief given to Developing countries Export subsidies were removed at Nairobi ministerial conference. Certain reforms are required in the WTO such as the appointment of the members in the Dispute settlement body so that multilateral institutions can be more inclusive for developing countries and LDCs.
81,791
Differentiate between attitude and aptitude by giving examples. (10 Marks/150 Words)
Approach: Define both attitude and aptitude briefly in the introduction briefly. Write the significance of both and elaborate on their interrelation with examples. Conclude with suggesting building the right attitude to utilize aptitude constructively. Answer: Attitude is a relatively enduring organization of beliefs, feelings, and behavioral tendencies towards objects, groups, events, ideas, or anything. It is also referred to as a positive or negative evaluation of people, objects, events, ideas, etc. It is a lasting evaluation of various aspects of the social world. Aptitude is the competence or ability to perform certain tasks efficiently. It is a natural/inherent talent to acquire a certain skill or ability in the future through appropriate training. Aptitude can be both mental and physical. Attitude is derived from values and reflected in behavior. Whereas aptitude has mostly no connection with values or beliefs, it is neutral in the ethical sense as it is just a capacity in certain areas. A person with aptitude can have a high potential for career growth if he chooses the right path and is given the right training. However, there is a risk with the aptitude also, because if a person with high aptitude and with wrong or negative attitude or without values can lead to disastrous consequences. For example, Hitler had the aptitude for leadership and great oratory skills, but he lacked ethical values, and a positive attitude towards humanity and has racial discrimination in his attitude which resulted in the genocide of Jews and immense miseries to humankind in World War II. Similarly, Osama Bin Laden, had a very high aptitude for leadership, organization building, recruiting, and motivating youth for his terrorist agendas, but he also lacked a positive attitude towards humanity and had irrational hatred against the western world which led to the loss of lives of thousands of innocent people in terrorist attacks. On the other hand, Mahatma Gandhi, and Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam had both aptitude and the right kind of attitude which led to constructive activities and they helped humanity through their deeds. Hence, aptitude without attitude can be a liability and disastrous for humanity, and aptitude with a right and positive attitude towards humanity and society can be a great asset for the society for its prosperity and growth. So given our high demographic potential, we should focus on both aptitude and development of ethical values and morals for a positive attitude among the citizens to realize the dreams of our founding forefathers.
##Question:Differentiate between attitude and aptitude by giving examples. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Define both attitude and aptitude briefly in the introduction briefly. Write the significance of both and elaborate on their interrelation with examples. Conclude with suggesting building the right attitude to utilize aptitude constructively. Answer: Attitude is a relatively enduring organization of beliefs, feelings, and behavioral tendencies towards objects, groups, events, ideas, or anything. It is also referred to as a positive or negative evaluation of people, objects, events, ideas, etc. It is a lasting evaluation of various aspects of the social world. Aptitude is the competence or ability to perform certain tasks efficiently. It is a natural/inherent talent to acquire a certain skill or ability in the future through appropriate training. Aptitude can be both mental and physical. Attitude is derived from values and reflected in behavior. Whereas aptitude has mostly no connection with values or beliefs, it is neutral in the ethical sense as it is just a capacity in certain areas. A person with aptitude can have a high potential for career growth if he chooses the right path and is given the right training. However, there is a risk with the aptitude also, because if a person with high aptitude and with wrong or negative attitude or without values can lead to disastrous consequences. For example, Hitler had the aptitude for leadership and great oratory skills, but he lacked ethical values, and a positive attitude towards humanity and has racial discrimination in his attitude which resulted in the genocide of Jews and immense miseries to humankind in World War II. Similarly, Osama Bin Laden, had a very high aptitude for leadership, organization building, recruiting, and motivating youth for his terrorist agendas, but he also lacked a positive attitude towards humanity and had irrational hatred against the western world which led to the loss of lives of thousands of innocent people in terrorist attacks. On the other hand, Mahatma Gandhi, and Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam had both aptitude and the right kind of attitude which led to constructive activities and they helped humanity through their deeds. Hence, aptitude without attitude can be a liability and disastrous for humanity, and aptitude with a right and positive attitude towards humanity and society can be a great asset for the society for its prosperity and growth. So given our high demographic potential, we should focus on both aptitude and development of ethical values and morals for a positive attitude among the citizens to realize the dreams of our founding forefathers.
81,798
The Treaty of Peace and Friendship, 1950 between India and Nepal needs revision and amendment to strengthen and develop ties and to perpetuate peace between the two countries. Analyze. (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach: Introduce with Unprecedented closeness between India-Nepal. Bring the provisions of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship, 1950. Then further discuss the cause of conflicts. Conclude with the way forward. Answer: As close neighbors, India and Nepal share a unique relationship characterized by open borders and deep-rooted people-people ties/contact. The countries have the tradition of cross-border marriages and share similarities in cuisines as represented in their “Roti-Beti ka Sambandh”. The cultural connections between the two countries run from Lumbini to Bodh Gaya and Pashupati Nath to Kashi Vishvanath. Linguistically the prominent languages of Nepal “Nepali, Bhojpuri, and Maithili” have roots in the Indian languages of Sanskrit, Hindi, and Pali respectively. Geographically the Terai region of Nepal forms a contiguous sub-unit with the Northern plains of India. The unprecedented closeness is evident in the Indian Army having a Gorkha regiment that recruits Nepali Gorkhas. Such closeness between the two countries has led the foreign policy expert, SD Muni to comment that the two countries are “Lodged in each other’s intestine”. India Nepal Peace and Friendship Treaty of 195 The treaty was signed in the context of the Chinese annexation of Tibet. Following the Chinese annexation of Tibet, both India and Nepal wanted to preserve the special relations that Nepal had with British India i.e. Nepal as a buffer to China to prevent its unimpeded into the northern plain of India. Provisions of the treaty India recognizes Nepal as a sovereign state. National treatment of each other’s citizens in terms of employment including public employment. However, India has relinquished its right to public sector employment in Nepal. Nepal will give primacy to India in infrastructure development including hydropower projects and vis-à-vis other business opportunities in Nepal. Problems with the treaty There exist no dispute with respect to the provisions of the treaty but the problem lies in the secret letters that were exchanged along with the Treaty. As per these secret letters, both countries shall not tolerate any act of aggression against others. Nepal shall not import arms from any other country except India and only with India’s permission when India is unable to fulfill the Nepali requirement that it can import from a third country. Nepalese criticism of the treaty It violates Nepalese sovereignty as it interferes with its foreign affairs and defence policy. Since the treaty was signed with the Ranas of Nepal who did not enjoy legitimacy in their country thus the treaty lacks legitimacy. Nepal claims that India gets disproportionate benefits from the treaty. Way forward Since this treaty has been invoked to incite anti-India sentiments, India should agree to amend/revise this treaty, as it has done in the case of Bhutan (in 2007). It is Nepal that draws substantive benefits. This treaty allows for the establishment of open borders and Nepalis to seek work in India without any work permit, to apply for government jobs (except IAS, IPS, and IFS), and buy property in India. Also, the provisions of the secret letters which require Nepal to consult India on its defence requirements are no longer a secret and have been violated a number of times. Thus it is unlikely that Nepal would demand a complete overhaul/change of the treaty. In fact in the past whenever India was inclined/agreed to revise the treaty Nepali politicians side-stepped In 2016 an eminent person’s group was formed to look into the issue. It finalized its report in 2018, however, the Modi government is yet to officially receive it. Thus the process needs to be expedited to bring more trust between the two nations. India’s relationship with Nepal is one of the main pillars of its ‘ Neighbourhood First policy . Thus India needs to be a sensitive and generous partner for the “Neighbourhood First” policy to make the confidence of our neighbors and reduce their suspicion.
##Question:The Treaty of Peace and Friendship, 1950 between India and Nepal needs revision and amendment to strengthen and develop ties and to perpetuate peace between the two countries. Analyze. (150 Words/10 Marks) ##Answer:Approach: Introduce with Unprecedented closeness between India-Nepal. Bring the provisions of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship, 1950. Then further discuss the cause of conflicts. Conclude with the way forward. Answer: As close neighbors, India and Nepal share a unique relationship characterized by open borders and deep-rooted people-people ties/contact. The countries have the tradition of cross-border marriages and share similarities in cuisines as represented in their “Roti-Beti ka Sambandh”. The cultural connections between the two countries run from Lumbini to Bodh Gaya and Pashupati Nath to Kashi Vishvanath. Linguistically the prominent languages of Nepal “Nepali, Bhojpuri, and Maithili” have roots in the Indian languages of Sanskrit, Hindi, and Pali respectively. Geographically the Terai region of Nepal forms a contiguous sub-unit with the Northern plains of India. The unprecedented closeness is evident in the Indian Army having a Gorkha regiment that recruits Nepali Gorkhas. Such closeness between the two countries has led the foreign policy expert, SD Muni to comment that the two countries are “Lodged in each other’s intestine”. India Nepal Peace and Friendship Treaty of 195 The treaty was signed in the context of the Chinese annexation of Tibet. Following the Chinese annexation of Tibet, both India and Nepal wanted to preserve the special relations that Nepal had with British India i.e. Nepal as a buffer to China to prevent its unimpeded into the northern plain of India. Provisions of the treaty India recognizes Nepal as a sovereign state. National treatment of each other’s citizens in terms of employment including public employment. However, India has relinquished its right to public sector employment in Nepal. Nepal will give primacy to India in infrastructure development including hydropower projects and vis-à-vis other business opportunities in Nepal. Problems with the treaty There exist no dispute with respect to the provisions of the treaty but the problem lies in the secret letters that were exchanged along with the Treaty. As per these secret letters, both countries shall not tolerate any act of aggression against others. Nepal shall not import arms from any other country except India and only with India’s permission when India is unable to fulfill the Nepali requirement that it can import from a third country. Nepalese criticism of the treaty It violates Nepalese sovereignty as it interferes with its foreign affairs and defence policy. Since the treaty was signed with the Ranas of Nepal who did not enjoy legitimacy in their country thus the treaty lacks legitimacy. Nepal claims that India gets disproportionate benefits from the treaty. Way forward Since this treaty has been invoked to incite anti-India sentiments, India should agree to amend/revise this treaty, as it has done in the case of Bhutan (in 2007). It is Nepal that draws substantive benefits. This treaty allows for the establishment of open borders and Nepalis to seek work in India without any work permit, to apply for government jobs (except IAS, IPS, and IFS), and buy property in India. Also, the provisions of the secret letters which require Nepal to consult India on its defence requirements are no longer a secret and have been violated a number of times. Thus it is unlikely that Nepal would demand a complete overhaul/change of the treaty. In fact in the past whenever India was inclined/agreed to revise the treaty Nepali politicians side-stepped In 2016 an eminent person’s group was formed to look into the issue. It finalized its report in 2018, however, the Modi government is yet to officially receive it. Thus the process needs to be expedited to bring more trust between the two nations. India’s relationship with Nepal is one of the main pillars of its ‘ Neighbourhood First policy . Thus India needs to be a sensitive and generous partner for the “Neighbourhood First” policy to make the confidence of our neighbors and reduce their suspicion.
81,805
न्यूट्रीनो क्या है? भारत अवस्थित न्यूट्रीनो वेधशाला की चर्चा करते हुए न्यूट्रीनो के अध्ययन की उपयोगिता को स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) What is Neutrino? Discussing the Neutrino Observatory located in India, explain the significance of the study of neutrinos. (150-200 words/10 marks)
दृष्टिकोण: गुरुत्वाकर्षण तरंगों को परिभाषित कर उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए। भारतीय न्यूट्रीनो वेधशाला के संदर्भ में बिन्दुवार वर्णन कीजिए। न्यूट्रीनो के अध्ययन के लाभ को समझाइए। अंत में इन योजनाओं का भारत के लिए महत्व बताकर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: न्यूट्रीनो आवेश रहित, लगभग शून्य द्रव्यमान वाले कण होते हैं। इनके पास जानकारी का भंडार होता है। ये सभी जगह पाए जाते हैं। इनको पकड़ना लगभग असंभव है। सरल शब्दों में न्यूट्रिनो एक उप-परमाणु कण है जो एक इलेक्ट्रॉन के समान होता है, लेकिन इसमें कोई विद्युत आवेश नहीं होता है और एक बहुत छोटा द्रव्यमान होता है, जो शून्य भी हो सकता है। न्यूट्रिनो ब्रह्मांड में सबसे प्रचुर मात्रा में पाए जाने वाले कणों में से एक हैं। क्योंकि उनका पदार्थ के साथ बहुत कम संपर्क होता है, हालांकि, उनका पता लगाना बहुत कठिन होता है। न्यूट्रीनो का निर्माण कॉस्मिक किरणों, नाभिकीय संलयन और नाभिकीय विखंडन द्वारा हो सकता है। इसमें सौर न्यूट्रीनो, जिओ न्यूट्रीनो आदि का निर्माण होता है। भारत-अवस्थित न्यूट्रीनो वेधशाला: भारत स्थित न्यूट्रिनो ऑब्जर्वेटरी (INO) अब व्यावहारिक रूप से अध्ययन के चरण में है। भारत में लगभग 15 संस्थानों और विश्वविद्यालयों के 50 से अधिक वैज्ञानिक राष्ट्रीय न्यूट्रिनो सहयोग समूह (एनएनसीजी) बनाने के लिए एक साथ आए हैं। इस समूह के पास आईएनओ गतिविधि से संबंधित विभिन्न पहलुओं का विवरण देने और एक भूमिगत न्यूट्रिनो प्रयोगशाला को स्थापित किया गया है। भारत में एक भूमिगत न्यूट्रिनो सुविधा पृथ्वी भूमध्य रेखा के पास न्यूट्रिनो डिटेक्टर का पता लगाने की अनूठी संभावना प्रदान करती है। सौर न्यूट्रिनो के लिए इसके कुछ बहुत ही रोचक परिणाम हो सकते हैं जो रात में सूर्य से संसूचक तक अपने मार्ग में पृथ्वी के मूल से होकर गुजरेंगे। आईएनओ तमिलनाडु के थेनी जिले के पोट्टीपुरम गांव के पास बोडी वेस्ट हिल्स (बीडब्ल्यूएच) क्षेत्र में स्थापित है। न्यूट्रीनो अध्ययन के निम्नलिखित लाभ हो सकते हैं- सूर्य जनित न्यूट्रीनो के अध्ययन से सूर्य के आंतरिक भाग को समझने में मदद मिलेगी। चूंकि न्यूट्रीनो का निर्माण बिग बैंग के समय हुआ था अतः ब्रह्मांड के अतीत के विषय में जानकारी मिलेगी। यह परमाणु रिएक्टरों की सुदूर निगरानी कर परमाणु अप्रसार में भूमिका निभा सकता है। न्यूट्रीनो डिटेक्टर का उपयोग प्लूटॉनियम इत्यादि के प्रसार को रोक सकता है। न्यूट्रीनो की मदद से त्वरित संदेश का आदान-प्रदान किया जा सकता है। न्यूट्रीनो की मदद से तेल और खनिज के भंडार को आसानी से ढूंढा जा सकता है। जिओ न्यूट्रीनो की मदद से भूकंप चेतावनी प्रणाली बेहतर बनाई जा सकती है। न्यूट्रीनो की मदद से ब्रह्मांड में मैटर, एंटीमैटर आदि को बेहतर तरीके से समझा जा सकता है। समग्रतः, भारत अवस्थित न्यूट्रीनो वेधशाला न्यूट्रीनो का अध्ययन कर प्रकृति को और बेहतर ढंग से समझने में सहायता करेगी साथ ही वैश्विक स्तर पर भारतीय वैज्ञानिकों की प्रतिभा को प्रदर्शित करने में हमारी सहायता करेगी।
##Question:न्यूट्रीनो क्या है? भारत अवस्थित न्यूट्रीनो वेधशाला की चर्चा करते हुए न्यूट्रीनो के अध्ययन की उपयोगिता को स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) What is Neutrino? Discussing the Neutrino Observatory located in India, explain the significance of the study of neutrinos. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: गुरुत्वाकर्षण तरंगों को परिभाषित कर उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए। भारतीय न्यूट्रीनो वेधशाला के संदर्भ में बिन्दुवार वर्णन कीजिए। न्यूट्रीनो के अध्ययन के लाभ को समझाइए। अंत में इन योजनाओं का भारत के लिए महत्व बताकर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: न्यूट्रीनो आवेश रहित, लगभग शून्य द्रव्यमान वाले कण होते हैं। इनके पास जानकारी का भंडार होता है। ये सभी जगह पाए जाते हैं। इनको पकड़ना लगभग असंभव है। सरल शब्दों में न्यूट्रिनो एक उप-परमाणु कण है जो एक इलेक्ट्रॉन के समान होता है, लेकिन इसमें कोई विद्युत आवेश नहीं होता है और एक बहुत छोटा द्रव्यमान होता है, जो शून्य भी हो सकता है। न्यूट्रिनो ब्रह्मांड में सबसे प्रचुर मात्रा में पाए जाने वाले कणों में से एक हैं। क्योंकि उनका पदार्थ के साथ बहुत कम संपर्क होता है, हालांकि, उनका पता लगाना बहुत कठिन होता है। न्यूट्रीनो का निर्माण कॉस्मिक किरणों, नाभिकीय संलयन और नाभिकीय विखंडन द्वारा हो सकता है। इसमें सौर न्यूट्रीनो, जिओ न्यूट्रीनो आदि का निर्माण होता है। भारत-अवस्थित न्यूट्रीनो वेधशाला: भारत स्थित न्यूट्रिनो ऑब्जर्वेटरी (INO) अब व्यावहारिक रूप से अध्ययन के चरण में है। भारत में लगभग 15 संस्थानों और विश्वविद्यालयों के 50 से अधिक वैज्ञानिक राष्ट्रीय न्यूट्रिनो सहयोग समूह (एनएनसीजी) बनाने के लिए एक साथ आए हैं। इस समूह के पास आईएनओ गतिविधि से संबंधित विभिन्न पहलुओं का विवरण देने और एक भूमिगत न्यूट्रिनो प्रयोगशाला को स्थापित किया गया है। भारत में एक भूमिगत न्यूट्रिनो सुविधा पृथ्वी भूमध्य रेखा के पास न्यूट्रिनो डिटेक्टर का पता लगाने की अनूठी संभावना प्रदान करती है। सौर न्यूट्रिनो के लिए इसके कुछ बहुत ही रोचक परिणाम हो सकते हैं जो रात में सूर्य से संसूचक तक अपने मार्ग में पृथ्वी के मूल से होकर गुजरेंगे। आईएनओ तमिलनाडु के थेनी जिले के पोट्टीपुरम गांव के पास बोडी वेस्ट हिल्स (बीडब्ल्यूएच) क्षेत्र में स्थापित है। न्यूट्रीनो अध्ययन के निम्नलिखित लाभ हो सकते हैं- सूर्य जनित न्यूट्रीनो के अध्ययन से सूर्य के आंतरिक भाग को समझने में मदद मिलेगी। चूंकि न्यूट्रीनो का निर्माण बिग बैंग के समय हुआ था अतः ब्रह्मांड के अतीत के विषय में जानकारी मिलेगी। यह परमाणु रिएक्टरों की सुदूर निगरानी कर परमाणु अप्रसार में भूमिका निभा सकता है। न्यूट्रीनो डिटेक्टर का उपयोग प्लूटॉनियम इत्यादि के प्रसार को रोक सकता है। न्यूट्रीनो की मदद से त्वरित संदेश का आदान-प्रदान किया जा सकता है। न्यूट्रीनो की मदद से तेल और खनिज के भंडार को आसानी से ढूंढा जा सकता है। जिओ न्यूट्रीनो की मदद से भूकंप चेतावनी प्रणाली बेहतर बनाई जा सकती है। न्यूट्रीनो की मदद से ब्रह्मांड में मैटर, एंटीमैटर आदि को बेहतर तरीके से समझा जा सकता है। समग्रतः, भारत अवस्थित न्यूट्रीनो वेधशाला न्यूट्रीनो का अध्ययन कर प्रकृति को और बेहतर ढंग से समझने में सहायता करेगी साथ ही वैश्विक स्तर पर भारतीय वैज्ञानिकों की प्रतिभा को प्रदर्शित करने में हमारी सहायता करेगी।
81,813
भारत की भौगोलिक अवस्थिति, इसके महत्व एवं लाभ की विस्तारपूर्वक चर्चा कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Discuss in detail the geographical location of India, its importance and benefits. (150-200 words/10 marks)
दृष्टिकोण उत्तर की शुरुआत भारत का सामान्य परिचय देते हुए कीजिए। इसके भारत की अवस्थिति और उसका अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सम्बन्धों पर प्रभाव का वर्णन करते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिए। अंत में भारत की कटिबंधीय दशा और उसके लाभ का वर्णन करते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिए। उत्तर - भारत का सामान्य परिचय - भौगोलिक दृष्टि से भारत का मुख्य भूभाग 8°4′ से लेकर 37°6′ उत्तर अक्षांश के बीच है और 68°7′ पूर्व देशांतर से 97°25′ पूर्व देशांतर के मध्य फैला है| भारत का कुल भौगोलिक क्षेत्रफल 32,87,263 वर्ग किमी. है| कर्क रेखा इस देश को दो समान भागों में बाँटती है। भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप मूलत: गोंडवानालैंड का भाग था। ऑस्‍ट्रेलिया, अफ्रीका, दक्षिण अमेरिका, मेडागास्‍कर आदि इसी के भाग थे। भारत, एशिया महाद्वीप का एक देश है जो हिन्‍द महासागर के शीर्ष पर तीनों ओर समुद्र से घिरा हुआ है। भारत का सबसे दक्षिणी बिन्‍दु ‘इंदिरा प्‍वाइंट’ है जो कि निकोबार द्वीप समूह में स्थित है जबकि भारत का सबसे उत्‍तरी बिन्‍दु ‘इंदिरा कॉल’ जो कि जम्‍मू कश्‍मीर राज्‍य में स्थित है। भारत की अवस्थिति और उसका अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सम्बंधो पर प्रभाव दक्षिण एशियाई देशों में भारत की मध्यवर्ती स्थिति है जिसने भारत को प्राचीन काल से ही अपने पड़ोसी और बाहरी दुनिया के देशों के साथ अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सम्बन्धों को मज़बूती प्रदान करने में सहायता प्रदान की है। विश्व स्तर पर भारत की स्थिति लगभग मध्यवर्ती है, भारत से पूर्व की ओर अमेरिका, पश्चिम और उत्तर -पश्चिम की ओर यूरोप अवस्थित है जो भारत से लगभग समान दूरी पर हैं, भारत की इस स्थिति में यूरोप, अफ़्रीका और अमेरिकी देशों के साथ सम्बन्धों को मज़बूती प्रदान करने में सहायता पहुँचाई है। बृहत्तर भारत के निर्माण में योगदान ; यहाँ बृहत्तर भारत का अर्थ भारतीय संस्कृति और उसकी विचारधाराओं का विदेशों में प्रचार-प्रसार से है, क्योंकि प्राचीन काल से ही व्यापारियों, तीर्थ यात्रियों तथा बौद्ध एवं जैन भिक्षुओं के द्वारा भारतीय संस्कृति का पूर्वी एशिया, दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया, दक्षिण एशिया, पश्चिम एशिया, अफ्रीकी एवं भूमध्य सागरीय देशों की ओर प्रचार-प्रसार हुआ, उसमें भारत की अवस्थिति का भी योगदान है। हिंद -महासागर तथा भारत की अवस्थिति और उसका लाभ; उत्तरी हिंद महासागर में भारत की मध्यवर्ती स्थिति है, प्रशांत और अटलांटिक को जनाए वाले व्यापारिक जहाज़ हिंद महासागर से ही गुजरते हैं जो भारत को विशेष लाभ प्रदान करता है। भारत की मुख्य भूमि और द्वीप समूह को शामिल करने पर तट रेखा की लम्बाई 7516 किमी, से अधिक हो जाती है जिसके कारण हिंद महासागर में भारत को एक बहुत बड़ा अनन्य आर्थिक क्षेत्र प्राप्त है जिसमें भारत को प्रत्येक प्रकार के महासागरीय संसाधनों के दोहन का अधिकार है। लम्बी तट रेखा के सहारे प्राकृतिक बंदरगाहों का विकास अधिक हुआ है जिसका भारत के विदेशी व्यापार में 95-98 प्रतिशत का योगदान है। भारत की कटिबंधीय दशा और उसका लाभ अक्षांशीय दृष्टिकोण से भारत ऊष्ण और उपोष्ण कटिबंध में है जिसका निम्नलिखित लाभ है - वनस्पति - भारत में सदाबहार वन से लेकर अल्पाइन वनस्पति तक पायी जाती है अर्थात भारत में वे सभी वनस्पति पायी जाती जो भूमध्य रेखा से ध्रुवों तक मिलते हैं। मृदा - भारत में कुल आठ प्रकार की मृदा पायी जाती है जिनमें तीन मृदा - लेटेराइट, शुष्क एवं पीट मृदा के निर्माण में भारत की भौगोलिक स्थिति और उससे सम्बंधित जलवायु का प्रभाव है। कृषि - भारत में वह सभी फसलें उपजाई जाती हैं जो विषुवत रेखा अर्थात यहाँ विषुवतीय कृषि और शीत ऋतु में की जाने वाली फल-फूल की कृषि की जाती है। खनिज - भारत में नवीकरणीय और ग़ैर-नवीकरणीय दोनों खनिजों/ऊर्जा संसाधन का भंडार है, साथ ही धात्विक और अधात्विक खनिज भी प्राप्त होते हैं। सुरक्षात्मक एवं सामरिक दृष्टि से महत्व - उत्तर में हिमालय की ऊँची और लम्बी पर्वत तथा सघन वन, पूर्वोत्तर के पर्वत एवं सघन वन तथा दक्षिण में सीमांकित सागर से भारत महत्वपूर्ण लाभ की स्थिति में रहा है, प्राचीन काल से मध्य काल तक कोई भी आक्रमण उत्तर -पूर्वोत्तर और दक्षिण भारत से नहीं हुआ, जो भी आक्रमण हुए वे पश्चिमोत्तर दर्रों से हुए।
##Question:भारत की भौगोलिक अवस्थिति, इसके महत्व एवं लाभ की विस्तारपूर्वक चर्चा कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Discuss in detail the geographical location of India, its importance and benefits. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण उत्तर की शुरुआत भारत का सामान्य परिचय देते हुए कीजिए। इसके भारत की अवस्थिति और उसका अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सम्बन्धों पर प्रभाव का वर्णन करते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिए। अंत में भारत की कटिबंधीय दशा और उसके लाभ का वर्णन करते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिए। उत्तर - भारत का सामान्य परिचय - भौगोलिक दृष्टि से भारत का मुख्य भूभाग 8°4′ से लेकर 37°6′ उत्तर अक्षांश के बीच है और 68°7′ पूर्व देशांतर से 97°25′ पूर्व देशांतर के मध्य फैला है| भारत का कुल भौगोलिक क्षेत्रफल 32,87,263 वर्ग किमी. है| कर्क रेखा इस देश को दो समान भागों में बाँटती है। भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप मूलत: गोंडवानालैंड का भाग था। ऑस्‍ट्रेलिया, अफ्रीका, दक्षिण अमेरिका, मेडागास्‍कर आदि इसी के भाग थे। भारत, एशिया महाद्वीप का एक देश है जो हिन्‍द महासागर के शीर्ष पर तीनों ओर समुद्र से घिरा हुआ है। भारत का सबसे दक्षिणी बिन्‍दु ‘इंदिरा प्‍वाइंट’ है जो कि निकोबार द्वीप समूह में स्थित है जबकि भारत का सबसे उत्‍तरी बिन्‍दु ‘इंदिरा कॉल’ जो कि जम्‍मू कश्‍मीर राज्‍य में स्थित है। भारत की अवस्थिति और उसका अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सम्बंधो पर प्रभाव दक्षिण एशियाई देशों में भारत की मध्यवर्ती स्थिति है जिसने भारत को प्राचीन काल से ही अपने पड़ोसी और बाहरी दुनिया के देशों के साथ अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सम्बन्धों को मज़बूती प्रदान करने में सहायता प्रदान की है। विश्व स्तर पर भारत की स्थिति लगभग मध्यवर्ती है, भारत से पूर्व की ओर अमेरिका, पश्चिम और उत्तर -पश्चिम की ओर यूरोप अवस्थित है जो भारत से लगभग समान दूरी पर हैं, भारत की इस स्थिति में यूरोप, अफ़्रीका और अमेरिकी देशों के साथ सम्बन्धों को मज़बूती प्रदान करने में सहायता पहुँचाई है। बृहत्तर भारत के निर्माण में योगदान ; यहाँ बृहत्तर भारत का अर्थ भारतीय संस्कृति और उसकी विचारधाराओं का विदेशों में प्रचार-प्रसार से है, क्योंकि प्राचीन काल से ही व्यापारियों, तीर्थ यात्रियों तथा बौद्ध एवं जैन भिक्षुओं के द्वारा भारतीय संस्कृति का पूर्वी एशिया, दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया, दक्षिण एशिया, पश्चिम एशिया, अफ्रीकी एवं भूमध्य सागरीय देशों की ओर प्रचार-प्रसार हुआ, उसमें भारत की अवस्थिति का भी योगदान है। हिंद -महासागर तथा भारत की अवस्थिति और उसका लाभ; उत्तरी हिंद महासागर में भारत की मध्यवर्ती स्थिति है, प्रशांत और अटलांटिक को जनाए वाले व्यापारिक जहाज़ हिंद महासागर से ही गुजरते हैं जो भारत को विशेष लाभ प्रदान करता है। भारत की मुख्य भूमि और द्वीप समूह को शामिल करने पर तट रेखा की लम्बाई 7516 किमी, से अधिक हो जाती है जिसके कारण हिंद महासागर में भारत को एक बहुत बड़ा अनन्य आर्थिक क्षेत्र प्राप्त है जिसमें भारत को प्रत्येक प्रकार के महासागरीय संसाधनों के दोहन का अधिकार है। लम्बी तट रेखा के सहारे प्राकृतिक बंदरगाहों का विकास अधिक हुआ है जिसका भारत के विदेशी व्यापार में 95-98 प्रतिशत का योगदान है। भारत की कटिबंधीय दशा और उसका लाभ अक्षांशीय दृष्टिकोण से भारत ऊष्ण और उपोष्ण कटिबंध में है जिसका निम्नलिखित लाभ है - वनस्पति - भारत में सदाबहार वन से लेकर अल्पाइन वनस्पति तक पायी जाती है अर्थात भारत में वे सभी वनस्पति पायी जाती जो भूमध्य रेखा से ध्रुवों तक मिलते हैं। मृदा - भारत में कुल आठ प्रकार की मृदा पायी जाती है जिनमें तीन मृदा - लेटेराइट, शुष्क एवं पीट मृदा के निर्माण में भारत की भौगोलिक स्थिति और उससे सम्बंधित जलवायु का प्रभाव है। कृषि - भारत में वह सभी फसलें उपजाई जाती हैं जो विषुवत रेखा अर्थात यहाँ विषुवतीय कृषि और शीत ऋतु में की जाने वाली फल-फूल की कृषि की जाती है। खनिज - भारत में नवीकरणीय और ग़ैर-नवीकरणीय दोनों खनिजों/ऊर्जा संसाधन का भंडार है, साथ ही धात्विक और अधात्विक खनिज भी प्राप्त होते हैं। सुरक्षात्मक एवं सामरिक दृष्टि से महत्व - उत्तर में हिमालय की ऊँची और लम्बी पर्वत तथा सघन वन, पूर्वोत्तर के पर्वत एवं सघन वन तथा दक्षिण में सीमांकित सागर से भारत महत्वपूर्ण लाभ की स्थिति में रहा है, प्राचीन काल से मध्य काल तक कोई भी आक्रमण उत्तर -पूर्वोत्तर और दक्षिण भारत से नहीं हुआ, जो भी आक्रमण हुए वे पश्चिमोत्तर दर्रों से हुए।
81,820
The land ceiling was a critical aspect of land reforms post-independence in India. Critically evaluate the efficacy of land ceiling laws in India. (10 Marks/150 Words)
APPROACH: Introduce by defining what land ceilings consist of. In the body, explain how land ceilings worked. Advantages and disadvantages of this law. Conclusion ANSWER: A ceiling on an agricultural holding means a statutory absolute limit on the amount of land which an individual may hold. Imposition of the ceiling has two aspects- Ceiling on future acquisition and ceiling on existing holding. The main features of the policy are as follows: (1) Fewer exemptions from ceilings. (2) Lowering of ceilings to 18-28 acres of wetlands, and 54 acres of unirrigated land. (3) The change over to family rather than an individual as a unit for determining land holding (Lower ceiling for a family of 5). (4) Retrospective application of Land Ceiling Rules for declaring Benami transactions null and void. (5) Most of these laws were included in the 9th schedule of the constitution which insulates them beyond any challenge in the court of law on grounds of infringement of Fundamental Rights. BENEFITS OF LAND CEILING (1) Social Justice It is socially unjust to allow a small number of people to hold a large part of the land thereby subjugating the interests of millions of laborers to the interest of this handful of the minority. (2) Improving the position of poor According to FAO redistribution of 5% of the farmland in India coupled with increased access to water could reduce rural poverty by almost 30%. (3) Employment Generation According to some economists, small farms are less capital intensive and therefore can be considered efficient in a situation of widespread unemployment and underemployment in the country. (4) Inculcating the spirit of cooperation It has been argued that once the surplus land is distributed among the beneficiaries they can form cooperatives for its cultivation and management. It will enable the small peasants to learn the techniques of soil management and joint cultivation on one hand and also enable them to realize the benefits of large-scale farming. NEGATIVES OF LAND CEILING (1) Economic efficiency of the farm is adversely affected (2) The growth of output and employment may also slow down, in the long run, owing to the reduction of savings and investment as small farmers consume away a large proportion of their income. (3) Modern technology can not be used due to fragmented land holdings. According to the XIIth FYP, only around 3 million hectares have been declared surplus which is hardly 2% of the net sown area of India. About 30% of this land has not been distributed yet due to litigations. There needs to be a proper implementation of land ceiling laws to reduce inequality.
##Question:The land ceiling was a critical aspect of land reforms post-independence in India. Critically evaluate the efficacy of land ceiling laws in India. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce by defining what land ceilings consist of. In the body, explain how land ceilings worked. Advantages and disadvantages of this law. Conclusion ANSWER: A ceiling on an agricultural holding means a statutory absolute limit on the amount of land which an individual may hold. Imposition of the ceiling has two aspects- Ceiling on future acquisition and ceiling on existing holding. The main features of the policy are as follows: (1) Fewer exemptions from ceilings. (2) Lowering of ceilings to 18-28 acres of wetlands, and 54 acres of unirrigated land. (3) The change over to family rather than an individual as a unit for determining land holding (Lower ceiling for a family of 5). (4) Retrospective application of Land Ceiling Rules for declaring Benami transactions null and void. (5) Most of these laws were included in the 9th schedule of the constitution which insulates them beyond any challenge in the court of law on grounds of infringement of Fundamental Rights. BENEFITS OF LAND CEILING (1) Social Justice It is socially unjust to allow a small number of people to hold a large part of the land thereby subjugating the interests of millions of laborers to the interest of this handful of the minority. (2) Improving the position of poor According to FAO redistribution of 5% of the farmland in India coupled with increased access to water could reduce rural poverty by almost 30%. (3) Employment Generation According to some economists, small farms are less capital intensive and therefore can be considered efficient in a situation of widespread unemployment and underemployment in the country. (4) Inculcating the spirit of cooperation It has been argued that once the surplus land is distributed among the beneficiaries they can form cooperatives for its cultivation and management. It will enable the small peasants to learn the techniques of soil management and joint cultivation on one hand and also enable them to realize the benefits of large-scale farming. NEGATIVES OF LAND CEILING (1) Economic efficiency of the farm is adversely affected (2) The growth of output and employment may also slow down, in the long run, owing to the reduction of savings and investment as small farmers consume away a large proportion of their income. (3) Modern technology can not be used due to fragmented land holdings. According to the XIIth FYP, only around 3 million hectares have been declared surplus which is hardly 2% of the net sown area of India. About 30% of this land has not been distributed yet due to litigations. There needs to be a proper implementation of land ceiling laws to reduce inequality.
81,826
What do you understand by the Stressed Assets? Discuss the three major pillars of reducing Non-Performing Assets (NPA). (150 Words/10 Marks)
Approach Introduce with the explanation of the stressed assets. Then define NPA and further elaborate on it. Bring the three major pillars rectification, reconstruction, and recovery for reducing the NAP and discuss all these three. Conclude with recent updates Answer Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) have been a crucial risk factor in the Indian banking sector. According to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) various assets (loans) of a bank should be classified in the following ways by considering international norms. They are classified into two categories that are standard assets where the asset is responding and can be further subdivided into regular assets that respond on due dates and another one as stressed assets. Stressed Assets This refers to those assets having a delay from the due date but yet not more than 90 days. It can be further subdivided into a Special mention Account (SMA). SMA 0 (0 to 30 days delay). SMA 1 (31 to 60 days delay). SMA 2 (61 to 90 days delay). Non-Performing Asset (NPA) Whether the asset is not responding for 90 days and above in a row. (In cases of agriculture loans Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) are counted if the asset is not responding for two consecutive crops). The NPA can be further sub-divided in Sub-standard Asset (3 months to 12 Months) Doubtful Assets (1 year to 2 years). Lost Assets (2 years to 3 years). Once the asset is lost financial institution may try for a one-time settlement with a haircut/(discount). If not responding further will be written off i.e. deleted from asset lists. Written off does not mean that the loan is waived off. To have this classification properly in cases of various assets is called prudential norms and from July 2021 it"s now completely digital. In India as early as 1969 lead banks scheme was introduced it was realized that Banks must have certain financial discipline further Narsimhan Committee I and II highlighted a series of recommendations for banking reforms. Recently RBI has outlined rectification, reconstruction, and recovery as three major pillars of reducing NPA. Rectification In rectification, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) highlights that various banks should follow the objective criterion to identify their prospects. They should know the customer properly at the retail level for this purpose there is a Transunion CIBIL which provides credit information based upon rank with a score system minimum three hundred and a maximum nine hundred score. Any score better than 650 shows trustworthiness. Reconstruction In reconstruction whenever the stressed assets are their attempts have been made to make it regular. Some of the examples are Strategic Debt reconstruction where the loan amount is converted into equity. The scheme for Sustainable structuring of stressed assets where a certain amount remained as debt while an unsustainable amount is converted into equity. Kamath Committee on reconstruction was constituted during the COVID. This committee has restructured/reconstructed the stressed assets by changing tenure, rate of interest, etc. Recovery It is very important for reducing Non-Performing Assets (NPA) is ensuring recovery processes. It was the Narsimhan Committee that highlighted the role of Asset Restructuring Companies (ARCs) or Assets Reconstruction Companies. An Asset Reconstruction Company (ARC) is a professional agency in a factor or discounting business whenever a bank is having Non-Performing Assets (NPA), it may transfer this NPA to the given ARC on discounts and this ARC will issue a security receipt for the purpose. This security receipt is a kind of entitlement that now loan belongs to Asset Reconstruction Company (ARC) and Asset Reconstruction Company (ARC) is authorized to recover it. For this purpose, the legitimacy of Asset Reconstruction Company (ARC) comes from the Debt Recovery Tribunal (1994) which are dedicated tribunal for debt matters. In order to empower these ARCs further, in 2002, the Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFESI) Act, 2002 was introduced. This Act provides confiscation power and other legal actions to reduce NPAs. The SARFESI Act was further amended in 2016 to provide more power regarding recovery. Further to improve the health of the banking sector with the reduction of NPA the government has come up with other provisions such as shore-up certificates (PSC) to banks, establishing Bad Banks, Prompt Corrective Action (PCA), and the recent Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) for easy exit. All these provisions need to be implemented on the ground in a dedicated manner with the following banking prudential.
##Question:What do you understand by the Stressed Assets? Discuss the three major pillars of reducing Non-Performing Assets (NPA). (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the explanation of the stressed assets. Then define NPA and further elaborate on it. Bring the three major pillars rectification, reconstruction, and recovery for reducing the NAP and discuss all these three. Conclude with recent updates Answer Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) have been a crucial risk factor in the Indian banking sector. According to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) various assets (loans) of a bank should be classified in the following ways by considering international norms. They are classified into two categories that are standard assets where the asset is responding and can be further subdivided into regular assets that respond on due dates and another one as stressed assets. Stressed Assets This refers to those assets having a delay from the due date but yet not more than 90 days. It can be further subdivided into a Special mention Account (SMA). SMA 0 (0 to 30 days delay). SMA 1 (31 to 60 days delay). SMA 2 (61 to 90 days delay). Non-Performing Asset (NPA) Whether the asset is not responding for 90 days and above in a row. (In cases of agriculture loans Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) are counted if the asset is not responding for two consecutive crops). The NPA can be further sub-divided in Sub-standard Asset (3 months to 12 Months) Doubtful Assets (1 year to 2 years). Lost Assets (2 years to 3 years). Once the asset is lost financial institution may try for a one-time settlement with a haircut/(discount). If not responding further will be written off i.e. deleted from asset lists. Written off does not mean that the loan is waived off. To have this classification properly in cases of various assets is called prudential norms and from July 2021 it"s now completely digital. In India as early as 1969 lead banks scheme was introduced it was realized that Banks must have certain financial discipline further Narsimhan Committee I and II highlighted a series of recommendations for banking reforms. Recently RBI has outlined rectification, reconstruction, and recovery as three major pillars of reducing NPA. Rectification In rectification, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) highlights that various banks should follow the objective criterion to identify their prospects. They should know the customer properly at the retail level for this purpose there is a Transunion CIBIL which provides credit information based upon rank with a score system minimum three hundred and a maximum nine hundred score. Any score better than 650 shows trustworthiness. Reconstruction In reconstruction whenever the stressed assets are their attempts have been made to make it regular. Some of the examples are Strategic Debt reconstruction where the loan amount is converted into equity. The scheme for Sustainable structuring of stressed assets where a certain amount remained as debt while an unsustainable amount is converted into equity. Kamath Committee on reconstruction was constituted during the COVID. This committee has restructured/reconstructed the stressed assets by changing tenure, rate of interest, etc. Recovery It is very important for reducing Non-Performing Assets (NPA) is ensuring recovery processes. It was the Narsimhan Committee that highlighted the role of Asset Restructuring Companies (ARCs) or Assets Reconstruction Companies. An Asset Reconstruction Company (ARC) is a professional agency in a factor or discounting business whenever a bank is having Non-Performing Assets (NPA), it may transfer this NPA to the given ARC on discounts and this ARC will issue a security receipt for the purpose. This security receipt is a kind of entitlement that now loan belongs to Asset Reconstruction Company (ARC) and Asset Reconstruction Company (ARC) is authorized to recover it. For this purpose, the legitimacy of Asset Reconstruction Company (ARC) comes from the Debt Recovery Tribunal (1994) which are dedicated tribunal for debt matters. In order to empower these ARCs further, in 2002, the Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFESI) Act, 2002 was introduced. This Act provides confiscation power and other legal actions to reduce NPAs. The SARFESI Act was further amended in 2016 to provide more power regarding recovery. Further to improve the health of the banking sector with the reduction of NPA the government has come up with other provisions such as shore-up certificates (PSC) to banks, establishing Bad Banks, Prompt Corrective Action (PCA), and the recent Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) for easy exit. All these provisions need to be implemented on the ground in a dedicated manner with the following banking prudential.
81,829
What do you understand by fluvial landforms? In this context, discuss the fluvial landforms created at a young age. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach : Begin the answer by giving a general introduction to river topography. After this, describe in detail the various topography formed by the river. Finally, conclude the answer by stating the importance of these topographies. Answer : Running water is also considered a universal agent of erosion because it has its presence not just in the fluvial cycle but in Karst Topography, Desert Topography, and Coastal & Glacial topography. In wet regions, where there is excessive rainfall, runoff water is the most important geomorphic factor that is responsible for the degradation of the surface. The landforms are either eroded or eroded by the flowing water or they get deposited and rise up and form river forms. Under the river processes, the flow of water along the slope gradient and the linear flow of rivers and streams in the valleys are included. Topographies formed by the river in youth : The upper course of the river starts from its source in hilly or mountainous areas. Rivers flow down steep slopes. The velocity and erosional force of the river is highest in the upper course. Some of the topographies formed in the upper course are as follows - "V" shaped valley: In youth, rivers deepen the valleys by subsequent erosion, forming a V-shaped valley. Gorge: In a V-shaped valley, when the side walls are very steep and the depth is more than the width, then the gorge is formed. For example, in the Himalayan mountain region in India, the Brahmaputra and the Indus rivers form narrow gorges. Canyon: A canyon is a more elaborate form of the gorge, whose walls are steeper and hundreds of kilometres long. It is also called an "I" shaped valley . For example, the Grand Canyon was formed by the Colorado River in the state of Arizona in the United States. Waterfall: When the water of rivers at a place falls from a steep slope ie the upper part of the cliff to the bottom with great velocity, it is called a waterfall. Such a situation arises when the layers of hard and soft rocks meet either horizontally or vertically in the river course. The water of the river cuts the soft rock very quickly but it is not able to cut the hard rock. As a result, the water starts falling from the upper part of the hard rocks downwards. All the above-mentioned landforms are formed during the river"s youth when the river"s velocity and erosional force are highest. Thus it can be said that the erosional and depositional landforms formed and modified by the flowing water can be better understood by observing the various stages up to the mouth as the source of the river.
##Question:What do you understand by fluvial landforms? In this context, discuss the fluvial landforms created at a young age. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach : Begin the answer by giving a general introduction to river topography. After this, describe in detail the various topography formed by the river. Finally, conclude the answer by stating the importance of these topographies. Answer : Running water is also considered a universal agent of erosion because it has its presence not just in the fluvial cycle but in Karst Topography, Desert Topography, and Coastal & Glacial topography. In wet regions, where there is excessive rainfall, runoff water is the most important geomorphic factor that is responsible for the degradation of the surface. The landforms are either eroded or eroded by the flowing water or they get deposited and rise up and form river forms. Under the river processes, the flow of water along the slope gradient and the linear flow of rivers and streams in the valleys are included. Topographies formed by the river in youth : The upper course of the river starts from its source in hilly or mountainous areas. Rivers flow down steep slopes. The velocity and erosional force of the river is highest in the upper course. Some of the topographies formed in the upper course are as follows - "V" shaped valley: In youth, rivers deepen the valleys by subsequent erosion, forming a V-shaped valley. Gorge: In a V-shaped valley, when the side walls are very steep and the depth is more than the width, then the gorge is formed. For example, in the Himalayan mountain region in India, the Brahmaputra and the Indus rivers form narrow gorges. Canyon: A canyon is a more elaborate form of the gorge, whose walls are steeper and hundreds of kilometres long. It is also called an "I" shaped valley . For example, the Grand Canyon was formed by the Colorado River in the state of Arizona in the United States. Waterfall: When the water of rivers at a place falls from a steep slope ie the upper part of the cliff to the bottom with great velocity, it is called a waterfall. Such a situation arises when the layers of hard and soft rocks meet either horizontally or vertically in the river course. The water of the river cuts the soft rock very quickly but it is not able to cut the hard rock. As a result, the water starts falling from the upper part of the hard rocks downwards. All the above-mentioned landforms are formed during the river"s youth when the river"s velocity and erosional force are highest. Thus it can be said that the erosional and depositional landforms formed and modified by the flowing water can be better understood by observing the various stages up to the mouth as the source of the river.
81,832
Some people feel that values keep changing with time, place and situation, while others strongly believe that there are certain universal and eternal human values. Give your perception in this regard with due justification. (150 words/10 Marks)
Approach: Briefly explain how values differ in time, place, and situation. Also, justify why certain values are universal and eternal Briefly conclude by taking an ethically correct stand that values can"t be framed in a water-tight compartment. Answer: Values are the yardsticks that help us to judge the things we see around us. Since moral principles and ethical standards differ in different societies, it is unjust to regard values as universal and eternal. Every society and individual set different sets of values for himself. Examples -Change in sati practice once a moral practice, now a violation of law; similarly widow remarriage. (time) Marriage decisions and customs/laws regarding LGBT ,abortion etc (place) Diplomacy during war and peace(Situation) Thus, we see different things being appreciated or shunned in different societies, to varying degrees. It might also be irrational to see values as universal and eternal, as our life goals have a tendency to change with time and circumstances. On the other hand, there does exist certain values that are universally upheld by each society, though in varying degree. For instance, the value of human life and dignity is universally upheld. As conclusion, it might be argued that the conception of values cannot be held in a water-tight compartment. The acceptance of a value might be universally valid, but its nature in a particular society varies according to the times and needs of the society. The main purpose of the values is to guide human beings towards happiness. Thus, the nature of values adapts with time to ensure this aim of human society.
##Question:Some people feel that values keep changing with time, place and situation, while others strongly believe that there are certain universal and eternal human values. Give your perception in this regard with due justification. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Briefly explain how values differ in time, place, and situation. Also, justify why certain values are universal and eternal Briefly conclude by taking an ethically correct stand that values can"t be framed in a water-tight compartment. Answer: Values are the yardsticks that help us to judge the things we see around us. Since moral principles and ethical standards differ in different societies, it is unjust to regard values as universal and eternal. Every society and individual set different sets of values for himself. Examples -Change in sati practice once a moral practice, now a violation of law; similarly widow remarriage. (time) Marriage decisions and customs/laws regarding LGBT ,abortion etc (place) Diplomacy during war and peace(Situation) Thus, we see different things being appreciated or shunned in different societies, to varying degrees. It might also be irrational to see values as universal and eternal, as our life goals have a tendency to change with time and circumstances. On the other hand, there does exist certain values that are universally upheld by each society, though in varying degree. For instance, the value of human life and dignity is universally upheld. As conclusion, it might be argued that the conception of values cannot be held in a water-tight compartment. The acceptance of a value might be universally valid, but its nature in a particular society varies according to the times and needs of the society. The main purpose of the values is to guide human beings towards happiness. Thus, the nature of values adapts with time to ensure this aim of human society.
81,842
The indigenization of the defense industry is necessary for national security. In this context mention the challenges faced in the Indigenization of the defense industry. Also mention steps taken in this regard. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach:- In the introduction, start with the definition of indigenization In the body part, mention the challenges faced in the indigenization Then mention the steps taken Suggest a way forward and conclude accordingly. Answer:- Indigenization is the capability of developing and producing any defence equipment within the country to achieve self-reliance and reduce the burden of imports. Challenges in the Indigenization Less R&D expenditure - Declining defence budget towards long-term investments, and research and development. Budgetary issues - A major chunk is spent on personnel costs such as salaries and pensions. Further, India"s budget allocation for research and development remains around 4 %. Lack of strategic planning for future needs of the Armed Forces - Long-term vision is not there and lack of national security doctrine. Hierarchal and skewed decision-making - Bureaucratic red tape and multiple decision-making heads are the reason for inordinate delays in defence procurement. Production and time delays - Indigenous defence production has been wrought with production delays. For example- HAL Tejas, faced a long production delay [7 years]. Nexus between the private contractors - the government resulted in corruption. For Example- the Bofors scam, the Scorpene submarine scam, the AgustaWestland VVIP chopper scam, etc. Lack of Private sector participation - The government"s reluctance to grant defence contracts to India"s private sector The inefficiency of the Public sector - Process inefficiencies and delays in domestic production by government lead organizations Steps were taken to boost indigenous production Ministry of Defence has notified a ‘First Positive Indigenisation list’ of 101 items and a ‘2nd Positive Indigenisation list’ of 108 items for which there would be an embargo on the import beyond the timelines indicated against them. SRIJAN portal to promote indigenisation DPP-2016 has been revised as Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP)-2020, which is driven by the tenets of Defence Reforms announced as part of ‘AatmaNirbhar Bharat Abhiyan’. The ‘Buy {Indian-IDDM (Indigenously Designed, Developed and manufactured)}’ category has been accorded top priority for procurement of capital equipment. The Government of India has enhanced FDI in Defence Sector by up to 74% through the Automatic Route for companies seeking new defence industrial licenses and up to 100% by Government Route. An innovation ecosystem for Defence titled ‘Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX)’ has been launched. The government has established two Defence Industrial Corridors, one each in the States of Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Technology Development Fund (TDF) has been created under DRDO to promote self-reliance in Defence Technology through the participation of Public/Private industries, especially MSMEs and startups. Way forward Supporting the private sector- trusting the private sector with bigger and more stable defence contracts Funds for Armed Forces- reviewing the budget allocation for the defence Decision-making and time delays:- Representatives from the three forces should be included in defence procurement and national security decision-making Self-reliance in defence manufacturing is a crucial component of effective defense capability to maintain national sovereignty and achieve military superiority
##Question:The indigenization of the defense industry is necessary for national security. In this context mention the challenges faced in the Indigenization of the defense industry. Also mention steps taken in this regard. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, start with the definition of indigenization In the body part, mention the challenges faced in the indigenization Then mention the steps taken Suggest a way forward and conclude accordingly. Answer:- Indigenization is the capability of developing and producing any defence equipment within the country to achieve self-reliance and reduce the burden of imports. Challenges in the Indigenization Less R&D expenditure - Declining defence budget towards long-term investments, and research and development. Budgetary issues - A major chunk is spent on personnel costs such as salaries and pensions. Further, India"s budget allocation for research and development remains around 4 %. Lack of strategic planning for future needs of the Armed Forces - Long-term vision is not there and lack of national security doctrine. Hierarchal and skewed decision-making - Bureaucratic red tape and multiple decision-making heads are the reason for inordinate delays in defence procurement. Production and time delays - Indigenous defence production has been wrought with production delays. For example- HAL Tejas, faced a long production delay [7 years]. Nexus between the private contractors - the government resulted in corruption. For Example- the Bofors scam, the Scorpene submarine scam, the AgustaWestland VVIP chopper scam, etc. Lack of Private sector participation - The government"s reluctance to grant defence contracts to India"s private sector The inefficiency of the Public sector - Process inefficiencies and delays in domestic production by government lead organizations Steps were taken to boost indigenous production Ministry of Defence has notified a ‘First Positive Indigenisation list’ of 101 items and a ‘2nd Positive Indigenisation list’ of 108 items for which there would be an embargo on the import beyond the timelines indicated against them. SRIJAN portal to promote indigenisation DPP-2016 has been revised as Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP)-2020, which is driven by the tenets of Defence Reforms announced as part of ‘AatmaNirbhar Bharat Abhiyan’. The ‘Buy {Indian-IDDM (Indigenously Designed, Developed and manufactured)}’ category has been accorded top priority for procurement of capital equipment. The Government of India has enhanced FDI in Defence Sector by up to 74% through the Automatic Route for companies seeking new defence industrial licenses and up to 100% by Government Route. An innovation ecosystem for Defence titled ‘Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX)’ has been launched. The government has established two Defence Industrial Corridors, one each in the States of Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Technology Development Fund (TDF) has been created under DRDO to promote self-reliance in Defence Technology through the participation of Public/Private industries, especially MSMEs and startups. Way forward Supporting the private sector- trusting the private sector with bigger and more stable defence contracts Funds for Armed Forces- reviewing the budget allocation for the defence Decision-making and time delays:- Representatives from the three forces should be included in defence procurement and national security decision-making Self-reliance in defence manufacturing is a crucial component of effective defense capability to maintain national sovereignty and achieve military superiority
81,848
The indigenization of the defense industry is necessary for national security. In this context mention the challenges faced in the Indigenization of the defense industry. Also mention steps taken in this regard. (150 words/10 marks)
Approach: - In the introduction, start with the definition of indigenization In the body part, mention the challenges faced in the indigenization Then mention the steps taken Suggest a way forward and conclude accordingly. Answer:- Indigenization is the capability of developing and producing any defence equipment within the country to achieve self-reliance and reduce the burden of imports. Challenges in the Indigenization Less R&D expenditure - Declining defence budget towards long-term investments, and research and development. Budgetary issues - A major chunk is spent on personnel costs such as salaries and pensions. Further, India"s budget allocation for research and development remains around 4 %. Lack of strategic planning for future needs of the Armed Forces - Long-term vision is not there and lack of national security doctrine. Hierarchal and skewed decision-making - Bureaucratic red tape and multiple decision-making heads are the reason for inordinate delays in defence procurement. Production and time delays - Indigenous defence production has been wrought with production delays. For example- HAL Tejas, faced a long production delay [7 years]. Nexus between the private contractors - the government resulted in corruption. For Example- the Bofors scam, the Scorpene submarine scam, the AgustaWestland VVIP chopper scam, etc. Lack of Private sector participation - The government"s reluctance to grant defence contracts to India"s private sector The inefficiency of the Public sector- Process inefficiencies and delays in domestic production by government lead organizations Steps were taken to boost indigenous production Ministry of Defence has notified a ‘First Positive Indigenisation list’ of 101 items and a ‘2nd Positive Indigenisation list’ of 108 items for which there would be an embargo on the import beyond the timelines indicated against them. SRIJAN portal to promote indigenisation DPP-2016 has been revised as Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP)-2020, which is driven by the tenets of Defence Reforms announced as part of ‘AatmaNirbhar Bharat Abhiyan’. The ‘Buy {Indian-IDDM (Indigenously Designed, Developed and manufactured)}’ category has been accorded top priority for procurement of capital equipment. The Government of India has enhanced FDI in Defence Sector by up to 74% through the Automatic Route for companies seeking new defence industrial licenses and up to 100% by Government Route. An innovation ecosystem for Defence titled ‘Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX)’ has been launched. The government has established two Defence Industrial Corridors, one each in the States of Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Technology Development Fund (TDF) has been created under DRDO to promote self-reliance in Defence Technology through the participation of Public/Private industries, especially MSMEs and startups. Way forward Supporting the private sector - trusting the private sector with bigger and more stable defence contracts Funds for Armed Forces - reviewing the budget allocation for the defence Decision-making and time delays :- Representatives from the three forces should be included in defence procurement and national security decision-making Self-reliance in defence manufacturing is a crucial component of effective defence capability to maintain national sovereignty and achieve military superiority
##Question:The indigenization of the defense industry is necessary for national security. In this context mention the challenges faced in the Indigenization of the defense industry. Also mention steps taken in this regard. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: - In the introduction, start with the definition of indigenization In the body part, mention the challenges faced in the indigenization Then mention the steps taken Suggest a way forward and conclude accordingly. Answer:- Indigenization is the capability of developing and producing any defence equipment within the country to achieve self-reliance and reduce the burden of imports. Challenges in the Indigenization Less R&D expenditure - Declining defence budget towards long-term investments, and research and development. Budgetary issues - A major chunk is spent on personnel costs such as salaries and pensions. Further, India"s budget allocation for research and development remains around 4 %. Lack of strategic planning for future needs of the Armed Forces - Long-term vision is not there and lack of national security doctrine. Hierarchal and skewed decision-making - Bureaucratic red tape and multiple decision-making heads are the reason for inordinate delays in defence procurement. Production and time delays - Indigenous defence production has been wrought with production delays. For example- HAL Tejas, faced a long production delay [7 years]. Nexus between the private contractors - the government resulted in corruption. For Example- the Bofors scam, the Scorpene submarine scam, the AgustaWestland VVIP chopper scam, etc. Lack of Private sector participation - The government"s reluctance to grant defence contracts to India"s private sector The inefficiency of the Public sector- Process inefficiencies and delays in domestic production by government lead organizations Steps were taken to boost indigenous production Ministry of Defence has notified a ‘First Positive Indigenisation list’ of 101 items and a ‘2nd Positive Indigenisation list’ of 108 items for which there would be an embargo on the import beyond the timelines indicated against them. SRIJAN portal to promote indigenisation DPP-2016 has been revised as Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP)-2020, which is driven by the tenets of Defence Reforms announced as part of ‘AatmaNirbhar Bharat Abhiyan’. The ‘Buy {Indian-IDDM (Indigenously Designed, Developed and manufactured)}’ category has been accorded top priority for procurement of capital equipment. The Government of India has enhanced FDI in Defence Sector by up to 74% through the Automatic Route for companies seeking new defence industrial licenses and up to 100% by Government Route. An innovation ecosystem for Defence titled ‘Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX)’ has been launched. The government has established two Defence Industrial Corridors, one each in the States of Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Technology Development Fund (TDF) has been created under DRDO to promote self-reliance in Defence Technology through the participation of Public/Private industries, especially MSMEs and startups. Way forward Supporting the private sector - trusting the private sector with bigger and more stable defence contracts Funds for Armed Forces - reviewing the budget allocation for the defence Decision-making and time delays :- Representatives from the three forces should be included in defence procurement and national security decision-making Self-reliance in defence manufacturing is a crucial component of effective defence capability to maintain national sovereignty and achieve military superiority
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भारत की भू-गर्भिक संरचना अपने आप में अनूठा एवं जटिल है। संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) The geologic structure of India is unique and complex in itself. Have a brief discussion. (150-200 words/10 marks)
दृष्टिकोण उत्तर की शुरुआत भारत के भूगर्भिक संरचना का सामान्य परिचय के साथ कीजिए। इसके पश्चात भूगर्भिक संरचना में विभिन्न संसाधनों का संक्षिप्त उल्लेख करते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिए। अंत में भूगर्भिक संरचना के जटिल और अनूठा होने का प्रमाण देते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिए। उत्तर - सामान्य परिचय भारत की भूगर्भीय संरचना को कल्पों के आधार पर विभाजित किया गया है। प्रीकैम्ब्रियन कल्प के दौरान बनी कुडप्पा और विंध्य प्रणालियां पूर्वी व दक्षिणी राज्यों में फैली हुई हैं। इस कल्प के एक छोटे काल के दौरान पश्चिमी और मध्य भारत की भी भूगर्भिक संरचना तय हुई। पेलियोजोइक कल्प के कैम्ब्रियन, ऑर्डोविसियन, सिलुरियन और डेवोनियन शकों के दौरान पश्चिमी हिमालय क्षेत्र में कश्मीर और हिमाचल प्रदेश का निर्माण हुआ। मेसोजोइक दक्कन ट्रैप की संरचनाओं को उत्तरी दक्कन के अधिकांश हिस्से में देखा जा सकता है। ऐसा माना जाता है कि इस क्षेत्र का निर्माण ज्वालामुखीय विस्फोटों की वजह से हुआ। कार्बोनिफेरस प्रणाली, पर्मियन प्रणाली और ट्रियाजिक प्रणाली को पश्चिमी हिमालय में देखा जा सकता है। जुरासिक शक के दौरान हुए निर्माण को पश्चिमी हिमालय और राजस्थान में देखा जा सकता है। टर्शियरी युग के दौरान मणिपुर, नागालैंड, अरुणाचल प्रदेश और हिमालियन पट्टिका में काफी नई संरचनाएं बनी। क्रेटेशियस प्रणाली को हम मध्य भारत की विंध्य पर्वत श्रृंखला व गंगा दोआब में देख सकते हैं। गोंडवाना प्रणाली को हम नर्मदा नदी के विंध्य व सतपुरा क्षेत्रों में देख सकते हैं। इयोसीन प्रणाली को हम पश्चिमी हिमालय और असम में देख सकते हैं। ओलिगोसीन संरचनाओं को हम कच्छ और असम में देख सकते हैं। इस कल्प के दौरान प्लीस्टोसीन प्रणाली का निर्माण ज्वालमुखियों के द्वारा हुआ। हिमालय पर्वत श्रृंखला का निर्माण इंडो-ऑस्ट्रेलियन और यूरेशियाई प्लेटों के प्रसार व संकुचन से हुआ है। इन प्लेटों में लगातार प्रसार की वजह से हिमालय की ऊँचाई प्रतिवर्ष 1 सेमी. बढ़ रही है। भारत की भू-गर्भिक संरचना किसी भी प्रदेश की भूगर्भिक संरचना का अध्ययन विशेष महत्व रखता है क्योंकि यह खनिज, मृदा, वन और जल संसाधन की उपलब्धता और वितरण को प्रभावित करते हैं और ये संसाधन किसी भी प्रदेश के सामाजिक -आर्थिक विकास की प्रक्रिया में प्रणोदी भूमिका निभातें हैं। खनिज संसाधन - भारत में इसका वितरण भूगर्भिक संरचना से घनिष्ठ रूप से सम्बंधित है जैसे- भारत में अधिकांश धात्विक खनिज धारवाड़ क्रम की चट्टानों में मिलता है- चूना पत्थर, बालुका पत्थर, संगमरमर जैसे चट्टानें विंध्यन क्रम की चट्टानों में मिलता है जबकि देश के उच्च कोटि का 95-98 प्रतिशत कोयला गोंडवाना क्रम और शेष कोयला टरशियरी क्रम की चट्टानों में मिलता है। मृदा संसाधन एवं भूगर्भिक संरचना - ज़ोनल मृदा का रासायनिक गुण धर्म भू-गर्भिक संरचना से निर्धारित होती है जैसे- मृदा का रंग, मृदा का रासायनिक संयोजन एवं उसकी जल ग्रहण करने की क्षमता। जल संसाधन - भूमिगत जल संसाधन की उपलब्धता धरातलीय चट्टान और उसके नीचे की भूगर्भिक संरचना पर निर्भर करती है, जैसे- भारत में प्री-कैम्ब्रियन क्षेत्र भूमिगत जल संसाधन के मामलों में विपन्न है जबकि गोंडवाना अवसादी क्षेत्र, क्वार्टनरी अवसादी क्षेत्र भूमिगत जल संसाधन के मामलों में समृद्ध हैं। वनस्पति संसाधन - वनस्पति का विकास भी भूगर्भिक संरचना से प्रभावित होता है क्योंकि उसमें उपस्थित खनिज और उपलब्ध भूमिगत जल संसाधन वनस्पति के विकास को प्रभावित करते हैं। भारत की भूगर्भिक संरचना अनूठा एवं जटिल है, यह अनूठा इसलिए है क्योंकि इसमें पृथ्वी के उत्पत्ति काल से लेकर वर्तमान समय तक की चट्टानें मिलती हैं - प्रायद्वीपीय भारत गोंडवाना लैंड का भूखंड है जो पहले पेंजिया का भाग था अतः इसमें सबसे पुरातन चट्टानें मिलती हैं। उत्तर का पर्वतीय क्षेत्र टरशियरी काल में निर्मित है जिसमें लगभग 70 मिलियन वर्ष पुराने चट्टान मिलते हैं। मध्यवर्ती मैदान आज से लगभग 20 लाख वर्ष पूर्व निर्मित हुआ जो क्वार्टनरी अवसादों से निर्मित है और वर्तमान में भी इसका निर्माण जारी है। इसी प्रकार भारत की भूगर्भिक संरचना जटिल भी है क्योंकि एक लम्बी भूवैज्ञानिक समयावधि गुजरने के कारण कुछ चट्टानों के अपने मौलिक गुण जैसे-संरचना, खनिज इत्यादि बदल चुके हैं, साथ ही अनाच्छादन के प्रभावों ने इनके ऊपरी संरचनाओं को बहुत हद तक बदल डाला है इसलिए भारत की भू-गर्भिक संरचना जटिल भी मानी जाती है।
##Question:भारत की भू-गर्भिक संरचना अपने आप में अनूठा एवं जटिल है। संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) The geologic structure of India is unique and complex in itself. Have a brief discussion. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण उत्तर की शुरुआत भारत के भूगर्भिक संरचना का सामान्य परिचय के साथ कीजिए। इसके पश्चात भूगर्भिक संरचना में विभिन्न संसाधनों का संक्षिप्त उल्लेख करते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिए। अंत में भूगर्भिक संरचना के जटिल और अनूठा होने का प्रमाण देते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिए। उत्तर - सामान्य परिचय भारत की भूगर्भीय संरचना को कल्पों के आधार पर विभाजित किया गया है। प्रीकैम्ब्रियन कल्प के दौरान बनी कुडप्पा और विंध्य प्रणालियां पूर्वी व दक्षिणी राज्यों में फैली हुई हैं। इस कल्प के एक छोटे काल के दौरान पश्चिमी और मध्य भारत की भी भूगर्भिक संरचना तय हुई। पेलियोजोइक कल्प के कैम्ब्रियन, ऑर्डोविसियन, सिलुरियन और डेवोनियन शकों के दौरान पश्चिमी हिमालय क्षेत्र में कश्मीर और हिमाचल प्रदेश का निर्माण हुआ। मेसोजोइक दक्कन ट्रैप की संरचनाओं को उत्तरी दक्कन के अधिकांश हिस्से में देखा जा सकता है। ऐसा माना जाता है कि इस क्षेत्र का निर्माण ज्वालामुखीय विस्फोटों की वजह से हुआ। कार्बोनिफेरस प्रणाली, पर्मियन प्रणाली और ट्रियाजिक प्रणाली को पश्चिमी हिमालय में देखा जा सकता है। जुरासिक शक के दौरान हुए निर्माण को पश्चिमी हिमालय और राजस्थान में देखा जा सकता है। टर्शियरी युग के दौरान मणिपुर, नागालैंड, अरुणाचल प्रदेश और हिमालियन पट्टिका में काफी नई संरचनाएं बनी। क्रेटेशियस प्रणाली को हम मध्य भारत की विंध्य पर्वत श्रृंखला व गंगा दोआब में देख सकते हैं। गोंडवाना प्रणाली को हम नर्मदा नदी के विंध्य व सतपुरा क्षेत्रों में देख सकते हैं। इयोसीन प्रणाली को हम पश्चिमी हिमालय और असम में देख सकते हैं। ओलिगोसीन संरचनाओं को हम कच्छ और असम में देख सकते हैं। इस कल्प के दौरान प्लीस्टोसीन प्रणाली का निर्माण ज्वालमुखियों के द्वारा हुआ। हिमालय पर्वत श्रृंखला का निर्माण इंडो-ऑस्ट्रेलियन और यूरेशियाई प्लेटों के प्रसार व संकुचन से हुआ है। इन प्लेटों में लगातार प्रसार की वजह से हिमालय की ऊँचाई प्रतिवर्ष 1 सेमी. बढ़ रही है। भारत की भू-गर्भिक संरचना किसी भी प्रदेश की भूगर्भिक संरचना का अध्ययन विशेष महत्व रखता है क्योंकि यह खनिज, मृदा, वन और जल संसाधन की उपलब्धता और वितरण को प्रभावित करते हैं और ये संसाधन किसी भी प्रदेश के सामाजिक -आर्थिक विकास की प्रक्रिया में प्रणोदी भूमिका निभातें हैं। खनिज संसाधन - भारत में इसका वितरण भूगर्भिक संरचना से घनिष्ठ रूप से सम्बंधित है जैसे- भारत में अधिकांश धात्विक खनिज धारवाड़ क्रम की चट्टानों में मिलता है- चूना पत्थर, बालुका पत्थर, संगमरमर जैसे चट्टानें विंध्यन क्रम की चट्टानों में मिलता है जबकि देश के उच्च कोटि का 95-98 प्रतिशत कोयला गोंडवाना क्रम और शेष कोयला टरशियरी क्रम की चट्टानों में मिलता है। मृदा संसाधन एवं भूगर्भिक संरचना - ज़ोनल मृदा का रासायनिक गुण धर्म भू-गर्भिक संरचना से निर्धारित होती है जैसे- मृदा का रंग, मृदा का रासायनिक संयोजन एवं उसकी जल ग्रहण करने की क्षमता। जल संसाधन - भूमिगत जल संसाधन की उपलब्धता धरातलीय चट्टान और उसके नीचे की भूगर्भिक संरचना पर निर्भर करती है, जैसे- भारत में प्री-कैम्ब्रियन क्षेत्र भूमिगत जल संसाधन के मामलों में विपन्न है जबकि गोंडवाना अवसादी क्षेत्र, क्वार्टनरी अवसादी क्षेत्र भूमिगत जल संसाधन के मामलों में समृद्ध हैं। वनस्पति संसाधन - वनस्पति का विकास भी भूगर्भिक संरचना से प्रभावित होता है क्योंकि उसमें उपस्थित खनिज और उपलब्ध भूमिगत जल संसाधन वनस्पति के विकास को प्रभावित करते हैं। भारत की भूगर्भिक संरचना अनूठा एवं जटिल है, यह अनूठा इसलिए है क्योंकि इसमें पृथ्वी के उत्पत्ति काल से लेकर वर्तमान समय तक की चट्टानें मिलती हैं - प्रायद्वीपीय भारत गोंडवाना लैंड का भूखंड है जो पहले पेंजिया का भाग था अतः इसमें सबसे पुरातन चट्टानें मिलती हैं। उत्तर का पर्वतीय क्षेत्र टरशियरी काल में निर्मित है जिसमें लगभग 70 मिलियन वर्ष पुराने चट्टान मिलते हैं। मध्यवर्ती मैदान आज से लगभग 20 लाख वर्ष पूर्व निर्मित हुआ जो क्वार्टनरी अवसादों से निर्मित है और वर्तमान में भी इसका निर्माण जारी है। इसी प्रकार भारत की भूगर्भिक संरचना जटिल भी है क्योंकि एक लम्बी भूवैज्ञानिक समयावधि गुजरने के कारण कुछ चट्टानों के अपने मौलिक गुण जैसे-संरचना, खनिज इत्यादि बदल चुके हैं, साथ ही अनाच्छादन के प्रभावों ने इनके ऊपरी संरचनाओं को बहुत हद तक बदल डाला है इसलिए भारत की भू-गर्भिक संरचना जटिल भी मानी जाती है।
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