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Discuss the similarity and deviation of the thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar on untouchability. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the explanation of untouchability and its evolution. Discuss the thought of Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Ambedkar at the same time bring similarities and differences. Conclude accordingly (It could include recent judicial pronouncement or Constitutional Provision) Answer The evolution of the practice of untouchability can be traced back to the system of caste hierarchy in the Later Vedic period but it became very manifested in the Gupta Period. Untouchability is a discriminatory practice where the persons of lower castes (or Dalits) are avoided to be touched by upper castes (like Brahmins). It carries the notion of pollution and purity. It means the lower caste people are considered polluted. Thoughts of Gandhi and Ambedkar on Untouchability The reason for untouchability Gandhi believes that untouchability is due to the prejudicial attitude of upper caste individuals. To remove the untouchability the perception and attitude of upper caste individuals have to be changed. Ambedkar believed that untouchability is due to social practice which has a strong political and economic root i.e. political and economic marginalization of lower caste. On the abolition of the caste system Gandhi advocated to attain political freedom then we should think about social freedom i.e. after gaining independence bring Law to remove untouchability. Ambedkar contradicted Gandhi giving first priority to social reform i.e. abolishing the caste system then thinking about bringing political reform (It will help in building national consciousness). The strategy adopted The approach of Gandhi Ji was a revivalist where he is taking similar to Arya Samaj"s strategy while Ambedkar is more radical and is inspired by Jyotiba Phule. The solution to remove untouchability Gandhi argued for reform in the caste system for the abolition of untouchability. While Ambedkar said to Abolition of the caste system in totality which according to him could not be reformed. He wrote the book annihilation of caste also. Gandhi did not support inter-caste marriage and inter-caste dining while on the other hand, Ambedkar said, to change the mindset we need to promote inter-caste marriage and inter-caste dining. Gandhi gave public speeches to urge the upper caste to give up the practice of untouchability and he gave the word Harijan But Ambedkar asserted Dalit identity. Ambedkar argued for constitutional legal means of the separate electorate and scholarship for education for backward class, reservation, etc. Thus Ambedkar thought is more pragmatic while Mahatma Gandhi seems more idealistic and utopian on the caste system in general and untouchability in particular. Thus we find more deviation as compared to the conversion on thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi and Ambedkar, however, both want to abolish this practice from our society. This was made very clear by the inclusion of Article 17 under the Fundamental Rights in our constitution with utmost consensus from all the members of the constituent assembly.
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##Question:Discuss the similarity and deviation of the thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar on untouchability. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the explanation of untouchability and its evolution. Discuss the thought of Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Ambedkar at the same time bring similarities and differences. Conclude accordingly (It could include recent judicial pronouncement or Constitutional Provision) Answer The evolution of the practice of untouchability can be traced back to the system of caste hierarchy in the Later Vedic period but it became very manifested in the Gupta Period. Untouchability is a discriminatory practice where the persons of lower castes (or Dalits) are avoided to be touched by upper castes (like Brahmins). It carries the notion of pollution and purity. It means the lower caste people are considered polluted. Thoughts of Gandhi and Ambedkar on Untouchability The reason for untouchability Gandhi believes that untouchability is due to the prejudicial attitude of upper caste individuals. To remove the untouchability the perception and attitude of upper caste individuals have to be changed. Ambedkar believed that untouchability is due to social practice which has a strong political and economic root i.e. political and economic marginalization of lower caste. On the abolition of the caste system Gandhi advocated to attain political freedom then we should think about social freedom i.e. after gaining independence bring Law to remove untouchability. Ambedkar contradicted Gandhi giving first priority to social reform i.e. abolishing the caste system then thinking about bringing political reform (It will help in building national consciousness). The strategy adopted The approach of Gandhi Ji was a revivalist where he is taking similar to Arya Samaj"s strategy while Ambedkar is more radical and is inspired by Jyotiba Phule. The solution to remove untouchability Gandhi argued for reform in the caste system for the abolition of untouchability. While Ambedkar said to Abolition of the caste system in totality which according to him could not be reformed. He wrote the book annihilation of caste also. Gandhi did not support inter-caste marriage and inter-caste dining while on the other hand, Ambedkar said, to change the mindset we need to promote inter-caste marriage and inter-caste dining. Gandhi gave public speeches to urge the upper caste to give up the practice of untouchability and he gave the word Harijan But Ambedkar asserted Dalit identity. Ambedkar argued for constitutional legal means of the separate electorate and scholarship for education for backward class, reservation, etc. Thus Ambedkar thought is more pragmatic while Mahatma Gandhi seems more idealistic and utopian on the caste system in general and untouchability in particular. Thus we find more deviation as compared to the conversion on thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi and Ambedkar, however, both want to abolish this practice from our society. This was made very clear by the inclusion of Article 17 under the Fundamental Rights in our constitution with utmost consensus from all the members of the constituent assembly.
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What is a biome? Explain the different kinds of terrestrial biomes with particular emphasis on their special characteristics. (10Marks/150Words)
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APPROACH: Define biome. In the body, explain different types of biomes. Enlist different characteristics of biomes. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: A biome is a large area of land that is classified based on the climate, plants, and animals that make their homes there. Biomes contain many ecosystems within the same area. Types of biomes: TUNDRA BIOME Tundra means barren or treeless. There are two types of tundra: (1) Arctic Tundra (2) Alpine Tundra There are no trees in Tundra due to permafrost. Permafrost is the top layer of soil that is completely frozen for two years continuously. The vegetation is mainly lichens, mosses, and short bushes growing in summers which are short. We see polar bears, seals, Arctic foxes, penguins, reindeer, etc. Reptiles and amphibians are nearly absent. Important adaptations by animals include thick skin, hair, fur, small ears, a small tail, large body size, and hibernation. TAIGA BIOME It is covered with snow during winters and the land gets heated up during summers. It results in a very high annual range of temperature. This biome is present only in the Northern Hemisphere and not in the Southern hemisphere due to the absence of land in the Southern Hemisphere. It is the largest biome with respect to the area and is the largest continuous patch of vegetation accounting for 1/3rd of the vegetation on the Earth. Adaptations: Coniferous vegetation (to shed snow), needle-like leaves (to prevent loss of heat). Podzols soil is acidic in nature due to the slow decomposition of organic matter. Fauna: Siberian tiger (largest of all the tigers), moose (largest of all the deer species), snow leopard, yak, walrus, red fox, wolf, bear, owls, and eagles. GRASSLAND BIOME There are two types of grasslands: (1) Steppe Grasslands (2) Savanah Grasslands Factors controlling the spread of grass in a grassland- Low rainfall, fire, and grazing. The grasses are adapted to grow back quickly after fire and animals are prepared for fire by fleeing or burrowing underground. Fauna- Wild beest, Zebra, African elephants, Giraffe, gazelle, kangaroo, ostrich, lions, and cheetah. RAIN FORESTS BIOME There are two types of rainforests: (1) Tropical Rainforest (2) Temperate Rainforests- High precipitation along cool temperate regions Temperate Rainforests: Mixed vegetation Tropical Rainforests: High daily as well as annual range temperature. The diurnal range of temperature is higher than the annual range of temperature. Very high precipitation throughout the year through convection- about 250 cms. Soil is Laterite soil and is characterized by heavy leaching Vegetation- Evergreen, multi-layer, tall growing, and biodiverse, presence of epiphytes and climbers. Sunlight is the limiting factor. The forests receive only 2% of the sunlight. Because of high temperature and high precipitation, a large no of flora and fauna is supported. Flora & Fauna: jaguar, gorilla, green mamba, birds of paradise, gliders, flying lizards, etc. DESERT BIOMES The temperature range is very high. The diurnal range is high. Very low precipitation ie. less than 25 cm per annum. Xerophytic vegetation- long root system, thorns instead of leaves, dwarf plants, trunks capable of storing water, waxy or leathery leaves, seeds are hard and drought resistant with the thick and tough outer layer and green stem. Most of the species are nocturnal, have long ears for heat loss, and burrow animals. They are majorly insects, reptiles, and birds, along with camels. Biomes are the fundamental pillar for the balance of nature, since they correspond to certain areas or zones that, due to their geographical characteristics, share a climate, flora and fauna.
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##Question:What is a biome? Explain the different kinds of terrestrial biomes with particular emphasis on their special characteristics. (10Marks/150Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Define biome. In the body, explain different types of biomes. Enlist different characteristics of biomes. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: A biome is a large area of land that is classified based on the climate, plants, and animals that make their homes there. Biomes contain many ecosystems within the same area. Types of biomes: TUNDRA BIOME Tundra means barren or treeless. There are two types of tundra: (1) Arctic Tundra (2) Alpine Tundra There are no trees in Tundra due to permafrost. Permafrost is the top layer of soil that is completely frozen for two years continuously. The vegetation is mainly lichens, mosses, and short bushes growing in summers which are short. We see polar bears, seals, Arctic foxes, penguins, reindeer, etc. Reptiles and amphibians are nearly absent. Important adaptations by animals include thick skin, hair, fur, small ears, a small tail, large body size, and hibernation. TAIGA BIOME It is covered with snow during winters and the land gets heated up during summers. It results in a very high annual range of temperature. This biome is present only in the Northern Hemisphere and not in the Southern hemisphere due to the absence of land in the Southern Hemisphere. It is the largest biome with respect to the area and is the largest continuous patch of vegetation accounting for 1/3rd of the vegetation on the Earth. Adaptations: Coniferous vegetation (to shed snow), needle-like leaves (to prevent loss of heat). Podzols soil is acidic in nature due to the slow decomposition of organic matter. Fauna: Siberian tiger (largest of all the tigers), moose (largest of all the deer species), snow leopard, yak, walrus, red fox, wolf, bear, owls, and eagles. GRASSLAND BIOME There are two types of grasslands: (1) Steppe Grasslands (2) Savanah Grasslands Factors controlling the spread of grass in a grassland- Low rainfall, fire, and grazing. The grasses are adapted to grow back quickly after fire and animals are prepared for fire by fleeing or burrowing underground. Fauna- Wild beest, Zebra, African elephants, Giraffe, gazelle, kangaroo, ostrich, lions, and cheetah. RAIN FORESTS BIOME There are two types of rainforests: (1) Tropical Rainforest (2) Temperate Rainforests- High precipitation along cool temperate regions Temperate Rainforests: Mixed vegetation Tropical Rainforests: High daily as well as annual range temperature. The diurnal range of temperature is higher than the annual range of temperature. Very high precipitation throughout the year through convection- about 250 cms. Soil is Laterite soil and is characterized by heavy leaching Vegetation- Evergreen, multi-layer, tall growing, and biodiverse, presence of epiphytes and climbers. Sunlight is the limiting factor. The forests receive only 2% of the sunlight. Because of high temperature and high precipitation, a large no of flora and fauna is supported. Flora & Fauna: jaguar, gorilla, green mamba, birds of paradise, gliders, flying lizards, etc. DESERT BIOMES The temperature range is very high. The diurnal range is high. Very low precipitation ie. less than 25 cm per annum. Xerophytic vegetation- long root system, thorns instead of leaves, dwarf plants, trunks capable of storing water, waxy or leathery leaves, seeds are hard and drought resistant with the thick and tough outer layer and green stem. Most of the species are nocturnal, have long ears for heat loss, and burrow animals. They are majorly insects, reptiles, and birds, along with camels. Biomes are the fundamental pillar for the balance of nature, since they correspond to certain areas or zones that, due to their geographical characteristics, share a climate, flora and fauna.
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Discuss the mechanism of the wind in the desert. Also, describe the topography created by them. (150-200 words, Marks - 10)
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Approach : Begin the answer by briefly discussing the erosional and depositional role of wind in the desert. We can then cover the erosional topographies created by wind in the desert. Then we can cover the depositional topographies formed by the wind in the desert. Appropriate diagrams are important. Answer : The wind is a very major factor in denudation, which is more active in arid and semi-arid desert areas. The wind is the most powerful means of erosion in arid and semi-arid desert areas because here the amount of rainfall is very less and the humidity remains low. Also, due to the absence of vegetation in these areas, the soil particles are not able to stay organized and the process of erosion by wind is performed at a rapid pace. Mechanisms of erosion: Deflation: The sand particles are lifted and transported from one place to another. This results in the formation of depressions called deflation hollows. Abrasion (Sandblasting): When the sand particles carried by the winds hit any rock surface and erode them, this process is known as sandblasting or abrasion. Attrition: When the rock particles hit each other, they break into smaller fragments. Suspension: The smaller and finer sediments which can be lifted by the prevailing winds have the significant scope of eroding the rock surfaces. Erosional Aeolian landforms: Mushroom rocks: The process of sandblasting on the projected rocks shall result in the formation of mushroom rocks. Since the composition of the rocks is both hard and soft rocks, soft rocks get weathered due to the action of sandblasting. Sandblasting is more prominent at the base as winds cannot pick up the sands to heights. This results in the undercutting of the projected rocks forming mushroom rocks Mesa and Butte: A tableland with alternating hard and soft rocks when subjected to both the agents of erosion- wind and water, it forms mesa and butte topography. The relief that is bigger in size is called a mesa. While on continued denudation, it can result in a reduction in the height and width of the mesa to form a flat-topped hill called a butte. Driekanter/ Ventifacts: They are the polished pebbles of the rock fragments formed due to the sandblasting activities. Their smoothened sides indicate the direction of winds. Desert pavement: When Driekanter and Ventifacts are arranged naturally in a mosaic fashion, they result in the formation of desert pavement. Yardangs: Yardangs are vertical bands of hard and soft rocks where due to the action of the wind, the soft rocks are eroded (abrasion) leaving behind long and narrow corridors and ridges. These ridges are called Yardangs. Zeugens: They are seen when the bands of hard and soft rocks are arranged into a tabular mass. In this case, the differential erosion of hard and soft rocks by the winds shall eventually reduce the size by making significant furrows along the joints and forming zeugen. Depositional landforms due to wind action include: Loess: The action of winds in erg deserts shall result in transporting sand from one part of it to another. When these are transported outside the borders of the deserts and over continuous deposition over several years, it shall result in the formation of loess. Loess is the fine loam rich in lime, organic content, and minerals that make it very fertile. For example- The loess deposits from the Gobi desert are accumulated in the loess plateau of China. Sand dunes: They are mounds of sand accumulated and deposited in different sizes and shapes. Types of sand dunes: Barchans, Seifs, parabolic, longitudinal, star-shaped dunes, etc
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##Question:Discuss the mechanism of the wind in the desert. Also, describe the topography created by them. (150-200 words, Marks - 10)##Answer:Approach : Begin the answer by briefly discussing the erosional and depositional role of wind in the desert. We can then cover the erosional topographies created by wind in the desert. Then we can cover the depositional topographies formed by the wind in the desert. Appropriate diagrams are important. Answer : The wind is a very major factor in denudation, which is more active in arid and semi-arid desert areas. The wind is the most powerful means of erosion in arid and semi-arid desert areas because here the amount of rainfall is very less and the humidity remains low. Also, due to the absence of vegetation in these areas, the soil particles are not able to stay organized and the process of erosion by wind is performed at a rapid pace. Mechanisms of erosion: Deflation: The sand particles are lifted and transported from one place to another. This results in the formation of depressions called deflation hollows. Abrasion (Sandblasting): When the sand particles carried by the winds hit any rock surface and erode them, this process is known as sandblasting or abrasion. Attrition: When the rock particles hit each other, they break into smaller fragments. Suspension: The smaller and finer sediments which can be lifted by the prevailing winds have the significant scope of eroding the rock surfaces. Erosional Aeolian landforms: Mushroom rocks: The process of sandblasting on the projected rocks shall result in the formation of mushroom rocks. Since the composition of the rocks is both hard and soft rocks, soft rocks get weathered due to the action of sandblasting. Sandblasting is more prominent at the base as winds cannot pick up the sands to heights. This results in the undercutting of the projected rocks forming mushroom rocks Mesa and Butte: A tableland with alternating hard and soft rocks when subjected to both the agents of erosion- wind and water, it forms mesa and butte topography. The relief that is bigger in size is called a mesa. While on continued denudation, it can result in a reduction in the height and width of the mesa to form a flat-topped hill called a butte. Driekanter/ Ventifacts: They are the polished pebbles of the rock fragments formed due to the sandblasting activities. Their smoothened sides indicate the direction of winds. Desert pavement: When Driekanter and Ventifacts are arranged naturally in a mosaic fashion, they result in the formation of desert pavement. Yardangs: Yardangs are vertical bands of hard and soft rocks where due to the action of the wind, the soft rocks are eroded (abrasion) leaving behind long and narrow corridors and ridges. These ridges are called Yardangs. Zeugens: They are seen when the bands of hard and soft rocks are arranged into a tabular mass. In this case, the differential erosion of hard and soft rocks by the winds shall eventually reduce the size by making significant furrows along the joints and forming zeugen. Depositional landforms due to wind action include: Loess: The action of winds in erg deserts shall result in transporting sand from one part of it to another. When these are transported outside the borders of the deserts and over continuous deposition over several years, it shall result in the formation of loess. Loess is the fine loam rich in lime, organic content, and minerals that make it very fertile. For example- The loess deposits from the Gobi desert are accumulated in the loess plateau of China. Sand dunes: They are mounds of sand accumulated and deposited in different sizes and shapes. Types of sand dunes: Barchans, Seifs, parabolic, longitudinal, star-shaped dunes, etc
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19वीं शताब्दी के प्रमुख जनजातीय विद्रोहों के प्रमुख कारणों का उल्लेख करते हुए उनकी मुख्य विशेषताओं पर चर्चा कीजिये | [ 150-200 शब्द , अंक 10 ] Mentioning the main causes of major tribal revolts in 19th century India, discuss their main features. [ 150-200 words, Marks 10 ]
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दृष्टिकोण :- भूमिका में प्रमुख जनजातीय आन्दोलन के प्रसार क्षेत्र और कारणों का संक्षिप्त में उल्लेख कर सकते हैं | प्रमुख जनजातीय आन्दोलनों की एक सूची दे सकते हैं | इनके प्रमुख कारणों का उल्लेख बिन्दुवार ढंग से कर सकते हैं | प्रमुख विशेषताओं को बिन्दुवार ढंग से प्रस्तुत करना है | अंत में निष्कर्ष में इनके कुछ प्रमुख प्रभावों को लिखा जा सकता है | उत्तर - 19 वीं शताब्दी के प्रमुख जनजातीय आन्दोलनों को ब्रिटिश आर्थिक नीतियों और बढ़ते जनजातीय शोषण के सन्दर्भ में देखा जा सकता है जिनके कुछ प्रभाव राष्ट्रीय आन्दोलन में देखे गए | प्रमुख जनजातीय अनादोलन प्रमुख तौर पर भारत के पूर्वी पठारी क्षेत्रों के साथ-साथ देश के अन्य वनीय क्षेत्रों में भी देखा गया जिनमें से कुछ प्रमुख विद्रोह कुछ इस प्रकार थे- हो विद्रोह खोंड विद्रोह चुआर विद्रोह संथाल विद्रोह मुण्डा विद्रोह भील विद्रोह रम्पा विद्रोह उरांव /ताना भगत विद्रोह जनजातीय विद्रोह के कारण - जीवन शैली में हस्तक्षेप- जनजातीय विद्रोह का सबसे प्रमुख कारण था जंगलों के साथ उनके जीवनदायी रिश्ते का टूट जाना | नवीन भू राजस्व की निति को आरोपित किया जाना - ब्रिटिश सरकार ने भू राजस्व के लिए समाज पर दवाब बनाया तथा सरकार के साथ-साथ साहूकारों , ठेकेदारों आदि का इनके जीवन में प्रवेश | तथा इनके द्वारा जनजातीय समाज का बड़े पैमाने पर शोषण प्रारंभ हुआ | प्रशासनिक मशीनरी और शोषक वर्ग का गठजोड़ -प्रशासन के द्वारा शोषक वर्गों को संरक्षण| पारंपरिक जीवन शैली पर प्रहार और उसका टूटना जो की नयी व्यवस्था (प्रशासनिक,कानूनी व आर्थिक ) 19 वीं सदी के उत्तरार्द्ध में भी कई अन्य कारकों ने भी जनजातीय विद्रोह की परिस्थिति उत्पन्न की जैसे- 1867 में झूम कृषि पर प्रतिबन्ध , जनजातीय उत्पादों पर उत्पाद शुल्क , वनों के काटने पर प्रतिबन्ध ,ईसाई मिशनरीयों का इनके जीवन में प्रवेश आदि | विशेषताएँ लक्ष्य- इनका लक्ष्य था पुरानी विशेषता तथा शोषणमुक्त समाज की स्थापना करना | स्वरुप - मुख्यतः हिंसक विद्रोह - एक तरफ आधुनिक हथियार तो दुसरे तरफ आदिम हथियार पुलिस एवं सेना से प्रत्यक्ष टकराव के साथ-साथ सरकारी प्रतीकों एवं शोषक वर्गों को भी निशाना बनाया जाता था | प्रसार - क्षेत्रीय स्तर पर प्रसार था नेतृत्व -जनजातीय समाज से कुछ एक अपवादों को छोड़कर प्रायः असंगठित विद्रोह तथा राष्ट्रीय चेतना एवं उपनिवेशवाद की समझ नहीं | सरकार के द्वारा इन विद्रोहों का कठोरता पूर्वक दमन ,हालाँकि दमन के बावजूद इसने सरकार के शोषण कारी चरित्र को उजागर किया और स्थानीय लोगों को संघर्ष के लिए प्रेरित भी किया | निष्कर्ष अतः इन विद्रोहों ने जनजातीय समाज की चेतना को जगाने का कार्य किया जिसके कारण वे अपने शोषण के विरुद्ध उठ खड़े हुए | इससे एक ओर जहाँ जनजतीय मुद्दे राष्ट्रीय आन्दोलन के प्रमुख विमर्श में शामिल हुआ वहीँ दूसरी ओर ब्रिटिश सरकार को भी अपनी प्रशासनिक निति में भी कुछ बदलाव करने पड़े | अतः 20 वीं सदी में कांग्रेस के संगठनात्मक ढाँचे और गाँधी जी की जीवन शैली का प्रभाव कुछ जनजातीय क्षेत्रों में भी देखा गया और राष्ट्रीय आन्दोलन में जनजातीय समाज की भी भागीदारी बढ़ी |
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##Question:19वीं शताब्दी के प्रमुख जनजातीय विद्रोहों के प्रमुख कारणों का उल्लेख करते हुए उनकी मुख्य विशेषताओं पर चर्चा कीजिये | [ 150-200 शब्द , अंक 10 ] Mentioning the main causes of major tribal revolts in 19th century India, discuss their main features. [ 150-200 words, Marks 10 ]##Answer:दृष्टिकोण :- भूमिका में प्रमुख जनजातीय आन्दोलन के प्रसार क्षेत्र और कारणों का संक्षिप्त में उल्लेख कर सकते हैं | प्रमुख जनजातीय आन्दोलनों की एक सूची दे सकते हैं | इनके प्रमुख कारणों का उल्लेख बिन्दुवार ढंग से कर सकते हैं | प्रमुख विशेषताओं को बिन्दुवार ढंग से प्रस्तुत करना है | अंत में निष्कर्ष में इनके कुछ प्रमुख प्रभावों को लिखा जा सकता है | उत्तर - 19 वीं शताब्दी के प्रमुख जनजातीय आन्दोलनों को ब्रिटिश आर्थिक नीतियों और बढ़ते जनजातीय शोषण के सन्दर्भ में देखा जा सकता है जिनके कुछ प्रभाव राष्ट्रीय आन्दोलन में देखे गए | प्रमुख जनजातीय अनादोलन प्रमुख तौर पर भारत के पूर्वी पठारी क्षेत्रों के साथ-साथ देश के अन्य वनीय क्षेत्रों में भी देखा गया जिनमें से कुछ प्रमुख विद्रोह कुछ इस प्रकार थे- हो विद्रोह खोंड विद्रोह चुआर विद्रोह संथाल विद्रोह मुण्डा विद्रोह भील विद्रोह रम्पा विद्रोह उरांव /ताना भगत विद्रोह जनजातीय विद्रोह के कारण - जीवन शैली में हस्तक्षेप- जनजातीय विद्रोह का सबसे प्रमुख कारण था जंगलों के साथ उनके जीवनदायी रिश्ते का टूट जाना | नवीन भू राजस्व की निति को आरोपित किया जाना - ब्रिटिश सरकार ने भू राजस्व के लिए समाज पर दवाब बनाया तथा सरकार के साथ-साथ साहूकारों , ठेकेदारों आदि का इनके जीवन में प्रवेश | तथा इनके द्वारा जनजातीय समाज का बड़े पैमाने पर शोषण प्रारंभ हुआ | प्रशासनिक मशीनरी और शोषक वर्ग का गठजोड़ -प्रशासन के द्वारा शोषक वर्गों को संरक्षण| पारंपरिक जीवन शैली पर प्रहार और उसका टूटना जो की नयी व्यवस्था (प्रशासनिक,कानूनी व आर्थिक ) 19 वीं सदी के उत्तरार्द्ध में भी कई अन्य कारकों ने भी जनजातीय विद्रोह की परिस्थिति उत्पन्न की जैसे- 1867 में झूम कृषि पर प्रतिबन्ध , जनजातीय उत्पादों पर उत्पाद शुल्क , वनों के काटने पर प्रतिबन्ध ,ईसाई मिशनरीयों का इनके जीवन में प्रवेश आदि | विशेषताएँ लक्ष्य- इनका लक्ष्य था पुरानी विशेषता तथा शोषणमुक्त समाज की स्थापना करना | स्वरुप - मुख्यतः हिंसक विद्रोह - एक तरफ आधुनिक हथियार तो दुसरे तरफ आदिम हथियार पुलिस एवं सेना से प्रत्यक्ष टकराव के साथ-साथ सरकारी प्रतीकों एवं शोषक वर्गों को भी निशाना बनाया जाता था | प्रसार - क्षेत्रीय स्तर पर प्रसार था नेतृत्व -जनजातीय समाज से कुछ एक अपवादों को छोड़कर प्रायः असंगठित विद्रोह तथा राष्ट्रीय चेतना एवं उपनिवेशवाद की समझ नहीं | सरकार के द्वारा इन विद्रोहों का कठोरता पूर्वक दमन ,हालाँकि दमन के बावजूद इसने सरकार के शोषण कारी चरित्र को उजागर किया और स्थानीय लोगों को संघर्ष के लिए प्रेरित भी किया | निष्कर्ष अतः इन विद्रोहों ने जनजातीय समाज की चेतना को जगाने का कार्य किया जिसके कारण वे अपने शोषण के विरुद्ध उठ खड़े हुए | इससे एक ओर जहाँ जनजतीय मुद्दे राष्ट्रीय आन्दोलन के प्रमुख विमर्श में शामिल हुआ वहीँ दूसरी ओर ब्रिटिश सरकार को भी अपनी प्रशासनिक निति में भी कुछ बदलाव करने पड़े | अतः 20 वीं सदी में कांग्रेस के संगठनात्मक ढाँचे और गाँधी जी की जीवन शैली का प्रभाव कुछ जनजातीय क्षेत्रों में भी देखा गया और राष्ट्रीय आन्दोलन में जनजातीय समाज की भी भागीदारी बढ़ी |
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Discuss different phases of the India-Bangladesh bilateral relation and examine whether the recent India-Bangladesh relations are in their golden phase. (250 Words/15 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with trace of India and Bangladesh in areas such as culture, geography, its origin and shared history. Then discuss three phases of India-Bangladesh Relations. Bring the recent phase of India-Bangladesh Relations. Further, provide evidence to support your stand. Conclude accordingly. Answer India shares a composite culture with Bangladesh due to its shared civilization, history and culture. Bangladesh’s location is a strategic wedge between India and the North-eastern States. The northeastern states are landlocked and have a shorter route to sea through the Bangladesh. Bangladesh acts as the bridge to South-East Asia. It is a natural pillar of India’s Act East Policy. Dhaka’s support for BIMSTEC and BBIN initiatives complements India’s South-East Asia outreach.India played a pivotal role in the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971. Despite this there have been ups and down in India and Bangladesh Relations. India and Bangladesh relations can be divided into the following three phases: First Phase (1971-75) Second Phase (1975-1990) Third Phase (1990 onwards) First Phase (1971-75) Bangladesh was created in 1971, and the role of India was vital in its creation. This is a good phase of bilateral relations. Majibur Rehman, the founding father of Bangladesh was the leader. He led the Mukti Bahini supported by India. The India–Bangladesh Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace was a 25-year treaty that was signed on 19 March 1972 forging close bilateral relations between India and the newly established state of Bangladesh. This phase ended very soon with the assassination of Majibur Rehman. Second Phase (1975-90) During the military rule, the relations suffered since the foreign policy of the then-military government was primarily based on the strategy of distancing itself from India. Bangladesh military comprised military officials from the Pakistan Army. After Bangladesh’s independence military officials who belonged then to east Pakistan were repatriated as the Bangladeshi military officials. They emphasised on the religious identity of Bangladesh against secularism emphasised by Awami League. Therefore they carried anti-India attitude. Military rule emphasised on Islamic rule Zia-ur-Rehman founded of Bangladeshi Nationalist Party (BNP). They pursued a foreign policy principally governed by a strategy of distancing themselves from India. Third Phase (1990 onwards) Bangladesh return to parliamentary democracy in 1991 with two major political Parties Awami League and Bangladeshi Nationalist Party (BNP). The relations have gone through highs and lows depending upon the ruling party. Unlike Bangladesh’s relations with China which enjoy bipartisan consensus, India-Bangladesh relations flourish under Awami League and suffer during the Bangladeshi Nationalist Party (BNP) government. The main reason for it is that Bangladeshi Nationalist Party (BNP) emphasises the Islamic identity of Bangladesh. It is an irony despite India’s pivotal role in independence in Bangladesh of Bangladesh there is a lack of bipartisan consensus vis-à-vis their bilateral ties. Recent Phase Once Awami League came into power in 2009 under Sheikh Hasina it witnessed three consecutive terms and thus India-Bangladesh"s relationship has been hailed as the Golden Chapter in their bilateral ties. The relations have been referred to as the “ Shonali Adhyay ” which means the golden chapter of bilateral ties. PM Sheikh Hasina has identified India-Bangladesh’s relations as representative of “Model Good Neighbourliness”. The reason that she gave to define such relations is the multi-facited cooperation. Cooperation in the conventional section as well as the non-conventional sectors. The conventional sector includes health, environment, people to people relations. Non-conventional includes civil nuclear energy, cyber security, etc. The present External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar has commented that India- Bangladesh relations stand out as a model in the region for good neighbourly relations, and very few countries share such close fraternal ties. Evidence of the Golden Phase Land Border Agreement 2015 India and Bangladesh entered into a Land Boundary Pact in 1974 to settle the borders, however, it is only in 2015, that the pact to operationalize it was signed. It settled demarcated borders between the two. It comprised demarcating 6.5 kilometres of contested borders, settling the issue of adverse possessions and the land enclaves were swapped allowing the inhabitants to choose their country of residence and become citizens of either India or Bangladesh. It addressed the issue of adverse possessions. It is due to the changing courses of the rivers since a section of their riverine in nature. India shares 54 rivers with Bangladesh. It settles/concludes the change of enclaves. Each county has some territory in other countries. This agreement was operationalized through the 100th Constitutional amendment. The enclaves were swapped allowing the residents to choose either of the country to become their citizens. Though we need no constitutional amendment for settling boundary disputes with other nations, the 100th Constitutional Amendment was needed due to the issue of Land Enclaves. Maritime Border Dispute In 2014, India did not contest the ruling of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) which was in favour of Bangladesh. Bangladesh gained territorial claims to 19500 square Km of adjoining the Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh’s actions against Indian insurgent groups in their territory Once Sheikh Hasina came to power it adopted a zero-tolerance policy against such insurgent groups. It dismantled their camps, arrested their top leaders, and extradited them to India. It has substantially weakened insurgency in India’s northeast. Trade Bangladesh is India’s biggest trade partner in South Asia with bilateral trade reaching the milestone of 18 Billion dollars in the financial year 2021 which was 10 Billion Dollars in the 1916. On the development front, cooperation has deepened with India extending three lines of credit to Bangladesh, amounting to $ 8 billion for the construction of roads, railways, bridges and ports. Special emphasis is being led on connectivity between two countries A direct bus service between Kolkata and Agartala via Bangladesh has been launched that has reduced the distance of travel to almost 1/3rd compared to through the Chicken’s Neck Corridor. Passenger and Freight railway services have been bolstered/improved. Recently Maitree Setu, a 1.9 Km long bridge connecting Sabroom in Tripura with Ramgarh in Bangladesh has been inaugurated. Bangladesh allowed India to use of its Mongla and Chittagong/Chittogram port for the shipment of Goods to and from India. This has allowed sea access to the landlocked northeast. Bangladesh has sought to join the India-Myanmar-Thailand trilateral Highway to improve connectivity with South East Asia. It has sought early materialisation of the Motor vehicle Agreement (MVA) under the Bangladesh-Bhutan-India and Myanmar (BBIN). India is rallying Bangladesh to divert its export through the Indian ports rather than Malaysian or Singaporean ports. Defence Cooperation An MoU under the framework of defence cooperation has been signed and India has extended 500 million dollars of Line of Credit (LoC) for the Bangladeshi defence purchases. Indi seeks institutionalisation of its defence relations. Power Sector Cooperation Bangladesh imports 1600 megawatts of electricity and over 3600 mega-wats power projects are under implementation by India in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has allowed the use of water from its Fenni river for the drinking purposes of the Sabroom town in Tripura. India-Bangladesh-Russia have signed a trilateral agreement on the development of the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant in Bangladesh. Thus India and Bangladesh need to seize this golden opportunity and try to utilise the situation by resolving the issues such as the share of water of Teesta and cooperating on humanitarian issues such as Rohingya. Besides that, the free trade agreement between both nations should be expedited so that they could harness their trade potential in a mutual manner.
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##Question:Discuss different phases of the India-Bangladesh bilateral relation and examine whether the recent India-Bangladesh relations are in their golden phase. (250 Words/15 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with trace of India and Bangladesh in areas such as culture, geography, its origin and shared history. Then discuss three phases of India-Bangladesh Relations. Bring the recent phase of India-Bangladesh Relations. Further, provide evidence to support your stand. Conclude accordingly. Answer India shares a composite culture with Bangladesh due to its shared civilization, history and culture. Bangladesh’s location is a strategic wedge between India and the North-eastern States. The northeastern states are landlocked and have a shorter route to sea through the Bangladesh. Bangladesh acts as the bridge to South-East Asia. It is a natural pillar of India’s Act East Policy. Dhaka’s support for BIMSTEC and BBIN initiatives complements India’s South-East Asia outreach.India played a pivotal role in the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971. Despite this there have been ups and down in India and Bangladesh Relations. India and Bangladesh relations can be divided into the following three phases: First Phase (1971-75) Second Phase (1975-1990) Third Phase (1990 onwards) First Phase (1971-75) Bangladesh was created in 1971, and the role of India was vital in its creation. This is a good phase of bilateral relations. Majibur Rehman, the founding father of Bangladesh was the leader. He led the Mukti Bahini supported by India. The India–Bangladesh Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace was a 25-year treaty that was signed on 19 March 1972 forging close bilateral relations between India and the newly established state of Bangladesh. This phase ended very soon with the assassination of Majibur Rehman. Second Phase (1975-90) During the military rule, the relations suffered since the foreign policy of the then-military government was primarily based on the strategy of distancing itself from India. Bangladesh military comprised military officials from the Pakistan Army. After Bangladesh’s independence military officials who belonged then to east Pakistan were repatriated as the Bangladeshi military officials. They emphasised on the religious identity of Bangladesh against secularism emphasised by Awami League. Therefore they carried anti-India attitude. Military rule emphasised on Islamic rule Zia-ur-Rehman founded of Bangladeshi Nationalist Party (BNP). They pursued a foreign policy principally governed by a strategy of distancing themselves from India. Third Phase (1990 onwards) Bangladesh return to parliamentary democracy in 1991 with two major political Parties Awami League and Bangladeshi Nationalist Party (BNP). The relations have gone through highs and lows depending upon the ruling party. Unlike Bangladesh’s relations with China which enjoy bipartisan consensus, India-Bangladesh relations flourish under Awami League and suffer during the Bangladeshi Nationalist Party (BNP) government. The main reason for it is that Bangladeshi Nationalist Party (BNP) emphasises the Islamic identity of Bangladesh. It is an irony despite India’s pivotal role in independence in Bangladesh of Bangladesh there is a lack of bipartisan consensus vis-à-vis their bilateral ties. Recent Phase Once Awami League came into power in 2009 under Sheikh Hasina it witnessed three consecutive terms and thus India-Bangladesh"s relationship has been hailed as the Golden Chapter in their bilateral ties. The relations have been referred to as the “ Shonali Adhyay ” which means the golden chapter of bilateral ties. PM Sheikh Hasina has identified India-Bangladesh’s relations as representative of “Model Good Neighbourliness”. The reason that she gave to define such relations is the multi-facited cooperation. Cooperation in the conventional section as well as the non-conventional sectors. The conventional sector includes health, environment, people to people relations. Non-conventional includes civil nuclear energy, cyber security, etc. The present External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar has commented that India- Bangladesh relations stand out as a model in the region for good neighbourly relations, and very few countries share such close fraternal ties. Evidence of the Golden Phase Land Border Agreement 2015 India and Bangladesh entered into a Land Boundary Pact in 1974 to settle the borders, however, it is only in 2015, that the pact to operationalize it was signed. It settled demarcated borders between the two. It comprised demarcating 6.5 kilometres of contested borders, settling the issue of adverse possessions and the land enclaves were swapped allowing the inhabitants to choose their country of residence and become citizens of either India or Bangladesh. It addressed the issue of adverse possessions. It is due to the changing courses of the rivers since a section of their riverine in nature. India shares 54 rivers with Bangladesh. It settles/concludes the change of enclaves. Each county has some territory in other countries. This agreement was operationalized through the 100th Constitutional amendment. The enclaves were swapped allowing the residents to choose either of the country to become their citizens. Though we need no constitutional amendment for settling boundary disputes with other nations, the 100th Constitutional Amendment was needed due to the issue of Land Enclaves. Maritime Border Dispute In 2014, India did not contest the ruling of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) which was in favour of Bangladesh. Bangladesh gained territorial claims to 19500 square Km of adjoining the Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh’s actions against Indian insurgent groups in their territory Once Sheikh Hasina came to power it adopted a zero-tolerance policy against such insurgent groups. It dismantled their camps, arrested their top leaders, and extradited them to India. It has substantially weakened insurgency in India’s northeast. Trade Bangladesh is India’s biggest trade partner in South Asia with bilateral trade reaching the milestone of 18 Billion dollars in the financial year 2021 which was 10 Billion Dollars in the 1916. On the development front, cooperation has deepened with India extending three lines of credit to Bangladesh, amounting to $ 8 billion for the construction of roads, railways, bridges and ports. Special emphasis is being led on connectivity between two countries A direct bus service between Kolkata and Agartala via Bangladesh has been launched that has reduced the distance of travel to almost 1/3rd compared to through the Chicken’s Neck Corridor. Passenger and Freight railway services have been bolstered/improved. Recently Maitree Setu, a 1.9 Km long bridge connecting Sabroom in Tripura with Ramgarh in Bangladesh has been inaugurated. Bangladesh allowed India to use of its Mongla and Chittagong/Chittogram port for the shipment of Goods to and from India. This has allowed sea access to the landlocked northeast. Bangladesh has sought to join the India-Myanmar-Thailand trilateral Highway to improve connectivity with South East Asia. It has sought early materialisation of the Motor vehicle Agreement (MVA) under the Bangladesh-Bhutan-India and Myanmar (BBIN). India is rallying Bangladesh to divert its export through the Indian ports rather than Malaysian or Singaporean ports. Defence Cooperation An MoU under the framework of defence cooperation has been signed and India has extended 500 million dollars of Line of Credit (LoC) for the Bangladeshi defence purchases. Indi seeks institutionalisation of its defence relations. Power Sector Cooperation Bangladesh imports 1600 megawatts of electricity and over 3600 mega-wats power projects are under implementation by India in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has allowed the use of water from its Fenni river for the drinking purposes of the Sabroom town in Tripura. India-Bangladesh-Russia have signed a trilateral agreement on the development of the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant in Bangladesh. Thus India and Bangladesh need to seize this golden opportunity and try to utilise the situation by resolving the issues such as the share of water of Teesta and cooperating on humanitarian issues such as Rohingya. Besides that, the free trade agreement between both nations should be expedited so that they could harness their trade potential in a mutual manner.
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राष्ट्रीय आय की गणना के विकासक्रम को समझाइए। साथ ही जीडीपी गणना को भी स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Explain the evolution of the calculation of national income. Also explain the GDP calculation. (150-200 words/10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण: राष्ट्रीय आय को परिभाषित करते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए। राष्ट्रीय आय की गणना के विकास क्रम को बिन्दुवार समझाइए। जीडीपी को समझाइए। अंत में, राष्ट्रीय आय की गणना के महत्व का उल्लेख कर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: किसी देश की श्रम एवं पूंजी, उस देश के प्राकृतिक संसाधनों के साथ मिलकर प्रतिवर्ष कुछ भौतिक एवं अभौतिक वस्तुओं का उत्पादन करता है जिसमें सेवाएँ भी शामिल होती है इसी के बाजार मूल्य को राष्ट्रीय आय कहते हैं जिसमें विदेशों से प्राप्त शुद्ध आय भी शामिल होती हैं। दूसरे शब्दों में, किसी वर्ष में किसी अर्थव्यवस्था में संपादित समस्त आर्थिक गतिविधियों से उत्पन्न आय को राष्ट्रीय आय कहा जाता है इसमें लाभ, किराया, ब्याज अथवा श्रममूल्य के संदर्भ में किये गए भुगतानों को भी शामिल किया जाता है। इस तरह राष्ट्रीय आय किसी देश की अर्थव्यवस्था का आर्थिक आकार दर्शाती है, इसमें हुआ परिवर्तन आर्थिक वृद्धि दर्शाता है। राष्ट्रीय आय की गणना का विकासक्रम: किसी भी देश की राष्ट्रीय आय से आशय उस देश के आर्थिक सीमा के अंतर्गत या/तथा देश के लोगों द्वारा आय से होता है। अर्थशास्त्र के एक विषय के रूप में प्रारंभ में यह चुनौती रही कि किस प्रकार राष्ट्रीय आय की गणना की जाए जिससे एक देश का दूसरे देश के संदर्भ में या स्वयं के संदर्भ में प्रगति का आंकलन हो सके। इस दिशा में अनेकों प्रयास की गए जिसमें सबसे स्वीकृत प्रतिव्यक्ति आय आधारित गणना रही। वर्ष 1868 में भारतीय परिप्रेक्ष्य में दादाभाई नौरोजी द्वारा प्रतिव्यक्ति आय की गणना करते हुए 20 रुपए प्रतिव्यक्ति प्रतिवर्ष पाया। 20 वीं सदी में बहुचर्चित ब्रेटनवुड्स कॉन्फ्रेंस में इस बात पर महत्व दिया गया कि अर्थशास्त्र में गणनाओं का मानकीकरण किया जाए। इसी क्रम में आईएमएफ़ के सहयोग से 1953 में संयुक्त राष्ट्र की राष्ट्रीय गणना प्रणाली (UNSNA) प्रारंभ की गई जिसने राष्ट्रीय आय की गणना का मानकीकरण सुनिश्चित किया। UNSNA के अनुसार प्रत्येक देश को राष्ट्रीय आंकड़ों का एक लेखा-जोखा प्रस्तुत करना चाहिए (दिए गए मानकीकृत स्वरूप में)। जिसे राष्ट्रीय गणना आँकड़े (National Accounting Statistics) कहा जाता है। साथ ही, UNSNA ने जीडीपी को आधारित करते हुए राष्ट्रीय आय के विभिन्न घटकों की गणना को अनुशंसित करता है। सकल घरेलू उत्पाद (GDP): जीडीपी से आशय यह है कि एक दिए गए वित्तीय वर्ष में देश की आर्थिक सीमा के अंतर्गत कुल अंतिम नई वस्तुओं एवं सेवाओं जो उत्पादित की गई उनका मौद्रिक मूल्य कितना है। UNSNA के अनुसार आर्थिक सीमा से आशय महज राजनैतिक सीमा से नहीं है अपितु उसमें निम्नलिखित चार घटक होते हैं- देश की राजनीतिक सीमा। देश की सामुद्रिक सीमा (भारत के संदर्भ में 200 नोटिकल मील)। किसी देश का अन्य देशों में दूतावास (सैन्य, आर्थिक या राजनयिक दूतावास)। हवाई जहाज, पानी के जहाज, तेल के कुआ के संदर्भ में स्वामित्व जहां का निवासी है। अतः यह कहा जा सकता है कि देश की आर्थिक सीमा वह है जहां पर आर्थिक स्रोतों का आवागमन बिना किसी अवरोध के होता है। समग्रतः राष्ट्रीय आय की गणना करते हुए देश की अर्थव्यवस्था एवं उसकी संवृद्धि को समझते हुए बेहतर नीति निर्माण और नियोजन करना संभव हो पाता है।
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##Question:राष्ट्रीय आय की गणना के विकासक्रम को समझाइए। साथ ही जीडीपी गणना को भी स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Explain the evolution of the calculation of national income. Also explain the GDP calculation. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: राष्ट्रीय आय को परिभाषित करते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए। राष्ट्रीय आय की गणना के विकास क्रम को बिन्दुवार समझाइए। जीडीपी को समझाइए। अंत में, राष्ट्रीय आय की गणना के महत्व का उल्लेख कर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: किसी देश की श्रम एवं पूंजी, उस देश के प्राकृतिक संसाधनों के साथ मिलकर प्रतिवर्ष कुछ भौतिक एवं अभौतिक वस्तुओं का उत्पादन करता है जिसमें सेवाएँ भी शामिल होती है इसी के बाजार मूल्य को राष्ट्रीय आय कहते हैं जिसमें विदेशों से प्राप्त शुद्ध आय भी शामिल होती हैं। दूसरे शब्दों में, किसी वर्ष में किसी अर्थव्यवस्था में संपादित समस्त आर्थिक गतिविधियों से उत्पन्न आय को राष्ट्रीय आय कहा जाता है इसमें लाभ, किराया, ब्याज अथवा श्रममूल्य के संदर्भ में किये गए भुगतानों को भी शामिल किया जाता है। इस तरह राष्ट्रीय आय किसी देश की अर्थव्यवस्था का आर्थिक आकार दर्शाती है, इसमें हुआ परिवर्तन आर्थिक वृद्धि दर्शाता है। राष्ट्रीय आय की गणना का विकासक्रम: किसी भी देश की राष्ट्रीय आय से आशय उस देश के आर्थिक सीमा के अंतर्गत या/तथा देश के लोगों द्वारा आय से होता है। अर्थशास्त्र के एक विषय के रूप में प्रारंभ में यह चुनौती रही कि किस प्रकार राष्ट्रीय आय की गणना की जाए जिससे एक देश का दूसरे देश के संदर्भ में या स्वयं के संदर्भ में प्रगति का आंकलन हो सके। इस दिशा में अनेकों प्रयास की गए जिसमें सबसे स्वीकृत प्रतिव्यक्ति आय आधारित गणना रही। वर्ष 1868 में भारतीय परिप्रेक्ष्य में दादाभाई नौरोजी द्वारा प्रतिव्यक्ति आय की गणना करते हुए 20 रुपए प्रतिव्यक्ति प्रतिवर्ष पाया। 20 वीं सदी में बहुचर्चित ब्रेटनवुड्स कॉन्फ्रेंस में इस बात पर महत्व दिया गया कि अर्थशास्त्र में गणनाओं का मानकीकरण किया जाए। इसी क्रम में आईएमएफ़ के सहयोग से 1953 में संयुक्त राष्ट्र की राष्ट्रीय गणना प्रणाली (UNSNA) प्रारंभ की गई जिसने राष्ट्रीय आय की गणना का मानकीकरण सुनिश्चित किया। UNSNA के अनुसार प्रत्येक देश को राष्ट्रीय आंकड़ों का एक लेखा-जोखा प्रस्तुत करना चाहिए (दिए गए मानकीकृत स्वरूप में)। जिसे राष्ट्रीय गणना आँकड़े (National Accounting Statistics) कहा जाता है। साथ ही, UNSNA ने जीडीपी को आधारित करते हुए राष्ट्रीय आय के विभिन्न घटकों की गणना को अनुशंसित करता है। सकल घरेलू उत्पाद (GDP): जीडीपी से आशय यह है कि एक दिए गए वित्तीय वर्ष में देश की आर्थिक सीमा के अंतर्गत कुल अंतिम नई वस्तुओं एवं सेवाओं जो उत्पादित की गई उनका मौद्रिक मूल्य कितना है। UNSNA के अनुसार आर्थिक सीमा से आशय महज राजनैतिक सीमा से नहीं है अपितु उसमें निम्नलिखित चार घटक होते हैं- देश की राजनीतिक सीमा। देश की सामुद्रिक सीमा (भारत के संदर्भ में 200 नोटिकल मील)। किसी देश का अन्य देशों में दूतावास (सैन्य, आर्थिक या राजनयिक दूतावास)। हवाई जहाज, पानी के जहाज, तेल के कुआ के संदर्भ में स्वामित्व जहां का निवासी है। अतः यह कहा जा सकता है कि देश की आर्थिक सीमा वह है जहां पर आर्थिक स्रोतों का आवागमन बिना किसी अवरोध के होता है। समग्रतः राष्ट्रीय आय की गणना करते हुए देश की अर्थव्यवस्था एवं उसकी संवृद्धि को समझते हुए बेहतर नीति निर्माण और नियोजन करना संभव हो पाता है।
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What is Persuasion? How it is different from manipulation? explain. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Briefly define Persuasion and write the process of persuasion. Describe the difference between Persuasion and Manipulation. Briefly conclude. Explanation Persuasion Communicative activities that are mediated, are called Persuasion. It is the process of changing attitudes, beliefs, etc. Persuasion is an umbrella concept and paves the way for the changing belief system, attitudes, and intentions of people through different kinds of motivational factors to get things done and satisfy the desired goal. Persuasion can be attached to cognitive changes, emotional changes, and behavioral changes. Process of Persuasion Gaining Attention--->explanation or comprehending--->Resistance---->Retention----> Action The process of Persuasion can go with the Central route or can go with Peripheral Route. Central Route In the case of the Central Route people will divide their efforts into 3 different parts. Audience [motivated analytical effort]------>Processing [high effort with evaluation]----->Persuasion [long lasting change in the attitude] As per this diagram in the Central Route persuasion will be based on data analysis and the change in the attitude will be based on some sort of resistance and predictions. E.g. Car companies try to persuade consumers with data. Peripheral Route No analysis, No motivation----->Less effort with the help of outside message----->temporary change in attitude Note- Attitudinal change that occurs over time is known as Sleeper Effect. It occurs when initially a message given by an untrustworthy or nonexpert communicator is related but over time people find the content of the message correct and follow it. But during the course of the time forget the person who has given that message. Persuasion is different from manipulation - Persuasion is ethically neutral, most of the time neither good nor bad. Although Aristotle said, “ that persuasion cannot be neutral but noble”. He advocated Persuasion is inherently good because it is one of the primary means through which truth comes out. Persuasion is an honorable and effective means to change the thinking of people. Persuasion is the foundation of democracy Persuasion is based on social interaction and ensures communication for positive change. The goodness of Persuasion is directly related to human nature. On the other hand, Manipulation is the perversion of Persuasion. It is not concerned with truth but rather deceit. There are 3 ways directly related to manipulation- (i) Intention- it is the primary factor in judging whether a request is manipulated. If a person attends to imprison an idea that is not in the public interest but some are trying to engage people in that, it is called Manipulation. (ii) Withholding Truth Manipulation involves distorting the truth to satisfy an interest. (iii) Exploitation It is the most obvious component of manipulative appeal. More or less it is related to the threat and based on immoral and unethical acts. Conclusively, Persuasion can build trust in other persons but manipulation destroys trust.
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##Question:What is Persuasion? How it is different from manipulation? explain. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Briefly define Persuasion and write the process of persuasion. Describe the difference between Persuasion and Manipulation. Briefly conclude. Explanation Persuasion Communicative activities that are mediated, are called Persuasion. It is the process of changing attitudes, beliefs, etc. Persuasion is an umbrella concept and paves the way for the changing belief system, attitudes, and intentions of people through different kinds of motivational factors to get things done and satisfy the desired goal. Persuasion can be attached to cognitive changes, emotional changes, and behavioral changes. Process of Persuasion Gaining Attention--->explanation or comprehending--->Resistance---->Retention----> Action The process of Persuasion can go with the Central route or can go with Peripheral Route. Central Route In the case of the Central Route people will divide their efforts into 3 different parts. Audience [motivated analytical effort]------>Processing [high effort with evaluation]----->Persuasion [long lasting change in the attitude] As per this diagram in the Central Route persuasion will be based on data analysis and the change in the attitude will be based on some sort of resistance and predictions. E.g. Car companies try to persuade consumers with data. Peripheral Route No analysis, No motivation----->Less effort with the help of outside message----->temporary change in attitude Note- Attitudinal change that occurs over time is known as Sleeper Effect. It occurs when initially a message given by an untrustworthy or nonexpert communicator is related but over time people find the content of the message correct and follow it. But during the course of the time forget the person who has given that message. Persuasion is different from manipulation - Persuasion is ethically neutral, most of the time neither good nor bad. Although Aristotle said, “ that persuasion cannot be neutral but noble”. He advocated Persuasion is inherently good because it is one of the primary means through which truth comes out. Persuasion is an honorable and effective means to change the thinking of people. Persuasion is the foundation of democracy Persuasion is based on social interaction and ensures communication for positive change. The goodness of Persuasion is directly related to human nature. On the other hand, Manipulation is the perversion of Persuasion. It is not concerned with truth but rather deceit. There are 3 ways directly related to manipulation- (i) Intention- it is the primary factor in judging whether a request is manipulated. If a person attends to imprison an idea that is not in the public interest but some are trying to engage people in that, it is called Manipulation. (ii) Withholding Truth Manipulation involves distorting the truth to satisfy an interest. (iii) Exploitation It is the most obvious component of manipulative appeal. More or less it is related to the threat and based on immoral and unethical acts. Conclusively, Persuasion can build trust in other persons but manipulation destroys trust.
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What is the international date line? Discuss its main features. (150 words, Marks 10)
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Approach : In the introduction, some features related to the rotation of the Earth and the timing process can be summarized. We can define the international date line. We can mention some of its main features along with some examples. Presenting some of the advantages of the International Date Line, the conclusion can be presented. A diagram would be necessary Answer: The international date line, called 180-degree longitude (east and west), is located both east and west of the prime meridian or 0-degree line. Since the earth is like a sphere, the 180-degree east and west lines are not two separate lines but one line. Therefore, the day (sunrise) will be earlier on the earth rotating on its axis from west to east than 0 degrees to the east, while going west will see the sunrise later. That is, there is a difference of 180 degrees between 0 degrees and 180 degrees (both west and east), that is, there is a difference of one day. So when a person crosses this line from west to east then one day decreases and when one crosses this line from east to west then one-day increases. For example - If a person goes from west to east on Tuesday, then only after crossing the international date will be Wednesday. Whereas if the same person goes from east to west on Tuesday, then after crossing the international date, it will be Monday. That is, the determination of the international date line is an essential method for determining the time at the international level, which makes it easy for the global community. Key Features of the IDL: Passing through the middle of the Pacific Ocean, it divides the continents of Asia and America, which helps in determining the local time here. To save Siberia from dividing and to keep Siberia and Alaska separate, this line has been turned east at 75 degrees north latitude. In the Bering Sea, this line is diverted to the west. In order to keep the different parts of Fiji Islands and New Zealand together, this line is diverted to the east in the South Pacific Ocean. It also bends across certain pacific islands like Tonga, Kiribati, Samoa, etc Therefore, the International Date Line has an important role in facilitating international traffic while making local time determination easier at the international level.
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##Question:What is the international date line? Discuss its main features. (150 words, Marks 10)##Answer:Approach : In the introduction, some features related to the rotation of the Earth and the timing process can be summarized. We can define the international date line. We can mention some of its main features along with some examples. Presenting some of the advantages of the International Date Line, the conclusion can be presented. A diagram would be necessary Answer: The international date line, called 180-degree longitude (east and west), is located both east and west of the prime meridian or 0-degree line. Since the earth is like a sphere, the 180-degree east and west lines are not two separate lines but one line. Therefore, the day (sunrise) will be earlier on the earth rotating on its axis from west to east than 0 degrees to the east, while going west will see the sunrise later. That is, there is a difference of 180 degrees between 0 degrees and 180 degrees (both west and east), that is, there is a difference of one day. So when a person crosses this line from west to east then one day decreases and when one crosses this line from east to west then one-day increases. For example - If a person goes from west to east on Tuesday, then only after crossing the international date will be Wednesday. Whereas if the same person goes from east to west on Tuesday, then after crossing the international date, it will be Monday. That is, the determination of the international date line is an essential method for determining the time at the international level, which makes it easy for the global community. Key Features of the IDL: Passing through the middle of the Pacific Ocean, it divides the continents of Asia and America, which helps in determining the local time here. To save Siberia from dividing and to keep Siberia and Alaska separate, this line has been turned east at 75 degrees north latitude. In the Bering Sea, this line is diverted to the west. In order to keep the different parts of Fiji Islands and New Zealand together, this line is diverted to the east in the South Pacific Ocean. It also bends across certain pacific islands like Tonga, Kiribati, Samoa, etc Therefore, the International Date Line has an important role in facilitating international traffic while making local time determination easier at the international level.
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Discuss the importance of the Indian Ocean Region and further elaborate on Chinese interference in the Indian Ocean region and Indian Response to it. (250 Words/15 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the importance of the Indian Ocean. Bring the Chinese influence in Indian Ocean Region with evidence. Then discuss the Indian response to the Chinese Interference. Conclude Accordingly. Answer The location of the Indian Ocean in the middle of the world makes the Indian ocean very crucial for world politics. As per Alfred Mahan “Whoever will rule the Indian Ocean will rule the world”. It has Geo Economic Importance, Geo-political Importance, and Geostrategic Importance. Importance of the Indian Ocean Region Geo-economic Importance: It is home to 40% of the World’s offshore Hydro carbons. It has significant fisheries resources. Important minerals. Polymetallic Nodules and beach sands are rich in heavy minerals and placer deposits. The Indian Ocean Littorals are expected to be the leading source of growth in the next 15 to 20 years. Geopolitical Importance: It comprises important Sea-Lines of Communications (SLoCs) through which two-thirds of the world’s oil shipments and more than 50% of the world trade take place through this region. Presence of Choke Points: Narrow straits which are important to access the waterways. There are four primary Chokepoints that is Malacca strait, Hormuz Strait, Suez canal, and Bab el Mandeb. Geostrategic Importance: The first Overseas military base of China in Djibouti. Non-conventional security threats like piracy of the coast of Somalia, and transnational criminal networks carrying out human and drug trafficking in the region. Chinese interference in Indian Ocean Region One of the reports in the US energy future in Asia first warned of the growing Chinese presence and interference in the Indian ocean. It highlighted that China is encircling India by following the strategy of the String of Pearls. It is a geopolitical strategy of building a network of commercial and military facilities with the littoral countries of the Indian Ocean. The main reason for the Chinese interference is to check India’s influence in its own backyards. Besides that China wants to overcome the Malacca Dilemma. Since China is the manufacturing power its economy is dependent on the import of raw materials and the export of the finished products. Therefore to protect and ensure the Sea Lines of Communication. Evidence of the China in Indian Ocean Region It is building deep sea ports which can be utilized for both civilian and military purposes. Examples would be Chittagong Port in Bangladesh, Kyaukpyu Port in Myanmar, etc. It is also acquiring strategic assets in the Indian Ocean for instance it has leased out Hambantota port for 99 years and uninhabited islands in the Maldives. It is developing iHavan Project on the northernmost atoll of Maldives. It will allow China to monitor the strategic corridor linking India’s Western and Eastern coastline. Under the BRI initiative its flagship projects like CPEC, and CMEC are based in Indian ocean littorals through the development of Gwadar and Kyaukpyu ports. Previously it has planned to dig out the Kra canal through Thailand. Indian Response to the Chinese Interference Strengthening bilateral relations: Imparting the diplomatic and political priority of the countries of the region. Building Security Partnerships: Development of dual-use infrastructure in the Agalega Island and Assumption Island of Mauritius and Seychelles respectively. It is an effort to make a Necklace of Pearls. India acquired the port of the Duqm in Oman in Oman for military and logistics use. Expanding India’s naval bases to Changi Naval base of Singapore. Chabahar Port in Iran. Jointly developing the Sabang Port at Sumatra Island in Indonesia. Indian Navies offshore listening post in Northern Madagascar. India building security relations with extra-regional powers such as signing all four foundational agreements with the US and a logistic exchange agreement with France. India has sought to expand its reach to the western pacific ocean. India’s outreach has been well reciprocated for instance India signed an acquisition and cross-servicing agreement with Japan and re-emergence of QUAD. Thus the Indian Ocean has been identified as one of the Foreign policy priorities of India and the Government of India has identified threefold goals with respect to the Indian Ocean Region. Strengthening and deepening of India’s relations with respect to the Indian Ocean Littoral Countries. Establishment of India’s leadership potential in its role as a net security provider of the region. Establishment of rule-based stable maritime order. Thus New Delhi has identified its vision in Indian Ocean Region as the Security and Growth for All (SAGAR) in the region.
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##Question:Discuss the importance of the Indian Ocean Region and further elaborate on Chinese interference in the Indian Ocean region and Indian Response to it. (250 Words/15 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the importance of the Indian Ocean. Bring the Chinese influence in Indian Ocean Region with evidence. Then discuss the Indian response to the Chinese Interference. Conclude Accordingly. Answer The location of the Indian Ocean in the middle of the world makes the Indian ocean very crucial for world politics. As per Alfred Mahan “Whoever will rule the Indian Ocean will rule the world”. It has Geo Economic Importance, Geo-political Importance, and Geostrategic Importance. Importance of the Indian Ocean Region Geo-economic Importance: It is home to 40% of the World’s offshore Hydro carbons. It has significant fisheries resources. Important minerals. Polymetallic Nodules and beach sands are rich in heavy minerals and placer deposits. The Indian Ocean Littorals are expected to be the leading source of growth in the next 15 to 20 years. Geopolitical Importance: It comprises important Sea-Lines of Communications (SLoCs) through which two-thirds of the world’s oil shipments and more than 50% of the world trade take place through this region. Presence of Choke Points: Narrow straits which are important to access the waterways. There are four primary Chokepoints that is Malacca strait, Hormuz Strait, Suez canal, and Bab el Mandeb. Geostrategic Importance: The first Overseas military base of China in Djibouti. Non-conventional security threats like piracy of the coast of Somalia, and transnational criminal networks carrying out human and drug trafficking in the region. Chinese interference in Indian Ocean Region One of the reports in the US energy future in Asia first warned of the growing Chinese presence and interference in the Indian ocean. It highlighted that China is encircling India by following the strategy of the String of Pearls. It is a geopolitical strategy of building a network of commercial and military facilities with the littoral countries of the Indian Ocean. The main reason for the Chinese interference is to check India’s influence in its own backyards. Besides that China wants to overcome the Malacca Dilemma. Since China is the manufacturing power its economy is dependent on the import of raw materials and the export of the finished products. Therefore to protect and ensure the Sea Lines of Communication. Evidence of the China in Indian Ocean Region It is building deep sea ports which can be utilized for both civilian and military purposes. Examples would be Chittagong Port in Bangladesh, Kyaukpyu Port in Myanmar, etc. It is also acquiring strategic assets in the Indian Ocean for instance it has leased out Hambantota port for 99 years and uninhabited islands in the Maldives. It is developing iHavan Project on the northernmost atoll of Maldives. It will allow China to monitor the strategic corridor linking India’s Western and Eastern coastline. Under the BRI initiative its flagship projects like CPEC, and CMEC are based in Indian ocean littorals through the development of Gwadar and Kyaukpyu ports. Previously it has planned to dig out the Kra canal through Thailand. Indian Response to the Chinese Interference Strengthening bilateral relations: Imparting the diplomatic and political priority of the countries of the region. Building Security Partnerships: Development of dual-use infrastructure in the Agalega Island and Assumption Island of Mauritius and Seychelles respectively. It is an effort to make a Necklace of Pearls. India acquired the port of the Duqm in Oman in Oman for military and logistics use. Expanding India’s naval bases to Changi Naval base of Singapore. Chabahar Port in Iran. Jointly developing the Sabang Port at Sumatra Island in Indonesia. Indian Navies offshore listening post in Northern Madagascar. India building security relations with extra-regional powers such as signing all four foundational agreements with the US and a logistic exchange agreement with France. India has sought to expand its reach to the western pacific ocean. India’s outreach has been well reciprocated for instance India signed an acquisition and cross-servicing agreement with Japan and re-emergence of QUAD. Thus the Indian Ocean has been identified as one of the Foreign policy priorities of India and the Government of India has identified threefold goals with respect to the Indian Ocean Region. Strengthening and deepening of India’s relations with respect to the Indian Ocean Littoral Countries. Establishment of India’s leadership potential in its role as a net security provider of the region. Establishment of rule-based stable maritime order. Thus New Delhi has identified its vision in Indian Ocean Region as the Security and Growth for All (SAGAR) in the region.
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Bringing out the difference between fiscal deficit, primary deficit, and revenue deficit, explain the implications of a high fiscal deficit on the economy. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Start with a definition of deficit and differentiate between fiscal deficit, primary deficit and revenue deficit by explaining their meanings. Discuss the implications of a high fiscal deficit on the economy. Conclude briefly. Answer: A deficit in an economy occurs when expenditure exceeds income. There can be different types of deficits in a budget depending upon the types of receipts and expenditure taken into consideration. Fiscal deficit refers to the excess of total budget expenditure over total budget receipts excluding borrowings during a fiscal year. Fiscal Deficit = Total Budget Expenditure – Total Receipts excluding borrowings = Revenue Expenditure + Capital Expenditure – Revenue receipts – Capital Receipts of only non-debt type If we add debt-incurring capital receipts the fiscal deficit would be zero. In simple words, fiscal deficit gives borrowing requirements of the government. Primary deficit is a measure of budget deficit, which is obtained by deducting interest payments from fiscal deficit. The difference between the fiscal deficit and primary deficit shows the importance of interest payments on public debt incurred in the past. Revenue deficit is excess of total revenue expenditure of the government over its total revenue receipts. It signifies that government’s own earning is insufficient to meet normal functioning of government departments and provision of services. Implications of high fiscal deficit on economy: Debt trap: A high fiscal deficit means high borrowing and as the government borrowing increases, its liability in future to repay loan amount along with interest thereon also increases. Interest payments increase revenue expenditure leading to higher revenue deficit which may compel government to borrow further. Inflationary pressure: It leads to higher inflation due to demand push being generated by higher government expenditure. Retards future growth: Borrowing is a financial burden on future generation to pay loan and interest amount, which retards growth of economy. Increase in taxation: Higher fiscal deficit means government is not able to earn as much as it is spending so often it raises taxes in some form or other. Interest Rates: In an emerging economy like India, a higher fiscal deficit leaves little room for interest rate cuts. A higher interest rate may affect private investments from taking off in a growing economy like India. Foreign Dependence: Government may have to depend on external borrowings, which raises its dependence on other countries. Further, high fiscal deficit affects India’s Sovereign rating and hurts the confidence of foreign investors, which also raises the costs of borrowings. Affects Private sector investment: More than average borrowing by the government from the market leaves that much less pool for private sector to borrow, stalling its growth plans. The fiscal deficit is detrimental for the economy if it is used just to cover revenue deficit. However, fiscal deficit may also have a positive effect on an economy, if it creates new capital assets, which increases productive capacity and generates future income stream.
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##Question:Bringing out the difference between fiscal deficit, primary deficit, and revenue deficit, explain the implications of a high fiscal deficit on the economy. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Start with a definition of deficit and differentiate between fiscal deficit, primary deficit and revenue deficit by explaining their meanings. Discuss the implications of a high fiscal deficit on the economy. Conclude briefly. Answer: A deficit in an economy occurs when expenditure exceeds income. There can be different types of deficits in a budget depending upon the types of receipts and expenditure taken into consideration. Fiscal deficit refers to the excess of total budget expenditure over total budget receipts excluding borrowings during a fiscal year. Fiscal Deficit = Total Budget Expenditure – Total Receipts excluding borrowings = Revenue Expenditure + Capital Expenditure – Revenue receipts – Capital Receipts of only non-debt type If we add debt-incurring capital receipts the fiscal deficit would be zero. In simple words, fiscal deficit gives borrowing requirements of the government. Primary deficit is a measure of budget deficit, which is obtained by deducting interest payments from fiscal deficit. The difference between the fiscal deficit and primary deficit shows the importance of interest payments on public debt incurred in the past. Revenue deficit is excess of total revenue expenditure of the government over its total revenue receipts. It signifies that government’s own earning is insufficient to meet normal functioning of government departments and provision of services. Implications of high fiscal deficit on economy: Debt trap: A high fiscal deficit means high borrowing and as the government borrowing increases, its liability in future to repay loan amount along with interest thereon also increases. Interest payments increase revenue expenditure leading to higher revenue deficit which may compel government to borrow further. Inflationary pressure: It leads to higher inflation due to demand push being generated by higher government expenditure. Retards future growth: Borrowing is a financial burden on future generation to pay loan and interest amount, which retards growth of economy. Increase in taxation: Higher fiscal deficit means government is not able to earn as much as it is spending so often it raises taxes in some form or other. Interest Rates: In an emerging economy like India, a higher fiscal deficit leaves little room for interest rate cuts. A higher interest rate may affect private investments from taking off in a growing economy like India. Foreign Dependence: Government may have to depend on external borrowings, which raises its dependence on other countries. Further, high fiscal deficit affects India’s Sovereign rating and hurts the confidence of foreign investors, which also raises the costs of borrowings. Affects Private sector investment: More than average borrowing by the government from the market leaves that much less pool for private sector to borrow, stalling its growth plans. The fiscal deficit is detrimental for the economy if it is used just to cover revenue deficit. However, fiscal deficit may also have a positive effect on an economy, if it creates new capital assets, which increases productive capacity and generates future income stream.
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Thousands of aspirants come to Delhi for UPSC preparation and influenced by the culture some get addicted to smoking. They have this thought that smoking is injurious to health but still, the behaviour of smoking continues. How to resolve this cognitive dissonance? (10Marks/150Words)
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Approach: Begin by explaining what is cognitive dissonance. Elaborate on how this is a case of Cognitive Dissonance. Explain how this cognitive dissonance can be resolved. Conclude appropriately. Answer: Cognitive Dissonance is the inconsistency between one"s thoughts and behavior which will lead to uncomfortable psychological or emotional tension among individuals or groups. It is when someone knows that their actions or behavior would not produce good results and yet they choose to do it. One example of this can be derived from the lives of thousands of UPSC aspirants that come for preparation in Delhi and many of them fall addicted to smoking. These young kids know that it will create psychological and emotional tension among them and their close ones but keeping these thoughts aside they choose to indulge in this behavior. There can be many reasons cited for this choice from peer pressure, to emotional and physiological tensions. Resolution of Cognitive Dissonance: There are 4 ways in which it can be resolved: (1) Change one"s thought They can change their thought process and start considering smoking as not injurious. They may associate it with the parallel harmful impacts of other lifestyle choices, like living in Delhi which is akin to smoking 10s of cigarettes according to some experts. (2) Change one"s behavior to match the individual"s thought After trying smoking, they may realize the gravity of the situation and quit smoking on their own. This will help them bring their thoughts in consonance with their actions. (3) Add a thought to justify the behavior In addition to changing their thoughts, they may add a justification for their behavior. They may associate smoking with the parallel harmful impacts of other lifestyle choices, like living in Delhi which is akin to smoking 10s of cigarettes according to some experts. (4) Trivialise the inconsistency between thoughts and behavior They may also trivialize the harmful impacts by drawing parallels with their peer group and smoking adults in their family. Note: Within the bounds of the 4 points, the student may improvise to include any other points. The theory of cognitive dissonance has wide applicability in our daily life where we are faced with several such situations in which we find ourselves at crossways between our thoughts and actions.
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##Question:Thousands of aspirants come to Delhi for UPSC preparation and influenced by the culture some get addicted to smoking. They have this thought that smoking is injurious to health but still, the behaviour of smoking continues. How to resolve this cognitive dissonance? (10Marks/150Words)##Answer:Approach: Begin by explaining what is cognitive dissonance. Elaborate on how this is a case of Cognitive Dissonance. Explain how this cognitive dissonance can be resolved. Conclude appropriately. Answer: Cognitive Dissonance is the inconsistency between one"s thoughts and behavior which will lead to uncomfortable psychological or emotional tension among individuals or groups. It is when someone knows that their actions or behavior would not produce good results and yet they choose to do it. One example of this can be derived from the lives of thousands of UPSC aspirants that come for preparation in Delhi and many of them fall addicted to smoking. These young kids know that it will create psychological and emotional tension among them and their close ones but keeping these thoughts aside they choose to indulge in this behavior. There can be many reasons cited for this choice from peer pressure, to emotional and physiological tensions. Resolution of Cognitive Dissonance: There are 4 ways in which it can be resolved: (1) Change one"s thought They can change their thought process and start considering smoking as not injurious. They may associate it with the parallel harmful impacts of other lifestyle choices, like living in Delhi which is akin to smoking 10s of cigarettes according to some experts. (2) Change one"s behavior to match the individual"s thought After trying smoking, they may realize the gravity of the situation and quit smoking on their own. This will help them bring their thoughts in consonance with their actions. (3) Add a thought to justify the behavior In addition to changing their thoughts, they may add a justification for their behavior. They may associate smoking with the parallel harmful impacts of other lifestyle choices, like living in Delhi which is akin to smoking 10s of cigarettes according to some experts. (4) Trivialise the inconsistency between thoughts and behavior They may also trivialize the harmful impacts by drawing parallels with their peer group and smoking adults in their family. Note: Within the bounds of the 4 points, the student may improvise to include any other points. The theory of cognitive dissonance has wide applicability in our daily life where we are faced with several such situations in which we find ourselves at crossways between our thoughts and actions.
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Giving examples of some social evils confronting our society, discuss how persuasion can be an effective technique to overcome them. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach Introduction: Define persuasion Main body-Give example of social evils present in our society Explain how persuasion can be an effective tool to overcome it with examples Conclusion -It is important to bring attitudinal change and address the root cause of social evils Answer: Persuasion is the art of motivating people to behave in a particular direction, or follow the action. It influences others’ attitudes, and beliefs and thereby change or strengthen their behaviour which can help to eradicate the problem of society. There are many social evils which exist in our society such as : gender discrimination-There is still the existence of the Dowry system, domestic violence against women cases which affects the dignity and gender equality Racial discrimination-There are racial attacks and discrimination against people from Northeast India which affects their basic rights. Caste, religious discrimination-There are increasing incidents of mob lynching on the suspicion of being child-lifters or involved in cow slaughter in different parts of the country which are based on caste, and religious discrimination. There is the existence of child labour and child abuse like social evils. Persuasion can act as an effective tool to address this problem in the following ways: The great leaders have used their power of persuasion that makes millions give their life to them. When it is done on genuine premises, they create a long-lasting bond between the leader and her audience. example leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy who is called the father of the India renaissance persuaded the people against social evil like Sati. There was the enactment of the sati abolition act which helps to eradicate social evil like Sati. A leader like Kailash satyarthi used persuasion to eradicate child labour and abuse through persuasion and creating awareness about problems. A leader like Mahatma Gandhi started Harijan Sevak Sangh helped in persuading the existence of the problem of untouchability and addressing the social evil based on caste discrimination. Social media also uses persuasion techniques where there are name and shame practices that help to persuade people that social evils are dangerous to our society"s development. Press, and media like ads on TV such as ads by Vidya Balan help in creating awareness and changing the mindset of people towards women in our society. Persuasion through books and education motivates people and creates rational thinking which can help in the long run to eliminate social evils such as gender inequality, caste discrimination, and child labour. Thus persuasion acts as a crucial tool to eliminate social evil from the root cause by influencing attitude, beliefs and behaviour which can have a long-lasting effect and bring changes in peace and harmony.
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##Question:Giving examples of some social evils confronting our society, discuss how persuasion can be an effective technique to overcome them. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach Introduction: Define persuasion Main body-Give example of social evils present in our society Explain how persuasion can be an effective tool to overcome it with examples Conclusion -It is important to bring attitudinal change and address the root cause of social evils Answer: Persuasion is the art of motivating people to behave in a particular direction, or follow the action. It influences others’ attitudes, and beliefs and thereby change or strengthen their behaviour which can help to eradicate the problem of society. There are many social evils which exist in our society such as : gender discrimination-There is still the existence of the Dowry system, domestic violence against women cases which affects the dignity and gender equality Racial discrimination-There are racial attacks and discrimination against people from Northeast India which affects their basic rights. Caste, religious discrimination-There are increasing incidents of mob lynching on the suspicion of being child-lifters or involved in cow slaughter in different parts of the country which are based on caste, and religious discrimination. There is the existence of child labour and child abuse like social evils. Persuasion can act as an effective tool to address this problem in the following ways: The great leaders have used their power of persuasion that makes millions give their life to them. When it is done on genuine premises, they create a long-lasting bond between the leader and her audience. example leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy who is called the father of the India renaissance persuaded the people against social evil like Sati. There was the enactment of the sati abolition act which helps to eradicate social evil like Sati. A leader like Kailash satyarthi used persuasion to eradicate child labour and abuse through persuasion and creating awareness about problems. A leader like Mahatma Gandhi started Harijan Sevak Sangh helped in persuading the existence of the problem of untouchability and addressing the social evil based on caste discrimination. Social media also uses persuasion techniques where there are name and shame practices that help to persuade people that social evils are dangerous to our society"s development. Press, and media like ads on TV such as ads by Vidya Balan help in creating awareness and changing the mindset of people towards women in our society. Persuasion through books and education motivates people and creates rational thinking which can help in the long run to eliminate social evils such as gender inequality, caste discrimination, and child labour. Thus persuasion acts as a crucial tool to eliminate social evil from the root cause by influencing attitude, beliefs and behaviour which can have a long-lasting effect and bring changes in peace and harmony.
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Though the SAARC was the central piece of India’s neighborhood first policy, gives reasons for its failure and suggests the way forward. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the motive of the formation of the SAARC. Then discuss the reasons for the failure of the SAARC. Then further bring the way forward. Conclude with the recent steps taken to revive the SAARC. Answer SAARC as conceptualized by Zia-Ur-Rahman had conceptualized the idea of SAARC to give bargaining power to South Asian countries against India. It was formed in 1985. Thus SAARC originated with a very negative mindset. It had 7 founding member countries: India, Bangladesh, Maldives, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan. Afghanistan joined in 2008 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is based on the principles of Panchsheel. It also follows the principle of domestic non-interference. Focus on the regional issues only and the bilateral issue cannot be discussed on the SAARC platform. Besides that, the decisions are taken by consensus. Reasons for the failure of the SAARC Size Asymmetry in South Asia and India is a very pre-dominant power. India represents 290-pound gorillas and other countries are 90-pound gorillas. It creates insecurity/suspicion in minds of other countries. India has a hard time convincing the other members that any step that it takes in the neighborhood does not have any ulterior motive. Regardless of the motive and practicalities involved, steps like the 1971 partition of Pakistan, the Indian Peacekeeping Force (IPKF) in Sri Lanka, and the Sikkim Annexation have been portrayed as actions driven by imperialist motives. India-Pakistan rivalry: The rivalry and distrust between the two largest members of SAARC is been regarded as the biggest obstacle before SAARC. For example, the Motor Vehicle Agreement (MVA) was envisaged at the SAARC level, later due to Pakistan, it had to be deliberated at the Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) level. C Rajamohan believes that "The Caravan of South Asia is being slowed down by Pakistan". South Asia faces Reverse Regionalism/Reductive Regionalism: Pangs of proximity due to most of the countries of South Asia sharing a border with India. They are interested in asserting their distinctness from India. South Asian countries like India, Nepal, Bangladesh, etc. have very high levels of cultural similarities and commonalities, yet the sense of patriotism in these nations is understood in the sense of their expression of anti-India sentiments. There exist supplementary industries in the countries, and hence the industries compete with each other, rather than complementing each other through manufacturing goods and services at different levels of the supply-manufacturing chain. For example- both India and Bangladesh are major producers of Jute products. Role of external powers: USA wanted the EU and ASEAN to succeed against communism spread. Pakistan had joined CENTO and SEATO, and India tilted towards USSR despite being Non- Aligned. Hence, USA‘s role in SAARC and the region was overall divisive. Resource crunch: South Asian countries are not very resource-rich. South Asia has very high levels of poverty and malnutrition as compared to regions such as Europe or North America. The consequence of the Failure of the SAARC Push for the sub-regionalism: BBIN initiative, South Asia Sub-regional Economic Cooperation (SASEC). SASEC includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar. The primary aim of SASEC is to promote connectivity and intra-regional trade. BIMSTEC is also the product of the failure of the SAARC. Way Forward SAARC minus Pakistan is not acceptable and without Pakistan, SAARC will remain incomplete. SAARC plus China: China-South Asia Cooperation Forum (CSACF) for cooperation comprises all South Asian countries excluding Bhutan. It also includes Myanmar and Vietnam. China South Asia Emergency Supplies Reserve and Poverty Alleviation and Cooperative Development Center were formed in 2021. It comprises China, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lank. Thus any agreement with SAARC- after excluding Pakistan won"t be feasible. SAARC minus Pakistan arrangement would also see connectivity issues for Afghanistan. Thus India and Pakistan must keep their differences and insecurities aside to at least achieve cooperation in certain low-lying sectors like Medical Tourism, Sports development, etc. The demand for Chinese membership in SAARC has been raised many times by both Pakistan and Nepal. India can look for a suitable arrangement with China through cooperation and compromise in other sectors.
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##Question:Though the SAARC was the central piece of India’s neighborhood first policy, gives reasons for its failure and suggests the way forward. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the motive of the formation of the SAARC. Then discuss the reasons for the failure of the SAARC. Then further bring the way forward. Conclude with the recent steps taken to revive the SAARC. Answer SAARC as conceptualized by Zia-Ur-Rahman had conceptualized the idea of SAARC to give bargaining power to South Asian countries against India. It was formed in 1985. Thus SAARC originated with a very negative mindset. It had 7 founding member countries: India, Bangladesh, Maldives, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan. Afghanistan joined in 2008 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is based on the principles of Panchsheel. It also follows the principle of domestic non-interference. Focus on the regional issues only and the bilateral issue cannot be discussed on the SAARC platform. Besides that, the decisions are taken by consensus. Reasons for the failure of the SAARC Size Asymmetry in South Asia and India is a very pre-dominant power. India represents 290-pound gorillas and other countries are 90-pound gorillas. It creates insecurity/suspicion in minds of other countries. India has a hard time convincing the other members that any step that it takes in the neighborhood does not have any ulterior motive. Regardless of the motive and practicalities involved, steps like the 1971 partition of Pakistan, the Indian Peacekeeping Force (IPKF) in Sri Lanka, and the Sikkim Annexation have been portrayed as actions driven by imperialist motives. India-Pakistan rivalry: The rivalry and distrust between the two largest members of SAARC is been regarded as the biggest obstacle before SAARC. For example, the Motor Vehicle Agreement (MVA) was envisaged at the SAARC level, later due to Pakistan, it had to be deliberated at the Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) level. C Rajamohan believes that "The Caravan of South Asia is being slowed down by Pakistan". South Asia faces Reverse Regionalism/Reductive Regionalism: Pangs of proximity due to most of the countries of South Asia sharing a border with India. They are interested in asserting their distinctness from India. South Asian countries like India, Nepal, Bangladesh, etc. have very high levels of cultural similarities and commonalities, yet the sense of patriotism in these nations is understood in the sense of their expression of anti-India sentiments. There exist supplementary industries in the countries, and hence the industries compete with each other, rather than complementing each other through manufacturing goods and services at different levels of the supply-manufacturing chain. For example- both India and Bangladesh are major producers of Jute products. Role of external powers: USA wanted the EU and ASEAN to succeed against communism spread. Pakistan had joined CENTO and SEATO, and India tilted towards USSR despite being Non- Aligned. Hence, USA‘s role in SAARC and the region was overall divisive. Resource crunch: South Asian countries are not very resource-rich. South Asia has very high levels of poverty and malnutrition as compared to regions such as Europe or North America. The consequence of the Failure of the SAARC Push for the sub-regionalism: BBIN initiative, South Asia Sub-regional Economic Cooperation (SASEC). SASEC includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar. The primary aim of SASEC is to promote connectivity and intra-regional trade. BIMSTEC is also the product of the failure of the SAARC. Way Forward SAARC minus Pakistan is not acceptable and without Pakistan, SAARC will remain incomplete. SAARC plus China: China-South Asia Cooperation Forum (CSACF) for cooperation comprises all South Asian countries excluding Bhutan. It also includes Myanmar and Vietnam. China South Asia Emergency Supplies Reserve and Poverty Alleviation and Cooperative Development Center were formed in 2021. It comprises China, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lank. Thus any agreement with SAARC- after excluding Pakistan won"t be feasible. SAARC minus Pakistan arrangement would also see connectivity issues for Afghanistan. Thus India and Pakistan must keep their differences and insecurities aside to at least achieve cooperation in certain low-lying sectors like Medical Tourism, Sports development, etc. The demand for Chinese membership in SAARC has been raised many times by both Pakistan and Nepal. India can look for a suitable arrangement with China through cooperation and compromise in other sectors.
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Discuss the Issues faced by Public-Private partnerships (PPPs) in India and suggest ways to solve these problems.(150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the importance of the PPPs. Then discuss the issues faced by the PPPs. Then bring the Kelkar Committee Recommendation to solve these problems. Conclude accordingly Answer PPP refers to the provision of public assets and services by a private partner who has been conceded the right (the concession) for a purpose for a specified period on the basis of market revenue streams that allow a commercial return on investment. The private player is expected to bring capital and infuse new technology so as to generate real efficiency gains through construction management and operational efficiency. The role of the public sector or the government is to decide the project to get the clearances to ensure inter-ministerial coordination for facilitating the investment and also maintain the public nature of the asset (deciding the tariffs, service standards, and events providing a certain support mechanism for the less privileged). Issues with Public Private Partnership (PPPs) Issues with the design of the Contracts: The Framework to assess project risk and allocation of the risk between the players has not been effectively developed. A model concession agreement has meant that project-specific risks are rarely addressed by project implementation authority in this one-size-fits-all approach. This one-size-fits-all approach has inadequate provisions for addressing legal and contractual issues such as exit clause provisions default by the parties, change of scope related events, etc. Inadequate provisions to address legal and contractual issues such as the exit clause provision default by parties, etc. have caused delays and cost overruns. The lack of flexibility in the contracts and opportunities for renegotiations have led to projects being stuck for many years. Legal and Regulatory Framework Some sectors have multiple regulators and significant overlap in their functions creates problems for the private players. Some sectors such as the urban sector are yet to revolve a regulatory framework for the sustainable and efficient delivery of PPT projects and services. The dispute resolution mechanisms are slow and not very well developed. Thereby causing delays and therefore derailing the project timelines. There have been issues with respect to land acquisition, environmental clearance, and Right of Way issues leading to time and cost overruns. Independent sector regulators are missing in certain sectors such as roads, ports, etc. Some sectors like airports have multiple regulators having an overlap in their functions thereby creating problems in concessionaires. Financing Issue : Most of the PPPs projects are financed through banks with very less capital infusion by the promoters. The asset-liability mismatch of the banks has impacted the quality of lending. The underdeveloped debt markets are the major cause of concern for infrastructure financing. Issues with the Private Sector: Over-aggressive bidding without developing skills for pricing of risk has led to unviable offers that further led to the failure of many PPP projects. Private sector developers were mainly construction experts with no understanding of the long-term operation and maintenance of the infrastructure assets. Kelkar Committee Recommendation to solve these problems Creation of a national institute called 3PI to function as the center of excellence in PPPs. It will enable research, for building sophisticated models of contract and design dispute redressal mechanisms. Setting up of independent regulators with a unified mandate in sectors that are going for the PPPs. Rational allocation of risks in project-specific contracts to be designed in collaboration with all stakeholders (PPPP). Infrastructure PPPs project review committee (IPRC) should be constituted to reevaluate the stuck PPP projects and send recommendations for reviving them. An infrastructure PPP adjudication tribunal (IPAT) with judicial members and technical members is to be constituted to resolve the disputes between the Public and private players. Thus the government should try to incorporate these recommendations in the PPPs model so that the completion of infrastructure projects could be expedited and the air of 5 trillion economies could be achieved in a time-bound manner.
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##Question:Discuss the Issues faced by Public-Private partnerships (PPPs) in India and suggest ways to solve these problems.(150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the importance of the PPPs. Then discuss the issues faced by the PPPs. Then bring the Kelkar Committee Recommendation to solve these problems. Conclude accordingly Answer PPP refers to the provision of public assets and services by a private partner who has been conceded the right (the concession) for a purpose for a specified period on the basis of market revenue streams that allow a commercial return on investment. The private player is expected to bring capital and infuse new technology so as to generate real efficiency gains through construction management and operational efficiency. The role of the public sector or the government is to decide the project to get the clearances to ensure inter-ministerial coordination for facilitating the investment and also maintain the public nature of the asset (deciding the tariffs, service standards, and events providing a certain support mechanism for the less privileged). Issues with Public Private Partnership (PPPs) Issues with the design of the Contracts: The Framework to assess project risk and allocation of the risk between the players has not been effectively developed. A model concession agreement has meant that project-specific risks are rarely addressed by project implementation authority in this one-size-fits-all approach. This one-size-fits-all approach has inadequate provisions for addressing legal and contractual issues such as exit clause provisions default by the parties, change of scope related events, etc. Inadequate provisions to address legal and contractual issues such as the exit clause provision default by parties, etc. have caused delays and cost overruns. The lack of flexibility in the contracts and opportunities for renegotiations have led to projects being stuck for many years. Legal and Regulatory Framework Some sectors have multiple regulators and significant overlap in their functions creates problems for the private players. Some sectors such as the urban sector are yet to revolve a regulatory framework for the sustainable and efficient delivery of PPT projects and services. The dispute resolution mechanisms are slow and not very well developed. Thereby causing delays and therefore derailing the project timelines. There have been issues with respect to land acquisition, environmental clearance, and Right of Way issues leading to time and cost overruns. Independent sector regulators are missing in certain sectors such as roads, ports, etc. Some sectors like airports have multiple regulators having an overlap in their functions thereby creating problems in concessionaires. Financing Issue : Most of the PPPs projects are financed through banks with very less capital infusion by the promoters. The asset-liability mismatch of the banks has impacted the quality of lending. The underdeveloped debt markets are the major cause of concern for infrastructure financing. Issues with the Private Sector: Over-aggressive bidding without developing skills for pricing of risk has led to unviable offers that further led to the failure of many PPP projects. Private sector developers were mainly construction experts with no understanding of the long-term operation and maintenance of the infrastructure assets. Kelkar Committee Recommendation to solve these problems Creation of a national institute called 3PI to function as the center of excellence in PPPs. It will enable research, for building sophisticated models of contract and design dispute redressal mechanisms. Setting up of independent regulators with a unified mandate in sectors that are going for the PPPs. Rational allocation of risks in project-specific contracts to be designed in collaboration with all stakeholders (PPPP). Infrastructure PPPs project review committee (IPRC) should be constituted to reevaluate the stuck PPP projects and send recommendations for reviving them. An infrastructure PPP adjudication tribunal (IPAT) with judicial members and technical members is to be constituted to resolve the disputes between the Public and private players. Thus the government should try to incorporate these recommendations in the PPPs model so that the completion of infrastructure projects could be expedited and the air of 5 trillion economies could be achieved in a time-bound manner.
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Explain in detail major deprivation-related indices like Multidimensional Poverty Index and Global Hunger Index. (150- words/ 10 Marks)
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Approach Define Economic deprivation. In the first part, introduce the Multidimensional Poverty Index and give information about its constituent components. In the second part, introduce the Global Hunger Index and give information about its constituent components. Lastly, conclude with reference to the importance of these indices. Answer:- Economic deprivation is a condition in which a person is not able to lead a proper and secure life due to insufficient income or unmanaged expenditure and is unable to fulfill his basic needs. Economic deprivation is a relative concept. Its criterion is the non-fulfillment of basic needs. Since the minimum standard of living varies from country to country, the situation of deprivation also varies. Due to this variation, it is difficult to identify the general parameters of economic deprivation. But many efforts have been made in the direction of measurement of deprivation at the global level. Efforts have been made to develop several indices in terms of measurement. There is variation in the producer components of these indices. Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) : Keeping in view the limitations of the Human Development Index, such as measuring only long-term changes, regional inequality cannot be measured, insufficient explanation of welfare level from gross national income, non-measurement of intra-nation inequalities, etc (UNDP) Developed the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) to measure deprivation in 2010 in collaboration with the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). It has replaced the earlier Human Poverty Index. It tries to know the causes of economic deprivation on the basis of other factors other than income for poverty. The MPI lists various dimensions of extreme poverty conditions. It also explains the numerical status of those who are exploited in many ways. It also reveals the deprivations that the poor individual or society is facing. This area or group identifies specific common deprivations. It attempts to bring together the poverty-related aspects covered under the Millennium Development Goals. The Multidimensional Poverty Index also studies on the basis of three dimensions similar to the Human Development Index. But where the Human Development Index calculates on the basis of gross national income in addition to health, and education, the MPI calculates on the basis of the standard of living instead of gross national income. Under Education, Health, and Life. The MPI covers 10 indicators which are as follows- MPI uses nutrition and child mortality indicators within the health dimension. Within the education dimension, the MPI bases the average years of attending school with respect to adults and school enrollment as a measure of the educational status of children. Under the standard of living dimension, the MPI specifies the level of deprivation based on the availability of fuel, toilets, floors, water, electricity, and assets. Global Hunger Index (GHI) : The Global Hunger Index is an index developed for the measurement of food or nutrition deprivation, moving ahead of other indices related to the measurement of deprivation. It has been organized annually since 2006 by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) for the identification and measurement of hunger at the national, regional, and global levels by two non-governmental organizations namely "Welthungerhilfe" and "Concern Worldwide) is being published. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) calculates the GHI score annually to assess the progress and obstacles in combating hunger. The Global Hunger Index is prepared on a scale of 100 basis points, with zero (0) being the best score i.e. no hunger while 100 being the worst score meaning everyone is in a state of starvation. To measure the multidimensional nature of starvation, this index is based on indicators related to physical conditions, which are as follows: Undernourishment - A population that is undernourished, that is, a population that is consuming insufficient calories. Child Wasting - Children under the age of five who are weak and weak, that is, whose weight is less in proportion to their height. Child Stunting - Children under the age of five who are stunted, that is, whose height is less in proportion to their age. Child Mortality – This index identifies the deprivation level on the basis of the calculation of the mortality rate of children under five years of age. The above indices of deprivation play an important role in the level of development of a country, the contradictions of growth and development, the assessment of the implementation of policies, the direction of policies, etc.
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##Question:Explain in detail major deprivation-related indices like Multidimensional Poverty Index and Global Hunger Index. (150- words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Define Economic deprivation. In the first part, introduce the Multidimensional Poverty Index and give information about its constituent components. In the second part, introduce the Global Hunger Index and give information about its constituent components. Lastly, conclude with reference to the importance of these indices. Answer:- Economic deprivation is a condition in which a person is not able to lead a proper and secure life due to insufficient income or unmanaged expenditure and is unable to fulfill his basic needs. Economic deprivation is a relative concept. Its criterion is the non-fulfillment of basic needs. Since the minimum standard of living varies from country to country, the situation of deprivation also varies. Due to this variation, it is difficult to identify the general parameters of economic deprivation. But many efforts have been made in the direction of measurement of deprivation at the global level. Efforts have been made to develop several indices in terms of measurement. There is variation in the producer components of these indices. Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) : Keeping in view the limitations of the Human Development Index, such as measuring only long-term changes, regional inequality cannot be measured, insufficient explanation of welfare level from gross national income, non-measurement of intra-nation inequalities, etc (UNDP) Developed the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) to measure deprivation in 2010 in collaboration with the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). It has replaced the earlier Human Poverty Index. It tries to know the causes of economic deprivation on the basis of other factors other than income for poverty. The MPI lists various dimensions of extreme poverty conditions. It also explains the numerical status of those who are exploited in many ways. It also reveals the deprivations that the poor individual or society is facing. This area or group identifies specific common deprivations. It attempts to bring together the poverty-related aspects covered under the Millennium Development Goals. The Multidimensional Poverty Index also studies on the basis of three dimensions similar to the Human Development Index. But where the Human Development Index calculates on the basis of gross national income in addition to health, and education, the MPI calculates on the basis of the standard of living instead of gross national income. Under Education, Health, and Life. The MPI covers 10 indicators which are as follows- MPI uses nutrition and child mortality indicators within the health dimension. Within the education dimension, the MPI bases the average years of attending school with respect to adults and school enrollment as a measure of the educational status of children. Under the standard of living dimension, the MPI specifies the level of deprivation based on the availability of fuel, toilets, floors, water, electricity, and assets. Global Hunger Index (GHI) : The Global Hunger Index is an index developed for the measurement of food or nutrition deprivation, moving ahead of other indices related to the measurement of deprivation. It has been organized annually since 2006 by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) for the identification and measurement of hunger at the national, regional, and global levels by two non-governmental organizations namely "Welthungerhilfe" and "Concern Worldwide) is being published. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) calculates the GHI score annually to assess the progress and obstacles in combating hunger. The Global Hunger Index is prepared on a scale of 100 basis points, with zero (0) being the best score i.e. no hunger while 100 being the worst score meaning everyone is in a state of starvation. To measure the multidimensional nature of starvation, this index is based on indicators related to physical conditions, which are as follows: Undernourishment - A population that is undernourished, that is, a population that is consuming insufficient calories. Child Wasting - Children under the age of five who are weak and weak, that is, whose weight is less in proportion to their height. Child Stunting - Children under the age of five who are stunted, that is, whose height is less in proportion to their age. Child Mortality – This index identifies the deprivation level on the basis of the calculation of the mortality rate of children under five years of age. The above indices of deprivation play an important role in the level of development of a country, the contradictions of growth and development, the assessment of the implementation of policies, the direction of policies, etc.
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What was expected to be the "Dead letter" became the "Deadly weapon". Discuss this in the context of the misuse of Article 356 of the Indian constitution. Also, mention the safeguards to prevent such misuse. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach:- In the introduction, give the context of Article 356 and B R Ambedkar"s view In the body part, mention how it has become a deadly weapon Mention the misuse of Article 356 Mention the safeguards Suggest a way forward. Answer:- Under Article 356 of the Constitution of India, in the event that a state government is unable to function according to constitutional provisions, the Central government can take direct control of the state machinery. Dead letter Dr. B.R.Ambedkar said Article 356 is a dead letter in the Indian Constitution. As per him, this article can’t be called for the operation, it will remain as dead. If anyhow into comes into action, he told the president which had the powers to use that Article would be taking proper and necessary precautions before taking that plan into action and suspension of province’s administration. Deadly weapon It has been invoked almost 120 times since the commencement of the constitution. Former PM Indira Gandhi was accused of turning Article 356 into a political tool as she used it 50 times during her 16 years in power. Misuse of the Article 356 Ideological differences - used to dismiss state governments where the party in power is not the same as that ruling at the Centre Partisan role of Governor - governor controlled by a ruling party is making decisions that could result in a different political party either retaining or losing power, as is currently the case in Arunachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand Less secure governments have a greater propensity to misuse President’s Rule Due to less clarity on anti-defection law the disqualified MLAs, are not allowed to enter the house, or does floor test elsewhere. Due to cases, horse trading centers may find it expedient to impose emergency The term failure of constitutional machinery is vague & subjective and prone to misuse. Therefore, frivolous and arbitrary grounds have often been used to invoke this Article. Governor"s reports are often manipulated to the advantage of the party in power in the center. Safeguards In S R Bommai v/s UoI, The court said that it can not question the advice tendered by the council of ministers to the president but it can scrutinize the grounds for advice and the existence of relevant materials on the basis of which such advice has been given. The court stated that the 356 is an exceptional provision and should be used in a restricted manner. In case of malfide and arbitrary action the court may revoke the proclamation and restore the situation to what it was before the proclamation was made The state legislature should be dissolved only after the parliamentary approval and should be kept suspended till then. The strength of the government should be tested on the floor of the house and not as per the whims and fancies of the Governor. Sarkaria commission said that -Article 356 should be used as a last resort and initially a warning should be issued to the erring state. The Governor should try his best in exploring the formation of an alternate government in case of a hung assembly or the CoMs losing the majority in the assembly. The significance of this judicial activism is that it has given a warning to the governments at the center to not misuse the provisions of Article 356 especially due to differences with the government in power in the state.
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##Question:What was expected to be the "Dead letter" became the "Deadly weapon". Discuss this in the context of the misuse of Article 356 of the Indian constitution. Also, mention the safeguards to prevent such misuse. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, give the context of Article 356 and B R Ambedkar"s view In the body part, mention how it has become a deadly weapon Mention the misuse of Article 356 Mention the safeguards Suggest a way forward. Answer:- Under Article 356 of the Constitution of India, in the event that a state government is unable to function according to constitutional provisions, the Central government can take direct control of the state machinery. Dead letter Dr. B.R.Ambedkar said Article 356 is a dead letter in the Indian Constitution. As per him, this article can’t be called for the operation, it will remain as dead. If anyhow into comes into action, he told the president which had the powers to use that Article would be taking proper and necessary precautions before taking that plan into action and suspension of province’s administration. Deadly weapon It has been invoked almost 120 times since the commencement of the constitution. Former PM Indira Gandhi was accused of turning Article 356 into a political tool as she used it 50 times during her 16 years in power. Misuse of the Article 356 Ideological differences - used to dismiss state governments where the party in power is not the same as that ruling at the Centre Partisan role of Governor - governor controlled by a ruling party is making decisions that could result in a different political party either retaining or losing power, as is currently the case in Arunachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand Less secure governments have a greater propensity to misuse President’s Rule Due to less clarity on anti-defection law the disqualified MLAs, are not allowed to enter the house, or does floor test elsewhere. Due to cases, horse trading centers may find it expedient to impose emergency The term failure of constitutional machinery is vague & subjective and prone to misuse. Therefore, frivolous and arbitrary grounds have often been used to invoke this Article. Governor"s reports are often manipulated to the advantage of the party in power in the center. Safeguards In S R Bommai v/s UoI, The court said that it can not question the advice tendered by the council of ministers to the president but it can scrutinize the grounds for advice and the existence of relevant materials on the basis of which such advice has been given. The court stated that the 356 is an exceptional provision and should be used in a restricted manner. In case of malfide and arbitrary action the court may revoke the proclamation and restore the situation to what it was before the proclamation was made The state legislature should be dissolved only after the parliamentary approval and should be kept suspended till then. The strength of the government should be tested on the floor of the house and not as per the whims and fancies of the Governor. Sarkaria commission said that -Article 356 should be used as a last resort and initially a warning should be issued to the erring state. The Governor should try his best in exploring the formation of an alternate government in case of a hung assembly or the CoMs losing the majority in the assembly. The significance of this judicial activism is that it has given a warning to the governments at the center to not misuse the provisions of Article 356 especially due to differences with the government in power in the state.
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What do you understand by the BASEL Norms? Elaborate on the major developments under the BASEL Norms and the experience of their implementation in India. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach Introduce with the explanation of the BASEL Norms. Then bring three BASEL Norms with their major provisions. Then discuss the implementation scenario in the Indian context. Conclude accordingly. Answer BASEL Norm refers to those at the international level to be observed by every central bank to ensure a better banking ecosystem in their respective countries. In the 1920s, as the importance of the central bank increased. In the 1930s, the bank of international settlement was introduced. In 1974, some of the central banks (10 banks) advocated that there should be a banking supervisory committee which finally presented the set of guidelines in 1986 to be known as the BASEL Norms. Since then following three BASEL norms have been introduced. These BASEL norms are not mandatory, the BASEL committee having “A regulatory consistency assessment programme” to identify which central bank is observing BASEL Norms and to what extent. BASEL I In this BASEL Norms following two things were highlighted. The first central bank must ensure that their policies and regulations treat depositors" interests as paramount. They should maintain certain capital against the asset in tier I which should/may work as a shock absorber whenever NPAs are there. This capital must be calculated by considering the risk-weighted asset to be called as Capital to Risk-Weighted Asset Ratio (CRAR). For example, as the risks may be higher in personal loans and credit card loans than in home loans. Accordingly, the value should be adjusted in CRAR. BASEL II In this BASEL guideline, Capital to Risk-Weighted Asset Ratio (CRAR) in addition to two more things was added. First is that every central bank must ensure that their banks are disclosing the risk associated. Second, what will be the financial roadmap and actions to correct the situation? (Following this guideline RBI started the Financial Stability Report). BASEL III This BASEL III was supposed to come in 2008 but due to the subprime crisis, it was introduced in 2011. This BASEL III highlights the following three pillars: There should be adequate capital and liquidity in the banking ecosystem. There must be sector-wise supervision. (That means across the economic sector as well as the across the financial institution). To have a better financial discipline to in classifications of assets that is known as the prudential norms. A long with necessary frameworks for the risk mitigations. These three objects can be achieved in the following ways In terms of capital within that Capital to Risk-Weighted Asset Ratio (CRAR) should be 9% and above, and Capital Conservation Ratio (CCR) 2.5%. This CRAR and CCR are mandatory. Counter-Cyclic Capital Buffer: It is discretionary for the countries and refers to the capital buffer that they should maintain with the counter-cyclic approach. (Counter cyclic approach refers to that approach where going counter to the economic cycle capital is used i.e. whenever the economic cycle is going fast rather than giving risky loans bank should make some capital buffer which can be used when the economy is going through a meltdown and recession. In terms of liquidity: In terms of liquidity, there should be a Liquidity Coverage ratio or LCR. This LCR refers to the ratio of available high-quality liquidity in form of the cash and security with the banks with respect to their 30 days of cash withdrawal. For example, if from a bank A 100 Rs is withdrawn in 30 days and the bank keeps 100 Rs in the form of high-quality liquidity we can say the liquidity coverage ratio is 100%. In terms of funding: BASEL III highlights that there should be enough stable funds. A Stable fund is a fund that is performing even when other investments are not doing well. Net stable funding ratio refers to the availability of enough of stable funds to meet the requirements of one year. In terms of leverage and financial discipline: There should be proper balance with the financial institutions in terms of assets equity and investment. India’s Experience with BASEL Norm Indian banks are currently struggling with a capital shortage. Banks" balance sheets display negative figures due to the NPA problem. The result is that the level of investment that should be in the economy is not being achieved. Along with this, opacity in the operations of banks also remains a problem. Basel standards can be helpful as a solution to these problems. It can be understood as: The capital adequacy ratio under Basel standards, that is the minimum limit, will help banks to deal with contingency situations. The 2% increase in Tier 3 capital under Basel 3 ensures the minimum capital requirement. The leverage ratio represents the debt-to-asset ratio of banks. This information sets the limits for loan disbursements that will help reduce NPAs. Liquidity is a tough challenge for Indian banks. The increase in Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital is a positive step by customers to meet the growth in their demand deposits. Since 2019, India was supposed to follow the BASEL Norms but as of now, we are doing it partially. Thus Reserve Bank of India should try to enforce the BASEL norms with other supplementary provisions such as Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) with enhancing banking prudential to make the Indian banking system more healthy and sustainable to cater to the multi-pronged role of the banking system in the Indian economy.
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##Question:What do you understand by the BASEL Norms? Elaborate on the major developments under the BASEL Norms and the experience of their implementation in India. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the explanation of the BASEL Norms. Then bring three BASEL Norms with their major provisions. Then discuss the implementation scenario in the Indian context. Conclude accordingly. Answer BASEL Norm refers to those at the international level to be observed by every central bank to ensure a better banking ecosystem in their respective countries. In the 1920s, as the importance of the central bank increased. In the 1930s, the bank of international settlement was introduced. In 1974, some of the central banks (10 banks) advocated that there should be a banking supervisory committee which finally presented the set of guidelines in 1986 to be known as the BASEL Norms. Since then following three BASEL norms have been introduced. These BASEL norms are not mandatory, the BASEL committee having “A regulatory consistency assessment programme” to identify which central bank is observing BASEL Norms and to what extent. BASEL I In this BASEL Norms following two things were highlighted. The first central bank must ensure that their policies and regulations treat depositors" interests as paramount. They should maintain certain capital against the asset in tier I which should/may work as a shock absorber whenever NPAs are there. This capital must be calculated by considering the risk-weighted asset to be called as Capital to Risk-Weighted Asset Ratio (CRAR). For example, as the risks may be higher in personal loans and credit card loans than in home loans. Accordingly, the value should be adjusted in CRAR. BASEL II In this BASEL guideline, Capital to Risk-Weighted Asset Ratio (CRAR) in addition to two more things was added. First is that every central bank must ensure that their banks are disclosing the risk associated. Second, what will be the financial roadmap and actions to correct the situation? (Following this guideline RBI started the Financial Stability Report). BASEL III This BASEL III was supposed to come in 2008 but due to the subprime crisis, it was introduced in 2011. This BASEL III highlights the following three pillars: There should be adequate capital and liquidity in the banking ecosystem. There must be sector-wise supervision. (That means across the economic sector as well as the across the financial institution). To have a better financial discipline to in classifications of assets that is known as the prudential norms. A long with necessary frameworks for the risk mitigations. These three objects can be achieved in the following ways In terms of capital within that Capital to Risk-Weighted Asset Ratio (CRAR) should be 9% and above, and Capital Conservation Ratio (CCR) 2.5%. This CRAR and CCR are mandatory. Counter-Cyclic Capital Buffer: It is discretionary for the countries and refers to the capital buffer that they should maintain with the counter-cyclic approach. (Counter cyclic approach refers to that approach where going counter to the economic cycle capital is used i.e. whenever the economic cycle is going fast rather than giving risky loans bank should make some capital buffer which can be used when the economy is going through a meltdown and recession. In terms of liquidity: In terms of liquidity, there should be a Liquidity Coverage ratio or LCR. This LCR refers to the ratio of available high-quality liquidity in form of the cash and security with the banks with respect to their 30 days of cash withdrawal. For example, if from a bank A 100 Rs is withdrawn in 30 days and the bank keeps 100 Rs in the form of high-quality liquidity we can say the liquidity coverage ratio is 100%. In terms of funding: BASEL III highlights that there should be enough stable funds. A Stable fund is a fund that is performing even when other investments are not doing well. Net stable funding ratio refers to the availability of enough of stable funds to meet the requirements of one year. In terms of leverage and financial discipline: There should be proper balance with the financial institutions in terms of assets equity and investment. India’s Experience with BASEL Norm Indian banks are currently struggling with a capital shortage. Banks" balance sheets display negative figures due to the NPA problem. The result is that the level of investment that should be in the economy is not being achieved. Along with this, opacity in the operations of banks also remains a problem. Basel standards can be helpful as a solution to these problems. It can be understood as: The capital adequacy ratio under Basel standards, that is the minimum limit, will help banks to deal with contingency situations. The 2% increase in Tier 3 capital under Basel 3 ensures the minimum capital requirement. The leverage ratio represents the debt-to-asset ratio of banks. This information sets the limits for loan disbursements that will help reduce NPAs. Liquidity is a tough challenge for Indian banks. The increase in Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital is a positive step by customers to meet the growth in their demand deposits. Since 2019, India was supposed to follow the BASEL Norms but as of now, we are doing it partially. Thus Reserve Bank of India should try to enforce the BASEL norms with other supplementary provisions such as Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) with enhancing banking prudential to make the Indian banking system more healthy and sustainable to cater to the multi-pronged role of the banking system in the Indian economy.
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What were the conditions of Indian agriculture at the time of independence of India? Also, highlights the measures taken by the government after independence in this regard. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Write a brief introduction about agriculture & its status. Cover points on conditions of Indian agriculture at the time of independence. Highlight the measures taken by the government after independence. Conclusion. Answer: Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops, and rearing livestock. Agriculture is the source of food supply, creates economic opportunities, is effective in poverty alleviation, etc for the population of the country. At the time of independence, agriculture contributed 53% of GDP and employed 73% of the workforce. Currently, approximately 45% workforce (nearly 17-18% contribution to GDP) in India is employed in agriculture. Indian agriculture at the time of independence (1947) : At the time of independence, agriculture contributed 53% of GDP and employed 73% of the workforce. Most of the farmers used primitive technologies. For examples : More than 30% of the farmers used wooden ploughers, only 6% of farmers used fertilizers and more than 80% of the land was dependent on monsoon. Most of the farming was subsistence farming which meant that farmers were producing for their own consumption. This meant that farmers would not have a good income, leading to a lack of capital & poor technologies. Therefore, Indian agriculture was a poor productivity system coupled with poor production. Any failure of the monsoon meant that India had significant food shortages and high food inflation. Government efforts in agriculture : First five-year plan (1951-56), the government emphasized agricultural infrastructural development that included the construction of dams & canals, roads for transportation, storage for infrastructure, and the creation of weighing facilities. That is the First Five Year Plan (1951-56): The focus was on irrigation, road infrastructure, storage, weighing, etc. Along with this, the government pushed for land reforms with the objective of providing lands to the tillers. However, these interventions were long gestation projects which aimed at improving productivity in the longer run. This meant that food production did not improve immediately and we had a continued dependence on food aid. Rising imports led to a crisis in 1957 and therefore the government consulted Ford Foundation to improve production in India. Based on the Foundation"s report, the government launched the Intensive Agricultural Development Program (IADP) and selected seven districts from seven states to improve production by providing capital and technology. The program was extended to 114 districts under the Intensive Agricultural Area program (IAAP). However, in 1965-66, drought led to the failure of these two programs creating food shortages in India. High Yeilding Variety (HYV) program : It was launched for five crops- wheat, rice, jawar, Bajra, and maize. The High Yeilding Variety (HYV) seeds of wheat were brought from Mexico and rice from the Philippines. HYV seeds were technological revolutions as they increased the production two to three more times than the previously used traditional seeds. Diversified agriculture ensures nutritional security for the population. As per the World Bank study 1% growth in agriculture is 2-3 times more effective in poverty alleviation as compared to 1% growth in non-agricultural sectors.
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##Question:What were the conditions of Indian agriculture at the time of independence of India? Also, highlights the measures taken by the government after independence in this regard. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Write a brief introduction about agriculture & its status. Cover points on conditions of Indian agriculture at the time of independence. Highlight the measures taken by the government after independence. Conclusion. Answer: Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops, and rearing livestock. Agriculture is the source of food supply, creates economic opportunities, is effective in poverty alleviation, etc for the population of the country. At the time of independence, agriculture contributed 53% of GDP and employed 73% of the workforce. Currently, approximately 45% workforce (nearly 17-18% contribution to GDP) in India is employed in agriculture. Indian agriculture at the time of independence (1947) : At the time of independence, agriculture contributed 53% of GDP and employed 73% of the workforce. Most of the farmers used primitive technologies. For examples : More than 30% of the farmers used wooden ploughers, only 6% of farmers used fertilizers and more than 80% of the land was dependent on monsoon. Most of the farming was subsistence farming which meant that farmers were producing for their own consumption. This meant that farmers would not have a good income, leading to a lack of capital & poor technologies. Therefore, Indian agriculture was a poor productivity system coupled with poor production. Any failure of the monsoon meant that India had significant food shortages and high food inflation. Government efforts in agriculture : First five-year plan (1951-56), the government emphasized agricultural infrastructural development that included the construction of dams & canals, roads for transportation, storage for infrastructure, and the creation of weighing facilities. That is the First Five Year Plan (1951-56): The focus was on irrigation, road infrastructure, storage, weighing, etc. Along with this, the government pushed for land reforms with the objective of providing lands to the tillers. However, these interventions were long gestation projects which aimed at improving productivity in the longer run. This meant that food production did not improve immediately and we had a continued dependence on food aid. Rising imports led to a crisis in 1957 and therefore the government consulted Ford Foundation to improve production in India. Based on the Foundation"s report, the government launched the Intensive Agricultural Development Program (IADP) and selected seven districts from seven states to improve production by providing capital and technology. The program was extended to 114 districts under the Intensive Agricultural Area program (IAAP). However, in 1965-66, drought led to the failure of these two programs creating food shortages in India. High Yeilding Variety (HYV) program : It was launched for five crops- wheat, rice, jawar, Bajra, and maize. The High Yeilding Variety (HYV) seeds of wheat were brought from Mexico and rice from the Philippines. HYV seeds were technological revolutions as they increased the production two to three more times than the previously used traditional seeds. Diversified agriculture ensures nutritional security for the population. As per the World Bank study 1% growth in agriculture is 2-3 times more effective in poverty alleviation as compared to 1% growth in non-agricultural sectors.
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टेलर की महाद्वीपीय प्रवाह परिकल्पना का परिचय प्रस्तुत कीजिए| साथ ही, अल्फ्रेड वेगेनर के महाद्वीपीय विस्थापन के सिद्धांत के संदर्भ में प्रवाह के लिए उत्तरदायी बलों पर चर्चा कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द) Introduce Taylor"s Continental Drift Hypothesis. Also, discuss the forces responsible for flow in the context of Alfred Wegener"s theory of continental drift. (150-200 Words)
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एप्रोच - उत्तर के पहले भाग में, टेलर की महाद्वीपीय प्रवाह परिकल्पना के बारे में लेखन कीजिए| अगले भाग में, अल्फ्रेड वेगेनर के महाद्वीपीय विस्थापन के सिद्धांत का संक्षिप्त परिचय दीजिये| अंतिम भाग में, महाद्वीपीय विस्थापन के सिद्धांत के संदर्भ में प्रवाह के लिए उत्तरदायी बलों पर चर्चा कीजिए| निष्कर्षतः, महाद्वीपीय विस्थापन के सिद्धांत के साक्ष्यों तथा महत्ता को काफी संक्षिप्तता से बताते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| उत्तर - टेलर की महाद्वीपीय प्रवाह परिकल्पना 1596 में सर्वप्रथम एक डच कार्टोग्राफर, अब्राहम ओर्टेलियस ने यह संभावना व्यक्त की थी कि अमेरिका, यूरोप और अफ्रीका महाद्वीप अतीत में किसी समय एक साथ जुड़े हुए थे| 1858 में एंटोनियो स्नाइडर ने तीनों महाद्वीपों को एक साथ दर्शाते हुए एक मानचित्र बनाया था| 1910 में, एफ. बी. टेलर (अमेरिका) ने टर्शियरी युग के वलित पर्वतों (आल्प्स, हिमालय आदि) के वितरण को समझाने के लिए महाद्वीपों के क्षैतिज विस्थापन या महाद्वीपीय प्रवाह की परिकल्पना का प्रतिपादन किया था| इन्होंने महाद्वीपों के प्रवाह की दिशा को विषुवत रेखा तथा पश्चिम की ओर माना था| महाद्वीपीय प्रवाह का तात्पर्य महाद्वीपों के क्षैतिज विस्थापन से है| प्रवाह का मुख्य कारण ज्वारीय बल बताया गया| अल्फ्रेड वेगेनर का महाद्वीपीय विस्थापन का सिद्धांत 1912 में प्रस्तुत जर्मन जलवायुवेत्ता वेगेनर द्वारा इस सिद्धांत की रूपरेखा रखना वेगेनर इस सिद्धांत के माध्यम से भूगर्भिक इतिहास में हुए जलवायु परिवर्तन की व्याख्या करना चाहते थे| भूमण्डल पर अनेक क्षेत्रों में ऐसे भूगर्भिक प्रमाण मिले हैं, जिनके आधार पर यह ज्ञात हुआ कि एक ही स्थान पर जलवायु में समय-समय पर अनेक परिवर्तन हुए हैं, अर्थात ---> या तो जलवायु कटिबंधों का स्थानांतरण हुआ होगा या स्थल भागों का स्थानांतरण महाद्वीपीय विस्थापन सिद्धांत की मूलभूत परिकल्पनाएं लगभग 250 मिलियन वर्ष पूर्व आज के सारे महाद्वीप आपस में जुड़े हुए थें और वेगेनर ने इसका नाम पैंजिया दिया (एक सुपर कॉन्टिनेंट के रूप में) यह पैंजिया चारों तरफ से एक विशाल समुद्र से घिरा हुआ था जिसका नाम पैंथालासा था| आगे चलकर इस पैंजिया का विखंडन शुरू हुआ और यह पैंजिया 2 वृहद महाद्वीपों में टूट गया - उत्तरी हिस्से को लौरेशिया कहा गया तथा दक्षिणी हिस्से को गोंडवानालैंड आगे चलकर ये लौरेशिया और गोंडवानालैंड छोटे-छोटे भागों में विभाजित हो गयें जो वर्तमान में आज के महाद्वीप हैं| यहाँ पर एके मानचित्र देना चाहिए (विश्व के मानचित्र के माध्यम से महाद्वीपों की स्थिति का स्पष्टीकरण - पैंजिया से लेकर वर्तमान तक का मानचित्र से स्पष्टीकरण ) वेगेनर के सिद्धांत के अनुसार, महाद्वीपीय भाग जोकि SIAL का बना हुआ है वो महासागरीय तल(SIMA) के ऊपर तैर या प्रवाहित रहा है| प्रवाह के लिए उत्तरदायी बल सीमा के ऊपर तैरते हुए पैंजिया का विखंडन एवं प्रवाह मुख्य रूप से गुरुत्वाकर्षण शक्तियों की असमानता के कारण संभव हुआ| वेगेनर के अनुसार, यह प्रवाह 2 दिशाओं में हुआ ---> भूमध्य रेखा की ओर प्रवाह के लिए अपकेंद्रीय बल ---> वेगेनर के अनुसार, महाद्वीपों का विस्थापन भूमध्य रेखा की तरफ हुआ क्योंकि पृथ्वी अपने अक्ष पर घूर्णन कर रही है और इसे ही अपकेंद्रीय बल कहा गया जिसको पोलर फिलिंग बल भी कहा जाता है| वेगनर ने बताया कि महाद्वीपों के भूमध्य रेखा की ओर प्रवाह के लिए पोलर फ्लीइंग बल (Polar fleeing force), गुरुत्व और उत्पलावन बल उत्तरदायी थे| पोलर फ्लीइंग फ़ोर्स पृथ्वी के घूर्णन (उपकेंद्रीय बल ) से संबंधित है। पश्चिम की ओर प्रवाह के लिए ज्वारीय बल ---> उत्तरी अमेरिका और दक्षिणी अमेरिका महाद्वीप पश्चिम की ओर स्थानांतरित हुयें जिसका मुख्य कारण वेगेनर के अनुसार, ज्वारीय बल था| ज्वारीय बल सूर्य और चंद्रमा के गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल से संबंधित है जिसके कारण समुद्र में ऊँची लहरें बहती हैं जिन्हें ज्वार कहा जाता है| वेगेनर द्वारा दिए गए इस महाद्वीपीय विस्थापन सिद्धांत के साक्ष्य महासागरीय तटों की भू-आकारिकी में समानता, महासागरों के पार की चट्टानों की आयु एवं संरचना में समानता, जीवाश्मों का वितरण आदि से मिलते हैं|हालाँकि, प्रवाह के लिए जिम्मेदार बल को लेकर महाद्वीपीय विस्थापन सिद्धांत की आलोचना की जाती है कि अपकेंद्रीय बल तथा ज्वारीय बल इतने मजबूत नहीं हैं कि ये महाद्वीपों को हजारों किमी तक विस्थापित कर सकें| फिर भी, वेगेनर द्वारा विभिन्न भू-आकृतियों के निर्माण एवं विन्यास की व्याख्या इस सिद्धांत के आधार पर करने का प्रयास किया गया| इस सिद्धांत ने आगे प्लेट विवर्तनिकी सिद्धांत को भी विकसित करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभायी|
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##Question:टेलर की महाद्वीपीय प्रवाह परिकल्पना का परिचय प्रस्तुत कीजिए| साथ ही, अल्फ्रेड वेगेनर के महाद्वीपीय विस्थापन के सिद्धांत के संदर्भ में प्रवाह के लिए उत्तरदायी बलों पर चर्चा कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द) Introduce Taylor"s Continental Drift Hypothesis. Also, discuss the forces responsible for flow in the context of Alfred Wegener"s theory of continental drift. (150-200 Words)##Answer:एप्रोच - उत्तर के पहले भाग में, टेलर की महाद्वीपीय प्रवाह परिकल्पना के बारे में लेखन कीजिए| अगले भाग में, अल्फ्रेड वेगेनर के महाद्वीपीय विस्थापन के सिद्धांत का संक्षिप्त परिचय दीजिये| अंतिम भाग में, महाद्वीपीय विस्थापन के सिद्धांत के संदर्भ में प्रवाह के लिए उत्तरदायी बलों पर चर्चा कीजिए| निष्कर्षतः, महाद्वीपीय विस्थापन के सिद्धांत के साक्ष्यों तथा महत्ता को काफी संक्षिप्तता से बताते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| उत्तर - टेलर की महाद्वीपीय प्रवाह परिकल्पना 1596 में सर्वप्रथम एक डच कार्टोग्राफर, अब्राहम ओर्टेलियस ने यह संभावना व्यक्त की थी कि अमेरिका, यूरोप और अफ्रीका महाद्वीप अतीत में किसी समय एक साथ जुड़े हुए थे| 1858 में एंटोनियो स्नाइडर ने तीनों महाद्वीपों को एक साथ दर्शाते हुए एक मानचित्र बनाया था| 1910 में, एफ. बी. टेलर (अमेरिका) ने टर्शियरी युग के वलित पर्वतों (आल्प्स, हिमालय आदि) के वितरण को समझाने के लिए महाद्वीपों के क्षैतिज विस्थापन या महाद्वीपीय प्रवाह की परिकल्पना का प्रतिपादन किया था| इन्होंने महाद्वीपों के प्रवाह की दिशा को विषुवत रेखा तथा पश्चिम की ओर माना था| महाद्वीपीय प्रवाह का तात्पर्य महाद्वीपों के क्षैतिज विस्थापन से है| प्रवाह का मुख्य कारण ज्वारीय बल बताया गया| अल्फ्रेड वेगेनर का महाद्वीपीय विस्थापन का सिद्धांत 1912 में प्रस्तुत जर्मन जलवायुवेत्ता वेगेनर द्वारा इस सिद्धांत की रूपरेखा रखना वेगेनर इस सिद्धांत के माध्यम से भूगर्भिक इतिहास में हुए जलवायु परिवर्तन की व्याख्या करना चाहते थे| भूमण्डल पर अनेक क्षेत्रों में ऐसे भूगर्भिक प्रमाण मिले हैं, जिनके आधार पर यह ज्ञात हुआ कि एक ही स्थान पर जलवायु में समय-समय पर अनेक परिवर्तन हुए हैं, अर्थात ---> या तो जलवायु कटिबंधों का स्थानांतरण हुआ होगा या स्थल भागों का स्थानांतरण महाद्वीपीय विस्थापन सिद्धांत की मूलभूत परिकल्पनाएं लगभग 250 मिलियन वर्ष पूर्व आज के सारे महाद्वीप आपस में जुड़े हुए थें और वेगेनर ने इसका नाम पैंजिया दिया (एक सुपर कॉन्टिनेंट के रूप में) यह पैंजिया चारों तरफ से एक विशाल समुद्र से घिरा हुआ था जिसका नाम पैंथालासा था| आगे चलकर इस पैंजिया का विखंडन शुरू हुआ और यह पैंजिया 2 वृहद महाद्वीपों में टूट गया - उत्तरी हिस्से को लौरेशिया कहा गया तथा दक्षिणी हिस्से को गोंडवानालैंड आगे चलकर ये लौरेशिया और गोंडवानालैंड छोटे-छोटे भागों में विभाजित हो गयें जो वर्तमान में आज के महाद्वीप हैं| यहाँ पर एके मानचित्र देना चाहिए (विश्व के मानचित्र के माध्यम से महाद्वीपों की स्थिति का स्पष्टीकरण - पैंजिया से लेकर वर्तमान तक का मानचित्र से स्पष्टीकरण ) वेगेनर के सिद्धांत के अनुसार, महाद्वीपीय भाग जोकि SIAL का बना हुआ है वो महासागरीय तल(SIMA) के ऊपर तैर या प्रवाहित रहा है| प्रवाह के लिए उत्तरदायी बल सीमा के ऊपर तैरते हुए पैंजिया का विखंडन एवं प्रवाह मुख्य रूप से गुरुत्वाकर्षण शक्तियों की असमानता के कारण संभव हुआ| वेगेनर के अनुसार, यह प्रवाह 2 दिशाओं में हुआ ---> भूमध्य रेखा की ओर प्रवाह के लिए अपकेंद्रीय बल ---> वेगेनर के अनुसार, महाद्वीपों का विस्थापन भूमध्य रेखा की तरफ हुआ क्योंकि पृथ्वी अपने अक्ष पर घूर्णन कर रही है और इसे ही अपकेंद्रीय बल कहा गया जिसको पोलर फिलिंग बल भी कहा जाता है| वेगनर ने बताया कि महाद्वीपों के भूमध्य रेखा की ओर प्रवाह के लिए पोलर फ्लीइंग बल (Polar fleeing force), गुरुत्व और उत्पलावन बल उत्तरदायी थे| पोलर फ्लीइंग फ़ोर्स पृथ्वी के घूर्णन (उपकेंद्रीय बल ) से संबंधित है। पश्चिम की ओर प्रवाह के लिए ज्वारीय बल ---> उत्तरी अमेरिका और दक्षिणी अमेरिका महाद्वीप पश्चिम की ओर स्थानांतरित हुयें जिसका मुख्य कारण वेगेनर के अनुसार, ज्वारीय बल था| ज्वारीय बल सूर्य और चंद्रमा के गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल से संबंधित है जिसके कारण समुद्र में ऊँची लहरें बहती हैं जिन्हें ज्वार कहा जाता है| वेगेनर द्वारा दिए गए इस महाद्वीपीय विस्थापन सिद्धांत के साक्ष्य महासागरीय तटों की भू-आकारिकी में समानता, महासागरों के पार की चट्टानों की आयु एवं संरचना में समानता, जीवाश्मों का वितरण आदि से मिलते हैं|हालाँकि, प्रवाह के लिए जिम्मेदार बल को लेकर महाद्वीपीय विस्थापन सिद्धांत की आलोचना की जाती है कि अपकेंद्रीय बल तथा ज्वारीय बल इतने मजबूत नहीं हैं कि ये महाद्वीपों को हजारों किमी तक विस्थापित कर सकें| फिर भी, वेगेनर द्वारा विभिन्न भू-आकृतियों के निर्माण एवं विन्यास की व्याख्या इस सिद्धांत के आधार पर करने का प्रयास किया गया| इस सिद्धांत ने आगे प्लेट विवर्तनिकी सिद्धांत को भी विकसित करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभायी|
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What is smog? How is it formed? Also discuss its effects and ways to reduce it? (15 marks ,250 words)
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Approach: We can start by defining smog. We must then mention both the type of smog, along with the ways of formation separately. We can cover the effects and ways to mitigate smog before concluding appropriately. Answer: Smog is a portmanteau of “Smoke & Fog”. When fog is mixed with pollutants such as oxides of sulfur, oxides of nitrogen, volatile organic compounds, Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate (PAN), aldehydes, ozone, dust particles, and others, it results in result in the formation of Smog. Smog can be of two types: Classical Smog. Photochemical Smog. Classical (London) Smog: Industrial emissions, especially those rich in oxides of Sulphur are major constituents of the smog. It was first reported in the early 1950s in London at a time when London had many coal-fired factories within its boundaries. It is formed due to the presence of Sulphur dioxide and humidity in the air which combines to form H2SO4 fog which deposits in the suspended particulate matter. Photochemical (Los Angeles Smog): The main components are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Nitrogen oxides. VOCs turn into gaseous form very easily and they may contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, Chlorine, and Sulphur. Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels in vehicles releases nitrogen oxides. The photochemical reaction takes place when the air contains NO2 and VOCs. Unlike the classical smog that is more common in industrial towns with humidity (London), Photochemical smog is more found in urban areas with calm winds. Here we also see the phenomenon of temperature inversion - instead of the warm air rising upward and dissipating, a pollution-filled layer of air remains near to the earth"s surface, with a slightly warmer layer above. Smog can be very hazardous as: VOCs and nitrogen oxides react with the sun to create secondary pollutants such as PAN and ground-level ( tropospheric ) ozone. The ill effects can range from irritation of the eyes, birth defects, mental defects, attention deficit, cardiac issues, and cancer. Asthma conditions are severely worsened by smog and can trigger asthma attacks. The ()famous Great London Smog in 1952 lasted for only 5 days, but it caused 4,000 deaths related to respiratory complications.. A further 8,000 people died in the following weeks. It also impacts the plants as they destroy the chlorophyll. They increase the chances of crop infection, thus reducing food production. Smog interferes with natural visibility and irritates the eyes, thereby increasing the probability of road accidents or even plane crashes. Once the pollutants have been released, and conducive conditions are available, the chemical reaction to form the smog cannot be stopped. So in order to prevent smog formation, we must work on reducing the discharge of pollutants. Some steps to achieve this are: Reducing vehicular exhaust through initiatives like Bharat Stage-6 emission norms. Reducing industrial exhaust through steps like Electrostatic precipitators. Policy decisions like Ethanol blending with petroleum would reduce the number of pollutants, reduce our oil-import budget and also provide additional income for farmers. Technological interventions like smog towers, artificial rain, etc. Shifting to greener sources of energy like Solar, tidal, Geothermal, Biogas, CNG, LPG, etc. Using appropriate smog detectors and monitoring systems. Behavioural changes like car-pooling, using public transport, etc. Policy framework, effective implementation and public enthusiasm will enable the provision of a smog-free ambient environment. The responsibility lies on us as per the virtue of international obligations as well as for the meaningful realisation of the right to life and liberty.
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##Question:What is smog? How is it formed? Also discuss its effects and ways to reduce it? (15 marks ,250 words)##Answer:Approach: We can start by defining smog. We must then mention both the type of smog, along with the ways of formation separately. We can cover the effects and ways to mitigate smog before concluding appropriately. Answer: Smog is a portmanteau of “Smoke & Fog”. When fog is mixed with pollutants such as oxides of sulfur, oxides of nitrogen, volatile organic compounds, Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate (PAN), aldehydes, ozone, dust particles, and others, it results in result in the formation of Smog. Smog can be of two types: Classical Smog. Photochemical Smog. Classical (London) Smog: Industrial emissions, especially those rich in oxides of Sulphur are major constituents of the smog. It was first reported in the early 1950s in London at a time when London had many coal-fired factories within its boundaries. It is formed due to the presence of Sulphur dioxide and humidity in the air which combines to form H2SO4 fog which deposits in the suspended particulate matter. Photochemical (Los Angeles Smog): The main components are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Nitrogen oxides. VOCs turn into gaseous form very easily and they may contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, Chlorine, and Sulphur. Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels in vehicles releases nitrogen oxides. The photochemical reaction takes place when the air contains NO2 and VOCs. Unlike the classical smog that is more common in industrial towns with humidity (London), Photochemical smog is more found in urban areas with calm winds. Here we also see the phenomenon of temperature inversion - instead of the warm air rising upward and dissipating, a pollution-filled layer of air remains near to the earth"s surface, with a slightly warmer layer above. Smog can be very hazardous as: VOCs and nitrogen oxides react with the sun to create secondary pollutants such as PAN and ground-level ( tropospheric ) ozone. The ill effects can range from irritation of the eyes, birth defects, mental defects, attention deficit, cardiac issues, and cancer. Asthma conditions are severely worsened by smog and can trigger asthma attacks. The ()famous Great London Smog in 1952 lasted for only 5 days, but it caused 4,000 deaths related to respiratory complications.. A further 8,000 people died in the following weeks. It also impacts the plants as they destroy the chlorophyll. They increase the chances of crop infection, thus reducing food production. Smog interferes with natural visibility and irritates the eyes, thereby increasing the probability of road accidents or even plane crashes. Once the pollutants have been released, and conducive conditions are available, the chemical reaction to form the smog cannot be stopped. So in order to prevent smog formation, we must work on reducing the discharge of pollutants. Some steps to achieve this are: Reducing vehicular exhaust through initiatives like Bharat Stage-6 emission norms. Reducing industrial exhaust through steps like Electrostatic precipitators. Policy decisions like Ethanol blending with petroleum would reduce the number of pollutants, reduce our oil-import budget and also provide additional income for farmers. Technological interventions like smog towers, artificial rain, etc. Shifting to greener sources of energy like Solar, tidal, Geothermal, Biogas, CNG, LPG, etc. Using appropriate smog detectors and monitoring systems. Behavioural changes like car-pooling, using public transport, etc. Policy framework, effective implementation and public enthusiasm will enable the provision of a smog-free ambient environment. The responsibility lies on us as per the virtue of international obligations as well as for the meaningful realisation of the right to life and liberty.
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Establish the linkage between 19th century renaissance and development of national identity. (150 Words/ 10 Marks)
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Approach: Briefly introduce the 19th-century renaissance. Mention the linkages between the 19th-century renaissance and the development of national identity. Conclude appropriately Answer: The socio-religious movements of the 19th century which are often called the Indian Renaissance marked the first major event to revive and reform Indian society in modern times. The movements played an important role in laying down the foundation of nationalism in India. Linkages between the 19th-century renaissance and the development of national identity: 1. The introduction of modern western education by the 19th-century renaissance gave birth to the educated middle class and led to the emergence of modern concepts like nationalism, unity etc. in India. 2. The reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidya Sagar, Jyotiba Phule etc. through their writings and efforts promoted equality and countered caste-based discrimination which helped in the emergence of national unity and nationalism. 3. The rediscovery of India"s glorious past brought a certain degree of pride and glory to the Indians. Examples include the excavation of the Indus Valley Civilisation made it very clear to the world that it was the most advanced civilization in the world. 4.The Renaissance movements were centred around rationalism, religious Universalism and humanism like Swami Vivekananda, and Raja Ram Mohan Roy etc. emphasised the ideal of Vasudeva Kutumbakam and left a deep impact upon the Indian Unity and sowed the seeds of nationalism. 5. The Indian Renaissance also helped in creating political and economic awareness among the various sections of Indian society and brought them together against the common exploitative and oppressive colonial rule. Thus, the socio-religious movements of the 19th century gave birth to the educated middle class who promoted the western concepts of equality and nationalism and sought to bring all sections of the society into the united struggle against the colonial regime.
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##Question:Establish the linkage between 19th century renaissance and development of national identity. (150 Words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Briefly introduce the 19th-century renaissance. Mention the linkages between the 19th-century renaissance and the development of national identity. Conclude appropriately Answer: The socio-religious movements of the 19th century which are often called the Indian Renaissance marked the first major event to revive and reform Indian society in modern times. The movements played an important role in laying down the foundation of nationalism in India. Linkages between the 19th-century renaissance and the development of national identity: 1. The introduction of modern western education by the 19th-century renaissance gave birth to the educated middle class and led to the emergence of modern concepts like nationalism, unity etc. in India. 2. The reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidya Sagar, Jyotiba Phule etc. through their writings and efforts promoted equality and countered caste-based discrimination which helped in the emergence of national unity and nationalism. 3. The rediscovery of India"s glorious past brought a certain degree of pride and glory to the Indians. Examples include the excavation of the Indus Valley Civilisation made it very clear to the world that it was the most advanced civilization in the world. 4.The Renaissance movements were centred around rationalism, religious Universalism and humanism like Swami Vivekananda, and Raja Ram Mohan Roy etc. emphasised the ideal of Vasudeva Kutumbakam and left a deep impact upon the Indian Unity and sowed the seeds of nationalism. 5. The Indian Renaissance also helped in creating political and economic awareness among the various sections of Indian society and brought them together against the common exploitative and oppressive colonial rule. Thus, the socio-religious movements of the 19th century gave birth to the educated middle class who promoted the western concepts of equality and nationalism and sought to bring all sections of the society into the united struggle against the colonial regime.
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What is Empathy? Discuss its importance. In what way Civil Servants can be made empathetic? (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach Define Empathy briefly. Discuss the characteristic feature of an empathetic Civil Servant and suggestions to develop them. Explain how Empathy could be enhanced Answer Definition -Empathy is the capacity to understand and share another"s state of mind and emotions and is often characterized as the ability to "put oneself into another"s shoes”. It is both a cognitive and emotional skill. Importance of empathy for the civil servant Relationship- Civil Servants with Empathy can develop the ability to understand others and in that way, they will be capable to build social connectivity. Empathy is important to regulate emotions by improving listening and understanding of the emotional behavior of others. Empathy will develop a sense of trust and care. Empathy will motivate and empower people working with you. Empathy will solidify the bond between the administrator and the administrator. Note- If empathy will be more then Governance will be good as well as ethical because with the support of empathy Civil Servants will always be capable to share emotions with others and will develop belongingness which will help them in regulating the emotion of people in the right direction, ultimately it will ensure collective, cooperative, positive humanistic effort to realize the goal that is called “ Common Goal”. How to show empathy at work? Listen without interruption Give smile during interaction Give recognition when appropriate Use co-workers name Ask for the opinion Don’t go for multitasking behavior during conversation 5 fundamental characteristics of empathetic leadership (i) Motivation (ii) Communication (iii) Supportive (iv) Community focus (v) High level of awareness Apart from these 5 fundamentals leaders should be approachable and should be flexible. How to improve empathy in Civil Services? Positive body language Involve employees in decision making Cultivate curiosity Receive feedback Develop thinking to understand the difficulties of co-workers Make a travel plan with co-workers to know the culture of others Show genuine interest in co-workers" goals and targets with an open-door policy Demonstrate values and lead by examples The matter of empathy becomes important in developing countries like India where civil servants are particularly not that empathetic towards the common people and have the sense of superiority that alienates them and severely destroys the bond of belongingness.
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##Question:What is Empathy? Discuss its importance. In what way Civil Servants can be made empathetic? (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Define Empathy briefly. Discuss the characteristic feature of an empathetic Civil Servant and suggestions to develop them. Explain how Empathy could be enhanced Answer Definition -Empathy is the capacity to understand and share another"s state of mind and emotions and is often characterized as the ability to "put oneself into another"s shoes”. It is both a cognitive and emotional skill. Importance of empathy for the civil servant Relationship- Civil Servants with Empathy can develop the ability to understand others and in that way, they will be capable to build social connectivity. Empathy is important to regulate emotions by improving listening and understanding of the emotional behavior of others. Empathy will develop a sense of trust and care. Empathy will motivate and empower people working with you. Empathy will solidify the bond between the administrator and the administrator. Note- If empathy will be more then Governance will be good as well as ethical because with the support of empathy Civil Servants will always be capable to share emotions with others and will develop belongingness which will help them in regulating the emotion of people in the right direction, ultimately it will ensure collective, cooperative, positive humanistic effort to realize the goal that is called “ Common Goal”. How to show empathy at work? Listen without interruption Give smile during interaction Give recognition when appropriate Use co-workers name Ask for the opinion Don’t go for multitasking behavior during conversation 5 fundamental characteristics of empathetic leadership (i) Motivation (ii) Communication (iii) Supportive (iv) Community focus (v) High level of awareness Apart from these 5 fundamentals leaders should be approachable and should be flexible. How to improve empathy in Civil Services? Positive body language Involve employees in decision making Cultivate curiosity Receive feedback Develop thinking to understand the difficulties of co-workers Make a travel plan with co-workers to know the culture of others Show genuine interest in co-workers" goals and targets with an open-door policy Demonstrate values and lead by examples The matter of empathy becomes important in developing countries like India where civil servants are particularly not that empathetic towards the common people and have the sense of superiority that alienates them and severely destroys the bond of belongingness.
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What do you understand by the Blockchain and its use in digital currencies? Discuss the Digital Challenges and opportunities of Blockchain technology. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the explanation of Blockchain technology. Then Bring the opportunities provided by the technology. Then further explain the challenges. Conclude accordingly. Answer The origin of digital currency can be traced back to the innovation of blockchain technology by Satoshi Nakamoto. This blockchain tech works on the open ledger system i.e. data is not centralized at one place as the same data is available on several computers. Any kind of alteration of the date is almost impossible. In this blockchain, there are three sub-blocks in each block. First, is the sub-block for the data, the second sub-block for the inscription called the hash, and the third is a sub-block for the pre-hash (it is nothing but the hash of the immediate earlier block to provide additional security). There is a beginning clock that is known as the genesis block. In this blockchain, those who are controlling and maintaining the cryptography are known as the miners. Cryptocurrencies are those digital currencies that have been found in digital format that the inscription without any physical manifestation. Moreover in blockchain technology, there is no single authority and a set of people or groups control the information. Any change in the information is possible with 50% approval known as the consensus rule. Opportunities of the Blockchain Technology In Governance , the use of Blockchain technology can eliminate this lack of interoperability which generates unnecessary red tape in obtaining relevant information from a user and makes the process for sharing data between agencies clear and inexpensive. Blockchain technology can be used to manage personal data from birth and death records to marriage certificates, passports, and census data. Registering government transactions in the blockchain helps create a trusted history for any transaction and significantly eases the auditing process. This would contribute to making public procurement more transparent In Agriculture, Blockchain technology can play the to improve third-party involvement by ensuring that they are tracking, collecting, and managing data in the best possible way. With blockchain, farmers and distributors are going to get their payments faster than ever-improving their ability to work on their next set of projects faster. In blockchain technology can improve digital healthcare records. It also improves pharmaceutical supply chain management. As usual, blockchain offers a decentralized, efficient and secure solution. To deepen Governance and democracy Blockchain technology can help in the development of systems such as Ballot Chain can manage online elections with secure and anonymous voting that participants can verify at any time. In environmental protection, blockchain can support supply chain management systems and can track products from the farm to the table, and show whether or not a food product is organic or Fair Trade. NITI Aayog is using it now in education, and health, on a pilot basis The biggest advantage of Blockchain technology as it is an open ledger, data manipulation is not possible. Moreover, it is decentralized but at the same time, disadvantages are that as there is no centralized authority are there, dispute resolution will be difficult. So far the biggest use of blockchain is found in the trading of cryptocurrency and non-fungible tokens. Challenges of the Blockchain Blockchain technology is expensive to initially put it in place. The massive usage of energy for the functioning of blockchain. Safeguarding the privacy of individuals and companies as blockchains are usually open ledgers for everyone to see. Knowledge of the benefits of distributed ledger technology is still limited. If automated risk management, smart contracts, and similar tools are deployed across a network, cascades of rapid and hard-to-control obligations and liquidity flows could propagate across a network. This interdependence will likely call for creative organizational thinking to address the need for governance and strong risk management. Cryptocurrency work on the basic principle of supply and demand. For example, in the case of bitcoin it will be a maximum of 21 million coins and therefore if more coins are demanded then the price will go up. One of the biggest of Cryptocurrency also can be viewed that it is not eco-friendly because mining these currencies take a lot of energy. Non-Fungible Tokens refers to those unique token that cannot be converted in any other asset. In India, the status of these cryptocurrencies is now legal as trading will attract taxes on the profits but are not the legal tenders. The Reserve bank of India (RBI) has taken the needed steps to prevent any eventuality and RBI is going to introduce its own central bank digital currency. This information was provided in the budget.
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##Question:What do you understand by the Blockchain and its use in digital currencies? Discuss the Digital Challenges and opportunities of Blockchain technology. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the explanation of Blockchain technology. Then Bring the opportunities provided by the technology. Then further explain the challenges. Conclude accordingly. Answer The origin of digital currency can be traced back to the innovation of blockchain technology by Satoshi Nakamoto. This blockchain tech works on the open ledger system i.e. data is not centralized at one place as the same data is available on several computers. Any kind of alteration of the date is almost impossible. In this blockchain, there are three sub-blocks in each block. First, is the sub-block for the data, the second sub-block for the inscription called the hash, and the third is a sub-block for the pre-hash (it is nothing but the hash of the immediate earlier block to provide additional security). There is a beginning clock that is known as the genesis block. In this blockchain, those who are controlling and maintaining the cryptography are known as the miners. Cryptocurrencies are those digital currencies that have been found in digital format that the inscription without any physical manifestation. Moreover in blockchain technology, there is no single authority and a set of people or groups control the information. Any change in the information is possible with 50% approval known as the consensus rule. Opportunities of the Blockchain Technology In Governance , the use of Blockchain technology can eliminate this lack of interoperability which generates unnecessary red tape in obtaining relevant information from a user and makes the process for sharing data between agencies clear and inexpensive. Blockchain technology can be used to manage personal data from birth and death records to marriage certificates, passports, and census data. Registering government transactions in the blockchain helps create a trusted history for any transaction and significantly eases the auditing process. This would contribute to making public procurement more transparent In Agriculture, Blockchain technology can play the to improve third-party involvement by ensuring that they are tracking, collecting, and managing data in the best possible way. With blockchain, farmers and distributors are going to get their payments faster than ever-improving their ability to work on their next set of projects faster. In blockchain technology can improve digital healthcare records. It also improves pharmaceutical supply chain management. As usual, blockchain offers a decentralized, efficient and secure solution. To deepen Governance and democracy Blockchain technology can help in the development of systems such as Ballot Chain can manage online elections with secure and anonymous voting that participants can verify at any time. In environmental protection, blockchain can support supply chain management systems and can track products from the farm to the table, and show whether or not a food product is organic or Fair Trade. NITI Aayog is using it now in education, and health, on a pilot basis The biggest advantage of Blockchain technology as it is an open ledger, data manipulation is not possible. Moreover, it is decentralized but at the same time, disadvantages are that as there is no centralized authority are there, dispute resolution will be difficult. So far the biggest use of blockchain is found in the trading of cryptocurrency and non-fungible tokens. Challenges of the Blockchain Blockchain technology is expensive to initially put it in place. The massive usage of energy for the functioning of blockchain. Safeguarding the privacy of individuals and companies as blockchains are usually open ledgers for everyone to see. Knowledge of the benefits of distributed ledger technology is still limited. If automated risk management, smart contracts, and similar tools are deployed across a network, cascades of rapid and hard-to-control obligations and liquidity flows could propagate across a network. This interdependence will likely call for creative organizational thinking to address the need for governance and strong risk management. Cryptocurrency work on the basic principle of supply and demand. For example, in the case of bitcoin it will be a maximum of 21 million coins and therefore if more coins are demanded then the price will go up. One of the biggest of Cryptocurrency also can be viewed that it is not eco-friendly because mining these currencies take a lot of energy. Non-Fungible Tokens refers to those unique token that cannot be converted in any other asset. In India, the status of these cryptocurrencies is now legal as trading will attract taxes on the profits but are not the legal tenders. The Reserve bank of India (RBI) has taken the needed steps to prevent any eventuality and RBI is going to introduce its own central bank digital currency. This information was provided in the budget.
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भारत का वर्तमान मानचित्र स्वतंत्रता पूर्व एवं स्वतंत्रता के पश्चात के लंबे और गहन प्रयासों का परिणाम है। रियासतों के एकीकरण के विशेष संदर्भ में टिप्पणी कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) The present map of India is the result of long and intense effort before and after independence. Comment with special reference to integration of princely states. (150-200 words, 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण: स्वतंत्रता के समय और वर्तमान के भारत के राज्यों का उल्लेख कर उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए। रियासतों के एकीकरण में आई चुनौतियों को लिखिए। रियासतों के एकीकरण में सहायक तत्वों को समझाइए। इसके बाद के राज्यों का पुनर्गठन का उल्लेख करते हुए उत्तर को समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: स्वतंत्रता के समय भारत दो भागों में विभक्त था। एक हिस्सा ब्रिटिश सरकार के सीधे नियंत्रण में था जिसे ब्रिटिश प्रांत कहा जाता था और दूसरा हिस्सा था देसी रियासतें, इन पर ब्रिटिश सरकार का ब्रिटिश पैरामाउंटेसी के तहत अप्रत्यक्ष नियंत्रण था। इन रियासतों की संख्या लगभग 565 थी जो उस समय के भारत का लगभग 40 प्रतिशत हिस्सा था। इन देसी रियासतों के भारत में एकीकरण के संदर्भ में निम्नलिखित बाधाएं विद्यमान थी- ब्रिटिश सरकार एवं रियासतों का संधियों से बंधा होना तथा रियासतों के संदर्भ में सर्वोच्च अधिकार (पैरामाउंटेसी) ब्रिटिश सरकार के पास था। स्वतंत्रता के बाद इन रियासतों और ब्रिटिश सरकार के बीच क्या संबंध होगा यह स्पष्ट नहीं था। ब्रिटिश सरकार द्वारा समय-समय पर रियासतों को काँग्रेस के विरुद्ध खड़ा करने और अलगाववादी भावनाओं को उभारने का कार्य किया, जैसे- 1942 का क्रिप्स मिशन। फरवरी 1947 तक ब्रिटिश सरकार रियासतों को लेकर अस्पष्ट रूप से कह रही थी कि सर्वोच्चता का अधिकार किसी डोमिनियन को देने का इरादा नहीं है। जिन्ना भी रियासतों में अलगाववादी भावनाओं का समर्थन कर रहे थे। मार्क्सवादियों के द्वारा भी भारत को कई भागों में विभाजित किए जाने का समर्थन किया जा रहा था। ताकि ये अपना प्रभाव उन पर बना सकें। ब्रिटिश भारत एवं रियासतों के राजनैतिक, सामाजिक आर्थिक विकास में भी अंतर था। कुछ रियासतें आर्थिक रूप से सक्षम थी जबकि कुछ काफी पिछड़ी हुई थी। कुछ रियासते स्वतंत्र रहना चाहती थी। जैसे- कश्मीर। कुछ रियासतें पाकिस्तान के साथ जाना चाहती थी। जैसे- जूनागढ़, जोधपुर आदि। विलय की स्थिति में रियासतों की प्रशासनिक मशीनरी सैन्य ढांचा, अधिकारी वर्ग इत्यादि का समायोजन भी एक बड़ी चुनौती थी। हालांकि, इन सभी बाधाओं के बावजूद इनके एकीकरण में कुछ सहायक तत्व भी थे, जिससे इनका विलय भारत में हुआ- ब्रिटिश भारत एवं रियासतों की जनता के बीच भावनात्मक स्तर पर एकीकरण। रियासतों के प्रजामंडल एवं काँग्रेस के बीच प्रगाढ़ संबंध तथा प्रजामंडलों के द्वारा विलय का समर्थन। काँग्रेस के द्वारा ब्रिटिश सरकार पर रियासतों की आजादी के लिए दबाव तथा काँग्रेस की यह मांग भी कि जहां तक संभव हो एक विशाल भारत का निर्माण वहाँ तक ब्रिटिश सरकार सहयोग करेगी बड़ी संख्या में रियासतों की भौगोलिक व आर्थिक परिस्थितियाँ भी ऐसी थी जिसमें ब्रिटिश भारत के साथ विलय कर ही अस्तित्व में रह सकते थे। स्वतंत्रता से पूर्व माउंटबेटन का सहयोगी दृष्टिकोण ने रियासतों को भारत में शामिल होने के लिए प्रोत्साहित किया। वल्लभ भाई पटेल की दृढ़ इच्छाशक्ति द्वारा भी इन रियासतों का एकीकरण भारत में संभव हो पाया। इन सबके बाद रियासतों का एकीकरण तीन चरणों में सम्पन्न हुआ- जून 1947 से अगस्त 1947- जून 1947 में वल्लभ भाई पटेल के नेतृत्व में रियासतों से संबंधित एक विभाग का गठन किया गया। इस विभाग के द्वारा एक विलय पत्र तैयार किया गया। जिसमें रियासतों से आग्रह किया गया कि वे रक्षा, संचार एवं विदेश मामलों से संबंधित अधिकार भारतीय संघ को सौंप दें। 15 अगस्त 1947 तक कश्मीर, जूनागढ़ एवं हैदराबाद के अतिरिक्त सभी रियासतों ने विलयपत्र पर हस्ताक्षर किया। अगस्त 1947 से जनवरी 1950- इस चरण में ऑपरेशन पोलो द्वारा हैदराबाद का विलय किया गया, जूनागढ़ का विलय जनमत संग्रह द्वारा और कश्मीर का विलय विलय पत्र पर हस्ताक्षर करके किया गया। इसके अलावा इस चरण में रियासतों का पुनर्गठन किया गया, कुछ छोटी रियासतों को पास के ब्रिटिश प्रांत में मिला दिया गया, कुछ रियासतों को मिलाकर नए राज्य का निर्माण किया गया, कुछ रियासतों को यथावत रहने दिया गया। 1950 से 1956- 1953 में राज्य पुनर्गठन आयोग का गठन किया गया और 1956 में पुनर्गठन अधिनियम पारित किया गया। जिसमें भाषा एवं अन्य आधारों को ध्यान में रखते हुए क्षेत्रों का पुनर्गठन किया गया और ब्रिटिश प्रांतों व देशी रियासतों का विभेद पूरी तरह से समाप्त हुआ। इसके अलावा 1954 में पांडिचेरी, 1961 में गोवा, 1975 में सिक्किम का विलय किया गया। इसके अलावा भारत में राज्यों का पुनर्गठन लगातार जारी है और नए राज्यों का निर्माण भी आवश्यकतानुसार जारी है।
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##Question:भारत का वर्तमान मानचित्र स्वतंत्रता पूर्व एवं स्वतंत्रता के पश्चात के लंबे और गहन प्रयासों का परिणाम है। रियासतों के एकीकरण के विशेष संदर्भ में टिप्पणी कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) The present map of India is the result of long and intense effort before and after independence. Comment with special reference to integration of princely states. (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: स्वतंत्रता के समय और वर्तमान के भारत के राज्यों का उल्लेख कर उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए। रियासतों के एकीकरण में आई चुनौतियों को लिखिए। रियासतों के एकीकरण में सहायक तत्वों को समझाइए। इसके बाद के राज्यों का पुनर्गठन का उल्लेख करते हुए उत्तर को समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: स्वतंत्रता के समय भारत दो भागों में विभक्त था। एक हिस्सा ब्रिटिश सरकार के सीधे नियंत्रण में था जिसे ब्रिटिश प्रांत कहा जाता था और दूसरा हिस्सा था देसी रियासतें, इन पर ब्रिटिश सरकार का ब्रिटिश पैरामाउंटेसी के तहत अप्रत्यक्ष नियंत्रण था। इन रियासतों की संख्या लगभग 565 थी जो उस समय के भारत का लगभग 40 प्रतिशत हिस्सा था। इन देसी रियासतों के भारत में एकीकरण के संदर्भ में निम्नलिखित बाधाएं विद्यमान थी- ब्रिटिश सरकार एवं रियासतों का संधियों से बंधा होना तथा रियासतों के संदर्भ में सर्वोच्च अधिकार (पैरामाउंटेसी) ब्रिटिश सरकार के पास था। स्वतंत्रता के बाद इन रियासतों और ब्रिटिश सरकार के बीच क्या संबंध होगा यह स्पष्ट नहीं था। ब्रिटिश सरकार द्वारा समय-समय पर रियासतों को काँग्रेस के विरुद्ध खड़ा करने और अलगाववादी भावनाओं को उभारने का कार्य किया, जैसे- 1942 का क्रिप्स मिशन। फरवरी 1947 तक ब्रिटिश सरकार रियासतों को लेकर अस्पष्ट रूप से कह रही थी कि सर्वोच्चता का अधिकार किसी डोमिनियन को देने का इरादा नहीं है। जिन्ना भी रियासतों में अलगाववादी भावनाओं का समर्थन कर रहे थे। मार्क्सवादियों के द्वारा भी भारत को कई भागों में विभाजित किए जाने का समर्थन किया जा रहा था। ताकि ये अपना प्रभाव उन पर बना सकें। ब्रिटिश भारत एवं रियासतों के राजनैतिक, सामाजिक आर्थिक विकास में भी अंतर था। कुछ रियासतें आर्थिक रूप से सक्षम थी जबकि कुछ काफी पिछड़ी हुई थी। कुछ रियासते स्वतंत्र रहना चाहती थी। जैसे- कश्मीर। कुछ रियासतें पाकिस्तान के साथ जाना चाहती थी। जैसे- जूनागढ़, जोधपुर आदि। विलय की स्थिति में रियासतों की प्रशासनिक मशीनरी सैन्य ढांचा, अधिकारी वर्ग इत्यादि का समायोजन भी एक बड़ी चुनौती थी। हालांकि, इन सभी बाधाओं के बावजूद इनके एकीकरण में कुछ सहायक तत्व भी थे, जिससे इनका विलय भारत में हुआ- ब्रिटिश भारत एवं रियासतों की जनता के बीच भावनात्मक स्तर पर एकीकरण। रियासतों के प्रजामंडल एवं काँग्रेस के बीच प्रगाढ़ संबंध तथा प्रजामंडलों के द्वारा विलय का समर्थन। काँग्रेस के द्वारा ब्रिटिश सरकार पर रियासतों की आजादी के लिए दबाव तथा काँग्रेस की यह मांग भी कि जहां तक संभव हो एक विशाल भारत का निर्माण वहाँ तक ब्रिटिश सरकार सहयोग करेगी बड़ी संख्या में रियासतों की भौगोलिक व आर्थिक परिस्थितियाँ भी ऐसी थी जिसमें ब्रिटिश भारत के साथ विलय कर ही अस्तित्व में रह सकते थे। स्वतंत्रता से पूर्व माउंटबेटन का सहयोगी दृष्टिकोण ने रियासतों को भारत में शामिल होने के लिए प्रोत्साहित किया। वल्लभ भाई पटेल की दृढ़ इच्छाशक्ति द्वारा भी इन रियासतों का एकीकरण भारत में संभव हो पाया। इन सबके बाद रियासतों का एकीकरण तीन चरणों में सम्पन्न हुआ- जून 1947 से अगस्त 1947- जून 1947 में वल्लभ भाई पटेल के नेतृत्व में रियासतों से संबंधित एक विभाग का गठन किया गया। इस विभाग के द्वारा एक विलय पत्र तैयार किया गया। जिसमें रियासतों से आग्रह किया गया कि वे रक्षा, संचार एवं विदेश मामलों से संबंधित अधिकार भारतीय संघ को सौंप दें। 15 अगस्त 1947 तक कश्मीर, जूनागढ़ एवं हैदराबाद के अतिरिक्त सभी रियासतों ने विलयपत्र पर हस्ताक्षर किया। अगस्त 1947 से जनवरी 1950- इस चरण में ऑपरेशन पोलो द्वारा हैदराबाद का विलय किया गया, जूनागढ़ का विलय जनमत संग्रह द्वारा और कश्मीर का विलय विलय पत्र पर हस्ताक्षर करके किया गया। इसके अलावा इस चरण में रियासतों का पुनर्गठन किया गया, कुछ छोटी रियासतों को पास के ब्रिटिश प्रांत में मिला दिया गया, कुछ रियासतों को मिलाकर नए राज्य का निर्माण किया गया, कुछ रियासतों को यथावत रहने दिया गया। 1950 से 1956- 1953 में राज्य पुनर्गठन आयोग का गठन किया गया और 1956 में पुनर्गठन अधिनियम पारित किया गया। जिसमें भाषा एवं अन्य आधारों को ध्यान में रखते हुए क्षेत्रों का पुनर्गठन किया गया और ब्रिटिश प्रांतों व देशी रियासतों का विभेद पूरी तरह से समाप्त हुआ। इसके अलावा 1954 में पांडिचेरी, 1961 में गोवा, 1975 में सिक्किम का विलय किया गया। इसके अलावा भारत में राज्यों का पुनर्गठन लगातार जारी है और नए राज्यों का निर्माण भी आवश्यकतानुसार जारी है।
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Analyze the India-Sri Lanka relations in the context of the Chinese influence in Sri Lanka. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the importance of Sri Lanka/historical background of India-Sri Lanka foreign relations. Then discuss the Chinese expansion in Sri Lanka Bring the Indian steps in response to the Chinese presence in Sri Lanka Conclude accordingly Answer The relations between the two countries go back 2500 years when Buddhism spread from India to Sri Lanka. Prince Vijaya from Eastern India founded the Sinhala race. Sri Lanka is located at the center of various Sea Line of Communication (SLoC) that traverse the Indian Ocean. Through these Sea Line of Communication (SLoC) pass 90% of India’s trade in goods and energy imports. Sri Lanka is referred as “An Aircraft carrier docked 10 miles from Indian Ocean Coast”. Prior to the current economic crisis, Sri Lanka was the second largest trading partner of India in South Asia. In fact, India signed its first-ever Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with Sri Lanka in 1998. India’s Foreign Policy with respect to Sri Lanka India has a two-pronged foreign policy with respect to the Island nation which is governed by two considerations. Geostrategic Concern: Because of the strategic location of Sri Lanka, India seeks good relations with the Sinhalese majority who hold power in Sri Lanka to keep Sri Lanka away from hostile external influences. Prevent the growth of Tamil Extremism and separatism in Sri Lanka/which can spill over into India. These two policy goals are not always in line and thereby complicating India’s Sri Lanka Relations. With respect to the Tamil cause India seeks to play a mediatory role between Tamils and the power-centric Sinhalese community while because of domestic sentiments India has provided refugees to Tamil militants in the past apart from other support. This twin role of mediation and supporting the militants are contradictory and affect India-Sri Lanka relations. It has led to suspicion against India of both Sri Lankan Sinhalese and Tamil minorities. Ethnic Crisis in Sri Lanka and Role of India Sinhalese majority believes in the centralization of power and this has resulted in the marginalization of the Tamil minority. It has undertaken policies such as the Citizenship Act of 1948 which resulted not only in disenfranchising the Tamils but also made them stateless. This resulted in a refugee crisis in India. Indian sentiments lie with their brethren across the border. The distinction between India and Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka which was clearly maintained during the Nehru Era was diluted because of the growing marginalization of the Tamils in general in Sri Lanka by the 1970s. When Colombo blockaded Jaffna in June 1987, the Indian Government under Operation Poomalai air-dropped food aid violating Sri Lankan Air Space. India was against any military solution to the crisis. Colombo was pressurized to sign the India-Sri Lanka Accord of 1987. China in Sri Lanka Given the asymmetric nature of India-Sri Lanka relations, the Sinhalese leaders are apprehensive of India’s objectives and therefore seek relations with China to counterbalance India’s influence. This is the general reason In recent history during the Mahendra Rajapaksha tenure, the Chinese tilt was evident. China provided offensive weapons in its 4th Eelam war. Sri Lanka was looking at China for economic and diplomatic backing when the west was threatening to sanction Colombo for the war crimes it committed. Sri Lanka banks upon the use of the veto by China and Russia in UNSC on resolutions against Sri Lanka. India in 2012 and 2013 in fact voted against Sri Lanka on a country-specific resolution (an unusual step for India) in UNHRC. Sri Lank has been a keen supporter of Chinese BRI. In fact, it became a poster child of Chinese expansion through its debt policy. China is the biggest foreign investor in Sri Lanka. For example, the Colombo Port city project, Hambantota Port which has been leased out for 99 years for China, Colombo international container terminals, etc. Out of Sri Lankan, eleven billion external debt 8 billion dollars are owed to China. China in recent years has changed the nature of loans to Sri Lanka. From the Project"s Loans which can be used for the subscribed projects only to Syndicated Loans whereby Sri Lanka is free to use Chinese assistance for the purposes, it sees fit including two address adverse BoP. China in recent years has diversified into new areas such as agriculture, plantations, food processing, etc. Impact on India Creates strategic concerns for India: Response of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka has said/committed it would follow a neutral foreign policy i.e. engaged with other countries for diplomatic and economic relations but will follow India First policy in strategic and security matters. However, it has violated its commitment to India’s concerns regarding security in the past. It crossed Indian redlines when it allowed Chinese conventional submarines to visit Colombo twice in 2014. It was the first time that a Chinese submarine openly visited a foreign country or registered its presence in the Indian Ocean. Recently Yuan Wang V (YW V) Ballistic missile and satellite tracking ship docked at the Hambantota port for replenishment. It raised security concerns for India because it was capable of electronic surveillance on the Indian coast and the coastal states. Response of India India has sought to counter-balance Chinese economic footprints through its own economic projects such as Trincomalee Oil Farm Tanks. Matalla Air Port, Eastern Container Terminal (ECT) of the Colombo Port. But most of these projects were canceled. Recently when the Eastern Container Terminal (ECT) project was canceled by Sri Lanka on grounds of local opposition as compensation it offered an 85% percent stake of Western Container Terminal (WCT) to the India-Japan consortium. Development Assistance: India has funded the ambulances and trained the Sri Lankan Staff for the Suwa Seriya Ambulance Service of Sri Lanka. India is undertaking housing projects in Northern, Central, and Southern Provinces for the Tamils in Sri Lanka apart from other high-impact development assessments. Balanced Chinese hard power through India’s soft power: The Buddhist connection between the two countries is emphasized as outreach to the Sinhalese majority. In 2020 India earmarked an extra 15 million dollars for the preservation of Buddhist heritage and has committed to facilitate the Sri Lankan pilgrims to travel to Kushinagar. Way Forward China has pledged to continue its support to Colombo at the UNHRC. From the Sri Lankan Perspective also China along with Russia could be counted upon to use their veto in the UNSC. India, on the other hand, is not a P5 country, this is an important strategic reality shaping Sri Lanka"s foreign policy vis-à-vis India and China. Unlike India, China’s approach to Sri Lanka is not complicated by any domestic factor and it can continue unrestricted/unconstrained outreach to the Sinhalese majority who hold power in Sri Lanka. On the other hand domestic Tamil opinion prevent India from backing Sri Lanka on the UNHRC. It can explore the possibility of coauthored resolutions in UNHRC like when Wickremesinghe was the PM between 2014 to 2019. Also, India should impress upon the US and its other western allies. The genuine security interest of India and Sri Lanka. They should be willing to acknowledge south Asia and Indian Ocean Region as India’s traditional sphere of influence and not take steps that sideline India to create vacancies for China to be filled.
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##Question:Analyze the India-Sri Lanka relations in the context of the Chinese influence in Sri Lanka. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the importance of Sri Lanka/historical background of India-Sri Lanka foreign relations. Then discuss the Chinese expansion in Sri Lanka Bring the Indian steps in response to the Chinese presence in Sri Lanka Conclude accordingly Answer The relations between the two countries go back 2500 years when Buddhism spread from India to Sri Lanka. Prince Vijaya from Eastern India founded the Sinhala race. Sri Lanka is located at the center of various Sea Line of Communication (SLoC) that traverse the Indian Ocean. Through these Sea Line of Communication (SLoC) pass 90% of India’s trade in goods and energy imports. Sri Lanka is referred as “An Aircraft carrier docked 10 miles from Indian Ocean Coast”. Prior to the current economic crisis, Sri Lanka was the second largest trading partner of India in South Asia. In fact, India signed its first-ever Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with Sri Lanka in 1998. India’s Foreign Policy with respect to Sri Lanka India has a two-pronged foreign policy with respect to the Island nation which is governed by two considerations. Geostrategic Concern: Because of the strategic location of Sri Lanka, India seeks good relations with the Sinhalese majority who hold power in Sri Lanka to keep Sri Lanka away from hostile external influences. Prevent the growth of Tamil Extremism and separatism in Sri Lanka/which can spill over into India. These two policy goals are not always in line and thereby complicating India’s Sri Lanka Relations. With respect to the Tamil cause India seeks to play a mediatory role between Tamils and the power-centric Sinhalese community while because of domestic sentiments India has provided refugees to Tamil militants in the past apart from other support. This twin role of mediation and supporting the militants are contradictory and affect India-Sri Lanka relations. It has led to suspicion against India of both Sri Lankan Sinhalese and Tamil minorities. Ethnic Crisis in Sri Lanka and Role of India Sinhalese majority believes in the centralization of power and this has resulted in the marginalization of the Tamil minority. It has undertaken policies such as the Citizenship Act of 1948 which resulted not only in disenfranchising the Tamils but also made them stateless. This resulted in a refugee crisis in India. Indian sentiments lie with their brethren across the border. The distinction between India and Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka which was clearly maintained during the Nehru Era was diluted because of the growing marginalization of the Tamils in general in Sri Lanka by the 1970s. When Colombo blockaded Jaffna in June 1987, the Indian Government under Operation Poomalai air-dropped food aid violating Sri Lankan Air Space. India was against any military solution to the crisis. Colombo was pressurized to sign the India-Sri Lanka Accord of 1987. China in Sri Lanka Given the asymmetric nature of India-Sri Lanka relations, the Sinhalese leaders are apprehensive of India’s objectives and therefore seek relations with China to counterbalance India’s influence. This is the general reason In recent history during the Mahendra Rajapaksha tenure, the Chinese tilt was evident. China provided offensive weapons in its 4th Eelam war. Sri Lanka was looking at China for economic and diplomatic backing when the west was threatening to sanction Colombo for the war crimes it committed. Sri Lanka banks upon the use of the veto by China and Russia in UNSC on resolutions against Sri Lanka. India in 2012 and 2013 in fact voted against Sri Lanka on a country-specific resolution (an unusual step for India) in UNHRC. Sri Lank has been a keen supporter of Chinese BRI. In fact, it became a poster child of Chinese expansion through its debt policy. China is the biggest foreign investor in Sri Lanka. For example, the Colombo Port city project, Hambantota Port which has been leased out for 99 years for China, Colombo international container terminals, etc. Out of Sri Lankan, eleven billion external debt 8 billion dollars are owed to China. China in recent years has changed the nature of loans to Sri Lanka. From the Project"s Loans which can be used for the subscribed projects only to Syndicated Loans whereby Sri Lanka is free to use Chinese assistance for the purposes, it sees fit including two address adverse BoP. China in recent years has diversified into new areas such as agriculture, plantations, food processing, etc. Impact on India Creates strategic concerns for India: Response of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka has said/committed it would follow a neutral foreign policy i.e. engaged with other countries for diplomatic and economic relations but will follow India First policy in strategic and security matters. However, it has violated its commitment to India’s concerns regarding security in the past. It crossed Indian redlines when it allowed Chinese conventional submarines to visit Colombo twice in 2014. It was the first time that a Chinese submarine openly visited a foreign country or registered its presence in the Indian Ocean. Recently Yuan Wang V (YW V) Ballistic missile and satellite tracking ship docked at the Hambantota port for replenishment. It raised security concerns for India because it was capable of electronic surveillance on the Indian coast and the coastal states. Response of India India has sought to counter-balance Chinese economic footprints through its own economic projects such as Trincomalee Oil Farm Tanks. Matalla Air Port, Eastern Container Terminal (ECT) of the Colombo Port. But most of these projects were canceled. Recently when the Eastern Container Terminal (ECT) project was canceled by Sri Lanka on grounds of local opposition as compensation it offered an 85% percent stake of Western Container Terminal (WCT) to the India-Japan consortium. Development Assistance: India has funded the ambulances and trained the Sri Lankan Staff for the Suwa Seriya Ambulance Service of Sri Lanka. India is undertaking housing projects in Northern, Central, and Southern Provinces for the Tamils in Sri Lanka apart from other high-impact development assessments. Balanced Chinese hard power through India’s soft power: The Buddhist connection between the two countries is emphasized as outreach to the Sinhalese majority. In 2020 India earmarked an extra 15 million dollars for the preservation of Buddhist heritage and has committed to facilitate the Sri Lankan pilgrims to travel to Kushinagar. Way Forward China has pledged to continue its support to Colombo at the UNHRC. From the Sri Lankan Perspective also China along with Russia could be counted upon to use their veto in the UNSC. India, on the other hand, is not a P5 country, this is an important strategic reality shaping Sri Lanka"s foreign policy vis-à-vis India and China. Unlike India, China’s approach to Sri Lanka is not complicated by any domestic factor and it can continue unrestricted/unconstrained outreach to the Sinhalese majority who hold power in Sri Lanka. On the other hand domestic Tamil opinion prevent India from backing Sri Lanka on the UNHRC. It can explore the possibility of coauthored resolutions in UNHRC like when Wickremesinghe was the PM between 2014 to 2019. Also, India should impress upon the US and its other western allies. The genuine security interest of India and Sri Lanka. They should be willing to acknowledge south Asia and Indian Ocean Region as India’s traditional sphere of influence and not take steps that sideline India to create vacancies for China to be filled.
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“India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka”. Discuss India’s role in recent crisis in Sri Lanka in light of the preceding statement. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with events of age-old friendship between India and Sri Lanka Discuss the recent crisis in Sri Lanka with reasons for the crisis. Further, bring the Response of India and connect it with the reflection of the deep friendship. Conclude with the futuristic suggestion. Answer India and Sri Lanka have a legacy of intellectual, cultural, religious and linguistic interactionand the relationship between the two countries is more than 2500 years old. Both the countries engage in various areas of cooperation which include economic, developmental projects, military exercises, disaster management cooperation etc. Recently, Sri Lanka faced its worst economic crisis since the country’s independence from British colonial rule in 1948. The country had amassed $51 billion in foreign debt, inflation had soared past 17%, and its debt-to-GDP ratio had escalated from 86.9 per cent in 2019 to 100.6 per cent in 2020, and 105.6 per cent in 2021. The reason for the present scenario can be summed up in six key economic challenges: the state of the domestic economy, Balance of Payments (BOP) crises, successive IMF loans, unwarranted agricultural reforms contributing to FOREX scarcity and soaring inflation, the downfall of the tourism sector, and the country’s historical fetishism for sovereign debts. This crisis has repercussions on India as well due to increasing strategic involvement of China in Sri Lanka, adverse economic on India, rise in illegal immigration, revival of the Tamil issue etc. In this context, speedy recovery of Sri Lanka is in India’s interest. India’s assistance to Sri Lanka India’s bilateral assistance to Sri Lanka to deal with the economic crisis can be divided into two broad categories: 1) assistance to meet the immediate requirements and 2) assisting Sri Lanka in its effort to revive the sectors which got affected due to the global pandemic and foreign reserves crisis. India has extended a total of 5 billion dollars as economic aid to Sri Lanka which is the essential lifeline for Sri Lanka. India has provided under credit line 44000 metric tonnes of urea and 16000 metric tonnes of rice to help it resolve its food insecurity. India and Sri Lanka have entered into several cooperative arrangements to strengthen the sector including an Agreement to jointly develop the Trincomalee oil tanks farm, a joint venture between NTPC Limited from India and the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) for developing a 100 MW Solar Power Plant at Sampur, a deal for setting up two renewable energy projects in Northern Sri Lanka. India has also provided drugs and medical supplies as well as sent vegetables, sugar, and wheat as humanitarian assistance. This has resulted in the pro-India opinion in Sri Lanka. Also, India has supported Sri Lanka to obtain aid and assistance from IMF. In fact, India’s finance minister with IMF officials argued Sri Lanka’s case long before Colombo itself had taken Such initiative in the matter. All these actions have provided India leverage over China and made goodwill among the Sri Lankan people. However, following the signing of the “four pillar economic cooperation agreement”, both the countries have established an official-level mechanism for conducting the economic dialogue. Since December 2021, there has been significant progress in the economic engagement between the two countries. To continue the momentum, it is crucial that both sides are engaged regularly and address each other’s concern (if there is any) immediately before it is blown out of proportion.
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##Question:“India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka”. Discuss India’s role in recent crisis in Sri Lanka in light of the preceding statement. (150 Words/10 Marks) ##Answer:Approach Introduce with events of age-old friendship between India and Sri Lanka Discuss the recent crisis in Sri Lanka with reasons for the crisis. Further, bring the Response of India and connect it with the reflection of the deep friendship. Conclude with the futuristic suggestion. Answer India and Sri Lanka have a legacy of intellectual, cultural, religious and linguistic interactionand the relationship between the two countries is more than 2500 years old. Both the countries engage in various areas of cooperation which include economic, developmental projects, military exercises, disaster management cooperation etc. Recently, Sri Lanka faced its worst economic crisis since the country’s independence from British colonial rule in 1948. The country had amassed $51 billion in foreign debt, inflation had soared past 17%, and its debt-to-GDP ratio had escalated from 86.9 per cent in 2019 to 100.6 per cent in 2020, and 105.6 per cent in 2021. The reason for the present scenario can be summed up in six key economic challenges: the state of the domestic economy, Balance of Payments (BOP) crises, successive IMF loans, unwarranted agricultural reforms contributing to FOREX scarcity and soaring inflation, the downfall of the tourism sector, and the country’s historical fetishism for sovereign debts. This crisis has repercussions on India as well due to increasing strategic involvement of China in Sri Lanka, adverse economic on India, rise in illegal immigration, revival of the Tamil issue etc. In this context, speedy recovery of Sri Lanka is in India’s interest. India’s assistance to Sri Lanka India’s bilateral assistance to Sri Lanka to deal with the economic crisis can be divided into two broad categories: 1) assistance to meet the immediate requirements and 2) assisting Sri Lanka in its effort to revive the sectors which got affected due to the global pandemic and foreign reserves crisis. India has extended a total of 5 billion dollars as economic aid to Sri Lanka which is the essential lifeline for Sri Lanka. India has provided under credit line 44000 metric tonnes of urea and 16000 metric tonnes of rice to help it resolve its food insecurity. India and Sri Lanka have entered into several cooperative arrangements to strengthen the sector including an Agreement to jointly develop the Trincomalee oil tanks farm, a joint venture between NTPC Limited from India and the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) for developing a 100 MW Solar Power Plant at Sampur, a deal for setting up two renewable energy projects in Northern Sri Lanka. India has also provided drugs and medical supplies as well as sent vegetables, sugar, and wheat as humanitarian assistance. This has resulted in the pro-India opinion in Sri Lanka. Also, India has supported Sri Lanka to obtain aid and assistance from IMF. In fact, India’s finance minister with IMF officials argued Sri Lanka’s case long before Colombo itself had taken Such initiative in the matter. All these actions have provided India leverage over China and made goodwill among the Sri Lankan people. However, following the signing of the “four pillar economic cooperation agreement”, both the countries have established an official-level mechanism for conducting the economic dialogue. Since December 2021, there has been significant progress in the economic engagement between the two countries. To continue the momentum, it is crucial that both sides are engaged regularly and address each other’s concern (if there is any) immediately before it is blown out of proportion.
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Discuss the implications of India opting out of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the explanation of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Bring the Indian concern with respect to the provisions of the RCEP. Discuss the implication on India for opting out. Bring some of the ways forward. Conclude with a positive note. Answer RCEP is described as the “largest” regional trading agreement. Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) was originally negotiated between 16 countries (ASEAN members and countries with which they have free trade agreements (FTAs), namely Australia, China, Korea, Japan, New Zealand, and India). The purpose of RCEP was to make it easier for products and services of each of these countries to be available across this region. On November 4, 2019, India decided to exit discussions over “significant outstanding issues”. India’s Concern with respect to the RCEP The main concern of India was to safeguard the interests of industries like agriculture and dairy and to give an advantage to the country’s services sector. Escalating tensions with China is another major reason for India’s decision. While China’s participation in the deal had already been proving difficult for India due to various economic threats, the clash at Galwan Valley has soured relations between the two countries. Major issues that were unresolved during RCEP negotiations included India’s fears that there were “inadequate” protections against surges in imports. Rules of Origin: It is the criteria used to determine the national source of a product. In the absence of this provision, industrialized countries such as China could dump their products by routing them through other countries that enjoyed lower tariffs. Auto-Trigger Mechanism: India was unable to ensure countermeasures like an auto-trigger mechanism to raise tariffs on products when their imports crossed a certain threshold. India also wanted RCEP to exclude Most-Favored-Nation (MFN) obligations from the investment chapter, as it did not want to hand out, especially to countries with which it has border disputes, the benefits it was giving to strategic allies or for geopolitical reasons. India felt the agreement would force it to extend benefits given to other countries for sensitive sectors like defence to all RCEP members. RCEP also lacked clear assurance over market access issues in countries such as China and non-tariff barriers on Indian companies. Investor-State Dispute Settlement Mechanism: Developed countries demand the Investor-State Dispute Settlement Mechanism. It means in case an MNC comes to an investment in India and in case of a dispute the MNCs can take the case in the International tribunal/Forum. Indian Stand that these MNCs should first explore the resolution in the Indian court. Implications for India for opting out of RCEP It could impact India’s bilateral trade ties with RCEP member nations, as they may be more inclined to focus on bolstering economic ties within the bloc. The move could potentially leave India with less scope to tap the large market that RCEP presents. (The countries involved under RCEP account for over 2 billion of the world’s population). India’s decision could impact the Australia-India-Japan network in the Indo-Pacific. It could hurdle informal talks to promote a Supply Chain Resilience Initiative among the three. India has trade deficits with 11 of the 15 RCEP countries. As per the government analysis, the “utilization rate” of FTAs both for India and its partners has been “moderate” across sectors, which covers pacts with Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Thailand, Singapore, Japan, Bhutan, Nepal, Republic of Korea, and Malaysia. Now India can focus on enhancing existing bilateral free trade agreements with several RCEP members to increase exports. Now India can escape the TRIPS + Commitment as being imposed under the RCEP that could have negatively impacted Indian industries such as Pharmaceutical, etc. Now Investor-State Dispute Settlement Mechanism will be based on the India bilateral negotiation which will reduce India"s compliance and the extra burden on the Indian government. Way Forward India needs to explore better alternatives to enhance its trade with a focus on trade balance with existing bilateral FTAs with some of these RCEP members as well as newer agreements with other markets with potential for Indian exports. India is now involved in around 20 negotiations on trade agreements. India currently has agreements with members like the ASEAN bloc, South Korea, and Japan and is negotiating agreements with members like Australia and New Zealand. Two reviews of the India-Singapore CECA have been completed; the India-Bhutan Agreement on Trade Commerce and Transit was renewed in 2016, and the India-Nepal Treaty of Trade was extended in 2016. Eight rounds of negotiations have been completed for the review of the India-Korea CEPA, which began in 2016. India has taken up the review of the India-Japan CEPA and India-ASEAN FTA with its trading partners. India needs to expedite all these negotiations. There is also a growing view that it would serve India’s interest to invest strongly in negotiating bilateral agreements with the US and the EU, both currently a work in progress. Thus India can focus on these agreements and try to improve its capacity so that it could compete equally under RCEP in recent future.
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##Question:Discuss the implications of India opting out of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the explanation of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Bring the Indian concern with respect to the provisions of the RCEP. Discuss the implication on India for opting out. Bring some of the ways forward. Conclude with a positive note. Answer RCEP is described as the “largest” regional trading agreement. Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) was originally negotiated between 16 countries (ASEAN members and countries with which they have free trade agreements (FTAs), namely Australia, China, Korea, Japan, New Zealand, and India). The purpose of RCEP was to make it easier for products and services of each of these countries to be available across this region. On November 4, 2019, India decided to exit discussions over “significant outstanding issues”. India’s Concern with respect to the RCEP The main concern of India was to safeguard the interests of industries like agriculture and dairy and to give an advantage to the country’s services sector. Escalating tensions with China is another major reason for India’s decision. While China’s participation in the deal had already been proving difficult for India due to various economic threats, the clash at Galwan Valley has soured relations between the two countries. Major issues that were unresolved during RCEP negotiations included India’s fears that there were “inadequate” protections against surges in imports. Rules of Origin: It is the criteria used to determine the national source of a product. In the absence of this provision, industrialized countries such as China could dump their products by routing them through other countries that enjoyed lower tariffs. Auto-Trigger Mechanism: India was unable to ensure countermeasures like an auto-trigger mechanism to raise tariffs on products when their imports crossed a certain threshold. India also wanted RCEP to exclude Most-Favored-Nation (MFN) obligations from the investment chapter, as it did not want to hand out, especially to countries with which it has border disputes, the benefits it was giving to strategic allies or for geopolitical reasons. India felt the agreement would force it to extend benefits given to other countries for sensitive sectors like defence to all RCEP members. RCEP also lacked clear assurance over market access issues in countries such as China and non-tariff barriers on Indian companies. Investor-State Dispute Settlement Mechanism: Developed countries demand the Investor-State Dispute Settlement Mechanism. It means in case an MNC comes to an investment in India and in case of a dispute the MNCs can take the case in the International tribunal/Forum. Indian Stand that these MNCs should first explore the resolution in the Indian court. Implications for India for opting out of RCEP It could impact India’s bilateral trade ties with RCEP member nations, as they may be more inclined to focus on bolstering economic ties within the bloc. The move could potentially leave India with less scope to tap the large market that RCEP presents. (The countries involved under RCEP account for over 2 billion of the world’s population). India’s decision could impact the Australia-India-Japan network in the Indo-Pacific. It could hurdle informal talks to promote a Supply Chain Resilience Initiative among the three. India has trade deficits with 11 of the 15 RCEP countries. As per the government analysis, the “utilization rate” of FTAs both for India and its partners has been “moderate” across sectors, which covers pacts with Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Thailand, Singapore, Japan, Bhutan, Nepal, Republic of Korea, and Malaysia. Now India can focus on enhancing existing bilateral free trade agreements with several RCEP members to increase exports. Now India can escape the TRIPS + Commitment as being imposed under the RCEP that could have negatively impacted Indian industries such as Pharmaceutical, etc. Now Investor-State Dispute Settlement Mechanism will be based on the India bilateral negotiation which will reduce India"s compliance and the extra burden on the Indian government. Way Forward India needs to explore better alternatives to enhance its trade with a focus on trade balance with existing bilateral FTAs with some of these RCEP members as well as newer agreements with other markets with potential for Indian exports. India is now involved in around 20 negotiations on trade agreements. India currently has agreements with members like the ASEAN bloc, South Korea, and Japan and is negotiating agreements with members like Australia and New Zealand. Two reviews of the India-Singapore CECA have been completed; the India-Bhutan Agreement on Trade Commerce and Transit was renewed in 2016, and the India-Nepal Treaty of Trade was extended in 2016. Eight rounds of negotiations have been completed for the review of the India-Korea CEPA, which began in 2016. India has taken up the review of the India-Japan CEPA and India-ASEAN FTA with its trading partners. India needs to expedite all these negotiations. There is also a growing view that it would serve India’s interest to invest strongly in negotiating bilateral agreements with the US and the EU, both currently a work in progress. Thus India can focus on these agreements and try to improve its capacity so that it could compete equally under RCEP in recent future.
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What are securities? Elaborate on various types of securities.(150 words/10 marks)
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Approach:- First, briefly define securities. Thereafter, mention the different types of securities in detail. Finally, conclude the answer by writing a brief conclusion in one or two lines. Answer:- Securities are papers that are sold to raise finance. Examples of these are bonds or shares. Types of Securities Bonds: - It is a type of debt investment in which an institution raises debt from investors and after a certain maturity period, returns to the investor at a fixed rate of interest. Bonds are issued by the government or by corporations. Instruments issued by the government:- Cash Management Bill/CMB:- Issued by the government (RBI) for short-term finance requirements, whose maturity period is 90 days. It is a non-interest rate bill that can be used in SLR for banks. Treasury Bill: - A bill of exchange issued by the government (RBI) for the purpose of obtaining short-term loans, with a maximum maturity period of one year, is a bill of interest without interest rate used in SLR like CMB. Dated securities are issued by the Government (RBI) for a dated period for long-term financial management. Their aim is to maintain financial mobility. These securities can be used in the form of SLR, in which a fixed rate of interest is also received. Equipment to be issued by the Corporation: Commercial papers:- These securities are used by companies for short-term loans, as well as no security, is payable and the maturity period can be from 7 days to 6 months. Commercial bills:- Issued by the buyer for the value of goods delivered by him. These bills have a maturity period of 30 days, 60 days, or 90 days. Certificate of deposit:- These are a special type of fixed deposits, which are issued in fixed amounts. They are issued after deducting the maturity value. Debentures: - These are issued by the company for a long period, with the help of which the company raises finance for its expansion without increasing the number of shareholders. These are issued at face value and at a fixed rate of interest to the holder. are available Convertible debenture:- There are debentures that can be converted into shares or equity. Shares:- There are two types of shares, equity shares, and preference shares. Equity Shares:- Its holders have voting rights in the annual general meeting of the company. These are paid only after clearing all types of liabilities during the winding up of the company in equity shares. Preference Shares:- Preference shares do not have any voting rights and dividend is fixed on them. These are paid on a priority basis out of equity shares during the winding up of the company. Thus the government and companies raise debt/finance through various means in which bonds and shares play an important role.
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##Question:What are securities? Elaborate on various types of securities.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- First, briefly define securities. Thereafter, mention the different types of securities in detail. Finally, conclude the answer by writing a brief conclusion in one or two lines. Answer:- Securities are papers that are sold to raise finance. Examples of these are bonds or shares. Types of Securities Bonds: - It is a type of debt investment in which an institution raises debt from investors and after a certain maturity period, returns to the investor at a fixed rate of interest. Bonds are issued by the government or by corporations. Instruments issued by the government:- Cash Management Bill/CMB:- Issued by the government (RBI) for short-term finance requirements, whose maturity period is 90 days. It is a non-interest rate bill that can be used in SLR for banks. Treasury Bill: - A bill of exchange issued by the government (RBI) for the purpose of obtaining short-term loans, with a maximum maturity period of one year, is a bill of interest without interest rate used in SLR like CMB. Dated securities are issued by the Government (RBI) for a dated period for long-term financial management. Their aim is to maintain financial mobility. These securities can be used in the form of SLR, in which a fixed rate of interest is also received. Equipment to be issued by the Corporation: Commercial papers:- These securities are used by companies for short-term loans, as well as no security, is payable and the maturity period can be from 7 days to 6 months. Commercial bills:- Issued by the buyer for the value of goods delivered by him. These bills have a maturity period of 30 days, 60 days, or 90 days. Certificate of deposit:- These are a special type of fixed deposits, which are issued in fixed amounts. They are issued after deducting the maturity value. Debentures: - These are issued by the company for a long period, with the help of which the company raises finance for its expansion without increasing the number of shareholders. These are issued at face value and at a fixed rate of interest to the holder. are available Convertible debenture:- There are debentures that can be converted into shares or equity. Shares:- There are two types of shares, equity shares, and preference shares. Equity Shares:- Its holders have voting rights in the annual general meeting of the company. These are paid only after clearing all types of liabilities during the winding up of the company in equity shares. Preference Shares:- Preference shares do not have any voting rights and dividend is fixed on them. These are paid on a priority basis out of equity shares during the winding up of the company. Thus the government and companies raise debt/finance through various means in which bonds and shares play an important role.
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जल संसाधन से आप क्या समझते हैं? भारत में उपलब्ध जल संसाधनों का संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) What do you understand by water resources? Briefly discuss the available water resources in India. (150-200 words/10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण उत्तर की शुरुआत जल संसाधन के आशय को स्पष्ट करते हुए कीजिए। इसके बाद सतही जल संसाधन और भूमिगत जल संसाधन की चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिए। अंत में हिमनद जल संसाधन को बताते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिए। उत्तर - जल संसाधन जल एक चक्रीय और नवीकरणीय संसाधन है क्योंकि सौर ऊर्जा के निवेश वाष्पीकरण, वास्पोत्सर्जन और स्वशन के द्वारा वायुमंडल में नमी की आपूर्ति होती है और वह संघनन और वर्षण की प्रक्रिया से धरातल पर अवस्थित जलस्रोत में आता है इस प्रकार जल चक्र की प्रक्रिया के द्वारा इसका नवीनीकरण और पुनः पूर्ति होते रहता है। पृथ्वी पर उपलब्ध कुल जल का 97.5 प्रतिशत भाग महासागरों में जो लवण जल के रूप में है जो मानव के लिए प्रत्यक्ष रूप से उपयोगी नहीं है, शेष 2.5 प्रतिशत जल में हिमनद, हिमचादर, वायुमंडलीय नमी, मृदा नमी, भूमिगत जल तथा धरातल पर नदी, तालाब, झील सरोवर में पाया जाता है। इस प्रकार मानव के लिए प्रत्यक्ष रूप से उपयोगी स्वच्छ जल की मात्रा बहुत ही कम है। जल का वह भाग जो विभिन्न प्रकार के मानवीय कार्यों जैसे - घरेलू कार्य, औद्योगिक कार्य, शहरी कार्य, सिंचाई, मनोरंजन, परिवहन एवं जल -विद्युत उत्पादन करने के लिए प्रत्यक्ष रूप से प्रयोग में लाए जा सकते हैं, उसे जल संसाधन कहते हैं। भारत में उपलब्ध जल संसाधन को तीन वर्गों में रखा जा सकता है - सतही जल संसाधन भूमिगत जल संसाधन हिमनद जल संसाधन भारत का सतही जल संसाधन इसके अंतर्गत नदी, तालाब, सरोवर, झील लैगून और पस्च जल आते हैं। इनमें भी सर्वप्रमुख स्रोत - नदी का जल है। सतही जल संसाधन की उपलब्धता निम्नलिखित कारकों पर निर्भर करती है - वर्षा की मात्रा, वर्षा का वितरण, वर्षा की कालिक अवधि, मानवीय कार्यों में जल -उपयोग की प्रवृत्ति। भारत में कुल सतही जल संसाधन 1869 घन क्यूबिक मीटर है जिसका लगभग 690 घन मीटर ही उपयोग में लाया जाता है अर्थात शेष जल स्थलाकृति और मानसून के समय अधिक प्रवाह के कारण उपयोग में नहीं आ पाता है। सतही जल संसाधन की समस्याएँ सतही जल संसाधन का 67 प्रतिशत भाग गंगा-ब्रह्मपुत्र बेसिन में है जो कुल भौगोलिक क्षेत्रफल का 33 प्रतिशत है जबकि 67 प्रतिशत भौगोलिक क्षेत्रों में केवल 33 प्रतिशत जल उपलब्ध है अर्थात सतही जल संसाधन का वितरण असमान है। सतही जल संसाधन का प्रमुख स्रोत मानसून वर्षा है जो ऋतुनिष्ठ है- नदियों में अवसादीकरण, नदी बेसिन के क्षेत्र में बस्तियों का या निर्माण कार्यों से अतिक्रमण इसके कारण नदी बेसिन का क्षेत्र संकुचित होते जा रहा है; नदियों एवं अन्य जल स्रोत का प्रदूषण, झील और तालाब जैसे जलाशयों का सुपोषण, जल संसाधन को लेकर राज्यों के बीच विवाद। भूमिगत जल संसाधन जल संसाधन का वह भाग जो धरातल के नीचे विभिन्न गहराइयों में चट्टानों के रंध्रताशों और कई बार अधोप्रवाह के रूप में प्राप्त होता है उसे भूमिगत या भौम जल संसाधन कहते हैं। भारत में कुल वर्षा का 22 प्रतिशत भाग रिसकर धरातल के नीचे चला जाता है जो हमें भूमिगत जल संसाधन के रूप में प्राप्त होता है। भूमिगत जल संसाधन की उपलब्धता निम्न कारकों पर निर्भर करती है - चट्टान की संरचना, वर्षा की मात्रा, वर्षा की मौसमी अवधि; मानवीय कार्यों में उपयोग की प्रवृत्ति - भारत भूजल उपयोग के मामले में विश्व में पहले स्थान पर है और उपलब्ध भूमिगत जल का प्रयोग निम्न प्रकार है - भूमिगत जल का 89 प्रतिशत भाग सिंचाई में, 6 प्रतिशत भाग औद्योगिक कार्यों में, 5 प्रतिशत भाग घरेलू कार्यों में उपयोग किया जाता है। भारत में भूमिगत जल की समस्याएँ भूमिगत जल के दोहन की दर अधिक तीव्र है जिसके कारण भूमिगत जल स्तर तेज़ी से गिर रहा है - 2007-17 के मध्य भूमिगत जल स्तर में 61 प्रतिशत गिरावट दर्ज की गयी है। देश के 20 महानगरों में भूमिगत जलस्तर समाप्त हो चुका है, देश के 48000 गाँवों में भूमिगत जल की गुणवत्ता काफ़ी ख़राब है जिनमें आर्सेनिक, फ्लोराइड, लोहा और यूरेनियम जैसे विषाक्त पदार्थ पाए गए हैं, गंगा के मैदानी राज्यों में आर्सेनिक, राजस्थान, मध्य प्रदेश तथा गुजरात जैसे राज्यों में फ्लोराइड जबकि पूर्वोत्तर के कुछ राज्यों में लोहे और यूरेनियम की कुछ मात्रा पायी गयी है। हिमनद यह स्वच्छ जल का तीसरा किंतु सबसे महत्वपूर्ण स्रोत है जो भारत में हिमालय पर्वतीय क्षेत्र में पाया जाता है। अंटार्कटिका और आर्कटिक के बाद हिमालय तीसरा सबसे बड़ा हिमनद का क्षेत्र है जहां पर लगभग 600 बिलियन टन बर्फ़ होने का अनुमान है जो भारत, पाकिस्तान और बांग्लादेश में 750 मिलियन लोगों को जल उपलब्ध कराता है, यह अमेरिका की आबादी से दोगुनी से अधिक है जहां एक केवल एक स्रोत से पानी मिलता है। उत्तर भारत की नदियाँ उत्तर भारत राज्यों की जीवन रेखा की कही जाती है क्योंकि इन नदियों में हिमालय के हिमनद से जल आता है और फिर विभिन्न मानवीय कार्यों में जल उपयोग में लाए जाते हैं, जैसे- जल विद्युत उत्पादन, सिंचाई कार्यों में, औद्योगिक कार्यों में, घरेलू कार्यों में; शहरी कार्यों में, परिवहन कार्यों में, पर्यटन एवं मनोरंजन में, आदि। यदि इन जल संसाधनों का उचित और सम्यक उपयोग नहीं किया गया तो भारत में जल संकट अधिक गहरा हो सकता है जो कि विगत कई वर्षों में देखा भी जा सकता है।
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##Question:जल संसाधन से आप क्या समझते हैं? भारत में उपलब्ध जल संसाधनों का संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) What do you understand by water resources? Briefly discuss the available water resources in India. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण उत्तर की शुरुआत जल संसाधन के आशय को स्पष्ट करते हुए कीजिए। इसके बाद सतही जल संसाधन और भूमिगत जल संसाधन की चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिए। अंत में हिमनद जल संसाधन को बताते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिए। उत्तर - जल संसाधन जल एक चक्रीय और नवीकरणीय संसाधन है क्योंकि सौर ऊर्जा के निवेश वाष्पीकरण, वास्पोत्सर्जन और स्वशन के द्वारा वायुमंडल में नमी की आपूर्ति होती है और वह संघनन और वर्षण की प्रक्रिया से धरातल पर अवस्थित जलस्रोत में आता है इस प्रकार जल चक्र की प्रक्रिया के द्वारा इसका नवीनीकरण और पुनः पूर्ति होते रहता है। पृथ्वी पर उपलब्ध कुल जल का 97.5 प्रतिशत भाग महासागरों में जो लवण जल के रूप में है जो मानव के लिए प्रत्यक्ष रूप से उपयोगी नहीं है, शेष 2.5 प्रतिशत जल में हिमनद, हिमचादर, वायुमंडलीय नमी, मृदा नमी, भूमिगत जल तथा धरातल पर नदी, तालाब, झील सरोवर में पाया जाता है। इस प्रकार मानव के लिए प्रत्यक्ष रूप से उपयोगी स्वच्छ जल की मात्रा बहुत ही कम है। जल का वह भाग जो विभिन्न प्रकार के मानवीय कार्यों जैसे - घरेलू कार्य, औद्योगिक कार्य, शहरी कार्य, सिंचाई, मनोरंजन, परिवहन एवं जल -विद्युत उत्पादन करने के लिए प्रत्यक्ष रूप से प्रयोग में लाए जा सकते हैं, उसे जल संसाधन कहते हैं। भारत में उपलब्ध जल संसाधन को तीन वर्गों में रखा जा सकता है - सतही जल संसाधन भूमिगत जल संसाधन हिमनद जल संसाधन भारत का सतही जल संसाधन इसके अंतर्गत नदी, तालाब, सरोवर, झील लैगून और पस्च जल आते हैं। इनमें भी सर्वप्रमुख स्रोत - नदी का जल है। सतही जल संसाधन की उपलब्धता निम्नलिखित कारकों पर निर्भर करती है - वर्षा की मात्रा, वर्षा का वितरण, वर्षा की कालिक अवधि, मानवीय कार्यों में जल -उपयोग की प्रवृत्ति। भारत में कुल सतही जल संसाधन 1869 घन क्यूबिक मीटर है जिसका लगभग 690 घन मीटर ही उपयोग में लाया जाता है अर्थात शेष जल स्थलाकृति और मानसून के समय अधिक प्रवाह के कारण उपयोग में नहीं आ पाता है। सतही जल संसाधन की समस्याएँ सतही जल संसाधन का 67 प्रतिशत भाग गंगा-ब्रह्मपुत्र बेसिन में है जो कुल भौगोलिक क्षेत्रफल का 33 प्रतिशत है जबकि 67 प्रतिशत भौगोलिक क्षेत्रों में केवल 33 प्रतिशत जल उपलब्ध है अर्थात सतही जल संसाधन का वितरण असमान है। सतही जल संसाधन का प्रमुख स्रोत मानसून वर्षा है जो ऋतुनिष्ठ है- नदियों में अवसादीकरण, नदी बेसिन के क्षेत्र में बस्तियों का या निर्माण कार्यों से अतिक्रमण इसके कारण नदी बेसिन का क्षेत्र संकुचित होते जा रहा है; नदियों एवं अन्य जल स्रोत का प्रदूषण, झील और तालाब जैसे जलाशयों का सुपोषण, जल संसाधन को लेकर राज्यों के बीच विवाद। भूमिगत जल संसाधन जल संसाधन का वह भाग जो धरातल के नीचे विभिन्न गहराइयों में चट्टानों के रंध्रताशों और कई बार अधोप्रवाह के रूप में प्राप्त होता है उसे भूमिगत या भौम जल संसाधन कहते हैं। भारत में कुल वर्षा का 22 प्रतिशत भाग रिसकर धरातल के नीचे चला जाता है जो हमें भूमिगत जल संसाधन के रूप में प्राप्त होता है। भूमिगत जल संसाधन की उपलब्धता निम्न कारकों पर निर्भर करती है - चट्टान की संरचना, वर्षा की मात्रा, वर्षा की मौसमी अवधि; मानवीय कार्यों में उपयोग की प्रवृत्ति - भारत भूजल उपयोग के मामले में विश्व में पहले स्थान पर है और उपलब्ध भूमिगत जल का प्रयोग निम्न प्रकार है - भूमिगत जल का 89 प्रतिशत भाग सिंचाई में, 6 प्रतिशत भाग औद्योगिक कार्यों में, 5 प्रतिशत भाग घरेलू कार्यों में उपयोग किया जाता है। भारत में भूमिगत जल की समस्याएँ भूमिगत जल के दोहन की दर अधिक तीव्र है जिसके कारण भूमिगत जल स्तर तेज़ी से गिर रहा है - 2007-17 के मध्य भूमिगत जल स्तर में 61 प्रतिशत गिरावट दर्ज की गयी है। देश के 20 महानगरों में भूमिगत जलस्तर समाप्त हो चुका है, देश के 48000 गाँवों में भूमिगत जल की गुणवत्ता काफ़ी ख़राब है जिनमें आर्सेनिक, फ्लोराइड, लोहा और यूरेनियम जैसे विषाक्त पदार्थ पाए गए हैं, गंगा के मैदानी राज्यों में आर्सेनिक, राजस्थान, मध्य प्रदेश तथा गुजरात जैसे राज्यों में फ्लोराइड जबकि पूर्वोत्तर के कुछ राज्यों में लोहे और यूरेनियम की कुछ मात्रा पायी गयी है। हिमनद यह स्वच्छ जल का तीसरा किंतु सबसे महत्वपूर्ण स्रोत है जो भारत में हिमालय पर्वतीय क्षेत्र में पाया जाता है। अंटार्कटिका और आर्कटिक के बाद हिमालय तीसरा सबसे बड़ा हिमनद का क्षेत्र है जहां पर लगभग 600 बिलियन टन बर्फ़ होने का अनुमान है जो भारत, पाकिस्तान और बांग्लादेश में 750 मिलियन लोगों को जल उपलब्ध कराता है, यह अमेरिका की आबादी से दोगुनी से अधिक है जहां एक केवल एक स्रोत से पानी मिलता है। उत्तर भारत की नदियाँ उत्तर भारत राज्यों की जीवन रेखा की कही जाती है क्योंकि इन नदियों में हिमालय के हिमनद से जल आता है और फिर विभिन्न मानवीय कार्यों में जल उपयोग में लाए जाते हैं, जैसे- जल विद्युत उत्पादन, सिंचाई कार्यों में, औद्योगिक कार्यों में, घरेलू कार्यों में; शहरी कार्यों में, परिवहन कार्यों में, पर्यटन एवं मनोरंजन में, आदि। यदि इन जल संसाधनों का उचित और सम्यक उपयोग नहीं किया गया तो भारत में जल संकट अधिक गहरा हो सकता है जो कि विगत कई वर्षों में देखा भी जा सकता है।
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Discuss the role of the Planning commission in India and throw some light on the First and Second Five Year plans of India. (10 Marks/150 words)
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Approach: 1. Introduction: Explain Planning Commission 2. Body: Role of the planning commission and First and second five-year plan 3. Conclude accordingly Planning Commission was an extra-constitutional and non-statutory body formed by the resolution of the Government of India in March 1950. It was an advisory body to the Government of India on an array of issues of economic development. It was headed by the Prime Minister as the ex-officio Chairman. It was dissolved in 2014 and NITI Aayog replaced this body. Planning in India is an indicative exercise where the 5-year plans contain the growth target for the economy as a whole and also for the various sectors. ROLE OF PLANNING COMMISSION 1. To Make an assessment of the Material Capital and Human resources of the country and investigate the policy of augmenting these resources. 2. Formulate the plan for balanced and effective utilisation of resources. 3. The planning commission formulated a 5-year and a 20-year plan (perspective planning). 4. Determine the priorities and the stages in which a plan should be carried out and also allocate the resources for the same. 5. An appraisal from time to time of the progress achieved in education and recommend adjustment for any course correction. 6. Perform the role of a think-tank by suggesting ideas and solutions for various matters referred to them by the central and state government. THE FIRST FIVE-YEAR PLAN It is based on the Harrod-Domar Model of growth. According to this national income growth is determined by the rate of savings and the capital-output ratio. The capital-output ratio is defined as the amount of capital required to produce one unit of output. It signifies the productivity of capital in the longer run. The plans focus on the development of infrastructure, especially power and irrigation. In the field of agriculture, the focus was on land reforms and infrastructure creations such as storage facilities, road infrastructure, etc. The targetted growth rate was 2.1% actual achieved was 3.6% Reasons for high growth: Low base effect High government investment in infrastructure Steady growth in agriculture at 3% per annum which created a demand for industrial goods. Rise in Pent demand which was earlier restricted due to external factors such as the British policies This plan was merely a plan of intention and not a detailed plan of action. SECOND FIVE-YEAR PLAN NEHRU-MAHALANOBIS STRATEGY The public sector is at the commanding heights of the economy. Public investment in heavy industry, infrastructure and basic goods. The private sector produces consumer goods using labour-intensive technology. Private sector activity was to be controlled by the state via license quota permit raj. The model of industrial development followed by the Second five-year plan was Import Substituting Industrialisation (ISI) which meant producing commodities domestically which are otherwise imported into the country. Despite the planning commission’s crucial role in India’s transformation from a battered country during the Raj to a sovereign nation with high developmental aspirations, Planning Commission was witnessing policy fatigue necessitating structural changes in the central planning process.
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##Question:Discuss the role of the Planning commission in India and throw some light on the First and Second Five Year plans of India. (10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduction: Explain Planning Commission 2. Body: Role of the planning commission and First and second five-year plan 3. Conclude accordingly Planning Commission was an extra-constitutional and non-statutory body formed by the resolution of the Government of India in March 1950. It was an advisory body to the Government of India on an array of issues of economic development. It was headed by the Prime Minister as the ex-officio Chairman. It was dissolved in 2014 and NITI Aayog replaced this body. Planning in India is an indicative exercise where the 5-year plans contain the growth target for the economy as a whole and also for the various sectors. ROLE OF PLANNING COMMISSION 1. To Make an assessment of the Material Capital and Human resources of the country and investigate the policy of augmenting these resources. 2. Formulate the plan for balanced and effective utilisation of resources. 3. The planning commission formulated a 5-year and a 20-year plan (perspective planning). 4. Determine the priorities and the stages in which a plan should be carried out and also allocate the resources for the same. 5. An appraisal from time to time of the progress achieved in education and recommend adjustment for any course correction. 6. Perform the role of a think-tank by suggesting ideas and solutions for various matters referred to them by the central and state government. THE FIRST FIVE-YEAR PLAN It is based on the Harrod-Domar Model of growth. According to this national income growth is determined by the rate of savings and the capital-output ratio. The capital-output ratio is defined as the amount of capital required to produce one unit of output. It signifies the productivity of capital in the longer run. The plans focus on the development of infrastructure, especially power and irrigation. In the field of agriculture, the focus was on land reforms and infrastructure creations such as storage facilities, road infrastructure, etc. The targetted growth rate was 2.1% actual achieved was 3.6% Reasons for high growth: Low base effect High government investment in infrastructure Steady growth in agriculture at 3% per annum which created a demand for industrial goods. Rise in Pent demand which was earlier restricted due to external factors such as the British policies This plan was merely a plan of intention and not a detailed plan of action. SECOND FIVE-YEAR PLAN NEHRU-MAHALANOBIS STRATEGY The public sector is at the commanding heights of the economy. Public investment in heavy industry, infrastructure and basic goods. The private sector produces consumer goods using labour-intensive technology. Private sector activity was to be controlled by the state via license quota permit raj. The model of industrial development followed by the Second five-year plan was Import Substituting Industrialisation (ISI) which meant producing commodities domestically which are otherwise imported into the country. Despite the planning commission’s crucial role in India’s transformation from a battered country during the Raj to a sovereign nation with high developmental aspirations, Planning Commission was witnessing policy fatigue necessitating structural changes in the central planning process.
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Discuss the influence that parents have on the value of children. Why is it at times the values of children differ from that of parents? (150 words | 10 marks)
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Approach- 1) Introduce by defining the term values. 2) Illustrate the ways parents influence the values of the children. 3) Mention the reasons for the difference in values between the parents and their children. 4) Conclude by highlighting the reasons why it leads to social misadjustments. Answer: Values are generalized preferences to lead a particular kind of life. since values are learned through socialization therefore parents, school and content influence the values. Like harmony, peace, compassion, humility, etc. Role of parents in influencing values among children: 1. Role models: Parents are a child’s first teachers and role models. Children listen, observe, and imitate their parents. So, it is important that they should be good role models the kids would want to follow. 2. Moral development: A child’s experiences from birth especially at home, frame his/her morals, which he or eventually develops. Parents play a significant role in instilling the morals that they feel are valuable. Moral development shapes the child’s decision-making process. 3. Family values: Ideas passed down from generation to generation make up family values. It answers the basic question of how one wants to live a family life. Family values enhance character and turn children into good human beings. 4. Right conduct: Parents communicate this not just by discussing it with their children but also by walking the talk. They transmit simple habits, like keeping the surroundings clean, being truthful and honest, etc. 5. Activity-based learning: Activities like games and story-telling have a significant impact on children. This way parents can impart the desired values. Take for instance the value of sharing and caring. 6. Attitude development: The family, shapes the child’s attitude toward people and society, helps in mental growth in the child, and supports his ambitions and values. A blissful and cheerful atmosphere in the family will develop love, affection, tolerance, and generosity. The values of parents and children differ because of the presence of other agencies of socialization as well – 1) ROLE OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM • Formal agency of socialization. • Provides a platform for children to interact with those who are not family. • Acts as a bridge between family and society. • Values - achievement orientation, tolerance, accommodation of diversity, loyalty, honesty, etc. • It prepares children for their role in adulthood. 2) ROLE OF TEACHERS • They are social role models for the children, leaving a great impact on the minds of the children at their impressionable age. • Teachers use observational learning, conditioning, and role-taking for shaping the values of the children. (socialization). • They can influence the behavior of the children through - • 1) Unbiased treatment • 2) Commitment, diligence, timeliness, punctuality, walking the talk, and activity-based learning. • 3) Generating curiosity. • 4) Influencing the self-attribution pattern. • 5) They can help in confronting the challenges due to prejudice. 3) ROLE OF CONTENT • Education content should be driven by scientific temper without any ideological coloration. • The content should be in sync with the socio-cultural setup of the children to ensure their easy adjustment. • For example - elementary education in the mother tongue, vocational training, and storytelling with respect to traditional culture. • There should be harmony between text and context. • Outcome-based learning needs to be promoted. • Evaluation standards should not be parochial/ narrow. 4) ROLE OF EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES • It helps in developing - • Team-building spirit, • Cooperation, • Commitment, • A platform for creative expression, • Courage leadership, • Achievement orientation, • Responsibility assumption, • Tolerance, • Strengthening of social capital, etc. 5) ROLE OF PEER GROUP • It refers to interaction among co-equals. • The range of topics discussed is very wide. • The impact of the peer group is at its peak during the adolescence stage. • They shape our life goals, occupational goals, behavior, etc. • However, there is a challenge of negative socialization by negative peer groups. (cyberbullying, online gaming addiction, smoking, drug) • Hence the role of and parents, teachers becomes unavoidable. 6) ROLE OF RELIGION • Religion refers to a unified system of beliefs and practices which binds people into one single moral community those who adhere to them. • Acts as an integrative social force that shapes the collective values of society. • Religious rituals help in promoting solidarity and cohesion. • Religion provides the framework to manage misery and frustration. • It provides us the courage to accept life experiences as divinely predestined. • Religion provides us with a sense of belongingness. • Many provisions of the constitution are core fundamentals of religion, equality, justice, and liberty. etc. • Many leaders have called upon religious values to awaken the moral sensibilities of the people. • It helps us to cope with dysfunctional influences, alcoholism, drug abuse, etc. • However, when religion is used as a tool by certain anti-social elements to serve their vested interest it becomes the source of conflict. 7) Role of media as an agency of socialization • "Neither bow and arrow, nor sword do you require to publish a newspaper when faced with canon fire". • Media shapes our opinion, values, and attitude. • It influences our aspirations. • It provides for vicarious reinforcement. • The media should not be a sycophant, they should be a skeptic. So, it will lead to Social maladjustment, which exists due to conflicting values from different agencies of socialization, Faulty socialization, the imbalanced nature of society, Relative deprivation, etc. Dr. A.P.J. Kalam has rightly said that “If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel there are 3 key societal members who can make a difference. they are a father, mother, and teacher”
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##Question:Discuss the influence that parents have on the value of children. Why is it at times the values of children differ from that of parents? (150 words | 10 marks)##Answer:Approach- 1) Introduce by defining the term values. 2) Illustrate the ways parents influence the values of the children. 3) Mention the reasons for the difference in values between the parents and their children. 4) Conclude by highlighting the reasons why it leads to social misadjustments. Answer: Values are generalized preferences to lead a particular kind of life. since values are learned through socialization therefore parents, school and content influence the values. Like harmony, peace, compassion, humility, etc. Role of parents in influencing values among children: 1. Role models: Parents are a child’s first teachers and role models. Children listen, observe, and imitate their parents. So, it is important that they should be good role models the kids would want to follow. 2. Moral development: A child’s experiences from birth especially at home, frame his/her morals, which he or eventually develops. Parents play a significant role in instilling the morals that they feel are valuable. Moral development shapes the child’s decision-making process. 3. Family values: Ideas passed down from generation to generation make up family values. It answers the basic question of how one wants to live a family life. Family values enhance character and turn children into good human beings. 4. Right conduct: Parents communicate this not just by discussing it with their children but also by walking the talk. They transmit simple habits, like keeping the surroundings clean, being truthful and honest, etc. 5. Activity-based learning: Activities like games and story-telling have a significant impact on children. This way parents can impart the desired values. Take for instance the value of sharing and caring. 6. Attitude development: The family, shapes the child’s attitude toward people and society, helps in mental growth in the child, and supports his ambitions and values. A blissful and cheerful atmosphere in the family will develop love, affection, tolerance, and generosity. The values of parents and children differ because of the presence of other agencies of socialization as well – 1) ROLE OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM • Formal agency of socialization. • Provides a platform for children to interact with those who are not family. • Acts as a bridge between family and society. • Values - achievement orientation, tolerance, accommodation of diversity, loyalty, honesty, etc. • It prepares children for their role in adulthood. 2) ROLE OF TEACHERS • They are social role models for the children, leaving a great impact on the minds of the children at their impressionable age. • Teachers use observational learning, conditioning, and role-taking for shaping the values of the children. (socialization). • They can influence the behavior of the children through - • 1) Unbiased treatment • 2) Commitment, diligence, timeliness, punctuality, walking the talk, and activity-based learning. • 3) Generating curiosity. • 4) Influencing the self-attribution pattern. • 5) They can help in confronting the challenges due to prejudice. 3) ROLE OF CONTENT • Education content should be driven by scientific temper without any ideological coloration. • The content should be in sync with the socio-cultural setup of the children to ensure their easy adjustment. • For example - elementary education in the mother tongue, vocational training, and storytelling with respect to traditional culture. • There should be harmony between text and context. • Outcome-based learning needs to be promoted. • Evaluation standards should not be parochial/ narrow. 4) ROLE OF EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES • It helps in developing - • Team-building spirit, • Cooperation, • Commitment, • A platform for creative expression, • Courage leadership, • Achievement orientation, • Responsibility assumption, • Tolerance, • Strengthening of social capital, etc. 5) ROLE OF PEER GROUP • It refers to interaction among co-equals. • The range of topics discussed is very wide. • The impact of the peer group is at its peak during the adolescence stage. • They shape our life goals, occupational goals, behavior, etc. • However, there is a challenge of negative socialization by negative peer groups. (cyberbullying, online gaming addiction, smoking, drug) • Hence the role of and parents, teachers becomes unavoidable. 6) ROLE OF RELIGION • Religion refers to a unified system of beliefs and practices which binds people into one single moral community those who adhere to them. • Acts as an integrative social force that shapes the collective values of society. • Religious rituals help in promoting solidarity and cohesion. • Religion provides the framework to manage misery and frustration. • It provides us the courage to accept life experiences as divinely predestined. • Religion provides us with a sense of belongingness. • Many provisions of the constitution are core fundamentals of religion, equality, justice, and liberty. etc. • Many leaders have called upon religious values to awaken the moral sensibilities of the people. • It helps us to cope with dysfunctional influences, alcoholism, drug abuse, etc. • However, when religion is used as a tool by certain anti-social elements to serve their vested interest it becomes the source of conflict. 7) Role of media as an agency of socialization • "Neither bow and arrow, nor sword do you require to publish a newspaper when faced with canon fire". • Media shapes our opinion, values, and attitude. • It influences our aspirations. • It provides for vicarious reinforcement. • The media should not be a sycophant, they should be a skeptic. So, it will lead to Social maladjustment, which exists due to conflicting values from different agencies of socialization, Faulty socialization, the imbalanced nature of society, Relative deprivation, etc. Dr. A.P.J. Kalam has rightly said that “If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel there are 3 key societal members who can make a difference. they are a father, mother, and teacher”
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What do you understand about the Budget? Explain different types of budgetary methods used for Government Budgeting. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with defining the budget and government budgeting. In the body of the answer bring different types of budgetary methods used for government budgeting. Conclude with the recent change that has been brought in the presentation of Budget in Parliament. Answer In general, the term budget refers to the financial planning of income and expenditure. In India, the history of budgeting gets back to 1860 when James Wilson presented the Budget. The process of preparing the annual financial statement of income and expenditure of the government is called government budgeting. According to Article 112, the President shall in respect of every financial year cause to be laid before both the Houses of Parliament a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India for that year, in this Part referred to as the annual financial statement. In 1924 on the recommendation of the Ackworth Committee Railway Budget was separated. It was later remerged in Union Budget in 2017. Types of Budget Balanced Budget: Here the receipts (income) and expenditure are equal. Surplus Budget: Here receipts are more than expenditures. Deficit Budget: Here expenditures are more than receipts (income). This deficit budget may be good if the expenditures are planned i.e. coming with returns in the future. Performance Budget: The concept was introduced by the Hooper Commission. It refers to the allocation of resources on the basis of performance. Outcome Budget The outcome budget in India came as a critical response to the performance budget because the performance budget is having a serious limitation i.e. sectoral constraints are overlooked. In the outcome budget when the allocations are made/done the likely outcome are also highlighted and on that basis efficiency is examined. In India, the performance budget was introduced in the 9th FYP in 2002 where 11 monitorable targets were introduced. The outcome budget was introduced around 2008. From 2018 onwards outcome budget is the routine part of the budget. In India, it is called as the Output Outcome Framework. Zero Budgeting It was introduced by Peter Phyrr. It refers to that situation where irrespective of previous budgetary allocations every time the calculation is done from zero by identifying the potential requirements from the fresh. This concept although theoretically is very good but practically needs a lot of research and human resources. Gender Budgeting It refers to that process where budgeting is done from a gender perspective. According to the ministry of women and child development gender budgeting is more than mere budgetary allocation and focuses on the following four dimensions. To ensure that budgetary allocations are there in proportion with the gender requirements. There should be gender research and gender audit and for this purpose, there should be budgetary allocation. There should be media advocacy and gender sensitization and budgetary allocation for it. To develop institutions and capacity building for prudent policies and programmes for gender equality. In India, Gender budgeting was first introduced in 2005 in budget and from 2017 it is now mandatory for all central government ministries. Thus the Budget is not merely a statement of account that focuses only on finances, but it impacts the life of ordinary people in an around manner. The budget determines the direction of government policies affecting macro and micro aspects of the economy as a whole. The different types of budget methodology are also used to make society more equitable. The fine combination of all these methods to present the budget could help in achieving an egalitarian society.
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##Question:What do you understand about the Budget? Explain different types of budgetary methods used for Government Budgeting. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with defining the budget and government budgeting. In the body of the answer bring different types of budgetary methods used for government budgeting. Conclude with the recent change that has been brought in the presentation of Budget in Parliament. Answer In general, the term budget refers to the financial planning of income and expenditure. In India, the history of budgeting gets back to 1860 when James Wilson presented the Budget. The process of preparing the annual financial statement of income and expenditure of the government is called government budgeting. According to Article 112, the President shall in respect of every financial year cause to be laid before both the Houses of Parliament a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India for that year, in this Part referred to as the annual financial statement. In 1924 on the recommendation of the Ackworth Committee Railway Budget was separated. It was later remerged in Union Budget in 2017. Types of Budget Balanced Budget: Here the receipts (income) and expenditure are equal. Surplus Budget: Here receipts are more than expenditures. Deficit Budget: Here expenditures are more than receipts (income). This deficit budget may be good if the expenditures are planned i.e. coming with returns in the future. Performance Budget: The concept was introduced by the Hooper Commission. It refers to the allocation of resources on the basis of performance. Outcome Budget The outcome budget in India came as a critical response to the performance budget because the performance budget is having a serious limitation i.e. sectoral constraints are overlooked. In the outcome budget when the allocations are made/done the likely outcome are also highlighted and on that basis efficiency is examined. In India, the performance budget was introduced in the 9th FYP in 2002 where 11 monitorable targets were introduced. The outcome budget was introduced around 2008. From 2018 onwards outcome budget is the routine part of the budget. In India, it is called as the Output Outcome Framework. Zero Budgeting It was introduced by Peter Phyrr. It refers to that situation where irrespective of previous budgetary allocations every time the calculation is done from zero by identifying the potential requirements from the fresh. This concept although theoretically is very good but practically needs a lot of research and human resources. Gender Budgeting It refers to that process where budgeting is done from a gender perspective. According to the ministry of women and child development gender budgeting is more than mere budgetary allocation and focuses on the following four dimensions. To ensure that budgetary allocations are there in proportion with the gender requirements. There should be gender research and gender audit and for this purpose, there should be budgetary allocation. There should be media advocacy and gender sensitization and budgetary allocation for it. To develop institutions and capacity building for prudent policies and programmes for gender equality. In India, Gender budgeting was first introduced in 2005 in budget and from 2017 it is now mandatory for all central government ministries. Thus the Budget is not merely a statement of account that focuses only on finances, but it impacts the life of ordinary people in an around manner. The budget determines the direction of government policies affecting macro and micro aspects of the economy as a whole. The different types of budget methodology are also used to make society more equitable. The fine combination of all these methods to present the budget could help in achieving an egalitarian society.
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इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स की अवधारणा को स्पष्ट कीजिए। साथ ही इसके अनुप्रयोगों की चर्चा करते हुए भारत में इसके लिए हो रहे प्रयासों को बताइए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Explain the concept of Internet of Things. Also, while discussing its applications, mention the efforts being made for it in India. (150-200 words/10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण: इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स को स्पष्ट कीजिए। इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स के बिन्दुवार अनुप्रयोगों को लिखिए । भारत में इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स के प्रयासों को बताइए। अंत में, संक्षेप में इससे जुड़ी चुनौतियों और आगे की राह के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स से तात्पर्य कई प्रकार के प्रौद्योगिकियों एवं उपकरणों को एक साथ जोड़कर संचालित किए जाने से है। इस तकनीक के अंतर्गत इलेक्ट्रॉनिक उपकरणों को इंटरनेट के माध्यम से आपस में जोड़ा जाता है एवं ये स्मार्ट डिवाइस/उपकरण एक दूसरे को डाटा भेजते एवं प्राप्त करते हैं। प्राप्त डेटा के आधार पर ये उपकरण कार्य करते हैं। यह साइबर भौतिक प्रणाली का विकसित प्रारूप है। साइबर भौतिक प्रणाली का आशय एक ऐसे तंत्र से है जो संगणात्मक (कंप्यूटर) एल्गोरिदम तथा भौतिक घटकों का निर्बाध एकीकरण करता है। यह विभिन्न भौतिक घटकों का संगणन कर सकता है। विभिन्न स्तरों पर प्राप्त संगणन को लॉजिकल कपलिंग के माध्यम से नेटवर्क तक पहुंचा सकता है। यह औटोमेटेड या सेमीऔटोमेटेड प्रणाली के अंतर्गत भौतिक घटकों के मानकों को नियंत्रित करता है। इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स के अनुप्रयोग:- IOT डेटा और डिवाइस जोड़कर उनके प्रतियोगियों की तुलना मे नए-नए उत्पादों और सेवाओं को तेजी से वितरित करने की क्षमता को वितरित करने के कारण IOT कर्मचारियों को रियल टाइम डेटा प्रदान करती है जिनमें उन्हे अपने दिन-प्रतिदिन की दक्षता और उत्पादकता को अनुकूलित करने की आवश्यकता होती है। इसे कंपनियां उपभोक्ता व्यवहार के विश्लेषण एवं पूर्वानुमान में इसका इस्तेमाल कर सकती हैं। इसका उपयोग यातायात प्रबंधन और बेड़ा प्रबंधन के लिए किया जा सकता है। इसके द्वारा रोगों की निगरानी स्मार्ट पिल के माध्यम से की जा सकती है। यह बुजुर्गों को सेल्फ ड्राइविंग कार, आपातकाल में सहायता प्रदान करने में मददगार हो सकता है। भारत में IOT के लिए प्रयास:- 2014 में केंद्र सरकार द्वारा इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स पर मसौदा नीति जारी की गई। डिजिटल इंडिया, स्मार्ट सिटी पहल के साथ तालमेल की परिकल्पना के साथ अप्रैल 2015 में इसे जारी किया गया। 2021 तक 15 बिलियन अमेरिकी डॉलर का इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स उद्योग बनाने की परिकल्पना थी। लेकिन इसे पूरा नहीं किया जा सकता हालांकि इस दिशा में प्रयास जारी हैं। इसके अलावा सरकार की तैयारी IOT सेंटर्स विकसित करने की है। 2020 तक आंध्रप्रदेश को मुख्य आईटी हब में परिवर्तित करने के उद्देश्य से आंध्रप्रदेश सरकार ने भारत की पहली इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स नीति 2016 को मंजूरी दी। जैस्पर तकनीकी के साथ समझौता कर भारत में इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स सेवाओं में प्रवेश करने की कोशिश की। IOT से जुड़ी चुनौतियाँ:- हैकिंग से संबंधित चुनौतियाँ- क्योंकि इंटरनेट से जुड़ी हर चीज को हैक करना संभव है। दो मशीन एक दूसरे के साथ अंतःसंचालन किस प्रकार करेंगी यह कहना अभी मुश्किल है। आगे की राह:- ब्लॉकचेन तकनीकी का उपयोग कर हैकिंग की समस्या का समाधान किया जा सकता है। कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता के माध्यम से मशीन लर्निंग आदि के माध्यम से इसे और प्रभावी बनाया जा सकता है।
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##Question:इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स की अवधारणा को स्पष्ट कीजिए। साथ ही इसके अनुप्रयोगों की चर्चा करते हुए भारत में इसके लिए हो रहे प्रयासों को बताइए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Explain the concept of Internet of Things. Also, while discussing its applications, mention the efforts being made for it in India. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स को स्पष्ट कीजिए। इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स के बिन्दुवार अनुप्रयोगों को लिखिए । भारत में इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स के प्रयासों को बताइए। अंत में, संक्षेप में इससे जुड़ी चुनौतियों और आगे की राह के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स से तात्पर्य कई प्रकार के प्रौद्योगिकियों एवं उपकरणों को एक साथ जोड़कर संचालित किए जाने से है। इस तकनीक के अंतर्गत इलेक्ट्रॉनिक उपकरणों को इंटरनेट के माध्यम से आपस में जोड़ा जाता है एवं ये स्मार्ट डिवाइस/उपकरण एक दूसरे को डाटा भेजते एवं प्राप्त करते हैं। प्राप्त डेटा के आधार पर ये उपकरण कार्य करते हैं। यह साइबर भौतिक प्रणाली का विकसित प्रारूप है। साइबर भौतिक प्रणाली का आशय एक ऐसे तंत्र से है जो संगणात्मक (कंप्यूटर) एल्गोरिदम तथा भौतिक घटकों का निर्बाध एकीकरण करता है। यह विभिन्न भौतिक घटकों का संगणन कर सकता है। विभिन्न स्तरों पर प्राप्त संगणन को लॉजिकल कपलिंग के माध्यम से नेटवर्क तक पहुंचा सकता है। यह औटोमेटेड या सेमीऔटोमेटेड प्रणाली के अंतर्गत भौतिक घटकों के मानकों को नियंत्रित करता है। इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स के अनुप्रयोग:- IOT डेटा और डिवाइस जोड़कर उनके प्रतियोगियों की तुलना मे नए-नए उत्पादों और सेवाओं को तेजी से वितरित करने की क्षमता को वितरित करने के कारण IOT कर्मचारियों को रियल टाइम डेटा प्रदान करती है जिनमें उन्हे अपने दिन-प्रतिदिन की दक्षता और उत्पादकता को अनुकूलित करने की आवश्यकता होती है। इसे कंपनियां उपभोक्ता व्यवहार के विश्लेषण एवं पूर्वानुमान में इसका इस्तेमाल कर सकती हैं। इसका उपयोग यातायात प्रबंधन और बेड़ा प्रबंधन के लिए किया जा सकता है। इसके द्वारा रोगों की निगरानी स्मार्ट पिल के माध्यम से की जा सकती है। यह बुजुर्गों को सेल्फ ड्राइविंग कार, आपातकाल में सहायता प्रदान करने में मददगार हो सकता है। भारत में IOT के लिए प्रयास:- 2014 में केंद्र सरकार द्वारा इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स पर मसौदा नीति जारी की गई। डिजिटल इंडिया, स्मार्ट सिटी पहल के साथ तालमेल की परिकल्पना के साथ अप्रैल 2015 में इसे जारी किया गया। 2021 तक 15 बिलियन अमेरिकी डॉलर का इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स उद्योग बनाने की परिकल्पना थी। लेकिन इसे पूरा नहीं किया जा सकता हालांकि इस दिशा में प्रयास जारी हैं। इसके अलावा सरकार की तैयारी IOT सेंटर्स विकसित करने की है। 2020 तक आंध्रप्रदेश को मुख्य आईटी हब में परिवर्तित करने के उद्देश्य से आंध्रप्रदेश सरकार ने भारत की पहली इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स नीति 2016 को मंजूरी दी। जैस्पर तकनीकी के साथ समझौता कर भारत में इंटरनेट ऑफ थिंग्स सेवाओं में प्रवेश करने की कोशिश की। IOT से जुड़ी चुनौतियाँ:- हैकिंग से संबंधित चुनौतियाँ- क्योंकि इंटरनेट से जुड़ी हर चीज को हैक करना संभव है। दो मशीन एक दूसरे के साथ अंतःसंचालन किस प्रकार करेंगी यह कहना अभी मुश्किल है। आगे की राह:- ब्लॉकचेन तकनीकी का उपयोग कर हैकिंग की समस्या का समाधान किया जा सकता है। कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता के माध्यम से मशीन लर्निंग आदि के माध्यम से इसे और प्रभावी बनाया जा सकता है।
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What are the current strategies to deal with the problem of Naxalism? How effective have they been? Examine.(150 words/10 Marks)
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The Approach to the answer: 1. Introduce the answer by briefly explaining Naxalism. 2. Then mention various steps taken by the State in order to curb the menace of Naxalism in India. 3. Highlight the effectiveness of the above strategies/measure. 4. Give a suitable way forward. Answer: Naxalism derives its name from the village Naxalbari of West Bengal. It is originated as a rebellion against local landlords who bashed a peasant over a land dispute. This rebellion was under the leadership of Kanu Santhal and Jagan Sanyal with the objective of rightful redistribution of the land to working peasants which was initiated in 1967. It is one of the biggest security threats in India and the following steps were taken by State to curb it-: 1. Security Steps-: (a) Security Related Expenditure (SRE) scheme- Formulated for the purpose of reimbursement of security-related expenditures like transportation, communication, the hiring of vehicles, stipend to surrendered Maoists, construction of infrastructure for forces, etc. (b) Modernization and up-gradation of the State Police and their Intelligence apparatus and fortification of Police stations. (c) Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) Division- It was created in the Home Ministry to effectively address the Left-Wing Extremist insurgency in a holistic manner. It implements security-related schemes aimed at capacity building in the LWE-affected States. (d) SAMADHAN doctrine to prevent funding to Naxals. (e) Special forces like greyhounds and assistance in the training of State Police through the Ministry of Defence, the Central Police Organisations, and the Bureau of Police Research and Development. 2. Developmental steps-: (a) Media plan to deal with their false propaganda, activities like Tribal Youth Exchange programs organized by NYKS, radio jingles, documentaries, pamphlets, etc are being conducted. (b) Assistance in community policing and civic action programs. (c) The Ministry of Home Affairs has been monitoring the Aspirational district"s program in 35 LWE-affected districts. (d) Improving governance through the enactment of Forest rights act 2006, PESA 1996, etc (e) Improving Physical infrastructure through schemes like Pradhan mantra Gram Sadak Yojana and Civic action plan in order to ensure community engagement of security forces with people. (f) Education of tribals through Ekalavaya residential schools, pota cabins, and BRGF funding to address the developmental deficit in these regions. Effectiveness of the above-mentioned strategies: 1. Reduced geographical extent- Most of the left-wing extremism has been restricted to few districts now. 2. Increased attacks- There has been an increase in attacks but a decrease in the area of influence. 3. Militarization- There has been greater militarization of the banned Communist Party of India (Maoist) in areas within the Red Corridor. 4. Tribal-Maoists disconnect- Welfare measures, even if they have been implemented haphazardly, have enabled outreach into tribal areas where the state was hitherto absent. These actions have forced the Maoists to retreat further into the forest areas of central and south-central India 5. Changing characteristics of Naxalism and alignment with organized crime, international links, impoverished weapons, support from the urban intelligentsia, etc. Conclusion: Naxalism is a reality which can be curbed by extensive land reforms, developmental activities and building trust and confidence with the tribals through government’s strategy of using military force along with the allocation of funds for infrastructure and welfare programs, is bearing fruits there is further need of further consolidation of actions and speedy implementation of welfare schemes
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##Question:What are the current strategies to deal with the problem of Naxalism? How effective have they been? Examine.(150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:The Approach to the answer: 1. Introduce the answer by briefly explaining Naxalism. 2. Then mention various steps taken by the State in order to curb the menace of Naxalism in India. 3. Highlight the effectiveness of the above strategies/measure. 4. Give a suitable way forward. Answer: Naxalism derives its name from the village Naxalbari of West Bengal. It is originated as a rebellion against local landlords who bashed a peasant over a land dispute. This rebellion was under the leadership of Kanu Santhal and Jagan Sanyal with the objective of rightful redistribution of the land to working peasants which was initiated in 1967. It is one of the biggest security threats in India and the following steps were taken by State to curb it-: 1. Security Steps-: (a) Security Related Expenditure (SRE) scheme- Formulated for the purpose of reimbursement of security-related expenditures like transportation, communication, the hiring of vehicles, stipend to surrendered Maoists, construction of infrastructure for forces, etc. (b) Modernization and up-gradation of the State Police and their Intelligence apparatus and fortification of Police stations. (c) Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) Division- It was created in the Home Ministry to effectively address the Left-Wing Extremist insurgency in a holistic manner. It implements security-related schemes aimed at capacity building in the LWE-affected States. (d) SAMADHAN doctrine to prevent funding to Naxals. (e) Special forces like greyhounds and assistance in the training of State Police through the Ministry of Defence, the Central Police Organisations, and the Bureau of Police Research and Development. 2. Developmental steps-: (a) Media plan to deal with their false propaganda, activities like Tribal Youth Exchange programs organized by NYKS, radio jingles, documentaries, pamphlets, etc are being conducted. (b) Assistance in community policing and civic action programs. (c) The Ministry of Home Affairs has been monitoring the Aspirational district"s program in 35 LWE-affected districts. (d) Improving governance through the enactment of Forest rights act 2006, PESA 1996, etc (e) Improving Physical infrastructure through schemes like Pradhan mantra Gram Sadak Yojana and Civic action plan in order to ensure community engagement of security forces with people. (f) Education of tribals through Ekalavaya residential schools, pota cabins, and BRGF funding to address the developmental deficit in these regions. Effectiveness of the above-mentioned strategies: 1. Reduced geographical extent- Most of the left-wing extremism has been restricted to few districts now. 2. Increased attacks- There has been an increase in attacks but a decrease in the area of influence. 3. Militarization- There has been greater militarization of the banned Communist Party of India (Maoist) in areas within the Red Corridor. 4. Tribal-Maoists disconnect- Welfare measures, even if they have been implemented haphazardly, have enabled outreach into tribal areas where the state was hitherto absent. These actions have forced the Maoists to retreat further into the forest areas of central and south-central India 5. Changing characteristics of Naxalism and alignment with organized crime, international links, impoverished weapons, support from the urban intelligentsia, etc. Conclusion: Naxalism is a reality which can be curbed by extensive land reforms, developmental activities and building trust and confidence with the tribals through government’s strategy of using military force along with the allocation of funds for infrastructure and welfare programs, is bearing fruits there is further need of further consolidation of actions and speedy implementation of welfare schemes
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Discuss the various basic components of the Budget given under the ‘Annual Financial Statement’ by Government of India. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with defining the Budget. Then explain the different components of the budget by division and sub-division. Conclude accordingly. Answer There is a constitutional requirement in India (Article 112) to present before the Parliament a statement of estimated receipts and expenditures of the government in respect of every financial year which runs from 1 April to 31 March. This ‘Annual Financial Statement’ constitutes the main budget document. Further, the budget must distinguish expenditure on the revenue account from other expenditures. Therefore, the budget comprises the Revenue Budget and the Capital Budget which can be discussed under the Receipts and Expenditure. RECEIPTS Revenue Receipts Revenue receipts are receipts of the government which are non-redeemable, that is, they cannot be reclaimed from the government. It refers to those incomes which or without any liability attached on the other hand capital receipts are those incomes having certain direct/indirect liability attached i.e. this money has been generated against any other asset diluted and could consist of disinvestments, recovery of loans, etc. Revenue Receipts can be further subdivided into two heads of tax receipts and non-tax receipts. Tax revenues consist of the proceeds of taxes and other duties levied by the central government. Tax revenues, an important component of revenue receipts, comprise of direct taxes – which fall directly on individuals (personal income tax) and firms (corporation tax), and indirect taxes like GST Tax receipts consist of both direct and indirect taxes. Non-tax revenue consists of revenue income other than taxes such as fees, challans, etc. (While giving the Union Budget in the Tax Receipts, the net value to the central government is mentioned). Other direct taxes like wealth tax, gift tax and estate duty (now abolished) have never been of much significance in terms of revenue yield and have thus been referred to as ‘paper taxes. The capital Receipts There are three major heads under the capital receipts. They are the recovery of loans, Disinvestment and borrowings are other liabilities like drawdown/Withdrawal of the cash balances. Expenditure The expenditure could be subdivided into Revenue expenditure and Capital expenditure. Revenue expenditure Revenue Expenditure is expenditure incurred for purposes other than the creation of physical or financial assets of the central government. It relates to those expenses incurred for the normal functioning of the government departments and various services, interest payments on debt incurred by the government, and grants given to state governments and other parties (even though some of the grants may be meant for the creation of assets). Capital expenditure There are expenditures of the government which result in the creation of physical or financial assets or reduction in financial liabilities. This includes expenditure on the acquisition of land, building, machinery, equipment, investment in shares, and loans and advances by the central government to state and union territory governments, PSUs, and other parties. While demarcating the capital and revenue expenditures a few heads are found to be amphibious. For example, granting aid given for the capital asset formation like MGNAREGA has the characteristic of both. Similarly, the interest payments may be also against the money used for capital asset formation. This confusion was shorted out the Rangarajan where he advised that instead of separate heads it should be given in the following four heads (adopted from the 2018 budget). To bring more effectiveness and efficiency the Government of India announced in 2016, that the classification of plan expenditure and non-plan expenditure will be abolished as per the recommendation given by the Rangarajan Committee in 2011. Thus the plan and non-plan classification was removed from 2017-18. The new classification of Capital and Revenue spending will create a clear and effective link between the Government’s earnings, spending, and outcomes.
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##Question:Discuss the various basic components of the Budget given under the ‘Annual Financial Statement’ by Government of India. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with defining the Budget. Then explain the different components of the budget by division and sub-division. Conclude accordingly. Answer There is a constitutional requirement in India (Article 112) to present before the Parliament a statement of estimated receipts and expenditures of the government in respect of every financial year which runs from 1 April to 31 March. This ‘Annual Financial Statement’ constitutes the main budget document. Further, the budget must distinguish expenditure on the revenue account from other expenditures. Therefore, the budget comprises the Revenue Budget and the Capital Budget which can be discussed under the Receipts and Expenditure. RECEIPTS Revenue Receipts Revenue receipts are receipts of the government which are non-redeemable, that is, they cannot be reclaimed from the government. It refers to those incomes which or without any liability attached on the other hand capital receipts are those incomes having certain direct/indirect liability attached i.e. this money has been generated against any other asset diluted and could consist of disinvestments, recovery of loans, etc. Revenue Receipts can be further subdivided into two heads of tax receipts and non-tax receipts. Tax revenues consist of the proceeds of taxes and other duties levied by the central government. Tax revenues, an important component of revenue receipts, comprise of direct taxes – which fall directly on individuals (personal income tax) and firms (corporation tax), and indirect taxes like GST Tax receipts consist of both direct and indirect taxes. Non-tax revenue consists of revenue income other than taxes such as fees, challans, etc. (While giving the Union Budget in the Tax Receipts, the net value to the central government is mentioned). Other direct taxes like wealth tax, gift tax and estate duty (now abolished) have never been of much significance in terms of revenue yield and have thus been referred to as ‘paper taxes. The capital Receipts There are three major heads under the capital receipts. They are the recovery of loans, Disinvestment and borrowings are other liabilities like drawdown/Withdrawal of the cash balances. Expenditure The expenditure could be subdivided into Revenue expenditure and Capital expenditure. Revenue expenditure Revenue Expenditure is expenditure incurred for purposes other than the creation of physical or financial assets of the central government. It relates to those expenses incurred for the normal functioning of the government departments and various services, interest payments on debt incurred by the government, and grants given to state governments and other parties (even though some of the grants may be meant for the creation of assets). Capital expenditure There are expenditures of the government which result in the creation of physical or financial assets or reduction in financial liabilities. This includes expenditure on the acquisition of land, building, machinery, equipment, investment in shares, and loans and advances by the central government to state and union territory governments, PSUs, and other parties. While demarcating the capital and revenue expenditures a few heads are found to be amphibious. For example, granting aid given for the capital asset formation like MGNAREGA has the characteristic of both. Similarly, the interest payments may be also against the money used for capital asset formation. This confusion was shorted out the Rangarajan where he advised that instead of separate heads it should be given in the following four heads (adopted from the 2018 budget). To bring more effectiveness and efficiency the Government of India announced in 2016, that the classification of plan expenditure and non-plan expenditure will be abolished as per the recommendation given by the Rangarajan Committee in 2011. Thus the plan and non-plan classification was removed from 2017-18. The new classification of Capital and Revenue spending will create a clear and effective link between the Government’s earnings, spending, and outcomes.
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"डेटा इज द न्यू ऑइल।" उक्ति के संदर्भ में, भारत में बिग डेटा एनालिटिक्स की संभावनाओं और इससे जुड़ी चुनौतियों को स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) "Data is the new oil." In the context of the phrase, explain the possibilities and challenges associated with Big Data Analytics in India. (150-200 words, 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण: डेटा इज द न्यू ऑइल उक्ति को समझाते हुए (डेटा के महत्व को बताते हुए) उत्तर शुरू कीजिए। भारत में बिग डेटा की संभावनाओं (लाभों) को लिखिए। भारत में बिग डेटा की चुनौतियों को लिखिए। अंत में, सुझावों के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: हाल के वर्षों में बढ़ते डिजिटलीकरण के कारण डेटा की उपयोगिता लगातार बढ़ रही है। इसी संदर्भ में डेटा संसाधन के रूप में उभरा है इसलिए डेटा को न्यू ऑइल की संज्ञा दी गई है। बिग डेटा, डेटा के वृहद आकार को संदर्भित करता है। यह आमतौर पर इस्तेमाल किए जाने वाले सॉफ्टवेयर टूल की क्षमता से परे है अर्थात एक निश्चित समय में डेटा का खनन और संसाधन कठिन है। बिग डेटा एनालिसिस से तात्पर्य कंपनियां अपने लेन-देन, सोशल मीडिया डेटा को बेहतर ढंग से समझने और लक्षित करने के लिए बिग डेटा का इस्तेमाल करती है। भारत के संदर्भ में बिग डेटा एनालिटिक्स की संभावनाओं को निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं से समझा जा सकता है- कई अलग-अलग स्वरूपों और प्रकारों में, विभिन्न स्रोतों से बड़ी मात्रा में डेटा का त्वरित विश्लेषण करना। प्रभावी रणनीतिककरण के लिए तेजी से बेहतर सूचित निर्णय लेना, जिससे आपूर्ति श्रृंखला, संचालन और रणनीतिक निर्णय लेने के अन्य क्षेत्रों में लाभ और सुधार हो सके। लागत बचत, जो नई व्यवसाय प्रक्रिया दक्षताओं और अनुकूलन के परिणामस्वरूप हो सकती है। ग्राहकों की जरूरतों, व्यवहार और भावना की बेहतर समझ, जिससे बाजार की बेहतर जानकारी प्राप्त हो सकती है, साथ ही उत्पाद विकास के लिए जानकारी प्रदान की जा सकती है। बेहतर, बेहतर सूचित जोखिम प्रबंधन रणनीतियाँ जो डेटा के बड़े नमूना आकार से प्राप्त होती हैं। व्यवसाय अपनी आपूर्ति शृंखला प्रबंधन पर नजर रखने और विश्लेषण कर अपनी प्रक्रियाओं का अनुकूलन करते हैं। स्वास्थ्य के क्षेत्र में रोगों का नया इलाज ढूंढा जा सकता है। पुलिस बल एवं सुरक्षा एजेंसी अपराधी गतिविधियों की भविष्यवाणी भी कर सकती है। सड़क दुर्घटनाओं के डेटा के आधार पर सड़क दुर्घटनाओं को रोकना संभव। कृषि के क्षेत्र में बीज चयन, उर्वरक, सिंचाई आदि में लाभकारी। सरकार को बेहतर नीतियों के निर्माण में सहायक हो सकता है। लेकिन इन संभावनाओं के साथ कुछ चुनौतियाँ भी जुड़ी हुई है जो इस प्रकार हैं- डेटा संग्रह और संशोधन के लिए असक्षम बुनियादी ढाँचा। गोपनीयता की समस्या इसके साथ जुड़ी हुई है। डेटा के साथ नैतिक मुद्दे भी जुड़े हुए हैं, जैसे- क्या हमारे डेटा का इस्तेमाल हमारी सहमति के बिना किया जा सकता है। डेटा वैज्ञानिकों की कमी है जिससे डेटा का प्रसंस्करण करना चुनौतीपूर्ण होगा। अभी भी लगभग लगभग 80% डेटा असंचरित है। तीसरे पक्ष द्वारा डेटा चोरी करने की स्थिति में राष्ट्रीय खतरे का मुद्दा भी हो सकता है। उपर्युक्त चुनौतियों के समाधान के लिए प्रयास किया जाना चाहिए। इसके लिए नीति आयोग निजी संस्थाओं के साथ नेशनल डेटा एनालिटिक्स प्लेटफ़ॉर्म बनाने की योजना कर रही है। साथ ही, भारत सरकार डेटा स्थानीयकरण के लिए भी प्रतिबद्ध है।
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##Question:"डेटा इज द न्यू ऑइल।" उक्ति के संदर्भ में, भारत में बिग डेटा एनालिटिक्स की संभावनाओं और इससे जुड़ी चुनौतियों को स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) "Data is the new oil." In the context of the phrase, explain the possibilities and challenges associated with Big Data Analytics in India. (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: डेटा इज द न्यू ऑइल उक्ति को समझाते हुए (डेटा के महत्व को बताते हुए) उत्तर शुरू कीजिए। भारत में बिग डेटा की संभावनाओं (लाभों) को लिखिए। भारत में बिग डेटा की चुनौतियों को लिखिए। अंत में, सुझावों के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: हाल के वर्षों में बढ़ते डिजिटलीकरण के कारण डेटा की उपयोगिता लगातार बढ़ रही है। इसी संदर्भ में डेटा संसाधन के रूप में उभरा है इसलिए डेटा को न्यू ऑइल की संज्ञा दी गई है। बिग डेटा, डेटा के वृहद आकार को संदर्भित करता है। यह आमतौर पर इस्तेमाल किए जाने वाले सॉफ्टवेयर टूल की क्षमता से परे है अर्थात एक निश्चित समय में डेटा का खनन और संसाधन कठिन है। बिग डेटा एनालिसिस से तात्पर्य कंपनियां अपने लेन-देन, सोशल मीडिया डेटा को बेहतर ढंग से समझने और लक्षित करने के लिए बिग डेटा का इस्तेमाल करती है। भारत के संदर्भ में बिग डेटा एनालिटिक्स की संभावनाओं को निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं से समझा जा सकता है- कई अलग-अलग स्वरूपों और प्रकारों में, विभिन्न स्रोतों से बड़ी मात्रा में डेटा का त्वरित विश्लेषण करना। प्रभावी रणनीतिककरण के लिए तेजी से बेहतर सूचित निर्णय लेना, जिससे आपूर्ति श्रृंखला, संचालन और रणनीतिक निर्णय लेने के अन्य क्षेत्रों में लाभ और सुधार हो सके। लागत बचत, जो नई व्यवसाय प्रक्रिया दक्षताओं और अनुकूलन के परिणामस्वरूप हो सकती है। ग्राहकों की जरूरतों, व्यवहार और भावना की बेहतर समझ, जिससे बाजार की बेहतर जानकारी प्राप्त हो सकती है, साथ ही उत्पाद विकास के लिए जानकारी प्रदान की जा सकती है। बेहतर, बेहतर सूचित जोखिम प्रबंधन रणनीतियाँ जो डेटा के बड़े नमूना आकार से प्राप्त होती हैं। व्यवसाय अपनी आपूर्ति शृंखला प्रबंधन पर नजर रखने और विश्लेषण कर अपनी प्रक्रियाओं का अनुकूलन करते हैं। स्वास्थ्य के क्षेत्र में रोगों का नया इलाज ढूंढा जा सकता है। पुलिस बल एवं सुरक्षा एजेंसी अपराधी गतिविधियों की भविष्यवाणी भी कर सकती है। सड़क दुर्घटनाओं के डेटा के आधार पर सड़क दुर्घटनाओं को रोकना संभव। कृषि के क्षेत्र में बीज चयन, उर्वरक, सिंचाई आदि में लाभकारी। सरकार को बेहतर नीतियों के निर्माण में सहायक हो सकता है। लेकिन इन संभावनाओं के साथ कुछ चुनौतियाँ भी जुड़ी हुई है जो इस प्रकार हैं- डेटा संग्रह और संशोधन के लिए असक्षम बुनियादी ढाँचा। गोपनीयता की समस्या इसके साथ जुड़ी हुई है। डेटा के साथ नैतिक मुद्दे भी जुड़े हुए हैं, जैसे- क्या हमारे डेटा का इस्तेमाल हमारी सहमति के बिना किया जा सकता है। डेटा वैज्ञानिकों की कमी है जिससे डेटा का प्रसंस्करण करना चुनौतीपूर्ण होगा। अभी भी लगभग लगभग 80% डेटा असंचरित है। तीसरे पक्ष द्वारा डेटा चोरी करने की स्थिति में राष्ट्रीय खतरे का मुद्दा भी हो सकता है। उपर्युक्त चुनौतियों के समाधान के लिए प्रयास किया जाना चाहिए। इसके लिए नीति आयोग निजी संस्थाओं के साथ नेशनल डेटा एनालिटिक्स प्लेटफ़ॉर्म बनाने की योजना कर रही है। साथ ही, भारत सरकार डेटा स्थानीयकरण के लिए भी प्रतिबद्ध है।
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1857 के विद्रोह के स्वरुप को प्रकट करते हुए सिद्ध कीजिये कि इसकी अनुगूंज भारतीय राष्ट्रीय आन्दोलन के दौरान भी सुनाई पड़ती है| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) By revealing the nature of the revolt of 1857, prove that its echo is heard even during the Indian national movement. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में 1857 के विद्रोह के बारे चर्चा कीजिये 2- पहले भाग में विद्रोह के स्वरुप को स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में राष्ट्रीय आन्दोलन पर प्रभाव 1857 के विद्रोह को प्रदर्शित कीजिये 4- अंतिम में प्रश्न के अनुरूप निष्कर्ष के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| ब्रिटिश ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी बक्सर के युद्द के पश्चात भारत में वैधानिक शक्ति बन गयी | इसके बाद कंपनी के अपने व्यापारिक हितों की सुरक्षा के लिए भारत में विभिन्न प्रकार राजनीतिक आर्थिक ,सामाजिक एवं सांस्कृतिक नीतियाँ लागू की ,इससे भारतीयों का व्यापक शोषण हुआ व भारतीयों में असंतोष की भावना व्याप्त हुई | यह असंतोष 1857 की क्रांति के रूप में समाने आया | 1857 का विद्रोह आधुनिक भारत के इतिहास का एक महत्वपूर्ण परिवर्तन बिन्दु है । इस विद्रोह ने जहां एक ओर पहली बार ब्रिटिश उपनिवेशवाद को सशक्त चुनौती प्रस्तुत की वहीं दूसरी ओर इसके परिणाम स्वरूप भारत में ब्रिटिश नीति के सभी आयामों पर महत्वपूर्ण बदलाव दृष्टिगत होते हैं । साथ ही साथ इसने राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन की धारा को भी महत्वपूर्ण ढंग से प्रभावित किया । 1857 के विद्रोह की प्रकृति/स्वरुप विद्रोह का लक्ष्य था अंग्रेजों को भारत से निकालना (प्रगतिशील लक्ष्य) तथा पुरानी व्यवस्था की स्थापना करना, विद्रोह की शुरुआत सैनिकों ने की लेकिन यह केवल सैनिक विद्रोह नहीं था बल्कि समाज के अलग अलग वर्गों की भी भागीदारी थी अतः इसे नागरिक विद्रोह की श्रेणी में रख सकते हैं विद्रोह में आम लोगों की भी व्यापक भागीदारी अर्थात इसे लोकप्रिय विद्रोह भी कह सकते हैं विद्रोह का नेतृत्व असंतुष्ट शासकों और जमींदारों ने किया धार्मिक दृष्टिकोण से देखें तो हिन्दू मुस्लिम समुदाय की इसमें व्यापक भागीदारी रही और विद्रोह के दौरान साम्प्रदायिक एकता बनी रही अखिल भारतीय स्तर पर इसका प्रसार, हालाँकि उत्तर भारत में इसकी तीव्रता अधिक पहला विद्रोह जिसनें क्षेत्रीयता की सीमाओं को तोड़ा प्रारम्भ से ही आक्रामक तरीके से अंग्रेजों को चुनौती दी गयी और सरकार ने भी विद्रोह के दमन में क्रूरता की सभी सीमाओं को तोड़ा विद्रोह संगठित था या नहीं इसको लेकर आज भी व्यापक सहमति नहीं है लेकिन यह सत्य है कि विद्रोह के दौरान कुछ सीमा तक इसे संगठित रूप देने की कोशिश की गयी विभिन्न कारणों से यह असफल अवश्य हुआ लेकिन आगे चल कर इसने राष्ट्रीय संघर्ष को व्यापक रूप में प्रभावित किया| राष्ट्रीय आन्दोलन पर प्रभाव या महत्त्व ब्रिटिश विरोधी पहला संघर्ष जहाँ क्षेत्रीयता की सीमाएं टूट गयीं आगे चल कर राष्ट्रीय चेतना के उदय व विकास का एक महत्वपूर्ण कारण बना 1857 के साहसी योद्धाओं ने आने वाली पीढ़ी को संघर्ष के लिए प्रेरित व प्रभावित किया आधुनिक विचारों से प्रभावित भारतीयों ने इस संघर्ष से बहुत कुछ सीखा जैसे संगठन का महत्त्व, प्रगतिशील कार्यक्रम की आवश्यकता, अंग्रेजों की दमन करने की क्षमता और हिंसात्मक आन्दोलन की सीमाएं आदि वी डी सावरकर ने 50 वर्ष पूरे होने के उपलक्ष्य में जब किताब लिखी तब यह राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर फिर एक बार चर्चा का विषय बना 1857 का संघर्ष ग़दर आन्दोलन की प्रेरणा बना तथा आजादी से ठीक पहले आजाद हिन्द फ़ौज में झांसी रेजिमेंट का गठन इसके राष्ट्रीय महत्त्व को रेखांकित करता है विद्रोह के पश्चात ब्रिटिश नीतियों में बड़े पैमाने पर परिवर्तन भी इसके महत्त्व को रेखांकित करता है| उपरोक्त बिन्दुओं से स्पष्ट है कि 1857 के विद्रोह ने भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संघर्ष को व्यापक स्तर पर प्रभावित किया था|
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##Question:1857 के विद्रोह के स्वरुप को प्रकट करते हुए सिद्ध कीजिये कि इसकी अनुगूंज भारतीय राष्ट्रीय आन्दोलन के दौरान भी सुनाई पड़ती है| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) By revealing the nature of the revolt of 1857, prove that its echo is heard even during the Indian national movement. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में 1857 के विद्रोह के बारे चर्चा कीजिये 2- पहले भाग में विद्रोह के स्वरुप को स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में राष्ट्रीय आन्दोलन पर प्रभाव 1857 के विद्रोह को प्रदर्शित कीजिये 4- अंतिम में प्रश्न के अनुरूप निष्कर्ष के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| ब्रिटिश ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी बक्सर के युद्द के पश्चात भारत में वैधानिक शक्ति बन गयी | इसके बाद कंपनी के अपने व्यापारिक हितों की सुरक्षा के लिए भारत में विभिन्न प्रकार राजनीतिक आर्थिक ,सामाजिक एवं सांस्कृतिक नीतियाँ लागू की ,इससे भारतीयों का व्यापक शोषण हुआ व भारतीयों में असंतोष की भावना व्याप्त हुई | यह असंतोष 1857 की क्रांति के रूप में समाने आया | 1857 का विद्रोह आधुनिक भारत के इतिहास का एक महत्वपूर्ण परिवर्तन बिन्दु है । इस विद्रोह ने जहां एक ओर पहली बार ब्रिटिश उपनिवेशवाद को सशक्त चुनौती प्रस्तुत की वहीं दूसरी ओर इसके परिणाम स्वरूप भारत में ब्रिटिश नीति के सभी आयामों पर महत्वपूर्ण बदलाव दृष्टिगत होते हैं । साथ ही साथ इसने राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन की धारा को भी महत्वपूर्ण ढंग से प्रभावित किया । 1857 के विद्रोह की प्रकृति/स्वरुप विद्रोह का लक्ष्य था अंग्रेजों को भारत से निकालना (प्रगतिशील लक्ष्य) तथा पुरानी व्यवस्था की स्थापना करना, विद्रोह की शुरुआत सैनिकों ने की लेकिन यह केवल सैनिक विद्रोह नहीं था बल्कि समाज के अलग अलग वर्गों की भी भागीदारी थी अतः इसे नागरिक विद्रोह की श्रेणी में रख सकते हैं विद्रोह में आम लोगों की भी व्यापक भागीदारी अर्थात इसे लोकप्रिय विद्रोह भी कह सकते हैं विद्रोह का नेतृत्व असंतुष्ट शासकों और जमींदारों ने किया धार्मिक दृष्टिकोण से देखें तो हिन्दू मुस्लिम समुदाय की इसमें व्यापक भागीदारी रही और विद्रोह के दौरान साम्प्रदायिक एकता बनी रही अखिल भारतीय स्तर पर इसका प्रसार, हालाँकि उत्तर भारत में इसकी तीव्रता अधिक पहला विद्रोह जिसनें क्षेत्रीयता की सीमाओं को तोड़ा प्रारम्भ से ही आक्रामक तरीके से अंग्रेजों को चुनौती दी गयी और सरकार ने भी विद्रोह के दमन में क्रूरता की सभी सीमाओं को तोड़ा विद्रोह संगठित था या नहीं इसको लेकर आज भी व्यापक सहमति नहीं है लेकिन यह सत्य है कि विद्रोह के दौरान कुछ सीमा तक इसे संगठित रूप देने की कोशिश की गयी विभिन्न कारणों से यह असफल अवश्य हुआ लेकिन आगे चल कर इसने राष्ट्रीय संघर्ष को व्यापक रूप में प्रभावित किया| राष्ट्रीय आन्दोलन पर प्रभाव या महत्त्व ब्रिटिश विरोधी पहला संघर्ष जहाँ क्षेत्रीयता की सीमाएं टूट गयीं आगे चल कर राष्ट्रीय चेतना के उदय व विकास का एक महत्वपूर्ण कारण बना 1857 के साहसी योद्धाओं ने आने वाली पीढ़ी को संघर्ष के लिए प्रेरित व प्रभावित किया आधुनिक विचारों से प्रभावित भारतीयों ने इस संघर्ष से बहुत कुछ सीखा जैसे संगठन का महत्त्व, प्रगतिशील कार्यक्रम की आवश्यकता, अंग्रेजों की दमन करने की क्षमता और हिंसात्मक आन्दोलन की सीमाएं आदि वी डी सावरकर ने 50 वर्ष पूरे होने के उपलक्ष्य में जब किताब लिखी तब यह राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर फिर एक बार चर्चा का विषय बना 1857 का संघर्ष ग़दर आन्दोलन की प्रेरणा बना तथा आजादी से ठीक पहले आजाद हिन्द फ़ौज में झांसी रेजिमेंट का गठन इसके राष्ट्रीय महत्त्व को रेखांकित करता है विद्रोह के पश्चात ब्रिटिश नीतियों में बड़े पैमाने पर परिवर्तन भी इसके महत्त्व को रेखांकित करता है| उपरोक्त बिन्दुओं से स्पष्ट है कि 1857 के विद्रोह ने भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संघर्ष को व्यापक स्तर पर प्रभावित किया था|
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Highlight the major features Indian Council Act of 1861 and Indian Council Act of 1909. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly the Indian Council Act of 1861 and the Indian Council Act of 1909. Highlight the features of the two Acts. Conclude appropriately. Answers: After the Great Revolt of 1857, the British authority brought several major acts in order to provide some political concessions to Indians and enhance their participation in the law-making process. The Indian Council Act of 1861 and the Indian Council Act of 1909 marked an important milestone in the political reforms brought by the British in India. Features of the Indian Council Act of 1861: 1. It started the process of incorporating Indians into the law-making process. Indian members were included as non-official members and it maintained an official majority. 2. It started the process of restoring the legislative powers of Bombay and Madras province. 3. Viceroy Canning started a portfolio system whereby different departments were created to be headed by specific officers. 4. It led to the establishment of 3 high courts i.e. Calcutta, Bombay and Madras by 1865. 5. It proposed to create legislative councils for other states as such the legislative council for Bengal was created in 1861, NWFP in 1866 and Punjab in 1897. 6. The Viceroy was given the power to issue ordinances on emergency matters. Features of the Indian Council Act of 1909: 1. For the election of members of the provincial council, an electoral college was to be created which consisted of rich people, traders, merchants, local representatives, a group of teachers, industrialists etc. 2. On the budget aspect, Indian members were allowed to vote on separate budget items and they were also allowed to ask supplementary questions. 3. It initiated the system of a separate electorate for Muslims. 4. One Indian member was to be incorporated into the Viceroy"s executive council. Satendra Prasad Sinha was the first such Indian member. Despite some major reforms brought by these Acts, they failed to satisfy the growing aspirations of the nationalist leaders in India as still huge power was vested with the Viceroy, also the Morley-Minto reforms brought a separate electorate for the Muslims which had huge ramifications on the freedom struggle.
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##Question:Highlight the major features Indian Council Act of 1861 and Indian Council Act of 1909. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly the Indian Council Act of 1861 and the Indian Council Act of 1909. Highlight the features of the two Acts. Conclude appropriately. Answers: After the Great Revolt of 1857, the British authority brought several major acts in order to provide some political concessions to Indians and enhance their participation in the law-making process. The Indian Council Act of 1861 and the Indian Council Act of 1909 marked an important milestone in the political reforms brought by the British in India. Features of the Indian Council Act of 1861: 1. It started the process of incorporating Indians into the law-making process. Indian members were included as non-official members and it maintained an official majority. 2. It started the process of restoring the legislative powers of Bombay and Madras province. 3. Viceroy Canning started a portfolio system whereby different departments were created to be headed by specific officers. 4. It led to the establishment of 3 high courts i.e. Calcutta, Bombay and Madras by 1865. 5. It proposed to create legislative councils for other states as such the legislative council for Bengal was created in 1861, NWFP in 1866 and Punjab in 1897. 6. The Viceroy was given the power to issue ordinances on emergency matters. Features of the Indian Council Act of 1909: 1. For the election of members of the provincial council, an electoral college was to be created which consisted of rich people, traders, merchants, local representatives, a group of teachers, industrialists etc. 2. On the budget aspect, Indian members were allowed to vote on separate budget items and they were also allowed to ask supplementary questions. 3. It initiated the system of a separate electorate for Muslims. 4. One Indian member was to be incorporated into the Viceroy"s executive council. Satendra Prasad Sinha was the first such Indian member. Despite some major reforms brought by these Acts, they failed to satisfy the growing aspirations of the nationalist leaders in India as still huge power was vested with the Viceroy, also the Morley-Minto reforms brought a separate electorate for the Muslims which had huge ramifications on the freedom struggle.
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What do you understand by values and ethics? In what way is it important to be ethical along with being professionally competent? [10 marks/150 words, UPSC 2013]
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Approach:- Define the values in the introduction In the body part, mention the understanding of the ethics Then mention how Ethical along with being professionally competent is important Then mention the challenges Conclude accordingly. Answer:- Values are long-lasting beliefs based on preference with respect to desirable and undesirable. Ethics refers to the standard of right and wrong prescribed for the individual. It is enforced by society. Values and ethics help individuals to make the right decisions that are acceptable, desirable, and for the larger good of society. Competence on the other hand is one"s skill or ability to perform some tasks efficiently or expertise in certain areas. Competence is required in all walks of life including Civil services. The desirability of ethics along with professional competent Commitment to excellence- Ethics along with competence helps in achieving goals and objectives. Highest Ethical standards- They will uphold the highest ethical standards such as Probity, integrity, Human rights, etc. For example- Ashok khemka upholds the integrity It can help in gaining heights in a highly competitive environment. For the long term it can help in the creation of reputation, credibility, Brand value, etc For example- Tata products An ethical person would strive for the common good, even if he lacks the high standards of his profession. An ethical and highly competent person is seen as an ideal or Role model For example- A. P.J Kalam But without values and ethics, many people with high competence can pose immense challenges. It is very important to be ethical in the performance of one"s duty. Challenges:- An unethical person can only bring harm to society, because professional competency, devoid of an ethical base, can only be a home for various vices. A person with no ethical principles and high professional competency can become a bane of society [pain, distress, and harm to society and humanity]. For example -Hitler, and Osama Bin Laden who took many innocent lives Gandhi Ji also said that Business without morality is a sin. Energy and aptitude without Integrity are a threat to the organization. for example- A Q khan, a nuclear scientist from Pakistan. They will be lured by corruption, and pose threat to the collective, It will be hard to trust them, & delegate the work They may leak sensitive news & misuse the technology for their gai Hence, it is very important for any civilization or count to inculcate values and high ethical standards among its citizens through the right socialization for positive/constructive utilization of their competence for an inclusive, prosperous, happy, and progressive society.
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##Question:What do you understand by values and ethics? In what way is it important to be ethical along with being professionally competent? [10 marks/150 words, UPSC 2013]##Answer:Approach:- Define the values in the introduction In the body part, mention the understanding of the ethics Then mention how Ethical along with being professionally competent is important Then mention the challenges Conclude accordingly. Answer:- Values are long-lasting beliefs based on preference with respect to desirable and undesirable. Ethics refers to the standard of right and wrong prescribed for the individual. It is enforced by society. Values and ethics help individuals to make the right decisions that are acceptable, desirable, and for the larger good of society. Competence on the other hand is one"s skill or ability to perform some tasks efficiently or expertise in certain areas. Competence is required in all walks of life including Civil services. The desirability of ethics along with professional competent Commitment to excellence- Ethics along with competence helps in achieving goals and objectives. Highest Ethical standards- They will uphold the highest ethical standards such as Probity, integrity, Human rights, etc. For example- Ashok khemka upholds the integrity It can help in gaining heights in a highly competitive environment. For the long term it can help in the creation of reputation, credibility, Brand value, etc For example- Tata products An ethical person would strive for the common good, even if he lacks the high standards of his profession. An ethical and highly competent person is seen as an ideal or Role model For example- A. P.J Kalam But without values and ethics, many people with high competence can pose immense challenges. It is very important to be ethical in the performance of one"s duty. Challenges:- An unethical person can only bring harm to society, because professional competency, devoid of an ethical base, can only be a home for various vices. A person with no ethical principles and high professional competency can become a bane of society [pain, distress, and harm to society and humanity]. For example -Hitler, and Osama Bin Laden who took many innocent lives Gandhi Ji also said that Business without morality is a sin. Energy and aptitude without Integrity are a threat to the organization. for example- A Q khan, a nuclear scientist from Pakistan. They will be lured by corruption, and pose threat to the collective, It will be hard to trust them, & delegate the work They may leak sensitive news & misuse the technology for their gai Hence, it is very important for any civilization or count to inculcate values and high ethical standards among its citizens through the right socialization for positive/constructive utilization of their competence for an inclusive, prosperous, happy, and progressive society.
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What do you understand by values and ethics? In what way is it important to be ethical along with being professionally competent? [10 marks/150 words, UPSC 2013]
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Approach:- Define the values in the introduction In the body part, mention the understanding of the ethics Then mention how Ethical along with being professionally competent is important Then mention the challenges Conclude accordingly. Answer:- Values are long-lasting beliefs based on preference with respect to desirable and undesirable. Ethics refers to the standard of right and wrong prescribed for the individual. It is enforced by society. Values and ethics help individuals to make the right decisions that are acceptable, desirable, and for the larger good of society. Competence on the other hand is one"s skill or ability to perform some tasks efficiently or expertise in certain areas. Competence is required in all walks of life including Civil services. The desirability of ethics along with professional competent Commitment to excellence- Ethics along with competence helps in achieving goals and objectives. Highest Ethical standards- They will uphold the highest ethical standards such as Probity, integrity, Human rights, etc. For example- Ashok khemka upholds the integrity It can help in gaining heights in a highly competitive environment. For the long term it can help in the creation of reputation, credibility, Brand value, etc For example- Tata products An ethical person would strive for the common good, even if he lacks the high standards of his profession. An ethical and highly competent person is seen as an ideal or Role model For example- A. P.J Kalam But without values and ethics, many people with high competence can pose immense challenges. It is very important to be ethical in the performance of one"s duty. Challenges:- An unethical person can only bring harm to society, because professional competency, devoid of an ethical base, can only be a home for various vices. A person with no ethical principles and high professional competency can become a bane of society [pain, distress, and harm to society and humanity]. For example -Hitler, and Osama Bin Laden who took many innocent lives Gandhi Ji also said that Business without morality is a sin. Energy and aptitude without Integrity are a threat to the organization. for example- A Q khan, a nuclear scientist from Pakistan. They will be lured by corruption, and pose threat to the collective, It will be hard to trust them, & delegate the work They may leak sensitive news & misuse the technology for their gai Hence, it is very important for any civilization or count to inculcate values and high ethical standards among its citizens through the right socialization for positive/constructive utilization of their competence for an inclusive, prosperous, happy, and progressive society.
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##Question:What do you understand by values and ethics? In what way is it important to be ethical along with being professionally competent? [10 marks/150 words, UPSC 2013]##Answer:Approach:- Define the values in the introduction In the body part, mention the understanding of the ethics Then mention how Ethical along with being professionally competent is important Then mention the challenges Conclude accordingly. Answer:- Values are long-lasting beliefs based on preference with respect to desirable and undesirable. Ethics refers to the standard of right and wrong prescribed for the individual. It is enforced by society. Values and ethics help individuals to make the right decisions that are acceptable, desirable, and for the larger good of society. Competence on the other hand is one"s skill or ability to perform some tasks efficiently or expertise in certain areas. Competence is required in all walks of life including Civil services. The desirability of ethics along with professional competent Commitment to excellence- Ethics along with competence helps in achieving goals and objectives. Highest Ethical standards- They will uphold the highest ethical standards such as Probity, integrity, Human rights, etc. For example- Ashok khemka upholds the integrity It can help in gaining heights in a highly competitive environment. For the long term it can help in the creation of reputation, credibility, Brand value, etc For example- Tata products An ethical person would strive for the common good, even if he lacks the high standards of his profession. An ethical and highly competent person is seen as an ideal or Role model For example- A. P.J Kalam But without values and ethics, many people with high competence can pose immense challenges. It is very important to be ethical in the performance of one"s duty. Challenges:- An unethical person can only bring harm to society, because professional competency, devoid of an ethical base, can only be a home for various vices. A person with no ethical principles and high professional competency can become a bane of society [pain, distress, and harm to society and humanity]. For example -Hitler, and Osama Bin Laden who took many innocent lives Gandhi Ji also said that Business without morality is a sin. Energy and aptitude without Integrity are a threat to the organization. for example- A Q khan, a nuclear scientist from Pakistan. They will be lured by corruption, and pose threat to the collective, It will be hard to trust them, & delegate the work They may leak sensitive news & misuse the technology for their gai Hence, it is very important for any civilization or count to inculcate values and high ethical standards among its citizens through the right socialization for positive/constructive utilization of their competence for an inclusive, prosperous, happy, and progressive society.
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Analyze the role and importance of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) for India to fulfill its National Interest. (250 Words/15 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the evolution of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and its strength. Then bring a discussion on how Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) can help India to achieve its National Interest. Further, bring the challenges India faced in Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) to achieve its National Interest. Conclude accordingly. Answer Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) was established in 2001. Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) traces its origin to Shanghai 5 which was established in 1996. They came together in the post-Soviet era in 1996, in order to work on regional security, the reduction of border troops, and terrorism. SCO represents 42% of the world’s population and 23% of the global GDP. Four of its member countries are nuclear weapon states and two of its member countries are permanent members of the UNSC. Importance of SCO to fulfill India’s National Interest India can use SCO to gain strategic maneuverability vis-à-vis their traditional hegemon Russia and the new hegemon China. Thus SCO can provide India with greater visibility in the affairs of the Eurasian region which is strategically important for India. Central Asia is a part of India’s Extended Neighbourhood. Thus SCO can provide India with an opportunity to pursue the “ Connect Central Asian Policy ”. SCO can enable India, as an integral part of the Eurasian security grouping, to neutralize centrifugal forces arising from religious extremism and terrorism in the region. SCO can help India in managing much more effectively the negative impact of a Talibanized Afghanistan , especially in the post-2014 scenario. Thus India can use SCO to seek cooperation vis-à-vis Afghanistan since we share a common goal with respect to peace and stability in Afghanistan. India through RATS can improve its counterterrorism abilities by working toward intelligence sharing, law enforcement, and developing best practices and technologies. Thus it can help in cooperation on common challenges of terrorism and radicalization. Through the SCO, India can also work on anti-drug trafficking and small arms proliferation. SCO can provide India with a platform where India can constructively engage both China and Pakistan in a regional context and project India’s security interests in the turbulent region including West Asia. India being an energy-deficient country with increasing demands for energy , SCO provides it with an opportunity to meet its energy requirements through regional diplomacy. Thus talks on the construction of stalled pipelines like the TAPI (Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India) pipeline ; IPI (Iran-Pakistan-India) pipeline can get a much-needed push through the SCO. SCO can provide India with direct access to Central Asia and to overcome the main hurdle of trade between India and Central Asia. Under SCO the Central Asian countries can provide India with a market for its IT, telecommunications, banking, finance, and pharmaceutical industries. Challenges for India to achieve its National Interest through SCO Dominance by China: Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is dominated by China; closely followed by Russia. India will have to accept the role of second fiddle in the organization with which India is generally uncomfortable. India always wants to dominate or to be the leader of the organization where it is a member. India joining the SCO has been seen as a puzzling foreign policy move, as it has come at a time when New Delhi is looking more keenly at the West, and in particular at the maritime ‘ Quadrilateral’ with the USA, Japan, and Australia. Russia-China-Pakistan Axis: The growing closeness between Russia and China further aggravates India"s concern with the existing China-Pakistan Axis. Cooperation vis-à-vis terrorism would be ineffective. Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) defines terrorism as a homegrown group targeting the established political regime resulting in political instability while India defines it as the cross border sponsored. The terrorist of concern to India are Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammad, and Haqqani Network, while RATs gather intelligence on groups like East Turkestan Islamic Movement( ETIM), and Al Qaeda in Central Asia. All members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) except India have endorsed BRI. Lack of overland connectivity with Central Asia: Pakistan"s strategic denial of the overland connectivity to Afghanistan and beyond is the major impediment to India"s outreach to Central Asia. Thus India needs to bolster connectivity with the region and constructively engaged with Pakistan through the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) platform, India should constructively pressurize Pakistan to allow its overland connectivity to Afghanistan and Central Asia. India should mobilize an opinion in Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) to pressurize Pakistan into doing so. Thus India should leverage its soft power to enhance its sphere of engagement in such as in culture, cuisine, and education to engage with central Asia.
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##Question:Analyze the role and importance of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) for India to fulfill its National Interest. (250 Words/15 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the evolution of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and its strength. Then bring a discussion on how Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) can help India to achieve its National Interest. Further, bring the challenges India faced in Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) to achieve its National Interest. Conclude accordingly. Answer Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) was established in 2001. Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) traces its origin to Shanghai 5 which was established in 1996. They came together in the post-Soviet era in 1996, in order to work on regional security, the reduction of border troops, and terrorism. SCO represents 42% of the world’s population and 23% of the global GDP. Four of its member countries are nuclear weapon states and two of its member countries are permanent members of the UNSC. Importance of SCO to fulfill India’s National Interest India can use SCO to gain strategic maneuverability vis-à-vis their traditional hegemon Russia and the new hegemon China. Thus SCO can provide India with greater visibility in the affairs of the Eurasian region which is strategically important for India. Central Asia is a part of India’s Extended Neighbourhood. Thus SCO can provide India with an opportunity to pursue the “ Connect Central Asian Policy ”. SCO can enable India, as an integral part of the Eurasian security grouping, to neutralize centrifugal forces arising from religious extremism and terrorism in the region. SCO can help India in managing much more effectively the negative impact of a Talibanized Afghanistan , especially in the post-2014 scenario. Thus India can use SCO to seek cooperation vis-à-vis Afghanistan since we share a common goal with respect to peace and stability in Afghanistan. India through RATS can improve its counterterrorism abilities by working toward intelligence sharing, law enforcement, and developing best practices and technologies. Thus it can help in cooperation on common challenges of terrorism and radicalization. Through the SCO, India can also work on anti-drug trafficking and small arms proliferation. SCO can provide India with a platform where India can constructively engage both China and Pakistan in a regional context and project India’s security interests in the turbulent region including West Asia. India being an energy-deficient country with increasing demands for energy , SCO provides it with an opportunity to meet its energy requirements through regional diplomacy. Thus talks on the construction of stalled pipelines like the TAPI (Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India) pipeline ; IPI (Iran-Pakistan-India) pipeline can get a much-needed push through the SCO. SCO can provide India with direct access to Central Asia and to overcome the main hurdle of trade between India and Central Asia. Under SCO the Central Asian countries can provide India with a market for its IT, telecommunications, banking, finance, and pharmaceutical industries. Challenges for India to achieve its National Interest through SCO Dominance by China: Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is dominated by China; closely followed by Russia. India will have to accept the role of second fiddle in the organization with which India is generally uncomfortable. India always wants to dominate or to be the leader of the organization where it is a member. India joining the SCO has been seen as a puzzling foreign policy move, as it has come at a time when New Delhi is looking more keenly at the West, and in particular at the maritime ‘ Quadrilateral’ with the USA, Japan, and Australia. Russia-China-Pakistan Axis: The growing closeness between Russia and China further aggravates India"s concern with the existing China-Pakistan Axis. Cooperation vis-à-vis terrorism would be ineffective. Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) defines terrorism as a homegrown group targeting the established political regime resulting in political instability while India defines it as the cross border sponsored. The terrorist of concern to India are Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammad, and Haqqani Network, while RATs gather intelligence on groups like East Turkestan Islamic Movement( ETIM), and Al Qaeda in Central Asia. All members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) except India have endorsed BRI. Lack of overland connectivity with Central Asia: Pakistan"s strategic denial of the overland connectivity to Afghanistan and beyond is the major impediment to India"s outreach to Central Asia. Thus India needs to bolster connectivity with the region and constructively engaged with Pakistan through the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) platform, India should constructively pressurize Pakistan to allow its overland connectivity to Afghanistan and Central Asia. India should mobilize an opinion in Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) to pressurize Pakistan into doing so. Thus India should leverage its soft power to enhance its sphere of engagement in such as in culture, cuisine, and education to engage with central Asia.
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ब्लॉकचेन प्रौद्योगिकी (Blockchain Technology) से किस तरह के लाभों को प्राप्त करना संभव है? साथ ही, यह वर्णन कीजिए कि इस संदर्भ में किस तरह की चुनौतियों का सामना करना पड़ सकता है ? (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) What kind of benefits are possible from Blockchain Technology? Also, describe that what kind of challenges can be faced in this context? (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)
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एप्रोच - भूमिका में ब्लॉकचेन प्रौद्योगिकी (Blockchain Technology) को परिभाषित करते हुए उत्तर प्रारंभ कीजिए| मुख्य भाग के पहले हिस्से में, ब्लॉकचेन प्रौद्योगिकी/Blockchain Technology से प्राप्त किए जा सकने लाभों का उल्लेख कीजिए| अगले भाग में, ब्लॉकचेन प्रौद्योगिकी के संदर्भ में चुनौतियों को स्पष्ट कीजिए| निष्कर्षतः, इस संदर्भ में आगे की राह तथा कुछ भारतीय क़दमों का उल्लेख संक्षिप्तता से करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| उत्तर - एकीकृत डाटा की श्रृंखला को ब्लॉकचेन कहते हैं|इसके अंतर्गत प्रत्येक लेनदेन एक श्रृंखला से जुड़ा होता है| यह प्रत्येक बैच में क्रिप्टोग्राफी का उपयोग करके ब्लॉक का निर्माण करते हैं| हर ब्लॉक में 3 पारामीटर अनिवार्य हैं ---> पिछले ब्लॉक का पता, खुद का पता तथा संदेश/डाटा अन्य शब्दों में ब्लॉकचेन ऐसी तकनीक है जिसमें बिटकॉइन तथा अन्य क्रिप्टोकरेंसी का संचालन होता है| अर्थात यह एक डिजिटल सार्वजनिक बहीखाता (Distributed Public Ledger) है जिसमें प्रत्येक लेनदेन का रिकॉर्ड दर्ज होता है| ब्लॉकचेन में एक बार किसी भी लेनदेन को दर्ज करने पर इसे ना तो वहां से हटाया जा सकता है और ना ही इसमें संशोधन किया जा सकता है| यह कंप्यूटर प्रणाली के संपूर्ण नेटवर्क में वितरित (Distributed) तथा विकेंद्रीकृत (decentralised) होती है| यह कई अलग-2 प्रौद्योगिकियों को मिलाकर तैयार की गई एक तकनीक है, जैसे - डिस्ट्रिब्यूटेड सिस्टम्स, क्रिप्टोग्राफी आदि ब्लॉकचेन प्रौद्योगिकी के लाभ इसमें तीसरे पक्ष की भागीदारी नहीं होती है, अतः यह सस्ते होते हैं| धोखाधड़ी तथा हेरफेर की रोकथाम - ऐसी प्रणाली को हैक करना काफी मुश्किल होता है, जिसमें डेटा को अलग-अलग स्थानों पर संरक्षित किया गया हो| ब्लॉकचेन में डेटा की हैकिंग आसान नहीं है| फिर भी अगर ऐसा हो भी जाता है, तो सूचनाओं को दोबारा आसानी से सुरक्षित किया जा सकता है| ब्लॉकचेन को हैक करना लगभग नामुमकिन है, अतः यह सुरक्षित विकल्प है| विकेंद्रीकृत कार्य प्रणाली - ब्लॉकचेन प्रौद्योगिकी उचित प्रमाणीकरण तथा अनुमोदन सुविधा के साथ सक्षम वितरित खाता-बही भंडारण प्रणाली उपलब्ध कराती है| अर्थात ऑनलाइन पहचान का विकेंद्रीकरण होता है| पारदर्शिता और दक्षता में वृद्धि - इससे पारदर्शिता तथा प्रोसेसिंग/प्रसंस्करण की गति में तेजी आने के साथ-साथ लागत में भी कमी आती है| भविष्य में स्मार्ट कॉन्ट्रैक्ट, कॉपीराइट, पंजीकरण, वोटिंग आदि ब्लॉकचेन के माध्यम से कराए जा सकते हैं| अलग-अलग क्षेत्रों में उपयोग हेतु - शिक्षा, अभिशासन, वित्त व बैंकिंग, चिकित्सा सुविधा, रसद, साइबर सुरक्षा, मीडिया, विधिक, विद्युत आदि जैसे अलग-अलग क्षेत्रों में किया जा सकता है| ई-गवर्नेंस के माध्यम से महत्वपूर्ण संबद्ध प्रणाली ज्यादा प्रभावी बनने के साथ-साथ भरोसा, पारदर्शिता और जवाबदेही में भी बढ़ोतरी संपत्तियों के रिकॉर्ड के रखरखाव के साथ-साथ डिजिटल जन्म प्रमाण पत्र, मृत्यु प्रमाण पत्र और शैक्षिक प्रमाण पत्रों आदि का रख रखाव बैंकिंग - ब्लॉकचेन की मदद से लेनदेन में भुगतान से जुड़े जोखिमों को टाला जा सकता है| इसके अलावा यह सीमापारीय लेन-देन शुल्क को कम करने के साथ-साथ कॉर्पोरेट सेक्टर में होने वाले भुगतान और प्रेषण (Remittances) में लगने वाले शुल्क को भी कम कर सकता है| आपूर्ति श्रृंखला - ब्लॉकचेन की मदद से ऐसे रिकार्ड तैयार किए जा सकते हैं, जिनका उपयोग उत्पादों को उनके प्रेषित किए जाने के स्थान से लेकर वितरण के स्थान तक की सूचना का वास्तविक समय में आकलन करने के लिए किया जा सकता है| इससे आपूर्ति श्रृंखला की विश्वसनीयता और कुशलता बढ़ेगी| चिकित्सा सुविधा - ब्लॉकचेन नेटवर्क की सुरक्षित श्रृंखला स्थापित करने से मरीजों के रिकॉर्ड के रखरखाव, सहमति प्राप्ति से संबंधित फॉर्म, बिलिंग और सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य आदि की निगरानी में मदद मिल सकती है| ई-न्यायालय - ब्लॉकचेन प्रौद्योगिकी के इस्तेमाल से विभिन्न विभागों और संस्थाओं, जैसे - पुलिस, न्यायपालिका और विधि मामलों के विभाग आदि के डेटा को इस प्रकार से संरक्षित/संग्रहित किया जा सकता है कि उनके बीच तालमेल बना रहे ब्लॉकचेन प्रौद्योगिकी के संदर्भ में चुनौतियाँ अत्यधिक ऊर्जा की खपत जिससे लागत एवं पर्यावरण संबंधी मुद्दें ब्लॉक बनने की प्रक्रिया धीमी एवं जटिल जिससे ट्रांजेक्शन की धीमी गति इसका विनियमन असंभव है अर्थात नेटवर्क में विनियमन का अभाव काले धन को वैध बनाया जा सकता है अर्थात अपराधीकरण की उच्च संभावना लोगों द्वारा अपनाने संबंधी संशय सक्षम कार्यबल की सीमित उपलब्धता उपरोक्त चुनौतियों के संदर्भ में एक व्यापक विचार-विमर्श से विनियामक तंत्र तथा व्यवस्था का विकास करने की आवश्यकता है ताकि ब्लॉकचेन के विविध लाभों को व्यापक तौर पर प्रयोग में लाया जा सके| इस संदर्भ में ब्लॉकचेन पर राष्ट्रीय रणनीति जैसे क़दमों तथा ब्लॉकचेन पर उत्कृष्टता केंद्र का विकास करना एक प्रभावी कदम है|
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##Question:ब्लॉकचेन प्रौद्योगिकी (Blockchain Technology) से किस तरह के लाभों को प्राप्त करना संभव है? साथ ही, यह वर्णन कीजिए कि इस संदर्भ में किस तरह की चुनौतियों का सामना करना पड़ सकता है ? (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) What kind of benefits are possible from Blockchain Technology? Also, describe that what kind of challenges can be faced in this context? (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)##Answer:एप्रोच - भूमिका में ब्लॉकचेन प्रौद्योगिकी (Blockchain Technology) को परिभाषित करते हुए उत्तर प्रारंभ कीजिए| मुख्य भाग के पहले हिस्से में, ब्लॉकचेन प्रौद्योगिकी/Blockchain Technology से प्राप्त किए जा सकने लाभों का उल्लेख कीजिए| अगले भाग में, ब्लॉकचेन प्रौद्योगिकी के संदर्भ में चुनौतियों को स्पष्ट कीजिए| निष्कर्षतः, इस संदर्भ में आगे की राह तथा कुछ भारतीय क़दमों का उल्लेख संक्षिप्तता से करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| उत्तर - एकीकृत डाटा की श्रृंखला को ब्लॉकचेन कहते हैं|इसके अंतर्गत प्रत्येक लेनदेन एक श्रृंखला से जुड़ा होता है| यह प्रत्येक बैच में क्रिप्टोग्राफी का उपयोग करके ब्लॉक का निर्माण करते हैं| हर ब्लॉक में 3 पारामीटर अनिवार्य हैं ---> पिछले ब्लॉक का पता, खुद का पता तथा संदेश/डाटा अन्य शब्दों में ब्लॉकचेन ऐसी तकनीक है जिसमें बिटकॉइन तथा अन्य क्रिप्टोकरेंसी का संचालन होता है| अर्थात यह एक डिजिटल सार्वजनिक बहीखाता (Distributed Public Ledger) है जिसमें प्रत्येक लेनदेन का रिकॉर्ड दर्ज होता है| ब्लॉकचेन में एक बार किसी भी लेनदेन को दर्ज करने पर इसे ना तो वहां से हटाया जा सकता है और ना ही इसमें संशोधन किया जा सकता है| यह कंप्यूटर प्रणाली के संपूर्ण नेटवर्क में वितरित (Distributed) तथा विकेंद्रीकृत (decentralised) होती है| यह कई अलग-2 प्रौद्योगिकियों को मिलाकर तैयार की गई एक तकनीक है, जैसे - डिस्ट्रिब्यूटेड सिस्टम्स, क्रिप्टोग्राफी आदि ब्लॉकचेन प्रौद्योगिकी के लाभ इसमें तीसरे पक्ष की भागीदारी नहीं होती है, अतः यह सस्ते होते हैं| धोखाधड़ी तथा हेरफेर की रोकथाम - ऐसी प्रणाली को हैक करना काफी मुश्किल होता है, जिसमें डेटा को अलग-अलग स्थानों पर संरक्षित किया गया हो| ब्लॉकचेन में डेटा की हैकिंग आसान नहीं है| फिर भी अगर ऐसा हो भी जाता है, तो सूचनाओं को दोबारा आसानी से सुरक्षित किया जा सकता है| ब्लॉकचेन को हैक करना लगभग नामुमकिन है, अतः यह सुरक्षित विकल्प है| विकेंद्रीकृत कार्य प्रणाली - ब्लॉकचेन प्रौद्योगिकी उचित प्रमाणीकरण तथा अनुमोदन सुविधा के साथ सक्षम वितरित खाता-बही भंडारण प्रणाली उपलब्ध कराती है| अर्थात ऑनलाइन पहचान का विकेंद्रीकरण होता है| पारदर्शिता और दक्षता में वृद्धि - इससे पारदर्शिता तथा प्रोसेसिंग/प्रसंस्करण की गति में तेजी आने के साथ-साथ लागत में भी कमी आती है| भविष्य में स्मार्ट कॉन्ट्रैक्ट, कॉपीराइट, पंजीकरण, वोटिंग आदि ब्लॉकचेन के माध्यम से कराए जा सकते हैं| अलग-अलग क्षेत्रों में उपयोग हेतु - शिक्षा, अभिशासन, वित्त व बैंकिंग, चिकित्सा सुविधा, रसद, साइबर सुरक्षा, मीडिया, विधिक, विद्युत आदि जैसे अलग-अलग क्षेत्रों में किया जा सकता है| ई-गवर्नेंस के माध्यम से महत्वपूर्ण संबद्ध प्रणाली ज्यादा प्रभावी बनने के साथ-साथ भरोसा, पारदर्शिता और जवाबदेही में भी बढ़ोतरी संपत्तियों के रिकॉर्ड के रखरखाव के साथ-साथ डिजिटल जन्म प्रमाण पत्र, मृत्यु प्रमाण पत्र और शैक्षिक प्रमाण पत्रों आदि का रख रखाव बैंकिंग - ब्लॉकचेन की मदद से लेनदेन में भुगतान से जुड़े जोखिमों को टाला जा सकता है| इसके अलावा यह सीमापारीय लेन-देन शुल्क को कम करने के साथ-साथ कॉर्पोरेट सेक्टर में होने वाले भुगतान और प्रेषण (Remittances) में लगने वाले शुल्क को भी कम कर सकता है| आपूर्ति श्रृंखला - ब्लॉकचेन की मदद से ऐसे रिकार्ड तैयार किए जा सकते हैं, जिनका उपयोग उत्पादों को उनके प्रेषित किए जाने के स्थान से लेकर वितरण के स्थान तक की सूचना का वास्तविक समय में आकलन करने के लिए किया जा सकता है| इससे आपूर्ति श्रृंखला की विश्वसनीयता और कुशलता बढ़ेगी| चिकित्सा सुविधा - ब्लॉकचेन नेटवर्क की सुरक्षित श्रृंखला स्थापित करने से मरीजों के रिकॉर्ड के रखरखाव, सहमति प्राप्ति से संबंधित फॉर्म, बिलिंग और सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य आदि की निगरानी में मदद मिल सकती है| ई-न्यायालय - ब्लॉकचेन प्रौद्योगिकी के इस्तेमाल से विभिन्न विभागों और संस्थाओं, जैसे - पुलिस, न्यायपालिका और विधि मामलों के विभाग आदि के डेटा को इस प्रकार से संरक्षित/संग्रहित किया जा सकता है कि उनके बीच तालमेल बना रहे ब्लॉकचेन प्रौद्योगिकी के संदर्भ में चुनौतियाँ अत्यधिक ऊर्जा की खपत जिससे लागत एवं पर्यावरण संबंधी मुद्दें ब्लॉक बनने की प्रक्रिया धीमी एवं जटिल जिससे ट्रांजेक्शन की धीमी गति इसका विनियमन असंभव है अर्थात नेटवर्क में विनियमन का अभाव काले धन को वैध बनाया जा सकता है अर्थात अपराधीकरण की उच्च संभावना लोगों द्वारा अपनाने संबंधी संशय सक्षम कार्यबल की सीमित उपलब्धता उपरोक्त चुनौतियों के संदर्भ में एक व्यापक विचार-विमर्श से विनियामक तंत्र तथा व्यवस्था का विकास करने की आवश्यकता है ताकि ब्लॉकचेन के विविध लाभों को व्यापक तौर पर प्रयोग में लाया जा सके| इस संदर्भ में ब्लॉकचेन पर राष्ट्रीय रणनीति जैसे क़दमों तथा ब्लॉकचेन पर उत्कृष्टता केंद्र का विकास करना एक प्रभावी कदम है|
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What is meant by Agriculture? Discuss the importance of agriculture for India. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduction Introduce the answer with agriculture data or write the meaning of agriculture Give the historical background of agriculture. Mention the importance of agriculture. Conclude accordingly. Answer. Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops, and rearing livestock. Subdivision of agriculture Crops, Livestock, forestry and logging, and fisheries. At the time of independence, agriculture contributed 53 % percent to the GDP and employed 73 % of the workforce. Most of the farmers used primitive technologies, for example, more than 30% of the farmers used wooden plows, 6% of farmers used chemical fertilizer and more than 80% of the agricultural land was dependent on monsoon. Most of the farming was subsistence farming which means the farmers were producing for their own consumption. Since there was no surplus, farmers did not earn any substantial income leading to poor investment in technology. Therefore, Indian agriculture was a poor productivity system coupled with poor production. Any failure of monsoon meant India has significant food shortages and high food inflation. Importance of agriculture. It is the source of food supply for the population of the country. Diversified agriculture ensures nutritional security for the population. It creates economic opportunities at relatively lesser skill as compared to Industry and services. Approximately 45% of the workforce in India is employed in agriculture. It provides raw materials to the industry and also creates demand for industrial goods and services including agricultural inputs such as tractors, fertilizers such as agricultural machines, etc. It acts as a shock absorber during times of economic distress. A total of 45 .7 million jobs were created in 2019, out of which 70% were in agriculture. It contributes to foreign exchange earnings by exporting agricultural commodities. Major Agri export from India include rice, marine products, spices, etc Agriculture aids in capital formation as the surplus in agriculture can lead to more savings which can be used for financing infrastructure and Industrial development. Agriculture creates demand for various services such as finance, logistics, marketing, etc. As per a World Bank study 1 % growth in agriculture is 2-3 times more effective in poverty alleviation as compared to a 1% growth in the non-agricultural sector.
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##Question:What is meant by Agriculture? Discuss the importance of agriculture for India. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduction Introduce the answer with agriculture data or write the meaning of agriculture Give the historical background of agriculture. Mention the importance of agriculture. Conclude accordingly. Answer. Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops, and rearing livestock. Subdivision of agriculture Crops, Livestock, forestry and logging, and fisheries. At the time of independence, agriculture contributed 53 % percent to the GDP and employed 73 % of the workforce. Most of the farmers used primitive technologies, for example, more than 30% of the farmers used wooden plows, 6% of farmers used chemical fertilizer and more than 80% of the agricultural land was dependent on monsoon. Most of the farming was subsistence farming which means the farmers were producing for their own consumption. Since there was no surplus, farmers did not earn any substantial income leading to poor investment in technology. Therefore, Indian agriculture was a poor productivity system coupled with poor production. Any failure of monsoon meant India has significant food shortages and high food inflation. Importance of agriculture. It is the source of food supply for the population of the country. Diversified agriculture ensures nutritional security for the population. It creates economic opportunities at relatively lesser skill as compared to Industry and services. Approximately 45% of the workforce in India is employed in agriculture. It provides raw materials to the industry and also creates demand for industrial goods and services including agricultural inputs such as tractors, fertilizers such as agricultural machines, etc. It acts as a shock absorber during times of economic distress. A total of 45 .7 million jobs were created in 2019, out of which 70% were in agriculture. It contributes to foreign exchange earnings by exporting agricultural commodities. Major Agri export from India include rice, marine products, spices, etc Agriculture aids in capital formation as the surplus in agriculture can lead to more savings which can be used for financing infrastructure and Industrial development. Agriculture creates demand for various services such as finance, logistics, marketing, etc. As per a World Bank study 1 % growth in agriculture is 2-3 times more effective in poverty alleviation as compared to a 1% growth in the non-agricultural sector.
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Discuss the contributions of Dr B R Ambedkar particularly in terms of socio-economic position of the depressed class during the British period. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Briefly write about B R Ambedkar & his works in the Introduction. Explain the contributions (for the depressed class also) of Dr B R Ambedkar during the British period. Conclusion. Answer: Dr Bhim Rao Ambedkar, a fighter in the cause of the Annihilation of Caste, was born in a low-caste Mahar family in 1891. Ambedkar is seen as the real pioneer of the political consciousness on the part of the so-called depressed classes or downtrodden. He was primarily a constitutionalist. Contributions of Dr Ambedkar : Ambedkar bargained with both the mainstream of Indian nationalism represented by the Congress & Gandhi and the British government for the upliftment of the depressed classes. According to him, the upliftment of the depressed classes could be done mainly through their involvement in active politics for which he tried to create a space in the colonial system. He participated in all three Round Table conferences boycotted by the Indian National Congress (INC) except the second. He was able to convince the British authorities to grant the "Separate Electorate" to the depressed classes which had been conceded to Muslims as a part of the Morley-Minto Reforms in 1909. Gandhi and other leaders of the Indian National Congress (INC) objected to the system of the "Separate Electorate" which was formally announced by the British PM Ramsay McDonald in his famous award known as the McDonald Award or Communal Award in 1932. This was seen as an extension of the Policy of Divide & Rule and now to divide the Hindu community from within. The Gandhian objection took the form of a hunger strike in the Yarwada Jail (in Pune). Gandhi particularly outlined the repercussion in terms of a permanent division within the Hindu society with an adverse impact on the efforts to liberate the depressed classes from social evils like untouchability. The objection of Gandhi and the Indian National Congress (INC) was also based on experiences of the Lucknow Pact with the Muslim League and the recommendations of the Nehru Report (in 1928) which completely rejected the idea of the Separate Electorates and had recommended in its place the system of reservation. Gandhian fast came to have its impact and a pact known as the Poona Pact. Poona Pact : Poona Pact was signed between Gandhi and Ambedkar through the intermediation of the Hindu Mahabaha leaders like Tej Bahadur Sapru and M R Jaikar. In this pact, Gandhi represented the caste Hindu and Ambedkar represented the depressed classes. Ambedkar abandoned the system of the separate electorate and accepted the system of reservations for the protection of the interests of depressed classes. This fact was accepted by the British government. Ambedkar played an important role in the making of the Indian constitution as the chairman of the Drafting committee. The progressive outlook of the National leadership including Ambedkar found reflection in the provisions of the Indian constitution which is accepted as an embodiment of not only political revolution but also social revolution accepting the principles of equality, liberty, and fraternity and eradicating the agents like untouchability. As the first law minister of independent India as a part of the first cabinet of Nehru. Conclusion : Ambedkar played a crucial role in preparing the drafts of some important legislation like the Hindu Court Bill, the Hindu Marriage Act, the Indian Marriage Act, etc. But towards the end of his life, perhaps he developed some disillusionment regarding his own method of constitutional politics & legal reforms and resorted to socio-cultural means as well to fight against the orthodoxy of the mainstream political parties & leaders. He accepted Buddhism as a new faith, a move which is quite controversial & is looked at differently by his admirers & critics.
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##Question:Discuss the contributions of Dr B R Ambedkar particularly in terms of socio-economic position of the depressed class during the British period. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Briefly write about B R Ambedkar & his works in the Introduction. Explain the contributions (for the depressed class also) of Dr B R Ambedkar during the British period. Conclusion. Answer: Dr Bhim Rao Ambedkar, a fighter in the cause of the Annihilation of Caste, was born in a low-caste Mahar family in 1891. Ambedkar is seen as the real pioneer of the political consciousness on the part of the so-called depressed classes or downtrodden. He was primarily a constitutionalist. Contributions of Dr Ambedkar : Ambedkar bargained with both the mainstream of Indian nationalism represented by the Congress & Gandhi and the British government for the upliftment of the depressed classes. According to him, the upliftment of the depressed classes could be done mainly through their involvement in active politics for which he tried to create a space in the colonial system. He participated in all three Round Table conferences boycotted by the Indian National Congress (INC) except the second. He was able to convince the British authorities to grant the "Separate Electorate" to the depressed classes which had been conceded to Muslims as a part of the Morley-Minto Reforms in 1909. Gandhi and other leaders of the Indian National Congress (INC) objected to the system of the "Separate Electorate" which was formally announced by the British PM Ramsay McDonald in his famous award known as the McDonald Award or Communal Award in 1932. This was seen as an extension of the Policy of Divide & Rule and now to divide the Hindu community from within. The Gandhian objection took the form of a hunger strike in the Yarwada Jail (in Pune). Gandhi particularly outlined the repercussion in terms of a permanent division within the Hindu society with an adverse impact on the efforts to liberate the depressed classes from social evils like untouchability. The objection of Gandhi and the Indian National Congress (INC) was also based on experiences of the Lucknow Pact with the Muslim League and the recommendations of the Nehru Report (in 1928) which completely rejected the idea of the Separate Electorates and had recommended in its place the system of reservation. Gandhian fast came to have its impact and a pact known as the Poona Pact. Poona Pact : Poona Pact was signed between Gandhi and Ambedkar through the intermediation of the Hindu Mahabaha leaders like Tej Bahadur Sapru and M R Jaikar. In this pact, Gandhi represented the caste Hindu and Ambedkar represented the depressed classes. Ambedkar abandoned the system of the separate electorate and accepted the system of reservations for the protection of the interests of depressed classes. This fact was accepted by the British government. Ambedkar played an important role in the making of the Indian constitution as the chairman of the Drafting committee. The progressive outlook of the National leadership including Ambedkar found reflection in the provisions of the Indian constitution which is accepted as an embodiment of not only political revolution but also social revolution accepting the principles of equality, liberty, and fraternity and eradicating the agents like untouchability. As the first law minister of independent India as a part of the first cabinet of Nehru. Conclusion : Ambedkar played a crucial role in preparing the drafts of some important legislation like the Hindu Court Bill, the Hindu Marriage Act, the Indian Marriage Act, etc. But towards the end of his life, perhaps he developed some disillusionment regarding his own method of constitutional politics & legal reforms and resorted to socio-cultural means as well to fight against the orthodoxy of the mainstream political parties & leaders. He accepted Buddhism as a new faith, a move which is quite controversial & is looked at differently by his admirers & critics.
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What are the grounds mentioned for disqualification in the Anti-defection law? Discuss the issues associated with the Anti-defection law in India. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach:- In the introduction, mention the Anti-defection law In the body part, mention the Grounds for the disqualification Then mention the issues associated with the Anti-defection law in India Give a way forward Answer:- 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act added Article 102(2) of the constitution which also contains Schedule X of the constitution also known as Anti-defection Law. Grounds mentioned for disqualification If a person elected to the house voluntarily gives up the membership of his/her political party If a legislator votes contrary to the directions provided by the Political party without prior permission or without condonation by the political party. If an independent member joins a political party after getting elected, then that person is liable for disqualification If Nominated candidates join a political party after six months then that person is liable for disqualification. Issues associated with the Anti-defection law It compromises the role of the individual legislator to comment on the legislation in the house It undermines the principles of parliamentary democracy as the executive already enjoys a majority in the legislature and can not be questioned effectively by the members of the ruling party It undermines the principle of representative democracy as the legislator is supposed to follow the whip of the party blindly which may be contrary to the opinion of the constituency The law is silent on the time taken by the presiding officer to decide upon the disqualification and since the presiding officer is usually a party man, it results in undue advantage to the ruling party Exceptions to the merger have only made it difficult to buy the legislators individually but have not curbed the wholesale trading of the legislators The law does not apply to coalitions and political parties are free to choose new alliances even though they may have been given a mandate along with another political party. Way forward Strengthening Intra-party democracy in India 2nd ARC also recommended that, Relieving the presiding officer from disqualification powers and vesting the same in the ECI Introduction of reforms in the position of the speaker by adopting the British principle of "one"s a speaker, always the speaker" As suggested in the Kihoto Hollohon case, the whip of the political party should only apply to those cases where the stability of the government is in question or on matters which are central to the manifesto of the party in power. Anti-defection law helps in preventing defections due to the lure of money or political office and it also ensures the stability in the functioning of governments affected due to defections, so the reforms suggested by the judiciary can be implemented in true letter and spirit
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##Question:What are the grounds mentioned for disqualification in the Anti-defection law? Discuss the issues associated with the Anti-defection law in India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, mention the Anti-defection law In the body part, mention the Grounds for the disqualification Then mention the issues associated with the Anti-defection law in India Give a way forward Answer:- 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act added Article 102(2) of the constitution which also contains Schedule X of the constitution also known as Anti-defection Law. Grounds mentioned for disqualification If a person elected to the house voluntarily gives up the membership of his/her political party If a legislator votes contrary to the directions provided by the Political party without prior permission or without condonation by the political party. If an independent member joins a political party after getting elected, then that person is liable for disqualification If Nominated candidates join a political party after six months then that person is liable for disqualification. Issues associated with the Anti-defection law It compromises the role of the individual legislator to comment on the legislation in the house It undermines the principles of parliamentary democracy as the executive already enjoys a majority in the legislature and can not be questioned effectively by the members of the ruling party It undermines the principle of representative democracy as the legislator is supposed to follow the whip of the party blindly which may be contrary to the opinion of the constituency The law is silent on the time taken by the presiding officer to decide upon the disqualification and since the presiding officer is usually a party man, it results in undue advantage to the ruling party Exceptions to the merger have only made it difficult to buy the legislators individually but have not curbed the wholesale trading of the legislators The law does not apply to coalitions and political parties are free to choose new alliances even though they may have been given a mandate along with another political party. Way forward Strengthening Intra-party democracy in India 2nd ARC also recommended that, Relieving the presiding officer from disqualification powers and vesting the same in the ECI Introduction of reforms in the position of the speaker by adopting the British principle of "one"s a speaker, always the speaker" As suggested in the Kihoto Hollohon case, the whip of the political party should only apply to those cases where the stability of the government is in question or on matters which are central to the manifesto of the party in power. Anti-defection law helps in preventing defections due to the lure of money or political office and it also ensures the stability in the functioning of governments affected due to defections, so the reforms suggested by the judiciary can be implemented in true letter and spirit
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India’s relationship with the Pacific Island nations has deepened with the establishment of the FIPIC. Elucidate. (150 Words/10 marks)
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Approach: Start with the introduction of FIPIC including the member nations. Provide an outlook for India"s engagement with FIPIC. Mention the factors shaping India"s outreach towards FIPIC. Suggest a way ahead. Answer: Forum for India-Pacific Islands cooperation(FIPIC) is a multinational grouping developed in 2014 for cooperation between India and 14 Pacific Islands nations which include Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. As India looks at the development of a free, open and inclusive Indo-Pacific, it is looking at the island nations of the Pacific region to assist in operationalising the concept that would further strengthen relations through the Act East Policy. The India-ASEAN relations have allowed India to play a role and protect its strategic and commercial interests in the Indian Ocean. The FIPIC marks its serious efforts to look beyond and engage with the Pacific region. The first and second meetings of the FIPIC took place in Fiji (2015) and Jaipur (2016). The recent meeting between Prime Minister Modi and the leaders of the India-Pacific Islands Developing States (PSIDS) in New York (2019) was with a view to building close partnerships with the Pacific Island nations and working closely to advance mutually beneficial developmental goals. In keeping with India’s focus on providing developmental assistance based on the requirements as stated by the receiving country, Prime Minister Modi announced the allocation of a USD 12 million grant (USD 1 million to each PSIDS) towards the implementation of high-impact developmental projects in areas of their choice. In addition, a concessional Line of Credit of USD 150 million, which can be availed by the PSIDS for undertaking solar, renewable energy and climate-related projects based on each country’s requirement was also announced. Prime Minister Modi extended an invitation to all the leaders for the 3rd FIPIC Summit to be held in Port Moresby in the first half of 2020 to continue the high-level engagement and keep the momentum going. India’s outreach to the Pacific Island nations is being shaped by various factors: India wants greater cooperation with the island nations in sectors like oil and natural gas, mining, IT, healthcare, fishing and marine research among other areas. The Pacific islands are home to the Indian diaspora. The geographical location, at the centre of important sea routes of trade, makes it crucial for India to deepen its engagement here. The role of other regional powers such as China, Japan and the United States has raised the strategic and economic significance of the region India and the nations of the region share similar concerns on the issue of climate change. The recent report by the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has stated that if climate change is not arrested, the rise in sea levels would devastate coastal cities, small island nations, Arctic communities and marine ecology and habitat. For India, the report warns of the devastation of two of its mega-cities-Mumbai and Kolkata, while the threat to the island nations of the Pacific is more pronounced. This is an agenda point that India shares with the CARICOM nations as well. India’s engagement with the FIPIC includes joint projects in research and development of clean energy, setting up marine biology research centres, building capacity, and collaboration on space technology for building a land and water resources inventory. Besides these areas, the island nations and India are working together in the field of affordable healthcare and education. India’s efforts to advance its engagement aim to collaborate with FIPIC nations to help it increase its maritime domain awareness, share information on commercial movement along these lanes and strengthen security linkages across navies and coast guards. It also wants to collaborate with FIPIC nations on capacity building, in both the civil and defence sectors and engage in maritime infrastructure development projects that would further enhance trade. This holistic view is an extension of the concept of ‘SAGAR’ (Security and Growth for All in the Region) as forwarded by Prime Minister Modi. The initiative is aimed at enhancing a range of capacities, engaging with other countries, and fostering greater cooperation in the littoral. To ensure that the region gets due attention, in April 2019, India set up an Indo-Pacific wing in the Ministry of External Affairs. India is looking at the FIPIC as partners in pursuing mutually beneficial policies to address global climate change, working to address food security needs that arise as a result of climate change, developing of eco-sensitive tourism developing of renewable energy, sustainable utilisation of ocean resources and developing of blue economy and capacity building for disaster management and relief and rescues operations. While the island nations of the Pacific region are small, they have considerable economic, political and strategic significance for India. The economies of these nations are improving and they look towards a demographic change, providing India with new economic opportunities. Strengthening the engagements with the island nations would open new opportunities for the exchange of ideas, knowledge and information for cooperation and to address challenges.
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##Question:India’s relationship with the Pacific Island nations has deepened with the establishment of the FIPIC. Elucidate. (150 Words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Start with the introduction of FIPIC including the member nations. Provide an outlook for India"s engagement with FIPIC. Mention the factors shaping India"s outreach towards FIPIC. Suggest a way ahead. Answer: Forum for India-Pacific Islands cooperation(FIPIC) is a multinational grouping developed in 2014 for cooperation between India and 14 Pacific Islands nations which include Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. As India looks at the development of a free, open and inclusive Indo-Pacific, it is looking at the island nations of the Pacific region to assist in operationalising the concept that would further strengthen relations through the Act East Policy. The India-ASEAN relations have allowed India to play a role and protect its strategic and commercial interests in the Indian Ocean. The FIPIC marks its serious efforts to look beyond and engage with the Pacific region. The first and second meetings of the FIPIC took place in Fiji (2015) and Jaipur (2016). The recent meeting between Prime Minister Modi and the leaders of the India-Pacific Islands Developing States (PSIDS) in New York (2019) was with a view to building close partnerships with the Pacific Island nations and working closely to advance mutually beneficial developmental goals. In keeping with India’s focus on providing developmental assistance based on the requirements as stated by the receiving country, Prime Minister Modi announced the allocation of a USD 12 million grant (USD 1 million to each PSIDS) towards the implementation of high-impact developmental projects in areas of their choice. In addition, a concessional Line of Credit of USD 150 million, which can be availed by the PSIDS for undertaking solar, renewable energy and climate-related projects based on each country’s requirement was also announced. Prime Minister Modi extended an invitation to all the leaders for the 3rd FIPIC Summit to be held in Port Moresby in the first half of 2020 to continue the high-level engagement and keep the momentum going. India’s outreach to the Pacific Island nations is being shaped by various factors: India wants greater cooperation with the island nations in sectors like oil and natural gas, mining, IT, healthcare, fishing and marine research among other areas. The Pacific islands are home to the Indian diaspora. The geographical location, at the centre of important sea routes of trade, makes it crucial for India to deepen its engagement here. The role of other regional powers such as China, Japan and the United States has raised the strategic and economic significance of the region India and the nations of the region share similar concerns on the issue of climate change. The recent report by the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has stated that if climate change is not arrested, the rise in sea levels would devastate coastal cities, small island nations, Arctic communities and marine ecology and habitat. For India, the report warns of the devastation of two of its mega-cities-Mumbai and Kolkata, while the threat to the island nations of the Pacific is more pronounced. This is an agenda point that India shares with the CARICOM nations as well. India’s engagement with the FIPIC includes joint projects in research and development of clean energy, setting up marine biology research centres, building capacity, and collaboration on space technology for building a land and water resources inventory. Besides these areas, the island nations and India are working together in the field of affordable healthcare and education. India’s efforts to advance its engagement aim to collaborate with FIPIC nations to help it increase its maritime domain awareness, share information on commercial movement along these lanes and strengthen security linkages across navies and coast guards. It also wants to collaborate with FIPIC nations on capacity building, in both the civil and defence sectors and engage in maritime infrastructure development projects that would further enhance trade. This holistic view is an extension of the concept of ‘SAGAR’ (Security and Growth for All in the Region) as forwarded by Prime Minister Modi. The initiative is aimed at enhancing a range of capacities, engaging with other countries, and fostering greater cooperation in the littoral. To ensure that the region gets due attention, in April 2019, India set up an Indo-Pacific wing in the Ministry of External Affairs. India is looking at the FIPIC as partners in pursuing mutually beneficial policies to address global climate change, working to address food security needs that arise as a result of climate change, developing of eco-sensitive tourism developing of renewable energy, sustainable utilisation of ocean resources and developing of blue economy and capacity building for disaster management and relief and rescues operations. While the island nations of the Pacific region are small, they have considerable economic, political and strategic significance for India. The economies of these nations are improving and they look towards a demographic change, providing India with new economic opportunities. Strengthening the engagements with the island nations would open new opportunities for the exchange of ideas, knowledge and information for cooperation and to address challenges.
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The third battle of Panipat did not decide who would rule over India. Instead, it confirmed who would not. Comment. Why did the Marathas lose this battle? (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach:- In the introduction, give the context of the third battle of Panipat In the body part, first mention how it did not decide who would rule Then mention how it confirmed who would not Then mention the reasons for the loss of Marathas Conclude accordingly Answer:- The third battle of Panipat (1761) was Fought between Ahmad shah Abdali and Marathas. After the death of Aurangzeb, the Marathas were seen as the next-pan Indian empire after the Great Mughals, But the Third battle of Panipat became an empire shaling battle for the Afghans as well as the Marathas How did it confirm who would not rule? There were two contenders who could rule Delhi - Ahmad shah Abdali and Marathas Ahmad shah Abdali emerged victorious in this battle. But Abdali returned to Afghanistan with loot as there was a revolt in his army in Afghanistan [Anti-Abdali generals planned a coup in Afghanistan Marathas got military weakened, as they lost an important leader and 50000 soldiers Factionalism began in Maratha polity leading to the weakening of central authority It also highlighted the weakness of Marathas which confirmed that they will not be able to rule This confirmed that Neither the Marathas nor the Afghans were going to rule. This created a Power vacuum at the center which posed a question about who would rule India Reasons for the loss of Marathas Stronger alliance of Abdali. Disunity between Marathas sardars [Example - Bhonsle of Nagpur did not fight because Anti-Nana saheb(1740-61) because didn"t want him peshwa] The better military leadership of Abdali and Najib-ud-doula. Abdali forces had better artillery Example- horse-mounted guns that could pierce Maratha armor In the vast plain fields of Panipat, Maratha"s guerilla warfare tactics were of little use. Abdali forces were successful in cutting off the supply routes between Delhi and Panipat and therefore, famine-like conditions developed in the Maratha camp with no food for men and no fodder for horses. While the Afghan supply route continued to be functional. Thus, the third battle of Panipat was Harmful to the Afghans and Disastrous for the Marathas but it became an opportunity for the British as they filled the power vacuum.
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##Question:The third battle of Panipat did not decide who would rule over India. Instead, it confirmed who would not. Comment. Why did the Marathas lose this battle? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, give the context of the third battle of Panipat In the body part, first mention how it did not decide who would rule Then mention how it confirmed who would not Then mention the reasons for the loss of Marathas Conclude accordingly Answer:- The third battle of Panipat (1761) was Fought between Ahmad shah Abdali and Marathas. After the death of Aurangzeb, the Marathas were seen as the next-pan Indian empire after the Great Mughals, But the Third battle of Panipat became an empire shaling battle for the Afghans as well as the Marathas How did it confirm who would not rule? There were two contenders who could rule Delhi - Ahmad shah Abdali and Marathas Ahmad shah Abdali emerged victorious in this battle. But Abdali returned to Afghanistan with loot as there was a revolt in his army in Afghanistan [Anti-Abdali generals planned a coup in Afghanistan Marathas got military weakened, as they lost an important leader and 50000 soldiers Factionalism began in Maratha polity leading to the weakening of central authority It also highlighted the weakness of Marathas which confirmed that they will not be able to rule This confirmed that Neither the Marathas nor the Afghans were going to rule. This created a Power vacuum at the center which posed a question about who would rule India Reasons for the loss of Marathas Stronger alliance of Abdali. Disunity between Marathas sardars [Example - Bhonsle of Nagpur did not fight because Anti-Nana saheb(1740-61) because didn"t want him peshwa] The better military leadership of Abdali and Najib-ud-doula. Abdali forces had better artillery Example- horse-mounted guns that could pierce Maratha armor In the vast plain fields of Panipat, Maratha"s guerilla warfare tactics were of little use. Abdali forces were successful in cutting off the supply routes between Delhi and Panipat and therefore, famine-like conditions developed in the Maratha camp with no food for men and no fodder for horses. While the Afghan supply route continued to be functional. Thus, the third battle of Panipat was Harmful to the Afghans and Disastrous for the Marathas but it became an opportunity for the British as they filled the power vacuum.
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The political promises of free power supply have deepened the issues in the power sector in India, Discuss. Also, discuss the steps taken by the government. (150 words/10 Marks).
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Approach: Introduce the status of the power sector in India. Discuss the issues associated with the power sector in India Bring way forward and concluded accordingly Answer: India is the third largest producer of electricity in the world. India has a surplus power generation capacity but lacks adequate fuel supply, transmission, and distribution infrastructure. The average plant load factor of the thermal power plants is below 60% against the norm of 85%. India"s electricity sector is dominated by fossil fuels, in particular coal, which produced about three-quarters of the country"s electricity. The power sector in India is facing issues at all three levels i.e. generation, transmission, and distribution. Issues in the Power Sector in India: The free electricity promises in elections by almost all the political parties have created more pressure on all three levels i.e generation, transmission, and distribution. Capacity Utilization of Thermal Power plants has been continuously declining . It was 78% in 2009-10, 57% in 2020-21. This is also known as the plant load factor. This means the plants have been lying idle due to various reasons such as the non-availability of fuel. Low demand for power from DISCOMS , and disputes in PPAs due to the low prices of other sources of energy. Issues in transmission- In absence of a proper transmission network there are issues with the evacuation of power from generation units. Further, the integration of renewable energy is a huge challenge due to its intermittent generation and the absence of scientific techniques for the availability of power. (The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has proposed the creation of a national Smart Grid Mission, green energy corridors, and Renewable Energy Management Centers (REMCs). Issues with distribution- Lack of revision of tariffs, cross-subsidy where domestic and agriculture sectors are provided power at cheap cost and cost for the industry is high. Further, a complex tariff structure has led to poor revenue realization for DISCOMS. The cost of the power for the DISCOMS due to their power purchasing agreement is a substantial cost burden. Due to the high cost of power and poor revenue realization, DSICOMS has an Average cost of supply and Average revenue realized gap (ACS-ARR gap) of 0.3 to 0.5 per unit. DISCOMS faces high aggregate technical and commercial losses. AT&C loss is the ratio of power for which the DISCOMS did not receive any payment to the total electricity procured by the DISCOMS. Low levels of investment in distribution have resulted in an overloaded system leading to higher technical losses. Lack of metering, poor billing and collection system, theft, and pilferage are the reasons for high commercial losses. National Average for the ATN&C loss is 22 to 25%. Steps taken by the government: Smart Metering- Advanced Metering Infrastructure. UDAY- Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana. The state government will take 75% of the debts. The Center government will provide some concessions to the state government if they take the debts of the DISCOMS. It also advocated for certain reforms such as efficiency in ACS-ARR. Separation of the content and carriage- Distribution networks will be common but the supply can be provided by more than one. It will bring competition and efficiency. The government is making efforts to increase investment in renewable energy . The government"s National Electricity Plan of 2018 states that the country does not need more non-renewable power plants in the utility sector until 2027, with the commissioning of 50,025 MW coal-based power plants under construction and the addition of 275,000 MW total renewable power capacity after the retirement of nearly 48,000 MW old coal-fired plants. Increase of non-fossil fuel- It is expected that non-fossil fuel generation contribution is likely to be around 44.7% of the total gross electricity generation by 2029–30. Thus, it can be implied that the improvement in the power sector is necessary not only to provide quality electricity to the people but also can provide impetus to the industrial growth in India
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##Question:The political promises of free power supply have deepened the issues in the power sector in India, Discuss. Also, discuss the steps taken by the government. (150 words/10 Marks).##Answer:Approach: Introduce the status of the power sector in India. Discuss the issues associated with the power sector in India Bring way forward and concluded accordingly Answer: India is the third largest producer of electricity in the world. India has a surplus power generation capacity but lacks adequate fuel supply, transmission, and distribution infrastructure. The average plant load factor of the thermal power plants is below 60% against the norm of 85%. India"s electricity sector is dominated by fossil fuels, in particular coal, which produced about three-quarters of the country"s electricity. The power sector in India is facing issues at all three levels i.e. generation, transmission, and distribution. Issues in the Power Sector in India: The free electricity promises in elections by almost all the political parties have created more pressure on all three levels i.e generation, transmission, and distribution. Capacity Utilization of Thermal Power plants has been continuously declining . It was 78% in 2009-10, 57% in 2020-21. This is also known as the plant load factor. This means the plants have been lying idle due to various reasons such as the non-availability of fuel. Low demand for power from DISCOMS , and disputes in PPAs due to the low prices of other sources of energy. Issues in transmission- In absence of a proper transmission network there are issues with the evacuation of power from generation units. Further, the integration of renewable energy is a huge challenge due to its intermittent generation and the absence of scientific techniques for the availability of power. (The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has proposed the creation of a national Smart Grid Mission, green energy corridors, and Renewable Energy Management Centers (REMCs). Issues with distribution- Lack of revision of tariffs, cross-subsidy where domestic and agriculture sectors are provided power at cheap cost and cost for the industry is high. Further, a complex tariff structure has led to poor revenue realization for DISCOMS. The cost of the power for the DISCOMS due to their power purchasing agreement is a substantial cost burden. Due to the high cost of power and poor revenue realization, DSICOMS has an Average cost of supply and Average revenue realized gap (ACS-ARR gap) of 0.3 to 0.5 per unit. DISCOMS faces high aggregate technical and commercial losses. AT&C loss is the ratio of power for which the DISCOMS did not receive any payment to the total electricity procured by the DISCOMS. Low levels of investment in distribution have resulted in an overloaded system leading to higher technical losses. Lack of metering, poor billing and collection system, theft, and pilferage are the reasons for high commercial losses. National Average for the ATN&C loss is 22 to 25%. Steps taken by the government: Smart Metering- Advanced Metering Infrastructure. UDAY- Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana. The state government will take 75% of the debts. The Center government will provide some concessions to the state government if they take the debts of the DISCOMS. It also advocated for certain reforms such as efficiency in ACS-ARR. Separation of the content and carriage- Distribution networks will be common but the supply can be provided by more than one. It will bring competition and efficiency. The government is making efforts to increase investment in renewable energy . The government"s National Electricity Plan of 2018 states that the country does not need more non-renewable power plants in the utility sector until 2027, with the commissioning of 50,025 MW coal-based power plants under construction and the addition of 275,000 MW total renewable power capacity after the retirement of nearly 48,000 MW old coal-fired plants. Increase of non-fossil fuel- It is expected that non-fossil fuel generation contribution is likely to be around 44.7% of the total gross electricity generation by 2029–30. Thus, it can be implied that the improvement in the power sector is necessary not only to provide quality electricity to the people but also can provide impetus to the industrial growth in India
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Thousands of aspirants come to Delhi for UPSC preparation influenced by the culture some get addicted to smoking, they have this thought in mind that smoking is injurious to health but still the behaviour of smoking continues, in such situations how to resolve cognitive dissonance? ( 10 marks/ 150 words)
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APPROACH - Explain the phenomena of cognitive dissonance. How this phenomenon is reflected in the effort to get rid of the smoking habit. Method to resolve cognitive dissonance. Conclusion ANSWER – Cognitive dissonance occurs when an individual"s behaviour does not align with the beliefs or values one holds for example – an individual wants to get rid of smoking and believes that it is not suitable for his health, but still, he continues to smoke. Now, in the case of smoking, this cognitive dissonance can be overcome in two ways- 1) By changing the habit so that it gets aligned with the belief that it was harmful. There are many ways to get rid of smoking. These methods focussed directly on the cessation of the behaviour patter e.g. therapies like Nicotine Replacement are available that help the smoker to gradually get rid of smoking. Further, aspects like role play, Nukkad Nataks, and displaying signboards for the harmful effects of smoking can be a way ahead in this regard. 2) Reducing the dissonance by adjusting the beliefs that match with the behaviour. When an individual holds the strong belief that says that his habit is going to cost him his health, he gets anxious about his failure to stop this habit. So one can reduce the anxiety associated with cognitive dissonance by rationalising one’s behaviour e.g. understanding that smoking is a very common thing and it takes time to quit it. So always feeling strongly about its hazards can put psychological stress on one’s mind. But it does not mean forgetting about the risk associated with smoking. Thus, timely counselling, positive encouragement through rewards associated, and moral boosting through proper recognition can be stress relievers and can pave the way in this regard. Thus, it can be concluded that in the case of smoking cognitive dissonance can be overcome by a change of belief or the habit itself.
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##Question:Thousands of aspirants come to Delhi for UPSC preparation influenced by the culture some get addicted to smoking, they have this thought in mind that smoking is injurious to health but still the behaviour of smoking continues, in such situations how to resolve cognitive dissonance? ( 10 marks/ 150 words)##Answer:APPROACH - Explain the phenomena of cognitive dissonance. How this phenomenon is reflected in the effort to get rid of the smoking habit. Method to resolve cognitive dissonance. Conclusion ANSWER – Cognitive dissonance occurs when an individual"s behaviour does not align with the beliefs or values one holds for example – an individual wants to get rid of smoking and believes that it is not suitable for his health, but still, he continues to smoke. Now, in the case of smoking, this cognitive dissonance can be overcome in two ways- 1) By changing the habit so that it gets aligned with the belief that it was harmful. There are many ways to get rid of smoking. These methods focussed directly on the cessation of the behaviour patter e.g. therapies like Nicotine Replacement are available that help the smoker to gradually get rid of smoking. Further, aspects like role play, Nukkad Nataks, and displaying signboards for the harmful effects of smoking can be a way ahead in this regard. 2) Reducing the dissonance by adjusting the beliefs that match with the behaviour. When an individual holds the strong belief that says that his habit is going to cost him his health, he gets anxious about his failure to stop this habit. So one can reduce the anxiety associated with cognitive dissonance by rationalising one’s behaviour e.g. understanding that smoking is a very common thing and it takes time to quit it. So always feeling strongly about its hazards can put psychological stress on one’s mind. But it does not mean forgetting about the risk associated with smoking. Thus, timely counselling, positive encouragement through rewards associated, and moral boosting through proper recognition can be stress relievers and can pave the way in this regard. Thus, it can be concluded that in the case of smoking cognitive dissonance can be overcome by a change of belief or the habit itself.
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What were the shortcomings of barter systems that were addressed by Money? Also, mention the evolution of Currency. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Define money. Mention the challenges of the barter system. Outline the evolution of currency. Answer: Money refers to a generalized medium of exchange accepted by a given socio-political setup and giving a monetary value to things can be referred to as monetization. According to Adam smith easier, and the exchange is faster will the economy. That is why money got its strength because, unlike barter exchange, money simplifies the process of exchange. In general, the Barter exchange was having the following major challenges: Due to a double coincidence of wants barter exchange was difficult money sorted out this problem. The problem of delay and storage was also sorted by money. The problem of divisibility and pricing in barter exchange was sorted out by money. In barter exchange, deferred payments were not possible which were made possible by money. Evolution of currency: Currency refers to the manifestation of money. Initially, this currency was commodity-based and subsequently evolved in the following ways. Commodity-based currency: When any commodity which was generalized and accepted like coffee beans, pearls, etc. Metallic currency: The problem with commodity-based currency was mainly decay and storage. This problem was shorted out by the longer life of metallic currency. Gold, silver, and other alloy-based currencies came into existence. Actual Vs token currencies: Actual currency refers to that currency where the face value of the currency is equal to the market value of the metal used within. On the other hand, token currency refers to that currency where the face value is different from the market value of the substance within and the ace value is against some kind of trust and deposits These tokens" Currency got popular to avoid various security concerns of carrying metallic currencies. Fiduciary currency: It refers to those a group of people accepting a currency in mutual trust. Fiat currency: It is a Latin term that means to be given and refers to those token currencies where it is the State determines the tokens and associated provisions so that people have faith in that currency. For this purpose, various legal provisions also can be introduced. Legal tender: Recognized by law.
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##Question:What were the shortcomings of barter systems that were addressed by Money? Also, mention the evolution of Currency. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Define money. Mention the challenges of the barter system. Outline the evolution of currency. Answer: Money refers to a generalized medium of exchange accepted by a given socio-political setup and giving a monetary value to things can be referred to as monetization. According to Adam smith easier, and the exchange is faster will the economy. That is why money got its strength because, unlike barter exchange, money simplifies the process of exchange. In general, the Barter exchange was having the following major challenges: Due to a double coincidence of wants barter exchange was difficult money sorted out this problem. The problem of delay and storage was also sorted by money. The problem of divisibility and pricing in barter exchange was sorted out by money. In barter exchange, deferred payments were not possible which were made possible by money. Evolution of currency: Currency refers to the manifestation of money. Initially, this currency was commodity-based and subsequently evolved in the following ways. Commodity-based currency: When any commodity which was generalized and accepted like coffee beans, pearls, etc. Metallic currency: The problem with commodity-based currency was mainly decay and storage. This problem was shorted out by the longer life of metallic currency. Gold, silver, and other alloy-based currencies came into existence. Actual Vs token currencies: Actual currency refers to that currency where the face value of the currency is equal to the market value of the metal used within. On the other hand, token currency refers to that currency where the face value is different from the market value of the substance within and the ace value is against some kind of trust and deposits These tokens" Currency got popular to avoid various security concerns of carrying metallic currencies. Fiduciary currency: It refers to those a group of people accepting a currency in mutual trust. Fiat currency: It is a Latin term that means to be given and refers to those token currencies where it is the State determines the tokens and associated provisions so that people have faith in that currency. For this purpose, various legal provisions also can be introduced. Legal tender: Recognized by law.
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What is the office of profit? Are there any objective criteria in place to determine the office of profit? Also briefly discuss the reasons for making it a ground for disqualification. (150 words | 10 marks)
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Approach In Introduction briefly write about Articles 102(1) and 191(1) Discuss What is ‘Office of Profit’ Discuss If there is any objective criteria in place to determine office of profit Briefly highlight the Issue of appointing parliamentary secretaries and in this context discuss important Court judgements Answer: Article 102(1) and Article 191(1), among other provisions, provides for the disqualification of a member of either House of Parliament or of state legislature if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State, other than an office declared by Parliament or by a state legislature by law not to disqualify its holder. What is ‘Office of Profit’? ‘Office of Profit’ is not defined in the constitution or any other statute. Its current definition is derived from interpretations made in various court judgments. An office of profit has been interpreted to be a position that brings to the office-holder some financial gain, or advantage, or benefit. Is there any objective criteria in place to determine the office of profit? In 1964, the Supreme Court laid down the test of appointment (Gurugobinda Basu vs Sankari Prasad Ghosal case) to determine an office of profit; it considers the following: whether the government is the appointing authority, whether the government has the power to terminate the appointment, whether the government determines the remuneration, what is the source of remuneration, and the power that comes with the position. Associated Issues It is against the separation of powers – holding offices makes a legislator dependent on the executive It is in violation of constitutional provisions – such as a ceiling on the number of ministers It is misused for political reasons – the coalition politics era has led to appeasing members by giving attractive positions. Financial burden – they cause losses to public money because of A larger size of government and arbitrary use of legislative power Judgements The apex court in Jaya Bachan vs Union of India ruled that pecuniary profit shall be taken into consideration while determining the Office of Profit. The apex court in the Subramaniam Swamy case ruled that while deciding over the Office of Profit, Election Commission acts as a quasi-judicial body. Way Forward: The Constitution or Representation of the People Act should be amended to include a holistic definition of Office of Profit.Some suggestions by various committees should be considered- The Parliament’s Joint Committee on Office of Profit has suggested additional parameters like remuneration, powers, and patronage to determine the Office of Profit. The National Commission toReview the Working of the Constitution suggested that the Election Commission should be given the mandate to determine the offices of profit. India can also follow the English practise of determining if an office constitutes an office of profit or not at the time of creation of an office.
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##Question:What is the office of profit? Are there any objective criteria in place to determine the office of profit? Also briefly discuss the reasons for making it a ground for disqualification. (150 words | 10 marks)##Answer:Approach In Introduction briefly write about Articles 102(1) and 191(1) Discuss What is ‘Office of Profit’ Discuss If there is any objective criteria in place to determine office of profit Briefly highlight the Issue of appointing parliamentary secretaries and in this context discuss important Court judgements Answer: Article 102(1) and Article 191(1), among other provisions, provides for the disqualification of a member of either House of Parliament or of state legislature if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State, other than an office declared by Parliament or by a state legislature by law not to disqualify its holder. What is ‘Office of Profit’? ‘Office of Profit’ is not defined in the constitution or any other statute. Its current definition is derived from interpretations made in various court judgments. An office of profit has been interpreted to be a position that brings to the office-holder some financial gain, or advantage, or benefit. Is there any objective criteria in place to determine the office of profit? In 1964, the Supreme Court laid down the test of appointment (Gurugobinda Basu vs Sankari Prasad Ghosal case) to determine an office of profit; it considers the following: whether the government is the appointing authority, whether the government has the power to terminate the appointment, whether the government determines the remuneration, what is the source of remuneration, and the power that comes with the position. Associated Issues It is against the separation of powers – holding offices makes a legislator dependent on the executive It is in violation of constitutional provisions – such as a ceiling on the number of ministers It is misused for political reasons – the coalition politics era has led to appeasing members by giving attractive positions. Financial burden – they cause losses to public money because of A larger size of government and arbitrary use of legislative power Judgements The apex court in Jaya Bachan vs Union of India ruled that pecuniary profit shall be taken into consideration while determining the Office of Profit. The apex court in the Subramaniam Swamy case ruled that while deciding over the Office of Profit, Election Commission acts as a quasi-judicial body. Way Forward: The Constitution or Representation of the People Act should be amended to include a holistic definition of Office of Profit.Some suggestions by various committees should be considered- The Parliament’s Joint Committee on Office of Profit has suggested additional parameters like remuneration, powers, and patronage to determine the Office of Profit. The National Commission toReview the Working of the Constitution suggested that the Election Commission should be given the mandate to determine the offices of profit. India can also follow the English practise of determining if an office constitutes an office of profit or not at the time of creation of an office.
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Discuss the strategic significance of Central Asia for India. What are the challenges and way forward taken? (10 marks/ 150 words)
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Approach: Write a brief introduction tracing India"s relationship with Central Asia. Write the significance of Central Asia for India in various dimensions like Strategic importance, energy security, trade & investments, etc. Mention the challenges in the relationship. Highlight the way forward Conclude with the potential of India-central Asia in the future. Answer: India’s relations with the Central Asian countries can be traced back to the ancient Silk Road, along which people, goods, and ideas flowed. Central Asia is a region that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China and Mongolia in the east, from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. This region consists of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. India was one of the first countries to recognize the Central Asian Countries after they became independent with the collapse of the USSR in 1991. The Central Asian region is considered to be part of India’s “extended neighborhood.” Significance of Central Asia for India - Strategic position: Central Asia acts as a gateway to Europe for India. It also allows access to Russia. The only foreign military airbase in India, controlled by the IAF and the Tajik Air Force, is in Farkhor (Tajikistan). Energy security: Central Asian countries are blessed with substantial hydrocarbon and mineral resources and are geographically similar to India. For instance, Kazakhstan is the largest producer of uranium and also has vast reserves of gas and oil. Uzbekistan, along with Kyrgyzstan, is a significant regional producer of gold. Apart from oil deposits, Tajikistan has a huge hydropower capacity, and Turkmenistan has the world"s fourth-largest gas reserves. Security: The withdrawal from Afghanistan of US forces would have significant regional security consequences. CARs face a significant challenge from the "Golden Crescent" illicit drug trade in opium cultivation (Iran-Pak-Afghan) and are also victims of the illicit weapons trade. Central Asian instability can spill over to PoK. Furthermore, religious extremism, fundamentalism, and terrorism continue to pose threats as well as regional stability to Central Asian societies. Trade and investment potential: Central Asia"s economic growth, especially in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, has sparked a construction boom, and sectors such as IT, pharmaceuticals, and tourism have been expanding. India has expertise in these fields, and deeper collaboration would give trade ties with these countries a new impetus. The area also has a strong demand for Indian pharmaceutical products. CHALLENGES- Lack of direct geographic access to any of the central Asian countries. We face the problem of denial of land transit from Pakistan. There is competition from China. Domestic and regional instability. Way forward To focus on physical and digital connectivity in Central Asia. It can be through local initiatives like – the Regional Agreement Ashgabat agreement, INSTC, or Chabahar port in Iran. Digital connectivity between SCO countries. Improving G2G, MORE visits. B2B- pharmaceuticals and steels. P2P- blogs, tourism, student exchanges. Promoting student scholarship in central Asia. To build exposure. Commercial linkages – focus on improving trade ties. Start-up partnerships or joint ventures in other industries. Promoting civilizational connections – through an exhibition of Buddhist relics. Varanasi as the cultural capital of SCO for 2022- 23. Partnership with interested and like-minded countries. These days India works with 2+1 areas of cooperation / triangular cooperation. Maintaining presence through regional groupings. For example groupings like SCO. India-Central Asia ties have the potential to raise India’s stature in the international system. India’s increased presence in the region would ensure stability, security, economic growth, and development. This, in turn, would enable India to realize its energy needs and address security concerns. Thus, giving equal importance to India’s extended neighborhood is vital for realizing its aspiration of becoming a major power.
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##Question:Discuss the strategic significance of Central Asia for India. What are the challenges and way forward taken? (10 marks/ 150 words)##Answer:Approach: Write a brief introduction tracing India"s relationship with Central Asia. Write the significance of Central Asia for India in various dimensions like Strategic importance, energy security, trade & investments, etc. Mention the challenges in the relationship. Highlight the way forward Conclude with the potential of India-central Asia in the future. Answer: India’s relations with the Central Asian countries can be traced back to the ancient Silk Road, along which people, goods, and ideas flowed. Central Asia is a region that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China and Mongolia in the east, from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. This region consists of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. India was one of the first countries to recognize the Central Asian Countries after they became independent with the collapse of the USSR in 1991. The Central Asian region is considered to be part of India’s “extended neighborhood.” Significance of Central Asia for India - Strategic position: Central Asia acts as a gateway to Europe for India. It also allows access to Russia. The only foreign military airbase in India, controlled by the IAF and the Tajik Air Force, is in Farkhor (Tajikistan). Energy security: Central Asian countries are blessed with substantial hydrocarbon and mineral resources and are geographically similar to India. For instance, Kazakhstan is the largest producer of uranium and also has vast reserves of gas and oil. Uzbekistan, along with Kyrgyzstan, is a significant regional producer of gold. Apart from oil deposits, Tajikistan has a huge hydropower capacity, and Turkmenistan has the world"s fourth-largest gas reserves. Security: The withdrawal from Afghanistan of US forces would have significant regional security consequences. CARs face a significant challenge from the "Golden Crescent" illicit drug trade in opium cultivation (Iran-Pak-Afghan) and are also victims of the illicit weapons trade. Central Asian instability can spill over to PoK. Furthermore, religious extremism, fundamentalism, and terrorism continue to pose threats as well as regional stability to Central Asian societies. Trade and investment potential: Central Asia"s economic growth, especially in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, has sparked a construction boom, and sectors such as IT, pharmaceuticals, and tourism have been expanding. India has expertise in these fields, and deeper collaboration would give trade ties with these countries a new impetus. The area also has a strong demand for Indian pharmaceutical products. CHALLENGES- Lack of direct geographic access to any of the central Asian countries. We face the problem of denial of land transit from Pakistan. There is competition from China. Domestic and regional instability. Way forward To focus on physical and digital connectivity in Central Asia. It can be through local initiatives like – the Regional Agreement Ashgabat agreement, INSTC, or Chabahar port in Iran. Digital connectivity between SCO countries. Improving G2G, MORE visits. B2B- pharmaceuticals and steels. P2P- blogs, tourism, student exchanges. Promoting student scholarship in central Asia. To build exposure. Commercial linkages – focus on improving trade ties. Start-up partnerships or joint ventures in other industries. Promoting civilizational connections – through an exhibition of Buddhist relics. Varanasi as the cultural capital of SCO for 2022- 23. Partnership with interested and like-minded countries. These days India works with 2+1 areas of cooperation / triangular cooperation. Maintaining presence through regional groupings. For example groupings like SCO. India-Central Asia ties have the potential to raise India’s stature in the international system. India’s increased presence in the region would ensure stability, security, economic growth, and development. This, in turn, would enable India to realize its energy needs and address security concerns. Thus, giving equal importance to India’s extended neighborhood is vital for realizing its aspiration of becoming a major power.
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Analyze India-Saudi Arabia relations in the context of the West Asia policy of India. (10 marks/ 150 words)
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Analyze India-Saudi Arabia relations in the context of the West Asia policy of India. (10marks/ 150words) Brief Approach: In the introduction briefly write about the Significance of Saudi Arabia for India and the West Asia policy. Explain India-Saudi Arabia relations through a brief timeline along with strategic, economic, and trade relations. In the conclusion mention the Indian foreign policy and how Saudi Arabia has played a prime role in west Asia policy. Answer: Saudi Arabia is an important partner of India for its energy security needs. It stands as the second largest oil exporter and has the largest Indian diaspora community in the whole of West Asia. India has been proactively engaging with West Asia to enhance economic ties through state-level visits to other nations of the region like UAE, and Israel. India-Saudi Arabia relations improved with the state-level visit of King Saudi Arabia to India in 2006 and the signing of the Delhi declaration . Since the visits have been reciprocated and later in 2010 when the Indian PM visited Saudi Arabia, Riyadh"s declaration was accepted. Saudi Arabia has invested in the oil refinery infrastructure and their state agency Aramco has signed a deal with the Indian oil PSUs. Recently after the visit of the Indian PM and the reciprocal visit of the King of Saudi Arabia a Strategic Partnership Council has been established to improve engagements through a Socio-Cultural Political Security Committee and a Trade and Investment Committee . Indian interests have been driven by the diaspora the west Asia region houses and the remittances that flow to India. Apart from that, energy security is also an important aspect where Iraq, and Saudi Arabia meet India’s oil needs from the region. India is sensitively engaging with the issues in the west Asia region like Israel-Palestine, the Syrian war, the Yemen crisis, and ISIS terrorism . I2U2 engagement is another step where India has engaged itself to balance Indian interests. South-South cooperation is actively being pursued in the region. Centre to west Asia has been Saudi Arabia as it houses the holiest places of Islam- Mecca, and Medina . More than that it has the largest region and is also engaged in economically supporting dissident groups as some reports reveal. India has been keeping an autonomous need-based foreign policy and cannot succumb to pressure and leave away national interests when the multipolarity in the world is shaping up. The Prospect of India Iran-Oman gas pipeline should be pushed in West Asia and Saudi Arabia can be engaged in the common goals of sustainable development and green energy needs.
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##Question:Analyze India-Saudi Arabia relations in the context of the West Asia policy of India. (10 marks/ 150 words)##Answer:Analyze India-Saudi Arabia relations in the context of the West Asia policy of India. (10marks/ 150words) Brief Approach: In the introduction briefly write about the Significance of Saudi Arabia for India and the West Asia policy. Explain India-Saudi Arabia relations through a brief timeline along with strategic, economic, and trade relations. In the conclusion mention the Indian foreign policy and how Saudi Arabia has played a prime role in west Asia policy. Answer: Saudi Arabia is an important partner of India for its energy security needs. It stands as the second largest oil exporter and has the largest Indian diaspora community in the whole of West Asia. India has been proactively engaging with West Asia to enhance economic ties through state-level visits to other nations of the region like UAE, and Israel. India-Saudi Arabia relations improved with the state-level visit of King Saudi Arabia to India in 2006 and the signing of the Delhi declaration . Since the visits have been reciprocated and later in 2010 when the Indian PM visited Saudi Arabia, Riyadh"s declaration was accepted. Saudi Arabia has invested in the oil refinery infrastructure and their state agency Aramco has signed a deal with the Indian oil PSUs. Recently after the visit of the Indian PM and the reciprocal visit of the King of Saudi Arabia a Strategic Partnership Council has been established to improve engagements through a Socio-Cultural Political Security Committee and a Trade and Investment Committee . Indian interests have been driven by the diaspora the west Asia region houses and the remittances that flow to India. Apart from that, energy security is also an important aspect where Iraq, and Saudi Arabia meet India’s oil needs from the region. India is sensitively engaging with the issues in the west Asia region like Israel-Palestine, the Syrian war, the Yemen crisis, and ISIS terrorism . I2U2 engagement is another step where India has engaged itself to balance Indian interests. South-South cooperation is actively being pursued in the region. Centre to west Asia has been Saudi Arabia as it houses the holiest places of Islam- Mecca, and Medina . More than that it has the largest region and is also engaged in economically supporting dissident groups as some reports reveal. India has been keeping an autonomous need-based foreign policy and cannot succumb to pressure and leave away national interests when the multipolarity in the world is shaping up. The Prospect of India Iran-Oman gas pipeline should be pushed in West Asia and Saudi Arabia can be engaged in the common goals of sustainable development and green energy needs.
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Critically examine the aims and objectives of the SCO. What importance does it hold for India? (10 marks/ 150 words)
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Approach – Briefly introduce by mentioning the SCO. Highlight the aims and objectives of SCO. Critically analyze the aims of objectives of SCO. Explain the importance of SCO for India. Answer – The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is an intergovernmental organization founded in Shanghai, with the objective of political, economic, and security cooperation between the member nations. India became a permanent member of the SCO in 2017. SCO represents 42% of the world’s population and 23% of the global GDP. Four of its member countries are nuclear weapon states and two of its member countries are permanent members of the UNSC. The aims and objectives of the SCO - To strengthen the relations between member states, by deepening political, security, and economic cooperation. To strive for cooperation between the members to confront threats emanating from terrorism, extremism, and separatism. SCO aims to move towards developing a democratic and equitable international political order. To ensure joint efforts in maintaining peace, security, and stability in the region. To deepen engagements in fields of trade/commerce, transport, tourism, environment, cultural linkages, education, research, and technology. A critical examination of the aims and objectives of SCO - India-Pakistan-Russia-China relations create a complex matrix of diverging and conflicting interests. For example different interests in Taliban-Afghanistan. China has shown little respect for an international rule-based order. Cheque-book and wolf warrior diplomacy, Human rights violations and ‘re-education’ camps, Hong Kong issue, etc. raise serious questions about Chinese commitments to the aims and objectives of SCO. Under the disguise of economic cooperation, China has pushed its BRI project through SCO. Pakistan and China are known to have supported terrorist and separatist organizations raising questions about the RATS mechanism. China, Russia (Ukraine issue), and Pakistan are accused of destabilizing regional peace, security, and stability. Limited developmental cooperation between SCO countries during COVID waves shows a lack of broad-based engagement. Importance of SCO to fulfill India’s National Interest India can use SCO to gain strategic maneuverability vis-à-vis their traditional hegemon Russia and the new hegemon China. Thus SCO can provide India with greater visibility in the affairs of the Eurasian region which is strategically important for India. Central Asia is a part of India’s Extended Neighbourhood. Thus SCO can provide India with an opportunity to pursue the “Connect Central Asian Policy”. SCO can enable India, as an integral part of the Eurasian security grouping, to neutralize centrifugal forces arising from religious extremism and terrorism in the region. SCO can help India in managing much more effectively the negative impact of a Talibanized Afghanistan, especially in the post-2014 scenario. Thus India can use SCO to seek cooperation vis-à-vis Afghanistan since we share a common goal concerning peace and stability in Afghanistan. India through RATS can improve its counterterrorism abilities by working toward intelligence sharing, law enforcement, and developing best practices and technologies. Thus it can help in cooperation on common challenges of terrorism and radicalization. Through the SCO, India can also work on anti-drug trafficking and small arms proliferation. SCO can provide India with a platform where India can constructively engage both China and Pakistan in a regional context and project India’s security interests in the turbulent region including West Asia. India being an energy-deficient country with increasing demands for energy, SCO provides it with an opportunity to meet its energy requirements through regional diplomacy. Thus talks on the construction of stalled pipelines like the TAPI (Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India) pipeline; IPI (Iran-Pakistan-India) pipeline can get a much-needed push through the SCO. SCO can provide India with direct access to Central Asia and overcome the main hurdle of trade between India and Central Asia. Under SCO the Central Asian countries can provide India with a market for its IT, telecommunications, banking, finance, and pharmaceutical industries. Challenges for India to achieve its National Interest through SCO Dominance by China: Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is dominated by China; closely followed by Russia. India will have to accept the role of second fiddle in the organization with which India is generally uncomfortable. India always wants to dominate or to be the leader of the organization where it is a member. India joining the SCO has been seen as a puzzling foreign policy move, as it has come at a time when New Delhi is looking more keenly at the West, and in particular at the maritime ‘Quadrilateral’ with the USA, Japan, and Australia. Russia-China-Pakistan Axis: The growing closeness between Russia and China further aggravates India"s concern with the existing China-Pakistan Axis. Cooperation vis-à-vis terrorism would be ineffective. Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) defines terrorism as a homegrown group targeting the established political regime resulting in political instability while India defines it as the cross border sponsored. The terrorist of concern to India are Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammad, and Haqqani Network, while RATs gather intelligence on groups like East Turkestan Islamic Movement( ETIM), and Al Qaeda in Central Asia. All members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) except India have endorsed BRI. Lack of overland connectivity with Central Asia: Pakistan"s strategic denial of the overland connectivity to Afghanistan and beyond is the major impediment to India"s outreach to Central Asia. The inimical acts of Pakistan, a border dispute with China, etc., factors could minimize the positive outcomes from SCO. In this light, India’s SECURE strategy should be adopted to make SCO more effective in regional growth and stability.
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##Question:Critically examine the aims and objectives of the SCO. What importance does it hold for India? (10 marks/ 150 words)##Answer:Approach – Briefly introduce by mentioning the SCO. Highlight the aims and objectives of SCO. Critically analyze the aims of objectives of SCO. Explain the importance of SCO for India. Answer – The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is an intergovernmental organization founded in Shanghai, with the objective of political, economic, and security cooperation between the member nations. India became a permanent member of the SCO in 2017. SCO represents 42% of the world’s population and 23% of the global GDP. Four of its member countries are nuclear weapon states and two of its member countries are permanent members of the UNSC. The aims and objectives of the SCO - To strengthen the relations between member states, by deepening political, security, and economic cooperation. To strive for cooperation between the members to confront threats emanating from terrorism, extremism, and separatism. SCO aims to move towards developing a democratic and equitable international political order. To ensure joint efforts in maintaining peace, security, and stability in the region. To deepen engagements in fields of trade/commerce, transport, tourism, environment, cultural linkages, education, research, and technology. A critical examination of the aims and objectives of SCO - India-Pakistan-Russia-China relations create a complex matrix of diverging and conflicting interests. For example different interests in Taliban-Afghanistan. China has shown little respect for an international rule-based order. Cheque-book and wolf warrior diplomacy, Human rights violations and ‘re-education’ camps, Hong Kong issue, etc. raise serious questions about Chinese commitments to the aims and objectives of SCO. Under the disguise of economic cooperation, China has pushed its BRI project through SCO. Pakistan and China are known to have supported terrorist and separatist organizations raising questions about the RATS mechanism. China, Russia (Ukraine issue), and Pakistan are accused of destabilizing regional peace, security, and stability. Limited developmental cooperation between SCO countries during COVID waves shows a lack of broad-based engagement. Importance of SCO to fulfill India’s National Interest India can use SCO to gain strategic maneuverability vis-à-vis their traditional hegemon Russia and the new hegemon China. Thus SCO can provide India with greater visibility in the affairs of the Eurasian region which is strategically important for India. Central Asia is a part of India’s Extended Neighbourhood. Thus SCO can provide India with an opportunity to pursue the “Connect Central Asian Policy”. SCO can enable India, as an integral part of the Eurasian security grouping, to neutralize centrifugal forces arising from religious extremism and terrorism in the region. SCO can help India in managing much more effectively the negative impact of a Talibanized Afghanistan, especially in the post-2014 scenario. Thus India can use SCO to seek cooperation vis-à-vis Afghanistan since we share a common goal concerning peace and stability in Afghanistan. India through RATS can improve its counterterrorism abilities by working toward intelligence sharing, law enforcement, and developing best practices and technologies. Thus it can help in cooperation on common challenges of terrorism and radicalization. Through the SCO, India can also work on anti-drug trafficking and small arms proliferation. SCO can provide India with a platform where India can constructively engage both China and Pakistan in a regional context and project India’s security interests in the turbulent region including West Asia. India being an energy-deficient country with increasing demands for energy, SCO provides it with an opportunity to meet its energy requirements through regional diplomacy. Thus talks on the construction of stalled pipelines like the TAPI (Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India) pipeline; IPI (Iran-Pakistan-India) pipeline can get a much-needed push through the SCO. SCO can provide India with direct access to Central Asia and overcome the main hurdle of trade between India and Central Asia. Under SCO the Central Asian countries can provide India with a market for its IT, telecommunications, banking, finance, and pharmaceutical industries. Challenges for India to achieve its National Interest through SCO Dominance by China: Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is dominated by China; closely followed by Russia. India will have to accept the role of second fiddle in the organization with which India is generally uncomfortable. India always wants to dominate or to be the leader of the organization where it is a member. India joining the SCO has been seen as a puzzling foreign policy move, as it has come at a time when New Delhi is looking more keenly at the West, and in particular at the maritime ‘Quadrilateral’ with the USA, Japan, and Australia. Russia-China-Pakistan Axis: The growing closeness between Russia and China further aggravates India"s concern with the existing China-Pakistan Axis. Cooperation vis-à-vis terrorism would be ineffective. Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) defines terrorism as a homegrown group targeting the established political regime resulting in political instability while India defines it as the cross border sponsored. The terrorist of concern to India are Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammad, and Haqqani Network, while RATs gather intelligence on groups like East Turkestan Islamic Movement( ETIM), and Al Qaeda in Central Asia. All members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) except India have endorsed BRI. Lack of overland connectivity with Central Asia: Pakistan"s strategic denial of the overland connectivity to Afghanistan and beyond is the major impediment to India"s outreach to Central Asia. The inimical acts of Pakistan, a border dispute with China, etc., factors could minimize the positive outcomes from SCO. In this light, India’s SECURE strategy should be adopted to make SCO more effective in regional growth and stability.
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Discuss the nature of border disputes between India and China with special emphasis on the Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with India’s foreign policy approach at the Initial phase of the Republic. Then bring Treaties and Agreements that resulted in confusion. Then further explain the complications regarding the border demarcation of the border in Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh. Conclude accordingly Answer China has always expansionist policy. The Five Fingers of Tibet policy of Mao Zedong.This policy considers Tibet to be China"s right-hand palm, with five fingers on its periphery: Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and Arunachal Pradesh. The Chinese state is also known as the irredentist state. A state is not satisfied with its existing territorial border and therefore bound to seek expansion. Thus Indian Foreign Policy makers were aware of such nature of China. There were two schools of thought regarding foreign policy with China. One school under Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel suggested preparation for the war with China. The other school like Rabindranath Tagore: Talked about Asian Century. They were of the view that the Asian century cannot be unleashed until friendship between India and China. India will not raise the border dispute with China. If China has problems China will be raised. For India, the border is settled. This school emphasized the development of India. On the basis of this policy India despite being a non-communist country recognized the People"s Republic of China (PRC). Thus India was the first non-communist country to recognize the People"s Republic of China (PRC). During the Korean War, the US wanted to term China as an aggressor. India turns out to be in favour of China. India supported the claim of the PRC on the UN permanent membership. In 1954 India recognized of the Chinese claim to Tibet. However, due to its inherent nature as an expansionist country, China claimed territories in the Western as well as in Easter Sector in form of the Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin. Border Dispute in Arunachal Pradesh To settle the borders British India organized Shimla Convention/Accord in 1914 in which representatives of Tibet and China were invited Chinese representative left the meeting midway and Tibet which was an independent but weak country at that time, British India negotiated hard and recognized Tawang and area south of it as belonging to India. The boundary defined in this treaty is referred to as the McMahon Line. However, In 1951 China completely annexed Tibet and looked upon the Mac Mahon line as an imperial/colonial line that it is not ready to accept. Much to India’s Chagrin/concern China since 2007/08 has issued Stapled Visa to the passports of residents of Arunachal Pradesh and claimed it to be part of the territory. Reason for the Chinese Claim on Arunachal Pradesh: Identity issue. Tawang is recognized to be part of Tibet. Tawang has the second largest Buddhist Monastery after Lhasa, China cites this monastery as evidence that Arunachal Pradesh and Tawang belong to Tibet. Fertile tracks of the Tawang Valley. It is very different from the bitter cold terrain in northern Tibet. Agriculture is relatively well-developed. The hydroelectric potential of Arunachal Pradesh. 40000 Mega Wats potential for the hydroelectricity potential. Border Dispute in Aksai Chin British India wanted to settle India"s China borders in the context of expansionist China/Russia. They wanted to consolidate/clearly demarcate the British-India border and create a buffer zone such as Nepal, Bhutan, and Tibet. Vis-à-vis the western border, it proposed two alternative lines namely the Johnson Line and the McDonald Line. The Johnson line would have Aksai Chin as part of India while under the McDonald Line Aksai Chin would be recognized as part of China. British India was willing to accept either of the two lines. China however did not respond. While India considers Aksai Chin to be an extension of the Laddakh Plateau China claims it to be an extension of the Tibetan plateau. Also, its being uninhabited makes the dispute difficult to resolve. Importance of Aksai Chin for China: It provides the only all-weather route connecting to the restive provinces of China Xinjiang and Tibet. The recent Chinese Aggression in Eastern Laddakh Previous such incidences: In 2013 it take place at Depsang valley and in 2014 at Chumar Valley. However, these incidences were very different from the present 2020 border clashes. Recently we saw aggression in Pangong Tso, Demchok, and Galwan Valley In Depsang and Chumar, the army patrols of two countries had accidentally come face to face while conducting normal patrolling activities. However, Chinese aggression this time was pre-mediated. They came in large numbers, brought in large tanks, arms, and ammunition of different proportions and they (PLA) engaged with the Indian Army at several different locations. In Galwan in June 2020 hand to hand combat between the two armies took place in which 20 Indian soldiers and unspecified numbers of Chinese soldiers lost their lives. Since the Current Aggression is in violation of all the existing border agreements between the two countries, it has resulted in an extremely adverse public opinion in India against China. The current dispute is yet not completely resolved with military build-up on either side of the border at certain points (Depsang valley and Demchok) continuing. The current dispute is yet not completely resolved with military build-up on either side of the border at certain points (Depsang valley and Demchok) continuing. Thus India needs to complete its infrastructure in border areas so that it could tackle any eventuality. Besides that India and China need to bring more cooperation in trade and investment so that any chance of war can be minimized. India also needs to create diplomatic pressure on China by forming of coalition with like-minded countries such as Japan, USA, and Australia.
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##Question:Discuss the nature of border disputes between India and China with special emphasis on the Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with India’s foreign policy approach at the Initial phase of the Republic. Then bring Treaties and Agreements that resulted in confusion. Then further explain the complications regarding the border demarcation of the border in Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh. Conclude accordingly Answer China has always expansionist policy. The Five Fingers of Tibet policy of Mao Zedong.This policy considers Tibet to be China"s right-hand palm, with five fingers on its periphery: Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and Arunachal Pradesh. The Chinese state is also known as the irredentist state. A state is not satisfied with its existing territorial border and therefore bound to seek expansion. Thus Indian Foreign Policy makers were aware of such nature of China. There were two schools of thought regarding foreign policy with China. One school under Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel suggested preparation for the war with China. The other school like Rabindranath Tagore: Talked about Asian Century. They were of the view that the Asian century cannot be unleashed until friendship between India and China. India will not raise the border dispute with China. If China has problems China will be raised. For India, the border is settled. This school emphasized the development of India. On the basis of this policy India despite being a non-communist country recognized the People"s Republic of China (PRC). Thus India was the first non-communist country to recognize the People"s Republic of China (PRC). During the Korean War, the US wanted to term China as an aggressor. India turns out to be in favour of China. India supported the claim of the PRC on the UN permanent membership. In 1954 India recognized of the Chinese claim to Tibet. However, due to its inherent nature as an expansionist country, China claimed territories in the Western as well as in Easter Sector in form of the Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin. Border Dispute in Arunachal Pradesh To settle the borders British India organized Shimla Convention/Accord in 1914 in which representatives of Tibet and China were invited Chinese representative left the meeting midway and Tibet which was an independent but weak country at that time, British India negotiated hard and recognized Tawang and area south of it as belonging to India. The boundary defined in this treaty is referred to as the McMahon Line. However, In 1951 China completely annexed Tibet and looked upon the Mac Mahon line as an imperial/colonial line that it is not ready to accept. Much to India’s Chagrin/concern China since 2007/08 has issued Stapled Visa to the passports of residents of Arunachal Pradesh and claimed it to be part of the territory. Reason for the Chinese Claim on Arunachal Pradesh: Identity issue. Tawang is recognized to be part of Tibet. Tawang has the second largest Buddhist Monastery after Lhasa, China cites this monastery as evidence that Arunachal Pradesh and Tawang belong to Tibet. Fertile tracks of the Tawang Valley. It is very different from the bitter cold terrain in northern Tibet. Agriculture is relatively well-developed. The hydroelectric potential of Arunachal Pradesh. 40000 Mega Wats potential for the hydroelectricity potential. Border Dispute in Aksai Chin British India wanted to settle India"s China borders in the context of expansionist China/Russia. They wanted to consolidate/clearly demarcate the British-India border and create a buffer zone such as Nepal, Bhutan, and Tibet. Vis-à-vis the western border, it proposed two alternative lines namely the Johnson Line and the McDonald Line. The Johnson line would have Aksai Chin as part of India while under the McDonald Line Aksai Chin would be recognized as part of China. British India was willing to accept either of the two lines. China however did not respond. While India considers Aksai Chin to be an extension of the Laddakh Plateau China claims it to be an extension of the Tibetan plateau. Also, its being uninhabited makes the dispute difficult to resolve. Importance of Aksai Chin for China: It provides the only all-weather route connecting to the restive provinces of China Xinjiang and Tibet. The recent Chinese Aggression in Eastern Laddakh Previous such incidences: In 2013 it take place at Depsang valley and in 2014 at Chumar Valley. However, these incidences were very different from the present 2020 border clashes. Recently we saw aggression in Pangong Tso, Demchok, and Galwan Valley In Depsang and Chumar, the army patrols of two countries had accidentally come face to face while conducting normal patrolling activities. However, Chinese aggression this time was pre-mediated. They came in large numbers, brought in large tanks, arms, and ammunition of different proportions and they (PLA) engaged with the Indian Army at several different locations. In Galwan in June 2020 hand to hand combat between the two armies took place in which 20 Indian soldiers and unspecified numbers of Chinese soldiers lost their lives. Since the Current Aggression is in violation of all the existing border agreements between the two countries, it has resulted in an extremely adverse public opinion in India against China. The current dispute is yet not completely resolved with military build-up on either side of the border at certain points (Depsang valley and Demchok) continuing. The current dispute is yet not completely resolved with military build-up on either side of the border at certain points (Depsang valley and Demchok) continuing. Thus India needs to complete its infrastructure in border areas so that it could tackle any eventuality. Besides that India and China need to bring more cooperation in trade and investment so that any chance of war can be minimized. India also needs to create diplomatic pressure on China by forming of coalition with like-minded countries such as Japan, USA, and Australia.
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Discuss the characteristic features of Indian society.(150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach Briefly give an introduction outlining the Indian Society enlist the silent feature Indian Society and explain in detail. Briefly conclude Answer There is no wonder that “India is a museum of cults and customs, creeds and culture, faiths and tongues, racial types and social systems” yet India is a land of unity. There is a deep underlying fundamental unity in India. An observer fails to discover the one in many, the individual in aggregate, and the simple in the composite. SALIENT FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIETY Multi-Ethnic Society Multi-Lingual Society Multi-Class Society Patriarchal Society Unity In Diversity Family Kinship System MULTI-ETHNIC SOCIETY: An ethnic group or ethnicity is a category of people who identify with each other, usually based on a common language or dialect, history, society, culture or nation. A society with the co-existence of a wide variety of racial groups is a Multi-ethnic society. India is home to almost all racial profiles. MULTI-LINGUAL SOCIETY: Most present-day societies are multilingual, having diversity in languages. Language is a dominant source of identity so much so that the present form of India into states represents the linguistic map of India. Various reasons for multilingualism can be: Despite Hindi being the official language of the country, the Constitution recognizes 22 languages. More than 1600 languages are spoken in India. MULTI-CLASS SOCIETY: The class system is a stratification of society based on education, property, business/work, etc. PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY: Patriarchy is a social system in which men hold primary power and enjoy greater status than women. In this system, men make all decisions in both society and their family unit, hold all positions of power and authority and are considered superior. Indian society is largely a patriarchal society where men tend to enjoy greater status than women. UNITY IN DIVERSITY: “Unity in Diversity” is a phrase implying unity among people with diverse cultural, religious, and other demographic differences. It denotes the sense of oneness and we-ness. In India, people of different religions have continued to respect the ideals and values of people of other religions, and hence, India has always stood up as an integrated nation ready to put its arms around everybody in this world. Diversity in India exists at various levels in different forms. Various factors that contribute to Unity In diversity can be as follows: Geographical factor Cultural factor Religious factor Political factor Language Factor KINSHIP Kinship refers to a set of relationships and relatives formed thereof, based on blood relationships (consanguineal), or marriage (affinal). This social institution ties individuals and groups together and establishes a relationship between them. It is one of the essential organizing components of society. The kinship system represents one of the basic social institutions. Kinship is universal in nature. It plays a significant role in the socialization of individuals and the maintenance of group solidarity. Fusion of tradition and modernity: Globalization might have bought with it a surge of modern values and practices, but traditionalism is still prevalent and preserved in India. The traditions of Indian society have also made its way to the outside world Conclusion: Despite having caste, creed, and numerous subcultures existing the common values of democracy, equality, and justice, as defined in the constitution that we share and cherish as a part of the value system of Indian Society, are India’s strength.
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##Question:Discuss the characteristic features of Indian society.(150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Briefly give an introduction outlining the Indian Society enlist the silent feature Indian Society and explain in detail. Briefly conclude Answer There is no wonder that “India is a museum of cults and customs, creeds and culture, faiths and tongues, racial types and social systems” yet India is a land of unity. There is a deep underlying fundamental unity in India. An observer fails to discover the one in many, the individual in aggregate, and the simple in the composite. SALIENT FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIETY Multi-Ethnic Society Multi-Lingual Society Multi-Class Society Patriarchal Society Unity In Diversity Family Kinship System MULTI-ETHNIC SOCIETY: An ethnic group or ethnicity is a category of people who identify with each other, usually based on a common language or dialect, history, society, culture or nation. A society with the co-existence of a wide variety of racial groups is a Multi-ethnic society. India is home to almost all racial profiles. MULTI-LINGUAL SOCIETY: Most present-day societies are multilingual, having diversity in languages. Language is a dominant source of identity so much so that the present form of India into states represents the linguistic map of India. Various reasons for multilingualism can be: Despite Hindi being the official language of the country, the Constitution recognizes 22 languages. More than 1600 languages are spoken in India. MULTI-CLASS SOCIETY: The class system is a stratification of society based on education, property, business/work, etc. PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY: Patriarchy is a social system in which men hold primary power and enjoy greater status than women. In this system, men make all decisions in both society and their family unit, hold all positions of power and authority and are considered superior. Indian society is largely a patriarchal society where men tend to enjoy greater status than women. UNITY IN DIVERSITY: “Unity in Diversity” is a phrase implying unity among people with diverse cultural, religious, and other demographic differences. It denotes the sense of oneness and we-ness. In India, people of different religions have continued to respect the ideals and values of people of other religions, and hence, India has always stood up as an integrated nation ready to put its arms around everybody in this world. Diversity in India exists at various levels in different forms. Various factors that contribute to Unity In diversity can be as follows: Geographical factor Cultural factor Religious factor Political factor Language Factor KINSHIP Kinship refers to a set of relationships and relatives formed thereof, based on blood relationships (consanguineal), or marriage (affinal). This social institution ties individuals and groups together and establishes a relationship between them. It is one of the essential organizing components of society. The kinship system represents one of the basic social institutions. Kinship is universal in nature. It plays a significant role in the socialization of individuals and the maintenance of group solidarity. Fusion of tradition and modernity: Globalization might have bought with it a surge of modern values and practices, but traditionalism is still prevalent and preserved in India. The traditions of Indian society have also made its way to the outside world Conclusion: Despite having caste, creed, and numerous subcultures existing the common values of democracy, equality, and justice, as defined in the constitution that we share and cherish as a part of the value system of Indian Society, are India’s strength.
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Demographic dividend if not nurtured properly will turn into a demographic disaster. Discuss. (10 marks) (150 words)
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India"s 62.5% of the population is in the age bracket 18-59. It is expected to peak in 2036. According to UN Population Fund, the median age in India is 28 years whereas in China is 37, Europe in 45, and in Japan is 49. The economic growth potential created due to this bulge in the working age group is referred to as the demographic dividend . However, this bulge only provides us with a window of opportunity. It does not guarantee growth as it depends upon 1. the quality of the workforce 2. the availability of job opportunities. There are certain factors that affect the employability of youth e.g structure of the Indian economy where post liberalization we have moved from the primary to tertiary sector ignoring the manufacturing sector which has immense potential to generate employment. Low government spending on human capital formation Gender inequality in education has also manifested itself in the form of low female labor force participation. Limited availability of training facilities, rising trend of contractual employment . Absence of a market-oriented curriculum in educational institutes, the culture of deglobalization, automation In fact, India’s skilled labor force is only 3% while in South Korea and Japan it is 97% and 95% A demographic disaster is a stage where the utility of demography for a country’s development is not done properly hence wasting the workforce resource. The government has taken steps in the direction of human capital formation where knowledge and skills are being imparted to individuals so that they become productive individuals and realize their potential. Examples are Ayushman Bharat, Skill India Mission, Samagra Shiksha Abhiyaan, National Education Policy etc. Apart from that Higher investment in human capital formation both by public and private sectors with a greater focus on nutrition, early childhood education, universal skilling, and entrepreneurship are also need of the hour. In fact bridging the gender gap, increasing female labor force participation through education, increasing childcare benefits, compulsory gender budgeting, etc ought to be done sooner. Greater cooperation and coordination between industry, and academics to provide relevant education and training are likely to give greater dividends. Governance reforms in form of coordination and collaboration between the ministry of education and the ministry of skill development and entrepreneurship would enhance the cooperation between the various strata of society that are likely to improve the demographic utility.
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##Question:Demographic dividend if not nurtured properly will turn into a demographic disaster. Discuss. (10 marks) (150 words)##Answer:India"s 62.5% of the population is in the age bracket 18-59. It is expected to peak in 2036. According to UN Population Fund, the median age in India is 28 years whereas in China is 37, Europe in 45, and in Japan is 49. The economic growth potential created due to this bulge in the working age group is referred to as the demographic dividend . However, this bulge only provides us with a window of opportunity. It does not guarantee growth as it depends upon 1. the quality of the workforce 2. the availability of job opportunities. There are certain factors that affect the employability of youth e.g structure of the Indian economy where post liberalization we have moved from the primary to tertiary sector ignoring the manufacturing sector which has immense potential to generate employment. Low government spending on human capital formation Gender inequality in education has also manifested itself in the form of low female labor force participation. Limited availability of training facilities, rising trend of contractual employment . Absence of a market-oriented curriculum in educational institutes, the culture of deglobalization, automation In fact, India’s skilled labor force is only 3% while in South Korea and Japan it is 97% and 95% A demographic disaster is a stage where the utility of demography for a country’s development is not done properly hence wasting the workforce resource. The government has taken steps in the direction of human capital formation where knowledge and skills are being imparted to individuals so that they become productive individuals and realize their potential. Examples are Ayushman Bharat, Skill India Mission, Samagra Shiksha Abhiyaan, National Education Policy etc. Apart from that Higher investment in human capital formation both by public and private sectors with a greater focus on nutrition, early childhood education, universal skilling, and entrepreneurship are also need of the hour. In fact bridging the gender gap, increasing female labor force participation through education, increasing childcare benefits, compulsory gender budgeting, etc ought to be done sooner. Greater cooperation and coordination between industry, and academics to provide relevant education and training are likely to give greater dividends. Governance reforms in form of coordination and collaboration between the ministry of education and the ministry of skill development and entrepreneurship would enhance the cooperation between the various strata of society that are likely to improve the demographic utility.
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Analyze the Chinese rationale behind the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the criticism and future prospects of the Belt and Road Initiative. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the explanation of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Brings the reasons for the Belt and Road Initiative (RBI). Then explain the criticism of the Belt and Road Initiative. Further, discuss the Future Prospects of the Belt and Road Initiatives. Conclude accordingly. Answer Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is the brainchild of the present Chinese President Xi Jinping. It aims to revive the ancient silk route that would link China and India from Europe through Central Asia. Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a strategy to connect Asia with Africa and Europe via land and maritime networks with the aim of improving regional integration, increasing trade, and stimulating economic growth. The BRI comprises a Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. Silk Road Economic Belt will be a trans-continental passage that links China with southeast Asia, south Asia, Central Asia, Russia, and Europe by land. 21st century Maritime Silk Road will be a sea route connecting China’s coastal regions with southeast and south Asia, the South Pacific, the Middle East, and Eastern Africa, all the way to Europe. Chinese Rationale behind the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) project China’s rivalry with the US: The vast majority of Chinese international trade passes by sea through the Malacca strait off the coast of Singapore which is a major US ally. Thus BRI is integral to China’s efforts to create its own more secure trade routes. Thus BRI will help China resolve its Malacca Dilemma . China’s intention is also to make participating nations interdependent with the Chinese economy and thereby build economic and political influence for China. The legacy of the 2008 financial crisis: China’s government responded to the emergency with a ¥4tn stimulus package, issuing contracts to build railways, bridges, and airports, but saturated the Chinese market in the process. Thus the Belt and Road framework provides an alternative market for China’s vast state-owned companies beyond the borders of China. Development of Chinese landlocked hinterland: A crucial element in the Chinese government’s efforts to stimulate the economies of the country’s central provinces, which historically lag behind richer coastal areas. The government uses the Belt and Road to encourage and support businesses in these central regions, allocating budget generously, and encouraging businesses to compete for Belt and Road contracts. For example, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) will link Gwadar to Xinjiang Provinces and China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC) Kyaukpyu to Yunan Provinces. Thus it will help in the development of its internal landlocked regions of Xinjiang and Tibet. To Secure Chinese borders and bring Asia under its sphere of influence: China views the BRI as vital in securing its borders on the Asian mainland. It has land borders with 15 nations, including unstable states such as Afghanistan and nations seeking new partnerships in opposition to the US, such as Russia. Belt and Road investments are viewed as a way to facilitate China’s peripheral diplomacy based on trade and infrastructure partnerships with the countries along this enormous land border. Criticism against the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Debt trap diplomacy: It is the accusation that China uses Belt and Road as part of a manipulative global strategy, funding major infrastructure projects in developing nations with unsustainable loans, then using the debt to gain leverage over those governments. The accusation was sparked by projects such as the Hambantota Port Development in Sri Lanka. The Sri Lankan government was unable to service the Chinese loans which funded the project, and the port was handed to the Chinese on a 99-year lease in 2017. The port provides the Chinese with a major new piece of infrastructure and a strategic foothold in the Indian Ocean. Many BRI projects have overshot their original estimated cost. The burgeoning debt burden recipient countries have thus accumulated has led to questions over the long-term viability and benefits of such ventures. The opaque nature of the BRI: The Belt and Road Initiative is not a unified, coherent strategy, but rather a fragmented collection of bilateral arrangements made on different terms. This is illustrated by the fact that governments receiving Chinese loans are not always sure which authority in China they are dealing with. Fifteen different Chinese government ministries claim some responsibility for Belt and Road projects; Lack of Private sector Participation: The BRI is criticized for it but there is little enthusiasm for the initiative from even the Chinese private sector due to the lack of return on investment. New Colonialism: Western critics have attacked the initiative as a new colonialism, or Marshal Plan for the 21st century. China has generally played down such comparisons, drawing parallels with the U.S. endeavour to rebuild Europe as a counter to the Soviet Union after World War II. It fails to generate local employment in the project country. The primary concern for India is sovereignty as China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) passes through Gilgit Baltistan. The future Prospects of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) The BRI’s current dependence on the U.S. dollar to fund the bulk of its projects is a cause of concern. But unlike some years ago, its stocks of the greenback are in limited supply. Conversely, the renminbi is yet to emerge as a full-fledged global currency. That may leave China with the option of adopting a co-financing strategy. Such cooperation with multilateral banking institutions would be a welcome balancing act. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, Chinese state banks directed more support to projects at home, echoing the behaviour of much of the rest of the world. Internationally, China has drawn in the scope of its ambitions to projects along its enormous border and in Southeast Asia. Investments abroad have declined considerably since a peak in 2015. In September 2020 Xi Jinping announced China would seek to peak its CO2 emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. This has real implications for Belt and Road investments, although China continues to invest in coal alongside considerable new investment in renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. To reduce the hegemony of the BRI initiatives alternative projects were announced by the world democracies such as the Blue Dot Network (BDN), Build Back Better World (B3W), and Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII). Blue Dot Network (BDN) was launched in November 2019 by the United States, Japan, and Australia at the Indo-Pacific Business Forum in Bangkok, Thailand. It is a multi-stakeholder initiative to bring together governments, the private sector, and civil society to promote high-quality, trusted standards for global infrastructure development. Thus initiative is largely treated with suspicion by the US and its major allies, characterized largely in terms of debt-trap diplomacy, as a predatory, opaque enterprise, and as a threat to Western interests. The G7 launched the Build Back Better World (B3W) initiative in 2021 with the aim of narrowing the $40 trillion infrastructure gap in the developing world. Another initiative Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII) is a relaunch of Mr. Biden’s B3W plan. Thus all these initiatives will bring alternatives for the BRI and force China to rectify lacunae in BRI. India should cooperate on these alternatives with democracies to gain support in its favour and keep raising its legitimate concern on the violation of its sovereignty by CPEC on the International platform.
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##Question:Analyze the Chinese rationale behind the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the criticism and future prospects of the Belt and Road Initiative. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the explanation of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Brings the reasons for the Belt and Road Initiative (RBI). Then explain the criticism of the Belt and Road Initiative. Further, discuss the Future Prospects of the Belt and Road Initiatives. Conclude accordingly. Answer Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is the brainchild of the present Chinese President Xi Jinping. It aims to revive the ancient silk route that would link China and India from Europe through Central Asia. Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a strategy to connect Asia with Africa and Europe via land and maritime networks with the aim of improving regional integration, increasing trade, and stimulating economic growth. The BRI comprises a Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. Silk Road Economic Belt will be a trans-continental passage that links China with southeast Asia, south Asia, Central Asia, Russia, and Europe by land. 21st century Maritime Silk Road will be a sea route connecting China’s coastal regions with southeast and south Asia, the South Pacific, the Middle East, and Eastern Africa, all the way to Europe. Chinese Rationale behind the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) project China’s rivalry with the US: The vast majority of Chinese international trade passes by sea through the Malacca strait off the coast of Singapore which is a major US ally. Thus BRI is integral to China’s efforts to create its own more secure trade routes. Thus BRI will help China resolve its Malacca Dilemma . China’s intention is also to make participating nations interdependent with the Chinese economy and thereby build economic and political influence for China. The legacy of the 2008 financial crisis: China’s government responded to the emergency with a ¥4tn stimulus package, issuing contracts to build railways, bridges, and airports, but saturated the Chinese market in the process. Thus the Belt and Road framework provides an alternative market for China’s vast state-owned companies beyond the borders of China. Development of Chinese landlocked hinterland: A crucial element in the Chinese government’s efforts to stimulate the economies of the country’s central provinces, which historically lag behind richer coastal areas. The government uses the Belt and Road to encourage and support businesses in these central regions, allocating budget generously, and encouraging businesses to compete for Belt and Road contracts. For example, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) will link Gwadar to Xinjiang Provinces and China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC) Kyaukpyu to Yunan Provinces. Thus it will help in the development of its internal landlocked regions of Xinjiang and Tibet. To Secure Chinese borders and bring Asia under its sphere of influence: China views the BRI as vital in securing its borders on the Asian mainland. It has land borders with 15 nations, including unstable states such as Afghanistan and nations seeking new partnerships in opposition to the US, such as Russia. Belt and Road investments are viewed as a way to facilitate China’s peripheral diplomacy based on trade and infrastructure partnerships with the countries along this enormous land border. Criticism against the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Debt trap diplomacy: It is the accusation that China uses Belt and Road as part of a manipulative global strategy, funding major infrastructure projects in developing nations with unsustainable loans, then using the debt to gain leverage over those governments. The accusation was sparked by projects such as the Hambantota Port Development in Sri Lanka. The Sri Lankan government was unable to service the Chinese loans which funded the project, and the port was handed to the Chinese on a 99-year lease in 2017. The port provides the Chinese with a major new piece of infrastructure and a strategic foothold in the Indian Ocean. Many BRI projects have overshot their original estimated cost. The burgeoning debt burden recipient countries have thus accumulated has led to questions over the long-term viability and benefits of such ventures. The opaque nature of the BRI: The Belt and Road Initiative is not a unified, coherent strategy, but rather a fragmented collection of bilateral arrangements made on different terms. This is illustrated by the fact that governments receiving Chinese loans are not always sure which authority in China they are dealing with. Fifteen different Chinese government ministries claim some responsibility for Belt and Road projects; Lack of Private sector Participation: The BRI is criticized for it but there is little enthusiasm for the initiative from even the Chinese private sector due to the lack of return on investment. New Colonialism: Western critics have attacked the initiative as a new colonialism, or Marshal Plan for the 21st century. China has generally played down such comparisons, drawing parallels with the U.S. endeavour to rebuild Europe as a counter to the Soviet Union after World War II. It fails to generate local employment in the project country. The primary concern for India is sovereignty as China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) passes through Gilgit Baltistan. The future Prospects of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) The BRI’s current dependence on the U.S. dollar to fund the bulk of its projects is a cause of concern. But unlike some years ago, its stocks of the greenback are in limited supply. Conversely, the renminbi is yet to emerge as a full-fledged global currency. That may leave China with the option of adopting a co-financing strategy. Such cooperation with multilateral banking institutions would be a welcome balancing act. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, Chinese state banks directed more support to projects at home, echoing the behaviour of much of the rest of the world. Internationally, China has drawn in the scope of its ambitions to projects along its enormous border and in Southeast Asia. Investments abroad have declined considerably since a peak in 2015. In September 2020 Xi Jinping announced China would seek to peak its CO2 emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. This has real implications for Belt and Road investments, although China continues to invest in coal alongside considerable new investment in renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. To reduce the hegemony of the BRI initiatives alternative projects were announced by the world democracies such as the Blue Dot Network (BDN), Build Back Better World (B3W), and Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII). Blue Dot Network (BDN) was launched in November 2019 by the United States, Japan, and Australia at the Indo-Pacific Business Forum in Bangkok, Thailand. It is a multi-stakeholder initiative to bring together governments, the private sector, and civil society to promote high-quality, trusted standards for global infrastructure development. Thus initiative is largely treated with suspicion by the US and its major allies, characterized largely in terms of debt-trap diplomacy, as a predatory, opaque enterprise, and as a threat to Western interests. The G7 launched the Build Back Better World (B3W) initiative in 2021 with the aim of narrowing the $40 trillion infrastructure gap in the developing world. Another initiative Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII) is a relaunch of Mr. Biden’s B3W plan. Thus all these initiatives will bring alternatives for the BRI and force China to rectify lacunae in BRI. India should cooperate on these alternatives with democracies to gain support in its favour and keep raising its legitimate concern on the violation of its sovereignty by CPEC on the International platform.
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भारत में बैंकों के वर्गीकरण का एक परिचय प्रस्तुत कीजिए| साथ ही, सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के बैंकों के समक्ष प्रमुख चुनौतियों को रेखांकित करते हुए, इनमें सुधार हेतु किए गए प्रयासों का उल्लेख कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Give an introduction to the classification of banks in India. Also, highlight the major challenges faced by public sector banks and mention the efforts made to improve them. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)
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एप्रोच - उत्तर के पहले भाग में, भारत में विभिन्न प्रकार के बैंकों के वर्गीकरण का एक परिचय प्रस्तुत कीजिए| अगले भाग में, सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के बैंकों के समक्ष प्रमुख चुनौतियों का उल्लेख कीजिए| अगले भाग में, इन चुनौतियों के मद्देनजर इनमें सुधार हेतु किए गए प्रयासों का उल्लेख कीजिए| निष्कर्षतः, आगे की राह के अंतर्गत कुछ सुझावों के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| उत्तर - बैंक से आशय उन वित्तीय मध्यस्थों से है जो बैंकिंग रेगुलेशन एक्ट, 1949 के अंतर्गत लाइसेंस प्राप्त हों अर्थात RBI का इनपर संपूर्ण नियंत्रण होता है| ये आरबीआई एक्ट, 1934 एवं बैंकिंग रेगुलेशन एक्ट, 1949 के अंतर्गत विनियमित होती हैं| किसी वित्तीय संस्थान को बैंक होने का सबसे बड़ा लाभ है कि ये डिमांड डिपाजिट ले सकते हैं| (गैर-बैंकिंग संस्थान मांग जमा नहीं ले सकते हैं) भारत में बैंकों को अनुसूचित बैंक (Scheduled Bank) तथा गैर-अनुसूचित बैंक (Non Scheduled Bank) में वर्गीकृत किया जाता है| अनुसूचित बैंक (Scheduled Bank) आरबीआई एक्ट के अनुच्छेद 2 में वर्णित बैंक होते हैं जिन्हें आरबीआई के पास नकद आरक्षित अनुपात/CRR अनिवार्यतः बनाए रखना होता है तथा अनुपालन ना करने पर पेनाल्टी लगाई जाती है| वहीँ, गैर-अनुसूचित बैंक (Non Scheduled Bank) पर नकद आरक्षित अनुपात/CRR की शर्त लागू नहीं या बाध्यता नहीं होती है| हालाँकि, इसके कारण इन्हें चलायमान निधि समायोजन जैसी सुविधाएं नहीं प्राप्त होती हैं| ऐसे बैंक अधिकांशतः उन क्षेत्रों में पाए जा रहे हैं, जहाँ अभी वित्तीय समावेश का अभाव है| अनुसूचित बैंक (Scheduled Bank) का वर्गीकरण अनुसूचित बैंकों को निम्न 2 प्रकार से वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है - वाणिज्यिक बैंक तथा सहकारी बैंक अनुसूचित वाणिज्यिक बैंक (Scheduled Commercial Bank) --> अनुसूचित वाणिज्यिक बैंक वे बैंक हैं जो लाभ हेतु कार्य करते हैं| ये सार्वभौमिक होते हैं अर्थात कोई भी व्यक्ति या संस्था इनके द्वारा दी जा रही वित्तीय सेवाओं का लाभ ले सकता है| (इस संदर्भ में किसी सदस्यता की आवश्यकता नहीं होती है) वाणिज्यिक बैंक (Scheduled Commercial Bank) के विभिन्न प्रकार - सार्वजनिक बैंक/राष्ट्रीयकृत बैंक; निजी बैंक; विदेशी बैंक; क्षेत्रीय ग्रामीण बैंक (RRBs); लघु वित्त बैंक (SFB); पेमेंट बैंक; लोकल एरिया बैंक अनुसूचित सार्वजनिक बैंक/राष्ट्रीयकृत बैंक(PSB) से आशय उन बैंकों से है जिनका 51% या उससे अधिक का स्वामित्व भारत सरकार का हो| निजी बैंक -> ओल्ड प्राइवेट बैंक(OPB) -1991 से पहले के निजी बैंक न्यू प्राइवेट बैंक(NPB) - 1991 में नरसिम्हन समिति की सिफारिश से न्यू प्राइवेट बैंक -> RBI द्वारा ऑन टैप लाइसेंसिंग प्रक्रिया वहीँ, अनुसूचित सहकारी बैंक नो प्रॉफिट, नो लॉस के सिद्धांत पर कार्य करते हैं| तथा इनके द्वारा दी जा रही सेवाओं का लाभ लेने हेतु सदस्यता अनिवार्य होती है| सहकारी बैंक (Cooperative Bank) के प्रकार - शहरी सहकारी बैंक; ग्रामीण सहकारी बैंक सार्वजनिक बैंकों के समक्ष प्रमुख चुनौतियाँ एनपीए का बहुत अधिक होना - आरबीआई की 2021 की वार्षिक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार सार्वजनिक बैंकों का NPA अभी भी कुल NPA का 70% से अधिक है| विनियामक अनुपालन का बढ़ता बोझ पेशेवर दृष्टिकोण की कमी तथा इस संदर्भ में आवश्यक ट्रेनिंग का अभाव अंतर्राष्ट्रीय बेसेल मानकों के संदर्भ में आवश्यक पूंजी की अपर्याप्तता अर्थात सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के बैंकों के लिए पूंजी पर्याप्तता में लगातार गिरावट वित्तीय प्रणाली के अलग-अलग क्षेत्रकों में PSBs के सीमित एकीकरण के कारण गैर-बैंकिंग कंपनियों, फिनटेक आदि से संबंधित उभरती प्रतिस्पर्धा जमीनी स्तर पर प्रौद्योगिकी को सीमित रूप से अपनाना बढ़ते सुरक्षा संबंधी खतरों के साथ उपभोक्ता की बदलती अपेक्षाएं इनके अतिरिक्त, सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के बैंकों को नौकरशाही, राजनीतिक हस्तक्षेप आदि जैसी अन्य समस्याओं का भी सामना करना पड़ता है| सार्वजनिक बैंकों के सुधार हेतु किए गए कुछ प्रयास 1969 में लीड बैंक स्कीम 1992 में नरसिम्हन समिति द्वारा सार्वजनिक बैंकों के संदर्भ में दिए गए सुझाव 2014 में पीजे नायक समिति -> इस समिति का उद्देश्य विभिन्न सार्वजनिक बैंकों के बोर्ड ऑफ डायरेक्टर के संदर्भ में सुधार करते हुए प्रशासनिक ढाँचे को और बेहतर बनाना| इस समिति ने निम्न 2 प्रमुख अनुशंसाएं दी --> बैंकों में उच्च पदों पर लैटरल एंट्री या पार्श्विक भर्ती करते हुए पेशेवर दृष्टीकोण को बढ़ाया जाएगा| बैंक बोर्ड ब्यूरो का गठन - यह ब्यूरो एक शीर्ष संस्था होगी जो विभिन्न सार्वजनिक बैंकों के संदर्भ में निर्णय, सुझाव तथा अन्य प्रक्रियाओं की देखरेख करेगी| हालाँकि, अब आवश्यक सुधार करते हुए, सरकार द्वारा बैंक बोर्ड ब्यूरो के स्थान पर अब फाइनेंसियल सर्विसेज इंस्टीट्यूशन ब्यूरो (FSIB) का गठन किया गया है| 2016-17 में ज्ञान संगम के माध्यम से सार्वजनिक बैंकों में और पेशेवर दृष्टिकोण को लाने के लिए EASE फ्रेमवर्क (Enhanced Access and Service Excellence) के अंतर्गत सुविधाओं को बेहतर बनाने की बात कही गई| PSBs में सुधार के लिए एन्हांस्ड एक्सेस एंड सर्विस एक्सीलेंस (EASE) 5.0 साथ ही, इंद्रधनुष स्कीम के अंतर्गत पूंजी पर्याप्तता को सुनिश्चित करने हेतु 75 हजार करोड़ रूपये की पूंजी बैंकों को सुलभ कराई गई| प्रिज्म अर्थात एकीकृत पर्यवेक्षण और निगरानी हेतु विनियमित संस्थाओं के लिए मंच (Platform for Regulated Entity For Integrated Supervision and Monitoring, PRISM ) त्वरित सुधारात्मक कार्रवाई (Prompt Corrective Action, PCA) जैसी पर्यवेक्षण संबंधी पहल उपरोक्त के साथ, बाह्य ऑडिटिंग के साथ-साथ ऑन-साइट और ऑफ साइट निगरानी को शामिल करते हुए पर्यवेक्षण प्रक्रिया को सुव्यवस्थित करना, जहां आवश्यक हो वहां पुन:पूँजीकरण के माध्यम से PSBs की निवल संपत्ति की पुनर्बहाली करना, प्रतिस्पर्धा का सामना करने में सहायता करने और एक सुरक्षित एवं बेहतर अनुभव प्रदान करने के लिए उभरती प्रौद्योगिकियों में निवेश करना आदि क़दमों को बढ़ावा दिया जाना चाहिए ताकि आर्थिक संवृद्धि एवं बैंकिंग व्यवस्था को मजबूती देने के लिए व्यापक योगदान देने वाली एक विविध, कुशल और प्रतिस्पर्धी वित्तीय प्रणाली को सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के बैंकों के माध्यम से बढ़ावा दिया जा सके|
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##Question:भारत में बैंकों के वर्गीकरण का एक परिचय प्रस्तुत कीजिए| साथ ही, सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के बैंकों के समक्ष प्रमुख चुनौतियों को रेखांकित करते हुए, इनमें सुधार हेतु किए गए प्रयासों का उल्लेख कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Give an introduction to the classification of banks in India. Also, highlight the major challenges faced by public sector banks and mention the efforts made to improve them. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)##Answer:एप्रोच - उत्तर के पहले भाग में, भारत में विभिन्न प्रकार के बैंकों के वर्गीकरण का एक परिचय प्रस्तुत कीजिए| अगले भाग में, सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के बैंकों के समक्ष प्रमुख चुनौतियों का उल्लेख कीजिए| अगले भाग में, इन चुनौतियों के मद्देनजर इनमें सुधार हेतु किए गए प्रयासों का उल्लेख कीजिए| निष्कर्षतः, आगे की राह के अंतर्गत कुछ सुझावों के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| उत्तर - बैंक से आशय उन वित्तीय मध्यस्थों से है जो बैंकिंग रेगुलेशन एक्ट, 1949 के अंतर्गत लाइसेंस प्राप्त हों अर्थात RBI का इनपर संपूर्ण नियंत्रण होता है| ये आरबीआई एक्ट, 1934 एवं बैंकिंग रेगुलेशन एक्ट, 1949 के अंतर्गत विनियमित होती हैं| किसी वित्तीय संस्थान को बैंक होने का सबसे बड़ा लाभ है कि ये डिमांड डिपाजिट ले सकते हैं| (गैर-बैंकिंग संस्थान मांग जमा नहीं ले सकते हैं) भारत में बैंकों को अनुसूचित बैंक (Scheduled Bank) तथा गैर-अनुसूचित बैंक (Non Scheduled Bank) में वर्गीकृत किया जाता है| अनुसूचित बैंक (Scheduled Bank) आरबीआई एक्ट के अनुच्छेद 2 में वर्णित बैंक होते हैं जिन्हें आरबीआई के पास नकद आरक्षित अनुपात/CRR अनिवार्यतः बनाए रखना होता है तथा अनुपालन ना करने पर पेनाल्टी लगाई जाती है| वहीँ, गैर-अनुसूचित बैंक (Non Scheduled Bank) पर नकद आरक्षित अनुपात/CRR की शर्त लागू नहीं या बाध्यता नहीं होती है| हालाँकि, इसके कारण इन्हें चलायमान निधि समायोजन जैसी सुविधाएं नहीं प्राप्त होती हैं| ऐसे बैंक अधिकांशतः उन क्षेत्रों में पाए जा रहे हैं, जहाँ अभी वित्तीय समावेश का अभाव है| अनुसूचित बैंक (Scheduled Bank) का वर्गीकरण अनुसूचित बैंकों को निम्न 2 प्रकार से वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है - वाणिज्यिक बैंक तथा सहकारी बैंक अनुसूचित वाणिज्यिक बैंक (Scheduled Commercial Bank) --> अनुसूचित वाणिज्यिक बैंक वे बैंक हैं जो लाभ हेतु कार्य करते हैं| ये सार्वभौमिक होते हैं अर्थात कोई भी व्यक्ति या संस्था इनके द्वारा दी जा रही वित्तीय सेवाओं का लाभ ले सकता है| (इस संदर्भ में किसी सदस्यता की आवश्यकता नहीं होती है) वाणिज्यिक बैंक (Scheduled Commercial Bank) के विभिन्न प्रकार - सार्वजनिक बैंक/राष्ट्रीयकृत बैंक; निजी बैंक; विदेशी बैंक; क्षेत्रीय ग्रामीण बैंक (RRBs); लघु वित्त बैंक (SFB); पेमेंट बैंक; लोकल एरिया बैंक अनुसूचित सार्वजनिक बैंक/राष्ट्रीयकृत बैंक(PSB) से आशय उन बैंकों से है जिनका 51% या उससे अधिक का स्वामित्व भारत सरकार का हो| निजी बैंक -> ओल्ड प्राइवेट बैंक(OPB) -1991 से पहले के निजी बैंक न्यू प्राइवेट बैंक(NPB) - 1991 में नरसिम्हन समिति की सिफारिश से न्यू प्राइवेट बैंक -> RBI द्वारा ऑन टैप लाइसेंसिंग प्रक्रिया वहीँ, अनुसूचित सहकारी बैंक नो प्रॉफिट, नो लॉस के सिद्धांत पर कार्य करते हैं| तथा इनके द्वारा दी जा रही सेवाओं का लाभ लेने हेतु सदस्यता अनिवार्य होती है| सहकारी बैंक (Cooperative Bank) के प्रकार - शहरी सहकारी बैंक; ग्रामीण सहकारी बैंक सार्वजनिक बैंकों के समक्ष प्रमुख चुनौतियाँ एनपीए का बहुत अधिक होना - आरबीआई की 2021 की वार्षिक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार सार्वजनिक बैंकों का NPA अभी भी कुल NPA का 70% से अधिक है| विनियामक अनुपालन का बढ़ता बोझ पेशेवर दृष्टिकोण की कमी तथा इस संदर्भ में आवश्यक ट्रेनिंग का अभाव अंतर्राष्ट्रीय बेसेल मानकों के संदर्भ में आवश्यक पूंजी की अपर्याप्तता अर्थात सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के बैंकों के लिए पूंजी पर्याप्तता में लगातार गिरावट वित्तीय प्रणाली के अलग-अलग क्षेत्रकों में PSBs के सीमित एकीकरण के कारण गैर-बैंकिंग कंपनियों, फिनटेक आदि से संबंधित उभरती प्रतिस्पर्धा जमीनी स्तर पर प्रौद्योगिकी को सीमित रूप से अपनाना बढ़ते सुरक्षा संबंधी खतरों के साथ उपभोक्ता की बदलती अपेक्षाएं इनके अतिरिक्त, सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के बैंकों को नौकरशाही, राजनीतिक हस्तक्षेप आदि जैसी अन्य समस्याओं का भी सामना करना पड़ता है| सार्वजनिक बैंकों के सुधार हेतु किए गए कुछ प्रयास 1969 में लीड बैंक स्कीम 1992 में नरसिम्हन समिति द्वारा सार्वजनिक बैंकों के संदर्भ में दिए गए सुझाव 2014 में पीजे नायक समिति -> इस समिति का उद्देश्य विभिन्न सार्वजनिक बैंकों के बोर्ड ऑफ डायरेक्टर के संदर्भ में सुधार करते हुए प्रशासनिक ढाँचे को और बेहतर बनाना| इस समिति ने निम्न 2 प्रमुख अनुशंसाएं दी --> बैंकों में उच्च पदों पर लैटरल एंट्री या पार्श्विक भर्ती करते हुए पेशेवर दृष्टीकोण को बढ़ाया जाएगा| बैंक बोर्ड ब्यूरो का गठन - यह ब्यूरो एक शीर्ष संस्था होगी जो विभिन्न सार्वजनिक बैंकों के संदर्भ में निर्णय, सुझाव तथा अन्य प्रक्रियाओं की देखरेख करेगी| हालाँकि, अब आवश्यक सुधार करते हुए, सरकार द्वारा बैंक बोर्ड ब्यूरो के स्थान पर अब फाइनेंसियल सर्विसेज इंस्टीट्यूशन ब्यूरो (FSIB) का गठन किया गया है| 2016-17 में ज्ञान संगम के माध्यम से सार्वजनिक बैंकों में और पेशेवर दृष्टिकोण को लाने के लिए EASE फ्रेमवर्क (Enhanced Access and Service Excellence) के अंतर्गत सुविधाओं को बेहतर बनाने की बात कही गई| PSBs में सुधार के लिए एन्हांस्ड एक्सेस एंड सर्विस एक्सीलेंस (EASE) 5.0 साथ ही, इंद्रधनुष स्कीम के अंतर्गत पूंजी पर्याप्तता को सुनिश्चित करने हेतु 75 हजार करोड़ रूपये की पूंजी बैंकों को सुलभ कराई गई| प्रिज्म अर्थात एकीकृत पर्यवेक्षण और निगरानी हेतु विनियमित संस्थाओं के लिए मंच (Platform for Regulated Entity For Integrated Supervision and Monitoring, PRISM ) त्वरित सुधारात्मक कार्रवाई (Prompt Corrective Action, PCA) जैसी पर्यवेक्षण संबंधी पहल उपरोक्त के साथ, बाह्य ऑडिटिंग के साथ-साथ ऑन-साइट और ऑफ साइट निगरानी को शामिल करते हुए पर्यवेक्षण प्रक्रिया को सुव्यवस्थित करना, जहां आवश्यक हो वहां पुन:पूँजीकरण के माध्यम से PSBs की निवल संपत्ति की पुनर्बहाली करना, प्रतिस्पर्धा का सामना करने में सहायता करने और एक सुरक्षित एवं बेहतर अनुभव प्रदान करने के लिए उभरती प्रौद्योगिकियों में निवेश करना आदि क़दमों को बढ़ावा दिया जाना चाहिए ताकि आर्थिक संवृद्धि एवं बैंकिंग व्यवस्था को मजबूती देने के लिए व्यापक योगदान देने वाली एक विविध, कुशल और प्रतिस्पर्धी वित्तीय प्रणाली को सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के बैंकों के माध्यम से बढ़ावा दिया जा सके|
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What is sterilization and how does it affect the supply of money in the economy? (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach:- In the introduction part, define Sterilisation In the body part, discuss its effect on the Money supply in the economy Also, mention the role of MSS bonds Conclude accordingly Answer:- Sterilization in the context of the monetary policy refers to the activity of the RBI of taking away the excess money supply created due to its foreign exchange market intervention. Impact on money supply Increased capital inflows can result in a build-up of foreign exchange reserves i.e increased dollar supply in India This can lead to domestic currency i.e Rupee appreciation, making Indian exports expensive and uncompetitive in the international market To negate the potentially harmful impacts of the capital flows, RBI buys the excess foreign currency. When RBI mops up the dollar, it releases an equal amount of Rupees in the economy. Which increases the money supply in the economy This increased money supply may lead to inflation Therefore, this increased liquidity is sterilized through the issue/sale of bonds and securities [MSS bonds] Role of MSS bonds It was introduced in 2003-04 as a mechanism for the sterilization of capital flows Under this scheme, GOI borrows from RBI and issues government securities in return This government security is then utilized by RBI for absorbing excess liquidity through sales in the market to financial institutions The amount raised under MSS does not get credited to the government account but is maintained as a separate cash account by RBI The interest payable in these securities is paid by the central government. By these methods, RBI absorbs the excess liquidity. This is not a regular exercise but is carried out when there is a sudden surge of capital inflows.
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##Question:What is sterilization and how does it affect the supply of money in the economy? (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction part, define Sterilisation In the body part, discuss its effect on the Money supply in the economy Also, mention the role of MSS bonds Conclude accordingly Answer:- Sterilization in the context of the monetary policy refers to the activity of the RBI of taking away the excess money supply created due to its foreign exchange market intervention. Impact on money supply Increased capital inflows can result in a build-up of foreign exchange reserves i.e increased dollar supply in India This can lead to domestic currency i.e Rupee appreciation, making Indian exports expensive and uncompetitive in the international market To negate the potentially harmful impacts of the capital flows, RBI buys the excess foreign currency. When RBI mops up the dollar, it releases an equal amount of Rupees in the economy. Which increases the money supply in the economy This increased money supply may lead to inflation Therefore, this increased liquidity is sterilized through the issue/sale of bonds and securities [MSS bonds] Role of MSS bonds It was introduced in 2003-04 as a mechanism for the sterilization of capital flows Under this scheme, GOI borrows from RBI and issues government securities in return This government security is then utilized by RBI for absorbing excess liquidity through sales in the market to financial institutions The amount raised under MSS does not get credited to the government account but is maintained as a separate cash account by RBI The interest payable in these securities is paid by the central government. By these methods, RBI absorbs the excess liquidity. This is not a regular exercise but is carried out when there is a sudden surge of capital inflows.
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The most important reason for the American Revolution was the pattern of trade between England and the American colonies. Elucidate. (10Marks/150 Words)
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APPROACH: Introduce by highlighting some information about the American Revolution. Briefly just mention various other reasons for American Revolution. Explain in detail how the "pattern of trade" was the most important reason for American Revolution. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: American Revolution was the revolutionary war waged by the 13 American colonies of British in the Central part of America. It was fought between 1763-1783 AD and stood against the repressive trade policies of the British in the American colonies. The seeds for it were sown in the Seven Year Global war in which the British fought against the French. There were various reasons which culminated in the American Revolution: England"s principles of mercantilism, Legislative acts like the Navigation Act, and Molasses Act, etc., Intellectual currents in the American population, etc. However, the primary reason for the revolution to spring was the Pattern of Trade between the colonies, Britain, and rest of the world. PATTERN OF TRADE: A triangular trade was forced upon the colonies by England. In other words, colonies were not permitted to have direct trade with Europe. All the export and import trade between colonies and Europe was routed through England adding more cost and a financial burden for the colonies. In 1763, Molasses Act was passed levying an import duty of 6 pens for every gallon of molasses imported from the French West Indies. This had hard hit colony ""New England"" which manufactured wine and rum. Navigational Acts under which the trade between colonies and England was carried out in England-based ships only. Iron Acts prohibited the processing of iron and steel in the colonies. It was this pattern of trade that irritated the colonies and created a constant source of conflict between the colonies and England. Thus, irked by the discriminatory attitude of the British, In 1774, First Continental Congress called Philadelphia Congress was held. Colonies demanded to revoke all the laws passed after 1764. Wars were fought and ultimately with the Treaty of Paris in 1784, England recognized the independence of the 13 colonies.
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##Question:The most important reason for the American Revolution was the pattern of trade between England and the American colonies. Elucidate. (10Marks/150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce by highlighting some information about the American Revolution. Briefly just mention various other reasons for American Revolution. Explain in detail how the "pattern of trade" was the most important reason for American Revolution. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: American Revolution was the revolutionary war waged by the 13 American colonies of British in the Central part of America. It was fought between 1763-1783 AD and stood against the repressive trade policies of the British in the American colonies. The seeds for it were sown in the Seven Year Global war in which the British fought against the French. There were various reasons which culminated in the American Revolution: England"s principles of mercantilism, Legislative acts like the Navigation Act, and Molasses Act, etc., Intellectual currents in the American population, etc. However, the primary reason for the revolution to spring was the Pattern of Trade between the colonies, Britain, and rest of the world. PATTERN OF TRADE: A triangular trade was forced upon the colonies by England. In other words, colonies were not permitted to have direct trade with Europe. All the export and import trade between colonies and Europe was routed through England adding more cost and a financial burden for the colonies. In 1763, Molasses Act was passed levying an import duty of 6 pens for every gallon of molasses imported from the French West Indies. This had hard hit colony ""New England"" which manufactured wine and rum. Navigational Acts under which the trade between colonies and England was carried out in England-based ships only. Iron Acts prohibited the processing of iron and steel in the colonies. It was this pattern of trade that irritated the colonies and created a constant source of conflict between the colonies and England. Thus, irked by the discriminatory attitude of the British, In 1774, First Continental Congress called Philadelphia Congress was held. Colonies demanded to revoke all the laws passed after 1764. Wars were fought and ultimately with the Treaty of Paris in 1784, England recognized the independence of the 13 colonies.
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Even as the caste system has weekened in recent times ,caste based identites strengthened in India.Discuss(150 words/10 Marks)
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Introduction - You can define the caste system. The main part /body of the answer - write a fewfeatures of the caste system. How they have changed and how caste-based identities strengthened. conclusion- Here you can define how caste has entered into the domain of the political sphere. Answer What is the caste system? It is a system of social stratification which consists of hierarchly arranged closely associated endogamous strata. Where membership is ascriptive and contact is restricted and mobility is theoretically impossible. Fewfeatures of the caste system 1. concept of purity and pollution 2. occupational division of labor 3. Innate nature the membership of caste is determined by the birth. How the caste system has weakened. 1. Occupational division of labor -Due to industrialization large number of diverse jobs which required skills irrespective of caste emerged. Thus the previous occupational division of labor changed. 2. Urbanization -it leads to the emergence of the secular pattern of living. Anonymity and heterogeneity became the new norm of society. 3. Modern value system .one of the principle of Modern value system is Rationality. Rationality does not go by the concept of purity and pollution Thus changing one of the traditional features of Purity and pollution. How caste-basedidentities strengthened Role of state Affirmative action Sate with the introduction of affirmative action, it provided an opportunity to lower caste people to improve their socioeconomic status. By getting access to higher education and government jobs. Due to differential excess to opportunities with respect to reservation it gave rise to the class element within caste which can also be referred to as the emergence of elitism. Land Reform First land reform was against Zamindars. With the implementation of land reforms there was the emergence of dominant caste it is that Group which irrespective of their status In traditional caste hierarchy still held dominance in the particular region, due to the following factors 1. Land ownership 2. Numerical strength. 3. Political power Ex Jat Gujjar and Patidar. Mandal commission: With the implementation of Mandal commission led to the emergence of mode.rn avatar of caste where instead of vertical arrangement along with stigma there is horizontal competition among caste for backward status. The caste system has been dislodged from the religious domain it has entered in the consciousness of the People Especially In electoral Politics. In a recent trend, there is castization of politics.
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##Question:Even as the caste system has weekened in recent times ,caste based identites strengthened in India.Discuss(150 words/10 Marks)##Answer: Introduction - You can define the caste system. The main part /body of the answer - write a fewfeatures of the caste system. How they have changed and how caste-based identities strengthened. conclusion- Here you can define how caste has entered into the domain of the political sphere. Answer What is the caste system? It is a system of social stratification which consists of hierarchly arranged closely associated endogamous strata. Where membership is ascriptive and contact is restricted and mobility is theoretically impossible. Fewfeatures of the caste system 1. concept of purity and pollution 2. occupational division of labor 3. Innate nature the membership of caste is determined by the birth. How the caste system has weakened. 1. Occupational division of labor -Due to industrialization large number of diverse jobs which required skills irrespective of caste emerged. Thus the previous occupational division of labor changed. 2. Urbanization -it leads to the emergence of the secular pattern of living. Anonymity and heterogeneity became the new norm of society. 3. Modern value system .one of the principle of Modern value system is Rationality. Rationality does not go by the concept of purity and pollution Thus changing one of the traditional features of Purity and pollution. How caste-basedidentities strengthened Role of state Affirmative action Sate with the introduction of affirmative action, it provided an opportunity to lower caste people to improve their socioeconomic status. By getting access to higher education and government jobs. Due to differential excess to opportunities with respect to reservation it gave rise to the class element within caste which can also be referred to as the emergence of elitism. Land Reform First land reform was against Zamindars. With the implementation of land reforms there was the emergence of dominant caste it is that Group which irrespective of their status In traditional caste hierarchy still held dominance in the particular region, due to the following factors 1. Land ownership 2. Numerical strength. 3. Political power Ex Jat Gujjar and Patidar. Mandal commission: With the implementation of Mandal commission led to the emergence of mode.rn avatar of caste where instead of vertical arrangement along with stigma there is horizontal competition among caste for backward status. The caste system has been dislodged from the religious domain it has entered in the consciousness of the People Especially In electoral Politics. In a recent trend, there is castization of politics.
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Highlighting the aims & objectives of the Indian National Congress, disucss its approches during the freedom struggle movement. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Briefly write about the INC in the introduction. Highlight the aims & objectives of the INC. Cover points on its approaches during the freedom struggle movement. Conclusion. Answer: The INC was founded by A O Hume who was a British liberal and retired ICS officer. The founding president was W C Benerjee and held at the place called Gokul Das Tejpal Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya, Bombay. The number of 72 delegates (Sent by the Regional Political Association).who attended the first session of the INC. Aims & objectives of the INC : National Building by developing friendly relations based on mutual understanding among the political activists of the different parts of the nation. The unity thus forged was to percolate down the level of masses in due course of time. Political training by raising public issues through prayers, petitions, representations, etc and making a public opinion. Approaches of the INC : The INC from the very beginning perceived itself as an All-India organization of all castes, communities, regions, religions, etc. In order to ensure all-India Unity against colonial domination, the Indian National Congress followed some approaches which remained central to the politics of the organization throughout the Indian National Movement despite minor deviations. In this context, the followings are particularly noticeable : Avoidance of social issues which could have proved socio and politically conscious and divided. In one of its earliest resolution, Congress will take up only those issues in which the entire nation is concerned. The Congress stood away from the issues of social reforms and even from the advice given by Lord Dufferin that the Congress should focus on issues of social reforms. The congress allowed its members to participate in the social reforms but urbanization was not supposed to raise controversial issues. Bal Ganga Dhar Tilak went to the extent of stopping the meetings Indian Social Conference organized by Ranade & his followers after the Congress session in the same However, even under Gandhi, Congress avoided radical positions adopted by reformers belonging to the so-called lower strata of society like Narayan Guru and Ambedkar avoiding class conflict & class issues. The national Agrarian program was accepted by the Congress session and even went to the extent of the zamindari duly done after independence. Anti-revenue approach of the congress remained almost the same from the beginning till the end and got further intensified during the national movement when no revenue campaign became an important constituent of nationalist agitation. Similarly, the Indian National Congress showed reluctance in raising the issues of workers and labourers particularly when Indian industrialists. The concerns related to the Indian workers were quite often raised by the British capitalists with a desire to deprive the Indian industrialists of relative advantages. However, Congress kept on raising the issues of workers employed by the British industrialists. But with time Congress became more vocal related to the exploitation of workers, particularly under socialist influences and the emergence of a powerful left wing within the Congress led by the leaders like J L Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose. INC perceived it as an organization of all Indians including minorities and in order to remove the fear of members which was becoming more & more important with the beginning of modern politics and political activities. In order to assure that religious minorities, particularly the Muslims and also to counter tendencies displayed by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and the Aligarh movement. Congress passed a resolution regarding the protection of minority interests. The approach of Congress continued even in the later days which is evident from the flexible approach adopted by the Congress at the time of the Lucknow pact, particularly under the influence of leaders like Tilak and Annie Bassant. This led to the acceptance of the system of the separate electorate by Congress. In order to establish Hindu-Muslim unity (Lucknow pact). The withdrawal of NCM created widespread disillusionment and some Muslim leaders also perceived it as an act of treachery on the part of Gandhiji. Though the Congress made political blunders and make concessions to communal elements both within and without yet a neighbour renounced its claims to represent the whole country including the minorities. The demands made by the Muslim League that Congress should accept, the Muslim League as the sole representative of Muslims and declared as a Hindu organization. This approach was quite visible at the famous Shimla conference organized by the Viceroy Lord Wavell to discuss a plan of reconstitution of the executive council of the Viceroy with all Indian members except the commander-in-chief. The League demanded all Muslims" representation in the council through it which was not accepted by the Congress. Maulana Azad was also the official negotiator from congress. This attitude of the congress continued even after partition and found reflection in the provisions of the constitution.
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##Question:Highlighting the aims & objectives of the Indian National Congress, disucss its approches during the freedom struggle movement. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Briefly write about the INC in the introduction. Highlight the aims & objectives of the INC. Cover points on its approaches during the freedom struggle movement. Conclusion. Answer: The INC was founded by A O Hume who was a British liberal and retired ICS officer. The founding president was W C Benerjee and held at the place called Gokul Das Tejpal Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya, Bombay. The number of 72 delegates (Sent by the Regional Political Association).who attended the first session of the INC. Aims & objectives of the INC : National Building by developing friendly relations based on mutual understanding among the political activists of the different parts of the nation. The unity thus forged was to percolate down the level of masses in due course of time. Political training by raising public issues through prayers, petitions, representations, etc and making a public opinion. Approaches of the INC : The INC from the very beginning perceived itself as an All-India organization of all castes, communities, regions, religions, etc. In order to ensure all-India Unity against colonial domination, the Indian National Congress followed some approaches which remained central to the politics of the organization throughout the Indian National Movement despite minor deviations. In this context, the followings are particularly noticeable : Avoidance of social issues which could have proved socio and politically conscious and divided. In one of its earliest resolution, Congress will take up only those issues in which the entire nation is concerned. The Congress stood away from the issues of social reforms and even from the advice given by Lord Dufferin that the Congress should focus on issues of social reforms. The congress allowed its members to participate in the social reforms but urbanization was not supposed to raise controversial issues. Bal Ganga Dhar Tilak went to the extent of stopping the meetings Indian Social Conference organized by Ranade & his followers after the Congress session in the same However, even under Gandhi, Congress avoided radical positions adopted by reformers belonging to the so-called lower strata of society like Narayan Guru and Ambedkar avoiding class conflict & class issues. The national Agrarian program was accepted by the Congress session and even went to the extent of the zamindari duly done after independence. Anti-revenue approach of the congress remained almost the same from the beginning till the end and got further intensified during the national movement when no revenue campaign became an important constituent of nationalist agitation. Similarly, the Indian National Congress showed reluctance in raising the issues of workers and labourers particularly when Indian industrialists. The concerns related to the Indian workers were quite often raised by the British capitalists with a desire to deprive the Indian industrialists of relative advantages. However, Congress kept on raising the issues of workers employed by the British industrialists. But with time Congress became more vocal related to the exploitation of workers, particularly under socialist influences and the emergence of a powerful left wing within the Congress led by the leaders like J L Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose. INC perceived it as an organization of all Indians including minorities and in order to remove the fear of members which was becoming more & more important with the beginning of modern politics and political activities. In order to assure that religious minorities, particularly the Muslims and also to counter tendencies displayed by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and the Aligarh movement. Congress passed a resolution regarding the protection of minority interests. The approach of Congress continued even in the later days which is evident from the flexible approach adopted by the Congress at the time of the Lucknow pact, particularly under the influence of leaders like Tilak and Annie Bassant. This led to the acceptance of the system of the separate electorate by Congress. In order to establish Hindu-Muslim unity (Lucknow pact). The withdrawal of NCM created widespread disillusionment and some Muslim leaders also perceived it as an act of treachery on the part of Gandhiji. Though the Congress made political blunders and make concessions to communal elements both within and without yet a neighbour renounced its claims to represent the whole country including the minorities. The demands made by the Muslim League that Congress should accept, the Muslim League as the sole representative of Muslims and declared as a Hindu organization. This approach was quite visible at the famous Shimla conference organized by the Viceroy Lord Wavell to discuss a plan of reconstitution of the executive council of the Viceroy with all Indian members except the commander-in-chief. The League demanded all Muslims" representation in the council through it which was not accepted by the Congress. Maulana Azad was also the official negotiator from congress. This attitude of the congress continued even after partition and found reflection in the provisions of the constitution.
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न्यायपालिका के अनुसार, राज्यपाल न तो संघ सरकार का कर्मचारी है और न ही संघ सरकार का अधीनस्थ और न ही किसी राजनीतिक दल का एजेंट| कथन के संदर्भ में राज्यपाल की स्थिति को स्पष्ट कीजिये (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) According to the judiciary, the Governor is neither an employee of the Union Government, nor a subordinate of the Union Government, nor an agent of any political party. Explain the position of the Governor in the context of the statement (150-200 words/10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण उत्तर की शुरुआत राज्यपाल की स्थिति का वर्णन करते हुए कीजिए; इसके बाद राज्यपाल की भूमिका का उल्लेख केंद्र सरकार के एजेंट के रूप करते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिए; पुनः राज्यपाल, केंद्र सरकार का एजेंट नहीं है, का वर्णन कीजिए। अंत में संतुलित दृष्टिकोण अपनाते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिए। उत्तर - राज्यपाल की स्थिति संविधान के अनुसार राज्यपाल की स्थिति राज्य में उसी प्रकार की है, जिस प्रकार की राष्ट्रपति की संघ सरकार में है। परन्तु दोनों की स्थिति में सैद्धान्तिक तथा व्यावहारिक रूप में भिन्नता पाई जाती है। सैद्धान्तिक तौर पर सभी कार्यकारी शक्तियां राज्यपाल में केंद्रित है और वह राज्य प्रशासन का स्त्रोत है। उसके नाम पर राज्य का प्रशासन चलाया जाता है। राज्य की कार्यकारी शक्ति राज्यपाल को सौंपी गयी। राज्यपाल के द्वारा मुख्यमंत्री की नियुक्ति की जाती है एवं मुख्यमंत्री के परामर्श के आधार पर राज्यपाल के द्वारा मंत्रिपरिषद के अन्य सदस्यों की नियुक्ति की जाती है। राज्य मंत्रिपरिषद राज्यपाल के प्रसाद पर्यंत अपने पद का धारण करता है अतः राज्य मंत्रिपरिषद व्यक्तिगत रूप से राज्यपाल के प्रति उत्तरदायी होता है। राज्यपाल का यह दायित्व है कि राज्य सरकार के कार्य को अधिक सुविधाजनक बनाने हेतु नियमों को निर्धारित करे। राज्यपाल कई महत्वपूर्ण पदों पर नियुक्ति करने का अधिकार रखता है एवं कई पदों से व्यक्तियों को हटाने का अधिकार भी राज्यपाल का होता है। यद्यपि संविधान द्वारा इस बात का स्पष्टीकरण नहीं किया गया था, परन्तु अब राज्यपाल के लिए मन्त्रिपरिषद के परामर्श को मानना आवश्यक है। राज्यपाल की भूमिका; केंद्र सरकार के एजेंट या अभिकर्ता के रूप में; राज्यपाल की नियुक्ति केंद्र सरकार की परामर्श के आधार पर राष्ट्रपति द्वारा की जाती है। राज्यपाल के द्वारा स्व निर्णय की शक्तियों का अभ्यास केंद्र सरकार के नियंत्रण के अधीन किया जाता है। राज्यपाल राष्ट्रपति के प्रसाद पर्यंत अपने पद का धारण करता है जो कि केंद्र सरकार की इच्छा शक्ति पर निर्भर करती है। जन परिदृश्य भी इस बात का समर्थन करती है कि राज्यपाल केंद्र सरकार का एक एजेंट या अभिकर्ता है। सामान्यतः केंद्रीय स्तर पर सरकार या सत्ता के परिवर्तन के साथ राज्यपालों का फेर-बदल किया जाता है जो कि स्वतः अपने आप में इस बात की पुष्टि करती है कि राज्यपाल केंद्र सरकार का एक एजेंट या अभिकर्ता है। राज्य प्रशासन की गतिविधियों को लेकर राज्यपाल केंद्र सरकार को अपना प्रतिवेदन समय-समय पर प्रस्तुत करता है। राज्यपाल के वेतन एवं सेवा शर्तों का निर्धारण केंद्र सरकार के द्वारा किया जाता है। राज्यपाल: केंद्र सरकार का एजेंट नहीं है- राज्यपाल के द्वारा अधिकांश शक्तियों का अभ्यास राज्य मंत्रिपरिषद के परामर्शों के आधार पर किया जाता है न कि केंद्र सरकार के नियंत्रण के अधीन। राज्यपाल का वेतन एवं सेवा शर्तों का वहन राज्य की संचित निधि से किया जाता है। राज्यपाल एवं केंद्र सरकार इन दोनों की शक्तियों का स्रोत भारत का संविधान है। राज्यपाल अपना शपथ राज्य सरकार के संवैधानिक प्रमुख के रूप में लेता है न कि केंद्र सरकार के एजेंट या अभिकर्ता के रूप में। सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के अनुसार राज्यपाल केंद्र सरकार का कर्मचारी नहीं है। केंद्र -राज्य सम्बंध पर भारत सरकार के द्वारा गठित सरकारिया आयोग एवं पंछी आयोग के द्वारा इस बात का समर्थन किया गया है कि राज्यपाल राज्य सरकार का संवैधानिक प्रमुख है। राज्यपाल राज्य सरकार का संवैधानिक प्रमुख है किंतु इसके साथ-साथ राज्यपाल राज्य के स्तर पर केंद्र सरकार का प्रमुख प्रतिनिधि है, अतः राज्यपाल संघ एवं राज्य के बीच का एक प्रमुख समन्वय कर्ता है। एक समन्वय कर्ता होने के नाते राज्यपाल के द्वारा केंद्र एवं राज्य के परस्पर हितों के बीच एक सामंजस्य या संतुलन को स्थापित किया जाता है एवं ऐसा करते समय राज्यपाल के द्वारा संविधान के शब्दों के साथ-साथ इसकी आत्मा या भाव पर ध्यान दिया जाना आवश्यक है ताकि राज्यपाल के निर्णय या क्रियाशीलता को लेकर उत्पन्न विवादों की सम्भावना को कम से कम किया जा सके।
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##Question:न्यायपालिका के अनुसार, राज्यपाल न तो संघ सरकार का कर्मचारी है और न ही संघ सरकार का अधीनस्थ और न ही किसी राजनीतिक दल का एजेंट| कथन के संदर्भ में राज्यपाल की स्थिति को स्पष्ट कीजिये (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) According to the judiciary, the Governor is neither an employee of the Union Government, nor a subordinate of the Union Government, nor an agent of any political party. Explain the position of the Governor in the context of the statement (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण उत्तर की शुरुआत राज्यपाल की स्थिति का वर्णन करते हुए कीजिए; इसके बाद राज्यपाल की भूमिका का उल्लेख केंद्र सरकार के एजेंट के रूप करते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिए; पुनः राज्यपाल, केंद्र सरकार का एजेंट नहीं है, का वर्णन कीजिए। अंत में संतुलित दृष्टिकोण अपनाते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिए। उत्तर - राज्यपाल की स्थिति संविधान के अनुसार राज्यपाल की स्थिति राज्य में उसी प्रकार की है, जिस प्रकार की राष्ट्रपति की संघ सरकार में है। परन्तु दोनों की स्थिति में सैद्धान्तिक तथा व्यावहारिक रूप में भिन्नता पाई जाती है। सैद्धान्तिक तौर पर सभी कार्यकारी शक्तियां राज्यपाल में केंद्रित है और वह राज्य प्रशासन का स्त्रोत है। उसके नाम पर राज्य का प्रशासन चलाया जाता है। राज्य की कार्यकारी शक्ति राज्यपाल को सौंपी गयी। राज्यपाल के द्वारा मुख्यमंत्री की नियुक्ति की जाती है एवं मुख्यमंत्री के परामर्श के आधार पर राज्यपाल के द्वारा मंत्रिपरिषद के अन्य सदस्यों की नियुक्ति की जाती है। राज्य मंत्रिपरिषद राज्यपाल के प्रसाद पर्यंत अपने पद का धारण करता है अतः राज्य मंत्रिपरिषद व्यक्तिगत रूप से राज्यपाल के प्रति उत्तरदायी होता है। राज्यपाल का यह दायित्व है कि राज्य सरकार के कार्य को अधिक सुविधाजनक बनाने हेतु नियमों को निर्धारित करे। राज्यपाल कई महत्वपूर्ण पदों पर नियुक्ति करने का अधिकार रखता है एवं कई पदों से व्यक्तियों को हटाने का अधिकार भी राज्यपाल का होता है। यद्यपि संविधान द्वारा इस बात का स्पष्टीकरण नहीं किया गया था, परन्तु अब राज्यपाल के लिए मन्त्रिपरिषद के परामर्श को मानना आवश्यक है। राज्यपाल की भूमिका; केंद्र सरकार के एजेंट या अभिकर्ता के रूप में; राज्यपाल की नियुक्ति केंद्र सरकार की परामर्श के आधार पर राष्ट्रपति द्वारा की जाती है। राज्यपाल के द्वारा स्व निर्णय की शक्तियों का अभ्यास केंद्र सरकार के नियंत्रण के अधीन किया जाता है। राज्यपाल राष्ट्रपति के प्रसाद पर्यंत अपने पद का धारण करता है जो कि केंद्र सरकार की इच्छा शक्ति पर निर्भर करती है। जन परिदृश्य भी इस बात का समर्थन करती है कि राज्यपाल केंद्र सरकार का एक एजेंट या अभिकर्ता है। सामान्यतः केंद्रीय स्तर पर सरकार या सत्ता के परिवर्तन के साथ राज्यपालों का फेर-बदल किया जाता है जो कि स्वतः अपने आप में इस बात की पुष्टि करती है कि राज्यपाल केंद्र सरकार का एक एजेंट या अभिकर्ता है। राज्य प्रशासन की गतिविधियों को लेकर राज्यपाल केंद्र सरकार को अपना प्रतिवेदन समय-समय पर प्रस्तुत करता है। राज्यपाल के वेतन एवं सेवा शर्तों का निर्धारण केंद्र सरकार के द्वारा किया जाता है। राज्यपाल: केंद्र सरकार का एजेंट नहीं है- राज्यपाल के द्वारा अधिकांश शक्तियों का अभ्यास राज्य मंत्रिपरिषद के परामर्शों के आधार पर किया जाता है न कि केंद्र सरकार के नियंत्रण के अधीन। राज्यपाल का वेतन एवं सेवा शर्तों का वहन राज्य की संचित निधि से किया जाता है। राज्यपाल एवं केंद्र सरकार इन दोनों की शक्तियों का स्रोत भारत का संविधान है। राज्यपाल अपना शपथ राज्य सरकार के संवैधानिक प्रमुख के रूप में लेता है न कि केंद्र सरकार के एजेंट या अभिकर्ता के रूप में। सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के अनुसार राज्यपाल केंद्र सरकार का कर्मचारी नहीं है। केंद्र -राज्य सम्बंध पर भारत सरकार के द्वारा गठित सरकारिया आयोग एवं पंछी आयोग के द्वारा इस बात का समर्थन किया गया है कि राज्यपाल राज्य सरकार का संवैधानिक प्रमुख है। राज्यपाल राज्य सरकार का संवैधानिक प्रमुख है किंतु इसके साथ-साथ राज्यपाल राज्य के स्तर पर केंद्र सरकार का प्रमुख प्रतिनिधि है, अतः राज्यपाल संघ एवं राज्य के बीच का एक प्रमुख समन्वय कर्ता है। एक समन्वय कर्ता होने के नाते राज्यपाल के द्वारा केंद्र एवं राज्य के परस्पर हितों के बीच एक सामंजस्य या संतुलन को स्थापित किया जाता है एवं ऐसा करते समय राज्यपाल के द्वारा संविधान के शब्दों के साथ-साथ इसकी आत्मा या भाव पर ध्यान दिया जाना आवश्यक है ताकि राज्यपाल के निर्णय या क्रियाशीलता को लेकर उत्पन्न विवादों की सम्भावना को कम से कम किया जा सके।
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Briefly discuss the significance of the Food Processing Industry in the economic development of the country and the challenges which need to be addressed for boosting the industry. Also, elaborate on salient features of the National Mission On Food Processing. ( 15 marks/ 250 words).
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APPROACH Introduce by defining Food Processing Industry. Mention the significance of the Food Processing Industry in the economic development of the country. Highlight the challenges in the development of the food processing industry. Explain the salient features of the National Mission on Food processing. Conclude by mentioning the importance of the food processing industry. ANSWER Food processing generally includes the basic preparation of foods, the alteration of a food product into another form, and preservation and packaging techniques. India, being an agrarian economy, has a natural advantage in terms of food processing industries (FPI). With the rise in demand for agri-products, there will be a commensurate rise in the price paid to the farmer, thereby increasing the income. Significance of the Food Processing Industry in the economic development of the country – Employment Generating Sector: The Food Processing Industry (FPI) is of enormous significance as it provides vital linkages and synergies that it promotes between the two pillars of the economy, i.e. agriculture and industry. Therefore, it provides direct and indirect employment opportunities. Ensuring Nutritional Security : Processed foods when fortified with vitamins and minerals can reduce the nutritional gap in the population. Boosts Trade and Earns Foreign exchange : It is an important source of foreign exchange. E.g. Indian Basmati rice is in great demand in Middle Eastern countries. Curbing Food Inflation: Processing increases the shelf life of the food thus keeping supplies in tune with the demand thereby controlling food inflation. E.g. Frozen Safal peas are available throughout the year. The challenges in the development of the food processing industry - More than 75% of the processing industry is operating in the organized sector. And an unorganized sector can not compete with MNC due to issues like economies of scale, branding, advertising, etc. Indian companies are less price competitive in comparison to MNCs. A long supply chain leads to high wastage and high cost, especially due to seasonality, perishability, and variability of produce. Improper backward and forward integration. Lack of export quality. Despite being an agrarian economy and one of the largest producers of fruits and vegetables, it is unfortunate that the productivity of crops is quite low, relative to international standards. The Indian public is price sensitive, which is higher income elasticity than expenditure. Preference for fresh food. Agricultural-related issues – fragmented land holdings, APMC issues, low yield, etc. Infrastructure problems- The private sector is unwilling to invest in logistics. Credit-related issues. Problems related to the manpower that is skilled manpower and entrepreneurship. Low-value addition in processing. There is a major fragmentation of food processing capacity with a huge unorganized segment and widespread use of primitive processing. Limited availability to control quality and safety. Low consumer awareness. India is more involved in primary processing rather than tertiary processing. The salient features of the National Mission on Food processing – National Mission for Food Processing was a Centrally Sponsored Scheme launched in 2012 under the 12th Five Year Plan. It was to be shared among the Centre and States as 90:10 for Special states and 75:5 for other states. The purpose of the mission is to assist the development of food processing industries as there are many gaps due to which the annually 8% growing food processing industry in India is lagging behind global standards. The mission sought to integrate various schemes of the Ministry of Food Processing Industries, create synergy between the agriculture plans and food processing industries of the states, address infrastructural gaps in the value chain and supply chain increase productivity, emhance farmers" income, help in develooing human resources by training and skill development and promoting entrepreneurship in the industry. National Food Processing Development Council was entrusted with guiding the whole mission along with other schemes of the Ministry. The scheme met with success in many states where it was implemented enthusiastically. States governments have been able to reap its benefits in terms of having greater synergy between farms and markets, better storage facilities, enhanced transport infrastructure, and more commerce. Food processing has numerous advantages which are specific to the Indian context. It can lift millions out of poverty and malnutrition. Government should develop the industry in a way keeping in mind the interests of the small-scale industry along with attracting big-ticket domestic and foreign investments. The entire food value chain in India is controlled by multiple ministries, departments, and laws. A comprehensive policy will ensure that various initiatives across the departments are aligned with the overall goal of ensuring the availability, awareness, affordability, access, quality, and safety of food.
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##Question:Briefly discuss the significance of the Food Processing Industry in the economic development of the country and the challenges which need to be addressed for boosting the industry. Also, elaborate on salient features of the National Mission On Food Processing. ( 15 marks/ 250 words).##Answer:APPROACH Introduce by defining Food Processing Industry. Mention the significance of the Food Processing Industry in the economic development of the country. Highlight the challenges in the development of the food processing industry. Explain the salient features of the National Mission on Food processing. Conclude by mentioning the importance of the food processing industry. ANSWER Food processing generally includes the basic preparation of foods, the alteration of a food product into another form, and preservation and packaging techniques. India, being an agrarian economy, has a natural advantage in terms of food processing industries (FPI). With the rise in demand for agri-products, there will be a commensurate rise in the price paid to the farmer, thereby increasing the income. Significance of the Food Processing Industry in the economic development of the country – Employment Generating Sector: The Food Processing Industry (FPI) is of enormous significance as it provides vital linkages and synergies that it promotes between the two pillars of the economy, i.e. agriculture and industry. Therefore, it provides direct and indirect employment opportunities. Ensuring Nutritional Security : Processed foods when fortified with vitamins and minerals can reduce the nutritional gap in the population. Boosts Trade and Earns Foreign exchange : It is an important source of foreign exchange. E.g. Indian Basmati rice is in great demand in Middle Eastern countries. Curbing Food Inflation: Processing increases the shelf life of the food thus keeping supplies in tune with the demand thereby controlling food inflation. E.g. Frozen Safal peas are available throughout the year. The challenges in the development of the food processing industry - More than 75% of the processing industry is operating in the organized sector. And an unorganized sector can not compete with MNC due to issues like economies of scale, branding, advertising, etc. Indian companies are less price competitive in comparison to MNCs. A long supply chain leads to high wastage and high cost, especially due to seasonality, perishability, and variability of produce. Improper backward and forward integration. Lack of export quality. Despite being an agrarian economy and one of the largest producers of fruits and vegetables, it is unfortunate that the productivity of crops is quite low, relative to international standards. The Indian public is price sensitive, which is higher income elasticity than expenditure. Preference for fresh food. Agricultural-related issues – fragmented land holdings, APMC issues, low yield, etc. Infrastructure problems- The private sector is unwilling to invest in logistics. Credit-related issues. Problems related to the manpower that is skilled manpower and entrepreneurship. Low-value addition in processing. There is a major fragmentation of food processing capacity with a huge unorganized segment and widespread use of primitive processing. Limited availability to control quality and safety. Low consumer awareness. India is more involved in primary processing rather than tertiary processing. The salient features of the National Mission on Food processing – National Mission for Food Processing was a Centrally Sponsored Scheme launched in 2012 under the 12th Five Year Plan. It was to be shared among the Centre and States as 90:10 for Special states and 75:5 for other states. The purpose of the mission is to assist the development of food processing industries as there are many gaps due to which the annually 8% growing food processing industry in India is lagging behind global standards. The mission sought to integrate various schemes of the Ministry of Food Processing Industries, create synergy between the agriculture plans and food processing industries of the states, address infrastructural gaps in the value chain and supply chain increase productivity, emhance farmers" income, help in develooing human resources by training and skill development and promoting entrepreneurship in the industry. National Food Processing Development Council was entrusted with guiding the whole mission along with other schemes of the Ministry. The scheme met with success in many states where it was implemented enthusiastically. States governments have been able to reap its benefits in terms of having greater synergy between farms and markets, better storage facilities, enhanced transport infrastructure, and more commerce. Food processing has numerous advantages which are specific to the Indian context. It can lift millions out of poverty and malnutrition. Government should develop the industry in a way keeping in mind the interests of the small-scale industry along with attracting big-ticket domestic and foreign investments. The entire food value chain in India is controlled by multiple ministries, departments, and laws. A comprehensive policy will ensure that various initiatives across the departments are aligned with the overall goal of ensuring the availability, awareness, affordability, access, quality, and safety of food.
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Discuss the regional interventions by Mahatma Gandhi in the freedom movement. (10 marks/150 marks)
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Approach :- In the introduction, mention the context of his arrival and tour of India Mention his three regional interventions- Champaran, Ahmedabad,& Kheda Highlight the significance of these regional interventions in the freedom movement Conclude accordingly Answer :- Gandhi after his arrival in India started to tour all of India, In 1917, he started his first regional intervention after being completely satisfied with the situation Gandhi"s Regional interventions 1) Champaran issue In Champaran, European planters made an agreement with the cultivators known as the "Tinkathia system" As per the agreement, the cultivators were forced to grow indigo on 3/20th of their landholding Gandhi went ahead with his investigation with the support of local leaders like Rajendra prasad, Narhari Parekh, J B Kriplani, Mazhar-ul-Haq, Brijkishore, and Mahadeo Desai The investigation of Gandhi created Pressure on the government as such government issued an instruction whereby ordered that European planters must return at least 25% of the amount which they had taken illegally from the cultivators. 2) Ahmedabad issue The issue at Ahmedabad was the discontinuation of the plague bonus. Further, in the aftermath of WW I, the living cost increased as workers demanded an increase in wages and the continuation of plague bonuses. The mill owners were not ready for it. At this time Gandhi persuaded one of the mill owner Ambalal Sarabhai to submit the entire issue to a tribunal, but the mill owners refused. In this situation, to keep the motivation of the workers high, Gandhi decided to observe a Hunger strike. It created pressure on Mill owners and they submitted the entire issue to the tribunal. Later, the tribunal gave its award whereby it said that a 35% increase in wages is justified 3) Kheda issue This was in early 1919, the issue at Kheda was Crop failure due to which peasants demanded a remission of land revenue. Gandhi at this time was a member of the Gujrat sabha and he played a vital role in this issue. He was supported by Young leaders from Gujrat like Sardar Vallabh Bhai Pater, Vittal Bhai Patel, and Indu Lal Yagnik. It created immense pressure on Government. The government issued a secret instruction that suspended the collection of revenue. Significance of these regional interventions The Champaran Satyagraha gave direction to India"s youth and freedom struggle. It brought Gandhiji in close contact with the masses Gandhi was able to involve the masses including farmers, artisans, and even the so-called lower castes. The regional interventions prepared the masses for the mass movement and it started the new Gandhian era of freedom struggle.
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##Question:Discuss the regional interventions by Mahatma Gandhi in the freedom movement. (10 marks/150 marks)##Answer:Approach :- In the introduction, mention the context of his arrival and tour of India Mention his three regional interventions- Champaran, Ahmedabad,& Kheda Highlight the significance of these regional interventions in the freedom movement Conclude accordingly Answer :- Gandhi after his arrival in India started to tour all of India, In 1917, he started his first regional intervention after being completely satisfied with the situation Gandhi"s Regional interventions 1) Champaran issue In Champaran, European planters made an agreement with the cultivators known as the "Tinkathia system" As per the agreement, the cultivators were forced to grow indigo on 3/20th of their landholding Gandhi went ahead with his investigation with the support of local leaders like Rajendra prasad, Narhari Parekh, J B Kriplani, Mazhar-ul-Haq, Brijkishore, and Mahadeo Desai The investigation of Gandhi created Pressure on the government as such government issued an instruction whereby ordered that European planters must return at least 25% of the amount which they had taken illegally from the cultivators. 2) Ahmedabad issue The issue at Ahmedabad was the discontinuation of the plague bonus. Further, in the aftermath of WW I, the living cost increased as workers demanded an increase in wages and the continuation of plague bonuses. The mill owners were not ready for it. At this time Gandhi persuaded one of the mill owner Ambalal Sarabhai to submit the entire issue to a tribunal, but the mill owners refused. In this situation, to keep the motivation of the workers high, Gandhi decided to observe a Hunger strike. It created pressure on Mill owners and they submitted the entire issue to the tribunal. Later, the tribunal gave its award whereby it said that a 35% increase in wages is justified 3) Kheda issue This was in early 1919, the issue at Kheda was Crop failure due to which peasants demanded a remission of land revenue. Gandhi at this time was a member of the Gujrat sabha and he played a vital role in this issue. He was supported by Young leaders from Gujrat like Sardar Vallabh Bhai Pater, Vittal Bhai Patel, and Indu Lal Yagnik. It created immense pressure on Government. The government issued a secret instruction that suspended the collection of revenue. Significance of these regional interventions The Champaran Satyagraha gave direction to India"s youth and freedom struggle. It brought Gandhiji in close contact with the masses Gandhi was able to involve the masses including farmers, artisans, and even the so-called lower castes. The regional interventions prepared the masses for the mass movement and it started the new Gandhian era of freedom struggle.
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Write a short note on the global implications of the American revolution. (10Marks/150Words)
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APPROACH: Introduce by highlighting some information about the American Revolution. In the body, highlight the ramifications of the American Revolution. in the short as well as long run. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: The American Revolution was the revolutionary war waged by the 13 American colonies of British in the Central part of America. It was fought between 1763-1783 AD and stood against the repressive trade policies of the British in the American colonies. The seeds for it were sown in the Seven Year Global war in which the British fought against the French. The American revolution was not only American but global. This revolution was a major event in the history of mankind. It was the first war of independence by the people of colonies against the colonial power of England. With the revolution, America emerged as an independent American, champion of democracy, liberalism, and human rights. Implications of the American revolution: America became the first federal country in the world. The first country to have a written constitution. With the revolution, forces of democracy, constitutionalism, and federalism appeared for the first time. With the revolution, Americans set a model for the rest of the world that despite differences- racial, communal, and linguistic, people can come together and fight for a common cause and live together. It was coupled with some global ramifications in the short run: It affected England. England lost America, a very rich colony. This clearly brought a change in its attitude of England towards its other White colonies- Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In other words, she followed a liberal policy. Due to the revolution conservative king George III and PM Lord North both resigned. Because of the revolution public opinion was divided in England which finally led to the installation of the two-party system. Great parliamentarians like Edmund Burke and William Pitt sympathized with the Americans. Thus the beginnings of the labor party were seen. American Revolution inspired Ireland in the fight against England for autonomy. England tightened its control over India to compensate for the loss of wars. In other words, England continued to depend on India for both raw materials and markets. When it comes to Europe the impact was direct upon France. France added more to her financial burden by participating in the American war of independence. French army participated in the revolution and was very much inspired by the democratic spirit under the concepts of liberty and freedom. French commander Lefayett who led the French army in the revolution was the first to take the lead in the French Revolution of 1789 and administered the oath of Tennis court. The idea of no taxation without representation also inspired the French revolutionaries. With this revolution America inspired liberation movements in Latin America against Portugal and Spain. America very soon emerged as the big brother of "American continents." Thus, the American revolution was not restricted to the continent, it had implications larger than America. It had wide ramifications the impact of which is seen even today when America is widely regarded as the champion of democracy.
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##Question:Write a short note on the global implications of the American revolution. (10Marks/150Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce by highlighting some information about the American Revolution. In the body, highlight the ramifications of the American Revolution. in the short as well as long run. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: The American Revolution was the revolutionary war waged by the 13 American colonies of British in the Central part of America. It was fought between 1763-1783 AD and stood against the repressive trade policies of the British in the American colonies. The seeds for it were sown in the Seven Year Global war in which the British fought against the French. The American revolution was not only American but global. This revolution was a major event in the history of mankind. It was the first war of independence by the people of colonies against the colonial power of England. With the revolution, America emerged as an independent American, champion of democracy, liberalism, and human rights. Implications of the American revolution: America became the first federal country in the world. The first country to have a written constitution. With the revolution, forces of democracy, constitutionalism, and federalism appeared for the first time. With the revolution, Americans set a model for the rest of the world that despite differences- racial, communal, and linguistic, people can come together and fight for a common cause and live together. It was coupled with some global ramifications in the short run: It affected England. England lost America, a very rich colony. This clearly brought a change in its attitude of England towards its other White colonies- Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In other words, she followed a liberal policy. Due to the revolution conservative king George III and PM Lord North both resigned. Because of the revolution public opinion was divided in England which finally led to the installation of the two-party system. Great parliamentarians like Edmund Burke and William Pitt sympathized with the Americans. Thus the beginnings of the labor party were seen. American Revolution inspired Ireland in the fight against England for autonomy. England tightened its control over India to compensate for the loss of wars. In other words, England continued to depend on India for both raw materials and markets. When it comes to Europe the impact was direct upon France. France added more to her financial burden by participating in the American war of independence. French army participated in the revolution and was very much inspired by the democratic spirit under the concepts of liberty and freedom. French commander Lefayett who led the French army in the revolution was the first to take the lead in the French Revolution of 1789 and administered the oath of Tennis court. The idea of no taxation without representation also inspired the French revolutionaries. With this revolution America inspired liberation movements in Latin America against Portugal and Spain. America very soon emerged as the big brother of "American continents." Thus, the American revolution was not restricted to the continent, it had implications larger than America. It had wide ramifications the impact of which is seen even today when America is widely regarded as the champion of democracy.
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What do you understand by Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA)? Elaborate it on the context of the tax havens and Base Erosion and Profit Shifting. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the explanation of DTAA. Bring the meaning of Tax Havens and Base Erosin and Profit Shifting. Then link above with DTAA. Furthen discuss the recent reforms in this direction. Conclude accordingly. Answer A Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) is a tax treaty signed between two or more countries. Its key objective is that tax-payers in these countries can avoid being taxed twice for the same income. A DTAA applies in cases where a tax-payer resides in one country and earns income in another. DTAAs can either be comprehensive to cover all sources of income or be limited to certain areas such as taxing of income from shipping, air transport, inheritance, etc. India has DTAAs with more than eighty countries, of which comprehensive agreements include those with Australia, Canada, Germany, Mauritius, Singapore, UAE, the UK, and the US. The Issue of Tax Havens and Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Tax evasion is the illegal practice of willfully defrauding the tax authorities by not reporting income or not paying income tax on one"s earnings, either in part or in full. Tax havens are countries, where taxes on capital gains are minimal or negative, are used by tax evaders through many ways. A multinational company opens its headquarters in a tax haven country and shows its profits in these countries. Because taxes are low there, they can avoid paying huge taxes in their home country or countries of the sale of its goods and services. Low regulatory interference: lax disclosure norms and low accountability ensures the growth of shell companies. These companies, held by foreigners, are established to evade domestic taxation laws. Geographical proximity and cultural influence of the Indian diaspora have promoted an atmosphere favourable to Indian investment. As per OECD, DTAA It is desirable to clarify, standardize, and confirm the fiscal situation of taxpayers who are engaged, industrial, financial, or any other activities in other countries. Laying down rules for the division of revenue between two countries. It helps in laying down rules for the division of revenue between two countries. It helps a taxpayer of one country to know with greater certainty the potential limits of his tax liabilities in the other country. Moreover, there is another concern in the corporate tax regarding Base Erosion and Profit Shifting. When the countries have Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAA), then they mutually decide that the companies operating in these countries will have the freedom to pay corporate tax in any given country between the two of their choice. This facility has been misused, where instead of paying in country A the profit was shifted in country B because B offers lesser corporate tax. So for A, it is a base erosion (in terms of the tax base). Yet another challenge in the corporate tax was found in terms of digital companies skipping this, particularly on the revenue they are getting from the advertisements. Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) Reforms DTAA amendment will ensure India’s conformity to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development and G20-led guidelines on combating base erosion and profit shifting. Amendment to the DTAA with Mauritius comes as a very welcome development that could help plug a significant loophole for tax avoidance. Change in Income tax act to avoid double taxation. 2016-17 budget announcement on implementation of the general anti-avoidance rules (GAAR) from April 1, 2017. These rules are intended to check tax avoidance for investments by entities based mainly in overseas tax havens. Overall, the tax amendment will improve transparency, shore up revenues and reduce tax evasion in the long term. Thus it will bring a predictable tax regime and avoid cases like the Vodafone capital gains tax case. However, given India’s narrow tax base, it can ill-afford a tax regime that allows big fish to completely evade the tax net, citing a DTAA. Hence the ongoing drive to plug loopholes in these agreements is needed necessary step.
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##Question:What do you understand by Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA)? Elaborate it on the context of the tax havens and Base Erosion and Profit Shifting. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the explanation of DTAA. Bring the meaning of Tax Havens and Base Erosin and Profit Shifting. Then link above with DTAA. Furthen discuss the recent reforms in this direction. Conclude accordingly. Answer A Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) is a tax treaty signed between two or more countries. Its key objective is that tax-payers in these countries can avoid being taxed twice for the same income. A DTAA applies in cases where a tax-payer resides in one country and earns income in another. DTAAs can either be comprehensive to cover all sources of income or be limited to certain areas such as taxing of income from shipping, air transport, inheritance, etc. India has DTAAs with more than eighty countries, of which comprehensive agreements include those with Australia, Canada, Germany, Mauritius, Singapore, UAE, the UK, and the US. The Issue of Tax Havens and Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Tax evasion is the illegal practice of willfully defrauding the tax authorities by not reporting income or not paying income tax on one"s earnings, either in part or in full. Tax havens are countries, where taxes on capital gains are minimal or negative, are used by tax evaders through many ways. A multinational company opens its headquarters in a tax haven country and shows its profits in these countries. Because taxes are low there, they can avoid paying huge taxes in their home country or countries of the sale of its goods and services. Low regulatory interference: lax disclosure norms and low accountability ensures the growth of shell companies. These companies, held by foreigners, are established to evade domestic taxation laws. Geographical proximity and cultural influence of the Indian diaspora have promoted an atmosphere favourable to Indian investment. As per OECD, DTAA It is desirable to clarify, standardize, and confirm the fiscal situation of taxpayers who are engaged, industrial, financial, or any other activities in other countries. Laying down rules for the division of revenue between two countries. It helps in laying down rules for the division of revenue between two countries. It helps a taxpayer of one country to know with greater certainty the potential limits of his tax liabilities in the other country. Moreover, there is another concern in the corporate tax regarding Base Erosion and Profit Shifting. When the countries have Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAA), then they mutually decide that the companies operating in these countries will have the freedom to pay corporate tax in any given country between the two of their choice. This facility has been misused, where instead of paying in country A the profit was shifted in country B because B offers lesser corporate tax. So for A, it is a base erosion (in terms of the tax base). Yet another challenge in the corporate tax was found in terms of digital companies skipping this, particularly on the revenue they are getting from the advertisements. Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) Reforms DTAA amendment will ensure India’s conformity to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development and G20-led guidelines on combating base erosion and profit shifting. Amendment to the DTAA with Mauritius comes as a very welcome development that could help plug a significant loophole for tax avoidance. Change in Income tax act to avoid double taxation. 2016-17 budget announcement on implementation of the general anti-avoidance rules (GAAR) from April 1, 2017. These rules are intended to check tax avoidance for investments by entities based mainly in overseas tax havens. Overall, the tax amendment will improve transparency, shore up revenues and reduce tax evasion in the long term. Thus it will bring a predictable tax regime and avoid cases like the Vodafone capital gains tax case. However, given India’s narrow tax base, it can ill-afford a tax regime that allows big fish to completely evade the tax net, citing a DTAA. Hence the ongoing drive to plug loopholes in these agreements is needed necessary step.
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Write an answer to either of the two questions: Attitude is an important component that goes as input in the development of human beings. How to build a suitable attitude? (10 Marks/150 Words) OR "Integrity is a value that empowers the human being" Justify with a suitable illustration. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach to Q1: Introduce by defining attitude and mention its significance briefly In the body mention how attitude is important for the development of human beings Also, mention how to build a suitable attitude for public servants Conclude briefly with significance Answer to Q1: Attitudes are learned, and enduring predispositions to respond consistently either in a favourable/or unfavourable manner towards objects/events/person or class of objects/events/persons. It is the readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain way. Attitude is how we look at things on a day-to-day basis. For example, the "half-full glass" i.e. a person"s attitude that determines whether the glass is half-full or half empty. It is an important component in the development of human beings as: It creates one to find opportunity in adversity It creates the difference between success and failure in various stages of life It determines interpersonal relations For a public servant, the right attitude instils: Confidence of initiative Problem-solving approach Courage Compassion Since attitude is a specific determinant of behaviour, so public servants" attitudes towards sub-ordinate, seniors, needs of marginalised sections etc will play a significant role in determining the approach to challenges. Hence, building a suitable attitude for a public servant becomes a paramount need. It can be inculcated through the following: Instrumental Conditioning: Attitudes are sometimes formed by a desire to maximise rewards and minimise punishment Democratic Parenting: It is a relationship based on equality, openness, and receptivity to feedback. Parents exhibit values of tolerance, patience, etc provide positive reinforcement of the display of desired behaviour which leads to the development of compassion, rationality, and tolerance among kids. Social influence for attitude formation: The attitude of a person in a social setting (ie family, religion, community) is greatly influenced by the environment in which he/she lives. Eg - A person born in a secular society is more tolerant of diversity Through agencies of socialisation such as media, educational institutions, peer groups, religion, role models, etc Team building exercises such as Bharat Darshan, Village internships, etc Institutionalising a code of conduct by using a pragmatic set of guidelines Imbibing moral values - through religious teachings such as Nishkam Karma as mentioned in Gita. The govt has launched the "Karmyogi Scheme" which is a step towards inculcating the right attitude. For a public servant who is responsible for the welfare of the nation and good governance, the right attitude is paramount. Approach to Q2: Introduce in brief the definition of integrity In body mention how integrity empowers the human being Conclude briefly with significance Answer to Q2: Integrity is the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles. It is the practice of being honest and showing consistent and uncompromising adherence to strong moral and ethical principles and values Features of a person with integrity: Taking responsibility for own action Putting other"s needs above ourself Manifest humility Choosing honesty in all things Hence, when a person is able to maintain integrity, he is destined for greatness as it empowers him in many ways: Integrity as a value in the family is very crucial in building the character of children as it will empower them t face any adversity with honesty Practising integrity at work makes it easier to build trust, take on responsibility and advance in one"s career. Eg Ratan Tata is a positive example Integrity helps in conducting one"s professional duties in accordance with the professional code of ethics eg TN Seshan Integrity gives one courage and helps prevent corrupt practices. Eg Durga Shakti Nagpal as IAS. It provides peace of mind and empowers spiritually It also helps and empowers a person to have good relations and establish credibility and trust It helps in enhancing social prestige and respect in society eg Sachin Tendulkar Also, it helps in resolving conflicts, decision-making, ethical dilemmas, etc Integrity enables an individual to follow the path of righteousness across time and space. It enables us to build honest character. It includes consistent commitment, strong moral principles, etc. These are founding pillars for an individual to achieve success in life.
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##Question:Write an answer to either of the two questions: Attitude is an important component that goes as input in the development of human beings. How to build a suitable attitude? (10 Marks/150 Words) OR "Integrity is a value that empowers the human being" Justify with a suitable illustration. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach to Q1: Introduce by defining attitude and mention its significance briefly In the body mention how attitude is important for the development of human beings Also, mention how to build a suitable attitude for public servants Conclude briefly with significance Answer to Q1: Attitudes are learned, and enduring predispositions to respond consistently either in a favourable/or unfavourable manner towards objects/events/person or class of objects/events/persons. It is the readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain way. Attitude is how we look at things on a day-to-day basis. For example, the "half-full glass" i.e. a person"s attitude that determines whether the glass is half-full or half empty. It is an important component in the development of human beings as: It creates one to find opportunity in adversity It creates the difference between success and failure in various stages of life It determines interpersonal relations For a public servant, the right attitude instils: Confidence of initiative Problem-solving approach Courage Compassion Since attitude is a specific determinant of behaviour, so public servants" attitudes towards sub-ordinate, seniors, needs of marginalised sections etc will play a significant role in determining the approach to challenges. Hence, building a suitable attitude for a public servant becomes a paramount need. It can be inculcated through the following: Instrumental Conditioning: Attitudes are sometimes formed by a desire to maximise rewards and minimise punishment Democratic Parenting: It is a relationship based on equality, openness, and receptivity to feedback. Parents exhibit values of tolerance, patience, etc provide positive reinforcement of the display of desired behaviour which leads to the development of compassion, rationality, and tolerance among kids. Social influence for attitude formation: The attitude of a person in a social setting (ie family, religion, community) is greatly influenced by the environment in which he/she lives. Eg - A person born in a secular society is more tolerant of diversity Through agencies of socialisation such as media, educational institutions, peer groups, religion, role models, etc Team building exercises such as Bharat Darshan, Village internships, etc Institutionalising a code of conduct by using a pragmatic set of guidelines Imbibing moral values - through religious teachings such as Nishkam Karma as mentioned in Gita. The govt has launched the "Karmyogi Scheme" which is a step towards inculcating the right attitude. For a public servant who is responsible for the welfare of the nation and good governance, the right attitude is paramount. Approach to Q2: Introduce in brief the definition of integrity In body mention how integrity empowers the human being Conclude briefly with significance Answer to Q2: Integrity is the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles. It is the practice of being honest and showing consistent and uncompromising adherence to strong moral and ethical principles and values Features of a person with integrity: Taking responsibility for own action Putting other"s needs above ourself Manifest humility Choosing honesty in all things Hence, when a person is able to maintain integrity, he is destined for greatness as it empowers him in many ways: Integrity as a value in the family is very crucial in building the character of children as it will empower them t face any adversity with honesty Practising integrity at work makes it easier to build trust, take on responsibility and advance in one"s career. Eg Ratan Tata is a positive example Integrity helps in conducting one"s professional duties in accordance with the professional code of ethics eg TN Seshan Integrity gives one courage and helps prevent corrupt practices. Eg Durga Shakti Nagpal as IAS. It provides peace of mind and empowers spiritually It also helps and empowers a person to have good relations and establish credibility and trust It helps in enhancing social prestige and respect in society eg Sachin Tendulkar Also, it helps in resolving conflicts, decision-making, ethical dilemmas, etc Integrity enables an individual to follow the path of righteousness across time and space. It enables us to build honest character. It includes consistent commitment, strong moral principles, etc. These are founding pillars for an individual to achieve success in life.
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What is Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC)? Discuss its aims and objectives along with the need to regulate the Market.(150 words/10 marks)
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Approach : Give a brief introduction about APMC Mention their aims & objectives. Highlight the need for market regulation. Logically conclude the answer. Answer: Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC) is the market committee established under the APMC act enacted by various state governments as agriculture is a state subject. Under the APMC Acts, States are geographically divided into markets that are headed by market committees, and any products in that area shall be brought to a market committee for sale. In this Market committee (popularly called Mandi) there are commission agents (called arhatiyas) who hold licenses and are allotted a shop in the market. Farmer and buyer have the discretion to go to any agent in this market, based on personal relations. Aims & objectives - The APMC was introduced to safeguard the farmers from exploitation by creditors and other intermediaries. The committee also ensures that the farm-to-retail price does not reach unreasonably elevated levels and that timely payments are made to the farmers via the auctions in the APMC markets. This system of mandi-based trade aimed to ensure that farmers obtain a price determined by the transparent auction accompanied by regulatory oversight in order to ensure fair terms of trade. Offering adequate infrastructure such as weighing machines, grading facilities, etc Need for Market regulation In the absence of a regulated market, the farmers can be exploited at the hands of the traders because of specific features of the agricultural market like - Monopsony -like conditions where the Number of sellers is much more than buyers. High perishability of produce. There could be various exploitative practices such as- Secretive price setting. Adulteration and mixing Delayed payment Customary deduction. Conflict over quality and weight. Further, there are no systems for counterparty risks assurance Dispute resolution mechanism One-on-one trade of farmers with traders does not provide adequate information on the demand. The ambitious target of doubling farmers" income by 2022 cannot be achieved without developing a thriving market of agriculture. Hence, it is high time that focus must shift from agricultural production to agricultural marketing
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##Question:What is Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC)? Discuss its aims and objectives along with the need to regulate the Market.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach : Give a brief introduction about APMC Mention their aims & objectives. Highlight the need for market regulation. Logically conclude the answer. Answer: Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC) is the market committee established under the APMC act enacted by various state governments as agriculture is a state subject. Under the APMC Acts, States are geographically divided into markets that are headed by market committees, and any products in that area shall be brought to a market committee for sale. In this Market committee (popularly called Mandi) there are commission agents (called arhatiyas) who hold licenses and are allotted a shop in the market. Farmer and buyer have the discretion to go to any agent in this market, based on personal relations. Aims & objectives - The APMC was introduced to safeguard the farmers from exploitation by creditors and other intermediaries. The committee also ensures that the farm-to-retail price does not reach unreasonably elevated levels and that timely payments are made to the farmers via the auctions in the APMC markets. This system of mandi-based trade aimed to ensure that farmers obtain a price determined by the transparent auction accompanied by regulatory oversight in order to ensure fair terms of trade. Offering adequate infrastructure such as weighing machines, grading facilities, etc Need for Market regulation In the absence of a regulated market, the farmers can be exploited at the hands of the traders because of specific features of the agricultural market like - Monopsony -like conditions where the Number of sellers is much more than buyers. High perishability of produce. There could be various exploitative practices such as- Secretive price setting. Adulteration and mixing Delayed payment Customary deduction. Conflict over quality and weight. Further, there are no systems for counterparty risks assurance Dispute resolution mechanism One-on-one trade of farmers with traders does not provide adequate information on the demand. The ambitious target of doubling farmers" income by 2022 cannot be achieved without developing a thriving market of agriculture. Hence, it is high time that focus must shift from agricultural production to agricultural marketing
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Discuss the rationale behind formation of the United Nations (UN) and mandate of the organs of the United Nations (UN). (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the contextual and historical background of the formation of the United Nations. Bring the rationale of the UN by its aims and objectives. Then briefly explain the Six Organs of the UN with their mandate. Conclude Accordingly. Answer World War II took place in the failure of the League of Nations, the Dumbarton Oaks Conference, 1944 under the leadership of the USA, the Soviet Union, the UK and China sets down the general aims and structure of the future UN. Thus United Nations was established as the successor to the League of Nations in 1945. UN Charter was approved in San Francisco by 50 states (Poland was not represented but signed the Charter later to become one of the UN’s 51 original members). The rationale for the formation of the UN, as spelt out by its founding Charter, is as follows: To safeguard peace and security in order ‘to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war. To ‘reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights To uphold respect for international law To ‘promote social progress and better standards of life UN General Assembly This is the main deliberative organ of the UN, sometimes dubbed the ‘parliament of nations’. The Assembly consists of all members (now 193) of the UN, each of which has a single vote. The UN General assembly President is elected every year for a one-year term The session is expected to end by January but given the volume of work or issues to be discussed. The session goes about throughout the year. The Assembly can debate and pass resolutions on any matter covered by the Charter and has a specific responsibility to examine and approve the UN’s budget, determine the members’ contributions, and elect, in conjunction with the Security Council, the UN Secretary-General and the judges of the International Court of Justice. Important decisions in the Assembly must be carried by a two-thirds majority , but, crucially, these decisions are recommendations rather than enforceable international law. The Assembly neither has a legislative role nor does it oversee or scrutinize, in any meaningful sense, the Security Council or the Secretariat. UNSC and UNSC Membership This is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security, and so is responsible for the UN’s role as negotiator, observer, peacekeeper and, ultimately, peace enforcer. The Council has the power to pass legally-binding resolutions , to suspend or expel members, to impose economic sanctions and to take military action to maintain or restore peace and security. The Security Council has 15 members. The Big Five (or P-5) – the USA, Russia, China, the UK and France – are permanent ‘ veto power ", meaning that they can block decisions made by other members of the Council. The other 10 members are non-permanent members elected for two years by the General Assembly, in line with an established, if imperfect, regional balance. UN ECOSOC This consists of 54 members elected by the General Assembly for a 3-year term. Seats are allocated based on geographical representation. The President of ECOSOC is elected by member countries and serves a 1-year term. Its chief role is to coordinate the economic and social work of the UN and the UN family of organizations. It is an organ with a very wide mandate. This involves overseeing the activities of a large number of programmes, funds and specialized agencies. These include the so-called ‘ three sisters ’ – the World Bank, the IMF and the WTO – and also bodies such as the International Labour Organization (ILO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The expansion of the UN’s economic and social institutions occurred largely along functionalist lines, bodies being created or further developed as specific economic and social problems emerged. TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL The aim was to aid and enable the trusted territories to attain self-governance. Trusteeship councils were established by the UN in 1945 to look after 11 trust territories. By 1994, all the trust territories have attained self-government and since then it is an organ without an active mandate. UN SECRETARIAT It comprises the UN secretary-general and thousands of international UN staff members. This services the other principal organs of the UN and administers the programmes and policies laid down by them. Although its main activities are located in the UN’s headquarters in New York, it has offices all over the world and a total staff of about 40,000. It is headed by the Secretary-General. UN SECRETARY-GENERAL The Secretary-General functions as the public face of the UN as well as its chief administrative officer. Appointed by the Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a five-year, renewable term. The Secretary-General deals with a multifaceted bureaucracy staffed by civil servants from myriad states and cultures and tries to maintain the UN’s independence, often in a context of rivalry amongst P-5 states. Nevertheless, Secretaries-General have some capacity to influence the status and policy direction of the organization Antonio Guterres is the present Secretary-General. Ban Ki-Moon was the previous Secretary-General and Kofi Anan was before Ban Ki-Moon. Trygve Halvdan Lie was the First secretary-general of the UN and the Second was Dag Hammarskjold who played a very significant role in the formation of the strong foundation of the UN. International Court of Justice (ICJ) It Operates under the statute of PCIJ which was incorporated in the UN Charter. It was established in 1945, Headquartered at Hague, Netherlands. All members of the UN are members of ICJ. ICJ covered disputes between member countries. Nature of Jurisdiction: ICJ acts as a world court with twofold jurisdiction i.e. legal disputes between States submitted to it by them (contentious cases) and requests for advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by United Nations organs and specialized agencies (advisory proceedings). Opinions provided by the court in advisory proceedings are essentially advisory and not binding. The International Court of Justice is composed of 15 judges elected to nine-year terms of office by the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council. These organs vote simultaneously but separately. In order to be elected, a candidate must receive an absolute majority of the votes in both bodies. Judges are eligible for re-election. 1/3rd of the judges retire every 3 years and 1/3rd are re-elected. The UN is no stranger to controversy and criticism. Given the breadth and audacity of the UN’s core mission, a gap between expectations and performance is inevitable. However, the nature of the challenges facing the organization has changed significantly over time. Thus in light of these challenges, the issue of UN reform has become increasingly prominent so that it could face the contemporary challenges of the world.
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##Question:Discuss the rationale behind formation of the United Nations (UN) and mandate of the organs of the United Nations (UN). (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the contextual and historical background of the formation of the United Nations. Bring the rationale of the UN by its aims and objectives. Then briefly explain the Six Organs of the UN with their mandate. Conclude Accordingly. Answer World War II took place in the failure of the League of Nations, the Dumbarton Oaks Conference, 1944 under the leadership of the USA, the Soviet Union, the UK and China sets down the general aims and structure of the future UN. Thus United Nations was established as the successor to the League of Nations in 1945. UN Charter was approved in San Francisco by 50 states (Poland was not represented but signed the Charter later to become one of the UN’s 51 original members). The rationale for the formation of the UN, as spelt out by its founding Charter, is as follows: To safeguard peace and security in order ‘to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war. To ‘reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights To uphold respect for international law To ‘promote social progress and better standards of life UN General Assembly This is the main deliberative organ of the UN, sometimes dubbed the ‘parliament of nations’. The Assembly consists of all members (now 193) of the UN, each of which has a single vote. The UN General assembly President is elected every year for a one-year term The session is expected to end by January but given the volume of work or issues to be discussed. The session goes about throughout the year. The Assembly can debate and pass resolutions on any matter covered by the Charter and has a specific responsibility to examine and approve the UN’s budget, determine the members’ contributions, and elect, in conjunction with the Security Council, the UN Secretary-General and the judges of the International Court of Justice. Important decisions in the Assembly must be carried by a two-thirds majority , but, crucially, these decisions are recommendations rather than enforceable international law. The Assembly neither has a legislative role nor does it oversee or scrutinize, in any meaningful sense, the Security Council or the Secretariat. UNSC and UNSC Membership This is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security, and so is responsible for the UN’s role as negotiator, observer, peacekeeper and, ultimately, peace enforcer. The Council has the power to pass legally-binding resolutions , to suspend or expel members, to impose economic sanctions and to take military action to maintain or restore peace and security. The Security Council has 15 members. The Big Five (or P-5) – the USA, Russia, China, the UK and France – are permanent ‘ veto power ", meaning that they can block decisions made by other members of the Council. The other 10 members are non-permanent members elected for two years by the General Assembly, in line with an established, if imperfect, regional balance. UN ECOSOC This consists of 54 members elected by the General Assembly for a 3-year term. Seats are allocated based on geographical representation. The President of ECOSOC is elected by member countries and serves a 1-year term. Its chief role is to coordinate the economic and social work of the UN and the UN family of organizations. It is an organ with a very wide mandate. This involves overseeing the activities of a large number of programmes, funds and specialized agencies. These include the so-called ‘ three sisters ’ – the World Bank, the IMF and the WTO – and also bodies such as the International Labour Organization (ILO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The expansion of the UN’s economic and social institutions occurred largely along functionalist lines, bodies being created or further developed as specific economic and social problems emerged. TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL The aim was to aid and enable the trusted territories to attain self-governance. Trusteeship councils were established by the UN in 1945 to look after 11 trust territories. By 1994, all the trust territories have attained self-government and since then it is an organ without an active mandate. UN SECRETARIAT It comprises the UN secretary-general and thousands of international UN staff members. This services the other principal organs of the UN and administers the programmes and policies laid down by them. Although its main activities are located in the UN’s headquarters in New York, it has offices all over the world and a total staff of about 40,000. It is headed by the Secretary-General. UN SECRETARY-GENERAL The Secretary-General functions as the public face of the UN as well as its chief administrative officer. Appointed by the Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a five-year, renewable term. The Secretary-General deals with a multifaceted bureaucracy staffed by civil servants from myriad states and cultures and tries to maintain the UN’s independence, often in a context of rivalry amongst P-5 states. Nevertheless, Secretaries-General have some capacity to influence the status and policy direction of the organization Antonio Guterres is the present Secretary-General. Ban Ki-Moon was the previous Secretary-General and Kofi Anan was before Ban Ki-Moon. Trygve Halvdan Lie was the First secretary-general of the UN and the Second was Dag Hammarskjold who played a very significant role in the formation of the strong foundation of the UN. International Court of Justice (ICJ) It Operates under the statute of PCIJ which was incorporated in the UN Charter. It was established in 1945, Headquartered at Hague, Netherlands. All members of the UN are members of ICJ. ICJ covered disputes between member countries. Nature of Jurisdiction: ICJ acts as a world court with twofold jurisdiction i.e. legal disputes between States submitted to it by them (contentious cases) and requests for advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by United Nations organs and specialized agencies (advisory proceedings). Opinions provided by the court in advisory proceedings are essentially advisory and not binding. The International Court of Justice is composed of 15 judges elected to nine-year terms of office by the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council. These organs vote simultaneously but separately. In order to be elected, a candidate must receive an absolute majority of the votes in both bodies. Judges are eligible for re-election. 1/3rd of the judges retire every 3 years and 1/3rd are re-elected. The UN is no stranger to controversy and criticism. Given the breadth and audacity of the UN’s core mission, a gap between expectations and performance is inevitable. However, the nature of the challenges facing the organization has changed significantly over time. Thus in light of these challenges, the issue of UN reform has become increasingly prominent so that it could face the contemporary challenges of the world.
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Explain Humanism. How it can be called the heart & soul of renaissance? (150 words)(10 Marks)
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Approach: Define Humanism as an Introduction. Explain briefly Humanism during the renaissance. Discuss Humanism as the heart & soul of a renaissance. Conclusion. Answer: Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence over the acceptance of dogma or superstition. Humanism refers to a perspective that affirms some notion of human freedom and progress. It views humans as solely responsible for the promotion and development of individuals and emphasizes a concern for man in relation to the world. Renaissance humanism was used to differentiate the development of humanism during the Renaissance era from the earlier ones. Classical humanism was developed to respond to the utilitarian approach associated with medieval scholars. Renaissance humanism is the study of various antiquities which began in Italy during the Renaissance era and spread across Europe from the 14th to 16th centuries. Humanists believed God had given humanity options and potential, and humanist thinkers had to act to make the most of this. Humanism as the heart & soul of a renaissance : Humanism is accepted as the heart & soul of the culture of the Renaissance which is accepted as the importance of man & his life in the world with all his virtues and vices. It places the man at the centre of all sorts of philosophical & intellectual discourses and literary & artistic expressions. It celebrates the achievements of a man with acknowledgement of his power to shape his destiny. Thus humanism came to mark the departure from the god-centric approaches of medieval times to the man-centric approaches of modernity. It also marks a departure from the sinful conception of man by acknowledgement of his happiness as the goal or objective of life. It came to negate the importance of the life of self-negation or self-suppression. If it paid in happy worldly existence and came down to play the existence of extra-worldly rewards. This also gave new confidence in the inherent goodness of man and a belief in his capacity. Humanism also involves man which is known as the discovery of man which refers to increased awareness about the man & his world and an increasing concern for his wellbeing. The new knowledge about man related to his nature, his surroundings, his achievements, etc acquired by man came to form new disciplines which came to be known as humanities. The new knowledge acquired by a man about the man & his surroundings both social & natural came to be perceived as equally legitimate and valid as the divine knowledge (knowledge is found in religious scriptures). Thus, Humanism was characterised by the new attitude of the Renaissance.
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##Question:Explain Humanism. How it can be called the heart & soul of renaissance? (150 words)(10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Define Humanism as an Introduction. Explain briefly Humanism during the renaissance. Discuss Humanism as the heart & soul of a renaissance. Conclusion. Answer: Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence over the acceptance of dogma or superstition. Humanism refers to a perspective that affirms some notion of human freedom and progress. It views humans as solely responsible for the promotion and development of individuals and emphasizes a concern for man in relation to the world. Renaissance humanism was used to differentiate the development of humanism during the Renaissance era from the earlier ones. Classical humanism was developed to respond to the utilitarian approach associated with medieval scholars. Renaissance humanism is the study of various antiquities which began in Italy during the Renaissance era and spread across Europe from the 14th to 16th centuries. Humanists believed God had given humanity options and potential, and humanist thinkers had to act to make the most of this. Humanism as the heart & soul of a renaissance : Humanism is accepted as the heart & soul of the culture of the Renaissance which is accepted as the importance of man & his life in the world with all his virtues and vices. It places the man at the centre of all sorts of philosophical & intellectual discourses and literary & artistic expressions. It celebrates the achievements of a man with acknowledgement of his power to shape his destiny. Thus humanism came to mark the departure from the god-centric approaches of medieval times to the man-centric approaches of modernity. It also marks a departure from the sinful conception of man by acknowledgement of his happiness as the goal or objective of life. It came to negate the importance of the life of self-negation or self-suppression. If it paid in happy worldly existence and came down to play the existence of extra-worldly rewards. This also gave new confidence in the inherent goodness of man and a belief in his capacity. Humanism also involves man which is known as the discovery of man which refers to increased awareness about the man & his world and an increasing concern for his wellbeing. The new knowledge about man related to his nature, his surroundings, his achievements, etc acquired by man came to form new disciplines which came to be known as humanities. The new knowledge acquired by a man about the man & his surroundings both social & natural came to be perceived as equally legitimate and valid as the divine knowledge (knowledge is found in religious scriptures). Thus, Humanism was characterised by the new attitude of the Renaissance.
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What are the three stages of colonialism? Trace the progressive invasion of these stages in the context of India. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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APPROACH: Introduce by defining colonialism. Explain the three stages of colonialism along with how they impacted India in the body. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: Colonialism and colonization marked the beginnings of a new chapter in the history of mankind. Colonialism was a result of the Industrial Revolution. It meant not only conquering, and administering but also affecting changes in every walk of life. In other words under colonialism not only polity but also society, economy, religion, and, culture, everything undergoes a change. The three stages of colonialism are Mercantile Colonialism, Industrial Colonialism, and Financial Colonialism. The three stages of colonialism can also be seen in the context of India: (1) Mercantile Capitalism under which colonial power exploits raw material of the colonies. In the initial stages of colonialism, we witness how India was starved of its raw material by the British EIC. The mercantile theory held that colonies exist for the economic benefit of the mother country and are useless unless they help to achieve profit. The mother nation should draw raw materials from its possessions and sell them finished goods, with the balance favoring the European country. Therefore, in order to fuel the Industrial revolution back home, the British took raw cotton from India. In addition, the company laws forced Indian peasants to cultivate unprofitable Indigo. The EIC would bring the finished goods to the native country, thus making huge profits. (2) Industrial Capitalism under which the colonial power not only makes the colony an exporter of raw materials but also an importer of finished goods or manufactured goods. Colonial power follows a systematic policy of destroying the native industry for capturing markets. In order to fuel the Industrial revolution back home, the British took raw cotton from India and brought back machine-made manufactured goods at cheap prices destroying the native textile industry- Calcoz In the process not only did India witness the destruction of its native industries, but it also became dependent on cheap European goods. It also meant the import of European goods resulting in the loss of the country"s wealth. (3) Financial Capitalism, in this stage colonial power reinvests its finances in all the major industries of the colony and thereby controls the economy itself. In this stage on the pretext of the development of the colony, the EIC invested in the infrastructure development of India. We see that in the later half of the 19th century, the British in India deployed railway and telegraph lines. Port towns were developed and roads were built. The reasons for this were not the development of the colonial country but wider implications of one, better connectivity to the places of resources and markets which would be profitable for the EIC, and second, investment of surplus money in Britain in avenues which would give higher returns. For the infrastructure development of India, the money was borrowed from Britain and not the upper class of India. The three phases of Colonialism show the ugly face of British rule in India. It starved the country of its previous wealth and glory and when the company ultimately left India in 1947, as many as 66% of the country faced sheer poverty.
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##Question:What are the three stages of colonialism? Trace the progressive invasion of these stages in the context of India. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce by defining colonialism. Explain the three stages of colonialism along with how they impacted India in the body. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: Colonialism and colonization marked the beginnings of a new chapter in the history of mankind. Colonialism was a result of the Industrial Revolution. It meant not only conquering, and administering but also affecting changes in every walk of life. In other words under colonialism not only polity but also society, economy, religion, and, culture, everything undergoes a change. The three stages of colonialism are Mercantile Colonialism, Industrial Colonialism, and Financial Colonialism. The three stages of colonialism can also be seen in the context of India: (1) Mercantile Capitalism under which colonial power exploits raw material of the colonies. In the initial stages of colonialism, we witness how India was starved of its raw material by the British EIC. The mercantile theory held that colonies exist for the economic benefit of the mother country and are useless unless they help to achieve profit. The mother nation should draw raw materials from its possessions and sell them finished goods, with the balance favoring the European country. Therefore, in order to fuel the Industrial revolution back home, the British took raw cotton from India. In addition, the company laws forced Indian peasants to cultivate unprofitable Indigo. The EIC would bring the finished goods to the native country, thus making huge profits. (2) Industrial Capitalism under which the colonial power not only makes the colony an exporter of raw materials but also an importer of finished goods or manufactured goods. Colonial power follows a systematic policy of destroying the native industry for capturing markets. In order to fuel the Industrial revolution back home, the British took raw cotton from India and brought back machine-made manufactured goods at cheap prices destroying the native textile industry- Calcoz In the process not only did India witness the destruction of its native industries, but it also became dependent on cheap European goods. It also meant the import of European goods resulting in the loss of the country"s wealth. (3) Financial Capitalism, in this stage colonial power reinvests its finances in all the major industries of the colony and thereby controls the economy itself. In this stage on the pretext of the development of the colony, the EIC invested in the infrastructure development of India. We see that in the later half of the 19th century, the British in India deployed railway and telegraph lines. Port towns were developed and roads were built. The reasons for this were not the development of the colonial country but wider implications of one, better connectivity to the places of resources and markets which would be profitable for the EIC, and second, investment of surplus money in Britain in avenues which would give higher returns. For the infrastructure development of India, the money was borrowed from Britain and not the upper class of India. The three phases of Colonialism show the ugly face of British rule in India. It starved the country of its previous wealth and glory and when the company ultimately left India in 1947, as many as 66% of the country faced sheer poverty.
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“In looking for people to hire, you look for three qualities: integrity, intelligence and energy. And if they do not have the first, the other two will kill you.” – Warren Buffett. What do you understand by this statement in the present-day scenario? Explain(2018 mains). (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: We can start with a brief description of integrity. Then we can cover the possible repercussions of having an employee/individual with less integrity but sufficient aptitude. We can then mention some relevant examples and conclude accordingly. Answer: Integrity not only means upholding the values of public or private service like honesty, decency, and fairness but also ensuring that consistency is maintained in exercising these values. It ensures reliability and establishes one as trustworthy. If one has acted in a certain manner, then it is more likely that he/she will repeat it. While financial integrity is one element of it, functional integrity and a high level of efficiency at work are equally important. The above statement highlights the importance of integrity. It says that without it, intelligence and energy can be detrimental to an organization and the person himself. People without integrity could be dangerous; just intelligence and energy are not enough even though those two are great qualities of achievers. Without integrity, the other two qualities are problematic. An intelligent and energetic man is capable enough to do unethical tasks and tricks a system. Without integrity, he is more likely to do so. In the present-day scenario, it means that intelligence and energy without the sobering touch of integrity are dangerous. It could create dangerous leaders, policymakers, or civil servants. Integrity or moral soundness is a greater virtue than intelligence and energy. Integrity keeps energy and intelligence in control and puts the latter to good use. People without integrity (but loaded with intelligence) are not hired or trusted. Take examples. of Vijay Mallya or Nirav Modi. Both intelligent and energetic businessmen have built their empires. Unfortunately, they lacked integrity and hence it proved dangerous for both them and the country. In today’s political, economic, and administrative fields, policymakers and leaders without integrity would create chaos and danger for society. A person with low integrity would compromise on values and subvert social progress while furthering his or her own progress with his/her intelligence. Hence, integrity holds primacy over all other values. Hiring someone smart might seem like the right thing to do in the short run.
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##Question:“In looking for people to hire, you look for three qualities: integrity, intelligence and energy. And if they do not have the first, the other two will kill you.” – Warren Buffett. What do you understand by this statement in the present-day scenario? Explain(2018 mains). (150 words/10 marks) ##Answer:Approach: We can start with a brief description of integrity. Then we can cover the possible repercussions of having an employee/individual with less integrity but sufficient aptitude. We can then mention some relevant examples and conclude accordingly. Answer: Integrity not only means upholding the values of public or private service like honesty, decency, and fairness but also ensuring that consistency is maintained in exercising these values. It ensures reliability and establishes one as trustworthy. If one has acted in a certain manner, then it is more likely that he/she will repeat it. While financial integrity is one element of it, functional integrity and a high level of efficiency at work are equally important. The above statement highlights the importance of integrity. It says that without it, intelligence and energy can be detrimental to an organization and the person himself. People without integrity could be dangerous; just intelligence and energy are not enough even though those two are great qualities of achievers. Without integrity, the other two qualities are problematic. An intelligent and energetic man is capable enough to do unethical tasks and tricks a system. Without integrity, he is more likely to do so. In the present-day scenario, it means that intelligence and energy without the sobering touch of integrity are dangerous. It could create dangerous leaders, policymakers, or civil servants. Integrity or moral soundness is a greater virtue than intelligence and energy. Integrity keeps energy and intelligence in control and puts the latter to good use. People without integrity (but loaded with intelligence) are not hired or trusted. Take examples. of Vijay Mallya or Nirav Modi. Both intelligent and energetic businessmen have built their empires. Unfortunately, they lacked integrity and hence it proved dangerous for both them and the country. In today’s political, economic, and administrative fields, policymakers and leaders without integrity would create chaos and danger for society. A person with low integrity would compromise on values and subvert social progress while furthering his or her own progress with his/her intelligence. Hence, integrity holds primacy over all other values. Hiring someone smart might seem like the right thing to do in the short run.
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Explain the key feature of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) and its impact on the Indian economic system. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the concept of the GST. Explain the features of the GST. Bring significance and impact of the GST on the Indian Economy. Conclude Accordingly. Answer GST was first mooted in the year 2003 by Kelkar Task Force on indirect taxes, which suggested subsuming various central and state indirect taxes into one indirect tax. To implement this vision, an Empowered Committee of State Finance Ministers was created and tasked with the responsibility of ironing out the differences and taking this monumental reform forward. After the enactment of various GST laws, Goods and Services Tax was launched all over India with effect from 1 July 2017. GST encapsulates the dictum – “One nation, one indirect tax”. It has made India one unified common market. Features of GST GST has shifted the indirect tax paradigm of the single tax on the supply of goods and services, right from the manufacturer to the consumer. GST is a destination-based tax, unlike the present taxation scheme which is origin based. GST is a value-based tax as credits of input taxes paid at each stage will be available in the subsequent stages The final consumer will bear only the GST charged by the last dealer in the supply chain At the central level, Central Excise Duty, Additional Excise Duty, Service Tax, Countervailing Duty, and Special Additional Duty of Customs are being subsumed under GST At the state level, State VAT/Sales Tax, Entertainment Tax, Central Sales Tax, Octroi and Entry Tax, Purchase Tax, Luxury Tax, and Taxes on lottery, betting and gambling are being subsumed under GST Administration of GST Since there is a federal structure in India, there are two components of GST – Central GST and State GST Both CGST and SGST will be simultaneously levied across the value chain, both on goods and services The tax will not be levied on exempted goods (alcohol, petroleum, and its products) and those transactions which are below the prescribed threshold limits The input tax credit of CGST will be available for discharging liability on CGST itself. Similarly for SGST. Thus no cross-utilization of credit would be permitted except in the case of IGST. IGST would come into the picture when there is an interstate transfer of goods and services (u/a 269A(1)). IGST rate would be roughly equal to the sum of CGST and SGST. For the implementation of GST in the country, Central and State governments have registered the Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN) which is a not-for-profit, non-government company to provide shared IT infrastructure to central and state governments, taxpayers, and other stakeholders. The tax payments and credits are done through an online network. Taxation on Imports: CVD and SAD on imports are to be subsumed under GST. The states where goods are imported will gain their share from the IGST paid on imported goods. The primary GST slabs for any regular taxpayers are presently pegged at 0% (nil-rated), 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%. Significance and Impact of GST Unified National Market: It is a step towards “One Country, One Tax, One Market” providing a relatively stable tax regime that has given a boost to foreign investment and Makes in India. Impact on the economy: It is estimated to increase GDP growth by 1.5 to 2%. Inflation in general for goods is going to be reduced due to the removal of cascading effect as well as lower rates than the present regime for most of them. No Cascading effect: GST prevents cascading of taxes as it is a destination-based consumption tax & Input Tax Credit is available across goods and services at every stage of supply. Ease of doing business: Harmonization of laws, procedures, and rates of tax, will improve the environment of compliance as all returns to be filed online, and input credits to be verified online reducing the need to deal with different tax authorities. It would also discourage mere "invoice shopping". Impact on consumer: Half the consumer price index basket, including foodgrains, will attract zero tax rate, thus enabling them to be part of the GST chain but without burdening consumers. The abolition of Checkpost at the state border has reduced logistics and inventory costs. This GST system is digitally more sound making it almost paperless with its GST Portal. There is GSTIN Number which is 15 digit number (alpha-numeric). The first two digits is the code of the states. The next ten digits are PAN numbers and rest three are special characters. For each of the Goods, there is Harmonized System of Nomenclature (HSN) code and for each service, there is Service Account Code (SAC) code to clarify and bring transparency in all transitions. Since 2021, HSN is mandatory for the five crores and above bills. Additionally, there are e-way bills providing logistics detail. Reduce Tax Evasion: Uniform SGST and IGST rates have reduced incentive for evasion because of Elimination of rate arbitrage between neighboring States and that between intra and inter-state sales as integrated GST rate would be applicable ‘Self-policing feature’ of tax being levied on the value added to a good or service. Reduction in compliance costs due to simplification as no multiple record keeping for a variety of taxes because 17 taxes and cesses are merged into one. By and large, this GST tries to be more inclusive by having differential rates but a lot of forms and multiple filings makes it complicated. However, GST has brought a positive shift towards shifting the Indian economy from an informal to a formal economy. It is important to utilize experiences from the last five years of implementation of GST to overcome the impending challenges. Thus center needs to gradually widen the fiscal capacity of the states without reducing the Centre’s share. Besides that, the recommendations of the GST Council “should be a product of a collaborative dialogue involving the Union and States”.
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##Question:Explain the key feature of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) and its impact on the Indian economic system. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the concept of the GST. Explain the features of the GST. Bring significance and impact of the GST on the Indian Economy. Conclude Accordingly. Answer GST was first mooted in the year 2003 by Kelkar Task Force on indirect taxes, which suggested subsuming various central and state indirect taxes into one indirect tax. To implement this vision, an Empowered Committee of State Finance Ministers was created and tasked with the responsibility of ironing out the differences and taking this monumental reform forward. After the enactment of various GST laws, Goods and Services Tax was launched all over India with effect from 1 July 2017. GST encapsulates the dictum – “One nation, one indirect tax”. It has made India one unified common market. Features of GST GST has shifted the indirect tax paradigm of the single tax on the supply of goods and services, right from the manufacturer to the consumer. GST is a destination-based tax, unlike the present taxation scheme which is origin based. GST is a value-based tax as credits of input taxes paid at each stage will be available in the subsequent stages The final consumer will bear only the GST charged by the last dealer in the supply chain At the central level, Central Excise Duty, Additional Excise Duty, Service Tax, Countervailing Duty, and Special Additional Duty of Customs are being subsumed under GST At the state level, State VAT/Sales Tax, Entertainment Tax, Central Sales Tax, Octroi and Entry Tax, Purchase Tax, Luxury Tax, and Taxes on lottery, betting and gambling are being subsumed under GST Administration of GST Since there is a federal structure in India, there are two components of GST – Central GST and State GST Both CGST and SGST will be simultaneously levied across the value chain, both on goods and services The tax will not be levied on exempted goods (alcohol, petroleum, and its products) and those transactions which are below the prescribed threshold limits The input tax credit of CGST will be available for discharging liability on CGST itself. Similarly for SGST. Thus no cross-utilization of credit would be permitted except in the case of IGST. IGST would come into the picture when there is an interstate transfer of goods and services (u/a 269A(1)). IGST rate would be roughly equal to the sum of CGST and SGST. For the implementation of GST in the country, Central and State governments have registered the Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN) which is a not-for-profit, non-government company to provide shared IT infrastructure to central and state governments, taxpayers, and other stakeholders. The tax payments and credits are done through an online network. Taxation on Imports: CVD and SAD on imports are to be subsumed under GST. The states where goods are imported will gain their share from the IGST paid on imported goods. The primary GST slabs for any regular taxpayers are presently pegged at 0% (nil-rated), 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%. Significance and Impact of GST Unified National Market: It is a step towards “One Country, One Tax, One Market” providing a relatively stable tax regime that has given a boost to foreign investment and Makes in India. Impact on the economy: It is estimated to increase GDP growth by 1.5 to 2%. Inflation in general for goods is going to be reduced due to the removal of cascading effect as well as lower rates than the present regime for most of them. No Cascading effect: GST prevents cascading of taxes as it is a destination-based consumption tax & Input Tax Credit is available across goods and services at every stage of supply. Ease of doing business: Harmonization of laws, procedures, and rates of tax, will improve the environment of compliance as all returns to be filed online, and input credits to be verified online reducing the need to deal with different tax authorities. It would also discourage mere "invoice shopping". Impact on consumer: Half the consumer price index basket, including foodgrains, will attract zero tax rate, thus enabling them to be part of the GST chain but without burdening consumers. The abolition of Checkpost at the state border has reduced logistics and inventory costs. This GST system is digitally more sound making it almost paperless with its GST Portal. There is GSTIN Number which is 15 digit number (alpha-numeric). The first two digits is the code of the states. The next ten digits are PAN numbers and rest three are special characters. For each of the Goods, there is Harmonized System of Nomenclature (HSN) code and for each service, there is Service Account Code (SAC) code to clarify and bring transparency in all transitions. Since 2021, HSN is mandatory for the five crores and above bills. Additionally, there are e-way bills providing logistics detail. Reduce Tax Evasion: Uniform SGST and IGST rates have reduced incentive for evasion because of Elimination of rate arbitrage between neighboring States and that between intra and inter-state sales as integrated GST rate would be applicable ‘Self-policing feature’ of tax being levied on the value added to a good or service. Reduction in compliance costs due to simplification as no multiple record keeping for a variety of taxes because 17 taxes and cesses are merged into one. By and large, this GST tries to be more inclusive by having differential rates but a lot of forms and multiple filings makes it complicated. However, GST has brought a positive shift towards shifting the Indian economy from an informal to a formal economy. It is important to utilize experiences from the last five years of implementation of GST to overcome the impending challenges. Thus center needs to gradually widen the fiscal capacity of the states without reducing the Centre’s share. Besides that, the recommendations of the GST Council “should be a product of a collaborative dialogue involving the Union and States”.
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"German unification was sheer romance, but Italian unification was a reality." Comment. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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APPROACH: In the introduction, explain the meaning of the statement given in the question. In the body, (a)Give factors in support of Italian unification being called a reality. (b) Also, give reasons in support of why German unification was sheer romance. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: The unification of both Germany and Italy were majorly parallel events in the history of mankind. While Italian unification had always been a reality in the sense that in spite of the geographical differences Italians always felt that they were one ; German unification was more of a union of disparate regional identities speaking a common language at the hands of one man working for the greater kingdom of Prussia. Italian Unification was a reality: Since the beginning, Italy has had everything to be called a nation-language, culture, and land of its own. However, it continued to remain as a mere geographical expression. Therefore, it is said that Italian Unification was always a reality. According to Prince Metternich, Chancellor or PM of Austria, the three-fold division of Italy under Austrians, French, and Pope were the hurdles in Italian Unification. Factors like the reforms of Napolean, able leadership under the kingdom of Sardinia, The Vienna Conference of 1815, etc. were some of the reasons for the unification of Italy. The works of Joseph Mazzini, Garibaldi, Victor Emmanual, and Count Cavour finally led to the establishment of a united Italy with the help of Bismarck working for German unification. German Unification was a sheer romance: Germany from the beginning never had the feeling that they were one. It was divided into as many as 333 states each under one head called Elector who was never for a united Germany. Each state had strong chauvinism and therefore did not want to get united. It is, for this reason, it is said that German Unification was just a romantic aspiration and not a reality. Factors like the French Revolution, unification by Napolean(Rhine Federation), and his code introduced in Germany, Austrian PM"s Carlsberg Decress of 1819, etc. are some of the reasons that fuelled the German Unification. However, it was only because of the "Blood and Iron" policy of Bismarck that resulted in the unification of Germany. German nationalism only took a concrete shape with the formation of a common commercial unit- Zollverein under the control of Prussia. With the treaty of Frankfurt, German Unification was completed. The unification of Germany and Italy, change the map of Europe forever. The impacts of this unification were to be faced for a long-term period, particularly in the case of German Unification which led to World War I going in the future.
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##Question:"German unification was sheer romance, but Italian unification was a reality." Comment. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH: In the introduction, explain the meaning of the statement given in the question. In the body, (a)Give factors in support of Italian unification being called a reality. (b) Also, give reasons in support of why German unification was sheer romance. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: The unification of both Germany and Italy were majorly parallel events in the history of mankind. While Italian unification had always been a reality in the sense that in spite of the geographical differences Italians always felt that they were one ; German unification was more of a union of disparate regional identities speaking a common language at the hands of one man working for the greater kingdom of Prussia. Italian Unification was a reality: Since the beginning, Italy has had everything to be called a nation-language, culture, and land of its own. However, it continued to remain as a mere geographical expression. Therefore, it is said that Italian Unification was always a reality. According to Prince Metternich, Chancellor or PM of Austria, the three-fold division of Italy under Austrians, French, and Pope were the hurdles in Italian Unification. Factors like the reforms of Napolean, able leadership under the kingdom of Sardinia, The Vienna Conference of 1815, etc. were some of the reasons for the unification of Italy. The works of Joseph Mazzini, Garibaldi, Victor Emmanual, and Count Cavour finally led to the establishment of a united Italy with the help of Bismarck working for German unification. German Unification was a sheer romance: Germany from the beginning never had the feeling that they were one. It was divided into as many as 333 states each under one head called Elector who was never for a united Germany. Each state had strong chauvinism and therefore did not want to get united. It is, for this reason, it is said that German Unification was just a romantic aspiration and not a reality. Factors like the French Revolution, unification by Napolean(Rhine Federation), and his code introduced in Germany, Austrian PM"s Carlsberg Decress of 1819, etc. are some of the reasons that fuelled the German Unification. However, it was only because of the "Blood and Iron" policy of Bismarck that resulted in the unification of Germany. German nationalism only took a concrete shape with the formation of a common commercial unit- Zollverein under the control of Prussia. With the treaty of Frankfurt, German Unification was completed. The unification of Germany and Italy, change the map of Europe forever. The impacts of this unification were to be faced for a long-term period, particularly in the case of German Unification which led to World War I going in the future.
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What is the commercialization of agriculture? Discuss the reasons behind bringing this policy during the British period. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Cover points related to the commercialization of agriculture in the Introduction. Discuss the reasons behind bringing this policy. Conclusion. Answer : Commercialization refers to the production of the market for earning profits. In general, commercialization is supposed to be quite progressive as it leads to the diversification of economic activities including the expansion of the market & growth of the cash nexus. But in the colonial circumstances, the commercialization of Indian agriculture does not seem to be a result of any natural process of economic growth & development as it was mainly a forced or unnatural process. Reasons behind bringing this policy: Commercialization was mainly a forced or unnatural process: A large part of agricultural produce came to be sold in the market due to the pressing need for the payment of rent, revenue & interests. This type of forced sale also deprived the peasants of competitive prices for their produce. The advantage, if any, was for the middlemen like the village Baniya or moneylenders who came to emerge as the important instruments of exploitation in the colonial system, etc. In the case of cash crops, we notice progress in some pockets but most of the benefits were reaped by the British planters with an investment of British capital. One positive aspect was the integration of the Indian economy into the world economy. The commercialization of agriculture was facilitated by the following factors: Land-revenue settlements and their implications. Rise & growth of cash-nexus as the land revenue was appropriated in cash. The British IR and the need for raw materials, food grains & wage foods. Availability of Industrial goods. Development of modern means of transport & communication. Thus, the commercialization of Indian agriculture was not a result of any natural process of economic growth & development as it was mainly a forced or unnatural process which cost India in multiple ways in forms of impact on traditional agriculture, economy and overall social developments in a negative manner.
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##Question:What is the commercialization of agriculture? Discuss the reasons behind bringing this policy during the British period. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Cover points related to the commercialization of agriculture in the Introduction. Discuss the reasons behind bringing this policy. Conclusion. Answer : Commercialization refers to the production of the market for earning profits. In general, commercialization is supposed to be quite progressive as it leads to the diversification of economic activities including the expansion of the market & growth of the cash nexus. But in the colonial circumstances, the commercialization of Indian agriculture does not seem to be a result of any natural process of economic growth & development as it was mainly a forced or unnatural process. Reasons behind bringing this policy: Commercialization was mainly a forced or unnatural process: A large part of agricultural produce came to be sold in the market due to the pressing need for the payment of rent, revenue & interests. This type of forced sale also deprived the peasants of competitive prices for their produce. The advantage, if any, was for the middlemen like the village Baniya or moneylenders who came to emerge as the important instruments of exploitation in the colonial system, etc. In the case of cash crops, we notice progress in some pockets but most of the benefits were reaped by the British planters with an investment of British capital. One positive aspect was the integration of the Indian economy into the world economy. The commercialization of agriculture was facilitated by the following factors: Land-revenue settlements and their implications. Rise & growth of cash-nexus as the land revenue was appropriated in cash. The British IR and the need for raw materials, food grains & wage foods. Availability of Industrial goods. Development of modern means of transport & communication. Thus, the commercialization of Indian agriculture was not a result of any natural process of economic growth & development as it was mainly a forced or unnatural process which cost India in multiple ways in forms of impact on traditional agriculture, economy and overall social developments in a negative manner.
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Gandhi"s method consisted of a union of original ideas with a remarkable fair for tactics and an uncanny insight into the mass mind. Elucidate. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: A brief introduction to the rise and importance of Gandhi in the Indian National Movement. In the body, write about his original ideas and tactics in the first part. In the second part write about Gandhi"s insights into the minds of the masses. Conclude appropriately. Answer: Gandhi"s methods enabled him to dominate the Indian National Movement and helped India to realize the dream of Independence. His charisma made him an acceptable leader of every section of society and helped him to organize one of the biggest mass movements against colonial rule. His original ideas with a remarkable flair for tactics: a. He pursued a multi-class movement. To realize this, he always tried to bring different groups on the same platform and cemented the inner fissures among various groups. This tactic is seen in his various programs. b. Satyagraha: The movements had a certain ideological framework whose center was Satyagraha. It has been conceived as a weapon of the strongest and excludes the use of violence in any shape. c. Non-Violence: It was accepted as a matter of principle. Non-Violence formed the basis of Satyagraha. Non-violence also helped women"s participation, participation of the masses, gaining the sympathy of business industries, etc. He thought that use of violence would be a easier for the British to suppress the mass movement. Religion: For Gandhi, religion could not be relegated to the realm of private opinion but must influence and permeate all activities of men. Gandhi was convinced that religion provided the fundamental basis for political action in India. e.g. Gandhi took the Khilafat issue of the Muslims with a view to bringing them into the movement against the British government. He also used the religious idiom through concepts like "Ram Raj" to mobilize people in the national movement. He used stories from Ramayana and Mahabharata while appealing to women and Rural masses to participate in the struggle. Hind Swaraj: It reflected the adverse effects of "modernization under the colonial rule on the artisans and poor peasantry in the countryside. He criticized railways as they had spread plague and produced famines by encouraging the export of food grains. Here he saw Swaraj or self-rule as a state of life that could only exist where Indians followed their traditional civilization uncorrupted by modem civilization. Swadeshi: He advocated swadeshi which meant the use of things belonging to one"s own country, particularly stressing the replacement of foreign machine-made goods with Indian handmade cloth. This was his solution to the poverty of peasants who could spin at home to supplement their income and his cure for the drain of money to England in payment for imported cloth. He had deep insight into the mass mind: Struggle-truce-struggle: He could see the fatigue among the people during the long-drawn-out mass movement. So, he called off the movement when he got the opportunity of a safe and honorable end of the movement. ● Supporting Khilafat issue: He saw it as a unique opportunity for Hindu-Muslim unity. Constructive program: Larger number of people could participate in the national movement in their own way, even if not actively participating in mass movements. Non-Violence: Attracted many participants like women. Theory of trusteeship: Appealed to capitalists, landlords, laborers, etc. Chose the issue of Salt: Which had no divisive element in it. Raising a voice against this issue was acceptable to all sections of the population. Charkha and Khadi: Appealed to women, Hindu-Muslim unity. Use of popular stories and symbols: For example, he told the Hindu women that the British raj is like Ravan. We have to create a RamRajya. In the creation of Raj Rajya, the role of Sita is important. Talking to Muslim women, he said that British Raj is like Shaitan. His dressing style: He abandoned the western style of clothing and adopted the Dhoti, which is a symbol of Indian poverty. Language: He used vernacular language to communicate with the people. Gandhiji"s ideas, tactics, and insight into mind-mass mind helped him rise as a symbol of power for the powerless, a healer of miseries and sufferings, and a messiah. Even in the present time, his ideas and tactics are considered universal in nature and have been applied to freedom movements in different countries. e.g. Martin Luther King during the American civil rights movement, and Nelson Mandela during the movement against apartheid.
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##Question:Gandhi"s method consisted of a union of original ideas with a remarkable fair for tactics and an uncanny insight into the mass mind. Elucidate. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: A brief introduction to the rise and importance of Gandhi in the Indian National Movement. In the body, write about his original ideas and tactics in the first part. In the second part write about Gandhi"s insights into the minds of the masses. Conclude appropriately. Answer: Gandhi"s methods enabled him to dominate the Indian National Movement and helped India to realize the dream of Independence. His charisma made him an acceptable leader of every section of society and helped him to organize one of the biggest mass movements against colonial rule. His original ideas with a remarkable flair for tactics: a. He pursued a multi-class movement. To realize this, he always tried to bring different groups on the same platform and cemented the inner fissures among various groups. This tactic is seen in his various programs. b. Satyagraha: The movements had a certain ideological framework whose center was Satyagraha. It has been conceived as a weapon of the strongest and excludes the use of violence in any shape. c. Non-Violence: It was accepted as a matter of principle. Non-Violence formed the basis of Satyagraha. Non-violence also helped women"s participation, participation of the masses, gaining the sympathy of business industries, etc. He thought that use of violence would be a easier for the British to suppress the mass movement. Religion: For Gandhi, religion could not be relegated to the realm of private opinion but must influence and permeate all activities of men. Gandhi was convinced that religion provided the fundamental basis for political action in India. e.g. Gandhi took the Khilafat issue of the Muslims with a view to bringing them into the movement against the British government. He also used the religious idiom through concepts like "Ram Raj" to mobilize people in the national movement. He used stories from Ramayana and Mahabharata while appealing to women and Rural masses to participate in the struggle. Hind Swaraj: It reflected the adverse effects of "modernization under the colonial rule on the artisans and poor peasantry in the countryside. He criticized railways as they had spread plague and produced famines by encouraging the export of food grains. Here he saw Swaraj or self-rule as a state of life that could only exist where Indians followed their traditional civilization uncorrupted by modem civilization. Swadeshi: He advocated swadeshi which meant the use of things belonging to one"s own country, particularly stressing the replacement of foreign machine-made goods with Indian handmade cloth. This was his solution to the poverty of peasants who could spin at home to supplement their income and his cure for the drain of money to England in payment for imported cloth. He had deep insight into the mass mind: Struggle-truce-struggle: He could see the fatigue among the people during the long-drawn-out mass movement. So, he called off the movement when he got the opportunity of a safe and honorable end of the movement. ● Supporting Khilafat issue: He saw it as a unique opportunity for Hindu-Muslim unity. Constructive program: Larger number of people could participate in the national movement in their own way, even if not actively participating in mass movements. Non-Violence: Attracted many participants like women. Theory of trusteeship: Appealed to capitalists, landlords, laborers, etc. Chose the issue of Salt: Which had no divisive element in it. Raising a voice against this issue was acceptable to all sections of the population. Charkha and Khadi: Appealed to women, Hindu-Muslim unity. Use of popular stories and symbols: For example, he told the Hindu women that the British raj is like Ravan. We have to create a RamRajya. In the creation of Raj Rajya, the role of Sita is important. Talking to Muslim women, he said that British Raj is like Shaitan. His dressing style: He abandoned the western style of clothing and adopted the Dhoti, which is a symbol of Indian poverty. Language: He used vernacular language to communicate with the people. Gandhiji"s ideas, tactics, and insight into mind-mass mind helped him rise as a symbol of power for the powerless, a healer of miseries and sufferings, and a messiah. Even in the present time, his ideas and tactics are considered universal in nature and have been applied to freedom movements in different countries. e.g. Martin Luther King during the American civil rights movement, and Nelson Mandela during the movement against apartheid.
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Give an analysis of The Women"s Reservation Bill or The Constitution (108th Amendment) Bill, 2008. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach Briefly give an Introduction pointing out the Objective of the 108th (Amendment) Bill, 2008 Discuss the arguments for and against the bill Briefly conclude Introduction The Constitution (One Hundred and Eighth Amendment) Bill, 2008 seeks to reserve one-third of all seats for women in the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies. The allocation of reserved seats shall be determined by such authority as prescribed by Parliament. Women Reservation Bill, 2008 It Reserve 1/3 of all seats in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies for women 1/3 of the total number of seats reserved for SCs and STs, shall be reserved for women of these groups. Reservation may be allotted by the rotation of constituencies. Reservation shall cease to exist 15 years after the commencement of this Amendment Act RS- Passed in 2010 LS- yet to be done Arguments against Proxy Culture- women will only act as a front for men who will be controlling power from behind e.g. Pradhanpati, sarpanchapati Inexperience -Reserving seats for women pave a way for inexperienced candidates, to contest and win the elections Corruption- it has been observed the candidates who have it easy are more amenable to corrupt practices Pre-occupation with redistribution and hence such women legislators will be less effective in promoting economic growth. Meritocracy- reserving seats for women comes at the cost of certain political leaders who would have invested considerable time and effort in building a popular base for themselves. Arguments for If Proxy culture was real we should see no differences in the policy choices made by the political leaders based on their gender but studies have indicated that female leaders invest more in public goods valued by women. Effectiveness- A study conducted in Maharashtra it was found that the availability of basic public services is better in Female-headed villages when the female head has been in the job for 3-3.5 years (no prior experience- initially underperforms ---rapidly learns and catches up with men) Economic performance - in a study conducted across 4265 Assembly Constituencies between 1992-2012 it was found that women legislators raised economic performance in their constituencies by about 1.8% more than Male legislators. This research attributes these results to more efficient and more motivated female leaders and male counterparts Women are more likely to participate in Policy Making if the leader of their village council is a woman. In a study, it was found that when a Pradhan is a woman the percentage of women participating in “Gram Sansad” is significantly higher (increased from 6.9-10%) Women in these villages are twice as likely to have addressed a complaint to the Pradhan. An analysis of data from NCRB reported an increase of 26% in the documented crime against women after the 1993 amendment. This increase is not because of an actual number of crimes committed but of the increased reporting and increase in the responsiveness of the Police under Women Political Representatives. It is commonly believed that female political leaders can serve as role models for girls and women. Conclusion The principle of gender equality is enshrined in the Indian Constitution in its Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, and Directive Principles. The Constitution not only grants equality to women but also empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women. Granting reservations to women could be a milestone for the democracy of India.
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##Question:Give an analysis of The Women"s Reservation Bill or The Constitution (108th Amendment) Bill, 2008. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Briefly give an Introduction pointing out the Objective of the 108th (Amendment) Bill, 2008 Discuss the arguments for and against the bill Briefly conclude Introduction The Constitution (One Hundred and Eighth Amendment) Bill, 2008 seeks to reserve one-third of all seats for women in the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies. The allocation of reserved seats shall be determined by such authority as prescribed by Parliament. Women Reservation Bill, 2008 It Reserve 1/3 of all seats in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies for women 1/3 of the total number of seats reserved for SCs and STs, shall be reserved for women of these groups. Reservation may be allotted by the rotation of constituencies. Reservation shall cease to exist 15 years after the commencement of this Amendment Act RS- Passed in 2010 LS- yet to be done Arguments against Proxy Culture- women will only act as a front for men who will be controlling power from behind e.g. Pradhanpati, sarpanchapati Inexperience -Reserving seats for women pave a way for inexperienced candidates, to contest and win the elections Corruption- it has been observed the candidates who have it easy are more amenable to corrupt practices Pre-occupation with redistribution and hence such women legislators will be less effective in promoting economic growth. Meritocracy- reserving seats for women comes at the cost of certain political leaders who would have invested considerable time and effort in building a popular base for themselves. Arguments for If Proxy culture was real we should see no differences in the policy choices made by the political leaders based on their gender but studies have indicated that female leaders invest more in public goods valued by women. Effectiveness- A study conducted in Maharashtra it was found that the availability of basic public services is better in Female-headed villages when the female head has been in the job for 3-3.5 years (no prior experience- initially underperforms ---rapidly learns and catches up with men) Economic performance - in a study conducted across 4265 Assembly Constituencies between 1992-2012 it was found that women legislators raised economic performance in their constituencies by about 1.8% more than Male legislators. This research attributes these results to more efficient and more motivated female leaders and male counterparts Women are more likely to participate in Policy Making if the leader of their village council is a woman. In a study, it was found that when a Pradhan is a woman the percentage of women participating in “Gram Sansad” is significantly higher (increased from 6.9-10%) Women in these villages are twice as likely to have addressed a complaint to the Pradhan. An analysis of data from NCRB reported an increase of 26% in the documented crime against women after the 1993 amendment. This increase is not because of an actual number of crimes committed but of the increased reporting and increase in the responsiveness of the Police under Women Political Representatives. It is commonly believed that female political leaders can serve as role models for girls and women. Conclusion The principle of gender equality is enshrined in the Indian Constitution in its Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, and Directive Principles. The Constitution not only grants equality to women but also empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women. Granting reservations to women could be a milestone for the democracy of India.
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"The keynote of Bismark"s foreign policy was isolating France." Comment. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach Introduce with the contextual and historical background of Germany at the time of the Unification movement of Germany. Then bring the foreign policy of Bismarck Further elaborate on the stages of unification by isolation of the main enemy countries live Austria, France, and Denmark. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The factors and forces for the unification of Germany were more or less the same as that of the Italian Unification with one stark difference of Isolating the enemies was always the keynote of the foreign policy of Bismarck in the Unification of Germany. The French Revolution of 1789 influenced the German Nationalists with the powerful ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity. Napoleon was equally responsible for German Unification in both a positive and negative manner. Contextual and Historical Background of the Unification of Germany By Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon liberated Germans from the control of Austria by defeating the Austrian time and again. By reducing 333 German states into a confederacy of 16 states called the Rhine Confederacy. He got the geographical unification of Germany. The Rhine Confederacy of 16 States was replaced by a confederacy of 39 states. Parliament for the German Confederacy called Diet was placed under the control of Austria. These arrangements, naturally disappointed the German nationalist. German Nationalism took a concrete shape in 1818 with the formation of the economic union called ZOLLVEREIN. Bismarck believed in the Policy “Blood and Iron”. Thus it was the foreign policy of Bismarck that made the concept of the Unification of Germany by isolating its enemies like Denmark, Austria, and France. Bismarck"s Foreign Policy was to Isolate enemy countries to achieve the Unification of Germany. The unification of Germany started with the decision of Bismarck to isolate Denmark and to go to war with Denmark for the liberation of two provinces Schleswig and Holstein. He won the support of Austria by promising either of the two (Schleswig and Holstein). He neutralized England, Russia, and France. Bismarck defeated Denmark and was forced to sign the 1864 Vienna Treaty with this the first stage of unification ended. Both the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein surrendered to Prussia. The second stage of Unification started with Bismarck making the war preparation against Austria as promised he gave Austria Holstein which was completely German. Bismarck made the task of Austria difficult to administer Holstein. He successfully isolated Austria against Russia, England, France, and Sardinia. The war started and Austria was defeated in the Battle of Sedowa or Seven Weeks War which ended with the Prague Treaty of 1866. Austria surrendered its claim on the southern part of Germany and also Venetia was transferred to Sardinia. Isolation of France: The third Stage started with Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71. Bismarck isolated France by turning friendly with Austria and by winning over England to his side by convincing England that Napoleon three of France had a secret intention of occupying Belgium which was under the protection of England. He provoked France by interfering in the Spanish Civil War, provoked to the extreme that France declared war but was defeated in the Battle of Sedan. War ended with the Frankfurt Treaty of 1871 France surrendered its claims to the western part of Germany. Thus unification of the Germany was completed. Thus, the key to the unification of Germany lay in isolating France.
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##Question:"The keynote of Bismark"s foreign policy was isolating France." Comment. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the contextual and historical background of Germany at the time of the Unification movement of Germany. Then bring the foreign policy of Bismarck Further elaborate on the stages of unification by isolation of the main enemy countries live Austria, France, and Denmark. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The factors and forces for the unification of Germany were more or less the same as that of the Italian Unification with one stark difference of Isolating the enemies was always the keynote of the foreign policy of Bismarck in the Unification of Germany. The French Revolution of 1789 influenced the German Nationalists with the powerful ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity. Napoleon was equally responsible for German Unification in both a positive and negative manner. Contextual and Historical Background of the Unification of Germany By Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon liberated Germans from the control of Austria by defeating the Austrian time and again. By reducing 333 German states into a confederacy of 16 states called the Rhine Confederacy. He got the geographical unification of Germany. The Rhine Confederacy of 16 States was replaced by a confederacy of 39 states. Parliament for the German Confederacy called Diet was placed under the control of Austria. These arrangements, naturally disappointed the German nationalist. German Nationalism took a concrete shape in 1818 with the formation of the economic union called ZOLLVEREIN. Bismarck believed in the Policy “Blood and Iron”. Thus it was the foreign policy of Bismarck that made the concept of the Unification of Germany by isolating its enemies like Denmark, Austria, and France. Bismarck"s Foreign Policy was to Isolate enemy countries to achieve the Unification of Germany. The unification of Germany started with the decision of Bismarck to isolate Denmark and to go to war with Denmark for the liberation of two provinces Schleswig and Holstein. He won the support of Austria by promising either of the two (Schleswig and Holstein). He neutralized England, Russia, and France. Bismarck defeated Denmark and was forced to sign the 1864 Vienna Treaty with this the first stage of unification ended. Both the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein surrendered to Prussia. The second stage of Unification started with Bismarck making the war preparation against Austria as promised he gave Austria Holstein which was completely German. Bismarck made the task of Austria difficult to administer Holstein. He successfully isolated Austria against Russia, England, France, and Sardinia. The war started and Austria was defeated in the Battle of Sedowa or Seven Weeks War which ended with the Prague Treaty of 1866. Austria surrendered its claim on the southern part of Germany and also Venetia was transferred to Sardinia. Isolation of France: The third Stage started with Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71. Bismarck isolated France by turning friendly with Austria and by winning over England to his side by convincing England that Napoleon three of France had a secret intention of occupying Belgium which was under the protection of England. He provoked France by interfering in the Spanish Civil War, provoked to the extreme that France declared war but was defeated in the Battle of Sedan. War ended with the Frankfurt Treaty of 1871 France surrendered its claims to the western part of Germany. Thus unification of the Germany was completed. Thus, the key to the unification of Germany lay in isolating France.
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Discuss the ways in which the Parliament is able to ensure accountability of the executive in India. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach- In the introduction mention the context of the parliamentary form and the executive"s accountability In the body part, mention the parliamentary tools Conclude accordingly Answer :- The Constitution of India provides for a parliamentary form of government, where the Executive is responsible to the Parliament for its policies and acts Parliamentary tools to hold the executive accountable Question hour- The first hour of every parliamentary sitting is dedicated to this. The question hour is generally a tool to promote executive accountability towards the legislature. There are three kinds of questions asked i.e starred, unstarred and short-notice questions Zero hour- Purely an Indian innovation during this period the members can raise issues without prior notice No-Confidence motion - It is to ensure the collective responsibility of the CoM towards the house of people [Articel 75(3)] Adjournment motion -It involves the consensus of the government therefore it can only be brought in Lok sabha. It is to discuss a matter that is urgent, definite, and of contemporary importance Budgetary control - Budgetary control for the appropriation of grants and post-budgetary control through committees like Public Accounts Committees. The system of committees – such as standing committees, select committees, ad-hoc committees, etc. facilitates scrutiny of the actions and activities of the executive. Constraints in holding the executive accountable Dominance of the majority party The compulsions of anti-defection law and the role of party whips. Complex and technically complicated presentation of policies, laws, and budgets. Frequent use of exceptional provisions of the Constitution like ordinance-making power. A 15-point charter reform suggested by the Vice president and the effective working of the committees can be the way forward in holding the executive accountable
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##Question:Discuss the ways in which the Parliament is able to ensure accountability of the executive in India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach- In the introduction mention the context of the parliamentary form and the executive"s accountability In the body part, mention the parliamentary tools Conclude accordingly Answer :- The Constitution of India provides for a parliamentary form of government, where the Executive is responsible to the Parliament for its policies and acts Parliamentary tools to hold the executive accountable Question hour- The first hour of every parliamentary sitting is dedicated to this. The question hour is generally a tool to promote executive accountability towards the legislature. There are three kinds of questions asked i.e starred, unstarred and short-notice questions Zero hour- Purely an Indian innovation during this period the members can raise issues without prior notice No-Confidence motion - It is to ensure the collective responsibility of the CoM towards the house of people [Articel 75(3)] Adjournment motion -It involves the consensus of the government therefore it can only be brought in Lok sabha. It is to discuss a matter that is urgent, definite, and of contemporary importance Budgetary control - Budgetary control for the appropriation of grants and post-budgetary control through committees like Public Accounts Committees. The system of committees – such as standing committees, select committees, ad-hoc committees, etc. facilitates scrutiny of the actions and activities of the executive. Constraints in holding the executive accountable Dominance of the majority party The compulsions of anti-defection law and the role of party whips. Complex and technically complicated presentation of policies, laws, and budgets. Frequent use of exceptional provisions of the Constitution like ordinance-making power. A 15-point charter reform suggested by the Vice president and the effective working of the committees can be the way forward in holding the executive accountable
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Although for almost seven decades the states that comprise the UN have come to value the UN. However, major fundamental criticisms continue to be leveled at the United Nations and its composite bodies as obsolete and unnecessary. In this context analyze the relevance of the UN. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the objective behind the formation of the United Nations (UN) and mixed views regarding its achievement. Then give your argument in to support that United Nations (UN) has lost its relevance. Then bring up your argument against the United Nations (UN) has not lost its relevance. Conclude with needed reform in United Nations (UN). Answer The principal aim of the UN is ‘to maintain international peace and security, with responsibility for this being vested in the Security Council. Indeed, the performance of the UN can largely be judged in terms of the extent to which it has saved humankind from deadly military conflict. This, nevertheless, is difficult to judge. On the one hand, the fact that the two world wars of the twentieth century have not been followed by World War III has sometimes been seen as the supreme achievement of the UN. It demonstrates a clear advance in the performance of the League of Nations. On the other hand, many have argued that the absence of global war since 1945 has had little to do with the UN, being more a consequence of the ‘balance of terror’ that developed during the Cold War as a nuclear stalemate developed between the USA and the Soviet Union. The Argument to support that UN has lost its relevance as A proto-world government. It endangers peace and Stability: The UN is fundamentally flawed because it was designed as a supranational body whose role is to police the international system. The UN, therefore, has all the drawbacks of a would-be world government – a lack of legitimacy, accountability, and democratic credentials. Not only does the UN interfere in the affairs of nation-states (as is demonstrated by its declining support for state sovereignty), but it also disrupts the workings of the balance-of-power system, thereby endangering peace and stability. UN Lack of clarity on the moral compass: The UN, at its creation, had a clear moral focus, derived from the fight against fascism: (the need to defend human rights and fundamental freedoms). However, as the UN expanded and became a genuinely global body, it drifted towards a kind of moral relativism in which it seeks to be all things to all members. The UN’s record on standing up to dictators, condemning human rights violations, and intervening to prevent genocide and other comparable acts is therefore poor. UN as a Platform for debating the issue without effective implementation on the Ground: For many, the chief problem with the UN is its ineffectiveness rather than its capacity to meddle in world affairs. As is commonly pointed out, there have been more wars since the creation of the UNthan there had been before, and the organization is routinely sidelined as major world events unfold. The Security Council is commonly paralyzed by the difficulty of passing resolutions and achieving both regional acceptance and the support of the USA before action can be taken. UN as an Outdated and unreformable Body: There is common agreement that the UN is in pressing need of reform, but it is not clear that such reform can be brought about. The reform of the Security Council is impossible to achieve because of the veto powers of its permanent members. The organization itself is simply dysfunctional – sprawling and complex and fraught with duplication and overlaps. Moreover, attempts to streamline the organization seem to make matters worse, not better. The Argument against the UN has not lost its relevance UN Success in Peacekeeping: Highly-publicized peacekeeping ‘failures’ have distorted the image of the UN’s effectiveness in keeping the peace. Most studies show that UN peacekeeping operations are more often successful than unsuccessful. At an operational level, there are clearly functions that the UN is better at performing than any other body, including small-scale peacekeeping, the provision of humanitarian aid, and the monitoring of elections. The shift towards multidimensional peacekeeping has also been beneficial. UN as an indispensable body: For all its flaws and failings, one central fact must be borne in mind: the world is a safer place with the UN than it would be without it. Although the UN will never be able to prevent all wars and resolve all conflicts, it provides an indispensable framework for cooperation, should the international community choose to use it. The UN serves, however imperfectly, to increase the chances that international conflict can be resolved without the resort to war and, if war breaks out, that military conflict will quickly lead to peacemaking and peace-building. UN as the source for New agendas and new thinking: The UN did not fossilize around its initial mission, but it has, rather, succeeded in adapting and redefining itself in the light of new global challenges. Not only has the UN developed into the leading organization promoting economic and social development worldwide, but it has also helped to shape the agenda as far as new global issues are concerned, ranging from climate change and gender equality to population control and dealing with pandemics. UN needed Reform and Not dissolution: Despite its imperfections, it is absurd to suggest that the UN is unreformable. The operational and strategic approach to peacekeeping and the provision of humanitarian aid have both improved significantly in recent years, and further reforms could undoubtedly be introduced. For example, UN agencies could be better coordinated; the UN could confer legitimacy on international action, rather than always implementing action itself; and relationships with regional organizations could be strengthened. Thus despite many failures, we cannot ignore the contribution of the UN in world peace and a platform for the negotiation of disputes and development work. It is true that the lack of progress in UNSC reforms which have serious implications for the relevance of the UN as well as global peace and security. Thus we need expansion of permanent and non-permanent membership, reform in UNSC’s working methods, and better representation of developing countries" aspirations. Besides that, we need to reform in other areas such as Veto reform of UNSC, funding methods for the UN and its organs, and decisions for the taking development project with the inclusion of the destined countries.
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##Question:Although for almost seven decades the states that comprise the UN have come to value the UN. However, major fundamental criticisms continue to be leveled at the United Nations and its composite bodies as obsolete and unnecessary. In this context analyze the relevance of the UN. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the objective behind the formation of the United Nations (UN) and mixed views regarding its achievement. Then give your argument in to support that United Nations (UN) has lost its relevance. Then bring up your argument against the United Nations (UN) has not lost its relevance. Conclude with needed reform in United Nations (UN). Answer The principal aim of the UN is ‘to maintain international peace and security, with responsibility for this being vested in the Security Council. Indeed, the performance of the UN can largely be judged in terms of the extent to which it has saved humankind from deadly military conflict. This, nevertheless, is difficult to judge. On the one hand, the fact that the two world wars of the twentieth century have not been followed by World War III has sometimes been seen as the supreme achievement of the UN. It demonstrates a clear advance in the performance of the League of Nations. On the other hand, many have argued that the absence of global war since 1945 has had little to do with the UN, being more a consequence of the ‘balance of terror’ that developed during the Cold War as a nuclear stalemate developed between the USA and the Soviet Union. The Argument to support that UN has lost its relevance as A proto-world government. It endangers peace and Stability: The UN is fundamentally flawed because it was designed as a supranational body whose role is to police the international system. The UN, therefore, has all the drawbacks of a would-be world government – a lack of legitimacy, accountability, and democratic credentials. Not only does the UN interfere in the affairs of nation-states (as is demonstrated by its declining support for state sovereignty), but it also disrupts the workings of the balance-of-power system, thereby endangering peace and stability. UN Lack of clarity on the moral compass: The UN, at its creation, had a clear moral focus, derived from the fight against fascism: (the need to defend human rights and fundamental freedoms). However, as the UN expanded and became a genuinely global body, it drifted towards a kind of moral relativism in which it seeks to be all things to all members. The UN’s record on standing up to dictators, condemning human rights violations, and intervening to prevent genocide and other comparable acts is therefore poor. UN as a Platform for debating the issue without effective implementation on the Ground: For many, the chief problem with the UN is its ineffectiveness rather than its capacity to meddle in world affairs. As is commonly pointed out, there have been more wars since the creation of the UNthan there had been before, and the organization is routinely sidelined as major world events unfold. The Security Council is commonly paralyzed by the difficulty of passing resolutions and achieving both regional acceptance and the support of the USA before action can be taken. UN as an Outdated and unreformable Body: There is common agreement that the UN is in pressing need of reform, but it is not clear that such reform can be brought about. The reform of the Security Council is impossible to achieve because of the veto powers of its permanent members. The organization itself is simply dysfunctional – sprawling and complex and fraught with duplication and overlaps. Moreover, attempts to streamline the organization seem to make matters worse, not better. The Argument against the UN has not lost its relevance UN Success in Peacekeeping: Highly-publicized peacekeeping ‘failures’ have distorted the image of the UN’s effectiveness in keeping the peace. Most studies show that UN peacekeeping operations are more often successful than unsuccessful. At an operational level, there are clearly functions that the UN is better at performing than any other body, including small-scale peacekeeping, the provision of humanitarian aid, and the monitoring of elections. The shift towards multidimensional peacekeeping has also been beneficial. UN as an indispensable body: For all its flaws and failings, one central fact must be borne in mind: the world is a safer place with the UN than it would be without it. Although the UN will never be able to prevent all wars and resolve all conflicts, it provides an indispensable framework for cooperation, should the international community choose to use it. The UN serves, however imperfectly, to increase the chances that international conflict can be resolved without the resort to war and, if war breaks out, that military conflict will quickly lead to peacemaking and peace-building. UN as the source for New agendas and new thinking: The UN did not fossilize around its initial mission, but it has, rather, succeeded in adapting and redefining itself in the light of new global challenges. Not only has the UN developed into the leading organization promoting economic and social development worldwide, but it has also helped to shape the agenda as far as new global issues are concerned, ranging from climate change and gender equality to population control and dealing with pandemics. UN needed Reform and Not dissolution: Despite its imperfections, it is absurd to suggest that the UN is unreformable. The operational and strategic approach to peacekeeping and the provision of humanitarian aid have both improved significantly in recent years, and further reforms could undoubtedly be introduced. For example, UN agencies could be better coordinated; the UN could confer legitimacy on international action, rather than always implementing action itself; and relationships with regional organizations could be strengthened. Thus despite many failures, we cannot ignore the contribution of the UN in world peace and a platform for the negotiation of disputes and development work. It is true that the lack of progress in UNSC reforms which have serious implications for the relevance of the UN as well as global peace and security. Thus we need expansion of permanent and non-permanent membership, reform in UNSC’s working methods, and better representation of developing countries" aspirations. Besides that, we need to reform in other areas such as Veto reform of UNSC, funding methods for the UN and its organs, and decisions for the taking development project with the inclusion of the destined countries.
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Explain the critical ideas & philosophies of the Socio-cultural and political thinkers of the world during the enlightenment period in the modern era. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: Briefly cover thinkers of the enlightenment period in the introduction. Cover points on critical ideas & philosophies of the Socio-cultural thinkers. Cover points on critical ideas & philosophies of the political thinkers. Answer : Thinkers in the Age of Enlightenment stressed the idea that traditional authority was not always correct, and that humans could and should improve themselves through reason. This period saw numerous advances in science and massive political changes in Europe and North America. In the 17th century, the philosophy of religion was taken in new directions by René Descartes in France and John Locke in England. Enlightenment thinking on religion culminated in the late 18th century in the work of the German philosopher Immanuel Kant. Critical ideas & philosophies of the Socio-cultural thinkers : Jeremy Benthem : The propounder of the "Theory of utilitarianism". Haegel: A German philosopher who is known for the idea of progress and the man as an agent of progress. He also explained the change on the basis of his famous theory of dialectical ideologism. Karl Marx: The age of enlightenment witnessed not only the glorification of reason and validation of the scientific method & legitimization of sensory observations and the knowledge created by man. But also the critique of the reason and negation of the legitimacy and universality of the scientific methods & their conclusions. This trend represents what is known as " romanticism ". The trend was well-represented by "Kant " and " Rousseau ". Among western philosophical thinkers, Kant was not supposed to be the first who accepted that social observations are never independent of observers. Thus he accepted the role of socio-ideological relations. He was also the one who highlighted the importance of moral judgements. Rousseau emerged as the critique of the whole civilization which led to the erosion of human virtues making him greedy, aggressive and violent. The progress of civilization has also created gross inequalities and has also given birth to the oppressive institution of the state. Rousseau gave his famous slogan " Go Back to Nature ". Critical ideas & philosophies of the Socio-cultural thinkers : Thomas Hobbes: A British political thinker who favoured an authoritarian state accepting the evil tendencies of the man. His idea of an authoritarian state is subjected even the religion and church to the authority of the state. A British philosopher who is known for his concept of the "Natural Rights of a Man" which can not be taken away by any agency. These rights are available to men and quite essential for the realization of their potential & development of their personality. He also accepted the importance of religion which keeps evil tendencies in check making them better citizens. In France: Montesquieu: A French Philosopher quite inspired by constitutional progress made by England on the basis of the constitutional monarchy and the idea of parliamentary supremacy. He wanted similar reforms in France as well. He was also a supporter of John Locke for the protection of natural rights for the separation of powers of the state"s three organs (Executive, legislature and judiciary) of the government with mutual check and balance. Voltaire: A French philosopher particularly is known for irrational practices in Church and its satirical style. Rousseau: The most important political thinker is also remembered as the father of modern democracies and republicanism. He is also seen as the pioneer of the idea of popular sovereignity or the sovereignty of the people. He also pioneered the concept of the "general will" of the people. He is given credit for finally demolishing the notion of the divine origin of kinship by accepting the state as a world agency created by human beings relying upon their general will. Rousseau opined that the state is the product of a social contract which was necessitated by the progress of civilization. Civilization gives birth to private property making a man selfish, greedy, violent, etc posing danger to both life & property. The need for the protection of life and property led to the origin of the state as a result of a social contract. In order to enable the state in discharging its duty, the people gave some of their power to the state. Thus, the people are sovereign, not the state according to Rousseau. If the state fails to fulfil it then the people gas right to overthrow the state. It is also, for this reason, Rousseau is considered as the philosophical father of the French revolution though he never preached for revolution. Thomas Paine: An American philosopher who was also popular in Europe and he was also granted honourary citizenry of France by the French revolutionary. He was the author of "Common Sense" in which he made an observation that it is against reason/common sense that a continent (the USA) would be perpetually ruled by an island. Thomas Jefferson: An American revolutionary knew for drafting the American declaration of independence (1776). He is also associated with the first ten constitutional amendments accepting the "Bill of Rights". During the Age of Enlightenment, people continued the questioning of traditional authority that had begun in the Renaissance, causing changes to ripple throughout society. By questioning the traditional explanations for the world, for example, scientists began to investigate the world as it really was, carrying out experiments and making observations of the natural world.
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##Question:Explain the critical ideas & philosophies of the Socio-cultural and political thinkers of the world during the enlightenment period in the modern era. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Briefly cover thinkers of the enlightenment period in the introduction. Cover points on critical ideas & philosophies of the Socio-cultural thinkers. Cover points on critical ideas & philosophies of the political thinkers. Answer : Thinkers in the Age of Enlightenment stressed the idea that traditional authority was not always correct, and that humans could and should improve themselves through reason. This period saw numerous advances in science and massive political changes in Europe and North America. In the 17th century, the philosophy of religion was taken in new directions by René Descartes in France and John Locke in England. Enlightenment thinking on religion culminated in the late 18th century in the work of the German philosopher Immanuel Kant. Critical ideas & philosophies of the Socio-cultural thinkers : Jeremy Benthem : The propounder of the "Theory of utilitarianism". Haegel: A German philosopher who is known for the idea of progress and the man as an agent of progress. He also explained the change on the basis of his famous theory of dialectical ideologism. Karl Marx: The age of enlightenment witnessed not only the glorification of reason and validation of the scientific method & legitimization of sensory observations and the knowledge created by man. But also the critique of the reason and negation of the legitimacy and universality of the scientific methods & their conclusions. This trend represents what is known as " romanticism ". The trend was well-represented by "Kant " and " Rousseau ". Among western philosophical thinkers, Kant was not supposed to be the first who accepted that social observations are never independent of observers. Thus he accepted the role of socio-ideological relations. He was also the one who highlighted the importance of moral judgements. Rousseau emerged as the critique of the whole civilization which led to the erosion of human virtues making him greedy, aggressive and violent. The progress of civilization has also created gross inequalities and has also given birth to the oppressive institution of the state. Rousseau gave his famous slogan " Go Back to Nature ". Critical ideas & philosophies of the Socio-cultural thinkers : Thomas Hobbes: A British political thinker who favoured an authoritarian state accepting the evil tendencies of the man. His idea of an authoritarian state is subjected even the religion and church to the authority of the state. A British philosopher who is known for his concept of the "Natural Rights of a Man" which can not be taken away by any agency. These rights are available to men and quite essential for the realization of their potential & development of their personality. He also accepted the importance of religion which keeps evil tendencies in check making them better citizens. In France: Montesquieu: A French Philosopher quite inspired by constitutional progress made by England on the basis of the constitutional monarchy and the idea of parliamentary supremacy. He wanted similar reforms in France as well. He was also a supporter of John Locke for the protection of natural rights for the separation of powers of the state"s three organs (Executive, legislature and judiciary) of the government with mutual check and balance. Voltaire: A French philosopher particularly is known for irrational practices in Church and its satirical style. Rousseau: The most important political thinker is also remembered as the father of modern democracies and republicanism. He is also seen as the pioneer of the idea of popular sovereignity or the sovereignty of the people. He also pioneered the concept of the "general will" of the people. He is given credit for finally demolishing the notion of the divine origin of kinship by accepting the state as a world agency created by human beings relying upon their general will. Rousseau opined that the state is the product of a social contract which was necessitated by the progress of civilization. Civilization gives birth to private property making a man selfish, greedy, violent, etc posing danger to both life & property. The need for the protection of life and property led to the origin of the state as a result of a social contract. In order to enable the state in discharging its duty, the people gave some of their power to the state. Thus, the people are sovereign, not the state according to Rousseau. If the state fails to fulfil it then the people gas right to overthrow the state. It is also, for this reason, Rousseau is considered as the philosophical father of the French revolution though he never preached for revolution. Thomas Paine: An American philosopher who was also popular in Europe and he was also granted honourary citizenry of France by the French revolutionary. He was the author of "Common Sense" in which he made an observation that it is against reason/common sense that a continent (the USA) would be perpetually ruled by an island. Thomas Jefferson: An American revolutionary knew for drafting the American declaration of independence (1776). He is also associated with the first ten constitutional amendments accepting the "Bill of Rights". During the Age of Enlightenment, people continued the questioning of traditional authority that had begun in the Renaissance, causing changes to ripple throughout society. By questioning the traditional explanations for the world, for example, scientists began to investigate the world as it really was, carrying out experiments and making observations of the natural world.
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Discuss the characteristics of Nazism. How is it different from Fascism? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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APPROACH: Introduce by defining Nazism. In the body, enumerate the characteristics of Nazim. Differentiate between Nazism and Fascism. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: Nazism may be defined as German extreme nationalism and a sense of racial superiority of the Germans that they were born to rule the world. It was a totalitarian movement led by Adolf Hitler as head of the Nazi Party in Germany. Charcteristics of Nazism: (1) Extreme Nationalism For the Nazis the only country in the world which was most qualified to rule the world was Germany. Nazism never recognizes the glory of any other country. (2) It was anti-democracy and pro-dictatorship For Nazis democracy was mobocracy. All are not competent in decision-making. (3) It was pro-war and anti-peace. For Nazis, war was the reality and solution to the problems. Peace is the slogan of the weak. For Nazis crisis is unavoidable and the individual is at his best when he faces the crisis. (4) Nazism is anti-communism and pro-capitalism. For the Nazis equality is a myth and as such socialism is an invalid concept. They were anti-communist because Russia promoted imperialism in the name of communism. For Nazis, individuals exist for the state but the state doesn"t exist for individuals. The state is above all and an end by itself. When Nazism was prevailing in Europe, around the same time Fascism under Mussolini also developed its face in Italy. Nazism vs. Fascism: (1) Nazis wanted world power, fascists never thought beyond Italy. For Nazis, there were only 2 superior races by blood- Plutonics, and Nordics who are born to rule the entire world. However, this was not true for the Italians. Their ambitions were concentrated in Italy only. (2) For the Nazis, the Germans were the best race and most qualified. Nazis hated Jews. Anti-semitism was one dominant emotion found in the Nazis. In Fascism, we don"t find racial hatred. Thus, we find that Nazism was a much more extreme form of political ideology than Fascism.
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##Question:Discuss the characteristics of Nazism. How is it different from Fascism? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce by defining Nazism. In the body, enumerate the characteristics of Nazim. Differentiate between Nazism and Fascism. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: Nazism may be defined as German extreme nationalism and a sense of racial superiority of the Germans that they were born to rule the world. It was a totalitarian movement led by Adolf Hitler as head of the Nazi Party in Germany. Charcteristics of Nazism: (1) Extreme Nationalism For the Nazis the only country in the world which was most qualified to rule the world was Germany. Nazism never recognizes the glory of any other country. (2) It was anti-democracy and pro-dictatorship For Nazis democracy was mobocracy. All are not competent in decision-making. (3) It was pro-war and anti-peace. For Nazis, war was the reality and solution to the problems. Peace is the slogan of the weak. For Nazis crisis is unavoidable and the individual is at his best when he faces the crisis. (4) Nazism is anti-communism and pro-capitalism. For the Nazis equality is a myth and as such socialism is an invalid concept. They were anti-communist because Russia promoted imperialism in the name of communism. For Nazis, individuals exist for the state but the state doesn"t exist for individuals. The state is above all and an end by itself. When Nazism was prevailing in Europe, around the same time Fascism under Mussolini also developed its face in Italy. Nazism vs. Fascism: (1) Nazis wanted world power, fascists never thought beyond Italy. For Nazis, there were only 2 superior races by blood- Plutonics, and Nordics who are born to rule the entire world. However, this was not true for the Italians. Their ambitions were concentrated in Italy only. (2) For the Nazis, the Germans were the best race and most qualified. Nazis hated Jews. Anti-semitism was one dominant emotion found in the Nazis. In Fascism, we don"t find racial hatred. Thus, we find that Nazism was a much more extreme form of political ideology than Fascism.
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Is UN Security Council permanent membership a possibility or a pipe dream for India? Analyze. (250 words/15 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the unrepresentative structure of the USC as the contemporary world order. Then discuss India’s credentials for permanent membership to UNSC. Then bring the hurdles in its permanent membership to UNSC. Then concluded accordingly. Answer The UNSC membership particularly P5 countries are representative of the 1945 world order . The P5 countries were the most important countries in the post-World War II World Order. However, the global distribution of power has since changed such that there is a decline in the relative power credentials of Britain while countries like India and Brazil have climbed up the global power hierarchy. India’s Credential for the UNSC permanent membership India’s Permanent membership in UNSC will benefit UNSC/UN India is a neutral country that takes a principled stand on international issues based on its merits. Thereby inclusion of India with imparting greater credibility and legitimacy to the UNSC. India can act as the moderator and a bridge in the present P2 vs. P3 rivalry. No other country in the world is in line with UN ideals in terms of its values or constitutional ideals (Article 51 as is India). Indian civilizational values of Vasudhaiv Kutumbakam and Sarve Bhawantu Sukhinah are in line with the goals of the UN. Basis/Ground on which India demands Permanent membership Presently India is the 2nd most populous country in the world. It represents around 17/18% of the world population; every 6th person on the planet is Indian. India is the fifth-largest economy and 3rd largest economy in PPP terms. In 2021 India was the fastest-growing major economy in the world. India is the 4th largest standing army in the world. India is the De facto nuclear-weapon state. Also, its credentials as a responsible nuclear weapon state are well recognized. India is the leader of the countries of the south. India is one of the founding members of the UN and one of the biggest troop contributors in peacekeeping operations. India is vibrant liberal democracy; the largest democracy in the world. The global theatre of International politics has shifted to the Indo-Pacific region and India is one of the primary power in the region. Pluralistic Nature of India. One of the few countries in the world which is constitutionally committed to world peace. Indian civilizational value is conducive to world peace. The Permanent Membership is yet a pipe dream for India Expansion of the UNSC remains fraught with challenges. The P5 countries are unlikely to agree on the expansion of permanent membership of the UNSC any time soon since it would result in the dilution of their global power credentials. P5 is the most exclusive club in international politics. The US has declared that it is willing to accept the expansion of the UNSC only on the condition that there is no alteration of the existing Veto Power or expansion of the right to veto. In fact, this is the common position of the P5 countries as well as the vast majority of UN members. The UN members in general do not want any more Veto-wielding members in UNSC. Thus while the expansion of UNSC membership is quite difficult in anytime soon but if and when the expansion were to take place, India would be an important contender. Coffee clubs or united for consensus (IFC) groups led by the country such as Pakistan, Argentina, Italy, Spain, and South Korea/Australia/Canada oppose permanent membership of the P4 countries. The coffee club contest that the G4 countries are not even the regional powers so their recognition as global powers would only complicate the regional issue. UNSC being the primary organ of the UN should be representative of UN membership and the World as a whole for the greater legitimacy of the UN. Thus while the expansion of UNSC membership is quite difficult anytime soon but if and when the expansion is to take place, India would be an important contender. In such a circumstance, India should be willing to accept permanent membership without a veto. A group of distinguished scholars has in the past suggested a new category of semi-permanent members. Under semi-permanent members, the countries would be elected for a period of 8 to 10 years and would be eligible for re-election. India should seriously consider this prospect if it were to arise. Besides that, until the expansion of the UNSC India should focus on its own internal development.
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##Question:Is UN Security Council permanent membership a possibility or a pipe dream for India? Analyze. (250 words/15 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the unrepresentative structure of the USC as the contemporary world order. Then discuss India’s credentials for permanent membership to UNSC. Then bring the hurdles in its permanent membership to UNSC. Then concluded accordingly. Answer The UNSC membership particularly P5 countries are representative of the 1945 world order . The P5 countries were the most important countries in the post-World War II World Order. However, the global distribution of power has since changed such that there is a decline in the relative power credentials of Britain while countries like India and Brazil have climbed up the global power hierarchy. India’s Credential for the UNSC permanent membership India’s Permanent membership in UNSC will benefit UNSC/UN India is a neutral country that takes a principled stand on international issues based on its merits. Thereby inclusion of India with imparting greater credibility and legitimacy to the UNSC. India can act as the moderator and a bridge in the present P2 vs. P3 rivalry. No other country in the world is in line with UN ideals in terms of its values or constitutional ideals (Article 51 as is India). Indian civilizational values of Vasudhaiv Kutumbakam and Sarve Bhawantu Sukhinah are in line with the goals of the UN. Basis/Ground on which India demands Permanent membership Presently India is the 2nd most populous country in the world. It represents around 17/18% of the world population; every 6th person on the planet is Indian. India is the fifth-largest economy and 3rd largest economy in PPP terms. In 2021 India was the fastest-growing major economy in the world. India is the 4th largest standing army in the world. India is the De facto nuclear-weapon state. Also, its credentials as a responsible nuclear weapon state are well recognized. India is the leader of the countries of the south. India is one of the founding members of the UN and one of the biggest troop contributors in peacekeeping operations. India is vibrant liberal democracy; the largest democracy in the world. The global theatre of International politics has shifted to the Indo-Pacific region and India is one of the primary power in the region. Pluralistic Nature of India. One of the few countries in the world which is constitutionally committed to world peace. Indian civilizational value is conducive to world peace. The Permanent Membership is yet a pipe dream for India Expansion of the UNSC remains fraught with challenges. The P5 countries are unlikely to agree on the expansion of permanent membership of the UNSC any time soon since it would result in the dilution of their global power credentials. P5 is the most exclusive club in international politics. The US has declared that it is willing to accept the expansion of the UNSC only on the condition that there is no alteration of the existing Veto Power or expansion of the right to veto. In fact, this is the common position of the P5 countries as well as the vast majority of UN members. The UN members in general do not want any more Veto-wielding members in UNSC. Thus while the expansion of UNSC membership is quite difficult in anytime soon but if and when the expansion were to take place, India would be an important contender. Coffee clubs or united for consensus (IFC) groups led by the country such as Pakistan, Argentina, Italy, Spain, and South Korea/Australia/Canada oppose permanent membership of the P4 countries. The coffee club contest that the G4 countries are not even the regional powers so their recognition as global powers would only complicate the regional issue. UNSC being the primary organ of the UN should be representative of UN membership and the World as a whole for the greater legitimacy of the UN. Thus while the expansion of UNSC membership is quite difficult anytime soon but if and when the expansion is to take place, India would be an important contender. In such a circumstance, India should be willing to accept permanent membership without a veto. A group of distinguished scholars has in the past suggested a new category of semi-permanent members. Under semi-permanent members, the countries would be elected for a period of 8 to 10 years and would be eligible for re-election. India should seriously consider this prospect if it were to arise. Besides that, until the expansion of the UNSC India should focus on its own internal development.
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सुपोषण से आप क्या समझते हैं? सुपोषण के लिए उत्तरदायी कारणों की चर्चा करते हुए मानव जीवन पर इसके प्रभाव को रेखांकित कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) What do you understand by eutrophication? Discussing the reasons responsible for eutrophication, underline its effect on human life. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में सुपोषण को परिभाषित कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में सुपोषण के लिए उत्तरदायी कारणों की चर्चा कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में मानव जीवन पर इसके प्रभाव को रेखांकित कीजिये 4- अंतिम में समाधानात्मक निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये यदि स्थिर जलाशय में नाइट्रोजन और फास्फोरस जैसे पोषक तत्वों की मात्रा बढ़ जाती है तो उसे सुपोषण कहते हैं| सुपोषण की दशा में कुछ जलीय पादप, जीव जैसे डकवील, हाईसिंथ, जलकुम्भी और शैवाल तेजी से वृद्धि करने लगते हैं जब जल में शैवाल तेजी से वृद्धि करता है तो उसे शैवाल ब्लूम/प्रस्फुटन कहते हैं| इसकी प्रक्रिया अग्रलिखित है- जलाशय में पोषक तत्वों का आना-> शैवाल ब्लूम->वाटर ब्लूम->जल प्रदूषण-> जलीय जीवों की मृत्यु-> जैविक अपघटन-> BOD बढती है-> अनाक्सी श्वसन-> मीथेन &अमोनिया का बढ़ना->जल तंत्र को पूर्णतः प्रदूषित कर देता है-> जैव विविधता का विनाश सुपोषण के कारण प्राकृतिक कारणों से सुपोषण यह जलाशय के आसपास की वनस्पति एवं जंतुओं की मृत्यु और उससे प्राप्त जैविक पदार्थों के आने से होता है यह मंद गति से होता है मानवजनित कारणों से सुपोषण मानवीय कारकों से तीव्र दर से सुपोषण को संवर्द्ध सुपोषण कहते हैं मानवीय कारकों से होने वाले सुपोषण को दो वर्गों में रखा जा सकता है यथा बिंदु स्रोत प्रदूषक एवं अविंदु स्रोत प्रदूषक| बिंदु स्रोत प्रदूषक- वह प्रदूषणकारी तत्व जिसका जल में आने के स्रोत की जानकारी है उसे बिंदु स्रोत प्रदूषक कहते हैं जैसे औद्योगिक प्रदूषक, नगरीय सीवेज, घरेलू प्रदूषक अबिंदु स्रोत प्रदूषक- वह प्रदूषणकारी तत्व जिनके आने के स्रोत पूर्ण निर्धारित या पता नहीं किया जा सकता उसे अबिंदु स्रोत प्रदूषक कहते हैं जैसे वर्षा जल के साथ बह कर आया प्रदूषक, कृषि प्रदूषक आदि सुपोषण से हानि अथवा मानव जीवन पर इसका प्रभाव मानवीय कार्यों के लिए जल संसाधन की कमी मत्स्ययन की सुविधा में कमी या समापन जैव विविधता की हानि प्राकृतिक पर्यटन की हानि झील जल से मिलने वाली अन्य प्रकार की सेवायें भी समाप्त हो जायेंगी अथवा बाधित हो जायेंगी| इस तरह से देखते हैं कि सुपोषण मानवीय जीवन को पर्याप्त रूप से प्रभावित कर सकता है अतः इस पर नियंत्रण के लिए शैवाल फिल्ट्रेशन, बिंदु स्रोत प्रदूषणकारी तत्वों पर नियंत्रण के साथ ही लोगों में जागरूकता बढ़ाने की आवश्यकता है|
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##Question:सुपोषण से आप क्या समझते हैं? सुपोषण के लिए उत्तरदायी कारणों की चर्चा करते हुए मानव जीवन पर इसके प्रभाव को रेखांकित कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) What do you understand by eutrophication? Discussing the reasons responsible for eutrophication, underline its effect on human life. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में सुपोषण को परिभाषित कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में सुपोषण के लिए उत्तरदायी कारणों की चर्चा कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में मानव जीवन पर इसके प्रभाव को रेखांकित कीजिये 4- अंतिम में समाधानात्मक निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये यदि स्थिर जलाशय में नाइट्रोजन और फास्फोरस जैसे पोषक तत्वों की मात्रा बढ़ जाती है तो उसे सुपोषण कहते हैं| सुपोषण की दशा में कुछ जलीय पादप, जीव जैसे डकवील, हाईसिंथ, जलकुम्भी और शैवाल तेजी से वृद्धि करने लगते हैं जब जल में शैवाल तेजी से वृद्धि करता है तो उसे शैवाल ब्लूम/प्रस्फुटन कहते हैं| इसकी प्रक्रिया अग्रलिखित है- जलाशय में पोषक तत्वों का आना-> शैवाल ब्लूम->वाटर ब्लूम->जल प्रदूषण-> जलीय जीवों की मृत्यु-> जैविक अपघटन-> BOD बढती है-> अनाक्सी श्वसन-> मीथेन &अमोनिया का बढ़ना->जल तंत्र को पूर्णतः प्रदूषित कर देता है-> जैव विविधता का विनाश सुपोषण के कारण प्राकृतिक कारणों से सुपोषण यह जलाशय के आसपास की वनस्पति एवं जंतुओं की मृत्यु और उससे प्राप्त जैविक पदार्थों के आने से होता है यह मंद गति से होता है मानवजनित कारणों से सुपोषण मानवीय कारकों से तीव्र दर से सुपोषण को संवर्द्ध सुपोषण कहते हैं मानवीय कारकों से होने वाले सुपोषण को दो वर्गों में रखा जा सकता है यथा बिंदु स्रोत प्रदूषक एवं अविंदु स्रोत प्रदूषक| बिंदु स्रोत प्रदूषक- वह प्रदूषणकारी तत्व जिसका जल में आने के स्रोत की जानकारी है उसे बिंदु स्रोत प्रदूषक कहते हैं जैसे औद्योगिक प्रदूषक, नगरीय सीवेज, घरेलू प्रदूषक अबिंदु स्रोत प्रदूषक- वह प्रदूषणकारी तत्व जिनके आने के स्रोत पूर्ण निर्धारित या पता नहीं किया जा सकता उसे अबिंदु स्रोत प्रदूषक कहते हैं जैसे वर्षा जल के साथ बह कर आया प्रदूषक, कृषि प्रदूषक आदि सुपोषण से हानि अथवा मानव जीवन पर इसका प्रभाव मानवीय कार्यों के लिए जल संसाधन की कमी मत्स्ययन की सुविधा में कमी या समापन जैव विविधता की हानि प्राकृतिक पर्यटन की हानि झील जल से मिलने वाली अन्य प्रकार की सेवायें भी समाप्त हो जायेंगी अथवा बाधित हो जायेंगी| इस तरह से देखते हैं कि सुपोषण मानवीय जीवन को पर्याप्त रूप से प्रभावित कर सकता है अतः इस पर नियंत्रण के लिए शैवाल फिल्ट्रेशन, बिंदु स्रोत प्रदूषणकारी तत्वों पर नियंत्रण के साथ ही लोगों में जागरूकता बढ़ाने की आवश्यकता है|
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India continues to believe that its national interest is best served in a de-nuclearised world, despite this unwavering belief India has not signed the Comprehensive test ban treaty (CTBT). Comment. [150 words/10 marks]
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Approach:- In the introduction, mention the context of CTBT In the body part, mention how India"s national interest is best served in a de-nuclearized world Then mention why India did not sign CTBT Mention a way forward Answer:- CTBT i.e. Comprehensive test ban treaty was negotiated at a conference on disarmament and adopted by UNGA. It aims at banning all Nuclear explosions for both civilian and military purposes. India"s national interest in a de-nuclearized world India"s national interest will be best served in a de-nuclearized world because it provides certain benefits such as By constraining the development and qualitative improvement of Nuclear weapons, the treaty puts a break on the Nuclear arms race Nuclear testing has a catastrophic impact on the environment, human health, food security, and Economic Development It is the largest arms control treaty Although, India has not signed this treaty. Reasons for not signing the CTBT India contests that this treaty is neither comprehensive nor a test ban. Developed countries can carry out sub-critical and lab-simulated tests The Nuclear weapon states have marginal utility in carrying out further Nuclear tests. It is discriminatory in nature and divides the world into nuclear haves and nuclear have-nots India stands for Universal comprehensive time-bound and verifiable nuclear disarmament. India in principle opposes the Entry-Into-Force clause. EIF mandated that all IMS member states ratify this treaty for it to enter into force. Consequently, India had to withdraw out of IMS. India holds this treaty to be violative of the Vienna Convention on laws of the treaty Way forward As India has a self-imposed moratorium on future nuclear testing, one school of thought says India has nothing to lose by signing the CTBT Further India"s credentials as a responsible Nuclear weapon state will be bolstered Also It will strengthen India"s case for membership in NSG (Nucealrs suppliers group) and UNSC India can also gain access to data from IMS and IDC which can be used for civilian purposes and scientific research
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##Question:India continues to believe that its national interest is best served in a de-nuclearised world, despite this unwavering belief India has not signed the Comprehensive test ban treaty (CTBT). Comment. [150 words/10 marks]##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, mention the context of CTBT In the body part, mention how India"s national interest is best served in a de-nuclearized world Then mention why India did not sign CTBT Mention a way forward Answer:- CTBT i.e. Comprehensive test ban treaty was negotiated at a conference on disarmament and adopted by UNGA. It aims at banning all Nuclear explosions for both civilian and military purposes. India"s national interest in a de-nuclearized world India"s national interest will be best served in a de-nuclearized world because it provides certain benefits such as By constraining the development and qualitative improvement of Nuclear weapons, the treaty puts a break on the Nuclear arms race Nuclear testing has a catastrophic impact on the environment, human health, food security, and Economic Development It is the largest arms control treaty Although, India has not signed this treaty. Reasons for not signing the CTBT India contests that this treaty is neither comprehensive nor a test ban. Developed countries can carry out sub-critical and lab-simulated tests The Nuclear weapon states have marginal utility in carrying out further Nuclear tests. It is discriminatory in nature and divides the world into nuclear haves and nuclear have-nots India stands for Universal comprehensive time-bound and verifiable nuclear disarmament. India in principle opposes the Entry-Into-Force clause. EIF mandated that all IMS member states ratify this treaty for it to enter into force. Consequently, India had to withdraw out of IMS. India holds this treaty to be violative of the Vienna Convention on laws of the treaty Way forward As India has a self-imposed moratorium on future nuclear testing, one school of thought says India has nothing to lose by signing the CTBT Further India"s credentials as a responsible Nuclear weapon state will be bolstered Also It will strengthen India"s case for membership in NSG (Nucealrs suppliers group) and UNSC India can also gain access to data from IMS and IDC which can be used for civilian purposes and scientific research
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प्रवाल भित्तियां पारितंत्रीय रूप से बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है लेकिन विविध कारणों से प्रवालों का विरंजन हो रहा है। इसके प्रति बढ़ती जागरूकता को ध्यान में रखते हुए प्रवाल संरक्षण के लिए अनेक अंतर्राष्ट्रीय प्रयास किये जा रहे हैं। चर्चा कीजिये। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Coral reefs are very important ecologically but due to various reasons corals are getting bleached. Keeping in mind the increasing awareness about it, many international efforts are being made for coral conservation. Discuss. (150-200 words/10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में प्रवालभित्तियों को परिभाषित कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में प्रवाल भित्तियों के पारितंत्रीय महत्त्व को स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में प्रवाल विरंजन के कारणों की संक्षिप्त सूचना देते हुए प्रवाल संरक्षण के लिए हो रहे अंतरराष्ट्रीय प्रयासों की चर्चा कीजिये 4- अंतिम में उपयुक्त निष्कर्ष के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये प्रवाल भित्ति जैव विविधतापूर्ण अंतः सागरीय स्थलाकृति हैं । ये विश्व के प्रमुख विविधतापूर्ण पारिस्थितिक तंत्रों में से एक है । जैव विविधता से समृद्ध होने के कारण ही इन्हें सामुद्रिक वर्षावन कहा जाता है । प्रावाल भित्तियों का निर्माण कोरल पॉलिप या जन्तु प्रवाल के अस्थिपंजरों के समेकन तथा संयोजन से होता है । ये अस्थिपंजर कैल्शियम कार्बोनेट के बने होते हैं| प्रवाल भित्ति के पारितंत्रीय महत्व: कोरल रीफ सामान्यतः पृथ्वी का सबसे मूल्यवान और विविधतापूर्ण भरा इकोसिस्टम है। प्रवाल भित्ति किसी अन्य समुद्री वातावरण की तुलना में प्रति वर्ग क्षेत्रफल में सर्वाधिक स्पीसीज को आश्रय प्रदान करती है। न केवल कोरल रीफ पारिस्थितिक तंत्र जैविक रूप से समृद्ध और प्राकृतिक सुंदरता का स्रोत हैं, वे तटीय समुदायों को अनगिनत सेवाएं प्रदान करते हैं, जिनका वे समर्थन करते हैं। चिकित्सा के क्षेत्र में कोरल रीफ का अत्यधिक महत्व है। कैंसर, बैक्टिरियल संक्रमण, अर्थ्राइटिसआदि बीमारियों की दवाओं का निर्माण इससे होता है। कोरल रीफ पृथ्वी के कुल क्षेत्रफल के 1% से भी कम क्षेत्रफल पर है लेकिन यह प्रतिवर्ष 375 मिलियन $ से अधिक की वस्तुएँ और सेवाएँ हमें प्रदान करती है। पर्यटन को बढ़ावा देती है जिससे स्थानीय लोगों को रोजगार मिलता है। कोरल रीफ अपरदन को नियंत्रित करती है और समुद्री तूफानों के लिए प्राकृतिक अवरोधक का काम करती है , जिससे संम्पति और जीवन की रक्षा भी होती है। विश्व की लगभग आधा बिलियन जनसंख्या कोरल रीफ के 100 किलोमीटर के दायरे में रहती है और जीविका के लिए प्रत्यक्ष या अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से इसी पर निर्भर है। कोरल रीफ्स स्पॉइंग और नर्सरी आधार प्रदान करते हैं जो कि आर्थिक रूप से महत्वपूर्ण मछली आबादी को पनपने की आवश्यकता होती है। इसके अलावा, प्रवाल भित्ति पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र दुनिया के कई क्षेत्रों में सांस्कृतिक विरासत के महत्वपूर्ण स्थल हैं, और लाखों लोगों के लिए सांस्कृतिक परंपराएं प्रवाल भित्तियों के लिए महत्वपूर्ण रूप से बंधी हुई हैं| प्रवाल विरंजन के कारण प्रवाल विरंजन का सामान्य अर्थ होता है- शैवाल का रंग श्वेत हो जाना | जलवायु परिवर्तन प्रवाल विरंजन का सबसे प्रमुख कारण हैं | इसके अतिरिक्त कोस्टल क्षेत्रों का विकास, एल-नीनो का प्रभाव, अवैध तथा अत्यधिक मत्स्यन, कोयले का खनन तथा प्रदूषण भी प्रवाल विरंजन का प्रमुख कारण है | प्रवाल भित्तियाँ मानव जीवन के लिए बहुत महत्वपूर्ण हैं; लेकिन इनको अपने अस्तित्व को बनाए रखने के लिए कई प्रकार के प्राकृतिक और मानव जनित खतरों से जूझना पड़ रहा है। अतः इनके संदर्भ में जन जागरूकता बढ़ी है प्रवाल विरंजन से निपटने के लिए अंतरराष्ट्रीय प्रयास संयुक्त राष्ट्र पर्यावरण कार्यक्रम - ने तटीय संरक्षण के लिए पारिस्थितिक तंत्र आधारित अनुकूलन के रूप में प्रवाल भित्ति संरक्षण और पुनर्स्थापना को शामिल किया है अंतर्राष्ट्रीय प्रवाल भित्ति पहल - राष्ट्रों एवं संगठनों के मध्य एक अनौपचारिक साझेदारी है जिसका उद्देश्य विश्व भर में प्रवाल और संबंधित पारिस्थितिकी प्रणालियों को संरक्षण प्रदान करना है। इस पहल की शुरुआत 1994 में ऑस्ट्रेलिया, फ्रांस, जापान, फिलिपिंस, यूनाइटेड किंगडम, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका द्वारा की गई थी भारत देश का सदस्य है इंटरनेशनल कोरल रीफ इनिशिएटिव(ICRI) - राष्ट्रों और संगठनों के बीच अनौपचारिक साझेदारी जिसका उद्देश्य विश्व भर में प्रवाल भित्तियों और सम्बंधित पारिस्थितिक प्रणालियों को संरक्षित करना है | वैश्विक कोरल रीफ निगरानी नेटवर्क- प्रवाल भित्तियों का संरक्षण और प्रबंधन को बढ़ावा देना अंतरराष्ट्रीय कोरल रीफ एक्शन नेटवर्क- प्रवाल प्रबंधन को मजबूत करने के लिए पारंपरिक ज्ञान वर्तमान अनुसन्धान और सर्वोत्तम प्रभावों को साझा करना और बढ़ावा देना | ग्लोबल कोरल रीफ मॉनिटरिंग नेटवर्क- यह अंतर्राष्ट्रीय प्रवाल भित्ति पहल के तहत स्थापित एक नेटवर्क है जो प्रवाल के संरक्षण और प्रबंधन को प्रोत्साहित करने हेतु प्रवाल भित्ति पारिस्थितिकी प्रणालियों की स्थिति पर वैज्ञानिक जानकारी और सूचना प्रदान करने का कार्य करता है इंटरनेशनल कोरल रीफ एक्शन नेटवर्क- इंटरनेशनल कोरल रीफ एक्शन नेटवर्क निजी और सार्वजनिक संगठनों का एक रणनीतिक गठबंधन है जो प्रवाल भित्ति पारिस्थितिक तंत्र के प्रबंधन और उस पर निर्भर समुदाय की आवश्यकताओं के प्रबंधन हेतु विश्व भर में कार्य करता है इसके लिए यह पारंपरिक ज्ञान, वर्तमान अनुसंधान एवं सर्वोत्तम पद्धतियों को साझा करने तथा प्रोत्साहन देने का कार्य करता है कोरल ट्रायंगल इनीशिएटिव- कोरल ट्रायंगल 6 देशों यथा इंडोनेशिया, मलेशिया, पापुआ न्यू गिनी, फिलिपिंस, सोलैमन द्वीप समूह और तिमोर ने प्रवाल और उनके द्वारा समर्थित प्रजातियों तथा मत्स्यम की बहुलता को संरक्षण प्रदान करने के उद्देश्य से यह साझेदारी स्थापित की है इस तरह से देख सकते हैं कि कोरल ब्लीचिंग और कोरल संरक्षण के प्रति बढती जागरूकता ने अंतर्राष्ट्रीय प्रयासों को सक्रियता प्रदान की है|कि हम सभी की नैतिक जिम्मेदारी बनती है कि हमें ऐसे कार्यों को बंद करना होगा जिससे कोरल रीफ को नुकसान पहुँचता है। हमें इनको संरक्षित करने का प्रयास करना चाहिए। कोरल रीफ का संरक्षण समय की माँग है। अतः हमें प्रदूषित जल को समुद्र में छोड़ने से बचना चाहिए। साथ ही सजावट के लिए कोरल के प्रयोग को हतोत्साहित करना चाहिए।
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##Question:प्रवाल भित्तियां पारितंत्रीय रूप से बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है लेकिन विविध कारणों से प्रवालों का विरंजन हो रहा है। इसके प्रति बढ़ती जागरूकता को ध्यान में रखते हुए प्रवाल संरक्षण के लिए अनेक अंतर्राष्ट्रीय प्रयास किये जा रहे हैं। चर्चा कीजिये। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) Coral reefs are very important ecologically but due to various reasons corals are getting bleached. Keeping in mind the increasing awareness about it, many international efforts are being made for coral conservation. Discuss. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में प्रवालभित्तियों को परिभाषित कीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में प्रवाल भित्तियों के पारितंत्रीय महत्त्व को स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में प्रवाल विरंजन के कारणों की संक्षिप्त सूचना देते हुए प्रवाल संरक्षण के लिए हो रहे अंतरराष्ट्रीय प्रयासों की चर्चा कीजिये 4- अंतिम में उपयुक्त निष्कर्ष के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये प्रवाल भित्ति जैव विविधतापूर्ण अंतः सागरीय स्थलाकृति हैं । ये विश्व के प्रमुख विविधतापूर्ण पारिस्थितिक तंत्रों में से एक है । जैव विविधता से समृद्ध होने के कारण ही इन्हें सामुद्रिक वर्षावन कहा जाता है । प्रावाल भित्तियों का निर्माण कोरल पॉलिप या जन्तु प्रवाल के अस्थिपंजरों के समेकन तथा संयोजन से होता है । ये अस्थिपंजर कैल्शियम कार्बोनेट के बने होते हैं| प्रवाल भित्ति के पारितंत्रीय महत्व: कोरल रीफ सामान्यतः पृथ्वी का सबसे मूल्यवान और विविधतापूर्ण भरा इकोसिस्टम है। प्रवाल भित्ति किसी अन्य समुद्री वातावरण की तुलना में प्रति वर्ग क्षेत्रफल में सर्वाधिक स्पीसीज को आश्रय प्रदान करती है। न केवल कोरल रीफ पारिस्थितिक तंत्र जैविक रूप से समृद्ध और प्राकृतिक सुंदरता का स्रोत हैं, वे तटीय समुदायों को अनगिनत सेवाएं प्रदान करते हैं, जिनका वे समर्थन करते हैं। चिकित्सा के क्षेत्र में कोरल रीफ का अत्यधिक महत्व है। कैंसर, बैक्टिरियल संक्रमण, अर्थ्राइटिसआदि बीमारियों की दवाओं का निर्माण इससे होता है। कोरल रीफ पृथ्वी के कुल क्षेत्रफल के 1% से भी कम क्षेत्रफल पर है लेकिन यह प्रतिवर्ष 375 मिलियन $ से अधिक की वस्तुएँ और सेवाएँ हमें प्रदान करती है। पर्यटन को बढ़ावा देती है जिससे स्थानीय लोगों को रोजगार मिलता है। कोरल रीफ अपरदन को नियंत्रित करती है और समुद्री तूफानों के लिए प्राकृतिक अवरोधक का काम करती है , जिससे संम्पति और जीवन की रक्षा भी होती है। विश्व की लगभग आधा बिलियन जनसंख्या कोरल रीफ के 100 किलोमीटर के दायरे में रहती है और जीविका के लिए प्रत्यक्ष या अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से इसी पर निर्भर है। कोरल रीफ्स स्पॉइंग और नर्सरी आधार प्रदान करते हैं जो कि आर्थिक रूप से महत्वपूर्ण मछली आबादी को पनपने की आवश्यकता होती है। इसके अलावा, प्रवाल भित्ति पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र दुनिया के कई क्षेत्रों में सांस्कृतिक विरासत के महत्वपूर्ण स्थल हैं, और लाखों लोगों के लिए सांस्कृतिक परंपराएं प्रवाल भित्तियों के लिए महत्वपूर्ण रूप से बंधी हुई हैं| प्रवाल विरंजन के कारण प्रवाल विरंजन का सामान्य अर्थ होता है- शैवाल का रंग श्वेत हो जाना | जलवायु परिवर्तन प्रवाल विरंजन का सबसे प्रमुख कारण हैं | इसके अतिरिक्त कोस्टल क्षेत्रों का विकास, एल-नीनो का प्रभाव, अवैध तथा अत्यधिक मत्स्यन, कोयले का खनन तथा प्रदूषण भी प्रवाल विरंजन का प्रमुख कारण है | प्रवाल भित्तियाँ मानव जीवन के लिए बहुत महत्वपूर्ण हैं; लेकिन इनको अपने अस्तित्व को बनाए रखने के लिए कई प्रकार के प्राकृतिक और मानव जनित खतरों से जूझना पड़ रहा है। अतः इनके संदर्भ में जन जागरूकता बढ़ी है प्रवाल विरंजन से निपटने के लिए अंतरराष्ट्रीय प्रयास संयुक्त राष्ट्र पर्यावरण कार्यक्रम - ने तटीय संरक्षण के लिए पारिस्थितिक तंत्र आधारित अनुकूलन के रूप में प्रवाल भित्ति संरक्षण और पुनर्स्थापना को शामिल किया है अंतर्राष्ट्रीय प्रवाल भित्ति पहल - राष्ट्रों एवं संगठनों के मध्य एक अनौपचारिक साझेदारी है जिसका उद्देश्य विश्व भर में प्रवाल और संबंधित पारिस्थितिकी प्रणालियों को संरक्षण प्रदान करना है। इस पहल की शुरुआत 1994 में ऑस्ट्रेलिया, फ्रांस, जापान, फिलिपिंस, यूनाइटेड किंगडम, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका द्वारा की गई थी भारत देश का सदस्य है इंटरनेशनल कोरल रीफ इनिशिएटिव(ICRI) - राष्ट्रों और संगठनों के बीच अनौपचारिक साझेदारी जिसका उद्देश्य विश्व भर में प्रवाल भित्तियों और सम्बंधित पारिस्थितिक प्रणालियों को संरक्षित करना है | वैश्विक कोरल रीफ निगरानी नेटवर्क- प्रवाल भित्तियों का संरक्षण और प्रबंधन को बढ़ावा देना अंतरराष्ट्रीय कोरल रीफ एक्शन नेटवर्क- प्रवाल प्रबंधन को मजबूत करने के लिए पारंपरिक ज्ञान वर्तमान अनुसन्धान और सर्वोत्तम प्रभावों को साझा करना और बढ़ावा देना | ग्लोबल कोरल रीफ मॉनिटरिंग नेटवर्क- यह अंतर्राष्ट्रीय प्रवाल भित्ति पहल के तहत स्थापित एक नेटवर्क है जो प्रवाल के संरक्षण और प्रबंधन को प्रोत्साहित करने हेतु प्रवाल भित्ति पारिस्थितिकी प्रणालियों की स्थिति पर वैज्ञानिक जानकारी और सूचना प्रदान करने का कार्य करता है इंटरनेशनल कोरल रीफ एक्शन नेटवर्क- इंटरनेशनल कोरल रीफ एक्शन नेटवर्क निजी और सार्वजनिक संगठनों का एक रणनीतिक गठबंधन है जो प्रवाल भित्ति पारिस्थितिक तंत्र के प्रबंधन और उस पर निर्भर समुदाय की आवश्यकताओं के प्रबंधन हेतु विश्व भर में कार्य करता है इसके लिए यह पारंपरिक ज्ञान, वर्तमान अनुसंधान एवं सर्वोत्तम पद्धतियों को साझा करने तथा प्रोत्साहन देने का कार्य करता है कोरल ट्रायंगल इनीशिएटिव- कोरल ट्रायंगल 6 देशों यथा इंडोनेशिया, मलेशिया, पापुआ न्यू गिनी, फिलिपिंस, सोलैमन द्वीप समूह और तिमोर ने प्रवाल और उनके द्वारा समर्थित प्रजातियों तथा मत्स्यम की बहुलता को संरक्षण प्रदान करने के उद्देश्य से यह साझेदारी स्थापित की है इस तरह से देख सकते हैं कि कोरल ब्लीचिंग और कोरल संरक्षण के प्रति बढती जागरूकता ने अंतर्राष्ट्रीय प्रयासों को सक्रियता प्रदान की है|कि हम सभी की नैतिक जिम्मेदारी बनती है कि हमें ऐसे कार्यों को बंद करना होगा जिससे कोरल रीफ को नुकसान पहुँचता है। हमें इनको संरक्षित करने का प्रयास करना चाहिए। कोरल रीफ का संरक्षण समय की माँग है। अतः हमें प्रदूषित जल को समुद्र में छोड़ने से बचना चाहिए। साथ ही सजावट के लिए कोरल के प्रयोग को हतोत्साहित करना चाहिए।
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What is external debt of a country? What are the various ways to incur this debt? (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Mention the meaning of external debt in the introduction Mention the various ways through which external debt can be incurred Conclude appropriately Answer: A country"s external debt includes the debt of all residents towards non-residents, that is, the debt of the government as well as non-government entities to external sources. There are various ways to incur this debt: 1. Bonds It can be issued in both domestic as well as offshore markets as well as in domestic and foreign currency. FIIs purchase bonds from the domestic market and hence they lend money in Indian rupees as the bond is denominated in INR. FII debt is therefore rupee-denominated debt. 1.1. Sovereign bonds These are Indian government bonds issued in the offshore markets and denominated in foreign currency. As yet, we have not issued these bonds because the exchange rate risk would be borne by the borrower(the government in this case) 1.2. Masala bonds or offshore rupee-denominated bonds The exchange rate risk, therefore is, transferred to the lender. Anybody that is government, government-backed entity or private entity can issue these bonds. Several Indian entities have issued them in past with the help of the IFC(International Finance Corporation). 2. External Commercial Borrowings It means borrowings from abroad on a commercial basis, that is, at a market rate of interest, through financial institutions such as banks. Anybody can borrow, although there are limits to the total ECB. Most of India"s external debt is denominated in dollars and most of it is of long-term maturity.
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##Question:What is external debt of a country? What are the various ways to incur this debt? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Mention the meaning of external debt in the introduction Mention the various ways through which external debt can be incurred Conclude appropriately Answer: A country"s external debt includes the debt of all residents towards non-residents, that is, the debt of the government as well as non-government entities to external sources. There are various ways to incur this debt: 1. Bonds It can be issued in both domestic as well as offshore markets as well as in domestic and foreign currency. FIIs purchase bonds from the domestic market and hence they lend money in Indian rupees as the bond is denominated in INR. FII debt is therefore rupee-denominated debt. 1.1. Sovereign bonds These are Indian government bonds issued in the offshore markets and denominated in foreign currency. As yet, we have not issued these bonds because the exchange rate risk would be borne by the borrower(the government in this case) 1.2. Masala bonds or offshore rupee-denominated bonds The exchange rate risk, therefore is, transferred to the lender. Anybody that is government, government-backed entity or private entity can issue these bonds. Several Indian entities have issued them in past with the help of the IFC(International Finance Corporation). 2. External Commercial Borrowings It means borrowings from abroad on a commercial basis, that is, at a market rate of interest, through financial institutions such as banks. Anybody can borrow, although there are limits to the total ECB. Most of India"s external debt is denominated in dollars and most of it is of long-term maturity.
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What is meant by Public Distribution System? While mentioning the objectives of PDS, explain the Targeted PDS system (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduction Introduce with the meaning of PDS Body Briefly write about the objectives of PDS. Explains TPDS. Conclusion Conclude with issues and reform etc Answer The Public Distribution System (PDS) evolved as a system of management of scarcity through the distribution of food grains at affordable prices. PDS was introduced in India during WW-II as a wartime rationing measure so as to manage scarcity and distribute food grains at accessible prices to the population. After WW II like many other countries, India decided to abolish the rationing system. However, after independence in the face of renewed food inflationary pressure, the government reintroduced PDS.In 1964 the PDS system was institutionalized with the creation of FCI. Objectives of PDS To provide foodgrains and other essential items to vulnerable sections of society at reasonable prices. To maintain price stability and keep a check on the private trade of food grains. Ration during situations of scarcity. To attempt socialization in the matter of distribution of essential commodities. The central government was given the responsibility of procurement, bulk allocation to states, , storage, and distribution to states. State government was given operational responsibility including allocation within the states, issues of ration cards, supervision, and monitoring of fair price shops. Targeted PDS: - In 1997 following the advice of the World Bank the government introduced Targeted PDS in order to curtail its food subsidy. Targeted here means the focus was on poor and vulnerable sections of society and thereby PDS evolved from being a general and universal system to a system with targeted subsidies for BPL households. Features of TPDS The households were divided into two categories APL and BPL households. The third category of Antyodaya households (poorest of poor ) was introduced in 2000. A two-tier pricing structure where the Central issue price(CIP) for BPL households was set at 50% of the Economic cost of foodgrains to FCI whereas it"s 100% for APL. The Size of the BPL population and entitlement to be given was to be decided by the central government. The identification of BPL households was the responsibility of the state government. The end retail price or the issue price was to be fixed by the state government taking into consideration the margin of fair shop owners and transportation charges However central government recommended that this price should be close to CIP. However, some issues were extra charges being levied, Erratic time of fair price shops, less quantity of foodgrains being given. The entitlements are mostly limited to foodgrains that as rice and wheat thereby not considering the nutritional requirements for a healthy life. To overcome some issues of TPDS central government enacted NFSA 2013 with many accountability measures such as legal right, state food commissions, and food allowances etc
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##Question:What is meant by Public Distribution System? While mentioning the objectives of PDS, explain the Targeted PDS system (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduction Introduce with the meaning of PDS Body Briefly write about the objectives of PDS. Explains TPDS. Conclusion Conclude with issues and reform etc Answer The Public Distribution System (PDS) evolved as a system of management of scarcity through the distribution of food grains at affordable prices. PDS was introduced in India during WW-II as a wartime rationing measure so as to manage scarcity and distribute food grains at accessible prices to the population. After WW II like many other countries, India decided to abolish the rationing system. However, after independence in the face of renewed food inflationary pressure, the government reintroduced PDS.In 1964 the PDS system was institutionalized with the creation of FCI. Objectives of PDS To provide foodgrains and other essential items to vulnerable sections of society at reasonable prices. To maintain price stability and keep a check on the private trade of food grains. Ration during situations of scarcity. To attempt socialization in the matter of distribution of essential commodities. The central government was given the responsibility of procurement, bulk allocation to states, , storage, and distribution to states. State government was given operational responsibility including allocation within the states, issues of ration cards, supervision, and monitoring of fair price shops. Targeted PDS: - In 1997 following the advice of the World Bank the government introduced Targeted PDS in order to curtail its food subsidy. Targeted here means the focus was on poor and vulnerable sections of society and thereby PDS evolved from being a general and universal system to a system with targeted subsidies for BPL households. Features of TPDS The households were divided into two categories APL and BPL households. The third category of Antyodaya households (poorest of poor ) was introduced in 2000. A two-tier pricing structure where the Central issue price(CIP) for BPL households was set at 50% of the Economic cost of foodgrains to FCI whereas it"s 100% for APL. The Size of the BPL population and entitlement to be given was to be decided by the central government. The identification of BPL households was the responsibility of the state government. The end retail price or the issue price was to be fixed by the state government taking into consideration the margin of fair shop owners and transportation charges However central government recommended that this price should be close to CIP. However, some issues were extra charges being levied, Erratic time of fair price shops, less quantity of foodgrains being given. The entitlements are mostly limited to foodgrains that as rice and wheat thereby not considering the nutritional requirements for a healthy life. To overcome some issues of TPDS central government enacted NFSA 2013 with many accountability measures such as legal right, state food commissions, and food allowances etc
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जलवायु भारत के आर्थिक और सामाजिक जीवन को कई तरह से प्रभावित करती है| टिप्पणी कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Climate affects the economic and social life of India in many ways. Comment (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में भारत की जलवायु के बारे में संक्षेप में बताइये 2- मुख्य भाग में जलवायु का भारत के सामाजिक-आर्थिक जीवन पर प्रभाव स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- अंतिम में कथन के पक्ष में निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये भारत की जलवायु की कुछ ऐसी विशेषताएँ हैं जिनका भारत के आर्थिक एवं सामाजिक जीवन पर अत्यधिक प्रभाव पड़ता है। शायद ही किसी देश में वर्षा का जीवन पर इतना अधिक प्रभाव पड़ता हो जितना कि भारत में, क्योंकि लगभग 60% जनसंख्या भरण-पोषण के लिए कृषि एवं पशुपालन पर निर्भर करती है, जो मुख्यतः दक्षिण-पश्चिमी मानसून पर आधारित है। वास्तव में, “मानसून वह धुरी है जिस पर भारत का समस्त जीवन-चक्र एवं राष्ट्रीय वार्षिक बजट घूमता है क्योंकि वर्षा का अभाव खेती को ही नष्ट नहीं करता अपितु किसान एवं देश के आर्थिक एवं सामाजिक जीवन को भी झकझोर देता है।” वर्षा की अनिश्चितता के कारण ही भारत सरकार के वित्त विभाग का बजट मानसून का जुआ समझा जाता है। जलवायु का भारत के आर्थिक और सामाजिक जीवन पर प्रभाव शीतकाल में भी भारत का तापमान बहुत नीचे नहीं गिरता वरन् प्रत्येक भाग में यथेष्ट गर्मी रहती है। इस कारण कृषि कार्यों के लिए अधिक समय मिलता है। अधिकांश भागों में पाला और कोहरा नहीं पड़ता। अतः भारत में इस ऋतु में शीतोष्ण कटिबन्ध की फसलें और गर्मियों में उष्ण कटिबन्ध तथा अर्ध-उष्ण कटिबन्ध की फसलें पैदा की जा सकती हैं। इस प्रकार भारत में विश्व की सभी प्रकार की फसलें या कृषि उपजें पैदा की जा सकती है। ग्रीष्मकाल में तापमान अचानक बढ़ता है। अतः फसलें शीघ्र पक जाती हैं, शीघ्रता से पकने के कारण उनकी किस्म अच्छी नहीं होती है। भारत गुणात्मक (qualitative) उत्पादक नहीं वरन् परिमाणात्मक (quantitative) उत्पादक वाला देश माना जाता है। यह बात दोनों ऋतुओं की ही फसलों पर लागू होती है क्योंकि इन फसलों के पकने का समय गर्मियों में ही आता है। निरन्तर कृषि शोध के पश्चात् भारतीय गुणात्मक उत्पादकता में भी 1965 के पश्चात् निरन्तर सुधार आने लगा है। वर्तमान में यहाँ का बासमती चावल एवं फार्म का गेहूँ अपनी किस्म में विश्व प्रसिद्ध हैं। भीषण गर्मी के उपरान्त वर्षा आने से अनेक व्याधियाँ और रोग उत्पन्न हो जाते हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, कुछ भागों में मलेरिया, आन्त्र शोथ, आदि का भीषण प्रकोप होता है। इससे जनसंख्या की कार्यक्षमता नष्ट हो जाती है। इसी प्रकार वर्षा-काल तथा ग्रीष्म के आरम्भ में अनेक रोगों के कारण बाल मृत्यु-दर भी ऊँची रहती है। भारत में वर्षा बहुत ही अनिश्चित होती है। किसी वर्ष वर्षा कम होने से सूखा होने से दुर्भिक्ष पड़ जाता है तो दूसरे वर्ष वर्षा अधिक होने से नदियों में बाढ़े आ जाती हैं उससे भी फसलें नष्ट हो जाती हैं। इसी कारण भारतीय ग्रामीण निराशावादी और भाग्यवादी बन गया है। वर्षा केवल तीन महीनों तक ही सीमित रहती है और वह भी अनिश्चित। इस कारण शीतकाल में फसलें उत्पन्न करने के लिए सिंचाई की बहुत अधिक आवश्यकता पड़ती है। मानसूनी जलवायु का ही यह प्रभाव है कि भारत में विभिन्न प्रकार की फसलें पैदा की जाती हैं, अन्यथा वर्षा के समान वितरण होने से विभिन्न प्रकार की फसलों के स्थान पर कुछ ही फसलें सभी क्षेत्रों में पैदा की जातीं। वर्षा के इस विषम वितरण के कारण ही यहाँ विभिन्न प्रकार की कृषि (आर्द्र कृषि, सिंचित कृषि तथा शुष्क कृषि) की जाती है। इसी भांति मानसून या वर्षा के काल में उष्ण व उपोष्ण कटिबन्ध की एवं शीत ऋतु में शीतोष्ण कटिबन्ध की फसलें पैदा की जाती हैं। अधिक वर्षा वाले क्षेत्रों में बाढ़ों के कारण अपार धन-जन एवं फसल, पशुओं और रेलमार्गों तथा सड़कों की हानि होती है। इसी प्रकार तूफानी या चक्रवातीय वर्षा के कारण खड़ी हुई फसलों और पशुओं को भी भारी हानि उठानी पड़ती है। हिमालयी प्रदेशों के अतिरिक्त शेष भारत में वर्ष भर यथेष्ट गर्मी रहती है, जिससे वर्ष भर कृषि की जा सकती है। • वर्षा की परिवर्तनीयता देश के कुछ भागों में सूखा अथवा बाढ़ का कारण बनती है। भारत में कृषि की समृद्धि वर्षा के उचित समय पर आने तथा उसके पर्याप्त वितरित होने पर निर्भर करती है। यदि वर्षा नहीं होती तो कृषि पर इसका कुप्रभाव पड़ता है, विशेष रूप से उन क्षेत्रों में जहाँ सिंचाई के साधन विकसित नहीं हैं। मानसून का अचानक प्रस्फोट देश के व्यापक क्षेत्रों में मृदा अपरदन की समस्या उत्पन्न कर देता है। इस तरह से देख सकते हैं कि जलवायु का भारत के सामाजिक-आर्थिक जीवन पर व्यापक प्रभाव दिखता है|
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##Question:जलवायु भारत के आर्थिक और सामाजिक जीवन को कई तरह से प्रभावित करती है| टिप्पणी कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Climate affects the economic and social life of India in many ways. Comment (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में भारत की जलवायु के बारे में संक्षेप में बताइये 2- मुख्य भाग में जलवायु का भारत के सामाजिक-आर्थिक जीवन पर प्रभाव स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- अंतिम में कथन के पक्ष में निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये भारत की जलवायु की कुछ ऐसी विशेषताएँ हैं जिनका भारत के आर्थिक एवं सामाजिक जीवन पर अत्यधिक प्रभाव पड़ता है। शायद ही किसी देश में वर्षा का जीवन पर इतना अधिक प्रभाव पड़ता हो जितना कि भारत में, क्योंकि लगभग 60% जनसंख्या भरण-पोषण के लिए कृषि एवं पशुपालन पर निर्भर करती है, जो मुख्यतः दक्षिण-पश्चिमी मानसून पर आधारित है। वास्तव में, “मानसून वह धुरी है जिस पर भारत का समस्त जीवन-चक्र एवं राष्ट्रीय वार्षिक बजट घूमता है क्योंकि वर्षा का अभाव खेती को ही नष्ट नहीं करता अपितु किसान एवं देश के आर्थिक एवं सामाजिक जीवन को भी झकझोर देता है।” वर्षा की अनिश्चितता के कारण ही भारत सरकार के वित्त विभाग का बजट मानसून का जुआ समझा जाता है। जलवायु का भारत के आर्थिक और सामाजिक जीवन पर प्रभाव शीतकाल में भी भारत का तापमान बहुत नीचे नहीं गिरता वरन् प्रत्येक भाग में यथेष्ट गर्मी रहती है। इस कारण कृषि कार्यों के लिए अधिक समय मिलता है। अधिकांश भागों में पाला और कोहरा नहीं पड़ता। अतः भारत में इस ऋतु में शीतोष्ण कटिबन्ध की फसलें और गर्मियों में उष्ण कटिबन्ध तथा अर्ध-उष्ण कटिबन्ध की फसलें पैदा की जा सकती हैं। इस प्रकार भारत में विश्व की सभी प्रकार की फसलें या कृषि उपजें पैदा की जा सकती है। ग्रीष्मकाल में तापमान अचानक बढ़ता है। अतः फसलें शीघ्र पक जाती हैं, शीघ्रता से पकने के कारण उनकी किस्म अच्छी नहीं होती है। भारत गुणात्मक (qualitative) उत्पादक नहीं वरन् परिमाणात्मक (quantitative) उत्पादक वाला देश माना जाता है। यह बात दोनों ऋतुओं की ही फसलों पर लागू होती है क्योंकि इन फसलों के पकने का समय गर्मियों में ही आता है। निरन्तर कृषि शोध के पश्चात् भारतीय गुणात्मक उत्पादकता में भी 1965 के पश्चात् निरन्तर सुधार आने लगा है। वर्तमान में यहाँ का बासमती चावल एवं फार्म का गेहूँ अपनी किस्म में विश्व प्रसिद्ध हैं। भीषण गर्मी के उपरान्त वर्षा आने से अनेक व्याधियाँ और रोग उत्पन्न हो जाते हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, कुछ भागों में मलेरिया, आन्त्र शोथ, आदि का भीषण प्रकोप होता है। इससे जनसंख्या की कार्यक्षमता नष्ट हो जाती है। इसी प्रकार वर्षा-काल तथा ग्रीष्म के आरम्भ में अनेक रोगों के कारण बाल मृत्यु-दर भी ऊँची रहती है। भारत में वर्षा बहुत ही अनिश्चित होती है। किसी वर्ष वर्षा कम होने से सूखा होने से दुर्भिक्ष पड़ जाता है तो दूसरे वर्ष वर्षा अधिक होने से नदियों में बाढ़े आ जाती हैं उससे भी फसलें नष्ट हो जाती हैं। इसी कारण भारतीय ग्रामीण निराशावादी और भाग्यवादी बन गया है। वर्षा केवल तीन महीनों तक ही सीमित रहती है और वह भी अनिश्चित। इस कारण शीतकाल में फसलें उत्पन्न करने के लिए सिंचाई की बहुत अधिक आवश्यकता पड़ती है। मानसूनी जलवायु का ही यह प्रभाव है कि भारत में विभिन्न प्रकार की फसलें पैदा की जाती हैं, अन्यथा वर्षा के समान वितरण होने से विभिन्न प्रकार की फसलों के स्थान पर कुछ ही फसलें सभी क्षेत्रों में पैदा की जातीं। वर्षा के इस विषम वितरण के कारण ही यहाँ विभिन्न प्रकार की कृषि (आर्द्र कृषि, सिंचित कृषि तथा शुष्क कृषि) की जाती है। इसी भांति मानसून या वर्षा के काल में उष्ण व उपोष्ण कटिबन्ध की एवं शीत ऋतु में शीतोष्ण कटिबन्ध की फसलें पैदा की जाती हैं। अधिक वर्षा वाले क्षेत्रों में बाढ़ों के कारण अपार धन-जन एवं फसल, पशुओं और रेलमार्गों तथा सड़कों की हानि होती है। इसी प्रकार तूफानी या चक्रवातीय वर्षा के कारण खड़ी हुई फसलों और पशुओं को भी भारी हानि उठानी पड़ती है। हिमालयी प्रदेशों के अतिरिक्त शेष भारत में वर्ष भर यथेष्ट गर्मी रहती है, जिससे वर्ष भर कृषि की जा सकती है। • वर्षा की परिवर्तनीयता देश के कुछ भागों में सूखा अथवा बाढ़ का कारण बनती है। भारत में कृषि की समृद्धि वर्षा के उचित समय पर आने तथा उसके पर्याप्त वितरित होने पर निर्भर करती है। यदि वर्षा नहीं होती तो कृषि पर इसका कुप्रभाव पड़ता है, विशेष रूप से उन क्षेत्रों में जहाँ सिंचाई के साधन विकसित नहीं हैं। मानसून का अचानक प्रस्फोट देश के व्यापक क्षेत्रों में मृदा अपरदन की समस्या उत्पन्न कर देता है। इस तरह से देख सकते हैं कि जलवायु का भारत के सामाजिक-आर्थिक जीवन पर व्यापक प्रभाव दिखता है|
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With growing apprehensions around China"s Belt and Road Initiative, discuss whether G7"s Build Back Better World (B3W) and Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII) can provide an alternative for global infrastructure development. (10Marks/150Words)
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Approach: Give a brief overview of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Discuss the relevance of the Build Back Better World (B3W) and Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII) Conclude accordingly. Model Answer: China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an ambitious infrastructure project that aims to build land and sea routes to link Asia, Africa, and Europe. Many policy analysts believe that the BRI is a state-backed campaign for global Chinese dominance and presents the following apprehensions: Chinese investments in strategic sectors in developing and struggling economies have led to a severe degree of economic dependence of these countries on China. Due to the unsustainable debt-for-infrastructure deals, the host countries find themselves handing over substantial tracts of territory and natural resources to the Chinese, for example, the Hambantota port in Sri Lanka. Several BRI projects violate the global principle of sovereignty and territorial integrity, for instance, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor in Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir. Many analysts believe that China is pursuing a ‘String of Pearls’ geo-economic strategy in the Indian Ocean, through which it may seize control of the regional choke points. The host countries do not find opportunities to create skills and employment through these projects as almost 90% of all BRI contracts are executed by Chinese construction companies using Chinese labor. In this context, G7"s Build Back Better World (B3W) and Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII)’ is deemed as alternatives that can fund the global infrastructure gap. Build Back Better World (B3W) The focus of both BRI and B3W differs. BRI is primarily focused on traditional ‘hard infrastructure’ i.e., ports, roads, dams, railways, electric power plants, and telecommunication facilities. In comparison, the B3W focuses on “softer” outcomes, namely improvements in climate, health and health security, modernized digital technology, gender equity, and equality. However, the G-7 and their partners have deep experience with bilateral and multilateral development finance, which could help address the $40+ trillion global infrastructure gaps identified by it. Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII) G7 announced the collective mobilization of 600 billion dollars by 2027 under the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII) to deliver game-changing and transparent infrastructure projects to developing and middle-income countries. The two initiatives are timely interventions. However, loans might give the lending countries power and influence over the domestic and foreign policy of the countries accepting the loans. To counter the neo-colonialist policy of any nation, it is essential that the rest of the world provides an integrated alternative approach rather than individual commitments. The developing countries also need to be aware and resist falling trap to the hidden agenda.
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##Question:With growing apprehensions around China"s Belt and Road Initiative, discuss whether G7"s Build Back Better World (B3W) and Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII) can provide an alternative for global infrastructure development. (10Marks/150Words)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief overview of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Discuss the relevance of the Build Back Better World (B3W) and Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII) Conclude accordingly. Model Answer: China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an ambitious infrastructure project that aims to build land and sea routes to link Asia, Africa, and Europe. Many policy analysts believe that the BRI is a state-backed campaign for global Chinese dominance and presents the following apprehensions: Chinese investments in strategic sectors in developing and struggling economies have led to a severe degree of economic dependence of these countries on China. Due to the unsustainable debt-for-infrastructure deals, the host countries find themselves handing over substantial tracts of territory and natural resources to the Chinese, for example, the Hambantota port in Sri Lanka. Several BRI projects violate the global principle of sovereignty and territorial integrity, for instance, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor in Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir. Many analysts believe that China is pursuing a ‘String of Pearls’ geo-economic strategy in the Indian Ocean, through which it may seize control of the regional choke points. The host countries do not find opportunities to create skills and employment through these projects as almost 90% of all BRI contracts are executed by Chinese construction companies using Chinese labor. In this context, G7"s Build Back Better World (B3W) and Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII)’ is deemed as alternatives that can fund the global infrastructure gap. Build Back Better World (B3W) The focus of both BRI and B3W differs. BRI is primarily focused on traditional ‘hard infrastructure’ i.e., ports, roads, dams, railways, electric power plants, and telecommunication facilities. In comparison, the B3W focuses on “softer” outcomes, namely improvements in climate, health and health security, modernized digital technology, gender equity, and equality. However, the G-7 and their partners have deep experience with bilateral and multilateral development finance, which could help address the $40+ trillion global infrastructure gaps identified by it. Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII) G7 announced the collective mobilization of 600 billion dollars by 2027 under the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII) to deliver game-changing and transparent infrastructure projects to developing and middle-income countries. The two initiatives are timely interventions. However, loans might give the lending countries power and influence over the domestic and foreign policy of the countries accepting the loans. To counter the neo-colonialist policy of any nation, it is essential that the rest of the world provides an integrated alternative approach rather than individual commitments. The developing countries also need to be aware and resist falling trap to the hidden agenda.
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The 18th century India was beset with the spectre of a fragmented polity. Discuss. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduce in brief about the condition of fragmented polity in mid-18th century India In the body, clarify with instances and examples how it created grounds for the unpleasant and dangerous occurrence Conclude accordingly by relating it to the impacts it had. Answer: The 18th century in India is often regarded as a challenging times when anarchy and chaos engulfed the entire country. It was a spectre because of frequent wars/invasions by foreign and neighbouring rulers. Though some states were very prosperous, and some achieved considerable military powers, none could achieve the resources and power to maintain an all-India polity. There were multiple reasons for such a fragmented polity in the mid-18th Century: Fall of the Mughals- Weak central leadership was one of the most important reasons for fragmented polity across the country. Aurangzeb"s misguided policies had weakened the stable Mughal rule. His death was followed by weak successive rulers and wars among them. Though Muhammad Shah ruled for quite some time but was an incompetent ruler. Rather, his incompetence led to the breaking away of members of Mughal nobility to establish their own kingdoms. Multiple Successor States- Muhammad Shah’s reign witnessed the establishment of the independent states of Awadh under Saadat Khan, Bengal under Murshid Quli Khan and Hyderabad under Nizam-ul-Mulk. Though they did not challenge the sovereignty of the Mughal ruler, but the establishment of virtually independent and hereditary authority by their governors/nobles showed the emergence of autonomous polity in these territories. External Challenges- Weak Mughal rulers could not put up a tough front against external challenges which came in the form of several invasions from the north-west ie by Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali which crushed the Mughal Empire to an extent that they were no longer the dominant power in the country. This also impacted the finances of the state during that time. Rise of insurgents and rebels- Insurgent states were set up by the Marathas, Sikhs, Jats and Afghans. There was a continuous struggle among the Mughals, Marathas and Afghans which eventually led to the third battle of Panipat which shook the Mughal rule to the core and weakening of Marathas as alternate rulers of India. Rise of Independent Kingdoms- These states came into existence majorly due to the destabilization of the Mughal control over the provinces. For example, Mysore, Kerala and Rajput states. Economic crisis- One of the major crises in the Mughal economic system was the jagirdari crisis. This was caused by a shortage of jagirs and an over-abundance of jagirdars, making the agrarian system more exploitative. This sparked off multiple revolts which ruined imperial stability. The rise of British power- This period also transformation of the English East India Company from a trading enterprise to a political power. The lack of strong imperial power, the decline of Marathas and the limitations of successor states opened space for the Britishers. The beginning of the empire is usually traced to when the British defeated the Bengal Nawab at Plassey. Also, they laid the foundation in South India with military might and diplomatic strategy. This was evident in the Anglo-Carnatic wars where the fragmented polity led to competition between the British and French. These reasons of fragmented polity created grounds for a spectre in the sense that masses had to bear the burnt. Masses suffered hardships due to heavy taxation, inflation, mass murder, etc. To finance the wars the regional rulers used to loot the standing crops and seize the prosperous states. Also, the Jagirdars and Izaradars used to exploit the agrarian economy which impacted the farmers the most. Thus, from the above, it is evident that the third battle of Panipat proved significant as the British significantly gained with the Maratha defeat and the British got a tremendous opportunity to expand their influence in Bengal and India. Also, with the Battle of Plassey and Buxar, the British gained substantial resources and territory. Ironically, it was only under colonial rule, that the fragmented nature of the Indian Polity could be unified under the imperial hold of the British crown in the 19th century. Eventually, they were on the way to rule India till 1947 when finally India gained independence because of the freedom fighters
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##Question:The 18th century India was beset with the spectre of a fragmented polity. Discuss. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief about the condition of fragmented polity in mid-18th century India In the body, clarify with instances and examples how it created grounds for the unpleasant and dangerous occurrence Conclude accordingly by relating it to the impacts it had. Answer: The 18th century in India is often regarded as a challenging times when anarchy and chaos engulfed the entire country. It was a spectre because of frequent wars/invasions by foreign and neighbouring rulers. Though some states were very prosperous, and some achieved considerable military powers, none could achieve the resources and power to maintain an all-India polity. There were multiple reasons for such a fragmented polity in the mid-18th Century: Fall of the Mughals- Weak central leadership was one of the most important reasons for fragmented polity across the country. Aurangzeb"s misguided policies had weakened the stable Mughal rule. His death was followed by weak successive rulers and wars among them. Though Muhammad Shah ruled for quite some time but was an incompetent ruler. Rather, his incompetence led to the breaking away of members of Mughal nobility to establish their own kingdoms. Multiple Successor States- Muhammad Shah’s reign witnessed the establishment of the independent states of Awadh under Saadat Khan, Bengal under Murshid Quli Khan and Hyderabad under Nizam-ul-Mulk. Though they did not challenge the sovereignty of the Mughal ruler, but the establishment of virtually independent and hereditary authority by their governors/nobles showed the emergence of autonomous polity in these territories. External Challenges- Weak Mughal rulers could not put up a tough front against external challenges which came in the form of several invasions from the north-west ie by Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali which crushed the Mughal Empire to an extent that they were no longer the dominant power in the country. This also impacted the finances of the state during that time. Rise of insurgents and rebels- Insurgent states were set up by the Marathas, Sikhs, Jats and Afghans. There was a continuous struggle among the Mughals, Marathas and Afghans which eventually led to the third battle of Panipat which shook the Mughal rule to the core and weakening of Marathas as alternate rulers of India. Rise of Independent Kingdoms- These states came into existence majorly due to the destabilization of the Mughal control over the provinces. For example, Mysore, Kerala and Rajput states. Economic crisis- One of the major crises in the Mughal economic system was the jagirdari crisis. This was caused by a shortage of jagirs and an over-abundance of jagirdars, making the agrarian system more exploitative. This sparked off multiple revolts which ruined imperial stability. The rise of British power- This period also transformation of the English East India Company from a trading enterprise to a political power. The lack of strong imperial power, the decline of Marathas and the limitations of successor states opened space for the Britishers. The beginning of the empire is usually traced to when the British defeated the Bengal Nawab at Plassey. Also, they laid the foundation in South India with military might and diplomatic strategy. This was evident in the Anglo-Carnatic wars where the fragmented polity led to competition between the British and French. These reasons of fragmented polity created grounds for a spectre in the sense that masses had to bear the burnt. Masses suffered hardships due to heavy taxation, inflation, mass murder, etc. To finance the wars the regional rulers used to loot the standing crops and seize the prosperous states. Also, the Jagirdars and Izaradars used to exploit the agrarian economy which impacted the farmers the most. Thus, from the above, it is evident that the third battle of Panipat proved significant as the British significantly gained with the Maratha defeat and the British got a tremendous opportunity to expand their influence in Bengal and India. Also, with the Battle of Plassey and Buxar, the British gained substantial resources and territory. Ironically, it was only under colonial rule, that the fragmented nature of the Indian Polity could be unified under the imperial hold of the British crown in the 19th century. Eventually, they were on the way to rule India till 1947 when finally India gained independence because of the freedom fighters
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India was part of the initial negotiation of the Rome Statute. However, once the final draft of the Rome Statute was adopted India decided against joining it. Examine. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with evolution and jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC). Then gives a reason for India not joining the International Criminal Court (ICC). Conclude accordingly. Answer International Criminal Court (ICC) was established on the basis of the Rome Statute. It was opened for signature in 1998 and entered into force in 2002. It is headquartered in the Hague, Netherlands. It is the first and only Permanent International Court with jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of Genocide, War Crimes, Crimes against Humanity, and Crimes of Aggression . It is intended to complement the existing National Judicial System. Therefore it exercises jurisdiction in certain cases only when the national court is unable or unwilling to prosecute the criminals. The court was established to fight global impunity and bring to justice criminals under international law regardless of their rank and stature. Limitations of International Criminal Court (ICC) It does not have its own enforcement body. It relies on cooperation with countries" worldwide support. It gives International Criminal Court (ICC) less deterrent value as the potential perpetrators of war crimes know that they can avoid the International Criminal Court (ICC) judgement by taking over the government and refusing to cooperate. The pace of investigation and judgement: After 19 years of being active the court has tried only a few cases that do not justify the financial resources, time and effort invested in it. Biased and Favour of Western Power Like the US: This was pointed out when in 2019 the Court denied permission to start an investigation into Afghanistan and recently when the prosecutor wanted to restart the investigation after the Taliban takeover, because of the scarcity of resources he sought to prioritise investigation into the crimes committed by the Taliban. Biased Against the Africa tool of Western Imperialism: Barring the recent years, the court since its formation largely took up the cases/investigation primarily alleged crimes committed by African countries. Nearly all the cases in the trial stage before the court are from Africa. African Union in 2016 had endorsed a proposal led by Kenya for the mass withdrawal of African countries from Rome’s Statute. India was part of the initial negotiation of the Rome Statute. However, once the final draft of the Rome Statute was adopted India decided against joining it due to the followings reasons: International Criminal Court (ICC) provide extraordinary power to UNSC to bind the non-state parties to the jurisdiction of the ICC while not necessitating the P5 countries themselves to sign and ratify the Rome Statute. India contents it to be violative of the Vienna Convention on the Laws of Treaties . It states that no Sovereign nation can be forced to accede or be bound by a treaty that it has not accepted. India objects to the omission of the Crime such as terrorism, use of nuclear weapons, and weapons of mass destruction from the jurisdiction of the ICC. Since India is the victim of insurgency and militancy it gives extraordinary power to its security personnel. Thus India does not want to make its security personnel vulnerable to international jurisdiction or use of such powers as pressure points against India. India believes that its national judicial system is competent enough and capable of trying any such individuals if required. Thus the need for hours to improve the International Criminal Court (ICC) functions as per the Independent Expert Review conducted in 2020 . Thus the prime focus should be on the amendment of the Code of Judicial Ethics to provide that the Court’s Administrative Instruction on Investigations of Unsatisfactory Conduct and the Administrative Instruction on Addressing Discrimination, Harassment, Including Sexual Harassment, and Abuse of Authority apply to judges, thus enhancing transparency, accountability and the application of consistent principles, procedures and obligations to all categories of cases in the Court.
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##Question:India was part of the initial negotiation of the Rome Statute. However, once the final draft of the Rome Statute was adopted India decided against joining it. Examine. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with evolution and jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC). Then gives a reason for India not joining the International Criminal Court (ICC). Conclude accordingly. Answer International Criminal Court (ICC) was established on the basis of the Rome Statute. It was opened for signature in 1998 and entered into force in 2002. It is headquartered in the Hague, Netherlands. It is the first and only Permanent International Court with jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of Genocide, War Crimes, Crimes against Humanity, and Crimes of Aggression . It is intended to complement the existing National Judicial System. Therefore it exercises jurisdiction in certain cases only when the national court is unable or unwilling to prosecute the criminals. The court was established to fight global impunity and bring to justice criminals under international law regardless of their rank and stature. Limitations of International Criminal Court (ICC) It does not have its own enforcement body. It relies on cooperation with countries" worldwide support. It gives International Criminal Court (ICC) less deterrent value as the potential perpetrators of war crimes know that they can avoid the International Criminal Court (ICC) judgement by taking over the government and refusing to cooperate. The pace of investigation and judgement: After 19 years of being active the court has tried only a few cases that do not justify the financial resources, time and effort invested in it. Biased and Favour of Western Power Like the US: This was pointed out when in 2019 the Court denied permission to start an investigation into Afghanistan and recently when the prosecutor wanted to restart the investigation after the Taliban takeover, because of the scarcity of resources he sought to prioritise investigation into the crimes committed by the Taliban. Biased Against the Africa tool of Western Imperialism: Barring the recent years, the court since its formation largely took up the cases/investigation primarily alleged crimes committed by African countries. Nearly all the cases in the trial stage before the court are from Africa. African Union in 2016 had endorsed a proposal led by Kenya for the mass withdrawal of African countries from Rome’s Statute. India was part of the initial negotiation of the Rome Statute. However, once the final draft of the Rome Statute was adopted India decided against joining it due to the followings reasons: International Criminal Court (ICC) provide extraordinary power to UNSC to bind the non-state parties to the jurisdiction of the ICC while not necessitating the P5 countries themselves to sign and ratify the Rome Statute. India contents it to be violative of the Vienna Convention on the Laws of Treaties . It states that no Sovereign nation can be forced to accede or be bound by a treaty that it has not accepted. India objects to the omission of the Crime such as terrorism, use of nuclear weapons, and weapons of mass destruction from the jurisdiction of the ICC. Since India is the victim of insurgency and militancy it gives extraordinary power to its security personnel. Thus India does not want to make its security personnel vulnerable to international jurisdiction or use of such powers as pressure points against India. India believes that its national judicial system is competent enough and capable of trying any such individuals if required. Thus the need for hours to improve the International Criminal Court (ICC) functions as per the Independent Expert Review conducted in 2020 . Thus the prime focus should be on the amendment of the Code of Judicial Ethics to provide that the Court’s Administrative Instruction on Investigations of Unsatisfactory Conduct and the Administrative Instruction on Addressing Discrimination, Harassment, Including Sexual Harassment, and Abuse of Authority apply to judges, thus enhancing transparency, accountability and the application of consistent principles, procedures and obligations to all categories of cases in the Court.
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Indian-Russian relations are time-tested and historically deep and without any hidden agenda. However, recent development in Russia-China and Russia-Pakistan Relations has been a cause of concern for India. Analyze. (250 words/15 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the trajectory of India-Russia Relations. Bring the discussion on the Russia-China and Russia-Pakistan growing closeness. Then explain the Indian concern. Further, bring the way forward. Conclude with the Indian rebalancing act. Answer As a result of its conflict with China and its experience of the USA as an unreliable partner , India backed into an ever more comprehensive relationship with Russia, culminating in the 1971 Treaty of Friendship . Soviet help was vital to India’s successful military campaign in East Bengal in 1971 and, it formed the backbone of Indian military procurement for decades. India-Russia relations are a key pillar of Indian foreign policy. India regards Russia as a trusted and reliable strategic partner. The India-Russia relationship not only stands independent of any other, but its significance has grown over time. Russia-India partnership covers areas such as defense, civil nuclear energy, space, science and technology, hydrocarbons, and trade and investment. Russia-China Relations The dramatic change in India-Russia-China relations can be traced back to the India–China war in 1962 , the USSR tried to be neutral between what it called ‘brother China’ and ‘friend India’, with the People’s Republic of China seeing this as a betrayal of international communist solidarity on the part of the USSR, and a factor that reflected and further exacerbated the growing Sino–Soviet split. In the early 1970s, both Indian and Soviet leaders looked at the emerging US-Chinese rapprochement as a serious threat to their security. Their response had been in 1971 with the Indo-Soviet Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation, which provided immediate consultation in case of military action against parties to the Treaty. However, recently we have seen the growing closeness between Russia-China and Russia-Pakistan due to the isolation of Russia by the Western world led by the USA. Political Disagreement over China For Russia, China has become its go-to all-around strategic partner because of Moscow"s isolation from the West. In fact, Russia has described its relations with China as a Partnership Without Limits. However, for India China represents a primary threat that in fact has necessitated a closer partnership with the US. While the US is the strategic adversary of Russia. In fact, the Russia-China partnership is to counter the US. Military cooperation between Russia and China Russia’s sale of advanced weaponry such as Kilo-class submarines, and Su-35 fighter aircraft . Such a military sale would aggravate the military imbalance between India-China. Thus growing Russia-China relations have affected India-Russia relations. China was critical of India’s participation in the Indo-Pacific vision led by QUAD. But seeing India stand up to the western pressure would catalyze a probable reset in India-China ties. Russia Pakistan Relations Driven in part by Moscow’s concern about Afghanistan there has been development in Russia-Pakistan relations. Evidence: They have conducted joint military exercises. Russia has signed a military training agreement with the Pakistan Forces. The long-maintained Russian Arms embargo on Pakistan was diluted and Moscow sold attack helicopters to Rawalpindi (the arms embargo on Pakistan has been re-imposed). Way Forward India and Russia do not have bilateral issues of friction between the two. Both are concerned vis-à-vis the other’s pursuits of relations with their adversaries. However, as sovereign nations in the multipolar world order, each country is free to pursue partnerships with any country in the world. But since they are each other’s time-tested friends and have historical ties, Russia and India can clearly communicate to each other their red lines vis-à-vis the other’s partnership with China, Pakistan and US respectively. In fact in the present multipolar world order, India-Russia-China should engage in the areas of their common interests such as their opposition to American unilateralism. India taking a stand of not siding with the west on the Russian sanctions augurs well for India’s image as a global power. If India were to emerge as an important power in the world it cannot succumb to the pressures of other countries. India should be able to pursue an autonomous foreign policy that prioritizes its own national interest. Such a stand of India would also clarify to China that India is not a passive partner of the West or an uncritical partner of the west. This in fact may aid the improvement of India-China ties as well. Thus India-Russia"s strong partnership is dictated by geography. Russia is closer in geographical proximity to India than Europe or US. Also, unlike the US or China which is the pragmatic power whose foreign policy attention shifts with change in the national interest, Russia is a time-tested friend of India. Thus India and Russia need to balance their interest so that they could remain out of any external influence.
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##Question:Indian-Russian relations are time-tested and historically deep and without any hidden agenda. However, recent development in Russia-China and Russia-Pakistan Relations has been a cause of concern for India. Analyze. (250 words/15 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the trajectory of India-Russia Relations. Bring the discussion on the Russia-China and Russia-Pakistan growing closeness. Then explain the Indian concern. Further, bring the way forward. Conclude with the Indian rebalancing act. Answer As a result of its conflict with China and its experience of the USA as an unreliable partner , India backed into an ever more comprehensive relationship with Russia, culminating in the 1971 Treaty of Friendship . Soviet help was vital to India’s successful military campaign in East Bengal in 1971 and, it formed the backbone of Indian military procurement for decades. India-Russia relations are a key pillar of Indian foreign policy. India regards Russia as a trusted and reliable strategic partner. The India-Russia relationship not only stands independent of any other, but its significance has grown over time. Russia-India partnership covers areas such as defense, civil nuclear energy, space, science and technology, hydrocarbons, and trade and investment. Russia-China Relations The dramatic change in India-Russia-China relations can be traced back to the India–China war in 1962 , the USSR tried to be neutral between what it called ‘brother China’ and ‘friend India’, with the People’s Republic of China seeing this as a betrayal of international communist solidarity on the part of the USSR, and a factor that reflected and further exacerbated the growing Sino–Soviet split. In the early 1970s, both Indian and Soviet leaders looked at the emerging US-Chinese rapprochement as a serious threat to their security. Their response had been in 1971 with the Indo-Soviet Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation, which provided immediate consultation in case of military action against parties to the Treaty. However, recently we have seen the growing closeness between Russia-China and Russia-Pakistan due to the isolation of Russia by the Western world led by the USA. Political Disagreement over China For Russia, China has become its go-to all-around strategic partner because of Moscow"s isolation from the West. In fact, Russia has described its relations with China as a Partnership Without Limits. However, for India China represents a primary threat that in fact has necessitated a closer partnership with the US. While the US is the strategic adversary of Russia. In fact, the Russia-China partnership is to counter the US. Military cooperation between Russia and China Russia’s sale of advanced weaponry such as Kilo-class submarines, and Su-35 fighter aircraft . Such a military sale would aggravate the military imbalance between India-China. Thus growing Russia-China relations have affected India-Russia relations. China was critical of India’s participation in the Indo-Pacific vision led by QUAD. But seeing India stand up to the western pressure would catalyze a probable reset in India-China ties. Russia Pakistan Relations Driven in part by Moscow’s concern about Afghanistan there has been development in Russia-Pakistan relations. Evidence: They have conducted joint military exercises. Russia has signed a military training agreement with the Pakistan Forces. The long-maintained Russian Arms embargo on Pakistan was diluted and Moscow sold attack helicopters to Rawalpindi (the arms embargo on Pakistan has been re-imposed). Way Forward India and Russia do not have bilateral issues of friction between the two. Both are concerned vis-à-vis the other’s pursuits of relations with their adversaries. However, as sovereign nations in the multipolar world order, each country is free to pursue partnerships with any country in the world. But since they are each other’s time-tested friends and have historical ties, Russia and India can clearly communicate to each other their red lines vis-à-vis the other’s partnership with China, Pakistan and US respectively. In fact in the present multipolar world order, India-Russia-China should engage in the areas of their common interests such as their opposition to American unilateralism. India taking a stand of not siding with the west on the Russian sanctions augurs well for India’s image as a global power. If India were to emerge as an important power in the world it cannot succumb to the pressures of other countries. India should be able to pursue an autonomous foreign policy that prioritizes its own national interest. Such a stand of India would also clarify to China that India is not a passive partner of the West or an uncritical partner of the west. This in fact may aid the improvement of India-China ties as well. Thus India-Russia"s strong partnership is dictated by geography. Russia is closer in geographical proximity to India than Europe or US. Also, unlike the US or China which is the pragmatic power whose foreign policy attention shifts with change in the national interest, Russia is a time-tested friend of India. Thus India and Russia need to balance their interest so that they could remain out of any external influence.
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What are the impediments in marketing and supply chain management in developing the food processing industries in India? Discuss measures which will help in overcoming these bottlenecks?(10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach- Define Food Processing Industries in brief in an introductory part. Highlight the challenges faced by Food Processing Industries wrt marketing and supply chain management. Conclude an answer by suggesting measures to overcome these bottlenecks Answer- Food processing involves the conversion of agriculture produces to other forms of the food item by some mechanical, physical, chemical or biological process. Like processing of fruits to Jam, jelly, etc. The industries/sector performing these functions are called Food Processing Industries. India ranked number one in production of rice, milk, pulses, ginger, banana, papaya, mango, second largest producer of wheat, potato, garlic, groundnut, etc however ranked 12th in exports of food and food products also India produced 175 million tonnes of vegetables and 85 million tonnes of fruits, but processing of only 10% so have a huge untapped export potential. FPI currently close to 121-130 billion USD. The industry exported worth 16.2 billion in 2016. CII estimates the FPI sector has the potential to attract 33 billion USD investment in the next 10 years. It could reduce rural-urban migration which could further solve the issue of unemployment, farmers income, poor living condition, etc. However, FPI is facing lots of issues. Issues faced by the food processing industry There is limited access to the market information, literacy level among the farmers is low. Supply side constraints- Connectivity is a major issue. Infrastructural constraints- poor storage facilities. Marketing at global level suffers due to the poor quality of produce. APMC laws in some states don’t allow food processing industries to procure directly from farmers and thus increases cost due to coming of middlemen. Low of private investment due to a lack of faith in government policy and duplicity/ adulteration in food products also creates a hurdle to supply chain management. Competition from MNCs which uses huge finances to market their products. Despite massive production, a low degree of production and low wages. Improper storage facilities and supply change management, an estimated loss of around Rs. 35000 cr Processing of only 10% in comparison to >20% in China and > 60%in USA. Low use of technology, low investment in R&D in comparison to other economies A higher share of packaging costs as a proportion of total costs as Indian consumers demands small packets. Lack of skilled manpower Variable tax slabs for products makes them less competable in the International and domestic market. Poor economies of scale because of small land holdings, use of traditional methods of manufacturing, no proper policy for contract farming. Some measures to help promote this sector are: 1. Stringent quality laws. Strict implementation of these laws. 2. Promotion of Research and Development in Food Processing Industry. 3. Tax benefits and capital at concessional rates to set up the Food processing industry. 4. Promoting Mega Food park schemes. 5. Training and awareness programmes for the farmers. 6 Proper testing facilities need to be established 7 Exports need to be promoted like in MEIS scheme
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##Question:What are the impediments in marketing and supply chain management in developing the food processing industries in India? Discuss measures which will help in overcoming these bottlenecks?(10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach- Define Food Processing Industries in brief in an introductory part. Highlight the challenges faced by Food Processing Industries wrt marketing and supply chain management. Conclude an answer by suggesting measures to overcome these bottlenecks Answer- Food processing involves the conversion of agriculture produces to other forms of the food item by some mechanical, physical, chemical or biological process. Like processing of fruits to Jam, jelly, etc. The industries/sector performing these functions are called Food Processing Industries. India ranked number one in production of rice, milk, pulses, ginger, banana, papaya, mango, second largest producer of wheat, potato, garlic, groundnut, etc however ranked 12th in exports of food and food products also India produced 175 million tonnes of vegetables and 85 million tonnes of fruits, but processing of only 10% so have a huge untapped export potential. FPI currently close to 121-130 billion USD. The industry exported worth 16.2 billion in 2016. CII estimates the FPI sector has the potential to attract 33 billion USD investment in the next 10 years. It could reduce rural-urban migration which could further solve the issue of unemployment, farmers income, poor living condition, etc. However, FPI is facing lots of issues. Issues faced by the food processing industry There is limited access to the market information, literacy level among the farmers is low. Supply side constraints- Connectivity is a major issue. Infrastructural constraints- poor storage facilities. Marketing at global level suffers due to the poor quality of produce. APMC laws in some states don’t allow food processing industries to procure directly from farmers and thus increases cost due to coming of middlemen. Low of private investment due to a lack of faith in government policy and duplicity/ adulteration in food products also creates a hurdle to supply chain management. Competition from MNCs which uses huge finances to market their products. Despite massive production, a low degree of production and low wages. Improper storage facilities and supply change management, an estimated loss of around Rs. 35000 cr Processing of only 10% in comparison to >20% in China and > 60%in USA. Low use of technology, low investment in R&D in comparison to other economies A higher share of packaging costs as a proportion of total costs as Indian consumers demands small packets. Lack of skilled manpower Variable tax slabs for products makes them less competable in the International and domestic market. Poor economies of scale because of small land holdings, use of traditional methods of manufacturing, no proper policy for contract farming. Some measures to help promote this sector are: 1. Stringent quality laws. Strict implementation of these laws. 2. Promotion of Research and Development in Food Processing Industry. 3. Tax benefits and capital at concessional rates to set up the Food processing industry. 4. Promoting Mega Food park schemes. 5. Training and awareness programmes for the farmers. 6 Proper testing facilities need to be established 7 Exports need to be promoted like in MEIS scheme
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Fertility rates in India are more closely related to education level and socio-economic development rather than religious beliefs. Elaborate. Enumerate the steps that can be taken to achieve population stabilization.(150 words/10 Marks)
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˘Approach Write a brief introduction of Fertility Rates and their trend Briefly discuss the cause behind high TFR in India Discuss the steps taken by the Government Suggest and write a conclusion Answer India was the first country to start family planning in 1952. Still, it is the second most populous country in the world. To stabilize the population growth, National Population Policy (NPP) 2000 set the target of achieving a Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.1 by 2010, a target we missed and revised to be achieved by 2020. Though the TFR declined from 3.6 in 1991 to 2.3 in 2013, India is yet to achieve the replacement level of 2.1. In spite of family planning initiatives, TFR is higher than 3 in some districts of BIMARU states. In certain cases, such high TFR has been attributed to religious beliefs. certain religions don"t allow the use of contraceptives. the requirement of a male child to carry out oblations to ancestors. Hence, couples reproduce until they get a male child. However, today with relatively declining religiosity, TFR continues to be quite high. This makes it clear that other factors also play a role in highfertility rates: • High TFR rate is accompanied by high incidents of poverty, as parents see their children as an economic asset. For example, high TFR in BIMARU states. • High TFR rate is accompanied by high incidents of early marriage of women under 18 years of age. For example, UP and Bihar. • High TFR rate is accompanied by low literacy rates and vice-versa. For example, high TFR in UP and Bihar, while very low in southern states. • TFR rate is lower for women who are part of the formal workforce. Even the participation of males in formal employment restricts TFR. • The social status of females and the prevalence of dowry affect the TFR. In regions where such a trend is present, parents having girl child produce more children in hope of having a boy. • TFR rate is lower in those states where the women empowerment index is relatively higher because it has a direct bearing on reproductive decisions and the use of contraceptives. For example, lower TFR in Kerala, TN while higher in northern states. Stepstaken: • Scheme for Home delivery of contraceptives by ASHAs at the doorstep of beneficiaries. • Scheme for ASHAs to ensure spacing in births (launched in 2012), under which ASHAs provide family planning counseling to newly married couples. • Compensation for sterilization has been enhanced for states with high TFR. • Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme for education, growth, and nurture of the female child. It would also prevent child marriages. • Some social welfare schemes provide benefits only to two children of the family. • Mission Parivar Vikas to target 146 districts in states with fertility rates above the national average. • Conditional schemes such as IGMSY Way Ahead: • Increase awareness against child marriages and enhance community participation in preventing it. • Provide informed reproductive services to women to restore gender balance, by reforming the sterilization programs and giving more choices to women. • Focus on women’s empowerment and women"s education. • Focus on a rights-based approach to reproductive health to address the special an d unmet needs of women and adolescent girls.
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##Question:Fertility rates in India are more closely related to education level and socio-economic development rather than religious beliefs. Elaborate. Enumerate the steps that can be taken to achieve population stabilization.(150 words/10 Marks)##Answer: ˘Approach Write a brief introduction of Fertility Rates and their trend Briefly discuss the cause behind high TFR in India Discuss the steps taken by the Government Suggest and write a conclusion Answer India was the first country to start family planning in 1952. Still, it is the second most populous country in the world. To stabilize the population growth, National Population Policy (NPP) 2000 set the target of achieving a Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.1 by 2010, a target we missed and revised to be achieved by 2020. Though the TFR declined from 3.6 in 1991 to 2.3 in 2013, India is yet to achieve the replacement level of 2.1. In spite of family planning initiatives, TFR is higher than 3 in some districts of BIMARU states. In certain cases, such high TFR has been attributed to religious beliefs. certain religions don"t allow the use of contraceptives. the requirement of a male child to carry out oblations to ancestors. Hence, couples reproduce until they get a male child. However, today with relatively declining religiosity, TFR continues to be quite high. This makes it clear that other factors also play a role in highfertility rates: • High TFR rate is accompanied by high incidents of poverty, as parents see their children as an economic asset. For example, high TFR in BIMARU states. • High TFR rate is accompanied by high incidents of early marriage of women under 18 years of age. For example, UP and Bihar. • High TFR rate is accompanied by low literacy rates and vice-versa. For example, high TFR in UP and Bihar, while very low in southern states. • TFR rate is lower for women who are part of the formal workforce. Even the participation of males in formal employment restricts TFR. • The social status of females and the prevalence of dowry affect the TFR. In regions where such a trend is present, parents having girl child produce more children in hope of having a boy. • TFR rate is lower in those states where the women empowerment index is relatively higher because it has a direct bearing on reproductive decisions and the use of contraceptives. For example, lower TFR in Kerala, TN while higher in northern states. Stepstaken: • Scheme for Home delivery of contraceptives by ASHAs at the doorstep of beneficiaries. • Scheme for ASHAs to ensure spacing in births (launched in 2012), under which ASHAs provide family planning counseling to newly married couples. • Compensation for sterilization has been enhanced for states with high TFR. • Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme for education, growth, and nurture of the female child. It would also prevent child marriages. • Some social welfare schemes provide benefits only to two children of the family. • Mission Parivar Vikas to target 146 districts in states with fertility rates above the national average. • Conditional schemes such as IGMSY Way Ahead: • Increase awareness against child marriages and enhance community participation in preventing it. • Provide informed reproductive services to women to restore gender balance, by reforming the sterilization programs and giving more choices to women. • Focus on women’s empowerment and women"s education. • Focus on a rights-based approach to reproductive health to address the special an d unmet needs of women and adolescent girls.
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Mention various sources in detail that throw light on the Mauryan empire and its rulers? (150 words/10 marks)
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The approach of the Answer: Briefly introduce the Mauryan Empire and sources of information Mention the sources of information Conclude appropriately Answer: The Mauryan empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya. It dominated ancient India from 322 BCE to 187 BCE. It became one of the largest empires of its time. The capital city of the empire was Pataliputra (now Patna,) and the empire extended across Magadha in the Indo-Gangetic Plan towards the east. Different kinds of sources, literary and archaeological, epigraphic, and numismatic have enlightened us about the history of the empire. Sources of information for the Mauryan Empire: Arthshashtra by Kautilya - It is attributed to Vishnugupta(personal name)also knowns as Kautilya(Gotra) and Chanakya(Son of Chanak). It consists of 15 books and is called Adhikarans. The 1st five deal with the internal administration of the state called Tantra. The next eight deal with inter-state relations called Avapa and reset with miscellaneous topics. Thus it is a theoretical work on statecraft and not a description of any particular empire. It does not contain any information about Mauryas, Chandragupta, or Patliputra. Artha((Material well-being) is considered superior to Dharam(spiritual well-being) and Kam(sensual well-being). Megasthenes Indica: Megasthenes was an ambassador of Seleucus nicator. Seleucus was one of the commanders of Alexender. Megasthenes remained in the court of Chandragupta Maurya and also visited many regions of India. His original work Indica is significantly lost, however many other Greek writers like Strabo, Arrian, and Pliny used Indica to write about India. Chandragupta is mentioned as Sandrocottus, Bindusara is mentioned as Amitrochates, and Patliputra is mentioned as Palimbothra. Ashokan Inscriptions: There are 14 major rock edicts and 7 pillar edicts mainly written in Brahmi scripts and Prakrit language. Through his edicts, Ashoka was directly communicating with his subjects. There are 14 major rock edicts, 7 pillar edicts, and also minor rock edicts. It was mainly written in Brahmini script in the Prakrit language. However, in some places, Kharosthi script, Greek, and Aramaic scripts have also been used. James Prinsep was the 1st to decipher Brahmani"s script. In many of the inscriptions, Asoka is known as Devanampriya and Priyadashi. The name Ashoka is the same as Devnampriya and Piyadasi were deciphered from 2 Buddhist texts of Sri Lanka Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa. Apart from these, there are many other sources: Mudrarakshasa by Vishakhadatta(written during Gupta"s time). The Buddhist text Ashokvadan. Parishisht Parvan by Hemachandra(Chandragupta"s connection with Jainism) Sangam poet Mamulanar describes Chandragupta"s southward expedition in his poem Akanannuru. There are both contemporary as well as later sources (mostly literary) for Mauryan history. However, Researchers and historians generally consider archaeological and epigraphic sources as more authentic than others.
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##Question:Mention various sources in detail that throw light on the Mauryan empire and its rulers? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:The approach of the Answer: Briefly introduce the Mauryan Empire and sources of information Mention the sources of information Conclude appropriately Answer: The Mauryan empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya. It dominated ancient India from 322 BCE to 187 BCE. It became one of the largest empires of its time. The capital city of the empire was Pataliputra (now Patna,) and the empire extended across Magadha in the Indo-Gangetic Plan towards the east. Different kinds of sources, literary and archaeological, epigraphic, and numismatic have enlightened us about the history of the empire. Sources of information for the Mauryan Empire: Arthshashtra by Kautilya - It is attributed to Vishnugupta(personal name)also knowns as Kautilya(Gotra) and Chanakya(Son of Chanak). It consists of 15 books and is called Adhikarans. The 1st five deal with the internal administration of the state called Tantra. The next eight deal with inter-state relations called Avapa and reset with miscellaneous topics. Thus it is a theoretical work on statecraft and not a description of any particular empire. It does not contain any information about Mauryas, Chandragupta, or Patliputra. Artha((Material well-being) is considered superior to Dharam(spiritual well-being) and Kam(sensual well-being). Megasthenes Indica: Megasthenes was an ambassador of Seleucus nicator. Seleucus was one of the commanders of Alexender. Megasthenes remained in the court of Chandragupta Maurya and also visited many regions of India. His original work Indica is significantly lost, however many other Greek writers like Strabo, Arrian, and Pliny used Indica to write about India. Chandragupta is mentioned as Sandrocottus, Bindusara is mentioned as Amitrochates, and Patliputra is mentioned as Palimbothra. Ashokan Inscriptions: There are 14 major rock edicts and 7 pillar edicts mainly written in Brahmi scripts and Prakrit language. Through his edicts, Ashoka was directly communicating with his subjects. There are 14 major rock edicts, 7 pillar edicts, and also minor rock edicts. It was mainly written in Brahmini script in the Prakrit language. However, in some places, Kharosthi script, Greek, and Aramaic scripts have also been used. James Prinsep was the 1st to decipher Brahmani"s script. In many of the inscriptions, Asoka is known as Devanampriya and Priyadashi. The name Ashoka is the same as Devnampriya and Piyadasi were deciphered from 2 Buddhist texts of Sri Lanka Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa. Apart from these, there are many other sources: Mudrarakshasa by Vishakhadatta(written during Gupta"s time). The Buddhist text Ashokvadan. Parishisht Parvan by Hemachandra(Chandragupta"s connection with Jainism) Sangam poet Mamulanar describes Chandragupta"s southward expedition in his poem Akanannuru. There are both contemporary as well as later sources (mostly literary) for Mauryan history. However, Researchers and historians generally consider archaeological and epigraphic sources as more authentic than others.
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Discuss briefly 5G mobile communication technology. What new technologies 5G will be using? (150 words/10 marks)
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APPROACH: A brief introduction: Definition of 5G. Main Body: New technologies involved in 5G should be discussed Challenges associated with 5G. Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be provided ANSWER: 5G is a next-generation mobile network technology after 4G LTE networks. It promises to provide seamless coverage, high datarate, ultra-low latency, and as a result highly reliable communications. 5G technology is not a single technology but an amalgamation of various technologies which make the aforesaid performance possible. The following are the major technologies used in 5G: mmWave (millimeter Wave): 5G technology envisages using frequencies up to 100GHz which come in the range of millimeter frequencies (30GHz to 300GHz). In contrast, 4G technology operates in a 1GHz to 6GHz band. The advantage of the mmWave band is that it is less used and also higher frequency wave carries much more data than a lower frequency wave. Massive multi-user MIMO (Multiple inputs multiple outputs): This enables the network to have more antennas per unit (signal towers), thus ensuring the larger and faster transmission of data. Beamforming: It can be visualized as a laser beam between the transmitting entity and the user. This technology makes the transmission of data more directional resulting in reduced interference and increased energy efficiency in transmission. Small Cell stations: The mmWave technology is more susceptible to obstacles and tends to lose energy more quickly, therefore providing less coverage in comparison to their low-frequency counterparts. To overcome this, small cell stations are needed to connect the base stations and users seamlessly. Small cells make use of low-power, short-range wireless transmission systems (or “base stations”) that cover small geographical areas or small proximity indoor and outdoor spaces. Network Slicing: It enables dividing a single network connection into multiple distinct virtual connections that provide different amounts of resources to different types of traffic. For example- Instead of allocating the same equal timings to all lanes, we can locate times as per the traffic expected on the lanes. The potential of 5G technology is theoretically infinite and proper utilization can boost our mission of achieving Sustainable Development Goals.
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##Question:Discuss briefly 5G mobile communication technology. What new technologies 5G will be using? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:APPROACH: A brief introduction: Definition of 5G. Main Body: New technologies involved in 5G should be discussed Challenges associated with 5G. Conclusion: A suitable conclusion can be provided ANSWER: 5G is a next-generation mobile network technology after 4G LTE networks. It promises to provide seamless coverage, high datarate, ultra-low latency, and as a result highly reliable communications. 5G technology is not a single technology but an amalgamation of various technologies which make the aforesaid performance possible. The following are the major technologies used in 5G: mmWave (millimeter Wave): 5G technology envisages using frequencies up to 100GHz which come in the range of millimeter frequencies (30GHz to 300GHz). In contrast, 4G technology operates in a 1GHz to 6GHz band. The advantage of the mmWave band is that it is less used and also higher frequency wave carries much more data than a lower frequency wave. Massive multi-user MIMO (Multiple inputs multiple outputs): This enables the network to have more antennas per unit (signal towers), thus ensuring the larger and faster transmission of data. Beamforming: It can be visualized as a laser beam between the transmitting entity and the user. This technology makes the transmission of data more directional resulting in reduced interference and increased energy efficiency in transmission. Small Cell stations: The mmWave technology is more susceptible to obstacles and tends to lose energy more quickly, therefore providing less coverage in comparison to their low-frequency counterparts. To overcome this, small cell stations are needed to connect the base stations and users seamlessly. Small cells make use of low-power, short-range wireless transmission systems (or “base stations”) that cover small geographical areas or small proximity indoor and outdoor spaces. Network Slicing: It enables dividing a single network connection into multiple distinct virtual connections that provide different amounts of resources to different types of traffic. For example- Instead of allocating the same equal timings to all lanes, we can locate times as per the traffic expected on the lanes. The potential of 5G technology is theoretically infinite and proper utilization can boost our mission of achieving Sustainable Development Goals.
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भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में खनन क्षेत्र की भूमिका का वर्णन करते हुए, इस क्षेत्र के विनियमन के विभिन्न प्रयासों पर चर्चा कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Elaborate the role of the mining sector in the Indian economy and discuss the various attempts to regulate this sector. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)
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एप्रोच - भारत में खनन क्षेत्र का एक परिचय देते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए| अगले भाग में, भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में खनन क्षेत्र की भूमिका तथा महत्व का वर्णन कीजिए| अगले भाग में, खनन क्षेत्र के विनियमन के विभिन्न प्रयासों पर चर्चा कीजिए| निष्कर्षतः, खनन क्षेत्र के समक्ष कुछ समस्याओं तथा आगे की राह बताते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| उत्तर - भारत में खनन क्षेत्र एक महत्वपूर्ण आयाम समाहित किए हुए है| इसके अंतर्गत उद्योगों को आपूर्ति किए जाने वाले प्राथमिक कच्चे माल जैसे कि लौह और इस्पात, एल्यूमीनियम आदि का खनन शामिल हैं| भारतीय खनन उद्योग में छोटे स्तर पर परिचालन वाली खदानों की हिस्सेदारी सर्वाधिक रही है| भारत में कुल भौगोलिक क्षेत्र का 0.14% खनन पट्टा है (ईंधन, परमाणु और लघु खनिजों के अलावा), जिसका सिर्फ 20% खनन वर्तमान में है| भारतीय अधोभूमि तटवर्ती एवं अपतटीय कच्चे तेल और गैस, कोयला, लौह अयस्क, तांबा, बॉक्साइट आदि से समृद्ध है| चिन्हित की गई 1,303 खानों में से अधिकांश खदानें मध्य प्रदेश में स्थित हैं| खनिज उत्पादन के मूल्य की दृष्टि से लगभग 87 प्रतिशत हिस्से का उत्पादन 10 राज्यों में होता है| भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में खनन की भूमिका जीडीपी में 2% से 2.5% भूमिका आधारभूत संरचना और ऑटोमोबाईल उद्योग का विस्तार में सहायक वर्तमान में यह क्षेत्रक 10 मिलियन लोगों को रोजगार प्रदान करता है| वर्ष 2022-23 में इसकी रोजगार में हिस्सेदारी को बढ़ाकर 15 मिलियन करने का लक्ष्य रखा गया है| बॉक्साइट का 8 वां सबसे बड़ा भंडार, शीट मीका का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक आदि श्रम प्रधान क्षेत्र और कुशल तथा अकुशल श्रम दोनों के लिए रोजगार उपलब्ध, अतः बेरोजगारी की समस्या से निपटने में सहायता खनन आधारित उद्योग संबद्ध उद्योगों को बढ़ावा देता है और क्षेत्र के समग्र विकास को बढ़ावा देता है| भारत में खनन क्षेत्र के विनियमन के विभिन्न प्रयास भारत के संविधान की सूची 2 (राज्य सूची) के क्रमांक 23 में प्रविष्टि राज्य सरकार की सीमा के भीतर स्थित खनिजों के मालिक होने के लिए बाध्य करती है| सूची 1 (केंद्रीय सूची) के क्रम संख्या 54 पर प्रविष्टि भारत के अनन्य आर्थिक क्षेत्र (EEZ) के भीतर खनिजों के स्वामित्व के लिए केंद्र सरकार को अनिवार्य करती है -> खान और खनिज (विकास और विनियमन) अधिनियम, 1957, (MMDR एक्ट) के अनुसरण में अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सीबेड प्राधिकरण (ISA) खनिज अन्वेषण और निष्कर्षण को नियंत्रित करता है - यह संयुक्त राष्ट्र संधि द्वारा निर्देशित है और भारत संधि का पक्षकार होने के कारण मध्य हिंद महासागर बेसिन में 75000 वर्ग किलोमीटर POLY METALLIC NODULES का पता लगाने का विशेष अधिकार प्राप्त किया है| खान और खनिज (विकास और विनियमन) अधिनियम, 1957 तथा वर्ष 2015 एवं 2020 का संशोधन शक्ति (भारत में पारदर्शी रूप से कोयले के आवंटन और दोहन की योजना) भारतीय खान ब्यूरो और राष्ट्रीय सुदूर संवेदन केंद्र के मध्य SUDOOR DRISHTI/ सुदूर दृष्टि परियोजना खनिज के पूर्वेक्षण संचालन के लिए निजी अन्वेषण एजेंसियों के प्रत्यायन की योजना खनिज कानून (संशोधन) अध्यादेश, 2020 -> यह अध्यादेश खान और खनिज (विकास और विनियमन) अधिनियम, 1957 (MMDR Act) और कोयला खान (विशेष प्रावधान) अधिनियम, 2015 (CMSP Act) में संशोधन करता है| इस अध्यादेश ने कैप्टिव खनन व्यवस्था के उन्मूलन हेतु कोयला खदानों के लिए अंतिम उपयोग संबंधी प्रतिबंधों को समाप्त कर दिया है और वाणिज्यिक कोयला खनन के लिए ब्लॉकों की नीलामी के माध्यम से निजी क्षेत्र के प्रवेश के लिए व्यवस्था प्रदान की है| भारत में पंजीकृत किसी भी कंपनी को बोली लगाने और कोयला ब्लॉक विकसित करने की अनुमति प्रदान करता है| पूर्व में यह व्यवस्था केवल लौह और इस्पात, विद्युत और कोयला वाशिंग क्षेत्रों में संलग्न कंपनियों तक ही सीमित थी| इसके अतिरिक्त, कंपनियों को बोली लगाने के लिए खनन क्षेत्र से संबंधित अनुभव रखने की भी आवश्यकता होती थी जिसे इस अध्यादेश द्वारा समाप्त कर दिया गया है| सरकार ने फरवरी 2018 में वाणिज्यिक कोयला खनन हेतु निजी क्षेत्र के प्रवेश को अनुमति प्रदान की थी| इसके अतिरिक्त, अब कैप्टिव कोयला खनन कर्ताओं को खुले बाजार में अपने उत्पादन का 25% विक्रय करने की अनुमति प्रदान की गई है| राष्ट्रीय खनिज नीति, 2019 तथा उसमें शामिल प्रावधान राजस्व शेयर आधार पर समग्र RP (Reconnaissance Permit) सह PL (Prospecting License) सह ML (Mining Lease) के लिए नए क्षेत्रों में नीलामी निजी क्षेत्रों को अन्वेषण के लिए प्रोत्साहित करना समर्पित खनिज गलियारों का निर्माण खनन गतिविधियों को उद्योग का दर्जा देना खनन संस्थाओं के विलय और अधिग्रहण को प्रोत्साहन नीति में सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के उपक्रमों को दिये गए आरक्षित क्षेत्रों जिनका उपयोग नहीं किया गया है, को युक्तिसंगत बनाने और इन क्षेत्रों को नीलामी हेतु रखे जाने का भी उल्लेख किया गया है, जिससे निजी क्षेत्र को भागीदारी के अधिक अवसर प्राप्त होंगे| परियोजना प्रभावित व्यक्तियों और क्षेत्रों के समान विकास के लिये जिला खनिज निधि का उपयोग किया जाएगा| जिला खनिज फाउंडेशन (DMF) यह एक गैर-लाभकारी स्वायत्त ट्रस्ट है, जो खनन संबंधी संचालन से प्रभावित प्रत्येक जिले के समुदायों के हितों की रक्षा करता है और उन क्षेत्रों में निवास करने वाले लोगों को लाभ पहुँचाने का कार्य करता है| DMF को केंद्रित खनन कानून, खान और खनिज (विकास और विनियमन) अधिनियम (MMDR) 1957, जिसमें वर्ष 2015 में संशोधन किया गया था, के तहत मान्यता प्राप्त है| DMF के उद्देश्य और कार्य संवैधानिक प्रावधानों द्वारा निर्देशित किया गए हैं --> पांचवी और छठी अनुसूचियों, पंचायतों के लिये प्रावधान (अनुसूचित क्षेत्रों का विस्तार) अधिनियम (PESA) 1996 और अनुसूचित जनजाति एवं परंपरागत वनवासी अधिनियम, 2006 (वन अधिकारों की मान्यता), वन अधिकार अधिनियम (FRA) से संबंधित है| प्रधानमंत्री खनिज क्षेत्र कल्याण योजना (PMKKKY) खनन प्रभावित क्षेत्रों में विभिन्न विकासात्मक और कल्याणकारी परियोजनाओं, कार्यक्रमों का कार्यान्वयन जो राज्य एवं केंद्र सरकार के मौजूदा योजनाओं/परियोजनाओं के अनुरूप हों| पर्यावरण, स्वास्थ्य एवं खनन मिलों में लोगों की सामाजिक, आर्थिक स्थिति पर पड़ने वाले दुष्प्रभावों को समाप्त करना विकास, सामाजिक एवं आर्थिक स्थिति और दीर्घकालिक संभावनाओं को ध्यान में रखते हुए प्रधानमंत्री खनिज क्षेत्र कल्याण योजना के तीन लक्ष्य हैं| खनन क्षेत्र के प्रभावित लोगों के लिये दीर्घकालिक टिकाऊ, आजीविका सुनिश्चित करना हालाँकि, उपरोक्त के बावजूद, खनन क्षेत्र कई समस्याओं से ग्रस्त है, जैसे ---> नियामक चुनौतियां जैसे कि कंपनी द्वारा सफल अन्वेषण के बाद भी यह आवश्यक नहीं कि खनन पट्टा प्राप्त हो जाए| "पहले आओ पहले पाओ" के सिद्धांत के आधार पर खनन लाइसेंस दिए जा रहे हैं, लेकिन इस व्यवस्था में पारदर्शिता की कमी है| अपर्याप्त बुनियादी सुविधाएं जैसे उचित परिवहन और लॉजिस्टिक्स आदि का अभाव संधारणीयता संबंधी चुनौती - उदाहरण के लिए 40 प्रतिशत खनन प्रस्ताव, पर्यावरणीय मंजूरी प्राप्त करने में असफल रहे हैं| पर्यावरण प्रदूषण- सतही खनन, कोयला खानों और प्रगलन गतिविधियों से होने वाला वायु प्रदूषण भारी धातुओं और जहरीले तत्वों के निक्षालन के कारण जल प्रदूषण ब्लास्टिंग और सतही खनन जैसी गतिविधियों के कारण भूमि प्रदूषण स्वास्थ्य और सुरक्षा की चुनौतियां जैसे - खनन कार्य, स्वास्थ्य और सुरक्षा की दृष्टि से अत्यंत खतरनाक हो सकते हैं| उपरोक्त के संदर्भ में,आगे की राह ---> लाइसेंसिंग नीति में सुधार कर अन्वेषण हेतु निजी पक्ष की भागीदारी को सुगम बनाया जाना चाहिए| पर्यावरणीय और वन संबंधी मंजूरी सिंगल विंडो के जरिए और समयबद्ध तरीके से प्रदान की जानी चाहिए| खनिज संसाधनों के एक राष्ट्रीय डेटा भंडार (NDR) का निर्माण करना चाहिए और इसे ऑनलाइन अपलोड किया जाना चाहिए| अन्वेषण फर्मों के लिए मजबूत और पारदर्शी सार्वजनिक रिपोर्टिंग तंत्र स्थापित किया जाना चाहिए| वैश्विक प्रथा के अनुसार, कराधान और अन्य शुल्क को बिक्री मूल्य के अधिकतम 40% तक सीमित किया जाना चाहिए| पीने के पानी, पर्यावरण संरक्षण और प्रदूषण नियंत्रण, स्वास्थ्य देखभाल, शिक्षा, कौशल विकास, महिलाओं, बच्चों, वृद्धों तथा विकलांग लोगों के कल्याण, स्वच्छता के संदर्भ में PMKKKY और DMF फंड के प्रभावी उपयोग को सुनिश्चित किया जाना चाहिए
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##Question:भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में खनन क्षेत्र की भूमिका का वर्णन करते हुए, इस क्षेत्र के विनियमन के विभिन्न प्रयासों पर चर्चा कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Elaborate the role of the mining sector in the Indian economy and discuss the various attempts to regulate this sector. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)##Answer:एप्रोच - भारत में खनन क्षेत्र का एक परिचय देते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए| अगले भाग में, भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में खनन क्षेत्र की भूमिका तथा महत्व का वर्णन कीजिए| अगले भाग में, खनन क्षेत्र के विनियमन के विभिन्न प्रयासों पर चर्चा कीजिए| निष्कर्षतः, खनन क्षेत्र के समक्ष कुछ समस्याओं तथा आगे की राह बताते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| उत्तर - भारत में खनन क्षेत्र एक महत्वपूर्ण आयाम समाहित किए हुए है| इसके अंतर्गत उद्योगों को आपूर्ति किए जाने वाले प्राथमिक कच्चे माल जैसे कि लौह और इस्पात, एल्यूमीनियम आदि का खनन शामिल हैं| भारतीय खनन उद्योग में छोटे स्तर पर परिचालन वाली खदानों की हिस्सेदारी सर्वाधिक रही है| भारत में कुल भौगोलिक क्षेत्र का 0.14% खनन पट्टा है (ईंधन, परमाणु और लघु खनिजों के अलावा), जिसका सिर्फ 20% खनन वर्तमान में है| भारतीय अधोभूमि तटवर्ती एवं अपतटीय कच्चे तेल और गैस, कोयला, लौह अयस्क, तांबा, बॉक्साइट आदि से समृद्ध है| चिन्हित की गई 1,303 खानों में से अधिकांश खदानें मध्य प्रदेश में स्थित हैं| खनिज उत्पादन के मूल्य की दृष्टि से लगभग 87 प्रतिशत हिस्से का उत्पादन 10 राज्यों में होता है| भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में खनन की भूमिका जीडीपी में 2% से 2.5% भूमिका आधारभूत संरचना और ऑटोमोबाईल उद्योग का विस्तार में सहायक वर्तमान में यह क्षेत्रक 10 मिलियन लोगों को रोजगार प्रदान करता है| वर्ष 2022-23 में इसकी रोजगार में हिस्सेदारी को बढ़ाकर 15 मिलियन करने का लक्ष्य रखा गया है| बॉक्साइट का 8 वां सबसे बड़ा भंडार, शीट मीका का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक आदि श्रम प्रधान क्षेत्र और कुशल तथा अकुशल श्रम दोनों के लिए रोजगार उपलब्ध, अतः बेरोजगारी की समस्या से निपटने में सहायता खनन आधारित उद्योग संबद्ध उद्योगों को बढ़ावा देता है और क्षेत्र के समग्र विकास को बढ़ावा देता है| भारत में खनन क्षेत्र के विनियमन के विभिन्न प्रयास भारत के संविधान की सूची 2 (राज्य सूची) के क्रमांक 23 में प्रविष्टि राज्य सरकार की सीमा के भीतर स्थित खनिजों के मालिक होने के लिए बाध्य करती है| सूची 1 (केंद्रीय सूची) के क्रम संख्या 54 पर प्रविष्टि भारत के अनन्य आर्थिक क्षेत्र (EEZ) के भीतर खनिजों के स्वामित्व के लिए केंद्र सरकार को अनिवार्य करती है -> खान और खनिज (विकास और विनियमन) अधिनियम, 1957, (MMDR एक्ट) के अनुसरण में अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सीबेड प्राधिकरण (ISA) खनिज अन्वेषण और निष्कर्षण को नियंत्रित करता है - यह संयुक्त राष्ट्र संधि द्वारा निर्देशित है और भारत संधि का पक्षकार होने के कारण मध्य हिंद महासागर बेसिन में 75000 वर्ग किलोमीटर POLY METALLIC NODULES का पता लगाने का विशेष अधिकार प्राप्त किया है| खान और खनिज (विकास और विनियमन) अधिनियम, 1957 तथा वर्ष 2015 एवं 2020 का संशोधन शक्ति (भारत में पारदर्शी रूप से कोयले के आवंटन और दोहन की योजना) भारतीय खान ब्यूरो और राष्ट्रीय सुदूर संवेदन केंद्र के मध्य SUDOOR DRISHTI/ सुदूर दृष्टि परियोजना खनिज के पूर्वेक्षण संचालन के लिए निजी अन्वेषण एजेंसियों के प्रत्यायन की योजना खनिज कानून (संशोधन) अध्यादेश, 2020 -> यह अध्यादेश खान और खनिज (विकास और विनियमन) अधिनियम, 1957 (MMDR Act) और कोयला खान (विशेष प्रावधान) अधिनियम, 2015 (CMSP Act) में संशोधन करता है| इस अध्यादेश ने कैप्टिव खनन व्यवस्था के उन्मूलन हेतु कोयला खदानों के लिए अंतिम उपयोग संबंधी प्रतिबंधों को समाप्त कर दिया है और वाणिज्यिक कोयला खनन के लिए ब्लॉकों की नीलामी के माध्यम से निजी क्षेत्र के प्रवेश के लिए व्यवस्था प्रदान की है| भारत में पंजीकृत किसी भी कंपनी को बोली लगाने और कोयला ब्लॉक विकसित करने की अनुमति प्रदान करता है| पूर्व में यह व्यवस्था केवल लौह और इस्पात, विद्युत और कोयला वाशिंग क्षेत्रों में संलग्न कंपनियों तक ही सीमित थी| इसके अतिरिक्त, कंपनियों को बोली लगाने के लिए खनन क्षेत्र से संबंधित अनुभव रखने की भी आवश्यकता होती थी जिसे इस अध्यादेश द्वारा समाप्त कर दिया गया है| सरकार ने फरवरी 2018 में वाणिज्यिक कोयला खनन हेतु निजी क्षेत्र के प्रवेश को अनुमति प्रदान की थी| इसके अतिरिक्त, अब कैप्टिव कोयला खनन कर्ताओं को खुले बाजार में अपने उत्पादन का 25% विक्रय करने की अनुमति प्रदान की गई है| राष्ट्रीय खनिज नीति, 2019 तथा उसमें शामिल प्रावधान राजस्व शेयर आधार पर समग्र RP (Reconnaissance Permit) सह PL (Prospecting License) सह ML (Mining Lease) के लिए नए क्षेत्रों में नीलामी निजी क्षेत्रों को अन्वेषण के लिए प्रोत्साहित करना समर्पित खनिज गलियारों का निर्माण खनन गतिविधियों को उद्योग का दर्जा देना खनन संस्थाओं के विलय और अधिग्रहण को प्रोत्साहन नीति में सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के उपक्रमों को दिये गए आरक्षित क्षेत्रों जिनका उपयोग नहीं किया गया है, को युक्तिसंगत बनाने और इन क्षेत्रों को नीलामी हेतु रखे जाने का भी उल्लेख किया गया है, जिससे निजी क्षेत्र को भागीदारी के अधिक अवसर प्राप्त होंगे| परियोजना प्रभावित व्यक्तियों और क्षेत्रों के समान विकास के लिये जिला खनिज निधि का उपयोग किया जाएगा| जिला खनिज फाउंडेशन (DMF) यह एक गैर-लाभकारी स्वायत्त ट्रस्ट है, जो खनन संबंधी संचालन से प्रभावित प्रत्येक जिले के समुदायों के हितों की रक्षा करता है और उन क्षेत्रों में निवास करने वाले लोगों को लाभ पहुँचाने का कार्य करता है| DMF को केंद्रित खनन कानून, खान और खनिज (विकास और विनियमन) अधिनियम (MMDR) 1957, जिसमें वर्ष 2015 में संशोधन किया गया था, के तहत मान्यता प्राप्त है| DMF के उद्देश्य और कार्य संवैधानिक प्रावधानों द्वारा निर्देशित किया गए हैं --> पांचवी और छठी अनुसूचियों, पंचायतों के लिये प्रावधान (अनुसूचित क्षेत्रों का विस्तार) अधिनियम (PESA) 1996 और अनुसूचित जनजाति एवं परंपरागत वनवासी अधिनियम, 2006 (वन अधिकारों की मान्यता), वन अधिकार अधिनियम (FRA) से संबंधित है| प्रधानमंत्री खनिज क्षेत्र कल्याण योजना (PMKKKY) खनन प्रभावित क्षेत्रों में विभिन्न विकासात्मक और कल्याणकारी परियोजनाओं, कार्यक्रमों का कार्यान्वयन जो राज्य एवं केंद्र सरकार के मौजूदा योजनाओं/परियोजनाओं के अनुरूप हों| पर्यावरण, स्वास्थ्य एवं खनन मिलों में लोगों की सामाजिक, आर्थिक स्थिति पर पड़ने वाले दुष्प्रभावों को समाप्त करना विकास, सामाजिक एवं आर्थिक स्थिति और दीर्घकालिक संभावनाओं को ध्यान में रखते हुए प्रधानमंत्री खनिज क्षेत्र कल्याण योजना के तीन लक्ष्य हैं| खनन क्षेत्र के प्रभावित लोगों के लिये दीर्घकालिक टिकाऊ, आजीविका सुनिश्चित करना हालाँकि, उपरोक्त के बावजूद, खनन क्षेत्र कई समस्याओं से ग्रस्त है, जैसे ---> नियामक चुनौतियां जैसे कि कंपनी द्वारा सफल अन्वेषण के बाद भी यह आवश्यक नहीं कि खनन पट्टा प्राप्त हो जाए| "पहले आओ पहले पाओ" के सिद्धांत के आधार पर खनन लाइसेंस दिए जा रहे हैं, लेकिन इस व्यवस्था में पारदर्शिता की कमी है| अपर्याप्त बुनियादी सुविधाएं जैसे उचित परिवहन और लॉजिस्टिक्स आदि का अभाव संधारणीयता संबंधी चुनौती - उदाहरण के लिए 40 प्रतिशत खनन प्रस्ताव, पर्यावरणीय मंजूरी प्राप्त करने में असफल रहे हैं| पर्यावरण प्रदूषण- सतही खनन, कोयला खानों और प्रगलन गतिविधियों से होने वाला वायु प्रदूषण भारी धातुओं और जहरीले तत्वों के निक्षालन के कारण जल प्रदूषण ब्लास्टिंग और सतही खनन जैसी गतिविधियों के कारण भूमि प्रदूषण स्वास्थ्य और सुरक्षा की चुनौतियां जैसे - खनन कार्य, स्वास्थ्य और सुरक्षा की दृष्टि से अत्यंत खतरनाक हो सकते हैं| उपरोक्त के संदर्भ में,आगे की राह ---> लाइसेंसिंग नीति में सुधार कर अन्वेषण हेतु निजी पक्ष की भागीदारी को सुगम बनाया जाना चाहिए| पर्यावरणीय और वन संबंधी मंजूरी सिंगल विंडो के जरिए और समयबद्ध तरीके से प्रदान की जानी चाहिए| खनिज संसाधनों के एक राष्ट्रीय डेटा भंडार (NDR) का निर्माण करना चाहिए और इसे ऑनलाइन अपलोड किया जाना चाहिए| अन्वेषण फर्मों के लिए मजबूत और पारदर्शी सार्वजनिक रिपोर्टिंग तंत्र स्थापित किया जाना चाहिए| वैश्विक प्रथा के अनुसार, कराधान और अन्य शुल्क को बिक्री मूल्य के अधिकतम 40% तक सीमित किया जाना चाहिए| पीने के पानी, पर्यावरण संरक्षण और प्रदूषण नियंत्रण, स्वास्थ्य देखभाल, शिक्षा, कौशल विकास, महिलाओं, बच्चों, वृद्धों तथा विकलांग लोगों के कल्याण, स्वच्छता के संदर्भ में PMKKKY और DMF फंड के प्रभावी उपयोग को सुनिश्चित किया जाना चाहिए
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