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What do you understand by Foreign Investment (FI)? Also, discuss various types/ways of Foreign Investment with advantages and disadvantages of Foreign Investment (FI) in India. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the definition of Foreign Investment. Then explain the advantages and disadvantages of Foreign Investment. Then further bring the Government initiatives/steps to increase Foreign Investment (FI) in India. Conclude accordingly. Answer According to RBI, Foreign Investment refers to any investment by a resident outside India on a repatriable basis. Repatriability refers to the provision of taking the money back at the will of the investor after settling text liability. This foreign investment may come in India on two basis. First, via automatic route or Bombay route where no prior approval of the government is required. Second is the government route or Delhi route where the prior approval of the government is required in order to promote foreign investment via the government route. Various Types/ways of Foreign Investment It may come in the form of equity and shares . In the form of Preferential Shares . A preferential share is one where ownership rights are not given but preferential treatment is provided in terms of dividends and settlements. In form of the debentures. In form of the Convertible Notes . Convertible notes are that investment provided to start-ups which initially might be in terms of the debt which can be converted in equity or vice versa on a given conversion formula. In form of Convertible Bonds which is given to established companies in form of share warrants. In form of American Depository Receipts (ADR) . ADR refers to that foreign investment where an Indian company is raising foreign investment with help of any American financial institution. For example, a given Indian company contacted Bank of America as per the FEMA regulation under FEMA Rules and they raise the funds. If the very same thing is done with the help of any European bank then it is called as the Global Depository Receipts (GDR) . While taking these foreign investments the risk of exchange i.e. any change in the exchange value of rupees is often borne by the company seeking investment. However, in some conditions when returns are very good even the investor can provide rupees denominated investment and therefore take the exchange risk. The advantages of Foreign Investment Foreign Investment helps in bringing financial resources for economic development. It also helps in bringing in new technologies, skills, knowledge, etc. It improves the business environment in the country by bringing competition. It helps in the generation of employment opportunities for the people. It improves the quality of products and services in sectors. The disadvantages associated with foreign investment It can affect domestic investment and domestic companies in an adverse manner. Small companies/businesses in the country may not be able to withstand the onslaught of MNCs in their sector. Thus there is the risk of many domestic firms shutting shops as a result of increased FDI. FDI may also adversely affect the exchange rates of a country. Thus the government has taken many steps to improve the inflow of foreign investment such as in 2019, the amendment of FDI Policy 2017 by the government, to permit 100% FDI under automatic route in coal mining activities. FDI in manufacturing was already under the 100% automatic route, however, in 2019, the government clarified that investments in Indian entities engaged in contract manufacturing is also permitted under the 100% automatic route provided it is undertaken through a legitimate contract. Earlier Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) was introduced as the single window solution. But, as more than 90% of investment is now via automatic route government has discontinued the FIPB and it has been replaced by the Foreign Investment Facilitation Portal (FIFP) to make the process smooth.
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##Question:What do you understand by Foreign Investment (FI)? Also, discuss various types/ways of Foreign Investment with advantages and disadvantages of Foreign Investment (FI) in India. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the definition of Foreign Investment. Then explain the advantages and disadvantages of Foreign Investment. Then further bring the Government initiatives/steps to increase Foreign Investment (FI) in India. Conclude accordingly. Answer According to RBI, Foreign Investment refers to any investment by a resident outside India on a repatriable basis. Repatriability refers to the provision of taking the money back at the will of the investor after settling text liability. This foreign investment may come in India on two basis. First, via automatic route or Bombay route where no prior approval of the government is required. Second is the government route or Delhi route where the prior approval of the government is required in order to promote foreign investment via the government route. Various Types/ways of Foreign Investment It may come in the form of equity and shares . In the form of Preferential Shares . A preferential share is one where ownership rights are not given but preferential treatment is provided in terms of dividends and settlements. In form of the debentures. In form of the Convertible Notes . Convertible notes are that investment provided to start-ups which initially might be in terms of the debt which can be converted in equity or vice versa on a given conversion formula. In form of Convertible Bonds which is given to established companies in form of share warrants. In form of American Depository Receipts (ADR) . ADR refers to that foreign investment where an Indian company is raising foreign investment with help of any American financial institution. For example, a given Indian company contacted Bank of America as per the FEMA regulation under FEMA Rules and they raise the funds. If the very same thing is done with the help of any European bank then it is called as the Global Depository Receipts (GDR) . While taking these foreign investments the risk of exchange i.e. any change in the exchange value of rupees is often borne by the company seeking investment. However, in some conditions when returns are very good even the investor can provide rupees denominated investment and therefore take the exchange risk. The advantages of Foreign Investment Foreign Investment helps in bringing financial resources for economic development. It also helps in bringing in new technologies, skills, knowledge, etc. It improves the business environment in the country by bringing competition. It helps in the generation of employment opportunities for the people. It improves the quality of products and services in sectors. The disadvantages associated with foreign investment It can affect domestic investment and domestic companies in an adverse manner. Small companies/businesses in the country may not be able to withstand the onslaught of MNCs in their sector. Thus there is the risk of many domestic firms shutting shops as a result of increased FDI. FDI may also adversely affect the exchange rates of a country. Thus the government has taken many steps to improve the inflow of foreign investment such as in 2019, the amendment of FDI Policy 2017 by the government, to permit 100% FDI under automatic route in coal mining activities. FDI in manufacturing was already under the 100% automatic route, however, in 2019, the government clarified that investments in Indian entities engaged in contract manufacturing is also permitted under the 100% automatic route provided it is undertaken through a legitimate contract. Earlier Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) was introduced as the single window solution. But, as more than 90% of investment is now via automatic route government has discontinued the FIPB and it has been replaced by the Foreign Investment Facilitation Portal (FIFP) to make the process smooth.
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What are social-religious reform movements? Discuss the major social issues which came were in the purview of these socio-religious reform movements of the 19th century. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach- In the introduction write about the Socio-Religious reform movement In the main body write the social issues such as Religious and Social Ills, the Depressing Position of Women, the Caste Problem, etc, and explain each. Conclusion with a general statement on the Socio-Religious reform movement. Answer- Socio-religious reform movements- These movements became popular during the 19th and 20th centuries. Various changes associated with rising modernization such as modern education resulted in many social and religious reform movements in India. Different types of socio-religious movements can be classified such as Hindu reform movements, Muslim reform movements, Sikh reform movements, Parsi reform movements, etc. Based on the location of their occurrence they can be further sub-classified based as East India, West India, South India, and North India. Major social issues- 1)Religious and Social Ills - In the nineteenth century, Indian society was entangled in a vicious web of religious superstitions and social obscurantism. Hinduism had become engulfed in superstition and magic. The priests had a powerful and, in some ways, unhealthy influence on the people"s minds. Idolatry and polytheism helped to strengthen their position, and their monopoly on scriptural knowledge gave all religious systems a deceptive character. Nothing was beyond the power of religious ideology to persuade people to do. 2)Depressing Position of Women - The position of women was the most upsetting. Attempted murder of female infants at birth was not uncommon. Another societal blight was child marriage. Polygamy was common, and under Kulinism, even old men took very young girls as wives in Bengal. Several women had barely had a married life to speak of, yet when their husbands died, they were expected to commit Sati, which Raja Rammohan Roy described as "murder according to every shastra." They were sentenced to a life of misery and humiliation if they escaped this social coercion. 3)Caste Problem - Caste was another debilitating factor. This entailed a system of segregation based on ritual status, which was hierarchically ordained. The untouchables, or scheduled castes as they were later referred to, were at the bottom of the social hierarchy. The untouchables were subjected to a variety of severe disabilities and restrictions. People were divided into numerous groups as a result of the system. In modern times, it has become a major impediment to the development of a strong national identity and the spread of democracy. It should also be noted that caste consciousness, particularly with regard to marriage, prevailed among Muslims, Christians, and Sikhs, all of whom practiced untouchability, albeit in a milder form. A rigid caste system stifled social mobility, widened social divisions, and stifled individual initiative. Above all, the humiliation of untouchability, which was so ingrained in the caste system, worked against human dignity. Socio-religious upheavals in the nineteenth century offered fertile ground for the formation of Indian nationalism. As a result of the social and religious injustices encountered by various sectors of the population, many leaders and reforms evolved in Indian society. People became increasingly aware of the world as nationalist impulses got stronger, new economic forces formed, education spread, and the impact of contemporary Western ideas and culture grew greater. The socio-religious reform movements were not exactly religious in character. These reforms were humanist in aspiration and rejected salvation and otherworldliness as the agenda mentioned in various religions. The socio-religious aspirations in the 19th century were influenced by the colonial state but were not created by it.
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##Question:What are social-religious reform movements? Discuss the major social issues which came were in the purview of these socio-religious reform movements of the 19th century. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach- In the introduction write about the Socio-Religious reform movement In the main body write the social issues such as Religious and Social Ills, the Depressing Position of Women, the Caste Problem, etc, and explain each. Conclusion with a general statement on the Socio-Religious reform movement. Answer- Socio-religious reform movements- These movements became popular during the 19th and 20th centuries. Various changes associated with rising modernization such as modern education resulted in many social and religious reform movements in India. Different types of socio-religious movements can be classified such as Hindu reform movements, Muslim reform movements, Sikh reform movements, Parsi reform movements, etc. Based on the location of their occurrence they can be further sub-classified based as East India, West India, South India, and North India. Major social issues- 1)Religious and Social Ills - In the nineteenth century, Indian society was entangled in a vicious web of religious superstitions and social obscurantism. Hinduism had become engulfed in superstition and magic. The priests had a powerful and, in some ways, unhealthy influence on the people"s minds. Idolatry and polytheism helped to strengthen their position, and their monopoly on scriptural knowledge gave all religious systems a deceptive character. Nothing was beyond the power of religious ideology to persuade people to do. 2)Depressing Position of Women - The position of women was the most upsetting. Attempted murder of female infants at birth was not uncommon. Another societal blight was child marriage. Polygamy was common, and under Kulinism, even old men took very young girls as wives in Bengal. Several women had barely had a married life to speak of, yet when their husbands died, they were expected to commit Sati, which Raja Rammohan Roy described as "murder according to every shastra." They were sentenced to a life of misery and humiliation if they escaped this social coercion. 3)Caste Problem - Caste was another debilitating factor. This entailed a system of segregation based on ritual status, which was hierarchically ordained. The untouchables, or scheduled castes as they were later referred to, were at the bottom of the social hierarchy. The untouchables were subjected to a variety of severe disabilities and restrictions. People were divided into numerous groups as a result of the system. In modern times, it has become a major impediment to the development of a strong national identity and the spread of democracy. It should also be noted that caste consciousness, particularly with regard to marriage, prevailed among Muslims, Christians, and Sikhs, all of whom practiced untouchability, albeit in a milder form. A rigid caste system stifled social mobility, widened social divisions, and stifled individual initiative. Above all, the humiliation of untouchability, which was so ingrained in the caste system, worked against human dignity. Socio-religious upheavals in the nineteenth century offered fertile ground for the formation of Indian nationalism. As a result of the social and religious injustices encountered by various sectors of the population, many leaders and reforms evolved in Indian society. People became increasingly aware of the world as nationalist impulses got stronger, new economic forces formed, education spread, and the impact of contemporary Western ideas and culture grew greater. The socio-religious reform movements were not exactly religious in character. These reforms were humanist in aspiration and rejected salvation and otherworldliness as the agenda mentioned in various religions. The socio-religious aspirations in the 19th century were influenced by the colonial state but were not created by it.
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What is a Non-Performing Asset? Briefly discuss various steps taken by the government and RBI to solve the issue of NPA"s in India.(150 words, 10 marks)
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APPROACH - Briefly Introduce by mentioning the meaning of Non Performing Assets. Highlight the steps taken by the government to address the NPA issue. Mention the measures taken by RBI to reduce NPA. Explain the various reforms in this regard. Conclude accordingly. ANSWER- The Indian banking system is beleaguered with non-performing assets (NPAs). According to the Reserve Bank of India’s Financial Stability Report Indian bank"s" gross non-performing assets (NPAs), or bad loans, stood at Rs 10.25 lakh crore as on 31 March 2018. An asset becomes non-performing when it ceases to generate income for the bank. A "non-performing asset" (NPA) is defined as credit in respect of which interest and/or installment of principal has remained due for 90 days. There are many reasons for the rise of NPAs in Indian banks such as economic slowdown, lack of due diligence by banks, populist measures by the government, the leadership of PSBs, etc. Measures taken by the government to address the NPA issue are as follows: A. Under the new framework introduced by RBI, bankers have to report defaults on a weekly basis to the Credit Repository of Information on Large Credits and start on a resolution plan immediately. The immediate impact of this will be a rise in NPAs. B. Insolvency and bankruptcy code bill, 2016: It is the bankruptcy law that consolidated all the laws related to insolvency in India by creating a single law. The bill seeks to build a new class of insolvency professionals (IPs) that would help sick companies. The bill advocates the setting up of an Insolvency and bankruptcy board that will regulate IPs. National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) will act as the negotiating authority and deal will case of insolvency, bankruptcy process, and liquidation of companies. C.Other measures:- 1. Scheme for Sustainable Structuring of Stressed Assets (S4A Scheme): The S4A Scheme aims at a deep financial restructuring of big debted projects by allowing lenders (banks) to acquire equity in the stressed project. 2. Strategic Debt Restructuring scheme (" SDR Scheme"): Under SDR, banks who have given loans to a corporate borrower get the right to convert the full or part of their loans into equity shares in the loan-taken company. Note:- Finally the RBI discontinued programs for banks to restructure their defaulted loans such as corporate debt restructuring (CDR), sustainable structuring of stressed assets (S4A), and strategic debt restructuring (SDR), among others, and made the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code as the main tool to deal with defaulters Reforms:- 1. Indradhanush Plan: It is a plan to revamp the working of the Public Sector Banks. It includes seven elements to revamp the functioning. These seven elements are appointments, the board of the bureau, capitalization, de-stressing, empowerment, the framework of accountability, and governance reforms. Bank Board Bureau is an important outcome of this plan. It will replace the existing appointments board. Now, govt.is planning to come up with Indradhanush 2.0 after finalizing the asset quality review by RBI 2. The Banking Regulation (Amendment) seeks to amend the Banking Regulation Act, of 1949 to insert provisions for handling cases related to stressed assets. It contains provisions related to 3. The RBI may, from time to time, issue directions to banks for the resolution of stressed assets. 4. The RBI may specify authorities or committees to advise banks on the resolution of stressed assets. The members of such committees will be appointed or approved by the RBI. EASE: -The government has unveiled a reform plan that sets a goal of ‘Enhanced Access and Service Excellence (EASE)’. The six pillars to achieve this include customer responsiveness, responsible banking credit offtake, PSBs as Udyami Mitra, deepening financial inclusion, and digitalization and developing personnel. Recapitalization: - The government has also announced the details of the Rs. 2.1 lakh crore recapitalization plan for public sector banks (PSBs). The recapitalization package would be spread across the current financial year 2017-18 and the next year 2018-19. The capital infusion plan for 2017-18 includes Rs. 80,000 crores through recapitalization bonds and Rs. 8,139 crores as budgetary support. ] Apart from the measures that have already been taken there were other steps too that the government was thinking to take such as issuing provision shore-up certificates (PSC) to banks, establishing Bad Banks, etc.
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##Question:What is a Non-Performing Asset? Briefly discuss various steps taken by the government and RBI to solve the issue of NPA"s in India.(150 words, 10 marks)##Answer:APPROACH - Briefly Introduce by mentioning the meaning of Non Performing Assets. Highlight the steps taken by the government to address the NPA issue. Mention the measures taken by RBI to reduce NPA. Explain the various reforms in this regard. Conclude accordingly. ANSWER- The Indian banking system is beleaguered with non-performing assets (NPAs). According to the Reserve Bank of India’s Financial Stability Report Indian bank"s" gross non-performing assets (NPAs), or bad loans, stood at Rs 10.25 lakh crore as on 31 March 2018. An asset becomes non-performing when it ceases to generate income for the bank. A "non-performing asset" (NPA) is defined as credit in respect of which interest and/or installment of principal has remained due for 90 days. There are many reasons for the rise of NPAs in Indian banks such as economic slowdown, lack of due diligence by banks, populist measures by the government, the leadership of PSBs, etc. Measures taken by the government to address the NPA issue are as follows: A. Under the new framework introduced by RBI, bankers have to report defaults on a weekly basis to the Credit Repository of Information on Large Credits and start on a resolution plan immediately. The immediate impact of this will be a rise in NPAs. B. Insolvency and bankruptcy code bill, 2016: It is the bankruptcy law that consolidated all the laws related to insolvency in India by creating a single law. The bill seeks to build a new class of insolvency professionals (IPs) that would help sick companies. The bill advocates the setting up of an Insolvency and bankruptcy board that will regulate IPs. National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) will act as the negotiating authority and deal will case of insolvency, bankruptcy process, and liquidation of companies. C.Other measures:- 1. Scheme for Sustainable Structuring of Stressed Assets (S4A Scheme): The S4A Scheme aims at a deep financial restructuring of big debted projects by allowing lenders (banks) to acquire equity in the stressed project. 2. Strategic Debt Restructuring scheme (" SDR Scheme"): Under SDR, banks who have given loans to a corporate borrower get the right to convert the full or part of their loans into equity shares in the loan-taken company. Note:- Finally the RBI discontinued programs for banks to restructure their defaulted loans such as corporate debt restructuring (CDR), sustainable structuring of stressed assets (S4A), and strategic debt restructuring (SDR), among others, and made the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code as the main tool to deal with defaulters Reforms:- 1. Indradhanush Plan: It is a plan to revamp the working of the Public Sector Banks. It includes seven elements to revamp the functioning. These seven elements are appointments, the board of the bureau, capitalization, de-stressing, empowerment, the framework of accountability, and governance reforms. Bank Board Bureau is an important outcome of this plan. It will replace the existing appointments board. Now, govt.is planning to come up with Indradhanush 2.0 after finalizing the asset quality review by RBI 2. The Banking Regulation (Amendment) seeks to amend the Banking Regulation Act, of 1949 to insert provisions for handling cases related to stressed assets. It contains provisions related to 3. The RBI may, from time to time, issue directions to banks for the resolution of stressed assets. 4. The RBI may specify authorities or committees to advise banks on the resolution of stressed assets. The members of such committees will be appointed or approved by the RBI. EASE: -The government has unveiled a reform plan that sets a goal of ‘Enhanced Access and Service Excellence (EASE)’. The six pillars to achieve this include customer responsiveness, responsible banking credit offtake, PSBs as Udyami Mitra, deepening financial inclusion, and digitalization and developing personnel. Recapitalization: - The government has also announced the details of the Rs. 2.1 lakh crore recapitalization plan for public sector banks (PSBs). The recapitalization package would be spread across the current financial year 2017-18 and the next year 2018-19. The capital infusion plan for 2017-18 includes Rs. 80,000 crores through recapitalization bonds and Rs. 8,139 crores as budgetary support. ] Apart from the measures that have already been taken there were other steps too that the government was thinking to take such as issuing provision shore-up certificates (PSC) to banks, establishing Bad Banks, etc.
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Critically Analyse why inflation targetting is not the most important mechanism in deciding the monetary policy. (10 marks/150 words)
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APPROACH - briefly Introduced by mentioning the Inflation targeting policy. Write the Benefits and limitations of the Inflation targeting system in containing inflation. Conclude accordingly. Answer- Inflation targeting is basically a monetary policy system wherein the central bank of a country (RBI in India) has a specific target inflation rate for the medium term and publicizes this rate. It is assumed that at best the monetary policy could do in order to support growth for the long term to sustain price stability. Analysis of Inflation targeting policy- Benefits Specific targeting and reporting the reasons in case of failure to achieve targets would make Central Bank more accountable. It will reduce the scope of political interference in the decisions of the central bank. Decentralized decision-making will not leave the scope of concentration of power. It will lead to increased transparency and accountability. If inflation creeps up, then it can cause various economic costs such as uncertainty leading to lower investment, loss of international competitiveness and reduced value of savings. This can also be avoided with targeting. Limitations Monetary policy is not effective in containing supply-side factors which are more prominent in the case of India. It can pose a challenge to make a balance between inflation targeting and economic growth. Inflation occurred due to external factors like an increase in crude oil prices that could not be dealt with by RBI efficiently as the factor is beyond their control. It cannot help remove supply bottlenecks and shortages. It cannot help external shocks, the exchange rate might suffer in the short run. Growth and employment might take hits in the short run. Hence, the step taken to constitute MPC for inflation targeting is a good step in a way. However, we need to relook at the structure and objectives of it as per the basis of the situation.
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##Question:Critically Analyse why inflation targetting is not the most important mechanism in deciding the monetary policy. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:APPROACH - briefly Introduced by mentioning the Inflation targeting policy. Write the Benefits and limitations of the Inflation targeting system in containing inflation. Conclude accordingly. Answer- Inflation targeting is basically a monetary policy system wherein the central bank of a country (RBI in India) has a specific target inflation rate for the medium term and publicizes this rate. It is assumed that at best the monetary policy could do in order to support growth for the long term to sustain price stability. Analysis of Inflation targeting policy- Benefits Specific targeting and reporting the reasons in case of failure to achieve targets would make Central Bank more accountable. It will reduce the scope of political interference in the decisions of the central bank. Decentralized decision-making will not leave the scope of concentration of power. It will lead to increased transparency and accountability. If inflation creeps up, then it can cause various economic costs such as uncertainty leading to lower investment, loss of international competitiveness and reduced value of savings. This can also be avoided with targeting. Limitations Monetary policy is not effective in containing supply-side factors which are more prominent in the case of India. It can pose a challenge to make a balance between inflation targeting and economic growth. Inflation occurred due to external factors like an increase in crude oil prices that could not be dealt with by RBI efficiently as the factor is beyond their control. It cannot help remove supply bottlenecks and shortages. It cannot help external shocks, the exchange rate might suffer in the short run. Growth and employment might take hits in the short run. Hence, the step taken to constitute MPC for inflation targeting is a good step in a way. However, we need to relook at the structure and objectives of it as per the basis of the situation.
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(55247)18th-century India was beset with fragmented polity which led to the growth of British roots in India. Discuss(150 words)
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Approach: Introduce: Briefly start with the political condition of the early 18th century. Body: In the body part come up with the different political conditions, Fragmented polity of that time elaborately. Conclusion: Conclude by summarising the body part, How the British took benefit from it. The early 18th century saw the demise of the Mughal empire which was because of the weak successive rulers and particularly ill-conceived policies of the Aurangzeb which germinated a seed for the rise of independent kingdoms and finally gave the British a chance to establish the British Raj. Fragmented polity: 1) I ll-conceivedpolicies of Later Mughals: Jagirdari system under the Mughals led to a series of revolts as jagirdars were overburdened. 2) Rise of independent kingdoms: Weak later Mughals and their policies lead to the birth of independent kingdoms like Successor States Hyderabad, Bengal and Awadh were the three cases where provincial governors under the Mughals set up independent states. Rebel states Marathas and Jats revolted against the Mughals and Independent states: Mysore 3) Defeat by the invaders: Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali also made frequent inroads into Punjab and finally took over Delhi in 1756-57. Marathas, who were considered the only contenders to fill the power vacuum in Delhi, was defeated by Abdali"s forces in the Third Battle of Panipat 4) The third battle of Panipat proved significant as the British significantly gained with Maratha"s defeat and the British got a tremendous opportunity to expand their influence in Bengal and India. 5) Internal squabbles among the Mughals : After the death of Muazzam in 1712, A war of succession broke out among his four sons which again led to loosening the unity among the Mughals to give a united fight against the invaders. 6) The lack of strong imperial power , the decline of Marathas and the limitations of successor states opened space for the Britishers. The beginning of the empire is usually traced to when the British defeated the Bengal Nawab at Plassey. Therefore the politico-economic situation of the early 18th century was marked by the weak fragmented policies of later Mughals, internal squabbles and the subsequent battles that did not stand united for their petty political ambitions to give a tuff united fight against the invader. The net gainer from this situation was the British East India Company which had come to India as a mercantile company but the condition of India encouraged it to move for political adventures.
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##Question:(55247)18th-century India was beset with fragmented polity which led to the growth of British roots in India. Discuss(150 words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce: Briefly start with the political condition of the early 18th century. Body: In the body part come up with the different political conditions, Fragmented polity of that time elaborately. Conclusion: Conclude by summarising the body part, How the British took benefit from it. The early 18th century saw the demise of the Mughal empire which was because of the weak successive rulers and particularly ill-conceived policies of the Aurangzeb which germinated a seed for the rise of independent kingdoms and finally gave the British a chance to establish the British Raj. Fragmented polity: 1) I ll-conceivedpolicies of Later Mughals: Jagirdari system under the Mughals led to a series of revolts as jagirdars were overburdened. 2) Rise of independent kingdoms: Weak later Mughals and their policies lead to the birth of independent kingdoms like Successor States Hyderabad, Bengal and Awadh were the three cases where provincial governors under the Mughals set up independent states. Rebel states Marathas and Jats revolted against the Mughals and Independent states: Mysore 3) Defeat by the invaders: Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali also made frequent inroads into Punjab and finally took over Delhi in 1756-57. Marathas, who were considered the only contenders to fill the power vacuum in Delhi, was defeated by Abdali"s forces in the Third Battle of Panipat 4) The third battle of Panipat proved significant as the British significantly gained with Maratha"s defeat and the British got a tremendous opportunity to expand their influence in Bengal and India. 5) Internal squabbles among the Mughals : After the death of Muazzam in 1712, A war of succession broke out among his four sons which again led to loosening the unity among the Mughals to give a united fight against the invaders. 6) The lack of strong imperial power , the decline of Marathas and the limitations of successor states opened space for the Britishers. The beginning of the empire is usually traced to when the British defeated the Bengal Nawab at Plassey. Therefore the politico-economic situation of the early 18th century was marked by the weak fragmented policies of later Mughals, internal squabbles and the subsequent battles that did not stand united for their petty political ambitions to give a tuff united fight against the invader. The net gainer from this situation was the British East India Company which had come to India as a mercantile company but the condition of India encouraged it to move for political adventures.
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Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive role in the emergence of Bangladesh.[150 words/10 marks]
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Approach: - General Introduction about the Bangladesh Liberation War. - Various reasons which lead to India intervening in the war - Conclusion Answer: India played a critical role in the Liberation of Bangladesh, both through direct and indirect interventions. On 26 March, Bangladesh was proclaimed an independent nation by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, after which a guerilla war ensued between Pakistan and Bangladesh liberation forces with Indian support. The war culminated in December 1971 with the defeat of Pakistan. The various reasons which lead to India participating in the war included : - Strategic Reasons: Having a hostile neighbor on both east and the West fronts became a strategic concern for India. This was coupled with weak Indo - China relations due to 1962. Thus the intervention was a compulsion to secure our long-term strategic interests. - Domestic Reasons: Constant influx of migrants from East Pakistan was creating various problems in the Border States. The resources were limited and there was a constant struggle between locals and refugees over the use of these resources. Besides, there were various other ethnic and social problems due to this inflow of migrants. - Economic reasons: pending huge resources to absorb these refugees. Being a closed economy, India was not in a position to continue spending resources for long and hence a long-term solution to the problem was needed. - North-East Concerns: having a hostile East Pakistan was hindering the development of the northeastern part of the country due to limited connectivity. Attacks on northwestern India by West Pakistan and help asked by Mukti Vahini - Humanitarian Reasons: Atrocities committed against the people of East Pakistan forced India to intervene in the conflict on the humanitarian ground to prevent a large-scale crisis. India played a key part in Bangladesh"s achieving recognition from other countries of the world. The then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had toured several countries to publicize the atrocities conducted by the Pakistani military in Bangladesh. This ensured that India’s entry into the war did not cause international rebuke and also helped the new nation gain quick international recognition.
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##Question:Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive role in the emergence of Bangladesh.[150 words/10 marks]##Answer:Approach: - General Introduction about the Bangladesh Liberation War. - Various reasons which lead to India intervening in the war - Conclusion Answer: India played a critical role in the Liberation of Bangladesh, both through direct and indirect interventions. On 26 March, Bangladesh was proclaimed an independent nation by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, after which a guerilla war ensued between Pakistan and Bangladesh liberation forces with Indian support. The war culminated in December 1971 with the defeat of Pakistan. The various reasons which lead to India participating in the war included : - Strategic Reasons: Having a hostile neighbor on both east and the West fronts became a strategic concern for India. This was coupled with weak Indo - China relations due to 1962. Thus the intervention was a compulsion to secure our long-term strategic interests. - Domestic Reasons: Constant influx of migrants from East Pakistan was creating various problems in the Border States. The resources were limited and there was a constant struggle between locals and refugees over the use of these resources. Besides, there were various other ethnic and social problems due to this inflow of migrants. - Economic reasons: pending huge resources to absorb these refugees. Being a closed economy, India was not in a position to continue spending resources for long and hence a long-term solution to the problem was needed. - North-East Concerns: having a hostile East Pakistan was hindering the development of the northeastern part of the country due to limited connectivity. Attacks on northwestern India by West Pakistan and help asked by Mukti Vahini - Humanitarian Reasons: Atrocities committed against the people of East Pakistan forced India to intervene in the conflict on the humanitarian ground to prevent a large-scale crisis. India played a key part in Bangladesh"s achieving recognition from other countries of the world. The then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had toured several countries to publicize the atrocities conducted by the Pakistani military in Bangladesh. This ensured that India’s entry into the war did not cause international rebuke and also helped the new nation gain quick international recognition.
| 83,001
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Acceptance of partition under the Mountbatten plan was the culmination of a long process. Comment. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach:- In the introduction, start with the context of the partition In the body part, give evidence to show that the partition under the Mountbatten plan was the culmination of a long process Conclude accordingly. Answer:- Mountbatten plan or the 3rd June plan laid the foundation of the Partition, although it was a culmination of the long process The culmination of a long process Role of the 1872 census - It brought religious identity into the public domain and governance as a religion-based report published on education, employment, and poverty. Role of Muslim organizations - For example- led by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan demanded special benefits for Muslims, He also labeled INC as a Hindu organization and argued for special status For Muslim Quam Rise of Hindu revivalism in 1880-90 - Such as cow killing riots in 1893 and the shuddhi movement in the late 19th century Role of personalities - Madan Mohan Malviya led the Hindu-Urdu controversy in NWP and Awadh where he wanted official status for Hindi. Now Hindi got associated with Hindus and Urdu with Muslims Formation of the Muslim League as a communal organization in 1906 High use of Hindu symbolism in the swadeshi movement 1905-1911 Lahore Pact 1916 where INC accepted separate electorates In Cripps Mission 1942 INC agreed to Provincial autonomy for Muslim-majority Provinces In Gandhi-Jinnah talks on the Rajaji formula 1944, INC agreed, to a plebiscite for partition [Without full independence] In the cabinet mission plan 1946, INC only opposed compulsory grouping and not the idea of grouping itself INC officially referred to partition for the first time in March 1947 when it stated that Punjab and Bengal would have to be partitioned if the country. Role of Mountbatten plan in partition It had a provision that If the vote is in favor of partition then two Constituent assemblies and two dominions will be created and the transfer of power to two centers will be by 15th August 1947 INC and ML both accepted the Mountbatten plan Also, votes in all regions came out in favor of partition Thus, from the above arguments, it is clear that Partition was the culmination of the long process and the 3rd June plan/Mountbatten plan minimized the damage as it prevented Balkanisation of India.
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##Question:Acceptance of partition under the Mountbatten plan was the culmination of a long process. Comment. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, start with the context of the partition In the body part, give evidence to show that the partition under the Mountbatten plan was the culmination of a long process Conclude accordingly. Answer:- Mountbatten plan or the 3rd June plan laid the foundation of the Partition, although it was a culmination of the long process The culmination of a long process Role of the 1872 census - It brought religious identity into the public domain and governance as a religion-based report published on education, employment, and poverty. Role of Muslim organizations - For example- led by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan demanded special benefits for Muslims, He also labeled INC as a Hindu organization and argued for special status For Muslim Quam Rise of Hindu revivalism in 1880-90 - Such as cow killing riots in 1893 and the shuddhi movement in the late 19th century Role of personalities - Madan Mohan Malviya led the Hindu-Urdu controversy in NWP and Awadh where he wanted official status for Hindi. Now Hindi got associated with Hindus and Urdu with Muslims Formation of the Muslim League as a communal organization in 1906 High use of Hindu symbolism in the swadeshi movement 1905-1911 Lahore Pact 1916 where INC accepted separate electorates In Cripps Mission 1942 INC agreed to Provincial autonomy for Muslim-majority Provinces In Gandhi-Jinnah talks on the Rajaji formula 1944, INC agreed, to a plebiscite for partition [Without full independence] In the cabinet mission plan 1946, INC only opposed compulsory grouping and not the idea of grouping itself INC officially referred to partition for the first time in March 1947 when it stated that Punjab and Bengal would have to be partitioned if the country. Role of Mountbatten plan in partition It had a provision that If the vote is in favor of partition then two Constituent assemblies and two dominions will be created and the transfer of power to two centers will be by 15th August 1947 INC and ML both accepted the Mountbatten plan Also, votes in all regions came out in favor of partition Thus, from the above arguments, it is clear that Partition was the culmination of the long process and the 3rd June plan/Mountbatten plan minimized the damage as it prevented Balkanisation of India.
| 83,015
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Discuss the classification of loans on the basis of risk of default and nature of consumption. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach : Introduce in brief loans in general In-body classify loans on the basis of risk of default and nature of consumption Conclude briefly with significance Answer : The loans provided by the financial intermediaries can be considered assets for them. A secured loan uses an asset you own as collateral; the lender can take the asset if you don"t repay the loan. An unsecured loan requires no collateral. They usually have higher interest rates than secured loans because they are riskier for lenders Loans can be classified into various categories in terms of the risk of default: Prime Loans - These refer to those loans where the risk of default is very less as enough collaterals are taken Sub-prime loan - It refers to those loans where the chance of defaults is relatively higher due to inappropriate collaterals. A subprime loan is a loan offered to individuals at an interest rate above prime, who do not qualify for conventional loans. Such individuals have low income, limited credit history, poor quality collateral, or poor credit. Teaser Loans - These refer to those loans where interest payments or repayment schedules are easier in beginning and gradually get intensified and thereby increasing the risk of default. A teaser loan is any loan that offers a lower interest rate for a fixed amount of time as a purchase incentive. Overleveraged Loans - Where someone is provided with more loans than the repayment capacities or available assets. Overleveraging occurs when a business has borrowed too much money and is unable to pay interest payments, principal repayments, or maintenance payments for its operating expenses due to the debt burden. Zombie Loans - These refer to those loans where the chances of defaults are very high due to malafide practices. It generally refers to debt that is more than three years old, which has either been forgotten about, already paid off, or belonged to someone else. It can also be the result of identity theft, a computer error, or a fraudulent attempt to collect on a debt that does not exist. Another classification of loans can be done on the basis of the nature of consumption: Financial Debt - It refers to those debts which are taken for business activities. The definition is provided in Insolvency Bankruptcy Code 2016. It is when a company borrows money to be paid back at a future date with interest it is known as debt financing. It could be in the form of a secured as well as an unsecured loan. A firm takes up a loan to either finance a working capital or an acquisition. Non-Financial Debt - Where the debt is taken for non-business purposes; like consumer durable loans; credit card loans, and loans taken by govt for consumption. Non-financial debt comprises treasury bills, commercial loans, and industrial loans. The issuers are non-financial. Thus from the above, it is clear that loans allow for growth in the overall money supply in an economy and open up competition by lending to new businesses. The interest and fees from loans are a primary source of revenue for many banks, as well as some retailers through the use of credit facilities and credit cards.
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##Question:Discuss the classification of loans on the basis of risk of default and nature of consumption. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce in brief loans in general In-body classify loans on the basis of risk of default and nature of consumption Conclude briefly with significance Answer : The loans provided by the financial intermediaries can be considered assets for them. A secured loan uses an asset you own as collateral; the lender can take the asset if you don"t repay the loan. An unsecured loan requires no collateral. They usually have higher interest rates than secured loans because they are riskier for lenders Loans can be classified into various categories in terms of the risk of default: Prime Loans - These refer to those loans where the risk of default is very less as enough collaterals are taken Sub-prime loan - It refers to those loans where the chance of defaults is relatively higher due to inappropriate collaterals. A subprime loan is a loan offered to individuals at an interest rate above prime, who do not qualify for conventional loans. Such individuals have low income, limited credit history, poor quality collateral, or poor credit. Teaser Loans - These refer to those loans where interest payments or repayment schedules are easier in beginning and gradually get intensified and thereby increasing the risk of default. A teaser loan is any loan that offers a lower interest rate for a fixed amount of time as a purchase incentive. Overleveraged Loans - Where someone is provided with more loans than the repayment capacities or available assets. Overleveraging occurs when a business has borrowed too much money and is unable to pay interest payments, principal repayments, or maintenance payments for its operating expenses due to the debt burden. Zombie Loans - These refer to those loans where the chances of defaults are very high due to malafide practices. It generally refers to debt that is more than three years old, which has either been forgotten about, already paid off, or belonged to someone else. It can also be the result of identity theft, a computer error, or a fraudulent attempt to collect on a debt that does not exist. Another classification of loans can be done on the basis of the nature of consumption: Financial Debt - It refers to those debts which are taken for business activities. The definition is provided in Insolvency Bankruptcy Code 2016. It is when a company borrows money to be paid back at a future date with interest it is known as debt financing. It could be in the form of a secured as well as an unsecured loan. A firm takes up a loan to either finance a working capital or an acquisition. Non-Financial Debt - Where the debt is taken for non-business purposes; like consumer durable loans; credit card loans, and loans taken by govt for consumption. Non-financial debt comprises treasury bills, commercial loans, and industrial loans. The issuers are non-financial. Thus from the above, it is clear that loans allow for growth in the overall money supply in an economy and open up competition by lending to new businesses. The interest and fees from loans are a primary source of revenue for many banks, as well as some retailers through the use of credit facilities and credit cards.
| 83,030
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Explain the issues related to infrastructure financing in India. What steps have been taken by the government to resolve these issues? (150 words/10 marks)
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APPROACH- Briefly introduce by mentioning the meaning of infrastructure financing. Highlight the issues related to infrastructure financing in India. Explain the steps taken by the government to resolve these issues. Conclude accordingly. ANSWER- Infrastructure is the set of the basic physical system of a business, region, or nation, that is fundamental in the sustainable functionality of the very entity itself. For the growth and development of any country, infrastructure plays a key role. It involves huge investments, long gestation periods, and procedural delays. So, financing the infrastructure with optimum mobilization and utilization of national resources is the need of the hour. Issues in infrastructure financing in India: Funding Gaps- After Eurozone Crisis, ECB borrowings were reduced. Fiscal Burden- Government has other competing demands like health, education, etc. Asset Liability Mismatch of Commercial Banks- Takeout Financing offers a window for banks to free their balance sheet from exposure to infrastructure loans. It is a mechanism to fund long-term projects with medium-term funds but because of several reasons like distribution of risk and benefits takeout financing is not a game changer. Investment Obligation of Insurance and Pension Funds- From the point of view of Asset liability mismatch, insurance and pension funds are one of the best-suited institutions to invest in infrastructure projects. However, they are constrained by an obligation to invest a substantial portion of their funds in government securities and AAA-rated companies. Corporate Bond Market is in its nascent stage. Problems in Developing the Municipal Bond Market. Legal and Procedural Issues- Problems in infrastructural development range from those related to land acquisition, environmental clearances, etc. Lack of Coordination among Different Ministries- PM Gatishakti program. All these issues lead to procedural delays. Various steps have been taken by the government to address these issues: PPP projects in infrastructure- Government face tight budgetary constraints in the rule-based fiscal policy framework. It was important to encourage the private sector to invest in Infrastructure. Viability gap funding - It was introduced in 2006, where the central government provides 20% of the total capital cost concerning PPP projects. FDI in infrastructural development - To facilitate infrastructural financing 100% FDI is allowed under automatic routes in sectors like mining, power, SEZs, etc. Setting up of infrastructure debt fund - RBI and SEBI, notify guidelines for setting up of IDFs in the form of NBFCs and mutual fund companies. The government has reduced withholding tax on interest payments from 20% to 5%. IDFs are expected to channel funds from insurance companies, pension funds, and other long-term sources into the infrastructure sector. Liberalization and rationalization of ECBs Introduction of credit default swaps- It will strengthen the banking sector. For the development of an economy, greater participation of State Governments must be ensured and steps must be taken to simplify the procedures and improve the efficiency of the Corporate Bond Market.
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##Question:Explain the issues related to infrastructure financing in India. What steps have been taken by the government to resolve these issues? (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:APPROACH- Briefly introduce by mentioning the meaning of infrastructure financing. Highlight the issues related to infrastructure financing in India. Explain the steps taken by the government to resolve these issues. Conclude accordingly. ANSWER- Infrastructure is the set of the basic physical system of a business, region, or nation, that is fundamental in the sustainable functionality of the very entity itself. For the growth and development of any country, infrastructure plays a key role. It involves huge investments, long gestation periods, and procedural delays. So, financing the infrastructure with optimum mobilization and utilization of national resources is the need of the hour. Issues in infrastructure financing in India: Funding Gaps- After Eurozone Crisis, ECB borrowings were reduced. Fiscal Burden- Government has other competing demands like health, education, etc. Asset Liability Mismatch of Commercial Banks- Takeout Financing offers a window for banks to free their balance sheet from exposure to infrastructure loans. It is a mechanism to fund long-term projects with medium-term funds but because of several reasons like distribution of risk and benefits takeout financing is not a game changer. Investment Obligation of Insurance and Pension Funds- From the point of view of Asset liability mismatch, insurance and pension funds are one of the best-suited institutions to invest in infrastructure projects. However, they are constrained by an obligation to invest a substantial portion of their funds in government securities and AAA-rated companies. Corporate Bond Market is in its nascent stage. Problems in Developing the Municipal Bond Market. Legal and Procedural Issues- Problems in infrastructural development range from those related to land acquisition, environmental clearances, etc. Lack of Coordination among Different Ministries- PM Gatishakti program. All these issues lead to procedural delays. Various steps have been taken by the government to address these issues: PPP projects in infrastructure- Government face tight budgetary constraints in the rule-based fiscal policy framework. It was important to encourage the private sector to invest in Infrastructure. Viability gap funding - It was introduced in 2006, where the central government provides 20% of the total capital cost concerning PPP projects. FDI in infrastructural development - To facilitate infrastructural financing 100% FDI is allowed under automatic routes in sectors like mining, power, SEZs, etc. Setting up of infrastructure debt fund - RBI and SEBI, notify guidelines for setting up of IDFs in the form of NBFCs and mutual fund companies. The government has reduced withholding tax on interest payments from 20% to 5%. IDFs are expected to channel funds from insurance companies, pension funds, and other long-term sources into the infrastructure sector. Liberalization and rationalization of ECBs Introduction of credit default swaps- It will strengthen the banking sector. For the development of an economy, greater participation of State Governments must be ensured and steps must be taken to simplify the procedures and improve the efficiency of the Corporate Bond Market.
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What do you mean by parliamentary privileges? Critically analyze the need for codification of the parliamentary Privileges in India. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach :- In the introduction, define the parliamentary privileges In the body part, First mention the meaning of parliamentary privileges Then mention the arguments in favor of codification Then mention the arguments against the codification Mention a way forward Answer :- Parliamentary privilege refers to rights and immunities enjoyed by Parliament as an institution and MPs in their individual capacity. without which they cannot discharge their functions as entrusted upon them by the Constitution So that the parliament can perform its duties without fear or favor. Meaning of privileges They are of two types- Individual and collective privileges These help in discharging their functions and duties as entrusted upon them by the Constitution without fear or favor. The sources for these privileges are the Civil procedure code, Constitution in Article 105, and the conventions practiced by the British parliamentarians B R Ambedkar said that future parliamentarians can define the privileges as they feel necessary to work independently and impartially. But to date, parliament has not codified the privileges Arguments in favor of codification Misuse of these privileges by initiating a breach of privilege motion has resulted in curbing legitimate criticism and dissent against the parliament These privileges often come in conflict with the freedom of speech and expression provided under 19(1)(a) There have been several instances of misuse of these privileges in the past which has created a negative image of the institution in the eyes of the people. Reasons for non-codification The codification may put the freedom of speech and expression of the citizen in conflict with the privileges and therefore, allow the courts to interfere in such matters The vagueness in defining the privileges works in the favor of the parliament as they can apply it in an arbitrary manner. Specifically defining the privileges may hamper the powers of the presiding officers in ensuring proper conduct in the house. The parliament believes that there have been few instances of misuse of these privileges and therefore there is no pressing need to codify them Arguments against the codification It Would hamper the powers of the presiding officers It may bring privileges in conflict with FRs and lead to litigation There have been very few instances of misuse Way ahead Unless the privileges are codified and the relation between privileges and fundamental rights is balanced, the present scenario should be improved. One possible solution could be making the Privilege Committee as impartial as possible.
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##Question:What do you mean by parliamentary privileges? Critically analyze the need for codification of the parliamentary Privileges in India. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach :- In the introduction, define the parliamentary privileges In the body part, First mention the meaning of parliamentary privileges Then mention the arguments in favor of codification Then mention the arguments against the codification Mention a way forward Answer :- Parliamentary privilege refers to rights and immunities enjoyed by Parliament as an institution and MPs in their individual capacity. without which they cannot discharge their functions as entrusted upon them by the Constitution So that the parliament can perform its duties without fear or favor. Meaning of privileges They are of two types- Individual and collective privileges These help in discharging their functions and duties as entrusted upon them by the Constitution without fear or favor. The sources for these privileges are the Civil procedure code, Constitution in Article 105, and the conventions practiced by the British parliamentarians B R Ambedkar said that future parliamentarians can define the privileges as they feel necessary to work independently and impartially. But to date, parliament has not codified the privileges Arguments in favor of codification Misuse of these privileges by initiating a breach of privilege motion has resulted in curbing legitimate criticism and dissent against the parliament These privileges often come in conflict with the freedom of speech and expression provided under 19(1)(a) There have been several instances of misuse of these privileges in the past which has created a negative image of the institution in the eyes of the people. Reasons for non-codification The codification may put the freedom of speech and expression of the citizen in conflict with the privileges and therefore, allow the courts to interfere in such matters The vagueness in defining the privileges works in the favor of the parliament as they can apply it in an arbitrary manner. Specifically defining the privileges may hamper the powers of the presiding officers in ensuring proper conduct in the house. The parliament believes that there have been few instances of misuse of these privileges and therefore there is no pressing need to codify them Arguments against the codification It Would hamper the powers of the presiding officers It may bring privileges in conflict with FRs and lead to litigation There have been very few instances of misuse Way ahead Unless the privileges are codified and the relation between privileges and fundamental rights is balanced, the present scenario should be improved. One possible solution could be making the Privilege Committee as impartial as possible.
| 83,075
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What is meant by ‘crisis of conscience"? Narrate one incident in your life when you were faced with such a crisis and how you resolved the same. (150 words/10 marks)
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The approach of the Answer Introduce the answer by defining conscience Define Crisis of Conscience along with examples Narrate a personal incident and solutions Conclude appropriately (a quote can be used) Answer Conscience is the intuitive authoritative judgement regarding the moral quality of an action. Conscience can be classified into the voice of conscience and the crisis of conscience. Crisis of Conscience - It refers to a situation where there exists a sense of worry because you think you have done something wrong or there existed a dilemma and you were compelled to take action against your conscience. Examples of Crisis of Conscience - With respect to career choices, you value social welfare but will not choose a career in this field as it is economically viable. Inertia to appear as a witness in criminal cases. Mental state of Arjun before Kurukshetra. With respect to public servants, the dilemma between individual morality and orders of the superior. A narration of the Crisis of Conscience Incident – (*Must be a Personal Incident of the Candidate--> Evaluator needs to take note of the same) I faced a crisis of conscience when I had to leave my job for coming to Delhi to prepare for the UPSC Civil Services examination. Although I was preparing for Civil Services Examination along with the job, I couldn’t qualify for mains in my first two attempts. Therefore, I realized that I have to leave my job for the exam. However, I was earning way more than what is required to live a decent life. There was a choice that I had to make with respect to my preferred career or economic gains. Resolving the Crisis of Conscience situation - I resolved this situation of crisis of conscience through - 1) Self-belief because I knew that if I devote all my time to the exam, I can definitely clear it. 2) Freedom from material desires of higher economic compensation and choosing what I value more, that is social welfare 3) Pursuing silence and taking the appropriate time to assess all the suitable situations In the end, I chose UPSC CSE preparation over the job because of the fact that the job helped me with adequate savings for a long time and the psychological well-being of doing what I desire. As Mahatma Gandhi rightly said, “there is a higher court than courts of justice and that is the court of conscience. It supersedes all other courts”. Therefore, the crisis of conscience is a case of ethical dilemma in which all dimensions of the situation must be assessed before taking the decision so that the remorse from within can be eliminated.
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##Question:What is meant by ‘crisis of conscience"? Narrate one incident in your life when you were faced with such a crisis and how you resolved the same. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:The approach of the Answer Introduce the answer by defining conscience Define Crisis of Conscience along with examples Narrate a personal incident and solutions Conclude appropriately (a quote can be used) Answer Conscience is the intuitive authoritative judgement regarding the moral quality of an action. Conscience can be classified into the voice of conscience and the crisis of conscience. Crisis of Conscience - It refers to a situation where there exists a sense of worry because you think you have done something wrong or there existed a dilemma and you were compelled to take action against your conscience. Examples of Crisis of Conscience - With respect to career choices, you value social welfare but will not choose a career in this field as it is economically viable. Inertia to appear as a witness in criminal cases. Mental state of Arjun before Kurukshetra. With respect to public servants, the dilemma between individual morality and orders of the superior. A narration of the Crisis of Conscience Incident – (*Must be a Personal Incident of the Candidate--> Evaluator needs to take note of the same) I faced a crisis of conscience when I had to leave my job for coming to Delhi to prepare for the UPSC Civil Services examination. Although I was preparing for Civil Services Examination along with the job, I couldn’t qualify for mains in my first two attempts. Therefore, I realized that I have to leave my job for the exam. However, I was earning way more than what is required to live a decent life. There was a choice that I had to make with respect to my preferred career or economic gains. Resolving the Crisis of Conscience situation - I resolved this situation of crisis of conscience through - 1) Self-belief because I knew that if I devote all my time to the exam, I can definitely clear it. 2) Freedom from material desires of higher economic compensation and choosing what I value more, that is social welfare 3) Pursuing silence and taking the appropriate time to assess all the suitable situations In the end, I chose UPSC CSE preparation over the job because of the fact that the job helped me with adequate savings for a long time and the psychological well-being of doing what I desire. As Mahatma Gandhi rightly said, “there is a higher court than courts of justice and that is the court of conscience. It supersedes all other courts”. Therefore, the crisis of conscience is a case of ethical dilemma in which all dimensions of the situation must be assessed before taking the decision so that the remorse from within can be eliminated.
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It is argued that India- US relationship has witnessed a qualitative shift in recent times. Explain by identifying significant areas of cooperation between India and the USA. (250 words/15 marks)
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APPROACH:- In the introduction, mention the context of India- US relations Mention the evolution of India-US relation Highlight the areas of cooperation between India- and the USA Conclude giving way forward ANSWER:- The two liberal democracies were expected to have good relationships. But it was characterized by competition and confrontation till the 2000s. Now it has evolved from Estranged Democracies to Natural Allies. Evolution:- Phase I- 1947-1971 This is the phase of cooperation and competition. When India took the issue of Kashmir to the UN, the USA supported Pakistan"s point of view and got Kashmir listed as a disputed territory between the two countries. India was the first non-communist country to recognize china India opposed the USA in identifying china as an aggressor in the Korean conflict. Phase II- 1971-1990 Phase of competition alone The USA was disillusioned with India because of India"s relentless criticism of the USA"s participation in the Vietnam war While the USA finalized its rapprochement with china, India signed a treaty of Peace and Friendship with the USSR Phase III- 1990 onwards The world order changed- The disintegration of India"s most trusted ally, the USSR, and the emergence of the USA as the then single superpower It is in this context, India wanted to pursue good relations with the USA. Phase- IV 2000 onwards It was after India conducted Operation Shakti and declared itself to be a de-facto Nuclear weapon state, the USA entered into negotiations with India which results in the two countries understanding each other"s compulsion Other factors also contributed to this good relationship such as the Economic reform of India & the growing attractiveness of the Indian economy and the Rise of china Areas of Cooperation:- Defense In 2005, a 10-year framework for the defense relationship was established; it was renewed in 2015 In 2016, the USA designated India "A major defense partner" [* USA took cognizance of the fact that India was neither an adversary nor a junior partner and India demanded equality in status] India by 2020, joined all 4 foundational agreements of the USA i.e. GSOMIA in 2002, LEMOA in 2016, COMCASA in 2018, BECA in 2020 In 2018, 2+2 dialogue at the ministerial level was launched In 2018, India was placed in category 1 of strategic trade authorization (STA-1) easing exports of sensitive technology to India In 2019, an Industrial Security Annex to GSOMIA was finalized. Indo-pacific Both these countries emphasize free-open and inclusive Indo-pacific. Despite their closeness vis-a-vis the Indo-pacific policy- To ensure ruled-based Indo-pacific and check revisionist Chinese disruption in the region, there are differences in the two country"s outlook vis-a-vis this region QUAD QUAD began as a loose partnership after the devastating 2004 Tsunami. The 4 countries joined together to provide HADR [Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief ] The areas of cooperation are in multiple sectors such as economy, science, technology, culture, etc Way ahead The USA should continue to liberalize the rules regarding the export of US defense technology to India including dual-use technologies. Such technology sharing will build India"s strategic capacity, help wean off Indian dependence on Russian armaments and provide evidence of the USA as a reliable partner and not a fickle one.
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##Question:It is argued that India- US relationship has witnessed a qualitative shift in recent times. Explain by identifying significant areas of cooperation between India and the USA. (250 words/15 marks)##Answer:APPROACH:- In the introduction, mention the context of India- US relations Mention the evolution of India-US relation Highlight the areas of cooperation between India- and the USA Conclude giving way forward ANSWER:- The two liberal democracies were expected to have good relationships. But it was characterized by competition and confrontation till the 2000s. Now it has evolved from Estranged Democracies to Natural Allies. Evolution:- Phase I- 1947-1971 This is the phase of cooperation and competition. When India took the issue of Kashmir to the UN, the USA supported Pakistan"s point of view and got Kashmir listed as a disputed territory between the two countries. India was the first non-communist country to recognize china India opposed the USA in identifying china as an aggressor in the Korean conflict. Phase II- 1971-1990 Phase of competition alone The USA was disillusioned with India because of India"s relentless criticism of the USA"s participation in the Vietnam war While the USA finalized its rapprochement with china, India signed a treaty of Peace and Friendship with the USSR Phase III- 1990 onwards The world order changed- The disintegration of India"s most trusted ally, the USSR, and the emergence of the USA as the then single superpower It is in this context, India wanted to pursue good relations with the USA. Phase- IV 2000 onwards It was after India conducted Operation Shakti and declared itself to be a de-facto Nuclear weapon state, the USA entered into negotiations with India which results in the two countries understanding each other"s compulsion Other factors also contributed to this good relationship such as the Economic reform of India & the growing attractiveness of the Indian economy and the Rise of china Areas of Cooperation:- Defense In 2005, a 10-year framework for the defense relationship was established; it was renewed in 2015 In 2016, the USA designated India "A major defense partner" [* USA took cognizance of the fact that India was neither an adversary nor a junior partner and India demanded equality in status] India by 2020, joined all 4 foundational agreements of the USA i.e. GSOMIA in 2002, LEMOA in 2016, COMCASA in 2018, BECA in 2020 In 2018, 2+2 dialogue at the ministerial level was launched In 2018, India was placed in category 1 of strategic trade authorization (STA-1) easing exports of sensitive technology to India In 2019, an Industrial Security Annex to GSOMIA was finalized. Indo-pacific Both these countries emphasize free-open and inclusive Indo-pacific. Despite their closeness vis-a-vis the Indo-pacific policy- To ensure ruled-based Indo-pacific and check revisionist Chinese disruption in the region, there are differences in the two country"s outlook vis-a-vis this region QUAD QUAD began as a loose partnership after the devastating 2004 Tsunami. The 4 countries joined together to provide HADR [Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief ] The areas of cooperation are in multiple sectors such as economy, science, technology, culture, etc Way ahead The USA should continue to liberalize the rules regarding the export of US defense technology to India including dual-use technologies. Such technology sharing will build India"s strategic capacity, help wean off Indian dependence on Russian armaments and provide evidence of the USA as a reliable partner and not a fickle one.
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Discuss the Warm and Cold ocean currents of the Atlantic ocean. Also, Highlight the significance of Ocean currents of the Atlantic ocean(10 Marks/150 words)
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Approach: Introduction: Define ocean currents. Body. Briefly discuss the Ocean currents of the Atlantic. Highlight the significance of currents. Conclusion Summarise the topic Model Answer: Ocean currents are continuous movements of water in the ocean that follow set paths, a kind of river in the ocean. Based on temperature, Ocean currents are classified into two types: cold currents (Labrador Current) and warm currents (Kuroshio current). Ocean Currents in the Atlantic ocean:- North Atlantic Ocean- Under the influence of Northeast trade winds, the eastern water of the Atlantic around the equator due to frictional force is carried towards the western part. This current is called as North Atlantic equatorial curren t. Due to Coriolis force and the modifying factors like the shape of the coastline the waters are made to move into the Caribbean sea and gulf of Mexico. The waters that are made to move into the Caribbean are called the Caribbean current and waters that are made to move in the Gulf of Mexico are called the Gulf of Mexico current. Both currents meet to form the larger Gulf stream. The Gulf stream on reaching the New Foundland island is met with the cold Labrador current. Due to the continuous upward movement of the Gulf stream , it comes under the influence of westerlies and the current is called warm North Atlantic Drift. On reaching the western European region it bifurcates into two branches. One Branch moves along the coast of Norway. Some of the Warm North Atlantic drift waters enter into the North sea making this body more saline than its counterparts in the same latitudes. Other Branches of North Atlantic drift turn towards the equator and move along the Iberian coast and then into the Northwestern African region. The offshore Northeast trade winds blowing from Africa into the Canaries Islands take away the surface water to form the Canary"s cold current due to cold upwelling . The surface waters move along the direction of northeast trade winds and mix with the North Atlantic equatorial current to form a complete Gyre. South Atlantic Ocean- Under the influence of Southeast trade winds, the Eastern Atlantic waters are dragged towards the western Atlantic along the equator and so the current is called as South Atlantic Equatorial current which is a warm water current. The shape of the Brazilian coastline makes the water moves along the coast of Brazil under the influence of the Coriolis force. Here the water is called a Brazilian stream which moves along the coastline in Eastern Argentina to meet with the Cold Falkland current . The Falkland cold current meets with the west wind drift which is under the influence of fast-blowing westerlies that are having very great velocity because of the absence of landmass. Due to the shape of the continent and the Coriolis force, the cold waters of west wind drift move along the western coast of Africa on reaching the tropical areas due to offshore southeast trade winds. The cold upwelling similar to canaries" cold current in the Northern Atlantic is found. The name of the Cold current is called Bengula Cold current . And the surface waters meet the south equatorial current making this a complete gyre. In between these two gyres, there is a counter-equatorial current that is running along the equator from west to east in the zone of Doldrums. Significance of Ocean currents The cold ocean currents along the west coast in sub-tropical regions suppress precipitation through the desiccation effect resulting in the formation of deserts. Eg- the Atacama desert due to Humbolt current eg- the Namib Desert due to the Benguela current. Warm ocean currents merging with cold currents lead to favorable conditions for the development of fish banks . Eg- Grand Bank near Newfoundland Island. The zones of cold water upwelling are also favorable for fish growth. Wherever the air has complete saturation, condensation starts, and when the particle remains suspended in the air, it leads to the formation of fog. The merging of warm and cold ocean currents results in fog formation which may obstruct ocean navigation. Ocean currents can be used in Navigation. Ocean currents help in the global distribution of temperature and salinity. Ocean currents act much like a conveyer belt, transporting warm water and precipitation from the equator toward the poles and cold water from the poles back to the tropics. Thus, currents regulate the global climate, helping to counteract the uneven distribution of solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. Without currents, regional temperatures would be more extreme—super hot at the equator and frigid toward the poles—and much less of Earth’s land would be habitable.
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##Question:Discuss the Warm and Cold ocean currents of the Atlantic ocean. Also, Highlight the significance of Ocean currents of the Atlantic ocean(10 Marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Define ocean currents. Body. Briefly discuss the Ocean currents of the Atlantic. Highlight the significance of currents. Conclusion Summarise the topic Model Answer: Ocean currents are continuous movements of water in the ocean that follow set paths, a kind of river in the ocean. Based on temperature, Ocean currents are classified into two types: cold currents (Labrador Current) and warm currents (Kuroshio current). Ocean Currents in the Atlantic ocean:- North Atlantic Ocean- Under the influence of Northeast trade winds, the eastern water of the Atlantic around the equator due to frictional force is carried towards the western part. This current is called as North Atlantic equatorial curren t. Due to Coriolis force and the modifying factors like the shape of the coastline the waters are made to move into the Caribbean sea and gulf of Mexico. The waters that are made to move into the Caribbean are called the Caribbean current and waters that are made to move in the Gulf of Mexico are called the Gulf of Mexico current. Both currents meet to form the larger Gulf stream. The Gulf stream on reaching the New Foundland island is met with the cold Labrador current. Due to the continuous upward movement of the Gulf stream , it comes under the influence of westerlies and the current is called warm North Atlantic Drift. On reaching the western European region it bifurcates into two branches. One Branch moves along the coast of Norway. Some of the Warm North Atlantic drift waters enter into the North sea making this body more saline than its counterparts in the same latitudes. Other Branches of North Atlantic drift turn towards the equator and move along the Iberian coast and then into the Northwestern African region. The offshore Northeast trade winds blowing from Africa into the Canaries Islands take away the surface water to form the Canary"s cold current due to cold upwelling . The surface waters move along the direction of northeast trade winds and mix with the North Atlantic equatorial current to form a complete Gyre. South Atlantic Ocean- Under the influence of Southeast trade winds, the Eastern Atlantic waters are dragged towards the western Atlantic along the equator and so the current is called as South Atlantic Equatorial current which is a warm water current. The shape of the Brazilian coastline makes the water moves along the coast of Brazil under the influence of the Coriolis force. Here the water is called a Brazilian stream which moves along the coastline in Eastern Argentina to meet with the Cold Falkland current . The Falkland cold current meets with the west wind drift which is under the influence of fast-blowing westerlies that are having very great velocity because of the absence of landmass. Due to the shape of the continent and the Coriolis force, the cold waters of west wind drift move along the western coast of Africa on reaching the tropical areas due to offshore southeast trade winds. The cold upwelling similar to canaries" cold current in the Northern Atlantic is found. The name of the Cold current is called Bengula Cold current . And the surface waters meet the south equatorial current making this a complete gyre. In between these two gyres, there is a counter-equatorial current that is running along the equator from west to east in the zone of Doldrums. Significance of Ocean currents The cold ocean currents along the west coast in sub-tropical regions suppress precipitation through the desiccation effect resulting in the formation of deserts. Eg- the Atacama desert due to Humbolt current eg- the Namib Desert due to the Benguela current. Warm ocean currents merging with cold currents lead to favorable conditions for the development of fish banks . Eg- Grand Bank near Newfoundland Island. The zones of cold water upwelling are also favorable for fish growth. Wherever the air has complete saturation, condensation starts, and when the particle remains suspended in the air, it leads to the formation of fog. The merging of warm and cold ocean currents results in fog formation which may obstruct ocean navigation. Ocean currents can be used in Navigation. Ocean currents help in the global distribution of temperature and salinity. Ocean currents act much like a conveyer belt, transporting warm water and precipitation from the equator toward the poles and cold water from the poles back to the tropics. Thus, currents regulate the global climate, helping to counteract the uneven distribution of solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. Without currents, regional temperatures would be more extreme—super hot at the equator and frigid toward the poles—and much less of Earth’s land would be habitable.
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Explain the reasons for increasing contractualisation in the economy. (10marks/ 150words)
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Explain the reasons for increasing contractualisation in the economy. (10marks/ 150words) Approach · First define the term contractualisation with a definition or brief idea · Secondly, mention some statistics on it and elaborate on the reasons properly · Thirdly, end it with a way forward Answer Contractualisation is a form of employment where the individual is employed on short-term ad-hoc short basis. While it deprives them of the basic social security net, higher wages, and security of tenure. Unlike regular employees, they are subject to periodical renewal of contracts. One of the prominent examples is the teaching workforce in schools and colleges. There are an estimated 4500 instructors in Delhi University alone. In 2001-02, the number of directly employed workers per factory in the country was 36.3 while the number of contract workers was 10.1 which changed to 32.7 direct workers and 18.7 contract workers per factory in 2017-18. (Annual Survey of Industries by NSSO) Reasons for increasing contractualisation : 1. Experts have found that the decline in private-sector unions has increased contractualisation in developing and developed countries. The density of such unions plays an important role in ensuring fair employer and employee relationships. 2. The existence of higher wage differentials between the contract and regular workers. 3. Firms use contract workers to keep the union’s bargaining power and wage demands in check. 4. India’s rigid employment protection legislation has also attributed to this phenomenon. The annual survey of industries(ASI) by NSSO reveals that contract workers grew faster in the states that had relatively more stringent labor laws. 5. It is also enabling the firms to reduce costs and improve the competitiveness of their products. 6. Economic survey 2015-16 says that, first, the firm essentially subcontracts the work of following regulations and “managing” inspectors to the contract labour firm. Second, because contract workers are the employees of the contractor and are not considered workmen in the firm, the firm stays small enough to be exempt from some labour law.” Some contextual data to highlight the gravity of the issue: We find that 5.96 million workers were employed in all factories in India in 2001-02, which increased by 105 percent to 12.22 million in 2017-18. At the same time, the number of contract workers increased by 243 percent from 1.3 million in 2001-02 to 4.45 million in 2017-18. As a percentage of total workers, contract workers increased from 21.8 percent in 2001-02 to 36.4 percent in 2017-18. (Annual Survey of Industries by NSSO ) Way forward Policies that promote social security and job security are needed. These should be supplemented by policies supporting skill creation and improvements in health and education. The coming of 4 labor codes is a step in the right direction to facilitate workers’ welfare.
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##Question:Explain the reasons for increasing contractualisation in the economy. (10marks/ 150words)##Answer:Explain the reasons for increasing contractualisation in the economy. (10marks/ 150words) Approach · First define the term contractualisation with a definition or brief idea · Secondly, mention some statistics on it and elaborate on the reasons properly · Thirdly, end it with a way forward Answer Contractualisation is a form of employment where the individual is employed on short-term ad-hoc short basis. While it deprives them of the basic social security net, higher wages, and security of tenure. Unlike regular employees, they are subject to periodical renewal of contracts. One of the prominent examples is the teaching workforce in schools and colleges. There are an estimated 4500 instructors in Delhi University alone. In 2001-02, the number of directly employed workers per factory in the country was 36.3 while the number of contract workers was 10.1 which changed to 32.7 direct workers and 18.7 contract workers per factory in 2017-18. (Annual Survey of Industries by NSSO) Reasons for increasing contractualisation : 1. Experts have found that the decline in private-sector unions has increased contractualisation in developing and developed countries. The density of such unions plays an important role in ensuring fair employer and employee relationships. 2. The existence of higher wage differentials between the contract and regular workers. 3. Firms use contract workers to keep the union’s bargaining power and wage demands in check. 4. India’s rigid employment protection legislation has also attributed to this phenomenon. The annual survey of industries(ASI) by NSSO reveals that contract workers grew faster in the states that had relatively more stringent labor laws. 5. It is also enabling the firms to reduce costs and improve the competitiveness of their products. 6. Economic survey 2015-16 says that, first, the firm essentially subcontracts the work of following regulations and “managing” inspectors to the contract labour firm. Second, because contract workers are the employees of the contractor and are not considered workmen in the firm, the firm stays small enough to be exempt from some labour law.” Some contextual data to highlight the gravity of the issue: We find that 5.96 million workers were employed in all factories in India in 2001-02, which increased by 105 percent to 12.22 million in 2017-18. At the same time, the number of contract workers increased by 243 percent from 1.3 million in 2001-02 to 4.45 million in 2017-18. As a percentage of total workers, contract workers increased from 21.8 percent in 2001-02 to 36.4 percent in 2017-18. (Annual Survey of Industries by NSSO ) Way forward Policies that promote social security and job security are needed. These should be supplemented by policies supporting skill creation and improvements in health and education. The coming of 4 labor codes is a step in the right direction to facilitate workers’ welfare.
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It is argued that challenges in India -USA relations are characterized by the involvement of third-party relationships. Comment [10 marks/150 words]
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Approach:- In the introduction, start with the context of India- USA relations In the body part, mention the challenges due to the involvement of third-party relations Give a way forward Conclude accordingly Answer:- The two liberal democracies were expected to have good relationships. But it was characterized by competition and confrontation till the 2000s. Now it has evolved from Estranged Democracies to Natural Allies. Although, due to the third-party involvement new challenges have emerged Challenges due to Third-party involvement Russia factor/Russian war on Ukraine India and USA have responded to the Ukraine conflict differently and this has created tensions in their relationship. USA has condemned Russia"s aggression. It has together with other like-minded states levied an extensive array of sanctions against Russia- to cut it off from the global economic system. India has avoided any substantive action against Russia and Absatined from All UN resolutions against Russia However, India has encouraged peaceful resolutions to the crisis and has sent Humanitarian aid to Ukraine. India"s unwillingness, to speak against the invasion affords Russia de-facto support, reducing its diplomatic isolation and facilitating its ongoing operations against Ukraine Also, there is the threat of the USA imposing sanctions on India under CAATSA (The Countering America"s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act) for the purchase of S-400 Triumph Missiles from Russia. The Pakistan factor The recent US decision to provide Pakistan with a maintenance package of $450 mn for F-16 fighter jets sold by the US to it in the past. US has justified the package as a sustenance program. The US has responsibility with respect to the military equipment it sells to other countries for their maintenance It is USA"s first military sale to Pakistan since the time the US acknowledged Pakistan"s double-dealing vis-a-vis Taliban and Afghanistan. F-16 has in the past, been used against India in the 2019 Balakot Skirmish. The US deal would also cast a shadow on US plans to sell India F-21 fighter jets which are seen as rebranded versions of F-16s Way forward India and America will inevitably have close relations with the countries that the others don"t like such as Russia and Iran for India and Pakistan for the US. The other partner must accept this reality and recognize that it does not undermine the strategic logic of US- India cooperation. The relationship despite its closeness will thus be open and autonomous and not exclusive However, when it comes to the third party at maximum, the partner countries can draw red lines for the other to not cross. India and US should identify and Communicate with each other"s Red lines vis-a-vis the third country. The present Ukrainian crisis as well as the sustenance package to Pakistan provide an opportunity for the two countries to discuss and agree on the same. Doing so can help them to avoid misunderstandings in the future. India and the USA are strategic partners today in the true sense of the terms but a partnership among mature powers is never about seeking a complete convergence.
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##Question:It is argued that challenges in India -USA relations are characterized by the involvement of third-party relationships. Comment [10 marks/150 words]##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, start with the context of India- USA relations In the body part, mention the challenges due to the involvement of third-party relations Give a way forward Conclude accordingly Answer:- The two liberal democracies were expected to have good relationships. But it was characterized by competition and confrontation till the 2000s. Now it has evolved from Estranged Democracies to Natural Allies. Although, due to the third-party involvement new challenges have emerged Challenges due to Third-party involvement Russia factor/Russian war on Ukraine India and USA have responded to the Ukraine conflict differently and this has created tensions in their relationship. USA has condemned Russia"s aggression. It has together with other like-minded states levied an extensive array of sanctions against Russia- to cut it off from the global economic system. India has avoided any substantive action against Russia and Absatined from All UN resolutions against Russia However, India has encouraged peaceful resolutions to the crisis and has sent Humanitarian aid to Ukraine. India"s unwillingness, to speak against the invasion affords Russia de-facto support, reducing its diplomatic isolation and facilitating its ongoing operations against Ukraine Also, there is the threat of the USA imposing sanctions on India under CAATSA (The Countering America"s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act) for the purchase of S-400 Triumph Missiles from Russia. The Pakistan factor The recent US decision to provide Pakistan with a maintenance package of $450 mn for F-16 fighter jets sold by the US to it in the past. US has justified the package as a sustenance program. The US has responsibility with respect to the military equipment it sells to other countries for their maintenance It is USA"s first military sale to Pakistan since the time the US acknowledged Pakistan"s double-dealing vis-a-vis Taliban and Afghanistan. F-16 has in the past, been used against India in the 2019 Balakot Skirmish. The US deal would also cast a shadow on US plans to sell India F-21 fighter jets which are seen as rebranded versions of F-16s Way forward India and America will inevitably have close relations with the countries that the others don"t like such as Russia and Iran for India and Pakistan for the US. The other partner must accept this reality and recognize that it does not undermine the strategic logic of US- India cooperation. The relationship despite its closeness will thus be open and autonomous and not exclusive However, when it comes to the third party at maximum, the partner countries can draw red lines for the other to not cross. India and US should identify and Communicate with each other"s Red lines vis-a-vis the third country. The present Ukrainian crisis as well as the sustenance package to Pakistan provide an opportunity for the two countries to discuss and agree on the same. Doing so can help them to avoid misunderstandings in the future. India and the USA are strategic partners today in the true sense of the terms but a partnership among mature powers is never about seeking a complete convergence.
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Define economic development and discuss in detail the economic and non-economic factors that determine economic development. ( 150 words/10 marks)
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Approach : I ntroduction - Define economic development. Main Body: Discuss what are the economic factors determining economic development. Discuss non-economic factors determining economic development. Conclude appropriately. Answer Economic Development refers to the process of economic growth accompanied by the improvement in the well-being of people. It concerns progressive changes in the socioeconomic structure of an economy. Economic Development is affected by both economic and non-economic factors in the country. Determinants of Economic Development 1. Economic factors 2. Noneconomic factors Economic Factors Capital formation/investment. Economic System ( capitalism/ socialism/mixed economy/communism). Structure of an economy ( contribution of various sectors in GDP). Economic policies – economic policy should be liberal, open, and favour the free movement of labour and capital along with goods and services ). Level of technology – Research and development/innovation should be promoted to find new technologies to increase production to tackle the problem of poverty and to tackle the problem of environmental degradation. Level of specialization – it should be increasing so as to get specific solutions for specific problems. Composition of foreign trade (imports and exports) – Exports should be promoted so as to earn dollars and forex through which essential imports can be maintained. Global factors – it would be better if international factors are favourable for example low crude oil prices, stable exchange rates, international cooperation, and harmony. Natural resources – availability of natural resources reduces the dependency on foreign countries for raw materials/food, but adequate technologies should be available to tap them. Population and manpower resources – Population could be a stimulant or hurdle to economic growth. It provides labour and entrepreneurship as important factor services which ultimately is a useful support to economic development. An increasing population can stimulate aggregate demand and thus economic growth and development, but this increase in population should be healthy and skilful so as to contribute more to the economy. A higher growth rate of the population leads to more consumption and lesser exports and also lesser savings for investment and capital formation along with a higher unemployment rate problem. Non-Economic Factors Socio-cultural factors (attitude of society towards women, caste system, or towards any class on the basis of culture, language, and religion). Political factors – political will, coordination between central and state government, cooperation between government and opposition. Psychological and religious factors – Our thinking and behaviour should be scientific, rational, and flexible on the basis of reason and logic and should not be rigid or orthodox on the basis of superstition and irrationality. Demographic factors – It is better if the percentage of the youth population is but it should be education, healthy and skilful which is then considered as a demographic dividend, otherwise, they will become a demographic liability. Geographical factors – It is better if geographic factors are favourable for example sufficient rainfall, the presence of rivers and water channels, plain lands, fertile soil, etc. Thus economic development is depended on both economic and non-economic factors but among both types of factors, it is important that certain are within the control of policymakers of the country which should make them favourable like government should favour capital formation, adopt economic policies like the ease of doing business, focus on exports and government should show political will for economic development and make its population healthy, educated and skilful.
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##Question:Define economic development and discuss in detail the economic and non-economic factors that determine economic development. ( 150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach : I ntroduction - Define economic development. Main Body: Discuss what are the economic factors determining economic development. Discuss non-economic factors determining economic development. Conclude appropriately. Answer Economic Development refers to the process of economic growth accompanied by the improvement in the well-being of people. It concerns progressive changes in the socioeconomic structure of an economy. Economic Development is affected by both economic and non-economic factors in the country. Determinants of Economic Development 1. Economic factors 2. Noneconomic factors Economic Factors Capital formation/investment. Economic System ( capitalism/ socialism/mixed economy/communism). Structure of an economy ( contribution of various sectors in GDP). Economic policies – economic policy should be liberal, open, and favour the free movement of labour and capital along with goods and services ). Level of technology – Research and development/innovation should be promoted to find new technologies to increase production to tackle the problem of poverty and to tackle the problem of environmental degradation. Level of specialization – it should be increasing so as to get specific solutions for specific problems. Composition of foreign trade (imports and exports) – Exports should be promoted so as to earn dollars and forex through which essential imports can be maintained. Global factors – it would be better if international factors are favourable for example low crude oil prices, stable exchange rates, international cooperation, and harmony. Natural resources – availability of natural resources reduces the dependency on foreign countries for raw materials/food, but adequate technologies should be available to tap them. Population and manpower resources – Population could be a stimulant or hurdle to economic growth. It provides labour and entrepreneurship as important factor services which ultimately is a useful support to economic development. An increasing population can stimulate aggregate demand and thus economic growth and development, but this increase in population should be healthy and skilful so as to contribute more to the economy. A higher growth rate of the population leads to more consumption and lesser exports and also lesser savings for investment and capital formation along with a higher unemployment rate problem. Non-Economic Factors Socio-cultural factors (attitude of society towards women, caste system, or towards any class on the basis of culture, language, and religion). Political factors – political will, coordination between central and state government, cooperation between government and opposition. Psychological and religious factors – Our thinking and behaviour should be scientific, rational, and flexible on the basis of reason and logic and should not be rigid or orthodox on the basis of superstition and irrationality. Demographic factors – It is better if the percentage of the youth population is but it should be education, healthy and skilful which is then considered as a demographic dividend, otherwise, they will become a demographic liability. Geographical factors – It is better if geographic factors are favourable for example sufficient rainfall, the presence of rivers and water channels, plain lands, fertile soil, etc. Thus economic development is depended on both economic and non-economic factors but among both types of factors, it is important that certain are within the control of policymakers of the country which should make them favourable like government should favour capital formation, adopt economic policies like the ease of doing business, focus on exports and government should show political will for economic development and make its population healthy, educated and skilful.
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What are the Important reforms which need to be implemented in Secretariat Organizations? (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach : Briefly introduce by mentioning secretariat organizations. Highlight the issues encompassed by secretariat organizations. Mention the Important reforms which need to be implemented in Secretariat Organizations Conclude accordingly. ANSWER- The Secretariat assists in decision-making in Government by ensuring Inter-Ministerial coordination, ironing out differences amongst Ministries/Departments, and evolving consensus through the instrumentality of the standing/Adhoc Committees of Secretaries. Management of major crisis situations in the country and coordinating activities of various ministries in such a situation is also one of the functions of the Cabinet Secretariat. Issues encompassed by secretariat organizations- No coordination due to the excessive presence of ministries that at times perform similar functions. Red Tape, due to high hierarchical organizations. The presence of a High number of joint secretaries, further leads to delays in administrative responsibilities. Issues in the structure of administration which is in the form of an inverse pyramid, where a high number of people at the top is dictating the smaller number of people below. Further, it leads to more policy formulation and less policy implementation. The politicization of civil services. Lack of coordination between the line and staff agencies. Important Reforms to be implemented in Secretariat Organizations Those ministries which perform similar activities should be merged into single ministries and separate departments can be created within the ministry to ensure better coordination. The Number of hierarchical levels in a particular department at present is 16, this should be reduced to 4, as this leads to Red tape. Abolition of the rank of joint secretary in the government of India. There are more than 650 joint secretaries in India. Lateral entry into civil services. Secretariat Administration in India is in the form of an inverse pyramid, and these are responsible only for policy formulation, only one DC is responsible for the lives of 35 lakh people and all the departments will be working under him only. There is a need for more officers. India has an inverse pyramid at our secretariat administration, wherein a maximum number of experience officers are working at the top level in the ranks of joint secretary and above. All of them are responsible for policy formulation. Whereas at the bottom of the pyramid only one person is responsible for the implementation of all these policies that is the district collector. Policy implementation in India is mostly a failure because of the inverse pyramid that characterizes the functioning of our secretariat administration. As suggested by the second administrative reforms commission, this inverse pyramid should be reversed, experienced officers should be made to work more at the field level by giving them the responsibility of implementing the flagship schemes of the government. Effective implementation of RTI, to ensure complete transparency in governance. Making citizen charters mandatory for all the departments and ministries, so that citizen participation in governance can be a reality. Objective performance evaluation of civil servants working in secretariat organizations. Promotions should be strictly based on merit. Better coordination between staff and line agencies using (MIS )management information system. Depoliticization of civil services Providing opportunities for specialities to reach top-level positions in secretariat organizations. The role of a secretariat is not simply policymaking but also implementing a provided list of cases and acting as a channel of communication between various ministries and departments. The roles have differed since before the complete establishment of the British government.
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##Question:What are the Important reforms which need to be implemented in Secretariat Organizations? (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach : Briefly introduce by mentioning secretariat organizations. Highlight the issues encompassed by secretariat organizations. Mention the Important reforms which need to be implemented in Secretariat Organizations Conclude accordingly. ANSWER- The Secretariat assists in decision-making in Government by ensuring Inter-Ministerial coordination, ironing out differences amongst Ministries/Departments, and evolving consensus through the instrumentality of the standing/Adhoc Committees of Secretaries. Management of major crisis situations in the country and coordinating activities of various ministries in such a situation is also one of the functions of the Cabinet Secretariat. Issues encompassed by secretariat organizations- No coordination due to the excessive presence of ministries that at times perform similar functions. Red Tape, due to high hierarchical organizations. The presence of a High number of joint secretaries, further leads to delays in administrative responsibilities. Issues in the structure of administration which is in the form of an inverse pyramid, where a high number of people at the top is dictating the smaller number of people below. Further, it leads to more policy formulation and less policy implementation. The politicization of civil services. Lack of coordination between the line and staff agencies. Important Reforms to be implemented in Secretariat Organizations Those ministries which perform similar activities should be merged into single ministries and separate departments can be created within the ministry to ensure better coordination. The Number of hierarchical levels in a particular department at present is 16, this should be reduced to 4, as this leads to Red tape. Abolition of the rank of joint secretary in the government of India. There are more than 650 joint secretaries in India. Lateral entry into civil services. Secretariat Administration in India is in the form of an inverse pyramid, and these are responsible only for policy formulation, only one DC is responsible for the lives of 35 lakh people and all the departments will be working under him only. There is a need for more officers. India has an inverse pyramid at our secretariat administration, wherein a maximum number of experience officers are working at the top level in the ranks of joint secretary and above. All of them are responsible for policy formulation. Whereas at the bottom of the pyramid only one person is responsible for the implementation of all these policies that is the district collector. Policy implementation in India is mostly a failure because of the inverse pyramid that characterizes the functioning of our secretariat administration. As suggested by the second administrative reforms commission, this inverse pyramid should be reversed, experienced officers should be made to work more at the field level by giving them the responsibility of implementing the flagship schemes of the government. Effective implementation of RTI, to ensure complete transparency in governance. Making citizen charters mandatory for all the departments and ministries, so that citizen participation in governance can be a reality. Objective performance evaluation of civil servants working in secretariat organizations. Promotions should be strictly based on merit. Better coordination between staff and line agencies using (MIS )management information system. Depoliticization of civil services Providing opportunities for specialities to reach top-level positions in secretariat organizations. The role of a secretariat is not simply policymaking but also implementing a provided list of cases and acting as a channel of communication between various ministries and departments. The roles have differed since before the complete establishment of the British government.
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महासागरीय जल के तापमान को प्रभावित करने वाले विभिन्न कारकों की चर्चा करते हुए महासागरीय तापमान के ऊध्वार्धर वितरण पर टिप्पणी कीजिए ।(150-200 शब्द, अंक- 10) Comment on the vertical distribution of ocean temperature by discussing the various factors affecting the temperature of ocean water. (150-200 words, Marks-10)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में महासागरीय जल के तापमान के बारे में आधारभूत जानकारियाँ दीजिये 2- पहले भाग में महासागरीय जल के तापमान को प्रभावित करने वाले विभिन्न कारकों की चर्चा कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में महासागरीय तापमान के ऊध्वार्धर वितरण पर टिप्पणी कीजिए 4- अंतिम में उपयुक्त निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये। तापमान महासागरीय जल का एक महत्वपूर्ण भौतिक गुण है। महासागरीय जल के तापमान में भी स्थलीय धरातल के समान विविधता पायी जाती है। विभिन्न अक्षांशों पर विभिन्न ऋतुओं में प्राप्त ऊर्जा की मात्रा में विविधता सूर्यातप पर निर्भर करती है। यह विशालकाय महासागरीय जलराशियों के संचरण तथा उनकी विशेषताओं को नियंत्रित करने वाला एक महत्वपूर्ण कारक है। समुद्री जल में गहराई के अनुसार तापमान में भिन्नता पायी जाती है।गहराई बढ़ने के साथ-साथ तापमान में कमी होती जाती है। स्थल की तुलना में जल के तापन व शीतलन की प्रक्रिया धीमी होती है।महासागरीय जल के गर्म होने की दो मुख्य प्रक्रियाएँ हैं: यथा सौर विकिरण का अवशोषण एवं पृथ्वी के आतंरिक भाग से निर्मुक्त ऊष्मा द्वारा महासागरीय नितल के जल का गर्म होना| समुद्री सतह में ऊष्मा का विकिरण, संवहन तथा वाष्पीकरण महासागरीय जल के शीतलन की मुख्य प्रक्रियाएँ हैं| महासागरीय जल के तापमान को अनेक कारक प्रभावित करते हैं। महासागरीय जल के तापमान को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक अक्षांश: ध्रुवों की ओर प्रवेशी सौर विकिरण की मात्रा घटने के कारण (क्योंकि सूर्य की किरणें ध्रुवों की ओर तिरछी होती जाती हैं) महासागरों के सतही जल का तापमान विषुवत वृत्त से ध्रुवों की ओर घटता चला जाता है। जल एवं स्थल के वितरण में असमानता या स्थल खंड का प्रभाव: उत्तरी गोलार्ध के महासागर दक्षिणी गोलार्ध के महासागरों की अपेक्षा स्थल के बहुत बड़े भाग से जुड़े होने के कारण अधिक मात्रा में ऊष्मा प्राप्त करते हैं। प्रचलित पवनें: जब स्थल से सागर की ओर (अपतटीय पवनें) पवनें चलती हैं तो अपने साथ तट से सतही गर्म जल को सागर की ओर बहा ले जाती हैं, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप उसकी स्थानापूर्ति के लिए नीचे का ठंडा जल ऊपर की ओर आ जाता है। इसके विपरीत, जहाँ पर पवनें तट की ओर (अभितटीय पवनें) चलती हैं, वहाँ पर तट के निकट गर्म जलराशि एकत्रित हो जाती है, जिस कारण तापमान बढ़ जाता है। परिणामस्वरूप, तापमान में देशांतरीय अंतर उत्पन्न हो जाता है। महासागरीय धाराएँ: महासागरों की गर्म तथा ठंडी जलधाराएँ प्रभावित क्षेत्रों के तापक्रम को नियंत्रित करती हैं। गर्म महासागरीय धाराएँ ठंडे क्षेत्रों के तापमान को बढ़ा देती हैं, जबकि ठंडी धाराएँ गर्म महासागरीय क्षेत्रों में तापमान को कम कर देती हैं। जैसे- गल्फ स्ट्रीम (गर्म धारा) उत्तरी अमेरिका के पूर्वी तट तथा उत्तरी पश्चिमी यूरोप के पास सागरीय तापमान को बढ़ा देती है, जबकि लेब्रेडोर धारा (ठंडी धारा) के कारण उत्तरी अमेरिका के उत्तरी पूर्वी तट पर तापक्रम हिमांक के पास पहुँच जाता है इसके अतिरिक्त लवणता, घनत्व, वाष्पीकरण की दर, अन्त: सागरीय कटक की अवस्थिति, स्थानीय मौसम, सागर की स्थिति तथा आकार आदि कारक भी तापमान के वितरण को प्रभावित करते है। निम्न अक्षांशों में स्थित भू-परिवेष्ठित समुद्रों का तापमान खुले समुद्रों की अपेक्षा अधिक होता है,जबकि उच्च अक्षांशों में स्थित भू-परिवेष्ठित समुद्रों का तापमान खुले समुद्रों की अपेक्षा कम होता है। महासागरीय जल के तापमान का ऊध्वार्धर वितरण महासागरीय जल का तापीय पार्श्वचित्र महासागर के सतही जल एवं गहरी परतों के बीच सीमा क्षेत्र को दर्शाता है। यह सीमा समुद्री सतह से लगभग 100 से 400 मीटर नीचे प्रारंभ होती है एवं कई सौ मीटर नीचे तक जाती है। वह सीमा क्षेत्र जहाँ तापमान में तीव्र गिरावट आती है, ताप प्रवणता (थर्मोक्लाइन) कहलाती है। महासागरीय जल के कुल आयतन का लगभग 90% गहरे महासागर में ताप प्रवणता के नीचे पाया जाता है। इस क्षेत्र में तापमान 0°C तक पहुँच जाता है। मध्य एवं निम्न अक्षांशों में महासागरों के तापमान की संरचना को सतह से तली की ओर तीन परतों के रूप में विभाजित किया जाता है। यथा- पहली परत- गर्म महासागरीय जल की सबसे ऊपरी परत होती है जो लगभग 300-400 मीटर मोटी होती है और इसका तापमान 20°C से 25°C के मध्य होता है। उष्ण कटिबंधीय क्षेत्रों में, यह परत पूरे वर्ष उपस्थित रहती है, जबकि मध्य अक्षांशों में यह केवल ग्रीष्म ऋतु में विकसित होती है। दूसरी परत- जिसे ताप प्रवणता परत (थर्मोक्लाइन) कहा जाता है, पहली परत के नीचे स्थित होती है। इसमें गहराई बढ़ने के साथ तापमान में तीव्र गिरावट आती है। यहाँ थर्मोक्लाइन की मोटाई 300 से 1,000 मीटर तक होती है। तीसरी परत- अत्यधिक ठंडी होती है तथा अगाध महासागरीय मैदान तक विस्तृत होती है। यहाँ तापमान 0°C के निकट होता है। आर्कटिक एवं अंटार्कटिक वृतों में, सतही जल का तापमान 0°C के निकट होता है, और इसलिए गहराई के साथ तापमान में बहुत कम परिवर्तन होता है। यहाँ ठंडे जल की केवल एक ही परत पाई जाती है जो सतह से महासागरीय तली तक विस्तृत होती है। स्पष्ट है महासागरों का सर्वाधिक तापक्रम हमेशा उनकी ऊपरी सतहों पर होता है, क्योंकि ऊपरी सतह सूर्य की ऊष्मा को प्रत्यक्ष रूप से प्राप्त करती हैं। यह ऊष्मा संवहन की प्रक्रिया के माध्यम से महासागरों के गहराई तक प्रवेश करती है। परिणामस्वरूप गहराई बढ़ने के साथ-साथ तापमान में कमी आने लगती है, लेकिन तापमान की यह ह्रास दर सभी गहराइयों पर एक समान नहीं होती।
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##Question:महासागरीय जल के तापमान को प्रभावित करने वाले विभिन्न कारकों की चर्चा करते हुए महासागरीय तापमान के ऊध्वार्धर वितरण पर टिप्पणी कीजिए ।(150-200 शब्द, अंक- 10) Comment on the vertical distribution of ocean temperature by discussing the various factors affecting the temperature of ocean water. (150-200 words, Marks-10)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में महासागरीय जल के तापमान के बारे में आधारभूत जानकारियाँ दीजिये 2- पहले भाग में महासागरीय जल के तापमान को प्रभावित करने वाले विभिन्न कारकों की चर्चा कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में महासागरीय तापमान के ऊध्वार्धर वितरण पर टिप्पणी कीजिए 4- अंतिम में उपयुक्त निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये। तापमान महासागरीय जल का एक महत्वपूर्ण भौतिक गुण है। महासागरीय जल के तापमान में भी स्थलीय धरातल के समान विविधता पायी जाती है। विभिन्न अक्षांशों पर विभिन्न ऋतुओं में प्राप्त ऊर्जा की मात्रा में विविधता सूर्यातप पर निर्भर करती है। यह विशालकाय महासागरीय जलराशियों के संचरण तथा उनकी विशेषताओं को नियंत्रित करने वाला एक महत्वपूर्ण कारक है। समुद्री जल में गहराई के अनुसार तापमान में भिन्नता पायी जाती है।गहराई बढ़ने के साथ-साथ तापमान में कमी होती जाती है। स्थल की तुलना में जल के तापन व शीतलन की प्रक्रिया धीमी होती है।महासागरीय जल के गर्म होने की दो मुख्य प्रक्रियाएँ हैं: यथा सौर विकिरण का अवशोषण एवं पृथ्वी के आतंरिक भाग से निर्मुक्त ऊष्मा द्वारा महासागरीय नितल के जल का गर्म होना| समुद्री सतह में ऊष्मा का विकिरण, संवहन तथा वाष्पीकरण महासागरीय जल के शीतलन की मुख्य प्रक्रियाएँ हैं| महासागरीय जल के तापमान को अनेक कारक प्रभावित करते हैं। महासागरीय जल के तापमान को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक अक्षांश: ध्रुवों की ओर प्रवेशी सौर विकिरण की मात्रा घटने के कारण (क्योंकि सूर्य की किरणें ध्रुवों की ओर तिरछी होती जाती हैं) महासागरों के सतही जल का तापमान विषुवत वृत्त से ध्रुवों की ओर घटता चला जाता है। जल एवं स्थल के वितरण में असमानता या स्थल खंड का प्रभाव: उत्तरी गोलार्ध के महासागर दक्षिणी गोलार्ध के महासागरों की अपेक्षा स्थल के बहुत बड़े भाग से जुड़े होने के कारण अधिक मात्रा में ऊष्मा प्राप्त करते हैं। प्रचलित पवनें: जब स्थल से सागर की ओर (अपतटीय पवनें) पवनें चलती हैं तो अपने साथ तट से सतही गर्म जल को सागर की ओर बहा ले जाती हैं, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप उसकी स्थानापूर्ति के लिए नीचे का ठंडा जल ऊपर की ओर आ जाता है। इसके विपरीत, जहाँ पर पवनें तट की ओर (अभितटीय पवनें) चलती हैं, वहाँ पर तट के निकट गर्म जलराशि एकत्रित हो जाती है, जिस कारण तापमान बढ़ जाता है। परिणामस्वरूप, तापमान में देशांतरीय अंतर उत्पन्न हो जाता है। महासागरीय धाराएँ: महासागरों की गर्म तथा ठंडी जलधाराएँ प्रभावित क्षेत्रों के तापक्रम को नियंत्रित करती हैं। गर्म महासागरीय धाराएँ ठंडे क्षेत्रों के तापमान को बढ़ा देती हैं, जबकि ठंडी धाराएँ गर्म महासागरीय क्षेत्रों में तापमान को कम कर देती हैं। जैसे- गल्फ स्ट्रीम (गर्म धारा) उत्तरी अमेरिका के पूर्वी तट तथा उत्तरी पश्चिमी यूरोप के पास सागरीय तापमान को बढ़ा देती है, जबकि लेब्रेडोर धारा (ठंडी धारा) के कारण उत्तरी अमेरिका के उत्तरी पूर्वी तट पर तापक्रम हिमांक के पास पहुँच जाता है इसके अतिरिक्त लवणता, घनत्व, वाष्पीकरण की दर, अन्त: सागरीय कटक की अवस्थिति, स्थानीय मौसम, सागर की स्थिति तथा आकार आदि कारक भी तापमान के वितरण को प्रभावित करते है। निम्न अक्षांशों में स्थित भू-परिवेष्ठित समुद्रों का तापमान खुले समुद्रों की अपेक्षा अधिक होता है,जबकि उच्च अक्षांशों में स्थित भू-परिवेष्ठित समुद्रों का तापमान खुले समुद्रों की अपेक्षा कम होता है। महासागरीय जल के तापमान का ऊध्वार्धर वितरण महासागरीय जल का तापीय पार्श्वचित्र महासागर के सतही जल एवं गहरी परतों के बीच सीमा क्षेत्र को दर्शाता है। यह सीमा समुद्री सतह से लगभग 100 से 400 मीटर नीचे प्रारंभ होती है एवं कई सौ मीटर नीचे तक जाती है। वह सीमा क्षेत्र जहाँ तापमान में तीव्र गिरावट आती है, ताप प्रवणता (थर्मोक्लाइन) कहलाती है। महासागरीय जल के कुल आयतन का लगभग 90% गहरे महासागर में ताप प्रवणता के नीचे पाया जाता है। इस क्षेत्र में तापमान 0°C तक पहुँच जाता है। मध्य एवं निम्न अक्षांशों में महासागरों के तापमान की संरचना को सतह से तली की ओर तीन परतों के रूप में विभाजित किया जाता है। यथा- पहली परत- गर्म महासागरीय जल की सबसे ऊपरी परत होती है जो लगभग 300-400 मीटर मोटी होती है और इसका तापमान 20°C से 25°C के मध्य होता है। उष्ण कटिबंधीय क्षेत्रों में, यह परत पूरे वर्ष उपस्थित रहती है, जबकि मध्य अक्षांशों में यह केवल ग्रीष्म ऋतु में विकसित होती है। दूसरी परत- जिसे ताप प्रवणता परत (थर्मोक्लाइन) कहा जाता है, पहली परत के नीचे स्थित होती है। इसमें गहराई बढ़ने के साथ तापमान में तीव्र गिरावट आती है। यहाँ थर्मोक्लाइन की मोटाई 300 से 1,000 मीटर तक होती है। तीसरी परत- अत्यधिक ठंडी होती है तथा अगाध महासागरीय मैदान तक विस्तृत होती है। यहाँ तापमान 0°C के निकट होता है। आर्कटिक एवं अंटार्कटिक वृतों में, सतही जल का तापमान 0°C के निकट होता है, और इसलिए गहराई के साथ तापमान में बहुत कम परिवर्तन होता है। यहाँ ठंडे जल की केवल एक ही परत पाई जाती है जो सतह से महासागरीय तली तक विस्तृत होती है। स्पष्ट है महासागरों का सर्वाधिक तापक्रम हमेशा उनकी ऊपरी सतहों पर होता है, क्योंकि ऊपरी सतह सूर्य की ऊष्मा को प्रत्यक्ष रूप से प्राप्त करती हैं। यह ऊष्मा संवहन की प्रक्रिया के माध्यम से महासागरों के गहराई तक प्रवेश करती है। परिणामस्वरूप गहराई बढ़ने के साथ-साथ तापमान में कमी आने लगती है, लेकिन तापमान की यह ह्रास दर सभी गहराइयों पर एक समान नहीं होती।
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Differentiate between the following.(10 marks/150 words) a) Values and beliefs b) Ethics and integrity
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Approach:- In the introduction, start with the general definition. In the body part, mention the differences between the Values and beliefs Then write the difference between Ethics and integrity Conclude accordingly. Answer:- Values and beliefs are referred to as Mental Construct which acts as an instrument of behavior regulation while Ethics and integrity are the frameworks and Quality respectively. a) Difference between values and Beliefs Values Beleifs Values are long-lasting beliefs It refers to an internal feeling that something is true. Values are preferences of the individual that guide the behavior Belief gives us hope, Humans thrive/survive on what they believe in. They give us a sense of fulfillment. Example- Lying is bad results in the value of Truth Cheating is immoral results in the value of Faithfulness God created the world results in the value of religiousness Example- Lying is bad, cheating is immoral, and god created the world are some beliefs It is the largest canvas that subsumes all other concepts They can be rooted in culture, Tradition, Myth, Folklore, verifiable facts, etc They are expressed in terms of the should They are the creation of mind b) Difference between Ethics and integrity Ethics Integrity Ethics is imposed from the outside Integrity Comes from within Ethics can be forced upon Integrity is quality and comes from inside Ethics are rules Integrity means QuQualityf the individual Ethics is defined as a prescriptive code of conduct for an actor Integrity is reliability in ethical conduct Example- Defence lawyer defending the rape accused, Dilemma faced by the doctor while saving a terrorist Example- Lal bahadur shShastriaking responsibility of the rail incident, Satish Dhawan facing the media while failure Long-lasting beliefs lead to values and values when seen through the prism of right and wrong lead to Ethics and consistency in ethical concduct leads to Integrity. Hence all are interrelated.
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##Question:Differentiate between the following.(10 marks/150 words) a) Values and beliefs b) Ethics and integrity##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, start with the general definition. In the body part, mention the differences between the Values and beliefs Then write the difference between Ethics and integrity Conclude accordingly. Answer:- Values and beliefs are referred to as Mental Construct which acts as an instrument of behavior regulation while Ethics and integrity are the frameworks and Quality respectively. a) Difference between values and Beliefs Values Beleifs Values are long-lasting beliefs It refers to an internal feeling that something is true. Values are preferences of the individual that guide the behavior Belief gives us hope, Humans thrive/survive on what they believe in. They give us a sense of fulfillment. Example- Lying is bad results in the value of Truth Cheating is immoral results in the value of Faithfulness God created the world results in the value of religiousness Example- Lying is bad, cheating is immoral, and god created the world are some beliefs It is the largest canvas that subsumes all other concepts They can be rooted in culture, Tradition, Myth, Folklore, verifiable facts, etc They are expressed in terms of the should They are the creation of mind b) Difference between Ethics and integrity Ethics Integrity Ethics is imposed from the outside Integrity Comes from within Ethics can be forced upon Integrity is quality and comes from inside Ethics are rules Integrity means QuQualityf the individual Ethics is defined as a prescriptive code of conduct for an actor Integrity is reliability in ethical conduct Example- Defence lawyer defending the rape accused, Dilemma faced by the doctor while saving a terrorist Example- Lal bahadur shShastriaking responsibility of the rail incident, Satish Dhawan facing the media while failure Long-lasting beliefs lead to values and values when seen through the prism of right and wrong lead to Ethics and consistency in ethical concduct leads to Integrity. Hence all are interrelated.
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Explain the Ganga drainage system in detail. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)
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Approach: 1. Briefly mention the Ganga river drainage system. 2. Explain the Ganga drainage system in detail. 3. Conclude appropriately. Answer: The term drainage describes the river system of an area. Small streams flowing from different directions come together to form the main river, which ultimately drains into a large water body such as a lake or a sea or an ocean. The area drained by a single river system is called a drainage basin. Ganga river is the third largest river of India which covers around 2500 kms in length and crosses several states like Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal etc. Ganga Drainage System: Ganga in upper reaches: 1. Alaknanda and Bhagirathi confluence at Devprayag to form the mighty Ganga river. The source of Bhagirathi is Gangotri and the source of Alaknanda is north of Badrinath. 2. Mandakini, the mightiest tributary of Alaknanda meets Alaknanda at Rudraprayag. Dhauliganga meets Alaknanda at Vishnuprayag. 3. Pindar meets Alaknanda at Karnprayag. 4. River Ganga enters the plain of Northern India at Haridwar. Right-hand tributaries: 1. Yamuna river is the mightiest tributary of the river Ganga. It originates from Yamunotri near Bandarpoonch peak in Uttarakhand. Yamuna meets Ganga at Triveni sangam in Prayagraj in UP. 2. The right-hand tributaries of the Yamuna river include the Chambal river, Betwa 3. The source of Chambal is the Mhow plateau of MP. The important tributaries of Chambal include Banas and Kali Sindh. Chambal meets Yamuna in the Etawah district of UP. 4. The source of Betwa is the Vindhya hills of MP. It meets the Yamuna river at Hamirpur in UP. 5. Son river is the only direct tributary of the Ganga from peninsular India. The source of the Son river is Amarkantak of MP. The important tributary of Son is Rihand. Son meets Ganga near Patna. 6. Damodar river is a tributary to the Hoogly river. Damodar is called Sorrow of Bengal. The source is the Chhotanagpur plateau. Left-Hand Tributaries: 1. Ramganga originates from Garhwal ranges in Uttarakhand. It meets river Ganga near Kannauj. The important protected area along the Ramganga river is Jim Corbett National Park, the first national park in India. 2. Gomti river originates from the Gomat Tal region of the Himalayas. It meets Ganga near Saidpur. The important protected area along the Gomti river is Dudhwa National Park. The important cities located on its bank include Lucknow and Sultanpur. 3. Ghagra river originates from Nepal Himalayas along the boundary between Nepal and Tibet region from Mapchachungo glacier. The upper reaches of Ghagra are called the Karnali river. It meets the Ganga river near Rewalganj. The important tributaries include Saryu, Sharda and Rapti. 4. Gandak river rises from the Nepal Himalayas. It joins Ganga near Sonpur close to Patna. 5. Kosi river originates from the Himalayas close to Mt. Everest. It is called the sorrow of Bihar. In ancient India, it is called Saptakaushika. It meets Ganga at Kursela. 6. Hoogly is a mighty distributary of the river Ganga. Farraka Barrage is constructed on the river Ganga to divert the water into Hoogly. Ganga in lower areas: 1. Ganga after entering Bangladesh is called Padma. It meets with the river Meghna and then finally merges with the Brahmaputra river called Jamuna in Bangladesh and forms delta called Sunderban delta and drains into the Bay of Bengal region. The river Ganga is an important and holy river in India. It holds enormous economic, ecological and religious significance. It is also considered as the lifeline of India.
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##Question:Explain the Ganga drainage system in detail. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Briefly mention the Ganga river drainage system. 2. Explain the Ganga drainage system in detail. 3. Conclude appropriately. Answer: The term drainage describes the river system of an area. Small streams flowing from different directions come together to form the main river, which ultimately drains into a large water body such as a lake or a sea or an ocean. The area drained by a single river system is called a drainage basin. Ganga river is the third largest river of India which covers around 2500 kms in length and crosses several states like Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal etc. Ganga Drainage System: Ganga in upper reaches: 1. Alaknanda and Bhagirathi confluence at Devprayag to form the mighty Ganga river. The source of Bhagirathi is Gangotri and the source of Alaknanda is north of Badrinath. 2. Mandakini, the mightiest tributary of Alaknanda meets Alaknanda at Rudraprayag. Dhauliganga meets Alaknanda at Vishnuprayag. 3. Pindar meets Alaknanda at Karnprayag. 4. River Ganga enters the plain of Northern India at Haridwar. Right-hand tributaries: 1. Yamuna river is the mightiest tributary of the river Ganga. It originates from Yamunotri near Bandarpoonch peak in Uttarakhand. Yamuna meets Ganga at Triveni sangam in Prayagraj in UP. 2. The right-hand tributaries of the Yamuna river include the Chambal river, Betwa 3. The source of Chambal is the Mhow plateau of MP. The important tributaries of Chambal include Banas and Kali Sindh. Chambal meets Yamuna in the Etawah district of UP. 4. The source of Betwa is the Vindhya hills of MP. It meets the Yamuna river at Hamirpur in UP. 5. Son river is the only direct tributary of the Ganga from peninsular India. The source of the Son river is Amarkantak of MP. The important tributary of Son is Rihand. Son meets Ganga near Patna. 6. Damodar river is a tributary to the Hoogly river. Damodar is called Sorrow of Bengal. The source is the Chhotanagpur plateau. Left-Hand Tributaries: 1. Ramganga originates from Garhwal ranges in Uttarakhand. It meets river Ganga near Kannauj. The important protected area along the Ramganga river is Jim Corbett National Park, the first national park in India. 2. Gomti river originates from the Gomat Tal region of the Himalayas. It meets Ganga near Saidpur. The important protected area along the Gomti river is Dudhwa National Park. The important cities located on its bank include Lucknow and Sultanpur. 3. Ghagra river originates from Nepal Himalayas along the boundary between Nepal and Tibet region from Mapchachungo glacier. The upper reaches of Ghagra are called the Karnali river. It meets the Ganga river near Rewalganj. The important tributaries include Saryu, Sharda and Rapti. 4. Gandak river rises from the Nepal Himalayas. It joins Ganga near Sonpur close to Patna. 5. Kosi river originates from the Himalayas close to Mt. Everest. It is called the sorrow of Bihar. In ancient India, it is called Saptakaushika. It meets Ganga at Kursela. 6. Hoogly is a mighty distributary of the river Ganga. Farraka Barrage is constructed on the river Ganga to divert the water into Hoogly. Ganga in lower areas: 1. Ganga after entering Bangladesh is called Padma. It meets with the river Meghna and then finally merges with the Brahmaputra river called Jamuna in Bangladesh and forms delta called Sunderban delta and drains into the Bay of Bengal region. The river Ganga is an important and holy river in India. It holds enormous economic, ecological and religious significance. It is also considered as the lifeline of India.
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Q-In looking to hire people, the organisation looks for three qualities-integrity, aptitude and energy. However, in the absence of the first, the other two will kill you. (Warren Buffett)Do you agree with the statement? If yes then explain with examples.(Marks-10)(150 words)
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Approach Introduction-Write briefly about how the given three qualities are important for an organisation, Take a stand on the question Main body-Write why integrity is a core quality and how it helps in organisation growth and how in absence of the integrity, the other two-energy and aptitude will kill you.Explain with examples Conclusion-The given three qualities are complementary to each other. Introduction: Integrity, aptitude and energy are the qualities which are essential for the effective performance of any organisation. It is examined during the selection process of any organisation. It is rightly said by Warren Buffett, in looking to hire people, the organisation looks for three qualities-integrity, aptitude and energy. However, in the absence of the first, the other two will kill you. Main body: Integrity is a core characteristic required in employment for the success of any organisation. It is based on truth and honesty. It is choosing right in all situations. In this, a person keeps organisation interest over personal interest. Integrity attracts others because they are trustworthy and dependable. They are principled and can be relied upon to conduct themselves honourably even when no one is looking. It is the practice of being honest and showing uncompromising adherence to ethics and morals.t improves the credibility of the individual which helps to give consistently high performance, outperform stakeholders’ expectations, and keep their commitments. It provides courage to confront challenges. A person of integrity has the following features. Responsibility assumption Manifest humility Being honest in all actions It helps in resolving dilemmas and facilitates quick decision-making. For example -Dr APJ Abdul Kalam, a prominent scientist developed a successful missile program for ISRO. He worked with integrity, energy and aptitude to develop the scientific image of the nation at the global level. While AQ Khan prominent scientist in Pakistan developed the missile program with energy and aptitude. However, due to the absence of integrity, he was accused of selling nuclear secrets illegally and was put under house arrest proved detrimental to the organisation and image of Pakistan worldwide. Thus, in the absence of integrity, the other two -energy and aptitude will kill and defeat the purpose of the organisation. As per the 2ARC report recommendation, the employee should consist of both values that are integrity and aptitude for the effective performance of an organisation-Example-if employee is competent and have skills but if there is a lack of integrity it will be detrimental to an organisation. Conclusion: Integrity is a primary quality required for an organisation, It is essential for the development of any organisation. The qualities-Integrity, aptitude and energy are complementary to each other and helped in holistic development.
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##Question:Q-In looking to hire people, the organisation looks for three qualities-integrity, aptitude and energy. However, in the absence of the first, the other two will kill you. (Warren Buffett)Do you agree with the statement? If yes then explain with examples.(Marks-10)(150 words)##Answer:Approach Introduction-Write briefly about how the given three qualities are important for an organisation, Take a stand on the question Main body-Write why integrity is a core quality and how it helps in organisation growth and how in absence of the integrity, the other two-energy and aptitude will kill you.Explain with examples Conclusion-The given three qualities are complementary to each other. Introduction: Integrity, aptitude and energy are the qualities which are essential for the effective performance of any organisation. It is examined during the selection process of any organisation. It is rightly said by Warren Buffett, in looking to hire people, the organisation looks for three qualities-integrity, aptitude and energy. However, in the absence of the first, the other two will kill you. Main body: Integrity is a core characteristic required in employment for the success of any organisation. It is based on truth and honesty. It is choosing right in all situations. In this, a person keeps organisation interest over personal interest. Integrity attracts others because they are trustworthy and dependable. They are principled and can be relied upon to conduct themselves honourably even when no one is looking. It is the practice of being honest and showing uncompromising adherence to ethics and morals.t improves the credibility of the individual which helps to give consistently high performance, outperform stakeholders’ expectations, and keep their commitments. It provides courage to confront challenges. A person of integrity has the following features. Responsibility assumption Manifest humility Being honest in all actions It helps in resolving dilemmas and facilitates quick decision-making. For example -Dr APJ Abdul Kalam, a prominent scientist developed a successful missile program for ISRO. He worked with integrity, energy and aptitude to develop the scientific image of the nation at the global level. While AQ Khan prominent scientist in Pakistan developed the missile program with energy and aptitude. However, due to the absence of integrity, he was accused of selling nuclear secrets illegally and was put under house arrest proved detrimental to the organisation and image of Pakistan worldwide. Thus, in the absence of integrity, the other two -energy and aptitude will kill and defeat the purpose of the organisation. As per the 2ARC report recommendation, the employee should consist of both values that are integrity and aptitude for the effective performance of an organisation-Example-if employee is competent and have skills but if there is a lack of integrity it will be detrimental to an organisation. Conclusion: Integrity is a primary quality required for an organisation, It is essential for the development of any organisation. The qualities-Integrity, aptitude and energy are complementary to each other and helped in holistic development.
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What do you mean by civil service neutrality? Also, highlight its benefits in governance. (10 marks/ 150 words).
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Approach: A brief introduction with the definition of Civil Services Neutrality Explain the benefits of Neutrality in civil services. Brief conclusion with suggestions Answer: Neutrality in Indian Civil Services means that civil servants should execute duties by laws and regulations without prejudice against or preferential treatment towards any groups or individuals. Benefits of having neutral civil servants Having neutral civil servants allows people to develop confidence that even if their favourite party is not in power they will still be served most efficiently and impartially by the civil servants and people’s faith in the administration is very vital for the survival of democracy. A neutral civil servant can adjust to the changing political parties in power as well as they can function without fear or vested interest. This increases the efficiency of administration. Neutral civil servants give the best guidance/advice to the political masters in the interest of the country. Politicians are temporary but civil services machinery remains the same. A neutral civil servant can assess every scheme and policy in practice from the perspective of their objective value and thus they can advise the government in power to continue all the objectively good policies and discontinue not-so-effective policies irrespective of the fact which party started the policy thus serving the national interest. 2nd ARC in its report Ethics in Governance has put the responsibility for maintaining the neutrality of the civil servants not only on the civil servants but on the political executives also. 2nd ARC said that civil servant’s neutrality is getting diluted day by day as today civil servants are in a position to anticipate what the minister wants and advise him that thing only in place of giving technically and constitutionally the best advice.
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##Question:What do you mean by civil service neutrality? Also, highlight its benefits in governance. (10 marks/ 150 words).##Answer:Approach: A brief introduction with the definition of Civil Services Neutrality Explain the benefits of Neutrality in civil services. Brief conclusion with suggestions Answer: Neutrality in Indian Civil Services means that civil servants should execute duties by laws and regulations without prejudice against or preferential treatment towards any groups or individuals. Benefits of having neutral civil servants Having neutral civil servants allows people to develop confidence that even if their favourite party is not in power they will still be served most efficiently and impartially by the civil servants and people’s faith in the administration is very vital for the survival of democracy. A neutral civil servant can adjust to the changing political parties in power as well as they can function without fear or vested interest. This increases the efficiency of administration. Neutral civil servants give the best guidance/advice to the political masters in the interest of the country. Politicians are temporary but civil services machinery remains the same. A neutral civil servant can assess every scheme and policy in practice from the perspective of their objective value and thus they can advise the government in power to continue all the objectively good policies and discontinue not-so-effective policies irrespective of the fact which party started the policy thus serving the national interest. 2nd ARC in its report Ethics in Governance has put the responsibility for maintaining the neutrality of the civil servants not only on the civil servants but on the political executives also. 2nd ARC said that civil servant’s neutrality is getting diluted day by day as today civil servants are in a position to anticipate what the minister wants and advise him that thing only in place of giving technically and constitutionally the best advice.
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Explain specific ethical aspects in the context of public administration. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach- Briefly give an introduction wrt ethics Describe the need for Ethics in Public Administration (ethical issues in Public Administration) Discuss how ethical principles deal with issues in Public Administration Explain the determinants of Ethics in Public Administration Briefly conclude Answer : Ethics is a system of accepted beliefs, values and morality which influence human behaviour. In western philosophy, there are 3 eminent schools of ethics- One led by Aristotle (giving emphasis on virtues like justice, charity, generosity etc) Second inspired by Emmanuel Kan t who talked about the concept of duty, central to morality and duty with dutifulness Third, Scholars like Bentham came out with utilitarian viewpoints that support the greatest happiness to the greatest numbers. Need for Ethics in Public Administration The contemporary preoccupation with ethical issues in government is due to several factors: (i) Demand in favour of an Open and Accountable system (ii) Demand for individual rights (iii) Frustration because of erosion of the concept of service and dedication among government employees (iv) A deep feeling of distrust (v) The increasing level of corruption (vi) Reducing or weakening democratic legitimacy “Ethics is integral to Public administration”. It is critical to realize the promises of democracy (treat people and trust people with transparency) Realizing the importance of ethics in administration in the mid-1970s in form of new public administration an important field of administrative studies emerged. Administrative ethics constitutes a moral fibre of civil servants and regulate the conduct and behaviour of different categories of a civil servant. Ethics as far as the administration is concerned deals with: Clean administration, Accountable administration, Rule of law, Political neutrality, Human rights, Secularism and integrity in the system. The OECD identified some key components of an ethical infrastructure Political commitment towards society Efficient legal framework Efficient and accountable management Supportive public service condition Active civil society In today’s world administrative ethics can be classified into two parts: I. Bureaucratic Ethics- emphasis will be on efficiency, expertise and legal accountability II. Democratic ethics- emphasis will be on constitutional values, citizenship and public interest. In today"s world one can underline factors that justify the magnitude of ethics in contemporary Public Administration: Material and resource scarcity Needs of a growing society Increasing awareness The constant demand for a participative decision-making approach Determinants of Ethics in Public administration A political construct of which Public administrators are a part- This one deals with the individual quality of public servants related to ethical decision-making skills, mental attitude and professional values. Legal Framework- it deals with the organizational structure of a system with procedural accountability. Political organizational culture includes beliefs and values. Civil Societies including public participation and social expectations Public administrators are expected to show their wisdom to perform as a guardian of society. According to John F Kennedy - “No responsibility of government is more important than fundamental than the responsibility of maintaining a higher standard of ethical behaviour to ensure humanity in administration” For that- the science of administration should be integrated with the ethics of administration that will lead administrators towards a balancing approach to dealing with society.
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##Question:Explain specific ethical aspects in the context of public administration. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach- Briefly give an introduction wrt ethics Describe the need for Ethics in Public Administration (ethical issues in Public Administration) Discuss how ethical principles deal with issues in Public Administration Explain the determinants of Ethics in Public Administration Briefly conclude Answer : Ethics is a system of accepted beliefs, values and morality which influence human behaviour. In western philosophy, there are 3 eminent schools of ethics- One led by Aristotle (giving emphasis on virtues like justice, charity, generosity etc) Second inspired by Emmanuel Kan t who talked about the concept of duty, central to morality and duty with dutifulness Third, Scholars like Bentham came out with utilitarian viewpoints that support the greatest happiness to the greatest numbers. Need for Ethics in Public Administration The contemporary preoccupation with ethical issues in government is due to several factors: (i) Demand in favour of an Open and Accountable system (ii) Demand for individual rights (iii) Frustration because of erosion of the concept of service and dedication among government employees (iv) A deep feeling of distrust (v) The increasing level of corruption (vi) Reducing or weakening democratic legitimacy “Ethics is integral to Public administration”. It is critical to realize the promises of democracy (treat people and trust people with transparency) Realizing the importance of ethics in administration in the mid-1970s in form of new public administration an important field of administrative studies emerged. Administrative ethics constitutes a moral fibre of civil servants and regulate the conduct and behaviour of different categories of a civil servant. Ethics as far as the administration is concerned deals with: Clean administration, Accountable administration, Rule of law, Political neutrality, Human rights, Secularism and integrity in the system. The OECD identified some key components of an ethical infrastructure Political commitment towards society Efficient legal framework Efficient and accountable management Supportive public service condition Active civil society In today’s world administrative ethics can be classified into two parts: I. Bureaucratic Ethics- emphasis will be on efficiency, expertise and legal accountability II. Democratic ethics- emphasis will be on constitutional values, citizenship and public interest. In today"s world one can underline factors that justify the magnitude of ethics in contemporary Public Administration: Material and resource scarcity Needs of a growing society Increasing awareness The constant demand for a participative decision-making approach Determinants of Ethics in Public administration A political construct of which Public administrators are a part- This one deals with the individual quality of public servants related to ethical decision-making skills, mental attitude and professional values. Legal Framework- it deals with the organizational structure of a system with procedural accountability. Political organizational culture includes beliefs and values. Civil Societies including public participation and social expectations Public administrators are expected to show their wisdom to perform as a guardian of society. According to John F Kennedy - “No responsibility of government is more important than fundamental than the responsibility of maintaining a higher standard of ethical behaviour to ensure humanity in administration” For that- the science of administration should be integrated with the ethics of administration that will lead administrators towards a balancing approach to dealing with society.
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The Directive Principles along with the Fundamental Rights contain the philosophy of the Constitution and are the soul of the Constitution. In this context discuss the Directive Principle of State Policies (DPSPs) that are based on the Gandhian and Socialist principles provided under the Indian constitution. (250 words/15 marks)
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Approach Introduce with the envisaged ideals of the DPSPs. Then bring the DPSP based on the Gandhian Principles with clarity on the Gandhian Principles. Further, discuss the DPSPs that are based on the socialistic principle with brief clarity on the socialistic principles. Conclude accordingly. Answer The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) set forth the humanitarian socialist precepts that were and are, the aims of the Indian social revolution. The roots of the Directive Principles can be traced back to the 1931 Karachi Resolution . Dr. BR Ambedkar described Directive Principles as ‘novel features of the Indian Constitution. Granville Austin has described the Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights as the ‘Conscience of the Constitution". DPSPs based on Gandhian Principles DPSPs based on the Gandhian principles represent the programme of reconstruction enunciated by Gandhi during the national movement. These principles are based on Gandhian ideology. Article 40 : To organize village panchayats and endow them with the necessary powers and authority to enable them to function as units of self-government. Article 43: To promote cottage industries on an individual or cooperative basis in rural areas. Article 43B: To promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control, and professional management of cooperative societies. Article 46: To promote the educational and economic interests of SCs, STs, and other weaker sections of society and to protect them from social injustice and exploitation. Article 47: To prohibit the consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs which are injurious to health. Article 48: To prohibit the slaughter of cows, calves, and other milch and draught cattle and to improve their breeds. DPSPs based on Socialistic Principles These principles reflect the ideology of socialism. They lay down the framework of a democratic socialist state, aim at providing social and economic justice, and set the path towards the welfare state. Article 38: As per this Article the state shall promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order permeated by justice— social, economic and political—and to minimize inequalities in income, status, facilities, and opportunities. Article 39: To secure (a) the right to adequate means of livelihood for all citizens; (b) the equitable distribution of material resources of the community for the common good; (c) prevention of concentration of wealth and means of production; (d) equal pay for equal work for men and women; (e) preservation of the health and strength of workers and children against forcible abuse; and (f) opportunities for the healthy development of children. Article 39A: To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor. Article 41: To secure the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement. Article 42: To make provision for just and humane conditions for work and maternity relief. Article 43: To secure a living wage a decent standard of life and social and cultural opportunities for all workers. Article 43A: To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries. Article 47: To raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of people and to improve public health. Thus the above provision makes it very evident that the Directive Principles along with the Fundamental Rights contain the philosophy of the Constitution and is the soul of the Constitution. We needed to make these directives justifiable so that ground-level implementation could achieve the high social and economic ideals as envisaged by the founding fathers/mothers of the constitution.
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##Question:The Directive Principles along with the Fundamental Rights contain the philosophy of the Constitution and are the soul of the Constitution. In this context discuss the Directive Principle of State Policies (DPSPs) that are based on the Gandhian and Socialist principles provided under the Indian constitution. (250 words/15 marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the envisaged ideals of the DPSPs. Then bring the DPSP based on the Gandhian Principles with clarity on the Gandhian Principles. Further, discuss the DPSPs that are based on the socialistic principle with brief clarity on the socialistic principles. Conclude accordingly. Answer The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) set forth the humanitarian socialist precepts that were and are, the aims of the Indian social revolution. The roots of the Directive Principles can be traced back to the 1931 Karachi Resolution . Dr. BR Ambedkar described Directive Principles as ‘novel features of the Indian Constitution. Granville Austin has described the Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights as the ‘Conscience of the Constitution". DPSPs based on Gandhian Principles DPSPs based on the Gandhian principles represent the programme of reconstruction enunciated by Gandhi during the national movement. These principles are based on Gandhian ideology. Article 40 : To organize village panchayats and endow them with the necessary powers and authority to enable them to function as units of self-government. Article 43: To promote cottage industries on an individual or cooperative basis in rural areas. Article 43B: To promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control, and professional management of cooperative societies. Article 46: To promote the educational and economic interests of SCs, STs, and other weaker sections of society and to protect them from social injustice and exploitation. Article 47: To prohibit the consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs which are injurious to health. Article 48: To prohibit the slaughter of cows, calves, and other milch and draught cattle and to improve their breeds. DPSPs based on Socialistic Principles These principles reflect the ideology of socialism. They lay down the framework of a democratic socialist state, aim at providing social and economic justice, and set the path towards the welfare state. Article 38: As per this Article the state shall promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order permeated by justice— social, economic and political—and to minimize inequalities in income, status, facilities, and opportunities. Article 39: To secure (a) the right to adequate means of livelihood for all citizens; (b) the equitable distribution of material resources of the community for the common good; (c) prevention of concentration of wealth and means of production; (d) equal pay for equal work for men and women; (e) preservation of the health and strength of workers and children against forcible abuse; and (f) opportunities for the healthy development of children. Article 39A: To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor. Article 41: To secure the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement. Article 42: To make provision for just and humane conditions for work and maternity relief. Article 43: To secure a living wage a decent standard of life and social and cultural opportunities for all workers. Article 43A: To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries. Article 47: To raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of people and to improve public health. Thus the above provision makes it very evident that the Directive Principles along with the Fundamental Rights contain the philosophy of the Constitution and is the soul of the Constitution. We needed to make these directives justifiable so that ground-level implementation could achieve the high social and economic ideals as envisaged by the founding fathers/mothers of the constitution.
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जीडीपी मापन के विधियों को स्पष्ट करते हुए इसकी गणना प्रणाली में 2015 में हुए परिवर्तनों को रेखांकित कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Explaining the methods of GDP measurement, underline the changes in its calculation system in 2015. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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एप्रोच - जीडीपी को संक्षिप्तता से समझाते हुए, उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए| मुख्य भाग के पहले हिस्से में, जीडीपी मापन के विभिन्न विधियों को स्पष्ट कीजिए - आय विधि, व्यय विधि तथा मूल्यवर्धन विधि अगले भाग में, जीडीपी गणना प्रणाली में 2015 में हुए परिवर्तनों को रेखांकित कीजिए| निष्कर्षतः, एक संतुलित निष्कर्ष के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| उत्तर - किसी अर्थव्यवस्था में एक निश्चित समयवधि में उत्पादित सभी अंतिम वस्तुओं एवं सेवाओं के कुल बाजार मूल्य को सकल घरेलू उत्पाद (GDP) कहते हैं| अर्थात, दिए गए वित्तीय वर्ष में, आर्थिक सीमा के अंतर्गत कुल अंतिम उपभोग हेतु नई वस्तुएं एवं सेवाएँ (जिससे दोहरी गिनती की समस्या से बचा जा सके)| यहाँ घरेलू से आशय देश की आर्थिक सीमा के अंदर की गतिविधियों से है| वहीँ, सकल(Gross) से आशय बिना मूल्यह्रास के उत्पादन से है| सकल = निवल(Net) + मूल्यह्रास जीडीपी मापन की विधियाँ MoSPI के अनुसार, जीडीपी मापन की 3 प्रमुख विधियाँ हो सकते हैं ---> व्यय विधि द्वारा मापन आय विधि द्वारा मापन मूल्यवर्धन विधि द्वारा मापन ये तीनों विधियाँ एक-दूसरे की प्रतिपूरक होती हैं| व्यय विधि द्वारा जीडीपी मापन --> इस विधि द्वारा मांगजनित दृष्टिकोण अपनाते हुए निम्न प्रकार से जीडीपी की गणना की जाती है ---> GDP(MP) = C+G+I+(X-M) जहाँ, C = निजी क्षेत्र द्वारा अंतिम उपयोग हेतु व्यय (Private final consumption expenditure) G = सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र द्वारा अंतिम उपयोग हेतु व्यय (Government final consumption expenditure) I = सकल फिक्स्ड पूंजी निर्माण/निवेश (Investment Fixed Capital Formation) (वैल्युएबल्स को जोड़ते हुए) X = निर्यात/Export; M = आयात/Import तथा (X-M) = निवल निर्यात जीडीपी मार्केट प्राइस में से मूल्यह्रास को घटाकर NDP (MP) प्राप्त होता है| अर्थात NDP (MP) = GDP (MP)- मूल्यह्रास NDP (MP) से यदि अप्रत्यक्ष करों को घटा दिया जाए तथा सब्सिडी को जोड़ दिया जाए तो, NDP(FC) प्राप्त होता है| NDP(FC) में से यदि NFAFI को जोड़ दिया जाए तो NNP(FC) प्राप्त होता है| आय विधि द्वारा जीडीपी मापन --> इस विधि के अंतर्गत MoSPI विभिन्न स्रोतों से प्राप्त आय की गणना करता है, जिससे निवल घरेलू उत्पाद (साधन लागत पर) का मूल्य प्राप्त होता है| इसके अंतर्गत विभिन्न स्रोतो से हुई आय की गणना की जाती है --> किराया(Rental) + लाभांश(Dividend) + ब्याज(Interest) + रॉयल्टी(Royalty) + श्रमिकों को दिया गया पारितोषिक(Compensation to the Employees) + मिश्रित आय(Mixed Income) = NDP(FC) इस NDP(FC) + अप्रत्यक्ष कर - सब्सिडी = NDP(MP); NDP(MP) + मूल्यह्रास GDP(MP) NDP(FC) + NFIFA = NNP(FC) किराया + लाभांश + ब्याज + रॉयल्टी को सम्मिलित रूप से ऑपरेटिंग सरपल्स भी कहा जाता है| उपरोक्त गणना में आय से आशय निवल/शुद्ध आय से है अर्थात (आय - मूल्यह्रास) | यद्यपि 2008 से पहले जब आय विधि में गणना की जाती थी तब सकल आय की गणना होती थी| मूल्यवर्धन विधि द्वारा जीडीपी मापन --> इस विधि के अंतर्गत MoSPI द्वारा प्रत्येक क्षेत्रक में हुए मूल्यवर्धन को जोड़ते हुए निम्न प्रकार से जीडीपी की गणना की जाती है --> जीडीपी (बाजार मूल्य पर) = प्राथमिक क्षेत्र में मूल्यवर्धन + द्वितीयक क्षेत्र में मूल्य वर्द्धन + तृतीयक क्षेत्र में मूल्य वर्द्धन मूल्यवर्धन विधि का एक बड़ा लाभ यह है कि इससे किसी वस्तु के मूल्य में प्रत्येक क्षेत्र के योगदान का पता चलता है| प्रत्येक क्षेत्र में मूल्यवर्धन 2 कारणों से हो सकता है --> मूल्यवर्धन या वस्तु बनाने के संदर्भ में साधन लागत + प्रत्येक स्तर पर लगा अप्रत्यक्ष कर या दी गई सब्सिडी | उदाहरण के लिए, यदि किसी स्तर पर सब्सिडी अधिक हो और कर कम हो तो मूल्यवर्धन कम होगा| वहीँ अगर कर अधिक हो तो मूल्यवर्धन अधिक होगा| जीवीए (GVA) की परिकल्पना तथा जीडीपी गणना प्रणाली में 2015 में हुए परिवर्तन संयुक्तराष्ट्र की गणना प्रणाली 2008 में यह स्पष्ट किया गया कि मूल्यवर्धन विधि का उपयोग उत्पादन संबंधी घटकों को समझने में किया जाए, जिसमें साधन लागत के स्थान पर आधार मूल्य को केंद्रित करते हुए प्रत्येक स्तर पर हुए मूल्यवर्धन को देखा जाये तथा इस प्रकार प्राप्त जीवीए आधार मूल्य यह स्पष्ट करेगा कि प्रत्येक क्षेत्र में वे क्या कारण हैं जिससे मूल्यवर्धन कम या अधिक है| इस प्रकार एक तरफ जीवीए आधार मूल्य उत्पादन के स्तर पर (सप्लाई साइड में) जीडीपी के आंकड़े प्रस्तुत करेगा, वहीँ दूसरी तरफ जीडीपी मार्केट प्राइस बाजार मूल्य पर डिमांड साइड (मांग जनित) पर आंकड़ें प्रस्तुत करेगा| भारत में वर्ष 2015 से जीडीपी फैक्टर मूल्य के स्थान पर जीवीए आधार मूल्य की गणना 2015 से प्रारंभ हुई है| जीडीपी गणना प्रणाली में 2015 में हुए परिवर्तन ---> वर्ष 2015 में MoSPI द्वारा जीडीपी की गणना प्रणाली में निम्न परिवर्तन किए गयें, जो संयुक्त राष्ट्र गणना प्रणाली के 2008 के सीरीज के अंतर्गत थें ---> जीडीपी की गणना का आधार वर्ष 2004-05 से बदलकर 2011-12 कर दिया गया| जीडीपी फैक्टर कॉस्ट के स्थान पर जीवीए आधार मूल्य की गणना प्रारंभ की गई, जिसका विवरण निम्नलिखित है -> GVA आधार मूल्य पर = ऑपरेटिंग सरपल्स (किराया + लाभांश + ब्याज + रॉयल्टी) + श्रमिकों को दिया गया पारितोषिक + मिश्रित आय + फिक्स्ड पूंजी का उपभोग (मूल्यह्रास) + उत्पादन कर - उत्पादन सब्सिडी GVA बाजार मूल्य पर = GVA आधार मूल्य पर + उत्पाद कर - उत्पाद सब्सिडी = जीडीपी बाजार मूल्य पर जीडीपी बाजार मूल्य को सही संदर्भों में जीडीपी कहा जाएगा| जीडीपी बाजार मूल्य तथा जीवीए आधार मूल्य दोनों की गणनाएं चालू कीमतों पर तथा स्थिर कीमतों पर होंगी तथा स्थिर कीमतों पर हुए विकास दर (जीडीपी बाजार मूल्य तथा जीवीए आधार मूल्य दोनों संदर्भों में) को सही संदर्भों में विकास दर माना जाएगा| जीडीपी की गणना में MCA 21 डाटा के महत्व को बढ़ाया गया तथा श्रम के आंकड़ों को और महत्त्व दिया गया| उपरोक्त परिवर्तनों के अनुरूप जीडीपी आंकलन को और ज्यादा तर्कसंगत बनाने का प्रयास किया गया है ताकि अर्थव्यवस्था की ज्यादा सटीक जानकारी सामने आ सके| हालाँकि, वर्तमान में इनमें और संशोधनों की आवश्यकता महसूस की जा रही है ताकि जीडीपी मापन और बेहतर हो सके| इसके अंतर्गत आधार वर्ष को अपडेट करना तथा वैश्विक मानकों को लागू करना शामिल है|
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##Question:जीडीपी मापन के विधियों को स्पष्ट करते हुए इसकी गणना प्रणाली में 2015 में हुए परिवर्तनों को रेखांकित कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Explaining the methods of GDP measurement, underline the changes in its calculation system in 2015. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:एप्रोच - जीडीपी को संक्षिप्तता से समझाते हुए, उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए| मुख्य भाग के पहले हिस्से में, जीडीपी मापन के विभिन्न विधियों को स्पष्ट कीजिए - आय विधि, व्यय विधि तथा मूल्यवर्धन विधि अगले भाग में, जीडीपी गणना प्रणाली में 2015 में हुए परिवर्तनों को रेखांकित कीजिए| निष्कर्षतः, एक संतुलित निष्कर्ष के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| उत्तर - किसी अर्थव्यवस्था में एक निश्चित समयवधि में उत्पादित सभी अंतिम वस्तुओं एवं सेवाओं के कुल बाजार मूल्य को सकल घरेलू उत्पाद (GDP) कहते हैं| अर्थात, दिए गए वित्तीय वर्ष में, आर्थिक सीमा के अंतर्गत कुल अंतिम उपभोग हेतु नई वस्तुएं एवं सेवाएँ (जिससे दोहरी गिनती की समस्या से बचा जा सके)| यहाँ घरेलू से आशय देश की आर्थिक सीमा के अंदर की गतिविधियों से है| वहीँ, सकल(Gross) से आशय बिना मूल्यह्रास के उत्पादन से है| सकल = निवल(Net) + मूल्यह्रास जीडीपी मापन की विधियाँ MoSPI के अनुसार, जीडीपी मापन की 3 प्रमुख विधियाँ हो सकते हैं ---> व्यय विधि द्वारा मापन आय विधि द्वारा मापन मूल्यवर्धन विधि द्वारा मापन ये तीनों विधियाँ एक-दूसरे की प्रतिपूरक होती हैं| व्यय विधि द्वारा जीडीपी मापन --> इस विधि द्वारा मांगजनित दृष्टिकोण अपनाते हुए निम्न प्रकार से जीडीपी की गणना की जाती है ---> GDP(MP) = C+G+I+(X-M) जहाँ, C = निजी क्षेत्र द्वारा अंतिम उपयोग हेतु व्यय (Private final consumption expenditure) G = सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र द्वारा अंतिम उपयोग हेतु व्यय (Government final consumption expenditure) I = सकल फिक्स्ड पूंजी निर्माण/निवेश (Investment Fixed Capital Formation) (वैल्युएबल्स को जोड़ते हुए) X = निर्यात/Export; M = आयात/Import तथा (X-M) = निवल निर्यात जीडीपी मार्केट प्राइस में से मूल्यह्रास को घटाकर NDP (MP) प्राप्त होता है| अर्थात NDP (MP) = GDP (MP)- मूल्यह्रास NDP (MP) से यदि अप्रत्यक्ष करों को घटा दिया जाए तथा सब्सिडी को जोड़ दिया जाए तो, NDP(FC) प्राप्त होता है| NDP(FC) में से यदि NFAFI को जोड़ दिया जाए तो NNP(FC) प्राप्त होता है| आय विधि द्वारा जीडीपी मापन --> इस विधि के अंतर्गत MoSPI विभिन्न स्रोतों से प्राप्त आय की गणना करता है, जिससे निवल घरेलू उत्पाद (साधन लागत पर) का मूल्य प्राप्त होता है| इसके अंतर्गत विभिन्न स्रोतो से हुई आय की गणना की जाती है --> किराया(Rental) + लाभांश(Dividend) + ब्याज(Interest) + रॉयल्टी(Royalty) + श्रमिकों को दिया गया पारितोषिक(Compensation to the Employees) + मिश्रित आय(Mixed Income) = NDP(FC) इस NDP(FC) + अप्रत्यक्ष कर - सब्सिडी = NDP(MP); NDP(MP) + मूल्यह्रास GDP(MP) NDP(FC) + NFIFA = NNP(FC) किराया + लाभांश + ब्याज + रॉयल्टी को सम्मिलित रूप से ऑपरेटिंग सरपल्स भी कहा जाता है| उपरोक्त गणना में आय से आशय निवल/शुद्ध आय से है अर्थात (आय - मूल्यह्रास) | यद्यपि 2008 से पहले जब आय विधि में गणना की जाती थी तब सकल आय की गणना होती थी| मूल्यवर्धन विधि द्वारा जीडीपी मापन --> इस विधि के अंतर्गत MoSPI द्वारा प्रत्येक क्षेत्रक में हुए मूल्यवर्धन को जोड़ते हुए निम्न प्रकार से जीडीपी की गणना की जाती है --> जीडीपी (बाजार मूल्य पर) = प्राथमिक क्षेत्र में मूल्यवर्धन + द्वितीयक क्षेत्र में मूल्य वर्द्धन + तृतीयक क्षेत्र में मूल्य वर्द्धन मूल्यवर्धन विधि का एक बड़ा लाभ यह है कि इससे किसी वस्तु के मूल्य में प्रत्येक क्षेत्र के योगदान का पता चलता है| प्रत्येक क्षेत्र में मूल्यवर्धन 2 कारणों से हो सकता है --> मूल्यवर्धन या वस्तु बनाने के संदर्भ में साधन लागत + प्रत्येक स्तर पर लगा अप्रत्यक्ष कर या दी गई सब्सिडी | उदाहरण के लिए, यदि किसी स्तर पर सब्सिडी अधिक हो और कर कम हो तो मूल्यवर्धन कम होगा| वहीँ अगर कर अधिक हो तो मूल्यवर्धन अधिक होगा| जीवीए (GVA) की परिकल्पना तथा जीडीपी गणना प्रणाली में 2015 में हुए परिवर्तन संयुक्तराष्ट्र की गणना प्रणाली 2008 में यह स्पष्ट किया गया कि मूल्यवर्धन विधि का उपयोग उत्पादन संबंधी घटकों को समझने में किया जाए, जिसमें साधन लागत के स्थान पर आधार मूल्य को केंद्रित करते हुए प्रत्येक स्तर पर हुए मूल्यवर्धन को देखा जाये तथा इस प्रकार प्राप्त जीवीए आधार मूल्य यह स्पष्ट करेगा कि प्रत्येक क्षेत्र में वे क्या कारण हैं जिससे मूल्यवर्धन कम या अधिक है| इस प्रकार एक तरफ जीवीए आधार मूल्य उत्पादन के स्तर पर (सप्लाई साइड में) जीडीपी के आंकड़े प्रस्तुत करेगा, वहीँ दूसरी तरफ जीडीपी मार्केट प्राइस बाजार मूल्य पर डिमांड साइड (मांग जनित) पर आंकड़ें प्रस्तुत करेगा| भारत में वर्ष 2015 से जीडीपी फैक्टर मूल्य के स्थान पर जीवीए आधार मूल्य की गणना 2015 से प्रारंभ हुई है| जीडीपी गणना प्रणाली में 2015 में हुए परिवर्तन ---> वर्ष 2015 में MoSPI द्वारा जीडीपी की गणना प्रणाली में निम्न परिवर्तन किए गयें, जो संयुक्त राष्ट्र गणना प्रणाली के 2008 के सीरीज के अंतर्गत थें ---> जीडीपी की गणना का आधार वर्ष 2004-05 से बदलकर 2011-12 कर दिया गया| जीडीपी फैक्टर कॉस्ट के स्थान पर जीवीए आधार मूल्य की गणना प्रारंभ की गई, जिसका विवरण निम्नलिखित है -> GVA आधार मूल्य पर = ऑपरेटिंग सरपल्स (किराया + लाभांश + ब्याज + रॉयल्टी) + श्रमिकों को दिया गया पारितोषिक + मिश्रित आय + फिक्स्ड पूंजी का उपभोग (मूल्यह्रास) + उत्पादन कर - उत्पादन सब्सिडी GVA बाजार मूल्य पर = GVA आधार मूल्य पर + उत्पाद कर - उत्पाद सब्सिडी = जीडीपी बाजार मूल्य पर जीडीपी बाजार मूल्य को सही संदर्भों में जीडीपी कहा जाएगा| जीडीपी बाजार मूल्य तथा जीवीए आधार मूल्य दोनों की गणनाएं चालू कीमतों पर तथा स्थिर कीमतों पर होंगी तथा स्थिर कीमतों पर हुए विकास दर (जीडीपी बाजार मूल्य तथा जीवीए आधार मूल्य दोनों संदर्भों में) को सही संदर्भों में विकास दर माना जाएगा| जीडीपी की गणना में MCA 21 डाटा के महत्व को बढ़ाया गया तथा श्रम के आंकड़ों को और महत्त्व दिया गया| उपरोक्त परिवर्तनों के अनुरूप जीडीपी आंकलन को और ज्यादा तर्कसंगत बनाने का प्रयास किया गया है ताकि अर्थव्यवस्था की ज्यादा सटीक जानकारी सामने आ सके| हालाँकि, वर्तमान में इनमें और संशोधनों की आवश्यकता महसूस की जा रही है ताकि जीडीपी मापन और बेहतर हो सके| इसके अंतर्गत आधार वर्ष को अपडेट करना तथा वैश्विक मानकों को लागू करना शामिल है|
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"The time has come for India and Japan to build a strong contemporary relationship, one involving global and strategic partnership that will have a great significance for Asia and the world as a whole." Comment. (250 Words/15 marks)
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Approach: Give a brief introduction about the background of India"s relationship with Japan. Briefly discuss the major developments in the recent past on various fronts Discuss the existing possibilities to deepen the relationship in a present global context. Conclusion Answer: India’s influence on East and Southeast Asia, as well as some of the Asia-Pacific region, has been extensive. Buddhism also traveled to Japan from India (or Tenjiku, as it was called in Japan) as a gift from the king of Korea in AD 552. Indo-Japanese commercial activities were initiated in the late nineteenth century, with a number of Indians immigrating to Japan as temporary servants of the trading relationship. Post-independence engagements: ->India’s interest in Southeast Asia also largely evaporated due to challenges closer to home—the traumatic border war with China in 1962 and conflicts with Pakistan in 1965and 1971. In the aftermath of the oil shock of the 1970s, India became more concerned about its energy security and consequently, West Asia became more of a priority. ->Japan, a close ally of the USA during the Cold War, also kept some distance from India beyond its budding commercial opportunities as of the 1980s. Post-cold war fresh starts: -->Soon after P. V. Narasimha Rao became Prime Minister, he launched the ‘ look east’ policy (LEP) in 1992. Its implementation during the 1990s focused particularly on engagement with Southeast Asia and ASEAN (although Prime Minister Rao articulated a broader LEP implicitly in Singapore in 1994). Alongside its new efforts to capitalize on Southeast Asia’s economic success, India now sought politico-military engagement with the region, in part impelled by the need for new friends and partners after the loss of its superpower patron in 1991, and probably also worrying about China’s fast-growing links across Asia. -->The broad objectives of the LEP during the 1990s were to institutionalize linkages with ASEAN, with its member states, and to prevent Southeast Asia from falling under the influence of any one major power. Although Japan was one of the top investors in India during the 1990s, ranking fourth behind the UK, USA, and Mauritius, its performance paled in comparison to that elsewhere in Asia: Japan’s direct investment in India in1998 was one-thirteenth of its direct investment in China. Some of the disincentives to greater Japanese investment in India have included the infrastructure deficit in India, high tariffs, and labor problems. -->Japanese FDI in India is continuing to expand and is expected to reach US$5.5 billion by 2010. The number of Japanese business establishments operating in India has increased from 231 in August 2003 to 475 in February 2007. The recent move towards strategic partnership: -->After 9/11 when the U.S started defense strategic relations with India, it pave the way for Japan-India relations. Bilateral trade ties between India and Japan got a big strategic push in 2011 when they signed the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA ). The CEPA envisages the abolition of tariffs on over 94 percent of items traded over a period of 10 years. -->The CEPA also covers services, the movement of natural persons, investments, IPR, customs procedures, and other trade-related issues. The Joint Statement signed by then Prime Ministers Manmohan Singh and Shinzo Abe in 2006 factored in the new challenges, and the bilateral relationship was upgraded to a Global and Strategic Partnership with the provision of annual Prime Ministerial Summits. Japanese Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko traveled to India in 2013 and visited Delhi and Chennai giving a further boost to diplomatic ties. Abe was the Chief Guest at the Republic Day parade in New Delhi in January 2014. -->The BJP-led government, under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has also been contributing to strengthening ties. During the 9th Annual Summit in Japan in August-September 2014, Abe and Modi, apart from further upgrading bilateral relations, also agreed to establish the ‘India-Japan Investment Promotion Partnership’. Abe, during his India visit in December 2015, signed 16 agreements/MoUs/ MoCs/ Lois. India also announced a “visa on arrival” scheme for all Japanese travelers, including for business purposes, from March 1, 2016. During Modi’s recent visit to Japan, both countries signed six agreements, including on a high-speed rail project and naval cooperation. Factors that lead to bringing a strong relationship? -->The assertion of china in the Indo-Pacific region and growing boundary disputes with Japan laid down the basis for Indo-Japan. Converging interests of both the countries like Maritime Security, secure Sea lines of Communication, etc. -->Two Major Powers of Asia at the same time are facing similar challenges from the neighborhood. -->For Japan, expanding partnership with India serves as a hedge against China acting to challenge the existing post-World War II, rules-based, international and regional order. -->India is one of the few countries which have the capacity to act as a net security provider in the region. -->Rising significance of the Indo- Pacific region, in which there is an attempt from china to establish a china-centric based order with geopolitics shifting towards the Asian subcontinent. Thus Indo-Japan being the two important democracies with a track record of peacebuilding and human rights are looking forward to equitable order & multipolar order. -->Uncertainty on the role of the United States of America’s commitment to peace in the region. Moving towards a contemporary relationship: In the recent past, there has been a remarkable transformation in the bilateral relationship and the two countries have emerged as genuine strategic partners in the Indo-Pacific. Sometimes, the concept of strategic partnership’ is casually deployed to define any and every relationship. However, a relationship in international politics becomes ‘ strategic’ when it has an impact on the overall balance of power in a region. This balance of power is often impacted by the changes in the capabilities of nation-states. T he India-Japan strategic partnership is playing out in conceptual, strategic, and economic realms. Defense: Both countries are part of the QUAD grouping which was created to counter the rising aggression of China. The Foreign and Defense Ministerial Two-Plus-Two Dialogues reflect the growing special relationship between the two countries. Both countries were successful in pushing spatial constructs such as the ‘Indo-Pacific’ into the discourses on international politics. There may be quibbles on the boundaries of the Indo-Pacific, but it appears that geographic construct is here to stay. Cultural Cooperation : Cultural exchanges between India and Japan began early in the 6th century with the introduction of Buddhism to Japan from India. Tokyo and Delhi also share similar strategic objectives, which include the creation of a robust multipower Asian order and thriving open sea lanes of communication in the region. Consequently, maritime cooperation between the two countries is gaining momentum. The focus is on Sustainable development through the platform of Asia – Africa Growth Corridor and both countries will work towards bringing reforms to United Nations Security Council apart from focusing on areas like Climate Change, disaster risk management, etc. Nuclear Cooperation: Historic Indo-Japan nuclear deal was concluded in 2017. This was the first time that Japan signed such a deal with a non-signatory of the Non-Proliferation Treaty Challenges: Certain challenges have to be addressed if the relationship has to reach its potential. Languishing trade should be improved. While bilateral trade between India – Japan is $15 billion, it is around $300 b between Japan and China. Apart from that both countries should strengthen and deepen their defense cooperation. Conclusion: An important challenge for India-Japan strategic partnership is less than satisfactory cooperation in the defense equipment and technology segment. Japan historically followed a very restrictive defense export policy. However, India and Japan, two powerful democratic forces in Asia should join hands to establish peace and order not only in Asia but in the entire world.
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##Question:"The time has come for India and Japan to build a strong contemporary relationship, one involving global and strategic partnership that will have a great significance for Asia and the world as a whole." Comment. (250 Words/15 marks)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief introduction about the background of India"s relationship with Japan. Briefly discuss the major developments in the recent past on various fronts Discuss the existing possibilities to deepen the relationship in a present global context. Conclusion Answer: India’s influence on East and Southeast Asia, as well as some of the Asia-Pacific region, has been extensive. Buddhism also traveled to Japan from India (or Tenjiku, as it was called in Japan) as a gift from the king of Korea in AD 552. Indo-Japanese commercial activities were initiated in the late nineteenth century, with a number of Indians immigrating to Japan as temporary servants of the trading relationship. Post-independence engagements: ->India’s interest in Southeast Asia also largely evaporated due to challenges closer to home—the traumatic border war with China in 1962 and conflicts with Pakistan in 1965and 1971. In the aftermath of the oil shock of the 1970s, India became more concerned about its energy security and consequently, West Asia became more of a priority. ->Japan, a close ally of the USA during the Cold War, also kept some distance from India beyond its budding commercial opportunities as of the 1980s. Post-cold war fresh starts: -->Soon after P. V. Narasimha Rao became Prime Minister, he launched the ‘ look east’ policy (LEP) in 1992. Its implementation during the 1990s focused particularly on engagement with Southeast Asia and ASEAN (although Prime Minister Rao articulated a broader LEP implicitly in Singapore in 1994). Alongside its new efforts to capitalize on Southeast Asia’s economic success, India now sought politico-military engagement with the region, in part impelled by the need for new friends and partners after the loss of its superpower patron in 1991, and probably also worrying about China’s fast-growing links across Asia. -->The broad objectives of the LEP during the 1990s were to institutionalize linkages with ASEAN, with its member states, and to prevent Southeast Asia from falling under the influence of any one major power. Although Japan was one of the top investors in India during the 1990s, ranking fourth behind the UK, USA, and Mauritius, its performance paled in comparison to that elsewhere in Asia: Japan’s direct investment in India in1998 was one-thirteenth of its direct investment in China. Some of the disincentives to greater Japanese investment in India have included the infrastructure deficit in India, high tariffs, and labor problems. -->Japanese FDI in India is continuing to expand and is expected to reach US$5.5 billion by 2010. The number of Japanese business establishments operating in India has increased from 231 in August 2003 to 475 in February 2007. The recent move towards strategic partnership: -->After 9/11 when the U.S started defense strategic relations with India, it pave the way for Japan-India relations. Bilateral trade ties between India and Japan got a big strategic push in 2011 when they signed the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA ). The CEPA envisages the abolition of tariffs on over 94 percent of items traded over a period of 10 years. -->The CEPA also covers services, the movement of natural persons, investments, IPR, customs procedures, and other trade-related issues. The Joint Statement signed by then Prime Ministers Manmohan Singh and Shinzo Abe in 2006 factored in the new challenges, and the bilateral relationship was upgraded to a Global and Strategic Partnership with the provision of annual Prime Ministerial Summits. Japanese Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko traveled to India in 2013 and visited Delhi and Chennai giving a further boost to diplomatic ties. Abe was the Chief Guest at the Republic Day parade in New Delhi in January 2014. -->The BJP-led government, under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has also been contributing to strengthening ties. During the 9th Annual Summit in Japan in August-September 2014, Abe and Modi, apart from further upgrading bilateral relations, also agreed to establish the ‘India-Japan Investment Promotion Partnership’. Abe, during his India visit in December 2015, signed 16 agreements/MoUs/ MoCs/ Lois. India also announced a “visa on arrival” scheme for all Japanese travelers, including for business purposes, from March 1, 2016. During Modi’s recent visit to Japan, both countries signed six agreements, including on a high-speed rail project and naval cooperation. Factors that lead to bringing a strong relationship? -->The assertion of china in the Indo-Pacific region and growing boundary disputes with Japan laid down the basis for Indo-Japan. Converging interests of both the countries like Maritime Security, secure Sea lines of Communication, etc. -->Two Major Powers of Asia at the same time are facing similar challenges from the neighborhood. -->For Japan, expanding partnership with India serves as a hedge against China acting to challenge the existing post-World War II, rules-based, international and regional order. -->India is one of the few countries which have the capacity to act as a net security provider in the region. -->Rising significance of the Indo- Pacific region, in which there is an attempt from china to establish a china-centric based order with geopolitics shifting towards the Asian subcontinent. Thus Indo-Japan being the two important democracies with a track record of peacebuilding and human rights are looking forward to equitable order & multipolar order. -->Uncertainty on the role of the United States of America’s commitment to peace in the region. Moving towards a contemporary relationship: In the recent past, there has been a remarkable transformation in the bilateral relationship and the two countries have emerged as genuine strategic partners in the Indo-Pacific. Sometimes, the concept of strategic partnership’ is casually deployed to define any and every relationship. However, a relationship in international politics becomes ‘ strategic’ when it has an impact on the overall balance of power in a region. This balance of power is often impacted by the changes in the capabilities of nation-states. T he India-Japan strategic partnership is playing out in conceptual, strategic, and economic realms. Defense: Both countries are part of the QUAD grouping which was created to counter the rising aggression of China. The Foreign and Defense Ministerial Two-Plus-Two Dialogues reflect the growing special relationship between the two countries. Both countries were successful in pushing spatial constructs such as the ‘Indo-Pacific’ into the discourses on international politics. There may be quibbles on the boundaries of the Indo-Pacific, but it appears that geographic construct is here to stay. Cultural Cooperation : Cultural exchanges between India and Japan began early in the 6th century with the introduction of Buddhism to Japan from India. Tokyo and Delhi also share similar strategic objectives, which include the creation of a robust multipower Asian order and thriving open sea lanes of communication in the region. Consequently, maritime cooperation between the two countries is gaining momentum. The focus is on Sustainable development through the platform of Asia – Africa Growth Corridor and both countries will work towards bringing reforms to United Nations Security Council apart from focusing on areas like Climate Change, disaster risk management, etc. Nuclear Cooperation: Historic Indo-Japan nuclear deal was concluded in 2017. This was the first time that Japan signed such a deal with a non-signatory of the Non-Proliferation Treaty Challenges: Certain challenges have to be addressed if the relationship has to reach its potential. Languishing trade should be improved. While bilateral trade between India – Japan is $15 billion, it is around $300 b between Japan and China. Apart from that both countries should strengthen and deepen their defense cooperation. Conclusion: An important challenge for India-Japan strategic partnership is less than satisfactory cooperation in the defense equipment and technology segment. Japan historically followed a very restrictive defense export policy. However, India and Japan, two powerful democratic forces in Asia should join hands to establish peace and order not only in Asia but in the entire world.
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"Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have the right to do and what is right to do"-Potter Stewart. (2022 mains) (150 words/10 Marks)
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APPROACH: Introduction- Introduce your interpretation of the quote Body- Write about Ethics . With examples, explain the given quote. Conclusion- Conclude with conscience or broader meaning of ethics. Comparison between ethics and law can also be written as the Domain of ethics is wider than law and it"s ethics which is the basis of law. ANSWER: Quote refers to the idea that while everyone has the right to do whatever they want with themselves, it isn’t always right to do so, especially when those actions could negatively impact themselves in the long term, others, or society as a whole. Ethics involves knowing how far you can take your rights before they cross into what’s considered wrong. According to this ethical dilemma, there is an identifiable discrepancy. What one has a right to do does not always equate with what would be considered moral or just. In general, ethics is nothing but the standard or norms of behavior, conduct, and decisions making. in modern times law is equated with ethics as the underlying principle of any law is ethics which is socially accepted, rationally justified, and judicially enforced. However, ethics is still bigger than Law. Doing something might be legal or might not be illegal and one is not barred from exercising the right but that also creates a dilemma as what is legal or what is not illegal can be unethical if such behavior or conduct affects society and others. Such a dilemma can be demonstrated through the following examples- Under the right to liberty and choice, one might have the right to die by suicide but it"s not the right thing to do as it violates the basic premise that those rights are given to develop one"s personality to the fullest extent possible, also affects the trust posed by parents, etc It is not illegal to break promises but it"s not the right thing to do as it affects the value of the trust and social capital. One has the right to cheat the partner in a clandestine manner in a relationship but it"s not the right thing to do. One has the Right not to donate from private wealth but donating is the right thing to do. For example, philanthropy over and above CSR obligation. One has the right to consume goods but it"s not the right thing to practice consumerism which can lead to problems like climate change, global warming, poverty, etc You have the right to moonlight but it"s not the right thing to do as loyalty and integrity are compromised and it"s not corporate culture etc Moral decisions are only ever made after weighing all options, including personal beliefs. Ethical decisions require self-reflection and introspection while keeping morals in mind. As these principles often conflict with each other, both sides must be taken into consideration and weighed carefully before deciding which is more important in the given circumstance. In many cases, the outcome depends on the person and their ideals, but ethics still provides guidelines for differentiating between what is permissible to do from what should be done. For instance, morality would dictate that one should not steal money from someone else if he or she knows it belongs to them, yet legality might state otherwise. While following through with illegal or immoral actions without a second thought may be tempting, many people find themselves suffering from mental anguish years down the line. Some things could happen as a result of these negative outcomes that cannot easily be forgiven; so one should never lose sight of integrity. While doing what you know is wrong may seem like a small thing at the moment, it can lead to severe consequences down the road. Making an ethically sound decision is difficult, but it is also necessary. Every day we are faced with countless opportunities to follow the path that seems easiest and best or to commit to what we believe is right. We should not be afraid of taking responsibility and standing up for what we believe in. We all have a moral compass that guides us and helps to point us in the direction of what we should do, but sometimes it’s hard to listen to it. It is worth listening to it and trusting that our intuition is telling us something good. So in this regard socialization agencies such as families, schools, Peer groups, etc also have some role to play to socialize the idea of to do what is the right thing to do.
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##Question:"Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have the right to do and what is right to do"-Potter Stewart. (2022 mains) (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduction- Introduce your interpretation of the quote Body- Write about Ethics . With examples, explain the given quote. Conclusion- Conclude with conscience or broader meaning of ethics. Comparison between ethics and law can also be written as the Domain of ethics is wider than law and it"s ethics which is the basis of law. ANSWER: Quote refers to the idea that while everyone has the right to do whatever they want with themselves, it isn’t always right to do so, especially when those actions could negatively impact themselves in the long term, others, or society as a whole. Ethics involves knowing how far you can take your rights before they cross into what’s considered wrong. According to this ethical dilemma, there is an identifiable discrepancy. What one has a right to do does not always equate with what would be considered moral or just. In general, ethics is nothing but the standard or norms of behavior, conduct, and decisions making. in modern times law is equated with ethics as the underlying principle of any law is ethics which is socially accepted, rationally justified, and judicially enforced. However, ethics is still bigger than Law. Doing something might be legal or might not be illegal and one is not barred from exercising the right but that also creates a dilemma as what is legal or what is not illegal can be unethical if such behavior or conduct affects society and others. Such a dilemma can be demonstrated through the following examples- Under the right to liberty and choice, one might have the right to die by suicide but it"s not the right thing to do as it violates the basic premise that those rights are given to develop one"s personality to the fullest extent possible, also affects the trust posed by parents, etc It is not illegal to break promises but it"s not the right thing to do as it affects the value of the trust and social capital. One has the right to cheat the partner in a clandestine manner in a relationship but it"s not the right thing to do. One has the Right not to donate from private wealth but donating is the right thing to do. For example, philanthropy over and above CSR obligation. One has the right to consume goods but it"s not the right thing to practice consumerism which can lead to problems like climate change, global warming, poverty, etc You have the right to moonlight but it"s not the right thing to do as loyalty and integrity are compromised and it"s not corporate culture etc Moral decisions are only ever made after weighing all options, including personal beliefs. Ethical decisions require self-reflection and introspection while keeping morals in mind. As these principles often conflict with each other, both sides must be taken into consideration and weighed carefully before deciding which is more important in the given circumstance. In many cases, the outcome depends on the person and their ideals, but ethics still provides guidelines for differentiating between what is permissible to do from what should be done. For instance, morality would dictate that one should not steal money from someone else if he or she knows it belongs to them, yet legality might state otherwise. While following through with illegal or immoral actions without a second thought may be tempting, many people find themselves suffering from mental anguish years down the line. Some things could happen as a result of these negative outcomes that cannot easily be forgiven; so one should never lose sight of integrity. While doing what you know is wrong may seem like a small thing at the moment, it can lead to severe consequences down the road. Making an ethically sound decision is difficult, but it is also necessary. Every day we are faced with countless opportunities to follow the path that seems easiest and best or to commit to what we believe is right. We should not be afraid of taking responsibility and standing up for what we believe in. We all have a moral compass that guides us and helps to point us in the direction of what we should do, but sometimes it’s hard to listen to it. It is worth listening to it and trusting that our intuition is telling us something good. So in this regard socialization agencies such as families, schools, Peer groups, etc also have some role to play to socialize the idea of to do what is the right thing to do.
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What do you understand by Resource Allocation? Discuss the pros and cons of resource allocation by Market Mechanism. [150 Words, 10 Marks]
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Approach: In the introduction define resource allocation(25-30 words) In the main body write a linking paragraph mentioning why it is important to do resoure allocation and explain the advantages and limitations of the allocation of resources by Market mechanism (80-100 words) Conclude with how still market mechanism remains significant( 25-30 words) Answer- Resource allocation is the distribution of finite resources to specified purposes selected from among several feasible possibilities. However, no society has endless resources; resources are limited. Because they"re limited, it is vital to choose which commodities and services to create in order to assure efficiency. ->Choices are made about how scarce factors of production should be used in an economy. ->It is the fact that resources are scarce that leads to the need for allocation. ->How much to produce, how many resources to use, who should produce. Resource allocation is an essential step in the resource planning process, and an efficient resource management system helps achieve the same. How does one choose which commodities and services should be created? It depends on the type of system that society has. The economic system used by society, like a market, command, or mixed economy, has a substantial impact on resource allocation. Each system has its own set of legal frameworks for allocating limited resources and output. Advantages of allocation of resources by Market Forces 1)Optimal allocation: Resources are allocated on the basis of the collective preferences of the society 2)Efficiency in resource use: Markets operate under competitive conditions, which compels firms to improve efficiency. Economic activities are under the private sector which is motivated by self-interest that is production is profit induced. Disadvantages of allocation of resources by Market Forces 1)M arkets cannot ensure social justice i.e. reduction in inequalities, poverty, unemployment, etc. Markets can fill the gap between demand and supply but not the gap between need and supply. 2) Markets cannot resolve macro-economic problems of an economy viz. sustainable development, price stability, poverty alleviation, etc. Markets cater only to the short-term needs of a well of sections in relatively well-off areas. 3) Markets fail to allocate resources optimally in the presence of externalities, either good or bad. 4) Markets operate efficiently only under a competitive condition that seldom exists without government intervention. Companies often try to collaborate and hence government intervention is necessary for competition. Though the market mechanism has its pros and cons, however in any free economy it is the market mechanism that is desirable due to its inherent character of existence on demand and supply where the wishes/likings of people are given the utmost priority.
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##Question:What do you understand by Resource Allocation? Discuss the pros and cons of resource allocation by Market Mechanism. [150 Words, 10 Marks]##Answer:Approach: In the introduction define resource allocation(25-30 words) In the main body write a linking paragraph mentioning why it is important to do resoure allocation and explain the advantages and limitations of the allocation of resources by Market mechanism (80-100 words) Conclude with how still market mechanism remains significant( 25-30 words) Answer- Resource allocation is the distribution of finite resources to specified purposes selected from among several feasible possibilities. However, no society has endless resources; resources are limited. Because they"re limited, it is vital to choose which commodities and services to create in order to assure efficiency. ->Choices are made about how scarce factors of production should be used in an economy. ->It is the fact that resources are scarce that leads to the need for allocation. ->How much to produce, how many resources to use, who should produce. Resource allocation is an essential step in the resource planning process, and an efficient resource management system helps achieve the same. How does one choose which commodities and services should be created? It depends on the type of system that society has. The economic system used by society, like a market, command, or mixed economy, has a substantial impact on resource allocation. Each system has its own set of legal frameworks for allocating limited resources and output. Advantages of allocation of resources by Market Forces 1)Optimal allocation: Resources are allocated on the basis of the collective preferences of the society 2)Efficiency in resource use: Markets operate under competitive conditions, which compels firms to improve efficiency. Economic activities are under the private sector which is motivated by self-interest that is production is profit induced. Disadvantages of allocation of resources by Market Forces 1)M arkets cannot ensure social justice i.e. reduction in inequalities, poverty, unemployment, etc. Markets can fill the gap between demand and supply but not the gap between need and supply. 2) Markets cannot resolve macro-economic problems of an economy viz. sustainable development, price stability, poverty alleviation, etc. Markets cater only to the short-term needs of a well of sections in relatively well-off areas. 3) Markets fail to allocate resources optimally in the presence of externalities, either good or bad. 4) Markets operate efficiently only under a competitive condition that seldom exists without government intervention. Companies often try to collaborate and hence government intervention is necessary for competition. Though the market mechanism has its pros and cons, however in any free economy it is the market mechanism that is desirable due to its inherent character of existence on demand and supply where the wishes/likings of people are given the utmost priority.
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After the Battle of Plassey emerged the state of Bengal which was sponsored and plundered as well. Discuss. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction: Briefly mention the consolidation of the British in Bengal after the Battle of Plassey Body: Mention how it was a sponsored state for the British as well as a plundered state by the British. Conclusion: Conclude appropriately Answer: On June 23, 1757, the Battle of Plassey led to the unlikely conquest of Bengal by Robert Clive’s army.It was a watershed moment in Indian Modern History that led to the consolidation of the British in Bengal and later expansion to other territories in India. The English proclaimed Mir Jafar the Nawab of Bengal and set out to gather the reward. How Bengal was a sponsored state: After the battle of Plassey, the Company granted the undisputed right to free trade in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. It also received the Zamindari of the 24 Parganas near Calcutta. Mir Jafar paid a sum of Rs. 17,700,000 as compensation for the attack on Calcutta to the company and the traders of the city. In addition, he also paid large sums as ‘gifts’ or bribes to the high officials of the company. Mir Qasim also rewarded the company the Zamindari of the districts of Burdwan, Midnapore, and Chittagong, and gave presents totaling 29 lakhs of rupees to the high English officials. How Bengal was a plundered State: The British EIC plundered Bengal’s vast resources, capture its treasury, and huge money was plundered in the name of security by the British army. After the treaty of Allahabad in 1765, the company got the Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha which further plundered the state of Bengal. The company gained supreme control over the administration (or Nizamat) of Bengal. In the years 1766, 1767, and 1768 alone, around £5.7 million was drained from Bengal. In 1770 Bengal suffered from a famine which in its effects proved one of the most terrible famines known in human history which further led to the plundering of the state. By the end of the 18th century, the exploitative policies of the British and abuses of the ‘Dual government, and the drain of wealth led to the impoverishment and exhaustion of the Bengal province which was one of the richest Mughal provinces in the first half of the 18th century.
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##Question:After the Battle of Plassey emerged the state of Bengal which was sponsored and plundered as well. Discuss. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Briefly mention the consolidation of the British in Bengal after the Battle of Plassey Body: Mention how it was a sponsored state for the British as well as a plundered state by the British. Conclusion: Conclude appropriately Answer: On June 23, 1757, the Battle of Plassey led to the unlikely conquest of Bengal by Robert Clive’s army.It was a watershed moment in Indian Modern History that led to the consolidation of the British in Bengal and later expansion to other territories in India. The English proclaimed Mir Jafar the Nawab of Bengal and set out to gather the reward. How Bengal was a sponsored state: After the battle of Plassey, the Company granted the undisputed right to free trade in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. It also received the Zamindari of the 24 Parganas near Calcutta. Mir Jafar paid a sum of Rs. 17,700,000 as compensation for the attack on Calcutta to the company and the traders of the city. In addition, he also paid large sums as ‘gifts’ or bribes to the high officials of the company. Mir Qasim also rewarded the company the Zamindari of the districts of Burdwan, Midnapore, and Chittagong, and gave presents totaling 29 lakhs of rupees to the high English officials. How Bengal was a plundered State: The British EIC plundered Bengal’s vast resources, capture its treasury, and huge money was plundered in the name of security by the British army. After the treaty of Allahabad in 1765, the company got the Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha which further plundered the state of Bengal. The company gained supreme control over the administration (or Nizamat) of Bengal. In the years 1766, 1767, and 1768 alone, around £5.7 million was drained from Bengal. In 1770 Bengal suffered from a famine which in its effects proved one of the most terrible famines known in human history which further led to the plundering of the state. By the end of the 18th century, the exploitative policies of the British and abuses of the ‘Dual government, and the drain of wealth led to the impoverishment and exhaustion of the Bengal province which was one of the richest Mughal provinces in the first half of the 18th century.
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Discuss the functions of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the reform needed in the IMF to reflect it as a truly representative body on the global stage. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the purpose of the formation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Explain the functions of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Discuss the reforms needed in IMF Conclude Accordingly Answer At the Bretton Woods Conference, it was realized that there should be an institutional arrangement to ensure that currency exchange issues will not distort international trade. For this purpose, IMF was formed. IMF has a Board of Directors for their day-to-day administration and decisions. At the same time, the Board of Governors consists of the finance ministers from each member country. The IMF has the following Objectives To improve and promote global monetary cooperation of the world. To secure financial stability by eliminating or minimizing the exchange rate stability. To facilitate a balanced international trade. To promote high employment through economic assistance and sustainable economic growth. To reduce poverty around the world. The Achieve these Objective IMF functions on the following manner Financial functions: IMF provides financial support and resources to the member countries to meet short-term and medium-term Balance of Payments (BOP) disequilibrium. Regulatory functions: IMF functions as a regulatory body and as per the rules of the Articles of Agreement, it also focuses on administering a code of conduct for exchange rate policies and restrictions on payments for current account transactions. Consultative functions: IMF is a center for international cooperation for the member countries. It also acts as a source of counsel and technical assistance. Reforms Needed in IMF In the backdrop of the 2021 annual meetings of the World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) currently being held in Washington, leading experts have suggested the need to review the role of IMF due to changing the economic weight of emerging countries, stressing on completing quota reforms and maintaining data integrity. There is a need to complete quota reforms in the IMF amid changing dynamics of developed and emerging economies including India. A restructuring is needed in the Article IV consultations , under which the IMF holds bilateral discussions with its members usually every year and its staff prepares a report. Article IV consultation is the most powerful instrument and it needs to be restructured and sharpened to make it more useful by using new technologies and access to public data. IMF should focus on lower-income countries and support other developing countries" market funds raising activities, as its Article IV consultation reports are utilized by credit rating agencies, impacting the fundraising capacity of countries like India. Each member’s quota determines their voting power as well as their borrowing capacity . Thus the share of the European Union countries, including that of the UK, needs to be reduced. The quota share of BRICS countries would have to increase. Most of the Asian countries including India can now raise funds on their own on the basis of the strength of their forex reserves and do not have to necessarily go to the IMF like in the past to tide of crisis. Therefore, IMF should now focus on the much lower-income groups and those who are not able to go to the market at all to raise funds. The management system in the IMF should be modified such as the head of the IMF always from Europe. Thus with a continuing trend of emerging markets increasing their share in global output or GDP over the years, alignment of quotas and the accompanying lending windows of the IMF is very necessary to reflect the changed economic positions of countries so that IMF could reflect itself as a truly representative body on the global stage.
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##Question:Discuss the functions of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the reform needed in the IMF to reflect it as a truly representative body on the global stage. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the purpose of the formation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Explain the functions of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Discuss the reforms needed in IMF Conclude Accordingly Answer At the Bretton Woods Conference, it was realized that there should be an institutional arrangement to ensure that currency exchange issues will not distort international trade. For this purpose, IMF was formed. IMF has a Board of Directors for their day-to-day administration and decisions. At the same time, the Board of Governors consists of the finance ministers from each member country. The IMF has the following Objectives To improve and promote global monetary cooperation of the world. To secure financial stability by eliminating or minimizing the exchange rate stability. To facilitate a balanced international trade. To promote high employment through economic assistance and sustainable economic growth. To reduce poverty around the world. The Achieve these Objective IMF functions on the following manner Financial functions: IMF provides financial support and resources to the member countries to meet short-term and medium-term Balance of Payments (BOP) disequilibrium. Regulatory functions: IMF functions as a regulatory body and as per the rules of the Articles of Agreement, it also focuses on administering a code of conduct for exchange rate policies and restrictions on payments for current account transactions. Consultative functions: IMF is a center for international cooperation for the member countries. It also acts as a source of counsel and technical assistance. Reforms Needed in IMF In the backdrop of the 2021 annual meetings of the World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) currently being held in Washington, leading experts have suggested the need to review the role of IMF due to changing the economic weight of emerging countries, stressing on completing quota reforms and maintaining data integrity. There is a need to complete quota reforms in the IMF amid changing dynamics of developed and emerging economies including India. A restructuring is needed in the Article IV consultations , under which the IMF holds bilateral discussions with its members usually every year and its staff prepares a report. Article IV consultation is the most powerful instrument and it needs to be restructured and sharpened to make it more useful by using new technologies and access to public data. IMF should focus on lower-income countries and support other developing countries" market funds raising activities, as its Article IV consultation reports are utilized by credit rating agencies, impacting the fundraising capacity of countries like India. Each member’s quota determines their voting power as well as their borrowing capacity . Thus the share of the European Union countries, including that of the UK, needs to be reduced. The quota share of BRICS countries would have to increase. Most of the Asian countries including India can now raise funds on their own on the basis of the strength of their forex reserves and do not have to necessarily go to the IMF like in the past to tide of crisis. Therefore, IMF should now focus on the much lower-income groups and those who are not able to go to the market at all to raise funds. The management system in the IMF should be modified such as the head of the IMF always from Europe. Thus with a continuing trend of emerging markets increasing their share in global output or GDP over the years, alignment of quotas and the accompanying lending windows of the IMF is very necessary to reflect the changed economic positions of countries so that IMF could reflect itself as a truly representative body on the global stage.
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Q-If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel there are 3 key societal members who can make a difference. They are the mother, father, and teacher-Dr APJ Abdul Kalam.What do you mean by the statement ?(10marks/ 150 Words)(UPSC 2017,2022)
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Approach- Introduction- Write mother, father and teacher are the primary sources of socialisation. The main body -Write the role played by teachers, mothers, and fathers in shaping the character of a person. Give examples of values they inculcate. Give real-life examples. Conclude -It helps in the holistic development of a person. Introduction- The mother, father, and teacher are primary and very crucial agents of socialisation that give shape to the life of an individual. It is rightly said by great leader APJ Abdul kalam that the mother, father and teacher- are 3 key societal members who can make a difference and help in a corruption-free nation of beautiful minds. Main body : 1)The mother plays a significant role in developing the child by giving various important values such as love, empathy, compassion, and care. For example, the role of the mother of Shivaji made helped him to be generous and respect the females and protect the widows of war warriors. The role of the mother in building the strong character of Gandhiji. 2)The father plays a crucial role by inculcating many life-learning values. The values of responsibility, respect, and honesty are learned through observations and lessons. For example-The Father of Gandhiji taught him the value of honesty when he lied. It helped him become a responsible person who took responsibility for weaker sections of society such as the Harijans. Phaogot sisters were inspired and trained by their father. 3)Teachers" learning can bring difference and can help to achieve the goals of life in the right direction. For example- Role of the teacher in inculcating values like discipline, punctuality, dedication towards one"s goal, risk-taking, and courage. APJ Abdul Kalam"s education always taught us to never allow our failure to take over our lives but rather always have a ‘Plan B’ approach. Role of Ramakrishnan in the life of Vivekananda. Conclusion: These three -parents and teachers are essential for the holistic development of individuals and for making a nation full of corruption-free and beautiful minds which will help in sustainable development.
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##Question:Q-If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel there are 3 key societal members who can make a difference. They are the mother, father, and teacher-Dr APJ Abdul Kalam.What do you mean by the statement ?(10marks/ 150 Words)(UPSC 2017,2022)##Answer:Approach- Introduction- Write mother, father and teacher are the primary sources of socialisation. The main body -Write the role played by teachers, mothers, and fathers in shaping the character of a person. Give examples of values they inculcate. Give real-life examples. Conclude -It helps in the holistic development of a person. Introduction- The mother, father, and teacher are primary and very crucial agents of socialisation that give shape to the life of an individual. It is rightly said by great leader APJ Abdul kalam that the mother, father and teacher- are 3 key societal members who can make a difference and help in a corruption-free nation of beautiful minds. Main body : 1)The mother plays a significant role in developing the child by giving various important values such as love, empathy, compassion, and care. For example, the role of the mother of Shivaji made helped him to be generous and respect the females and protect the widows of war warriors. The role of the mother in building the strong character of Gandhiji. 2)The father plays a crucial role by inculcating many life-learning values. The values of responsibility, respect, and honesty are learned through observations and lessons. For example-The Father of Gandhiji taught him the value of honesty when he lied. It helped him become a responsible person who took responsibility for weaker sections of society such as the Harijans. Phaogot sisters were inspired and trained by their father. 3)Teachers" learning can bring difference and can help to achieve the goals of life in the right direction. For example- Role of the teacher in inculcating values like discipline, punctuality, dedication towards one"s goal, risk-taking, and courage. APJ Abdul Kalam"s education always taught us to never allow our failure to take over our lives but rather always have a ‘Plan B’ approach. Role of Ramakrishnan in the life of Vivekananda. Conclusion: These three -parents and teachers are essential for the holistic development of individuals and for making a nation full of corruption-free and beautiful minds which will help in sustainable development.
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सागरीय मृत क्षेत्र या डेड ज़ोन से आप क्या समझते हैं ? इसके निर्माण के कारकों की चर्चा करते हुए , इसके द्वारा उत्पन्न प्रभावों को भी बताइए. ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक -10 ) What do you understand by oceanic dead zone ? Discussing the factors of its formation, also state the effects produced by it. (150-200 words, mark-10)
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दृष्टिकोण : सागरीय मृत क्षेत्र को परिभाषित करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . सागरीय मृत क्षेत्र की विशेषताओं को स्पष्ट कीजिए . इसके निर्माण के कारकों की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . सागरीय मृत क्षेत्र से उत्पन्न प्रभावों की चर्चा कीजिए . उत्तर : सागरीय मृत क्षेत्र ऐसे क्षेत्र होते हैं जहां पर ऑक्सीजन की कमी होती है .ऑक्सीजन की कमी या अनुपलब्धता के कारण ऐसे क्षेत्र महासागरीय जीवन को समर्थन नहीं करते अर्थात ये जैव विविधता में कमी वाले क्षेत्र होते हैं जिसके कारण ऐसे क्षेत्र को जैविक मरूस्थल भी कहा जाता है . मृत क्षेत्र निर्माण के कारण :- प्राकृतिक :- शीत जल उद्वेलन वाले क्षेत्र में अपतटीय पवन के प्रभाव से ऑक्सीजन युक्त जल का विस्थापित होना . शीत जल उद्वेलन के कारण नीचे से पोषक तत्व के आने से शैवाल तेजी से वृद्धि करते हैं . शैवाल के तीव्र वृद्धि के कारण ऐसे क्षेत्रों एमी ऑक्सीजन की कमी हो जाती है , जिसके कारण जलीय जीव जैसे मछली पलायन कर जाते हैं या मर जाते और डेड जोन का निर्माण हो जाता है . मानवजनित :- मानवजनित कारणों का संबंध सुपोषण की प्रक्रियाओं से है जिसके निम्नलिखित कारण हैं : आसपास के कृषि क्षेत्र से कृषि उर्वरकों ( नाइट्रोजनी एवं फोस्फेटी ) का जल के साथ आना . उर्वरक उद्योग से पोषक तत्वों का आना . औद्योगिक गर्म जल का आना जिसमें शैवाल तेजी से वृद्धि करते हैं . नगरीय एवं अन्य प्रदुषणकारी तत्वों का आना . भूमंडलीय तापन भी सागरीय मृत क्षेत्र को बढाने में सहायक . भूमंडलीय तापन के कारण समुद्री जल के गर्म होने से शैवाल अपने आप को तेजी से वृद्धि करने लगते हैं . गर्म जल सागर के स्तरीकरण को प्रभावित करता है जो ऑक्सीजनयुक्त साथी जल को मिश्रित होने से रोकता है , यह भी ऑक्सीजन कमी वाले क्षेत्र के निर्माण में सहायक है. महासागरीय मृत क्षेत्र का प्रभाव हमें महासागर की पारिस्थितिकी तथा मानव के हित दोनों पर देखने को मिलता है . इसे हम निम्न रूपों में देख सकते हैं :- महासागर पर प्रभाव :- सागरीय जैव विविधता का विनाश . मत्स्यन क्षेत्र का प्रभावित होना . जल की गुणवत्ता का बदल जाना . सागरीय खाद्य श्रृंखला का प्रभावित होना . मानव के ऊपर प्रभाव :- मछली के मरने से खाद्य सुरक्षा का प्रभावित होना . तटीय पर्यटन उद्योग का नकारात्मक रूप से प्रभावित होना . मत्स्यन और पर्यटन जैसे क्षेत्र से लगे हुए लोगों के लिए बेरोजगारी . प्रवाल पारिस्थितिक तंत्र के समाप्त होने से वहाँ से प्राप्त जैविक संसाधनों की समाप्ति .
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##Question:सागरीय मृत क्षेत्र या डेड ज़ोन से आप क्या समझते हैं ? इसके निर्माण के कारकों की चर्चा करते हुए , इसके द्वारा उत्पन्न प्रभावों को भी बताइए. ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक -10 ) What do you understand by oceanic dead zone ? Discussing the factors of its formation, also state the effects produced by it. (150-200 words, mark-10)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण : सागरीय मृत क्षेत्र को परिभाषित करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . सागरीय मृत क्षेत्र की विशेषताओं को स्पष्ट कीजिए . इसके निर्माण के कारकों की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . सागरीय मृत क्षेत्र से उत्पन्न प्रभावों की चर्चा कीजिए . उत्तर : सागरीय मृत क्षेत्र ऐसे क्षेत्र होते हैं जहां पर ऑक्सीजन की कमी होती है .ऑक्सीजन की कमी या अनुपलब्धता के कारण ऐसे क्षेत्र महासागरीय जीवन को समर्थन नहीं करते अर्थात ये जैव विविधता में कमी वाले क्षेत्र होते हैं जिसके कारण ऐसे क्षेत्र को जैविक मरूस्थल भी कहा जाता है . मृत क्षेत्र निर्माण के कारण :- प्राकृतिक :- शीत जल उद्वेलन वाले क्षेत्र में अपतटीय पवन के प्रभाव से ऑक्सीजन युक्त जल का विस्थापित होना . शीत जल उद्वेलन के कारण नीचे से पोषक तत्व के आने से शैवाल तेजी से वृद्धि करते हैं . शैवाल के तीव्र वृद्धि के कारण ऐसे क्षेत्रों एमी ऑक्सीजन की कमी हो जाती है , जिसके कारण जलीय जीव जैसे मछली पलायन कर जाते हैं या मर जाते और डेड जोन का निर्माण हो जाता है . मानवजनित :- मानवजनित कारणों का संबंध सुपोषण की प्रक्रियाओं से है जिसके निम्नलिखित कारण हैं : आसपास के कृषि क्षेत्र से कृषि उर्वरकों ( नाइट्रोजनी एवं फोस्फेटी ) का जल के साथ आना . उर्वरक उद्योग से पोषक तत्वों का आना . औद्योगिक गर्म जल का आना जिसमें शैवाल तेजी से वृद्धि करते हैं . नगरीय एवं अन्य प्रदुषणकारी तत्वों का आना . भूमंडलीय तापन भी सागरीय मृत क्षेत्र को बढाने में सहायक . भूमंडलीय तापन के कारण समुद्री जल के गर्म होने से शैवाल अपने आप को तेजी से वृद्धि करने लगते हैं . गर्म जल सागर के स्तरीकरण को प्रभावित करता है जो ऑक्सीजनयुक्त साथी जल को मिश्रित होने से रोकता है , यह भी ऑक्सीजन कमी वाले क्षेत्र के निर्माण में सहायक है. महासागरीय मृत क्षेत्र का प्रभाव हमें महासागर की पारिस्थितिकी तथा मानव के हित दोनों पर देखने को मिलता है . इसे हम निम्न रूपों में देख सकते हैं :- महासागर पर प्रभाव :- सागरीय जैव विविधता का विनाश . मत्स्यन क्षेत्र का प्रभावित होना . जल की गुणवत्ता का बदल जाना . सागरीय खाद्य श्रृंखला का प्रभावित होना . मानव के ऊपर प्रभाव :- मछली के मरने से खाद्य सुरक्षा का प्रभावित होना . तटीय पर्यटन उद्योग का नकारात्मक रूप से प्रभावित होना . मत्स्यन और पर्यटन जैसे क्षेत्र से लगे हुए लोगों के लिए बेरोजगारी . प्रवाल पारिस्थितिक तंत्र के समाप्त होने से वहाँ से प्राप्त जैविक संसाधनों की समाप्ति .
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"वस्तु एवं सेवा कर के माध्यम से एक राष्ट्र एक कर की दिशा में भारत ने एक लंबी छलांग लगाई है। लेकिन इसे लागू करने की राह सरल नहीं थी।" टिप्पणी कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) With the Goods and Services Tax, India has taken a giant leap towards One Nation One Tax. However, implementing it has not been easy." Comment. (150-200 words, 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण: जीएसटी का परिचय देकर उत्तर प्रारंभ कीजिए। जीएसटी के लागू करने के समय विद्यमान चुनौतियों को लिखिए। इन चुनौतियों के समाधान के लिए किए गए प्रयासों को लिखिए। जीएसटी की वर्तमान स्थिति को बताकर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: जीएसटी समूचे देश के लिए एक अप्रत्यक्ष कर है, जो भारत को एक एकीकृत सामान्य बाजार बनाएगा । जीएसटी विनिर्माता से उपभोक्ता तक माल और सेवाओं की आपूर्ति पर एकल कर है। प्रत्येक स्तर पर प्रदत्त निर्विष्टि करों के क्रेडिट मूल्यवर्धन के बाद के चरण में उपलब्ध होंगे, जिससे जीएसटी आवश्यक रूप से प्रत्येक स्तर पर केवल मूल्यवर्धन पर ही लगने वाला कर होगा। अंतिम उपभोक्ता आपूर्ति श्रृंखला में अंतिम डीलर द्वारा प्रभारित जीएसटी का ही वहन करेगा जिसमें पूर्व के सभी चरणों के प्रारंभिक हितलाभ शामिल होंगे। जीएसटी की अनुशंसा केलकर समिति द्वारा की गई और 2006 में भारत सरकार के तत्कालीन वित्त मंत्री ने इसे 2010 से प्रभावी करने की बात भी कही परंतु विभिन्न विवादों के कारण सहमति ना बन सकी। जीएसटी से संबंधित राज्यों की चिंताएं निम्नलिखित थी, जिनके आधार पर राज्यों द्वारा इसका विरोध किया जा रहा था- विभिन्न राज्य एल्कोहल पर लगने वाला वैट जो राज्य के राजस्व का बड़ा हिस्सा है, छोड़ना नहीं चाहते थे। राज्य पेट्रोलियम के वितरण पर लगने वाले वैट को भी नहीं खोना चाहते थे। विभिन्न उत्पादक राज्यों की यह चिंता थी कि चूंकि यह वस्तु एवं सेवा कर गंतव्य आधारित है अर्थात जीएसटी का कलेक्शन उस राज्य में होगा जहां उपभोग किया जाएगा। तो इसके परिणामस्वरूप उत्पादक राज्यों का राजस्व घट सकता है। पंजाब, हरियाणा, तमिलनाडु जैसे राज्य इसका विरोध कर रहे थे। इन विवादों के निपटारे के लिए निम्नलिखित निर्णय लिए गए- जीएसटी के दायरे में पेट्रोलियम और एल्कोहल उत्पाद नहीं आएंगे। इन दोनों पर वैट ही प्रभावी रहेगा। कुछ उत्पादों पर, जैसे- पेट्रोलियम पर केंद्र द्वारा उत्पाद शुल्क तथा राज्यों द्वारा वैट, एल्कोहल पर उत्पाद शुल्क एवं वैट, गुटखा इत्यादि पर जीएसटी एवं एक्साइज एवं सीमा शुल्क जीएसटी के दायरे में नहीं आएंगे। अन्य शेष को जीएसटी के अंतर्गत शामिल किया गया। जिन राज्यों को यह भय था कि इससे उनके राजस्व में कमी आ जाएगी उनके डर को दूर करने के लिए केंद्र सरकार ने यह सुनिश्चित किया कि पाँच वर्ष तक उन्हे एक निर्धारित दर प्रतिशत तक की वृद्धि राजस्व में सुनिश्चित की जाएगी और यदि राज्यों को किसी भी प्रकार का नुकसान हुआ तो केंद्र उसकी भरपाई करेगा। इस भरपाई के लिए आर्थिक स्रोत एक सेस के माध्यम से एकत्रित किए जाएंगे, जिसे जीएसटी कम्पनसेशन सेस कहा गया। इसके लिए एक अधिनियम बनाया गया जिसके अंतर्गत 2017 से 2022 तक राज्यों को को जीएसटी कम्पनसेशन दिया जाएगा। प्रारंभ में यह सामान्य रूप से प्रभावी रहा, परंतु कोविड के कारण केंद्र सरकार के पास पर्याप्त सेस एकत्रित नहीं हो सका जिसके फलस्वरूप राज्यों एवं केंद्र में संघीय टकराव की स्थिति दिखी। इस स्थिति का निपटारण केंद्र सरकार ने स्वयं के स्रोतों से भुगतान कर किया। यही कारण है कि इस जीएसटी कम्पनसेशन सेस को जिसे 2022, 31 मार्च को खत्म होना था उसे अगले दो साल के लिए बढ़ा दिया गया ताकि केंद्र सरकार अपने स्रोतों से दिए गए धन की भरपाई कर सके। अंततः इन सबके परिणामस्वरूप 1 जुलाई 2017 से जीएसटी जो एक धन विधेयक के रूप में पारित हुआ, प्रभावी हो सका। यद्यपि जीएसटी ने कर राजस्व तथा कर आधार में बढ़ोतरी की है परंतु आलोचकों का यह कहना है कि बहुत सारे फॉर्म्स, विवरण तथा एक वर्ष में लगभग 13 बार विवरण प्रस्तुत करना इस प्रक्रिया को जटिल बनाता है (कुछ संदर्भों में तिमाही की व्यवस्था भी है)। अतः इसे और प्रभावी बनाने हेतु डिजिटल नवाचार के माध्यम से प्रक्रिया को सरलीकृत किया जाना चाहिए एवं विवाद से विश्वास की ही तर्ज पर जीएसटी के संदर्भ में भी प्रयास किए जाने चाहिए। जिससे एक राष्ट्र एक कर की परिकल्पना फलीभूत हो सके।
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##Question:"वस्तु एवं सेवा कर के माध्यम से एक राष्ट्र एक कर की दिशा में भारत ने एक लंबी छलांग लगाई है। लेकिन इसे लागू करने की राह सरल नहीं थी।" टिप्पणी कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) With the Goods and Services Tax, India has taken a giant leap towards One Nation One Tax. However, implementing it has not been easy." Comment. (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: जीएसटी का परिचय देकर उत्तर प्रारंभ कीजिए। जीएसटी के लागू करने के समय विद्यमान चुनौतियों को लिखिए। इन चुनौतियों के समाधान के लिए किए गए प्रयासों को लिखिए। जीएसटी की वर्तमान स्थिति को बताकर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: जीएसटी समूचे देश के लिए एक अप्रत्यक्ष कर है, जो भारत को एक एकीकृत सामान्य बाजार बनाएगा । जीएसटी विनिर्माता से उपभोक्ता तक माल और सेवाओं की आपूर्ति पर एकल कर है। प्रत्येक स्तर पर प्रदत्त निर्विष्टि करों के क्रेडिट मूल्यवर्धन के बाद के चरण में उपलब्ध होंगे, जिससे जीएसटी आवश्यक रूप से प्रत्येक स्तर पर केवल मूल्यवर्धन पर ही लगने वाला कर होगा। अंतिम उपभोक्ता आपूर्ति श्रृंखला में अंतिम डीलर द्वारा प्रभारित जीएसटी का ही वहन करेगा जिसमें पूर्व के सभी चरणों के प्रारंभिक हितलाभ शामिल होंगे। जीएसटी की अनुशंसा केलकर समिति द्वारा की गई और 2006 में भारत सरकार के तत्कालीन वित्त मंत्री ने इसे 2010 से प्रभावी करने की बात भी कही परंतु विभिन्न विवादों के कारण सहमति ना बन सकी। जीएसटी से संबंधित राज्यों की चिंताएं निम्नलिखित थी, जिनके आधार पर राज्यों द्वारा इसका विरोध किया जा रहा था- विभिन्न राज्य एल्कोहल पर लगने वाला वैट जो राज्य के राजस्व का बड़ा हिस्सा है, छोड़ना नहीं चाहते थे। राज्य पेट्रोलियम के वितरण पर लगने वाले वैट को भी नहीं खोना चाहते थे। विभिन्न उत्पादक राज्यों की यह चिंता थी कि चूंकि यह वस्तु एवं सेवा कर गंतव्य आधारित है अर्थात जीएसटी का कलेक्शन उस राज्य में होगा जहां उपभोग किया जाएगा। तो इसके परिणामस्वरूप उत्पादक राज्यों का राजस्व घट सकता है। पंजाब, हरियाणा, तमिलनाडु जैसे राज्य इसका विरोध कर रहे थे। इन विवादों के निपटारे के लिए निम्नलिखित निर्णय लिए गए- जीएसटी के दायरे में पेट्रोलियम और एल्कोहल उत्पाद नहीं आएंगे। इन दोनों पर वैट ही प्रभावी रहेगा। कुछ उत्पादों पर, जैसे- पेट्रोलियम पर केंद्र द्वारा उत्पाद शुल्क तथा राज्यों द्वारा वैट, एल्कोहल पर उत्पाद शुल्क एवं वैट, गुटखा इत्यादि पर जीएसटी एवं एक्साइज एवं सीमा शुल्क जीएसटी के दायरे में नहीं आएंगे। अन्य शेष को जीएसटी के अंतर्गत शामिल किया गया। जिन राज्यों को यह भय था कि इससे उनके राजस्व में कमी आ जाएगी उनके डर को दूर करने के लिए केंद्र सरकार ने यह सुनिश्चित किया कि पाँच वर्ष तक उन्हे एक निर्धारित दर प्रतिशत तक की वृद्धि राजस्व में सुनिश्चित की जाएगी और यदि राज्यों को किसी भी प्रकार का नुकसान हुआ तो केंद्र उसकी भरपाई करेगा। इस भरपाई के लिए आर्थिक स्रोत एक सेस के माध्यम से एकत्रित किए जाएंगे, जिसे जीएसटी कम्पनसेशन सेस कहा गया। इसके लिए एक अधिनियम बनाया गया जिसके अंतर्गत 2017 से 2022 तक राज्यों को को जीएसटी कम्पनसेशन दिया जाएगा। प्रारंभ में यह सामान्य रूप से प्रभावी रहा, परंतु कोविड के कारण केंद्र सरकार के पास पर्याप्त सेस एकत्रित नहीं हो सका जिसके फलस्वरूप राज्यों एवं केंद्र में संघीय टकराव की स्थिति दिखी। इस स्थिति का निपटारण केंद्र सरकार ने स्वयं के स्रोतों से भुगतान कर किया। यही कारण है कि इस जीएसटी कम्पनसेशन सेस को जिसे 2022, 31 मार्च को खत्म होना था उसे अगले दो साल के लिए बढ़ा दिया गया ताकि केंद्र सरकार अपने स्रोतों से दिए गए धन की भरपाई कर सके। अंततः इन सबके परिणामस्वरूप 1 जुलाई 2017 से जीएसटी जो एक धन विधेयक के रूप में पारित हुआ, प्रभावी हो सका। यद्यपि जीएसटी ने कर राजस्व तथा कर आधार में बढ़ोतरी की है परंतु आलोचकों का यह कहना है कि बहुत सारे फॉर्म्स, विवरण तथा एक वर्ष में लगभग 13 बार विवरण प्रस्तुत करना इस प्रक्रिया को जटिल बनाता है (कुछ संदर्भों में तिमाही की व्यवस्था भी है)। अतः इसे और प्रभावी बनाने हेतु डिजिटल नवाचार के माध्यम से प्रक्रिया को सरलीकृत किया जाना चाहिए एवं विवाद से विश्वास की ही तर्ज पर जीएसटी के संदर्भ में भी प्रयास किए जाने चाहिए। जिससे एक राष्ट्र एक कर की परिकल्पना फलीभूत हो सके।
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Explain the subsidies in general identified by the World Trade Organization (WTO). In this context discuss the Trade Facilitation and Peace Agreement. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the WTO needs for the identification of subsidies on different boxes. Then further elaborate on these boxes with suitable examples. Then further discuss the Trade Facilitation and Peace Agreement. Conclude accordingly. Answer Right from the beginning of international Trade and therefore issues of agriculture had been a matter of debate at GATT. In the 2001 round of WTO which is known as the Doha Round, it was realized that various subsidies provided by the government distort the International trade of Agriculture. Therefore for all three pillars (domestic support, market access, and export subsidies), certain binding rules were made. Thus in WTO terminology, subsidies, in general, are identified by “boxes” which are given the colours of traffic lights: green (permitted), amber (slow down i.e. need to be reduced), red (forbidden). The Agriculture Agreement has no red box, although domestic support exceeding the reduction commitment levels in the amber box is prohibited; and there is a blue box for subsidies that are tied to programmes that limit production. There are also exemptions for developing countries (sometimes called an “S&D box” or "development box", including provisions in Article 6.2 of the Agreement). Green Box It refers to those subsidies which do not distort the trade as these subsidies are not directly linked to the production. It includes agriculture research, price support, etc. There is no restriction in the Green Box. In order to qualify, green box subsidies must not distort trade, or at most cause minimal distortion (paragraph 1). They have to be government-funded (not by charging consumers higher prices) and must not involve price support. They tend to be programmes that are not targeted at particular products, and include direct income supports for farmers that are not related to (are “decoupled” from) current production levels or prices. They also include environmental protection and regional development programmes. “Green box” subsidies are therefore allowed without limits, provided they comply with the policy-specific criteria set out in Annex 2. Amber Box It refers to those subsidies which are directly linked to the production i.e. higher the production higher the subsidies. Therefore have the potential to distort the trade. On such subsidies, there are restrictions following the “De minimis” principle which says that developed countries should spend 5% of their agriculture production as the upper cap for the subsidy in this category. For developing countries, it will be 10%. Using 1986 as the base year. This Amber box encompasses both product-specific and product-non-specific subsidies. Nearly all domestic support measures considered to distort production and trade (with some exceptions) fall into the amber box, which is defined in Article 6 of the Agriculture Agreement as all domestic supports except those in the blue and green boxes. These include measures to support prices, or subsidies directly related to production quantities. 32 WTO members with larger subsidies than the de minimis levels at the beginning of the post-Uruguay Round reform period committed to reducing these support levels. Blue Box It refers to those subsidies which are nothing but subsidies of Amber Box with certain conditions. For example, if a company is offering fertilizer subsidies but at the same time imposing restrictions also that are not more than a definite amount then they will be called the blue box. Any support that would normally be in the amber box, is placed in the blue box if the support also requires farmers to limit production (details set out in Paragraph 5 of Article 6 of the Agriculture Agreement). At present, there are no limits on spending on blue box subsidies. Thus there is no restriction on the blue box. As of now practiced by developed countries. Developmental Box It refers to those subsidies which are related to inclusive growth and developmental aspects of low-income or poor of the agriculture sector. For example, subsidies are offered to fishermen. Article 6.2 of the Agriculture Agreement allows developing countries additional flexibility in providing domestic support. The type of support that fits into the developmental category are measures of assistance, whether direct or indirect, designed to encourage agricultural and rural development and that are an integral part of the development programmes of developing countries. They include investment subsidies which are generally available to agriculture in developing country members, agricultural input subsidies generally available to low-income or resource-poor producers in developing country members, and domestic support to producers in developing country members to encourage diversification from growing illicit narcotic crops. Red Box There could be a red box also which is completely forbidden as of now in agriculture we don’t have any red boxes. At Doha Round, it was realized that in order to observe these subsides some time should be given. This time period is known as the Peace Agreement Trade Facilitation and Peace Agreement/Bali Accord When the binding rules of Amber Box subsidies was observed many of developing countries faced an adverse impact on their farmers. At Bali conference 2013 it was requested that there must be certain exemptions and some more time to observe these Amber Box restrictions and other provisions of the Agreement of Agriculture. On the other hand at the Bali the developed countries were in hurry to make binding rules for trade facilitation i.e. every country should develop a conducive ecosystem for international trade like digitalization. So it was decided at Bali that developing countries will work on trade facilitation binding and in return, they will get another 5 years as Peace Agreement. It is popularly known as the Bali Accord. The current status is that Developing countries are partially following the binding rule of the Agreement on Agriculture, while developed countries are following with more disciplined. There should be reform in these clauses so that the balance could be achieved in the interest of the developed and developing countries. In this direction, the base year that is 1986 needed to be updated for subsidy calculation under the AoA. The AoA rules on public stockholding are vague and general that needed clarity under the Permanent Solution. India as the leader of the developing nation should push for these reforms under a Permanent Solution.
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##Question:Explain the subsidies in general identified by the World Trade Organization (WTO). In this context discuss the Trade Facilitation and Peace Agreement. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the WTO needs for the identification of subsidies on different boxes. Then further elaborate on these boxes with suitable examples. Then further discuss the Trade Facilitation and Peace Agreement. Conclude accordingly. Answer Right from the beginning of international Trade and therefore issues of agriculture had been a matter of debate at GATT. In the 2001 round of WTO which is known as the Doha Round, it was realized that various subsidies provided by the government distort the International trade of Agriculture. Therefore for all three pillars (domestic support, market access, and export subsidies), certain binding rules were made. Thus in WTO terminology, subsidies, in general, are identified by “boxes” which are given the colours of traffic lights: green (permitted), amber (slow down i.e. need to be reduced), red (forbidden). The Agriculture Agreement has no red box, although domestic support exceeding the reduction commitment levels in the amber box is prohibited; and there is a blue box for subsidies that are tied to programmes that limit production. There are also exemptions for developing countries (sometimes called an “S&D box” or "development box", including provisions in Article 6.2 of the Agreement). Green Box It refers to those subsidies which do not distort the trade as these subsidies are not directly linked to the production. It includes agriculture research, price support, etc. There is no restriction in the Green Box. In order to qualify, green box subsidies must not distort trade, or at most cause minimal distortion (paragraph 1). They have to be government-funded (not by charging consumers higher prices) and must not involve price support. They tend to be programmes that are not targeted at particular products, and include direct income supports for farmers that are not related to (are “decoupled” from) current production levels or prices. They also include environmental protection and regional development programmes. “Green box” subsidies are therefore allowed without limits, provided they comply with the policy-specific criteria set out in Annex 2. Amber Box It refers to those subsidies which are directly linked to the production i.e. higher the production higher the subsidies. Therefore have the potential to distort the trade. On such subsidies, there are restrictions following the “De minimis” principle which says that developed countries should spend 5% of their agriculture production as the upper cap for the subsidy in this category. For developing countries, it will be 10%. Using 1986 as the base year. This Amber box encompasses both product-specific and product-non-specific subsidies. Nearly all domestic support measures considered to distort production and trade (with some exceptions) fall into the amber box, which is defined in Article 6 of the Agriculture Agreement as all domestic supports except those in the blue and green boxes. These include measures to support prices, or subsidies directly related to production quantities. 32 WTO members with larger subsidies than the de minimis levels at the beginning of the post-Uruguay Round reform period committed to reducing these support levels. Blue Box It refers to those subsidies which are nothing but subsidies of Amber Box with certain conditions. For example, if a company is offering fertilizer subsidies but at the same time imposing restrictions also that are not more than a definite amount then they will be called the blue box. Any support that would normally be in the amber box, is placed in the blue box if the support also requires farmers to limit production (details set out in Paragraph 5 of Article 6 of the Agriculture Agreement). At present, there are no limits on spending on blue box subsidies. Thus there is no restriction on the blue box. As of now practiced by developed countries. Developmental Box It refers to those subsidies which are related to inclusive growth and developmental aspects of low-income or poor of the agriculture sector. For example, subsidies are offered to fishermen. Article 6.2 of the Agriculture Agreement allows developing countries additional flexibility in providing domestic support. The type of support that fits into the developmental category are measures of assistance, whether direct or indirect, designed to encourage agricultural and rural development and that are an integral part of the development programmes of developing countries. They include investment subsidies which are generally available to agriculture in developing country members, agricultural input subsidies generally available to low-income or resource-poor producers in developing country members, and domestic support to producers in developing country members to encourage diversification from growing illicit narcotic crops. Red Box There could be a red box also which is completely forbidden as of now in agriculture we don’t have any red boxes. At Doha Round, it was realized that in order to observe these subsides some time should be given. This time period is known as the Peace Agreement Trade Facilitation and Peace Agreement/Bali Accord When the binding rules of Amber Box subsidies was observed many of developing countries faced an adverse impact on their farmers. At Bali conference 2013 it was requested that there must be certain exemptions and some more time to observe these Amber Box restrictions and other provisions of the Agreement of Agriculture. On the other hand at the Bali the developed countries were in hurry to make binding rules for trade facilitation i.e. every country should develop a conducive ecosystem for international trade like digitalization. So it was decided at Bali that developing countries will work on trade facilitation binding and in return, they will get another 5 years as Peace Agreement. It is popularly known as the Bali Accord. The current status is that Developing countries are partially following the binding rule of the Agreement on Agriculture, while developed countries are following with more disciplined. There should be reform in these clauses so that the balance could be achieved in the interest of the developed and developing countries. In this direction, the base year that is 1986 needed to be updated for subsidy calculation under the AoA. The AoA rules on public stockholding are vague and general that needed clarity under the Permanent Solution. India as the leader of the developing nation should push for these reforms under a Permanent Solution.
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" रूढिगत नैतिकता आधुनिक जीवन की मार्गदर्शक नहीं हो सकती है " ( 700 शब्द , अंक - 60 ) "Customary Morality Cannot Be a Guide to Modern Life" (700 words, Marks- 60 )
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दृष्टिकोण / अप्रोच :- नैतिकता को समझाते हुए एक संक्षिप्त भूमिका लिखिए . समाज / देश के संचालन में नैतिकता के महत्व की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . रूढिगत नैतिकता को परिभाषित कीजिए . रूढिगत नैतिकता से आशय क्या है , इसे स्पष्ट कीजिए . रूढिगत नैतिकता के उदाहरणों की चर्चा कीजिए ; जैसे - जातिवादी व्यवस्था , महिलाओं पर विभिन्न प्रकार के प्रतिबंध , छुआछुत , मानवीय मूल्यों का अभाव आदि . आधुनिक जीवन से आप क्या समझते हैं , इसे स्पष्ट कीजिए . आधुनिक जीवन के प्रमुख तत्वों यथा - लोकतांत्रिक मूल्य , मानवाधिकार , महिला अधिकार व सशक्तिकरण, पर्यावरण संरक्षण , वैज्ञानिक सोच आदि की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . रूढिगत नैतिकता और आधुनिक जीवन के तत्वों के बीच क्या विरोधाभास है . उन रूढिगत नैतिकता के तत्वों को जो आधुनिक जीवन को प्रतिबंधित करते हैं को बताते हुए स्पष्ट कीजिए कि कैसे रूढिगत नैतिकता आधुनिक जीवन के विकास मार्ग में बाधक है . क्या सदैव रूढिगत /परंपरागत नैतिकता सदैव आधुनिक जीवन का विरोधी होती है ? निष्कर्ष के रूप में प्रस्तुत कीजिए कि परंपरागत नैतिकता को संवर्धित कर आधुनिक जीवन के मूल्यों के अनुरूप उसे परिवर्तित करने की आवश्यकता है .
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##Question:" रूढिगत नैतिकता आधुनिक जीवन की मार्गदर्शक नहीं हो सकती है " ( 700 शब्द , अंक - 60 ) "Customary Morality Cannot Be a Guide to Modern Life" (700 words, Marks- 60 )##Answer:दृष्टिकोण / अप्रोच :- नैतिकता को समझाते हुए एक संक्षिप्त भूमिका लिखिए . समाज / देश के संचालन में नैतिकता के महत्व की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . रूढिगत नैतिकता को परिभाषित कीजिए . रूढिगत नैतिकता से आशय क्या है , इसे स्पष्ट कीजिए . रूढिगत नैतिकता के उदाहरणों की चर्चा कीजिए ; जैसे - जातिवादी व्यवस्था , महिलाओं पर विभिन्न प्रकार के प्रतिबंध , छुआछुत , मानवीय मूल्यों का अभाव आदि . आधुनिक जीवन से आप क्या समझते हैं , इसे स्पष्ट कीजिए . आधुनिक जीवन के प्रमुख तत्वों यथा - लोकतांत्रिक मूल्य , मानवाधिकार , महिला अधिकार व सशक्तिकरण, पर्यावरण संरक्षण , वैज्ञानिक सोच आदि की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . रूढिगत नैतिकता और आधुनिक जीवन के तत्वों के बीच क्या विरोधाभास है . उन रूढिगत नैतिकता के तत्वों को जो आधुनिक जीवन को प्रतिबंधित करते हैं को बताते हुए स्पष्ट कीजिए कि कैसे रूढिगत नैतिकता आधुनिक जीवन के विकास मार्ग में बाधक है . क्या सदैव रूढिगत /परंपरागत नैतिकता सदैव आधुनिक जीवन का विरोधी होती है ? निष्कर्ष के रूप में प्रस्तुत कीजिए कि परंपरागत नैतिकता को संवर्धित कर आधुनिक जीवन के मूल्यों के अनुरूप उसे परिवर्तित करने की आवश्यकता है .
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" रूढिगत/ परंपरागत नैतिकता आधुनिक जीवन की मार्गदर्शक नहीं हो सकती है " ( 700 शब्द , अंक - 60 ) "Customary Morality Cannot Be a Guide to Modern Life" (700 words, Marks- 60 )
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दृष्टिकोण / अप्रोच :- नैतिकता को समझाते हुए एक संक्षिप्त भूमिका लिखिए . समाज / देश के संचालन में नैतिकता के महत्व की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . रूढिगत नैतिकता को परिभाषित कीजिए . रूढिगत नैतिकता से आशय क्या है , इसे स्पष्ट कीजिए . रूढिगत नैतिकता के उदाहरणों की चर्चा कीजिए ; जैसे - जातिवादी व्यवस्था , महिलाओं पर विभिन्न प्रकार के प्रतिबंध , मानवीय मूल्यों का अभाव आदि . आधुनिक जीवन से आप क्या समझते हैं , इसे स्पष्ट कीजिए . आधुनिक जीवन के प्रमुख तत्वों यथा - लोकतांत्रिक मूल्य , मानवाधिकार , महिला अधिकार व सशक्तिकरण, पर्यावरण संरक्षण आदि की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . रूढिगत नैतिकता और आधुनिक जीवन के तत्वों के बीच क्या विरोधाभास है . उन रूढिगत नैतिकता के तत्वों को जो आधुनिक जीवन को प्रतिबंधित करते हैं को बताते हुए स्पष्ट कीजिए कि कैसे रूढिगत नैतिकता आधुनिक जीवन के विकास मार्ग में बाधक है . क्या सदैव रूढिगत /परंपरागत नैतिकता सदैव आधुनिक जीवन का विरोधी होती है ? निष्कर्ष के रूप में प्रस्तुत कीजिए कि परंपरागत नैतिकता को संवर्धित कर आधुनिक जीवन के मूल्यों के अनुरूप उसे परिवर्तित करने की आवश्यकता है .
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##Question:" रूढिगत/ परंपरागत नैतिकता आधुनिक जीवन की मार्गदर्शक नहीं हो सकती है " ( 700 शब्द , अंक - 60 ) "Customary Morality Cannot Be a Guide to Modern Life" (700 words, Marks- 60 )##Answer:दृष्टिकोण / अप्रोच :- नैतिकता को समझाते हुए एक संक्षिप्त भूमिका लिखिए . समाज / देश के संचालन में नैतिकता के महत्व की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . रूढिगत नैतिकता को परिभाषित कीजिए . रूढिगत नैतिकता से आशय क्या है , इसे स्पष्ट कीजिए . रूढिगत नैतिकता के उदाहरणों की चर्चा कीजिए ; जैसे - जातिवादी व्यवस्था , महिलाओं पर विभिन्न प्रकार के प्रतिबंध , मानवीय मूल्यों का अभाव आदि . आधुनिक जीवन से आप क्या समझते हैं , इसे स्पष्ट कीजिए . आधुनिक जीवन के प्रमुख तत्वों यथा - लोकतांत्रिक मूल्य , मानवाधिकार , महिला अधिकार व सशक्तिकरण, पर्यावरण संरक्षण आदि की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . रूढिगत नैतिकता और आधुनिक जीवन के तत्वों के बीच क्या विरोधाभास है . उन रूढिगत नैतिकता के तत्वों को जो आधुनिक जीवन को प्रतिबंधित करते हैं को बताते हुए स्पष्ट कीजिए कि कैसे रूढिगत नैतिकता आधुनिक जीवन के विकास मार्ग में बाधक है . क्या सदैव रूढिगत /परंपरागत नैतिकता सदैव आधुनिक जीवन का विरोधी होती है ? निष्कर्ष के रूप में प्रस्तुत कीजिए कि परंपरागत नैतिकता को संवर्धित कर आधुनिक जीवन के मूल्यों के अनुरूप उसे परिवर्तित करने की आवश्यकता है .
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What do you understand by Border security and Management? Discuss the general challenges related to Border management in India. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach:- In the introduction part, start with the definition of Border security and management Explain the border management briefly In the body part, mention the General challenges related to Border management in India Conclude accordingly Answer:- Border security means defending the border and assuring the security of people residing within those border limits. After 1999, the Kargil war India moved from Border security to border management Border management Border management involves not just simply defending the borders and focusing on border security but also facilitating overall socio-economic development in the border region. It has 4 aspects i.e. a) Secure the territory from enemy aggression b) Maintain the required physical infrastructure to facilitate border security operations c) Facilitate cross-border commercial activities d) To improve the socio-economic life of local people. General challenges with respect to Border management in India No two borders are alike and they pass through a diverse landscape (Terrain and human habitation) In India, we have long, natural, and Artificial boundaries which makes it difficult to manage We have a significant no. of border disputes We have an Unstable neighborhood- we have politically volatile, economically depressed (Srilanka, Pakistan, and Afghanistan), and unfriendly regimes (Pakistan having anti-India sentiment). Inadequate Infrastructure in the Border areas Sub-optimal welfare of local population- Golden Triangle and Golden Crescent Force-related issues- Lack of coordination with the local agencies Infiltration and exfiltration of armed militants- This lead to the proliferation of non-state actors Aid to separatist movements through External actors [* Kashmir, North-east case] Illegal migration Smuggling of narcotics, cattle smuggling and arms smuggling is a challenge Poor law and order situation in border areas. To strengthen Border management India can engage Commercially through infrastructure development, Border hats, Trade, etc. More and more Border hats along the borders is a necessary step in this direction
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##Question:What do you understand by Border security and Management? Discuss the general challenges related to Border management in India. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction part, start with the definition of Border security and management Explain the border management briefly In the body part, mention the General challenges related to Border management in India Conclude accordingly Answer:- Border security means defending the border and assuring the security of people residing within those border limits. After 1999, the Kargil war India moved from Border security to border management Border management Border management involves not just simply defending the borders and focusing on border security but also facilitating overall socio-economic development in the border region. It has 4 aspects i.e. a) Secure the territory from enemy aggression b) Maintain the required physical infrastructure to facilitate border security operations c) Facilitate cross-border commercial activities d) To improve the socio-economic life of local people. General challenges with respect to Border management in India No two borders are alike and they pass through a diverse landscape (Terrain and human habitation) In India, we have long, natural, and Artificial boundaries which makes it difficult to manage We have a significant no. of border disputes We have an Unstable neighborhood- we have politically volatile, economically depressed (Srilanka, Pakistan, and Afghanistan), and unfriendly regimes (Pakistan having anti-India sentiment). Inadequate Infrastructure in the Border areas Sub-optimal welfare of local population- Golden Triangle and Golden Crescent Force-related issues- Lack of coordination with the local agencies Infiltration and exfiltration of armed militants- This lead to the proliferation of non-state actors Aid to separatist movements through External actors [* Kashmir, North-east case] Illegal migration Smuggling of narcotics, cattle smuggling and arms smuggling is a challenge Poor law and order situation in border areas. To strengthen Border management India can engage Commercially through infrastructure development, Border hats, Trade, etc. More and more Border hats along the borders is a necessary step in this direction
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What do you understand by Border security and Management? Discuss the general challenges related to Border management in India. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: - In the introduction part, start with the definition of Border security and management Explain the border management briefly In the body part, mention the General challenges related to Border management in India Conclude accordingly Answer:- Border security means defending the border and assuring the security of people residing within those border limits. After 1999, the Kargil war India moved from Border security to border management Border management Border management involves not just simply defending the borders and focusing on border security but also facilitating overall socio-economic development in the border region. It has 4 aspects i.e. a) Secure the territory from enemy aggression b) Maintain the required physical infrastructure to facilitate border security operations c) Facilitate cross-border commercial activities d) To improve the socio-economic life of local people. General challenges with respect to Border management in India No two borders are alike and they pass through a diverse landscape (Terrain and human habitation) In India, we have long, natural, and Artificial boundaries which makes it difficult to manage We have a significant no. of border disputes We have an Unstable neighbourhood- we have politically volatile, economically depressed (Srilanka, Pakistan, and Afghanistan), and unfriendly regimes (Pakistan having anti-India sentiment). Inadequate Infrastructure in the Border areas Sub-optimal welfare of local population- Golden Triangle and Golden Crescent Force-related issues- Lack of coordination with the local agencies Infiltration and exfiltration of armed militants- This led to the proliferation of non-state actors Aid to separatist movements through External actors [* Kashmir, North-east case] Illegal migration Smuggling narcotics, cattle smuggling and arms smuggling is a challenge Poor law and order situation in border areas. To strengthen Border management India can engage Commercially through infrastructure development, Border hats, Trade, etc. More and more Border hats along the borders is a necessary step in this direction
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##Question:What do you understand by Border security and Management? Discuss the general challenges related to Border management in India. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: - In the introduction part, start with the definition of Border security and management Explain the border management briefly In the body part, mention the General challenges related to Border management in India Conclude accordingly Answer:- Border security means defending the border and assuring the security of people residing within those border limits. After 1999, the Kargil war India moved from Border security to border management Border management Border management involves not just simply defending the borders and focusing on border security but also facilitating overall socio-economic development in the border region. It has 4 aspects i.e. a) Secure the territory from enemy aggression b) Maintain the required physical infrastructure to facilitate border security operations c) Facilitate cross-border commercial activities d) To improve the socio-economic life of local people. General challenges with respect to Border management in India No two borders are alike and they pass through a diverse landscape (Terrain and human habitation) In India, we have long, natural, and Artificial boundaries which makes it difficult to manage We have a significant no. of border disputes We have an Unstable neighbourhood- we have politically volatile, economically depressed (Srilanka, Pakistan, and Afghanistan), and unfriendly regimes (Pakistan having anti-India sentiment). Inadequate Infrastructure in the Border areas Sub-optimal welfare of local population- Golden Triangle and Golden Crescent Force-related issues- Lack of coordination with the local agencies Infiltration and exfiltration of armed militants- This led to the proliferation of non-state actors Aid to separatist movements through External actors [* Kashmir, North-east case] Illegal migration Smuggling narcotics, cattle smuggling and arms smuggling is a challenge Poor law and order situation in border areas. To strengthen Border management India can engage Commercially through infrastructure development, Border hats, Trade, etc. More and more Border hats along the borders is a necessary step in this direction
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सूत्रकाल के आर्थिक विकास के फलस्वरूप भारत में द्वितीय नगरीकरण की परिघटना देखने को मिलती है| चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) As a result of the economic development of the Sutra period, the phenomenon of second urbanization is seen in India. discuss. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में सूत्रकाल/बुद्धकाल/ महाजनपद काल का परिचय दीजिये साथ ही द्वितीय नगरीकरण के बारे में भी संक्षिप्त जानकारी दीजिये 2- बुद्धकालीन अर्थव्यवस्था की विशेषताओं विस्तार से समझाते हुए नगरीकरण की पृष्ठभूमि के निर्माण में इसकी चर्चा कीजिये 3- अंतिम में प्रश्न के अनुरूप जाते हुए निष्कर्ष देकर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| उत्तरवैदिक कालीन संस्कृति के बाद के विकसित संस्कृति को सूत्रकाल अथवा बुद्धकाल की संज्ञा दी जाती है| इस काल में धर्मसूत्रों की रचना हुई थी इसीकारण इसे सूत्रकाल कहा जाता है| इसी समय महात्मा बुद्ध का जन्म हुआ था तथा भारत में राज्यों के रूप में 16 महाजनपदों का अस्तित्व मिलता है| सूत्रकाल के सामजिक-आर्थिक विकास के फलस्वरूप भारत में द्वितीय नगरीकरण की परिघटना देखने को मिलती है| इस काल में बड़ी संख्या में नगरों का विकास हुआ था, जिनका चरमोत्कर्ष मौर्योत्तर काल में होता है| इसे द्वितीय नगरीकरण/लौह युगीन नगरीकरण/गंगा घाटी नगरीकरण भी कहा जाता है |ध्यातव्य है कि हड़प्पा सभ्यता को प्रथम नगरीकरण की उपाधि दी जाती| इस काल में भारत के सभी प्रमुख भागों में वैशाली, कौशाम्बी, काशी आदि नगरों के विकास की सूचना मिलती है यद्यपि इनका पूर्ण विकास मौर्यकाल में देखने को मिलता है| बुद्धकालीन अर्थव्यवस्था के स्वरुप ने इन नगरों के प्रारंभिक विकास को सुनिश्चित किया था| इसे हम निम्नलिखित बिन्दुओ से समझ सकते हैं- बुद्धकालीन अर्थव्यवस्था कृषि गंगा घाटी के मैदानी इलाकों में बड़े पैमाने पर कृषि के साक्ष्य, बड़ी संख्या में कृषि से सम्बन्धित लोहे के उपकरणों के साक्ष्य, धान (चावल) की रोपाई के प्रमाण, इस काल के साहित्य में भूस्वामित्व का स्पष्ट उल्लेख मिलता है| दास प्रथा उपस्थित थी और दासों का नियोजन कृषि में किया जाने लगा था ,जिससे कृषि उत्पादन में वृद्धि को सुनिश्चित किया| शिल्प समकालीन साहित्यिक एवं पुरातात्विक साक्ष्यों से बड़ी संख्या में शिल्पों की भी जानकारी मिलती है इस चरण में शिल्प विशेषीकरण के साक्ष्य मिलने लगते हैं| उदाहरण के तौर पर वैशाली में एक साथ कुम्हारों की 500 दुकानों का उल्लेख, बनारस हाथीदांत कारीगरों की गलियों का उल्लेख मिलता है| सूत्रकाल में गिल्ड/ श्रेणियों/व्यावसायिक संगठनों के साक्ष्य मिलने लगते हैं | इस काल में शिल्पों की संख्या में वृद्धि की सूचना मिलती है तथा इन शिल्पों स्थानबद्ध पहचान भी स्थापित होने लगी थी जिससे नगरों का विकास हुआ व्यापार NBPW मृद्भांडों के देश के अन्य भागों में पाये जाने से आंतरिक एवं बाह्य व्यापार के साक्ष्य मिलते हैं| जातकों में दक्षिण पूर्ण एशिया के साथ व्यापार की जानकारी दी गयी है| साहित्य में ताम्रिलिप्ती बंदरगाह का भी उल्लेख है| चांदी एवं तांबे से निर्मित सिक्के पांचवी सदी ई.पू .से मिलने लगते हैं,इन्हें पंचमार्क/आहत सिक्के के नाम से जाना जाता है,इनपर लेख नहीं होते हैं| मौद्रिकृत अर्थव्यवस्था ने व्यापार विनिमय के सरल कर दिया जिससे व्यापार केंद्र के रूप में विभिन्न नगरों का विकास हुआ इस तरह से स्पष्ट होता है कि इन विशेषताओं के परिणाम स्वरुप उत्पादन में वृद्धि हुई तथा अधिशेष उत्पादन प्राप्त हुआ जिसने धार्मिक केंद्र, प्रशासनिक केंद्र, बंदरगाह, और व्यापार मार्ग पर स्थिति शहरों के रूप में द्वितीय नगरीकरण की परिघटना को सुनिश्चित करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभायी| सूत्रकाल के सामजिक-आर्थिक विकास के फलस्वरूप भारत में द्वितीय नगरीकरण की परिघटना देखने को मिलती है| ध्यातव्य है कि द्वितीय नगरीकरण का चरमोत्कर्ष मौर्योत्तर काल में दिखाई पड़ता है|
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##Question:सूत्रकाल के आर्थिक विकास के फलस्वरूप भारत में द्वितीय नगरीकरण की परिघटना देखने को मिलती है| चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) As a result of the economic development of the Sutra period, the phenomenon of second urbanization is seen in India. discuss. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में सूत्रकाल/बुद्धकाल/ महाजनपद काल का परिचय दीजिये साथ ही द्वितीय नगरीकरण के बारे में भी संक्षिप्त जानकारी दीजिये 2- बुद्धकालीन अर्थव्यवस्था की विशेषताओं विस्तार से समझाते हुए नगरीकरण की पृष्ठभूमि के निर्माण में इसकी चर्चा कीजिये 3- अंतिम में प्रश्न के अनुरूप जाते हुए निष्कर्ष देकर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| उत्तरवैदिक कालीन संस्कृति के बाद के विकसित संस्कृति को सूत्रकाल अथवा बुद्धकाल की संज्ञा दी जाती है| इस काल में धर्मसूत्रों की रचना हुई थी इसीकारण इसे सूत्रकाल कहा जाता है| इसी समय महात्मा बुद्ध का जन्म हुआ था तथा भारत में राज्यों के रूप में 16 महाजनपदों का अस्तित्व मिलता है| सूत्रकाल के सामजिक-आर्थिक विकास के फलस्वरूप भारत में द्वितीय नगरीकरण की परिघटना देखने को मिलती है| इस काल में बड़ी संख्या में नगरों का विकास हुआ था, जिनका चरमोत्कर्ष मौर्योत्तर काल में होता है| इसे द्वितीय नगरीकरण/लौह युगीन नगरीकरण/गंगा घाटी नगरीकरण भी कहा जाता है |ध्यातव्य है कि हड़प्पा सभ्यता को प्रथम नगरीकरण की उपाधि दी जाती| इस काल में भारत के सभी प्रमुख भागों में वैशाली, कौशाम्बी, काशी आदि नगरों के विकास की सूचना मिलती है यद्यपि इनका पूर्ण विकास मौर्यकाल में देखने को मिलता है| बुद्धकालीन अर्थव्यवस्था के स्वरुप ने इन नगरों के प्रारंभिक विकास को सुनिश्चित किया था| इसे हम निम्नलिखित बिन्दुओ से समझ सकते हैं- बुद्धकालीन अर्थव्यवस्था कृषि गंगा घाटी के मैदानी इलाकों में बड़े पैमाने पर कृषि के साक्ष्य, बड़ी संख्या में कृषि से सम्बन्धित लोहे के उपकरणों के साक्ष्य, धान (चावल) की रोपाई के प्रमाण, इस काल के साहित्य में भूस्वामित्व का स्पष्ट उल्लेख मिलता है| दास प्रथा उपस्थित थी और दासों का नियोजन कृषि में किया जाने लगा था ,जिससे कृषि उत्पादन में वृद्धि को सुनिश्चित किया| शिल्प समकालीन साहित्यिक एवं पुरातात्विक साक्ष्यों से बड़ी संख्या में शिल्पों की भी जानकारी मिलती है इस चरण में शिल्प विशेषीकरण के साक्ष्य मिलने लगते हैं| उदाहरण के तौर पर वैशाली में एक साथ कुम्हारों की 500 दुकानों का उल्लेख, बनारस हाथीदांत कारीगरों की गलियों का उल्लेख मिलता है| सूत्रकाल में गिल्ड/ श्रेणियों/व्यावसायिक संगठनों के साक्ष्य मिलने लगते हैं | इस काल में शिल्पों की संख्या में वृद्धि की सूचना मिलती है तथा इन शिल्पों स्थानबद्ध पहचान भी स्थापित होने लगी थी जिससे नगरों का विकास हुआ व्यापार NBPW मृद्भांडों के देश के अन्य भागों में पाये जाने से आंतरिक एवं बाह्य व्यापार के साक्ष्य मिलते हैं| जातकों में दक्षिण पूर्ण एशिया के साथ व्यापार की जानकारी दी गयी है| साहित्य में ताम्रिलिप्ती बंदरगाह का भी उल्लेख है| चांदी एवं तांबे से निर्मित सिक्के पांचवी सदी ई.पू .से मिलने लगते हैं,इन्हें पंचमार्क/आहत सिक्के के नाम से जाना जाता है,इनपर लेख नहीं होते हैं| मौद्रिकृत अर्थव्यवस्था ने व्यापार विनिमय के सरल कर दिया जिससे व्यापार केंद्र के रूप में विभिन्न नगरों का विकास हुआ इस तरह से स्पष्ट होता है कि इन विशेषताओं के परिणाम स्वरुप उत्पादन में वृद्धि हुई तथा अधिशेष उत्पादन प्राप्त हुआ जिसने धार्मिक केंद्र, प्रशासनिक केंद्र, बंदरगाह, और व्यापार मार्ग पर स्थिति शहरों के रूप में द्वितीय नगरीकरण की परिघटना को सुनिश्चित करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभायी| सूत्रकाल के सामजिक-आर्थिक विकास के फलस्वरूप भारत में द्वितीय नगरीकरण की परिघटना देखने को मिलती है| ध्यातव्य है कि द्वितीय नगरीकरण का चरमोत्कर्ष मौर्योत्तर काल में दिखाई पड़ता है|
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What do you understand by Poverty? Discuss types of Poverty with suitable examples. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce the modern trace of the Poverty Then define Poverty as per the World Bank and United Nation. Then further bring the classification of poverty with suitable examples. Conclude with suggestions for improvement in prediction. Answer The debate on poverty in modern times dates back to the Rowntree Survey where an attempt was made to determine a threshold in terms of the poverty line and those who are below that to be called as BPLs. A head count was done on similar lines in India Dadabhai Naoroji tried to define Poverty in his famous unBritish Rule Theory. This Rowntree Survey was a response to rising Marxism in then Europe. It was the WB that provided a global collective outlook to eradicate poverty (In the USA around the 1950s the famous unconditional war on poverty approach was popularised. According to World Bank Poverty refers to the state of: Lack of food and nutrition. Lack of sustainable income. Social Exclusion. Political Exclusion. It could be at the individual level or collective level. According to the United Nations Poverty refers to the status of not having Food and Clothes Schools and Clinics Land and Jobs as sources of income Powerlessness and insecurity along with high vulnerability towards conflicts. Types of Poverty Poverty can be viewed unidimensional by considering it on economic grounds and can be considered as a multi-dimensional thing (Multi-directional Poverty Index). In a uni-dimensional way, it could be viewed in terms of Absolute Poverty: Where they are deprived of necessities. According to WB in terms of absolute Poverty, the line is 1.9 dollars per person per day. This means anyone spending less than that is Below Poverty Level (BPL). Examples of absolute Poverty are not having access to healthy food, decent housing, electricity, and water. Relative Poverty: It refers to the inequalities in the income distributions and can be calculated in terms of the Lorenz Curve. In this regard Gini Coefficient, Palma Ratio (Top 10% vs. bottom 40%), and Quintile ratio (top 20% vs. bottom 20%) are used. For example, a person will be considered under relative poverty he can provide for their basic needs, such as food and shelter, but unable to obtain other standard things the people around them have that make life easier and more enjoyable. Voluntary Poverty: Those who are poor willingly. For example monks. Secondary Poverty: It refers to those who are otherwise above the poverty line due to certain factors like debt trap, high health expenditure, alcoholism, and drug addiction, they are slipping into the below poverty line. For example, those farmers who get impacted by drought and slipped into poverty. New Poor: It refers to those poor who are below the poverty line due to COVID. According to World Bank, India and Nigeria are having the maximum number of new poor. Poverty numbers matter because central schemes like Antyodaya Anna Yojana and Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana use the definition of poverty given by the NITI Aayog or the erstwhile Planning Commission. The Centre allocates funds for these schemes to states based on the numbers of their poor. Errors of exclusion can deprive eligible households of benefits. Thus government need to come up with a more frequent revision to the Poverty calculation with improvement in data calculation so that a true picture could emerge
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##Question:What do you understand by Poverty? Discuss types of Poverty with suitable examples. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce the modern trace of the Poverty Then define Poverty as per the World Bank and United Nation. Then further bring the classification of poverty with suitable examples. Conclude with suggestions for improvement in prediction. Answer The debate on poverty in modern times dates back to the Rowntree Survey where an attempt was made to determine a threshold in terms of the poverty line and those who are below that to be called as BPLs. A head count was done on similar lines in India Dadabhai Naoroji tried to define Poverty in his famous unBritish Rule Theory. This Rowntree Survey was a response to rising Marxism in then Europe. It was the WB that provided a global collective outlook to eradicate poverty (In the USA around the 1950s the famous unconditional war on poverty approach was popularised. According to World Bank Poverty refers to the state of: Lack of food and nutrition. Lack of sustainable income. Social Exclusion. Political Exclusion. It could be at the individual level or collective level. According to the United Nations Poverty refers to the status of not having Food and Clothes Schools and Clinics Land and Jobs as sources of income Powerlessness and insecurity along with high vulnerability towards conflicts. Types of Poverty Poverty can be viewed unidimensional by considering it on economic grounds and can be considered as a multi-dimensional thing (Multi-directional Poverty Index). In a uni-dimensional way, it could be viewed in terms of Absolute Poverty: Where they are deprived of necessities. According to WB in terms of absolute Poverty, the line is 1.9 dollars per person per day. This means anyone spending less than that is Below Poverty Level (BPL). Examples of absolute Poverty are not having access to healthy food, decent housing, electricity, and water. Relative Poverty: It refers to the inequalities in the income distributions and can be calculated in terms of the Lorenz Curve. In this regard Gini Coefficient, Palma Ratio (Top 10% vs. bottom 40%), and Quintile ratio (top 20% vs. bottom 20%) are used. For example, a person will be considered under relative poverty he can provide for their basic needs, such as food and shelter, but unable to obtain other standard things the people around them have that make life easier and more enjoyable. Voluntary Poverty: Those who are poor willingly. For example monks. Secondary Poverty: It refers to those who are otherwise above the poverty line due to certain factors like debt trap, high health expenditure, alcoholism, and drug addiction, they are slipping into the below poverty line. For example, those farmers who get impacted by drought and slipped into poverty. New Poor: It refers to those poor who are below the poverty line due to COVID. According to World Bank, India and Nigeria are having the maximum number of new poor. Poverty numbers matter because central schemes like Antyodaya Anna Yojana and Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana use the definition of poverty given by the NITI Aayog or the erstwhile Planning Commission. The Centre allocates funds for these schemes to states based on the numbers of their poor. Errors of exclusion can deprive eligible households of benefits. Thus government need to come up with a more frequent revision to the Poverty calculation with improvement in data calculation so that a true picture could emerge
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Critically analyze the revision in the methodology of National income accounting in 2015 (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach:- In the introduction part, mention the context of the GDP base year revision In the body part, mention the Changes in the Methodology Then mention the pros and cons of the change in methodology Conclude accordingly Answer:- The government changed the methodology to calculate national income in 2015. The base year was revised from 2004-05 to 2011-12. Changes in the methodology Real growth rate of the economy is now being measured by GDP at Constant Market Price (Earlier it was constant factor cost) which is practiced internationally. The definition of market price was changed and now it includes NDPT (Net direct production tax) The new methodology is based on comprehensive coverage of data. It covers the corporate sector both in manufacturing and services by incorporating annual accounts of companies (MCA 21) Analysis of the change in methodology Pros of the change in methodology It is in line with international standards based on conventions of the IMF. It is based on more comprehensive sources of data The growth rate according to the new method is in consonance with the growth of the Indian economy estimated by the IMF and World bank. Cons of the change in methodology Economic experts pointed out that the higher growth rate as per the new method did not commensurate or in alignment with other determinants of the economy. 2013-14 financial year was a year of economic crisis. There was a capital slowdown, Interest rates were high, and there was fiscal consolidation, etc (Less government expenditure) so it seemed difficult to realize an economic growth rate as per the new data series. In 2014-15 also, imports declined by 10%, and savings and investments declined significantly. So 2014-15 was also not favorable for other determinants. In 2019, NSSO found that 36% of companies in the MCA database were untraceable or Shell companies. Counting such companies" production would needlessly pump the growth figure Since the change in the base year to 2011-12, With the new series, the quality of data has come under Greater scrutiny as economists and other experts in India and abroad raising serious concerns over political interference and seeking the restoration of independence and integrity of the statistical institution/data. Data should reflect the ground reality so that government can use this data for policy formulation and governance. Data should be “Of the People, By the People, For the People” so that it must reflect the ground reality.
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##Question:Critically analyze the revision in the methodology of National income accounting in 2015 (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction part, mention the context of the GDP base year revision In the body part, mention the Changes in the Methodology Then mention the pros and cons of the change in methodology Conclude accordingly Answer:- The government changed the methodology to calculate national income in 2015. The base year was revised from 2004-05 to 2011-12. Changes in the methodology Real growth rate of the economy is now being measured by GDP at Constant Market Price (Earlier it was constant factor cost) which is practiced internationally. The definition of market price was changed and now it includes NDPT (Net direct production tax) The new methodology is based on comprehensive coverage of data. It covers the corporate sector both in manufacturing and services by incorporating annual accounts of companies (MCA 21) Analysis of the change in methodology Pros of the change in methodology It is in line with international standards based on conventions of the IMF. It is based on more comprehensive sources of data The growth rate according to the new method is in consonance with the growth of the Indian economy estimated by the IMF and World bank. Cons of the change in methodology Economic experts pointed out that the higher growth rate as per the new method did not commensurate or in alignment with other determinants of the economy. 2013-14 financial year was a year of economic crisis. There was a capital slowdown, Interest rates were high, and there was fiscal consolidation, etc (Less government expenditure) so it seemed difficult to realize an economic growth rate as per the new data series. In 2014-15 also, imports declined by 10%, and savings and investments declined significantly. So 2014-15 was also not favorable for other determinants. In 2019, NSSO found that 36% of companies in the MCA database were untraceable or Shell companies. Counting such companies" production would needlessly pump the growth figure Since the change in the base year to 2011-12, With the new series, the quality of data has come under Greater scrutiny as economists and other experts in India and abroad raising serious concerns over political interference and seeking the restoration of independence and integrity of the statistical institution/data. Data should reflect the ground reality so that government can use this data for policy formulation and governance. Data should be “Of the People, By the People, For the People” so that it must reflect the ground reality.
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There is a disaster-prone state having frequent landslides, forest fires, cloudbursts, flash floods and earthquakes, etc. Some of these are seasonal and often unpredictable. The magnitude of the disaster is always unanticipated. During one of the seasons, a cloudburst caused devastating floods and landslides leading to high casualties. There was major damage to infrastructures like roads, bridges and power-generating units. This led to more than 100000 pilgrims, tourists and other locals being trapped across different routes and locations. The people trapped in your area of responsibility includes senior citizens, patients in hospitals, women and children, hiker, tourist, the ruling party"s regional presidents along with his family, the additional chief secretary of the neighbouring state and prisoners in jail. As a civil services officer of the state, what would be the order in which you would rescue these people and why? Give Justifications. (20 marks/250 words)
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Approach: In Introduction highlight the dilemma and the conditions that can help in prioritizing the rescue of different stakeholders. Discuss your preferences of rescue along with a detailed explained for the reason of same. Conclusion. Answer: The responsibility of the states to rescue every person"s life is precious and all should be intended to be rescued but since the resources are limited we have to take wise decisions. Each candidate/person has an equal right to be rescued as his/her has an equal vulnerability. As the resources are limited (and distress call), so we can take action based on the following factors: Vulnerability of the people. Current position/place. Ability to face disaster. There need in carrying out or assisting rescue operations, etc. Rescue the Tourists/hikers" (as they do not know the difficult terrain) first place so that there are unknown to the vulnerable geography. Depending on the vulnerability of disasters, prisoners can be rescued first, and so on. Need of help of other stakeholders including states. Simultaneous arrangement of resources.
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##Question:There is a disaster-prone state having frequent landslides, forest fires, cloudbursts, flash floods and earthquakes, etc. Some of these are seasonal and often unpredictable. The magnitude of the disaster is always unanticipated. During one of the seasons, a cloudburst caused devastating floods and landslides leading to high casualties. There was major damage to infrastructures like roads, bridges and power-generating units. This led to more than 100000 pilgrims, tourists and other locals being trapped across different routes and locations. The people trapped in your area of responsibility includes senior citizens, patients in hospitals, women and children, hiker, tourist, the ruling party"s regional presidents along with his family, the additional chief secretary of the neighbouring state and prisoners in jail. As a civil services officer of the state, what would be the order in which you would rescue these people and why? Give Justifications. (20 marks/250 words)##Answer:Approach: In Introduction highlight the dilemma and the conditions that can help in prioritizing the rescue of different stakeholders. Discuss your preferences of rescue along with a detailed explained for the reason of same. Conclusion. Answer: The responsibility of the states to rescue every person"s life is precious and all should be intended to be rescued but since the resources are limited we have to take wise decisions. Each candidate/person has an equal right to be rescued as his/her has an equal vulnerability. As the resources are limited (and distress call), so we can take action based on the following factors: Vulnerability of the people. Current position/place. Ability to face disaster. There need in carrying out or assisting rescue operations, etc. Rescue the Tourists/hikers" (as they do not know the difficult terrain) first place so that there are unknown to the vulnerable geography. Depending on the vulnerability of disasters, prisoners can be rescued first, and so on. Need of help of other stakeholders including states. Simultaneous arrangement of resources.
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Why did the moderates fail to carry the conviction with the nation about their proclaimed ideology and political goals by the end of 19th century? (10 Marks, 150 Words)
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Approach: Give a brief introduction about the moderates in the Indian National Congress. Briefly mention their ideology and political goals. Discuss why moderates fail to succeed in their ideology and achievement of political goals by the end of the 19th century. Conclude on a positive note. Answer: Moderates were the early nationalist leaders associated with the Indian National Congress. They believed in the methods of petitions, prayers and applications to bring reforms in the Indian administration and economy. Ideology and Political goals of Moderates: 1. They believed in non-violent, peaceful and constitutional means of protest. 2. They had faith in the British administration and thought to bring political reforms through the methods of petitions, prayers and applications to the British administration. 3. They lacked faith in the masses and sought to restrict the national movement to the educated middle class only. 4. They believed in gradual reforms and opposed any extreme or radical views or actions. why moderates fail to succeed in their ideology and achievement of political goals by the end of the 19th century: 1. They failed to understand the real colonial nature of British rule which not only had political but economic ramifications also. 2. They lacked a wider or broad mass base for the national movement. The early nationalists lacked political faith in the masses; they felt that there were numerous divisions and subdivisions in Indian society, and the groups were generally ignorant and had conservative ideas and thoughts. 3. Because of the lack of mass participation, the Moderates could not take militant political positions against the authorities. 4. Pray, petition and protest types of politics could not turn out to be effective. 5. Also, the rise of extremist leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal etc. who believed in the mass movement and extra-constitutional means of agitation like boycotts, strikes etc. also posed a great threat to the ideology and political goals of moderates. Although the moderates failed to appeal to the broader population and convince the government, they laid a crucial foundation base, on which the future of the freedom struggle was based. Extremists, Gandhi and other freedom fighters used this base to finally achieve independence in 1947. Moderates for the first time provided a National platform to voice the grievances of the common people, and along with it came the beginning of Modern Politics and modern political Institutions.
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##Question:Why did the moderates fail to carry the conviction with the nation about their proclaimed ideology and political goals by the end of 19th century? (10 Marks, 150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief introduction about the moderates in the Indian National Congress. Briefly mention their ideology and political goals. Discuss why moderates fail to succeed in their ideology and achievement of political goals by the end of the 19th century. Conclude on a positive note. Answer: Moderates were the early nationalist leaders associated with the Indian National Congress. They believed in the methods of petitions, prayers and applications to bring reforms in the Indian administration and economy. Ideology and Political goals of Moderates: 1. They believed in non-violent, peaceful and constitutional means of protest. 2. They had faith in the British administration and thought to bring political reforms through the methods of petitions, prayers and applications to the British administration. 3. They lacked faith in the masses and sought to restrict the national movement to the educated middle class only. 4. They believed in gradual reforms and opposed any extreme or radical views or actions. why moderates fail to succeed in their ideology and achievement of political goals by the end of the 19th century: 1. They failed to understand the real colonial nature of British rule which not only had political but economic ramifications also. 2. They lacked a wider or broad mass base for the national movement. The early nationalists lacked political faith in the masses; they felt that there were numerous divisions and subdivisions in Indian society, and the groups were generally ignorant and had conservative ideas and thoughts. 3. Because of the lack of mass participation, the Moderates could not take militant political positions against the authorities. 4. Pray, petition and protest types of politics could not turn out to be effective. 5. Also, the rise of extremist leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal etc. who believed in the mass movement and extra-constitutional means of agitation like boycotts, strikes etc. also posed a great threat to the ideology and political goals of moderates. Although the moderates failed to appeal to the broader population and convince the government, they laid a crucial foundation base, on which the future of the freedom struggle was based. Extremists, Gandhi and other freedom fighters used this base to finally achieve independence in 1947. Moderates for the first time provided a National platform to voice the grievances of the common people, and along with it came the beginning of Modern Politics and modern political Institutions.
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What do you understand by a Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS)? Critically analyze the role of technology in border management in India (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach:- In the introduction part, mention the context of the CIBMS In the Body part, explain the components of the CIBMS Then analyze the role of technology in border management in India Conclude accordingly Answer:- CIBMS is a robust technological solution to address the gaps in border security by seamlessly integrating human resources, weapons, and high-tech surveillance equipment. CIBMS- Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System Its origin can be traced back to the Group of ministers, 2000 constituted post-Kargil war and the Madhukar Gupta committee It has three components - High-tech surveillance equipment, an Efficient and dedicated communication network for transmitting data gathered by these high-tech detection devices, and Centralized command and control centre. It has sub-components such as BOLD QIT, Smart border fencing since 2018 Role of technological solutions in Border management Benefits of technology in Border management . These are reliable and efficient and human error can be minimized in adverse situations [During dust storms] They transfer the data in real time and can analyze it. It can reduce response time with greater effectiveness It provides safer mobility for security forces. It requires a lesser no. of the workforce under adverse conditions. Challenges with the technological solutions in border management Expensive technologies and cost-intensive The advanced technologies are not manufactured in India and are imported. Thus it creates a security concern. They require certain infrastructure such as electricity. These devices can not replace the human factor completely. [Technical glitches can only be resolved by the human factor] Lack of trained human professionals. Technology can not replace the human factor although it has proved to be very successful in reducing the human workload and precision.
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##Question:What do you understand by a Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS)? Critically analyze the role of technology in border management in India (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction part, mention the context of the CIBMS In the Body part, explain the components of the CIBMS Then analyze the role of technology in border management in India Conclude accordingly Answer:- CIBMS is a robust technological solution to address the gaps in border security by seamlessly integrating human resources, weapons, and high-tech surveillance equipment. CIBMS- Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System Its origin can be traced back to the Group of ministers, 2000 constituted post-Kargil war and the Madhukar Gupta committee It has three components - High-tech surveillance equipment, an Efficient and dedicated communication network for transmitting data gathered by these high-tech detection devices, and Centralized command and control centre. It has sub-components such as BOLD QIT, Smart border fencing since 2018 Role of technological solutions in Border management Benefits of technology in Border management . These are reliable and efficient and human error can be minimized in adverse situations [During dust storms] They transfer the data in real time and can analyze it. It can reduce response time with greater effectiveness It provides safer mobility for security forces. It requires a lesser no. of the workforce under adverse conditions. Challenges with the technological solutions in border management Expensive technologies and cost-intensive The advanced technologies are not manufactured in India and are imported. Thus it creates a security concern. They require certain infrastructure such as electricity. These devices can not replace the human factor completely. [Technical glitches can only be resolved by the human factor] Lack of trained human professionals. Technology can not replace the human factor although it has proved to be very successful in reducing the human workload and precision.
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What do you understand by a Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS)? Critically analyze the role of technology in border management in India (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach:- In the introduction part, mention the context of the CIBMS In the Body part, explain the components of the CIBMS Then analyze the role of technology in border management in India Conclude accordingly Answer:- CIBMS is a robust technological solution to address the gaps in border security by seamlessly integrating human resources, weapons, and high-tech surveillance equipment. CIBMS- Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System Its origin can be traced back to the Group of ministers, 2000 constituted post-Kargil war and the Madhukar Gupta committee It has three components - High-tech surveillance equipment, an Efficient and dedicated communication network for transmitting data gathered by these high-tech detection devices, and Centralized command and control centre. It has sub-components such as BOLD QIT, Smart border fencing since 2018 Role of technological solutions in Border management Benefits of technology in Border management. These are reliable and efficient and human error can be minimized in adverse situations [During dust storms] They transfer the data in real time and can analyze it. It can reduce response time with greater effectiveness It provides safer mobility for security forces. It requires a lesser no. of the workforce under adverse conditions. Challenges with the technological solutions in border management Expensive technologies and cost-intensive The advanced technologies are not manufactured in India and are imported. Thus it creates a security concern. They require certain infrastructure such as electricity. These devices can not replace the human factor completely. [Technical glitches can only be resolved by the human factor] Lack of trained human professionals. Technology can not replace the human factor although it has proved to be very successful in reducing the human workload and precision
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##Question:What do you understand by a Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS)? Critically analyze the role of technology in border management in India (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction part, mention the context of the CIBMS In the Body part, explain the components of the CIBMS Then analyze the role of technology in border management in India Conclude accordingly Answer:- CIBMS is a robust technological solution to address the gaps in border security by seamlessly integrating human resources, weapons, and high-tech surveillance equipment. CIBMS- Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System Its origin can be traced back to the Group of ministers, 2000 constituted post-Kargil war and the Madhukar Gupta committee It has three components - High-tech surveillance equipment, an Efficient and dedicated communication network for transmitting data gathered by these high-tech detection devices, and Centralized command and control centre. It has sub-components such as BOLD QIT, Smart border fencing since 2018 Role of technological solutions in Border management Benefits of technology in Border management. These are reliable and efficient and human error can be minimized in adverse situations [During dust storms] They transfer the data in real time and can analyze it. It can reduce response time with greater effectiveness It provides safer mobility for security forces. It requires a lesser no. of the workforce under adverse conditions. Challenges with the technological solutions in border management Expensive technologies and cost-intensive The advanced technologies are not manufactured in India and are imported. Thus it creates a security concern. They require certain infrastructure such as electricity. These devices can not replace the human factor completely. [Technical glitches can only be resolved by the human factor] Lack of trained human professionals. Technology can not replace the human factor although it has proved to be very successful in reducing the human workload and precision
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What is Land Degradation? Trace the intensity of land degradation in India and also suggest measures to curb Land degradation. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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APPROACH: Introduce by defining land degradation. Characterise land degradation in India along with regions on a map. Measures to curb land degradation. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: The land is the terrestrial part of the biosphere that comprises natural resources, ecological processes, topography, and human settlements and infrastructure that operate within that system. A negative trend in the land condition is caused by direct or indirect human-induced processes including anthropogenic climate change expressed as long-term loss of biological productivity, ecological integrity, or value to humans. This is known as land degradation . REGIONS IMPACTED BY LAND DEGRADATION AND DESERTIFICATION IN INDIA India"s 30% of India"s land is being affected by land degradation. Mountainous areas: J&K, Ladakh, Uttrakhand, Sikkim, etc. The naturally steep slope of the land, therefore prone to land degradation. Developmental activities are not done in a safe manner. Plain Regions: Salinization of land, deforestation, and agricultural settlements. Western Part: Rajasthan Wind erosion Central Part: Semi-arid areas Excessive extraction of groundwater, deforestation, intensive agricultural practices, etc. Central Part: Arid areas Mining, deforestation, etc. MEASURES TO CURB LAND DEGRADATION: (1) Reforestation and Aforestation Reforestation is bringing back the forest which existed earlier. Afforestation is the new forest cultivation. National Afforestation Plan for this. (2) Assisted Natural Regeneration (3) Agroforestry It is forestry inside agriculture. It is also called Agro-silviculture. (4) Joint Forest Management The forest department works with the local community to protect the surrounding forest area through the establishment of a village forest community. In return, the community is allowed to use minor forest produce. It was introduced by National Forest Policy 1988. (5) Urban Forestry Afforestation measures in urban areas. (6) Social Forestry Forestry in community lands. While agroforestry is in private lands, this is in common lands. (7) Toungya Forestation Doing agriculture inside the forest (8) Miyawaki Forestation Creation of mini forests in urban areas. (9) Terrace Cultivation In order to reduce the water runoff in mountainous regions, steps are created in mountains. This helps control soil erosion. (10) Windbreak and shelter belts Both are part of agroforestry. It involves growing trees in such a manner that wind speed reduces- wind break. It provides shelter for the entire crop- Shelter belts. (11) Sand dune fixation The movement of sand reduces the fertility of the area. By growing indigenous crops and grass this can be halted. (12) Mulching The material applied on the soil surface to check soil moisture evaporation and reduce soil erosion is mulching. Giving a green cover on the top layer of agricultural land. (13) Strip cropping Erosion-resistant crops are planted in narrow strips altered with strips of erosion-permissible crops. (14) Contour Bunding Providing bunds along the contours. Land Degradation is a major threat that we face today. In this regard our goal should be to acheive Land Degradation Neutrality, as also iterated by UN SDGs to achieve net neutrality by 2030.
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##Question:What is Land Degradation? Trace the intensity of land degradation in India and also suggest measures to curb Land degradation. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce by defining land degradation. Characterise land degradation in India along with regions on a map. Measures to curb land degradation. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: The land is the terrestrial part of the biosphere that comprises natural resources, ecological processes, topography, and human settlements and infrastructure that operate within that system. A negative trend in the land condition is caused by direct or indirect human-induced processes including anthropogenic climate change expressed as long-term loss of biological productivity, ecological integrity, or value to humans. This is known as land degradation . REGIONS IMPACTED BY LAND DEGRADATION AND DESERTIFICATION IN INDIA India"s 30% of India"s land is being affected by land degradation. Mountainous areas: J&K, Ladakh, Uttrakhand, Sikkim, etc. The naturally steep slope of the land, therefore prone to land degradation. Developmental activities are not done in a safe manner. Plain Regions: Salinization of land, deforestation, and agricultural settlements. Western Part: Rajasthan Wind erosion Central Part: Semi-arid areas Excessive extraction of groundwater, deforestation, intensive agricultural practices, etc. Central Part: Arid areas Mining, deforestation, etc. MEASURES TO CURB LAND DEGRADATION: (1) Reforestation and Aforestation Reforestation is bringing back the forest which existed earlier. Afforestation is the new forest cultivation. National Afforestation Plan for this. (2) Assisted Natural Regeneration (3) Agroforestry It is forestry inside agriculture. It is also called Agro-silviculture. (4) Joint Forest Management The forest department works with the local community to protect the surrounding forest area through the establishment of a village forest community. In return, the community is allowed to use minor forest produce. It was introduced by National Forest Policy 1988. (5) Urban Forestry Afforestation measures in urban areas. (6) Social Forestry Forestry in community lands. While agroforestry is in private lands, this is in common lands. (7) Toungya Forestation Doing agriculture inside the forest (8) Miyawaki Forestation Creation of mini forests in urban areas. (9) Terrace Cultivation In order to reduce the water runoff in mountainous regions, steps are created in mountains. This helps control soil erosion. (10) Windbreak and shelter belts Both are part of agroforestry. It involves growing trees in such a manner that wind speed reduces- wind break. It provides shelter for the entire crop- Shelter belts. (11) Sand dune fixation The movement of sand reduces the fertility of the area. By growing indigenous crops and grass this can be halted. (12) Mulching The material applied on the soil surface to check soil moisture evaporation and reduce soil erosion is mulching. Giving a green cover on the top layer of agricultural land. (13) Strip cropping Erosion-resistant crops are planted in narrow strips altered with strips of erosion-permissible crops. (14) Contour Bunding Providing bunds along the contours. Land Degradation is a major threat that we face today. In this regard our goal should be to acheive Land Degradation Neutrality, as also iterated by UN SDGs to achieve net neutrality by 2030.
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Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have the right to do and what is right to do. Do you agree with the statement? If yes, give examples. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the explanation of the statement. Then explain the meaning of Ethics with examples, and link it with the quote. Bring the equation of ethical-legal, ethical-illegal, unethical-legal, and unethical-illegal. Conclude accordingly. Answer In general, ethics is nothing but the standard or norms of behavior, conduct, and decisions making. in modern times law is equated with ethics as the underlying principle of any law is ethics which is socially accepted, rationally justified, and judicially enforced. However, ethics is still bigger than Law. Doing something might be legal or might not be illegal and one is not barred from exercising the right but that also creates a dilemma as what is legal or what is not illegal can be unethical if such behavior or conduct affects society and others. The statement conveys the idea that while everyone has the right to do whatever they want with themselves, it isn’t always right to do so, especially when those actions could negatively impact themselves in the long term, others, or society as a whole. Ethics involves knowing how far you can take your rights before they cross into what’s considered wrong. Thus here we need to consider the actions that are ethical and legal as well. According to this ethical dilemma, there is an identifiable discrepancy. What one has a right to do does not always equate with what would be considered moral or just. This means many times ethical action could be illegal also. We can understand these differences between what you have the right to do and what is right to do with Ethical-legal, ethical-illegal, Unethical-legal, unethical-illegal equation One has the Right not to donate from private wealth but donating is the right thing to do. For example, philanthropy is over and above CSR obligation. Under the right to liberty and choice, one might have the right to die by suicide but it"s not the right thing to do as it violates the basic premise that those rights are given to develop one"s personality to the fullest extent possible, also affects the trust posed by parents, etc It is not illegal to break promises but it"s not the right thing to do as it affects the value of the trust and social capital. One has the right to cheat the partner in a clandestine manner in a relationship but it"s not the right thing to do. One has the right to consume goods but it"s not the right thing to practice consumerism which can lead to problems like climate change, global warming, poverty, etc You have the right to moonlight but it"s not the right thing to do as loyalty and integrity are compromised and it"s not corporate culture etc. However, due to absence of the law, it creates the dilemma that it is ethical or unethical. Moral decisions are only ever made after weighing all options, including personal beliefs. Ethical decisions require self-reflection and introspection while keeping morals in mind. As these principles often conflict with each other, both sides must be taken into consideration and weighed carefully before deciding which is more important in the given circumstance. In many cases, the outcome depends on the person and their ideals, but ethics still provides guidelines for differentiating between what is permissible to do from what should be done. For instance, morality would dictate that one should not steal money from someone else if he or she knows it belongs to them, yet legality might state otherwise. While following through with illegal or immoral actions without a second thought may be tempting, many people find themselves suffering from mental anguish years down the line. Some things could happen as a result of these negative outcomes that cannot easily be forgiven; so one should never lose sight of integrity. While doing what you know is wrong may seem like a small thing at the moment, it can lead to severe consequences down the road. Making an ethically sound decision is difficult, but it is also necessary. Every day we are faced with countless opportunities to follow the path that seems easiest and best or to commit to what we believe is right. We should not be afraid of taking responsibility and standing up for what we believe in. We all have a moral compass that guides us and helps to point us in the direction of what we should do, but sometimes it’s hard to listen to it. It is worth listening to it and trusting that our intuition is telling us something good. Injustice across the world is not just due to the people doing injustice but it is mainly due to the bystanders and people who are tolerating injustice. Thus it is the right of the people not to interfere but ethics tells us that it is right things to interfere wherever injustice is being done. Thus it becomes very important not only to follow what is your right to do but also what is right to do to make an egalitarian society. In this direction of socialization, the agency of socialization and rational thinking is very necessary. Thus ethics should be built up from the very childhood as it will only way to lead a self-developed/evolved egalitarian society.
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##Question:Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have the right to do and what is right to do. Do you agree with the statement? If yes, give examples. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the explanation of the statement. Then explain the meaning of Ethics with examples, and link it with the quote. Bring the equation of ethical-legal, ethical-illegal, unethical-legal, and unethical-illegal. Conclude accordingly. Answer In general, ethics is nothing but the standard or norms of behavior, conduct, and decisions making. in modern times law is equated with ethics as the underlying principle of any law is ethics which is socially accepted, rationally justified, and judicially enforced. However, ethics is still bigger than Law. Doing something might be legal or might not be illegal and one is not barred from exercising the right but that also creates a dilemma as what is legal or what is not illegal can be unethical if such behavior or conduct affects society and others. The statement conveys the idea that while everyone has the right to do whatever they want with themselves, it isn’t always right to do so, especially when those actions could negatively impact themselves in the long term, others, or society as a whole. Ethics involves knowing how far you can take your rights before they cross into what’s considered wrong. Thus here we need to consider the actions that are ethical and legal as well. According to this ethical dilemma, there is an identifiable discrepancy. What one has a right to do does not always equate with what would be considered moral or just. This means many times ethical action could be illegal also. We can understand these differences between what you have the right to do and what is right to do with Ethical-legal, ethical-illegal, Unethical-legal, unethical-illegal equation One has the Right not to donate from private wealth but donating is the right thing to do. For example, philanthropy is over and above CSR obligation. Under the right to liberty and choice, one might have the right to die by suicide but it"s not the right thing to do as it violates the basic premise that those rights are given to develop one"s personality to the fullest extent possible, also affects the trust posed by parents, etc It is not illegal to break promises but it"s not the right thing to do as it affects the value of the trust and social capital. One has the right to cheat the partner in a clandestine manner in a relationship but it"s not the right thing to do. One has the right to consume goods but it"s not the right thing to practice consumerism which can lead to problems like climate change, global warming, poverty, etc You have the right to moonlight but it"s not the right thing to do as loyalty and integrity are compromised and it"s not corporate culture etc. However, due to absence of the law, it creates the dilemma that it is ethical or unethical. Moral decisions are only ever made after weighing all options, including personal beliefs. Ethical decisions require self-reflection and introspection while keeping morals in mind. As these principles often conflict with each other, both sides must be taken into consideration and weighed carefully before deciding which is more important in the given circumstance. In many cases, the outcome depends on the person and their ideals, but ethics still provides guidelines for differentiating between what is permissible to do from what should be done. For instance, morality would dictate that one should not steal money from someone else if he or she knows it belongs to them, yet legality might state otherwise. While following through with illegal or immoral actions without a second thought may be tempting, many people find themselves suffering from mental anguish years down the line. Some things could happen as a result of these negative outcomes that cannot easily be forgiven; so one should never lose sight of integrity. While doing what you know is wrong may seem like a small thing at the moment, it can lead to severe consequences down the road. Making an ethically sound decision is difficult, but it is also necessary. Every day we are faced with countless opportunities to follow the path that seems easiest and best or to commit to what we believe is right. We should not be afraid of taking responsibility and standing up for what we believe in. We all have a moral compass that guides us and helps to point us in the direction of what we should do, but sometimes it’s hard to listen to it. It is worth listening to it and trusting that our intuition is telling us something good. Injustice across the world is not just due to the people doing injustice but it is mainly due to the bystanders and people who are tolerating injustice. Thus it is the right of the people not to interfere but ethics tells us that it is right things to interfere wherever injustice is being done. Thus it becomes very important not only to follow what is your right to do but also what is right to do to make an egalitarian society. In this direction of socialization, the agency of socialization and rational thinking is very necessary. Thus ethics should be built up from the very childhood as it will only way to lead a self-developed/evolved egalitarian society.
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Explain the role of Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the Indian monsoon. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)
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Approach: Briefly define ITCZ. Howe ITCZ shifts over the Indian subcontinent. How it explains the shifting of trade winds. Answer: Role of ITCZ in India monsoon: In July month ITCZ crosses the Tropic of Cancer in the Indian Subcontinent. As per this explanation, the ITCZ during the Indian Summer season shifts up to the southern foothills of the Himalayas, because of ITCZ is the zone of convergence of trade winds, hence, as per the summer season diagram, the trade winds also shift up to the ITCZ. ITCZ crossing equator: Hence, the South Easterly trade winds of the Southern Hemisphere, cross the equator, and due to the Coriolis Force in Northern Hemisphere, these trade winds bend towards the right, i.e. towards the east. Hence, move like Southwest monsoon winds, also known as summer monsoon over India. South West trade winds moving over the western North Indian Ocean pick moisture from this region, as cause the summer monsoon rain, over the Indian Subcontinent, up to the Southern Foothills of the Himalayas. Shifting during the onset of winters: During the onset of winter in the Northern Hemisphere (October to December), the sun shifts towards the Tropic of Capricorn, hence the ITCZ also shifts towards the Tropic of Capricorn. And hence over the northern parts of Australia. Thus, ITCZ plays an important role in the Indian climate and influences the weather conditions in India.
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##Question:Explain the role of Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the Indian monsoon. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Briefly define ITCZ. Howe ITCZ shifts over the Indian subcontinent. How it explains the shifting of trade winds. Answer: Role of ITCZ in India monsoon: In July month ITCZ crosses the Tropic of Cancer in the Indian Subcontinent. As per this explanation, the ITCZ during the Indian Summer season shifts up to the southern foothills of the Himalayas, because of ITCZ is the zone of convergence of trade winds, hence, as per the summer season diagram, the trade winds also shift up to the ITCZ. ITCZ crossing equator: Hence, the South Easterly trade winds of the Southern Hemisphere, cross the equator, and due to the Coriolis Force in Northern Hemisphere, these trade winds bend towards the right, i.e. towards the east. Hence, move like Southwest monsoon winds, also known as summer monsoon over India. South West trade winds moving over the western North Indian Ocean pick moisture from this region, as cause the summer monsoon rain, over the Indian Subcontinent, up to the Southern Foothills of the Himalayas. Shifting during the onset of winters: During the onset of winter in the Northern Hemisphere (October to December), the sun shifts towards the Tropic of Capricorn, hence the ITCZ also shifts towards the Tropic of Capricorn. And hence over the northern parts of Australia. Thus, ITCZ plays an important role in the Indian climate and influences the weather conditions in India.
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What do you understand by the BASEL Norms? Elaborate on the major developments under the BASEL Norms and the experience of their implementation in India. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach Introduce with the explanation of the BASEL Norms. Then bring three BASEL Norms with their major provisions. Then discuss the implementation scenario in the Indian context. Conclude accordingly. Answer BASEL Norm refers to those at the international level to be observed by every central bank to ensure a better banking ecosystem in their respective countries. In the 1920s, as the importance of the central bank increased. In the 1930s, the bank of international settlement was introduced. In 1974, some of the central banks (10 banks) advocated that there should be a banking supervisory committee which finally presented the set of guidelines in 1986 to be known as the BASEL Norms. Since then following three BASEL norms have been introduced. These BASEL norms are not mandatory, the BASEL committee having “A regulatory consistency assessment programme” to identify which central bank is observing BASEL Norms and to what extent. BASEL I In this BASEL Norms following two things were highlighted. The first central bank must ensure that their policies and regulations treat depositors" interests as paramount. They should maintain certain capital against the asset in tier I which should/may work as a shock absorber whenever NPAs are there. This capital must be calculated by considering the risk-weighted asset to be called as Capital to Risk-Weighted Asset Ratio (CRAR). For example, as the risks may be higher in personal loans and credit card loans than in home loans. Accordingly, the value should be adjusted in CRAR. BASEL II In this BASEL guideline, Capital to Risk-Weighted Asset Ratio (CRAR) in addition to two more things was added. First is that every central bank must ensure that their banks are disclosing the risk associated. Second, what will be the financial roadmap and actions to correct the situation? (Following this guideline RBI started the Financial Stability Report). BASEL III This BASEL III was supposed to come in 2008 but due to the subprime crisis, it was introduced in 2011. This BASEL III highlights the following three pillars: There should be adequate capital and liquidity in the banking ecosystem. There must be sector-wise supervision. (That means across the economic sector as well as the across the financial institution). To have a better financial discipline to in classifications of assets that is known as the prudential norms. A long with necessary frameworks for the risk mitigations. These three objects can be achieved in the following ways In terms of capital within that Capital to Risk-Weighted Asset Ratio (CRAR) should be 9% and above, and Capital Conservation Ratio (CCR) 2.5%. This CRAR and CCR are mandatory. Counter-Cyclic Capital Buffer: It is discretionary for the countries and refers to the capital buffer that they should maintain with the counter-cyclic approach. (Counter cyclic approach refers to that approach where going counter to the economic cycle capital is used i.e. whenever the economic cycle is going fast rather than giving risky loans bank should make some capital buffer which can be used when the economy is going through a meltdown and recession. In terms of liquidity: In terms of liquidity, there should be a Liquidity Coverage ratio or LCR. This LCR refers to the ratio of available high-quality liquidity in form of the cash and security with the banks with respect to their 30 days of cash withdrawal. For example, if from a bank A 100 Rs is withdrawn in 30 days and the bank keeps 100 Rs in the form of high-quality liquidity we can say the liquidity coverage ratio is 100%. In terms of funding: BASEL III highlights that there should be enough stable funds. A Stable fund is a fund that is performing even when other investments are not doing well. Net stable funding ratio refers to the availability of enough of stable funds to meet the requirements of one year. In terms of leverage and financial discipline: There should be proper balance with the financial institutions in terms of assets equity and investment. India’s Experience with BASEL Norm Indian banks are currently struggling with a capital shortage. Banks" balance sheets display negative figures due to the NPA problem. The result is that the level of investment that should be in the economy is not being achieved. Along with this, opacity in the operations of banks also remains a problem. Basel standards can be helpful as a solution to these problems. It can be understood as: The capital adequacy ratio under Basel standards, that is the minimum limit, will help banks to deal with contingency situations. The 2% increase in Tier 3 capital under Basel 3 ensures the minimum capital requirement. The leverage ratio represents the debt-to-asset ratio of banks. This information sets the limits for loan disbursements that will help reduce NPAs. Liquidity is a tough challenge for Indian banks. The increase in Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital is a positive step by customers to meet the growth in their demand deposits. Since 2019, India was supposed to follow the BASEL Norms but as of now, we are doing it partially. Thus Reserve Bank of India should try to enforce the BASEL norms with other supplementary provisions such as Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) with enhancing banking prudential to make the Indian banking system more healthy and sustainable to cater to the multi-pronged role of the banking system in the Indian economy.
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##Question:What do you understand by the BASEL Norms? Elaborate on the major developments under the BASEL Norms and the experience of their implementation in India. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the explanation of the BASEL Norms. Then bring three BASEL Norms with their major provisions. Then discuss the implementation scenario in the Indian context. Conclude accordingly. Answer BASEL Norm refers to those at the international level to be observed by every central bank to ensure a better banking ecosystem in their respective countries. In the 1920s, as the importance of the central bank increased. In the 1930s, the bank of international settlement was introduced. In 1974, some of the central banks (10 banks) advocated that there should be a banking supervisory committee which finally presented the set of guidelines in 1986 to be known as the BASEL Norms. Since then following three BASEL norms have been introduced. These BASEL norms are not mandatory, the BASEL committee having “A regulatory consistency assessment programme” to identify which central bank is observing BASEL Norms and to what extent. BASEL I In this BASEL Norms following two things were highlighted. The first central bank must ensure that their policies and regulations treat depositors" interests as paramount. They should maintain certain capital against the asset in tier I which should/may work as a shock absorber whenever NPAs are there. This capital must be calculated by considering the risk-weighted asset to be called as Capital to Risk-Weighted Asset Ratio (CRAR). For example, as the risks may be higher in personal loans and credit card loans than in home loans. Accordingly, the value should be adjusted in CRAR. BASEL II In this BASEL guideline, Capital to Risk-Weighted Asset Ratio (CRAR) in addition to two more things was added. First is that every central bank must ensure that their banks are disclosing the risk associated. Second, what will be the financial roadmap and actions to correct the situation? (Following this guideline RBI started the Financial Stability Report). BASEL III This BASEL III was supposed to come in 2008 but due to the subprime crisis, it was introduced in 2011. This BASEL III highlights the following three pillars: There should be adequate capital and liquidity in the banking ecosystem. There must be sector-wise supervision. (That means across the economic sector as well as the across the financial institution). To have a better financial discipline to in classifications of assets that is known as the prudential norms. A long with necessary frameworks for the risk mitigations. These three objects can be achieved in the following ways In terms of capital within that Capital to Risk-Weighted Asset Ratio (CRAR) should be 9% and above, and Capital Conservation Ratio (CCR) 2.5%. This CRAR and CCR are mandatory. Counter-Cyclic Capital Buffer: It is discretionary for the countries and refers to the capital buffer that they should maintain with the counter-cyclic approach. (Counter cyclic approach refers to that approach where going counter to the economic cycle capital is used i.e. whenever the economic cycle is going fast rather than giving risky loans bank should make some capital buffer which can be used when the economy is going through a meltdown and recession. In terms of liquidity: In terms of liquidity, there should be a Liquidity Coverage ratio or LCR. This LCR refers to the ratio of available high-quality liquidity in form of the cash and security with the banks with respect to their 30 days of cash withdrawal. For example, if from a bank A 100 Rs is withdrawn in 30 days and the bank keeps 100 Rs in the form of high-quality liquidity we can say the liquidity coverage ratio is 100%. In terms of funding: BASEL III highlights that there should be enough stable funds. A Stable fund is a fund that is performing even when other investments are not doing well. Net stable funding ratio refers to the availability of enough of stable funds to meet the requirements of one year. In terms of leverage and financial discipline: There should be proper balance with the financial institutions in terms of assets equity and investment. India’s Experience with BASEL Norm Indian banks are currently struggling with a capital shortage. Banks" balance sheets display negative figures due to the NPA problem. The result is that the level of investment that should be in the economy is not being achieved. Along with this, opacity in the operations of banks also remains a problem. Basel standards can be helpful as a solution to these problems. It can be understood as: The capital adequacy ratio under Basel standards, that is the minimum limit, will help banks to deal with contingency situations. The 2% increase in Tier 3 capital under Basel 3 ensures the minimum capital requirement. The leverage ratio represents the debt-to-asset ratio of banks. This information sets the limits for loan disbursements that will help reduce NPAs. Liquidity is a tough challenge for Indian banks. The increase in Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital is a positive step by customers to meet the growth in their demand deposits. Since 2019, India was supposed to follow the BASEL Norms but as of now, we are doing it partially. Thus Reserve Bank of India should try to enforce the BASEL norms with other supplementary provisions such as Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) with enhancing banking prudential to make the Indian banking system more healthy and sustainable to cater to the multi-pronged role of the banking system in the Indian economy.
| 83,459
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What is India’s Refugee Policy? Why Hasn’t India Framed a Law on Refugees Yet? Also, discuss the Need for a law on Refugees. (10 marks/150 words)
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APPROACH : Briefly Introduce by explaining India"s Refugee Policy. Give reasons India has not yet framed a law on Refugees. Discuss the need for a law on Refugees. Conclude Accordingly. ANSWER- India has witnessed an inflow of refugees from many neighboring countries. The refugee issue poses a problem for the state as it puts an economic burden, may trigger demographic changes in the long term, and poses security risks as well. However, taking care of refugees is the core component of the human rights paradigm. Further, in any case, refugee flows to India are unlikely to end any time soon given the geopolitical, economic, ethnic, and religious contexts of the region. India"s Refugee Policy- India lacks specific legislation to address the problem of refugees, in spite of their increasing inflow. The Foreigners Act, of 1946, fails to address the peculiar problems faced by refugees as a class. It also gives unbridled power to the Central government to deport any foreign citizen. Further, the Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019 (CAA) strikingly excludes Muslims from its purview and seeks to provide citizenship only to Hindu, Christian, Jain, Parsi, Sikh, and Buddhist immigrants persecuted in Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Moreover, India is not a party to the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol, the key legal documents pertaining to refugee protection. In spite of not being a party to the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol, India has had a stellar record on the issue of refugee protection. India has a moral tradition of assimilating foreign people and cultures. Further, the constitution of India also respects the life, liberty, and dignity of human beings.The Supreme Court in the National Human Rights Commission vs. State of Arunachal Pradesh (1996) held that “while all rights are available to citizens, persons including foreign citizens are entitled to the right to equality and the right to life, among others.” Reasons India has not yet framed a law on Refugees- 1) Geo-strategic reasons- Hostile nature of neighbors and instances of civil unrest among our neighbors. we deliberately do not have a clear refugee policy, to adopt a tailored made or customized approach to this issue. 2) It is difficult to identify/distinguish refugees and illegal immigrants. 3) Economic cost 4) security concerns- it is difficult to distinguish between refugees and non-state violent actors- like terrorists 5) Open scope for manoeuver- The absence of legislation on refugee enable the country to have a custom-made approach toward refugees. 6) Pessimism - Because we do not know the repercussions or the cost of such a policy. In spite of not being a party to the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol, India has been one of the largest recipients of refugees in the world. However, if India had domestic legislation regarding refugees, it could have deterred any oppressive government in the neighborhood to persecute their population and make them flee to India.
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##Question:What is India’s Refugee Policy? Why Hasn’t India Framed a Law on Refugees Yet? Also, discuss the Need for a law on Refugees. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:APPROACH : Briefly Introduce by explaining India"s Refugee Policy. Give reasons India has not yet framed a law on Refugees. Discuss the need for a law on Refugees. Conclude Accordingly. ANSWER- India has witnessed an inflow of refugees from many neighboring countries. The refugee issue poses a problem for the state as it puts an economic burden, may trigger demographic changes in the long term, and poses security risks as well. However, taking care of refugees is the core component of the human rights paradigm. Further, in any case, refugee flows to India are unlikely to end any time soon given the geopolitical, economic, ethnic, and religious contexts of the region. India"s Refugee Policy- India lacks specific legislation to address the problem of refugees, in spite of their increasing inflow. The Foreigners Act, of 1946, fails to address the peculiar problems faced by refugees as a class. It also gives unbridled power to the Central government to deport any foreign citizen. Further, the Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019 (CAA) strikingly excludes Muslims from its purview and seeks to provide citizenship only to Hindu, Christian, Jain, Parsi, Sikh, and Buddhist immigrants persecuted in Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Moreover, India is not a party to the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol, the key legal documents pertaining to refugee protection. In spite of not being a party to the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol, India has had a stellar record on the issue of refugee protection. India has a moral tradition of assimilating foreign people and cultures. Further, the constitution of India also respects the life, liberty, and dignity of human beings.The Supreme Court in the National Human Rights Commission vs. State of Arunachal Pradesh (1996) held that “while all rights are available to citizens, persons including foreign citizens are entitled to the right to equality and the right to life, among others.” Reasons India has not yet framed a law on Refugees- 1) Geo-strategic reasons- Hostile nature of neighbors and instances of civil unrest among our neighbors. we deliberately do not have a clear refugee policy, to adopt a tailored made or customized approach to this issue. 2) It is difficult to identify/distinguish refugees and illegal immigrants. 3) Economic cost 4) security concerns- it is difficult to distinguish between refugees and non-state violent actors- like terrorists 5) Open scope for manoeuver- The absence of legislation on refugee enable the country to have a custom-made approach toward refugees. 6) Pessimism - Because we do not know the repercussions or the cost of such a policy. In spite of not being a party to the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol, India has been one of the largest recipients of refugees in the world. However, if India had domestic legislation regarding refugees, it could have deterred any oppressive government in the neighborhood to persecute their population and make them flee to India.
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Lack of development leads to extremism and Extremism further fuels underdevelopment. In this context show the linkages between development and extremism. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach:- In the introduction, start with the definition of extremism In the body part, mention how lack of development leads to extremism Then show how extremism leads to underdevelopment Conclude accordingly Answer:- Extremism means ideas, ways, and means to achieve something beyond established norms of the society that may also violate common morale and standards. Lack of development is the victim of extremism as well as the perpetrator of extremism The absence of development can lead to extremism Historical failures - Improper implementation of Land reforms/ Improper distribution of means of livelihood [Leading to Naxalism, extremism] Administrative issues - Forceful Displacement/ eviction of the indigenous population/tribals due to the establishment of infrastructure development. Governance-related issues- Being part of mainstream society, they are denied Justice/ Denial of access to Justice Corruption, Bureaucratic apathy, and Bureaucratic inertia also lead to extremism Crony capitalism, the Nexus of Businessman-Bureaucrat-Politicians sometime leads to extremist tendencies Access to Basic Civic amenities/essential basic services such as health, education, transport, etc Security issues- High-handedness of security agencies such as AFSPA Demographic issues - Illegal migration leading to the insurgency Extremism fuels further underdevelopment Poor law and order situation will further lead to poor economic activity For example- hampering trade and commerce, Investment, and tourism. Not getting access to the latest technology and other best practices from the rest of the world leads to underdevelopment This further lead to the isolation of youth and de-stabilization of public life in that region For example- frequent curfew or the disruption of mobile or internet connectivity The heavy presence of security personnel induces anxiety and fear among the masses Poor performance on Human development indices such as health, education, and overall per capita income. This leads to the diversion of funds from welfare to security purposes, and this will further lead to underdevelopment This leads to the Absence of poor presence of agents of development. The prevalence of extremism also leads to the destruction of physical infrastructure such as roads, rail, mobile towers, etc. Case study Malkangiri district in Odisha was facing the worst condition. In 2011, they abducted the DM. But since then the condition has improved due to the initiative "Swabhiman Anchal". In 2020, they got road and bus services. In 2022, they got the first panchayat election in the last 15 years. Violence will always beget more violence. Superior use of force in isolation can not be an effective answer to such situations. Government must look at the root cause of extremism and the judicious use of force along with development should form the response of the government.
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##Question:Lack of development leads to extremism and Extremism further fuels underdevelopment. In this context show the linkages between development and extremism. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, start with the definition of extremism In the body part, mention how lack of development leads to extremism Then show how extremism leads to underdevelopment Conclude accordingly Answer:- Extremism means ideas, ways, and means to achieve something beyond established norms of the society that may also violate common morale and standards. Lack of development is the victim of extremism as well as the perpetrator of extremism The absence of development can lead to extremism Historical failures - Improper implementation of Land reforms/ Improper distribution of means of livelihood [Leading to Naxalism, extremism] Administrative issues - Forceful Displacement/ eviction of the indigenous population/tribals due to the establishment of infrastructure development. Governance-related issues- Being part of mainstream society, they are denied Justice/ Denial of access to Justice Corruption, Bureaucratic apathy, and Bureaucratic inertia also lead to extremism Crony capitalism, the Nexus of Businessman-Bureaucrat-Politicians sometime leads to extremist tendencies Access to Basic Civic amenities/essential basic services such as health, education, transport, etc Security issues- High-handedness of security agencies such as AFSPA Demographic issues - Illegal migration leading to the insurgency Extremism fuels further underdevelopment Poor law and order situation will further lead to poor economic activity For example- hampering trade and commerce, Investment, and tourism. Not getting access to the latest technology and other best practices from the rest of the world leads to underdevelopment This further lead to the isolation of youth and de-stabilization of public life in that region For example- frequent curfew or the disruption of mobile or internet connectivity The heavy presence of security personnel induces anxiety and fear among the masses Poor performance on Human development indices such as health, education, and overall per capita income. This leads to the diversion of funds from welfare to security purposes, and this will further lead to underdevelopment This leads to the Absence of poor presence of agents of development. The prevalence of extremism also leads to the destruction of physical infrastructure such as roads, rail, mobile towers, etc. Case study Malkangiri district in Odisha was facing the worst condition. In 2011, they abducted the DM. But since then the condition has improved due to the initiative "Swabhiman Anchal". In 2020, they got road and bus services. In 2022, they got the first panchayat election in the last 15 years. Violence will always beget more violence. Superior use of force in isolation can not be an effective answer to such situations. Government must look at the root cause of extremism and the judicious use of force along with development should form the response of the government.
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Lack of development leads to extremism and Extremism further fuels underdevelopment. In this context show the linkages between development and extremism. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach:- In the introduction, start with the definition of extremism In the body part, mention how lack of development leads to extremism Then show how extremism leads to underdevelopment Conclude accordingly Answer:- Extremism means ideas, ways, and means to achieve something beyond established norms of the society that may also violate common morale and standards. Lack of development is the victim of extremism as well as the perpetrator of extremism The absence of development can lead to extremism Historical failures - Improper implementation of Land reforms/ Improper distribution of means of livelihood [Leading to Naxalism, extremism] Administrative issues- Forceful Displacement/ eviction of the indigenous population/tribals due to the establishment of infrastructure development. Governance-related issues- Being part of mainstream society, they are denied Justice/ Denial of access to Justice Corruption, Bureaucratic apathy, and Bureaucratic inertia also lead to extremism Crony capitalism, Nexus of Businessman-Bureaucrat-Politicians sometime leads to extremist tendencies Access to Basic Civic amenities/essential basic services such as health, education, transport, etc Security issues- High-handedness of security agencies such as AFSPA Demographic issues- Illegal migration leading to the insurgency Extremism fuels further underdevelopment Poor law and order situation which will further lead to poor economic activity For example- hampering trade and commerce, Investment, and tourism. Not getting access to the latest technology and other best practices from the rest of the world leads to underdevelopment This further lead to the isolation of youth and de-stabilization of public life in that region For example- frequent curfew or the disruption of mobile or internet connectivity Heavy presence of security personnel induces anxiety and fear among the masses Poor performance on Human development indices such as health, education, and overall per capita income. This lead to the diversion of funds from welfare to security purposes, and this will further lead to underdevelopment This leads to the Absence of poor presence of agents of development. Prevalence of extremism also leads to the destruction of physical infrastructure such as roads, rail, mobile towers, etc. Case study Malkangiri district in Odisha was facing the worst condition. In 2011, they abducted the DM. But since then the condition has improved due to the initiative "Swabhiman Anchal". In 2020, they got road and bus services. In 2022, they got the first panchayat election in the last 15 years. Violence will always beget more violence. Superior use of force in isolation can not be an effective answer to such situations. Government must look at the root cause of extremism and the judicious use of force along with development should form the response of the government.
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##Question:Lack of development leads to extremism and Extremism further fuels underdevelopment. In this context show the linkages between development and extremism. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, start with the definition of extremism In the body part, mention how lack of development leads to extremism Then show how extremism leads to underdevelopment Conclude accordingly Answer:- Extremism means ideas, ways, and means to achieve something beyond established norms of the society that may also violate common morale and standards. Lack of development is the victim of extremism as well as the perpetrator of extremism The absence of development can lead to extremism Historical failures - Improper implementation of Land reforms/ Improper distribution of means of livelihood [Leading to Naxalism, extremism] Administrative issues- Forceful Displacement/ eviction of the indigenous population/tribals due to the establishment of infrastructure development. Governance-related issues- Being part of mainstream society, they are denied Justice/ Denial of access to Justice Corruption, Bureaucratic apathy, and Bureaucratic inertia also lead to extremism Crony capitalism, Nexus of Businessman-Bureaucrat-Politicians sometime leads to extremist tendencies Access to Basic Civic amenities/essential basic services such as health, education, transport, etc Security issues- High-handedness of security agencies such as AFSPA Demographic issues- Illegal migration leading to the insurgency Extremism fuels further underdevelopment Poor law and order situation which will further lead to poor economic activity For example- hampering trade and commerce, Investment, and tourism. Not getting access to the latest technology and other best practices from the rest of the world leads to underdevelopment This further lead to the isolation of youth and de-stabilization of public life in that region For example- frequent curfew or the disruption of mobile or internet connectivity Heavy presence of security personnel induces anxiety and fear among the masses Poor performance on Human development indices such as health, education, and overall per capita income. This lead to the diversion of funds from welfare to security purposes, and this will further lead to underdevelopment This leads to the Absence of poor presence of agents of development. Prevalence of extremism also leads to the destruction of physical infrastructure such as roads, rail, mobile towers, etc. Case study Malkangiri district in Odisha was facing the worst condition. In 2011, they abducted the DM. But since then the condition has improved due to the initiative "Swabhiman Anchal". In 2020, they got road and bus services. In 2022, they got the first panchayat election in the last 15 years. Violence will always beget more violence. Superior use of force in isolation can not be an effective answer to such situations. Government must look at the root cause of extremism and the judicious use of force along with development should form the response of the government.
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Underline the importance of Regional Rural banks in the Indian economy. Along with this, clarify the changes made in the Regional Rural Banks (Amendment) Act 2014 and their benefits. (10 Marks, 150 to 200 words)
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Approach- 1- Introducing the Regional Rural Banks in their role, explain the background of their establishment. 2- In the first part, underline the importance of regional rural banks in the economy. 3- In the second part, explaining the changes made in the Regional Rural Banks (Amendment) Act 2014, explain their benefits. 4- Conclude by stating the changes in the last as positive Regional rural banks established through the Regional Rural Banks Act 1976 are special types of commercial banks that provide loans (concession) to the agriculture and rural sector. Their objective is to provide credit and other facilities to small and marginal farmers, agricultural laborers, artisans, and small entrepreneurs in rural areas. Central Government (50%) State Government (15%) in their establishment and arrangement of operating capital and a sponsoring public sector bank (35%). Regional Rural Bank is a local-level banking organization that does banking work in various states of India. These were established mainly for the expansion of basic banking and financial services and financial inclusion in the rural areas of India. The expansion of financial services in rural areas has been a topic of discussion since the very beginning. Prior to the establishment of Regional Rural Banks, institutions established for rural finance could not achieve substantial success due to limitations such as unprofessional management, political interference, limited funds, lack of standardization of management, and regulatory plurality. Hence the idea was to set up Regional Rural Banks with professional management, a clear structure, and a wide corpus like commercial banks. As a result of this, the Regional Rural Banks Act 1976 was brought. Importance of Regional Rural Banks in the Economy The main objective of Regional Rural Banks is financial inclusion and thus economic-social development. Regional Rural Banks, seen as junior financial institutions, have since their inception and become an inseparable part of the rural credit structure by taking deep roots in it. Moneylenders present in rural areas provide credit at very high rates of interest. Whereas Regional Rural Banks, on the one hand, save the citizens from these moneylenders, on the other hand, they provide loans at cheap interest. These villagers provide alternative credit arrangements by limiting the traditional exploitative credit institutions and ensuring access to institutional finance in the rural area, thereby preventing exploitation of the villagers. Thus regional rural banks contribute to rural development. Their business size has also been significantly larger than they have with wide geographic coverage. It is to be noted that commercial banks are oriented only towards profitable sectors. Regional Rural Banks have a wide network of branches, through this, Regional Rural Banks play an important role in the economy by fulfilling the objectives of expansion of banking activities in unbanked rural areas, mobility of rural savings, financial literacy and financial inclusion etc. Changes made in RRB Act 2014 and their benefits The authorized capital required for the establishment of Regional Rural Banks, which was 5 crores till now, has been increased to 2 thousand crores by the Regional Rural Banks Amendment Act 2014. With this, Regional Rural Banks will be able to play their role in financial activities with wide corpus. With the increase in the size of the fund, the credit flow to the rural areas will increase, which will make the development of the rural economy possible. According to the Amendment Act, now their share capital can also be invested by the private sector and they can issue IPO to the public. With this, the capital base will be widened, along with this, regional rural banks will also get the benefit of professional management of the private sector. There is also a possibility of creating a competitive environment in regional rural banks due to private capital. There is a provision in the Act that the share capital of the central government and sponsor PSB in any regional rural bank should be at least 51%. With this, the central government and the sponsor bank will continue to play a major role in the management of regional rural banks. With this, public monitoring will be maintained on these institutions and protection of rural savings will also be possible. It is clear from the above points that the changes made in the mandate of Regional Rural Banks through the Regional Rural Banks Amendment Act, 2014 will be helpful in expanding their business activities as well as in building a wider capital base. Due to these changes, there will be efficiency in the management of RRBs so that they will be able to play their role in the economy in a better way.
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##Question:Underline the importance of Regional Rural banks in the Indian economy. Along with this, clarify the changes made in the Regional Rural Banks (Amendment) Act 2014 and their benefits. (10 Marks, 150 to 200 words)##Answer:Approach- 1- Introducing the Regional Rural Banks in their role, explain the background of their establishment. 2- In the first part, underline the importance of regional rural banks in the economy. 3- In the second part, explaining the changes made in the Regional Rural Banks (Amendment) Act 2014, explain their benefits. 4- Conclude by stating the changes in the last as positive Regional rural banks established through the Regional Rural Banks Act 1976 are special types of commercial banks that provide loans (concession) to the agriculture and rural sector. Their objective is to provide credit and other facilities to small and marginal farmers, agricultural laborers, artisans, and small entrepreneurs in rural areas. Central Government (50%) State Government (15%) in their establishment and arrangement of operating capital and a sponsoring public sector bank (35%). Regional Rural Bank is a local-level banking organization that does banking work in various states of India. These were established mainly for the expansion of basic banking and financial services and financial inclusion in the rural areas of India. The expansion of financial services in rural areas has been a topic of discussion since the very beginning. Prior to the establishment of Regional Rural Banks, institutions established for rural finance could not achieve substantial success due to limitations such as unprofessional management, political interference, limited funds, lack of standardization of management, and regulatory plurality. Hence the idea was to set up Regional Rural Banks with professional management, a clear structure, and a wide corpus like commercial banks. As a result of this, the Regional Rural Banks Act 1976 was brought. Importance of Regional Rural Banks in the Economy The main objective of Regional Rural Banks is financial inclusion and thus economic-social development. Regional Rural Banks, seen as junior financial institutions, have since their inception and become an inseparable part of the rural credit structure by taking deep roots in it. Moneylenders present in rural areas provide credit at very high rates of interest. Whereas Regional Rural Banks, on the one hand, save the citizens from these moneylenders, on the other hand, they provide loans at cheap interest. These villagers provide alternative credit arrangements by limiting the traditional exploitative credit institutions and ensuring access to institutional finance in the rural area, thereby preventing exploitation of the villagers. Thus regional rural banks contribute to rural development. Their business size has also been significantly larger than they have with wide geographic coverage. It is to be noted that commercial banks are oriented only towards profitable sectors. Regional Rural Banks have a wide network of branches, through this, Regional Rural Banks play an important role in the economy by fulfilling the objectives of expansion of banking activities in unbanked rural areas, mobility of rural savings, financial literacy and financial inclusion etc. Changes made in RRB Act 2014 and their benefits The authorized capital required for the establishment of Regional Rural Banks, which was 5 crores till now, has been increased to 2 thousand crores by the Regional Rural Banks Amendment Act 2014. With this, Regional Rural Banks will be able to play their role in financial activities with wide corpus. With the increase in the size of the fund, the credit flow to the rural areas will increase, which will make the development of the rural economy possible. According to the Amendment Act, now their share capital can also be invested by the private sector and they can issue IPO to the public. With this, the capital base will be widened, along with this, regional rural banks will also get the benefit of professional management of the private sector. There is also a possibility of creating a competitive environment in regional rural banks due to private capital. There is a provision in the Act that the share capital of the central government and sponsor PSB in any regional rural bank should be at least 51%. With this, the central government and the sponsor bank will continue to play a major role in the management of regional rural banks. With this, public monitoring will be maintained on these institutions and protection of rural savings will also be possible. It is clear from the above points that the changes made in the mandate of Regional Rural Banks through the Regional Rural Banks Amendment Act, 2014 will be helpful in expanding their business activities as well as in building a wider capital base. Due to these changes, there will be efficiency in the management of RRBs so that they will be able to play their role in the economy in a better way.
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Underline the importance of Regional Rural banks in the Indian economy. Along with this, clarify the changes made in the Regional Rural Banks (Amendment) Act 2014 and their benefits. (10 Marks, 150 words)
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Approach- 1- Introducing the Regional Rural Banks in their role, and explaining the background of their establishment. 2- In the first part, underline the importance of regional rural banks in the economy. 3- In the second part, explaining the changes made in the Regional Rural Banks (Amendment) Act 2014, explain their benefits. 4- Conclude by stating the changes in the last as positive Answer: Regional rural banks established through the Regional Rural Banks Act 1976 are special types of commercial banks that provide loans (concession) to the agriculture and rural sector. Their objective is to provide credit and other facilities to small and marginal farmers, agricultural laborers, artisans, and small entrepreneurs in rural areas. Central Government (50%) State Government (15%) in their establishment and arrangement of operating capital and a sponsoring public sector bank (35%). Regional Rural Bank is a local-level banking organization that does banking work in various states of India. These were established mainly for the expansion of basic banking and financial services and financial inclusion in the rural areas of India. The expansion of financial services in rural areas has been a topic of discussion since the very beginning. Prior to the establishment of Regional Rural Banks, institutions established for rural finance could not achieve substantial success due to limitations such as unprofessional management, political interference, limited funds, lack of standardization of management, and regulatory plurality. Hence the idea was to set up Regional Rural Banks with professional management, a clear structure, and a wide corpus like commercial banks. As a result of this, the Regional Rural Banks Act 1976 was brought. Importance of Regional Rural Banks in the Economy: The main objective of Regional Rural Banks is financial inclusion and thus economic-social development. Regional Rural Banks, seen as junior financial institutions, have since their inception and become an inseparable part of the rural credit structure by taking deep roots in it. Moneylenders present in rural areas provide credit at very high rates of interest. Whereas Regional Rural Banks, on the one hand, save the citizens from these moneylenders, on the other hand, they provide loans at cheap interest. These villagers provide alternative credit arrangements by limiting the traditional exploitative credit institutions and ensuring access to institutional finance in the rural area, thereby preventing exploitation of the villagers. Thus regional rural banks contribute to rural development. Their business size has also been significantly larger than they have with wide geographic coverage. It is to be noted that commercial banks are oriented only towards profitable sectors. Regional Rural Banks have a wide network of branches, through this, Regional Rural Banks play an important role in the economy by fulfilling the objectives of expansion of banking activities in unbanked rural areas, mobility of rural savings, financial literacy and financial inclusion, etc. Changes made in RRB Act 2014 and their benefits: The authorized capital required for the establishment of Regional Rural Banks, which was 5 crores till now, has been increased to 2 thousand crores by the Regional Rural Banks Amendment Act 2014. With this, Regional Rural Banks will be able to play their role in financial activities with a wide corpus. With the increase in the size of the fund, the credit flow to the rural areas will increase, which will make the development of the rural economy possible. According to the Amendment Act, now their share capital can also be invested by the private sector and they can issue IPO to the public. With this, the capital base will be widened, and along with this, regional rural banks will also get the benefit of professional management of the private sector. There is also a possibility of creating a competitive environment in regional rural banks due to private capital. There is a provision in the Act that the share capital of the central government and sponsor PSB in any regional rural bank should be at least 51%. With this, the central government and the sponsor bank will continue to play a major role in the management of regional rural banks. With this, public monitoring will be maintained on these institutions, and the protection of rural savings will also be possible. A provision has been made in the amendment act that directors will be appointed in Regional Rural Banks only on the basis of participation in the share capital, this will bring the quality of private management in the banks as well as increase participation. It is clear from the above points that the changes made in the mandate of Regional Rural Banks through the Regional Rural Banks Amendment Act, 2014 will be helpful in expanding their business activities as well as in building a wider capital base. Due to these changes, there will be efficiency in the management of RRBs so that they will be able to play their role in the economy in a better way.
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##Question:Underline the importance of Regional Rural banks in the Indian economy. Along with this, clarify the changes made in the Regional Rural Banks (Amendment) Act 2014 and their benefits. (10 Marks, 150 words)##Answer:Approach- 1- Introducing the Regional Rural Banks in their role, and explaining the background of their establishment. 2- In the first part, underline the importance of regional rural banks in the economy. 3- In the second part, explaining the changes made in the Regional Rural Banks (Amendment) Act 2014, explain their benefits. 4- Conclude by stating the changes in the last as positive Answer: Regional rural banks established through the Regional Rural Banks Act 1976 are special types of commercial banks that provide loans (concession) to the agriculture and rural sector. Their objective is to provide credit and other facilities to small and marginal farmers, agricultural laborers, artisans, and small entrepreneurs in rural areas. Central Government (50%) State Government (15%) in their establishment and arrangement of operating capital and a sponsoring public sector bank (35%). Regional Rural Bank is a local-level banking organization that does banking work in various states of India. These were established mainly for the expansion of basic banking and financial services and financial inclusion in the rural areas of India. The expansion of financial services in rural areas has been a topic of discussion since the very beginning. Prior to the establishment of Regional Rural Banks, institutions established for rural finance could not achieve substantial success due to limitations such as unprofessional management, political interference, limited funds, lack of standardization of management, and regulatory plurality. Hence the idea was to set up Regional Rural Banks with professional management, a clear structure, and a wide corpus like commercial banks. As a result of this, the Regional Rural Banks Act 1976 was brought. Importance of Regional Rural Banks in the Economy: The main objective of Regional Rural Banks is financial inclusion and thus economic-social development. Regional Rural Banks, seen as junior financial institutions, have since their inception and become an inseparable part of the rural credit structure by taking deep roots in it. Moneylenders present in rural areas provide credit at very high rates of interest. Whereas Regional Rural Banks, on the one hand, save the citizens from these moneylenders, on the other hand, they provide loans at cheap interest. These villagers provide alternative credit arrangements by limiting the traditional exploitative credit institutions and ensuring access to institutional finance in the rural area, thereby preventing exploitation of the villagers. Thus regional rural banks contribute to rural development. Their business size has also been significantly larger than they have with wide geographic coverage. It is to be noted that commercial banks are oriented only towards profitable sectors. Regional Rural Banks have a wide network of branches, through this, Regional Rural Banks play an important role in the economy by fulfilling the objectives of expansion of banking activities in unbanked rural areas, mobility of rural savings, financial literacy and financial inclusion, etc. Changes made in RRB Act 2014 and their benefits: The authorized capital required for the establishment of Regional Rural Banks, which was 5 crores till now, has been increased to 2 thousand crores by the Regional Rural Banks Amendment Act 2014. With this, Regional Rural Banks will be able to play their role in financial activities with a wide corpus. With the increase in the size of the fund, the credit flow to the rural areas will increase, which will make the development of the rural economy possible. According to the Amendment Act, now their share capital can also be invested by the private sector and they can issue IPO to the public. With this, the capital base will be widened, and along with this, regional rural banks will also get the benefit of professional management of the private sector. There is also a possibility of creating a competitive environment in regional rural banks due to private capital. There is a provision in the Act that the share capital of the central government and sponsor PSB in any regional rural bank should be at least 51%. With this, the central government and the sponsor bank will continue to play a major role in the management of regional rural banks. With this, public monitoring will be maintained on these institutions, and the protection of rural savings will also be possible. A provision has been made in the amendment act that directors will be appointed in Regional Rural Banks only on the basis of participation in the share capital, this will bring the quality of private management in the banks as well as increase participation. It is clear from the above points that the changes made in the mandate of Regional Rural Banks through the Regional Rural Banks Amendment Act, 2014 will be helpful in expanding their business activities as well as in building a wider capital base. Due to these changes, there will be efficiency in the management of RRBs so that they will be able to play their role in the economy in a better way.
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The question of India"s energy security constitutes the most important part of India"s economic progress. Analyse India"s energy policy cooperation with West Asian countries. (10 Marks/150 Words) (UPSC 2017)
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Approach: Introduce in brief India"s energy security and aspects of West Asia-India relations In body mention, India"s energy policy cooperation with West Asian countries Conclude briefly with a way forward Answer: The energy security of a country plays an important role in its economic prosperity including the development of industries as well as household growth. In order to sustain the continuous supply of energy sources in form of petroleum products, India has a very deep and close relationship with western Asian countries. According to the IEA, Energy security lies in securing uninterrupted access to energy at an affordable price. India is the world"s third-largest energy consumer today and in the coming decade, India would be adding around 40% to global energy demands. India"s energy policy cooperation with West Asia: Oil Cooperation: In the case of oil, while, India"s imports from GCC countries stood at around 66% in 2001, it is 65% in the current scenario. Over the years countries like Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and UAE have been among the largest suppliers for India. Natural Gas: In the case of natural gas Qatar alone is responsible for more than 40% of supplies to India. This number in the past has been as high as 60%. In this case, India also is the third-largest buyer of natural gas from Qatar. Indian Investment in the sector: In recent times moving away from the simple buyer-seller equation cooperation has seen progress in upstream activities, for example, Indian companies have bought a 10% stake in the offshore blocks of Abu-Dhabi. India"s strategic reserves: India also has been working on the creation of strategic oil reserves. Three of them are already operational at Vishakhapatnam, Mangalore, and Padur. These facilities have also used West Asian oil. Renewable Energy Cooperation: Going further India has signed renewable energy cooperation agreements with Saudi Arabia and the UAE. Countries like the UAE are important partners in the International Solar Alliance. Analyzing the Energy Cooperation between India & West Asia: Dependency on another country for ensuring energy security may create problems in the future. India used to import crude oil from Iran. But sanctions imposed by the USA and global order against Iran present a hurdle. Huge weightage over imports is responsible for internal oil price hikes and resist a country from becoming self-sufficient. Going forward India needs to use its engagements with partner countries in West Asia to address the concerns of price volatility, OPEC policies, and the Asian premium. Given the constant threat of regional instability, India needs to focus on diversifying its sources of imports. Furthermore, diversifying the energy basket to focus on renewables would ease India"s import dependence. It is required that bilateral cooperation forums like the I2U2 as well as the G20 be utilized effectively to further strengthen the energy security of India.
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##Question:The question of India"s energy security constitutes the most important part of India"s economic progress. Analyse India"s energy policy cooperation with West Asian countries. (10 Marks/150 Words) (UPSC 2017)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief India"s energy security and aspects of West Asia-India relations In body mention, India"s energy policy cooperation with West Asian countries Conclude briefly with a way forward Answer: The energy security of a country plays an important role in its economic prosperity including the development of industries as well as household growth. In order to sustain the continuous supply of energy sources in form of petroleum products, India has a very deep and close relationship with western Asian countries. According to the IEA, Energy security lies in securing uninterrupted access to energy at an affordable price. India is the world"s third-largest energy consumer today and in the coming decade, India would be adding around 40% to global energy demands. India"s energy policy cooperation with West Asia: Oil Cooperation: In the case of oil, while, India"s imports from GCC countries stood at around 66% in 2001, it is 65% in the current scenario. Over the years countries like Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and UAE have been among the largest suppliers for India. Natural Gas: In the case of natural gas Qatar alone is responsible for more than 40% of supplies to India. This number in the past has been as high as 60%. In this case, India also is the third-largest buyer of natural gas from Qatar. Indian Investment in the sector: In recent times moving away from the simple buyer-seller equation cooperation has seen progress in upstream activities, for example, Indian companies have bought a 10% stake in the offshore blocks of Abu-Dhabi. India"s strategic reserves: India also has been working on the creation of strategic oil reserves. Three of them are already operational at Vishakhapatnam, Mangalore, and Padur. These facilities have also used West Asian oil. Renewable Energy Cooperation: Going further India has signed renewable energy cooperation agreements with Saudi Arabia and the UAE. Countries like the UAE are important partners in the International Solar Alliance. Analyzing the Energy Cooperation between India & West Asia: Dependency on another country for ensuring energy security may create problems in the future. India used to import crude oil from Iran. But sanctions imposed by the USA and global order against Iran present a hurdle. Huge weightage over imports is responsible for internal oil price hikes and resist a country from becoming self-sufficient. Going forward India needs to use its engagements with partner countries in West Asia to address the concerns of price volatility, OPEC policies, and the Asian premium. Given the constant threat of regional instability, India needs to focus on diversifying its sources of imports. Furthermore, diversifying the energy basket to focus on renewables would ease India"s import dependence. It is required that bilateral cooperation forums like the I2U2 as well as the G20 be utilized effectively to further strengthen the energy security of India.
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Discuss the influence that parents have on the values of children. Why is it that at times values of children differ from that of their parents? (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the importance of parenting for the inculcation of the value system in a child. Then in the first part, you need to write Role of Parenting in which we will discuss the role of the mother and the role of the father. For the second part, you need to bring up the fact that parents are one agent of agency but not the only agency of socialization. Then conclude with the suggestion that other agencies of socialization are equally important for the inculcation of value in the students. Answer Our former president and renowned scientist APJ Abdul Kalam was of the view that “if a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel there are key societal members who can make a difference, they are, mothers, fathers, and teachers.” Thus Parents play a very important role in the socialization of their children by influencing them with their attitudes and beliefs and it is from them that children primarily get their values. In such socialization mothers as well as fathers have their own significant roles. Role of Mother If the mother will support the child then automatically the child will be high on self-efficacy. The child will acquire the confidence to overcome any challenge and accomplish any goals. It makes a person of courage and it will improve the risk-taking ability. The child herself will be compassionate, cooperative, kind, and understanding as a mother. “Whoever I am today and whatever I will be tomorrow I owe this to my angel mother” by Abraham Lincoln. If the mother is impervious to the need of the child. This means the mother is not affected or not concerned with the child. In this system, children will lack courage, lack of cooperation, and autocracy. In such cases, the Child will lack courage, and the child will lack risk-taking ability. Excessive indulgence: Imposing forceful decisions on the child. For example Forced carrier on the child. Role of Father Father acts as a role model for their children. Often the qualities of leadership, responsibility, and discipline are developed under the influence of the father. Boys learn to make gender-appropriate behavior from their fathers. Girls learn to make heterosexual adjustments from their fathers. For example Phogat sisters. Here the role of the mother cannot be discounted. Thus they inculcate values of: Appropriate ways of behaving towards relatives, friends, strangers, the poor, elders, and more. Empathy, sympathy, warmth, respect, integrity, and honesty. The distinction between wrong and right. Parents also influence child by their guidance in choosing other agencies of socialization in more appropriate manner such as: The right school. The way they use social media. A residential area with good neighbors. The books they read. The movies and other videos they watch. The friends they make. Thus, the parents have an essential role in transmitting good values and resisting negative influences. This is done through: Right conduct: Parents communicate this not just by discussing it with their children but also by walking the talk. They transmit simple habits, like keeping the surroundings clean, being truthful and honest, etc. Activity-based learning: activities like games and story-telling have a significant impact on children. This way parents can impart the desired values. Take for instance the value of sharing and caring. Pointing the child towards the right practices and habits, while not pushing by adopting the strict disciplinary approach Participating with the child as a friend as this can make it easier for the child to turn to someone in the event of encountering a negative influence. Despite their close relationship and deep impact, research shows that there is a lack of complete parent-child value congruence. This depends on many variables and conditions, such as: Age of child. Degree of parents’ belief in that value. The value’s salience for the parents. Time devoted by parents to children. Accuracy of perception of the value by the child. The children differ from their parents in values due to the following reasons: Apart from their parents, the children also spend time outside their influence with other agencies of socialization such as teachers; friends, and role models also shape the values of a child. We also have to realize that both the parents and the children were born and raised in two completely different worlds, so there exists a generational gap. Today, more than ever, means of communication like television, cinema and internet influence values of children. For example, if not guided properly, children may pick up values which prefer glamour over simplicity under the influence of cinema. Thus Parents need to take responsibility for their children in a very sensitive and sincere manner shaping their values system so that they are not growing a child but building a citizen that forms the foundation of a good nation and society. Thus parents need not be confined as an agency of socialization but also need to be guides for the others agencies of socialization.
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##Question:Discuss the influence that parents have on the values of children. Why is it that at times values of children differ from that of their parents? (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the importance of parenting for the inculcation of the value system in a child. Then in the first part, you need to write Role of Parenting in which we will discuss the role of the mother and the role of the father. For the second part, you need to bring up the fact that parents are one agent of agency but not the only agency of socialization. Then conclude with the suggestion that other agencies of socialization are equally important for the inculcation of value in the students. Answer Our former president and renowned scientist APJ Abdul Kalam was of the view that “if a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel there are key societal members who can make a difference, they are, mothers, fathers, and teachers.” Thus Parents play a very important role in the socialization of their children by influencing them with their attitudes and beliefs and it is from them that children primarily get their values. In such socialization mothers as well as fathers have their own significant roles. Role of Mother If the mother will support the child then automatically the child will be high on self-efficacy. The child will acquire the confidence to overcome any challenge and accomplish any goals. It makes a person of courage and it will improve the risk-taking ability. The child herself will be compassionate, cooperative, kind, and understanding as a mother. “Whoever I am today and whatever I will be tomorrow I owe this to my angel mother” by Abraham Lincoln. If the mother is impervious to the need of the child. This means the mother is not affected or not concerned with the child. In this system, children will lack courage, lack of cooperation, and autocracy. In such cases, the Child will lack courage, and the child will lack risk-taking ability. Excessive indulgence: Imposing forceful decisions on the child. For example Forced carrier on the child. Role of Father Father acts as a role model for their children. Often the qualities of leadership, responsibility, and discipline are developed under the influence of the father. Boys learn to make gender-appropriate behavior from their fathers. Girls learn to make heterosexual adjustments from their fathers. For example Phogat sisters. Here the role of the mother cannot be discounted. Thus they inculcate values of: Appropriate ways of behaving towards relatives, friends, strangers, the poor, elders, and more. Empathy, sympathy, warmth, respect, integrity, and honesty. The distinction between wrong and right. Parents also influence child by their guidance in choosing other agencies of socialization in more appropriate manner such as: The right school. The way they use social media. A residential area with good neighbors. The books they read. The movies and other videos they watch. The friends they make. Thus, the parents have an essential role in transmitting good values and resisting negative influences. This is done through: Right conduct: Parents communicate this not just by discussing it with their children but also by walking the talk. They transmit simple habits, like keeping the surroundings clean, being truthful and honest, etc. Activity-based learning: activities like games and story-telling have a significant impact on children. This way parents can impart the desired values. Take for instance the value of sharing and caring. Pointing the child towards the right practices and habits, while not pushing by adopting the strict disciplinary approach Participating with the child as a friend as this can make it easier for the child to turn to someone in the event of encountering a negative influence. Despite their close relationship and deep impact, research shows that there is a lack of complete parent-child value congruence. This depends on many variables and conditions, such as: Age of child. Degree of parents’ belief in that value. The value’s salience for the parents. Time devoted by parents to children. Accuracy of perception of the value by the child. The children differ from their parents in values due to the following reasons: Apart from their parents, the children also spend time outside their influence with other agencies of socialization such as teachers; friends, and role models also shape the values of a child. We also have to realize that both the parents and the children were born and raised in two completely different worlds, so there exists a generational gap. Today, more than ever, means of communication like television, cinema and internet influence values of children. For example, if not guided properly, children may pick up values which prefer glamour over simplicity under the influence of cinema. Thus Parents need to take responsibility for their children in a very sensitive and sincere manner shaping their values system so that they are not growing a child but building a citizen that forms the foundation of a good nation and society. Thus parents need not be confined as an agency of socialization but also need to be guides for the others agencies of socialization.
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What do you Understand by Bicameralism? Why India opted for Bicameralism? Justify. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Briefly introduce by mentioning the meaning of the term Bicameralism. Give reasons of India Opted for Bicameralism. Justify your reasons, in light of the situations and circumstances, India went for Bicameralism. Conclude Accordingly. ANSWER- Bicameral means "two chambers," and in practice refers to a government structure involving two houses, or two legislative bodies, that are separate in deliberation from one another. India after independence became a democracy and accepted a parliamentary form of government. That there are two houses in parliament one is an upper house or Rajya sabha representing the states and another is the Lok sabha representing the people of India. In a country like India, there is a need for this type of system. Reasons India Opted for Bicameralism- To give representation to such a large diversity, there might be a good enough reason to believe that 543 members of Lok Sabha might not be enough. Rajya Sabha, the upper house, though has certain limitations and it performs a mechanism of double check by giving suggestions to the passed bills, it gives voice to concerns of the people who directly do not want to take part in politics, prevents majority government hegemony, etc. When the government loses the confidence of the parliament and stands dissolved, the permanent house takes up legislation if the important bills are passed by Lok Sabha A law can be enacted by the Parliament on the subject in the state list if and only if Rajya Sabha approves it. Constitutional amendments can be made after the bill is passed by both houses, which is an important measure Gaining a majority in the lower house is easier than the upper one. Thus, 2-houses not only keep an adequate check on the executive from becoming authoritarian but also give a say to the opposition. LS dissolves in 5 years. But, the RS is a permanent house. Thus, when the former is dissolved, the latter assumes over the charge. The presence of two houses enables each one of them to review the decisions of the other and check its errors. The upper house maintains the federal equilibrium by protecting the interests of the states against undue interference from the centre. RS is more dynamic in the sense that few new members replace the old ones every 2 years. The presence of 1 house won"t allow it as it will lead to instability. Justification- It prevents hasty legislation. Rajya sabha is seen as balancing the federal aspirations wherein it checks and upholds the federal spirit of India. It gives representation to wider sections of society as nominated members come from diverse areas like Literature, Art, etc. It gives a wider choice to the Prime Minister in selecting his/ her council of ministers. Rajya Sabha being a permanent chamber provides continuity wherein the emergency can be approved for the time being even if Lok Sabha is dissolved. Though the bicameral system has been under fire for slowing down the process of legislation, it forms the highest platform of debate and deliberations. Thus, the presence of a bicameral legislature in the parliament has only increased representation. Increased representation is what gives true meaning to democracy. India, US, UK & Japan have imbibed bicameralism in their parliaments and have become epitomes of an ideal democracy.
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##Question:What do you Understand by Bicameralism? Why India opted for Bicameralism? Justify. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Briefly introduce by mentioning the meaning of the term Bicameralism. Give reasons of India Opted for Bicameralism. Justify your reasons, in light of the situations and circumstances, India went for Bicameralism. Conclude Accordingly. ANSWER- Bicameral means "two chambers," and in practice refers to a government structure involving two houses, or two legislative bodies, that are separate in deliberation from one another. India after independence became a democracy and accepted a parliamentary form of government. That there are two houses in parliament one is an upper house or Rajya sabha representing the states and another is the Lok sabha representing the people of India. In a country like India, there is a need for this type of system. Reasons India Opted for Bicameralism- To give representation to such a large diversity, there might be a good enough reason to believe that 543 members of Lok Sabha might not be enough. Rajya Sabha, the upper house, though has certain limitations and it performs a mechanism of double check by giving suggestions to the passed bills, it gives voice to concerns of the people who directly do not want to take part in politics, prevents majority government hegemony, etc. When the government loses the confidence of the parliament and stands dissolved, the permanent house takes up legislation if the important bills are passed by Lok Sabha A law can be enacted by the Parliament on the subject in the state list if and only if Rajya Sabha approves it. Constitutional amendments can be made after the bill is passed by both houses, which is an important measure Gaining a majority in the lower house is easier than the upper one. Thus, 2-houses not only keep an adequate check on the executive from becoming authoritarian but also give a say to the opposition. LS dissolves in 5 years. But, the RS is a permanent house. Thus, when the former is dissolved, the latter assumes over the charge. The presence of two houses enables each one of them to review the decisions of the other and check its errors. The upper house maintains the federal equilibrium by protecting the interests of the states against undue interference from the centre. RS is more dynamic in the sense that few new members replace the old ones every 2 years. The presence of 1 house won"t allow it as it will lead to instability. Justification- It prevents hasty legislation. Rajya sabha is seen as balancing the federal aspirations wherein it checks and upholds the federal spirit of India. It gives representation to wider sections of society as nominated members come from diverse areas like Literature, Art, etc. It gives a wider choice to the Prime Minister in selecting his/ her council of ministers. Rajya Sabha being a permanent chamber provides continuity wherein the emergency can be approved for the time being even if Lok Sabha is dissolved. Though the bicameral system has been under fire for slowing down the process of legislation, it forms the highest platform of debate and deliberations. Thus, the presence of a bicameral legislature in the parliament has only increased representation. Increased representation is what gives true meaning to democracy. India, US, UK & Japan have imbibed bicameralism in their parliaments and have become epitomes of an ideal democracy.
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Enumerate the important features of the Disaster Management Act 2005. Discuss various issues in its implementation and suggest an appropriate way forward. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach In the introduction mentions important features of the D.M Act 2005 Mention of important achievements of the Act Mention of failures in the implementation of the Act Suggest a way forward about amendments to be brought in the Act Brief conclusion Answer: India took disaster management as its national priority after the 2004 Tsunami and enacted the Disaster Management Act 2005 with an integrated and holistic approach. Important features It constituted an apex body for disaster management called NDMA (National Disaster Management Authority), a separate capacity-building body NIDM (National Institute of Disaster Management) and separate police for a special response, rescue, and search NDRF (National Disaster Response Force). The Disaster Management Division of the Ministry of Home Affairs retained responsibility for steering the national disaster response overall. It mandated the concerned Ministries and Departments to draw up their own plans in accordance with the National Plan. The Act further contains provisions for financial mechanisms such as the creation of funds for the response, the National Disaster Mitigation Fund, and similar funds at the state and district levels. Some important achievements are as follows: The NDRMF, (National Disaster Risk Management Framework) has been formulated which has spelt out the roles and guidelines for all stakeholders for the implementation of national strategies and policies. The initiative of National Composite Risk Assessment collaboration with the World Bank, National Hazard Atlas, National Response Plan, and National Emergency Operation Center. Provided technical assistance to state disaster authorities. A national disaster fund is created for meeting the expenses of emergency preparedness, response, mitigation, relief, and reconstruction. Mainstreaming of DRR (Disaster Risk Reduction) in development projects. It has helped save lives through its early warning systems in Yemen"s 2007 cyclone in Sindh and Baluchistan province of Pakistan and other international relief to Srilanka, Myanmar, Indonesia, and Bangladesh. It has saved many lives and property and has mitigated the loss to a commendable extent during the Kedarnath flood, Jammu and Kashmir flood, and HudHud Cyclone, and has again proven its worth in international platform during the Recent Nepal earthquake actively within six hours it provided logistics to Nepal. Besides its achievements, there are several failures of this act such as - There is a lot to be done for capacity building of all stakeholders, which these institutions are still far behind. A lot of research and development has to be done which has not gained momentum yet. Lack of coordination among various institutes especially, NDMA and SDMAs have defeated the very objective of the Disaster Management Act, especially during Uttarakhand flood NMDA was criticized by even CAG but its arm NDRF had worked commendably. Even after 10 years of the passing of the act, only 21 states have established their SDMAs (state disaster management authority) which need to be completed within the given time framework The states have not been able to implement the concerning plans. NDMA has failed the states to prepare for the disaster they are vulnerable to. Regarding floods, NDMA has no system in place for early warnings in the vulnerable areas of Uttarakhand. There is a lack of coordination between the government agencies and ministries responsible for disaster management like the ministry of earth sciences, state governments, and NDMA. NDMA has failed in performing many important functions like recommending the provision of funds for mitigation, as well as relief in repayment of loans or grants of fresh ones. NDMA’s project management capacity has been found deficient. NDMA has not been able to complete many major projects so far. The Disaster Management Act, 2005 (Central Act) needs to be amended to bring in the following features: Disaster/Crisis Management should continue to be the primary responsibility of the State Governments and the Union Government should play a supportive role. The Act should provide a categorization of disasters (say, local, district, state or national level). This categorization along with the intensity of each type of disaster will help in determining the level of authority primarily responsible for dealing with the disaster as well as the scale of response and relief - detailed guidelines may be stipulated by the NDMA on this subject. The task of implementation of mitigation/prevention and response measures may be left to the State Governments and the district and local authorities with the line ministries/departments of the Government of India, playing a supportive role. The law should cast a duty on every public functionary, to promptly inform the concerned authority about any crisis, if he/she feels that such authority does not have such information. The law should create a uniform structure at the apex level to handle all crises. Such a structure may be headed by the Prime Minister at the national level and the Chief Minister at the state level. At the administrative level, the structure is appropriately headed by the Cabinet Secretary and the Chief Secretary respectively. The law should make provisions for stringent punishment for the misutilization of funds meant for crisis/disaster management. The role of the local governments should be brought to the forefront for crisis/disaster management. The NEC as stipulated under the Disaster Management Act need not be constituted, and the NCMC should continue to be the apex coordination body. At the state level, the existing coordination mechanism under the Chief Secretary should continue. Since all sections of the Act have not been notified, it is suggested that the above amendments be carried out without further delay. Meanwhile, except for those sections for which amendments are suggested, the others.
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##Question:Enumerate the important features of the Disaster Management Act 2005. Discuss various issues in its implementation and suggest an appropriate way forward. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach In the introduction mentions important features of the D.M Act 2005 Mention of important achievements of the Act Mention of failures in the implementation of the Act Suggest a way forward about amendments to be brought in the Act Brief conclusion Answer: India took disaster management as its national priority after the 2004 Tsunami and enacted the Disaster Management Act 2005 with an integrated and holistic approach. Important features It constituted an apex body for disaster management called NDMA (National Disaster Management Authority), a separate capacity-building body NIDM (National Institute of Disaster Management) and separate police for a special response, rescue, and search NDRF (National Disaster Response Force). The Disaster Management Division of the Ministry of Home Affairs retained responsibility for steering the national disaster response overall. It mandated the concerned Ministries and Departments to draw up their own plans in accordance with the National Plan. The Act further contains provisions for financial mechanisms such as the creation of funds for the response, the National Disaster Mitigation Fund, and similar funds at the state and district levels. Some important achievements are as follows: The NDRMF, (National Disaster Risk Management Framework) has been formulated which has spelt out the roles and guidelines for all stakeholders for the implementation of national strategies and policies. The initiative of National Composite Risk Assessment collaboration with the World Bank, National Hazard Atlas, National Response Plan, and National Emergency Operation Center. Provided technical assistance to state disaster authorities. A national disaster fund is created for meeting the expenses of emergency preparedness, response, mitigation, relief, and reconstruction. Mainstreaming of DRR (Disaster Risk Reduction) in development projects. It has helped save lives through its early warning systems in Yemen"s 2007 cyclone in Sindh and Baluchistan province of Pakistan and other international relief to Srilanka, Myanmar, Indonesia, and Bangladesh. It has saved many lives and property and has mitigated the loss to a commendable extent during the Kedarnath flood, Jammu and Kashmir flood, and HudHud Cyclone, and has again proven its worth in international platform during the Recent Nepal earthquake actively within six hours it provided logistics to Nepal. Besides its achievements, there are several failures of this act such as - There is a lot to be done for capacity building of all stakeholders, which these institutions are still far behind. A lot of research and development has to be done which has not gained momentum yet. Lack of coordination among various institutes especially, NDMA and SDMAs have defeated the very objective of the Disaster Management Act, especially during Uttarakhand flood NMDA was criticized by even CAG but its arm NDRF had worked commendably. Even after 10 years of the passing of the act, only 21 states have established their SDMAs (state disaster management authority) which need to be completed within the given time framework The states have not been able to implement the concerning plans. NDMA has failed the states to prepare for the disaster they are vulnerable to. Regarding floods, NDMA has no system in place for early warnings in the vulnerable areas of Uttarakhand. There is a lack of coordination between the government agencies and ministries responsible for disaster management like the ministry of earth sciences, state governments, and NDMA. NDMA has failed in performing many important functions like recommending the provision of funds for mitigation, as well as relief in repayment of loans or grants of fresh ones. NDMA’s project management capacity has been found deficient. NDMA has not been able to complete many major projects so far. The Disaster Management Act, 2005 (Central Act) needs to be amended to bring in the following features: Disaster/Crisis Management should continue to be the primary responsibility of the State Governments and the Union Government should play a supportive role. The Act should provide a categorization of disasters (say, local, district, state or national level). This categorization along with the intensity of each type of disaster will help in determining the level of authority primarily responsible for dealing with the disaster as well as the scale of response and relief - detailed guidelines may be stipulated by the NDMA on this subject. The task of implementation of mitigation/prevention and response measures may be left to the State Governments and the district and local authorities with the line ministries/departments of the Government of India, playing a supportive role. The law should cast a duty on every public functionary, to promptly inform the concerned authority about any crisis, if he/she feels that such authority does not have such information. The law should create a uniform structure at the apex level to handle all crises. Such a structure may be headed by the Prime Minister at the national level and the Chief Minister at the state level. At the administrative level, the structure is appropriately headed by the Cabinet Secretary and the Chief Secretary respectively. The law should make provisions for stringent punishment for the misutilization of funds meant for crisis/disaster management. The role of the local governments should be brought to the forefront for crisis/disaster management. The NEC as stipulated under the Disaster Management Act need not be constituted, and the NCMC should continue to be the apex coordination body. At the state level, the existing coordination mechanism under the Chief Secretary should continue. Since all sections of the Act have not been notified, it is suggested that the above amendments be carried out without further delay. Meanwhile, except for those sections for which amendments are suggested, the others.
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Bharatanatyam is one of the most evolved art form that relates to all the aspects of human existence: body, psyche and the soul.Comment. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: In Introduction write how Bharatnatyam evolved as a dance form. (25-30 words) In the main body before explaining the three keywords, give a connecting paragraph on evidence of Bharatanatyam. (80-100 words) In conclusion, write a few names and proponents of Bharatnatyam with a brief contribution (25-100 words) Answer- According to Hindu tradition, the name of the dance form came from combining the words " Bharata" and "Natyam, " where " Natyam" means "dance " and " Bharata" is a mnemonic made up of "bha," "ra," and "ta," which each means "bhava," which means "f eelings and emotions ; " raga, which means melody ; and the rhythmic word "tala. "As a result, the term has traditionally been used to describe a dance form that combines bhava, raga, and tala.. Aspects a performer should know while performing Bharatanatyam: Bharatanatyam, which includes Abhinaya, is a huge discipline that includes more than just body awareness and steps; Performers must be familiar with Carnatic music, nattuvangam, ancient languages, literature, mythology, and mudra. It is a form of classical art that not only brings us pleasure and entertainment but also imparts a spiritual and mental education that contributes to the development of human consciousness. Bharatanatyam is one of the most advanced forms of art that touches on every facet of human existence- i)Body ii)Mind iii)Soul Physical Aspect; Body- Nritta , means an abstract form. it is a limited number of Nritta hastas combined with a variety of adavus (dance units). All of that serves to convey pure beauty and joy. The arai mandi, or half-knee position , which is the foundation of Bharatanatyam, must be the focus of the performer. In Bharatanatyam, the half-knees position, striking the floor, and wormed up body stimulate certain spinal cord functions. It has the same effect on us as some yoga asanas. Consequently, a dancer"s consciousness quickly becomes focused and gradually ascends to a higher level. Pysche Aspect; Mind- The human mind is connected to abhinaya or nritya . It is a part of dance that is "expressional”. It uses tools like the language of facial expression, eye movements, head and neck movements, and gestures. Through dance pieces like Shabdam, Varnam, and Padams , various mythological tales are being told here. The theory of Bhava and Rasa, or mood or feelings, which is the foundation of Indian aesthetics, is the essence of Abhinaya. Soul Aspect- The " seer," who sits atop the world of emotions and moods, is where everything begins and returns to. The dancer creates an illusion on stage and withdraws everything in Mangalam, the final prayer, following the firework of a Thillana (concluding dance item). An artist not only entertains but also conveys wisdom and knowledge. The performance"s stream is comprised of the body, the mind, and the soul. According to "Natyasastra," these three are at the core of every movement.
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##Question:Bharatanatyam is one of the most evolved art form that relates to all the aspects of human existence: body, psyche and the soul.Comment. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: In Introduction write how Bharatnatyam evolved as a dance form. (25-30 words) In the main body before explaining the three keywords, give a connecting paragraph on evidence of Bharatanatyam. (80-100 words) In conclusion, write a few names and proponents of Bharatnatyam with a brief contribution (25-100 words) Answer- According to Hindu tradition, the name of the dance form came from combining the words " Bharata" and "Natyam, " where " Natyam" means "dance " and " Bharata" is a mnemonic made up of "bha," "ra," and "ta," which each means "bhava," which means "f eelings and emotions ; " raga, which means melody ; and the rhythmic word "tala. "As a result, the term has traditionally been used to describe a dance form that combines bhava, raga, and tala.. Aspects a performer should know while performing Bharatanatyam: Bharatanatyam, which includes Abhinaya, is a huge discipline that includes more than just body awareness and steps; Performers must be familiar with Carnatic music, nattuvangam, ancient languages, literature, mythology, and mudra. It is a form of classical art that not only brings us pleasure and entertainment but also imparts a spiritual and mental education that contributes to the development of human consciousness. Bharatanatyam is one of the most advanced forms of art that touches on every facet of human existence- i)Body ii)Mind iii)Soul Physical Aspect; Body- Nritta , means an abstract form. it is a limited number of Nritta hastas combined with a variety of adavus (dance units). All of that serves to convey pure beauty and joy. The arai mandi, or half-knee position , which is the foundation of Bharatanatyam, must be the focus of the performer. In Bharatanatyam, the half-knees position, striking the floor, and wormed up body stimulate certain spinal cord functions. It has the same effect on us as some yoga asanas. Consequently, a dancer"s consciousness quickly becomes focused and gradually ascends to a higher level. Pysche Aspect; Mind- The human mind is connected to abhinaya or nritya . It is a part of dance that is "expressional”. It uses tools like the language of facial expression, eye movements, head and neck movements, and gestures. Through dance pieces like Shabdam, Varnam, and Padams , various mythological tales are being told here. The theory of Bhava and Rasa, or mood or feelings, which is the foundation of Indian aesthetics, is the essence of Abhinaya. Soul Aspect- The " seer," who sits atop the world of emotions and moods, is where everything begins and returns to. The dancer creates an illusion on stage and withdraws everything in Mangalam, the final prayer, following the firework of a Thillana (concluding dance item). An artist not only entertains but also conveys wisdom and knowledge. The performance"s stream is comprised of the body, the mind, and the soul. According to "Natyasastra," these three are at the core of every movement.
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Despite the directive from the constitution itself the Uniform Civil Code faces opposition from the different strata of the community. In this context, discuss the challenges and benefits of the Uniform Civil Code (UCC). (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the explanation of the Uniform Civil Code and Constitutional Provision under Article 43. Then bring the component of the Uniform Civil Code. Further, discuss the challenges associated with the implementation of the UCC. Then explain the benefits associated with the UCC. Conclude accordingly. Answer A Uniform Civil Code is one that would provide for one law for the entire country, applicable to all religious, ethnic, or linguistic communities in their personal matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption, etc. Article 44 of the Constitution lays down that the state shall endeavour to secure a Uniform Civil Code for the citizens throughout the territory of India. A uniform criminal code is applicable to all citizens irrespective of religion, caste, gender, and domicile in our country. But a similar code pertaining to marriage, divorce, succession and other family matters has not been brought into effect. Personal laws vary widely in their sources, philosophy, and application. Therefore, there is an inherent difficulty and resistance in bringing people together and unifying them when different religions and personal laws govern them. Indian laws do follow a uniform code in most civil matters – Indian Contract Act, Civil Procedure Code, Sale of Goods Act, Transfer of Property Act, Partnership Act, Evidence Act, etc. States, however, have made hundreds of amendments and therefore in certain matters, there is diversity even under these secular civil laws. Challenges in the UCC The vast diversity of the personal laws, along with the devotion with which they are adhered to, makes uniformity of any sort very difficult to achieve. Thus, there is resistance from the various quarters. The UCC has to be drafted keeping in the mind the unique diversity. The diversity provided to certain communities under Article 371 (a) and 371 (G) for Nagas and Mizos respectively keeping in mind their distinct culture has to be relooked. Communal Leaders and Unaware Masses: Communal leader gets support from unaware masses by mending the reality of the Uniform Civil Code. Section 5 of the Hindu Marriage Act also permits sapindas (related by the blood) marriages, if permitted by the customs, to be suitably amended. Benefits of adopting UCC A uniform civil code is an absolute necessity for individuals belonging to different religions and denominations to feel harmony among themselves and the promotion of national unity, solidarity and integrity could be achieved in a more organic manner. It will aid in gender justice. It will make Indian society more progressive. It will bring an end to the complexity of the laws. The idea and principle of having a uniform civil code, governing personal laws is to treat every person equally and also so that just, fair and predictable laws protect everyone. A uniform civil code would put in place a set of laws that would govern the personal matters of all citizens irrespective of religion, which is the cornerstone of secularism. It would enable to put an end to gender discrimination on religious grounds, strengthen the secular fabric and also promote unity. Thus, the implementation of a Uniform Civil Code is very significant for the progress, prosperity, unity, and integrity of the country. However, this must be achieved in compliance with the constitutional guarantees for equality before the law and equal protection of laws. The provision of the Special Marriage Act relating to prohibited degrees in marriage should be suitably amended, and its 1976 amendment restricting the applicability of the Indian Succession Act must be set aside. The Act, so amended, should be extended to every part of the country. The day this is done, the constitutional promise of a “uniform civil code for the citizens throughout the territory of India” will stand duly fulfilled.
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##Question:Despite the directive from the constitution itself the Uniform Civil Code faces opposition from the different strata of the community. In this context, discuss the challenges and benefits of the Uniform Civil Code (UCC). (150 Words/10 Marks) ##Answer:Approach Introduce with the explanation of the Uniform Civil Code and Constitutional Provision under Article 43. Then bring the component of the Uniform Civil Code. Further, discuss the challenges associated with the implementation of the UCC. Then explain the benefits associated with the UCC. Conclude accordingly. Answer A Uniform Civil Code is one that would provide for one law for the entire country, applicable to all religious, ethnic, or linguistic communities in their personal matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption, etc. Article 44 of the Constitution lays down that the state shall endeavour to secure a Uniform Civil Code for the citizens throughout the territory of India. A uniform criminal code is applicable to all citizens irrespective of religion, caste, gender, and domicile in our country. But a similar code pertaining to marriage, divorce, succession and other family matters has not been brought into effect. Personal laws vary widely in their sources, philosophy, and application. Therefore, there is an inherent difficulty and resistance in bringing people together and unifying them when different religions and personal laws govern them. Indian laws do follow a uniform code in most civil matters – Indian Contract Act, Civil Procedure Code, Sale of Goods Act, Transfer of Property Act, Partnership Act, Evidence Act, etc. States, however, have made hundreds of amendments and therefore in certain matters, there is diversity even under these secular civil laws. Challenges in the UCC The vast diversity of the personal laws, along with the devotion with which they are adhered to, makes uniformity of any sort very difficult to achieve. Thus, there is resistance from the various quarters. The UCC has to be drafted keeping in the mind the unique diversity. The diversity provided to certain communities under Article 371 (a) and 371 (G) for Nagas and Mizos respectively keeping in mind their distinct culture has to be relooked. Communal Leaders and Unaware Masses: Communal leader gets support from unaware masses by mending the reality of the Uniform Civil Code. Section 5 of the Hindu Marriage Act also permits sapindas (related by the blood) marriages, if permitted by the customs, to be suitably amended. Benefits of adopting UCC A uniform civil code is an absolute necessity for individuals belonging to different religions and denominations to feel harmony among themselves and the promotion of national unity, solidarity and integrity could be achieved in a more organic manner. It will aid in gender justice. It will make Indian society more progressive. It will bring an end to the complexity of the laws. The idea and principle of having a uniform civil code, governing personal laws is to treat every person equally and also so that just, fair and predictable laws protect everyone. A uniform civil code would put in place a set of laws that would govern the personal matters of all citizens irrespective of religion, which is the cornerstone of secularism. It would enable to put an end to gender discrimination on religious grounds, strengthen the secular fabric and also promote unity. Thus, the implementation of a Uniform Civil Code is very significant for the progress, prosperity, unity, and integrity of the country. However, this must be achieved in compliance with the constitutional guarantees for equality before the law and equal protection of laws. The provision of the Special Marriage Act relating to prohibited degrees in marriage should be suitably amended, and its 1976 amendment restricting the applicability of the Indian Succession Act must be set aside. The Act, so amended, should be extended to every part of the country. The day this is done, the constitutional promise of a “uniform civil code for the citizens throughout the territory of India” will stand duly fulfilled.
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Define the concept of Labour Force Participation Rate. In this regard discuss the utility of the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) conducted by the government. (10 marks/ 150 words.)
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Approach: Briefly define Labour Force and LFPR. LFPR, dependency population, etc. can be described. The importance of PLFS, agencies involved, etc. are to be mentioned. Answer: Concept of Labour Force: · In a population, there are dependents and there are those whom they depend upon. The proportion of dependents over the other group is called the dependency ratio (DR). DR = Dependent Population/ The other population. DR= population below 16 & above 65 / Population between 16 to 65. · Out of the total population which is of working age, not all may express a substantive desire to work. The desire expressed may be only causal or may not be expressed at all. Those who express a substantive desire to work are those who are considered Economically Active. They are the ones who are actively seeking work. This is called Labour Force. · Labour Force means an Economically active population i.e. those who are able to find work and those who are looking but still not able to find work (Unemployed). So, Labour Force means the Economically Active Population ie the ones who are actively seeking work. Concept of Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): · Labour Force Participation Rate(LFPR) is a refined measure that assesses what proportion of the population is economically active. It can be measured for any cohort (group). · LFPR for the population is the Labour force in the population divided by the Total Population. · For example, LFPR of graduate women= Total graduate women looking for work/ Total Population of graduate women. · Unemployment Rate is the proportion of the labour force which is not working. Concept of Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS): NSSO is tasked to estimat e unemployment and it does so by carrying out a Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) every year. PLFS helps in the following ways: PLFS improves the accuracy of estimating unemployment by increasing the sample size and making it more diverse which is more representative of the economy. Further, the accuracy of response is improved by visiting the households in urban areas every quarter rather than just once every five years.UR is measured via PLFS since 2017. PLFS is a far more accurate survey as compared to EUS, as the recall period is of 3 months, and the households are revisited every quarter. In EUS the recall period was of 1 year, and hence, the responses were not that accurate. Further, the sample size in PLFS is much larger, and the assessment of responses is more accurately possible because of their electronic collection. These data published by NSSO on the unemployment rate, labour force and labour force participation help the policymakers to realign the developmental goals . They also help to focus on the areas of employment-generating sectors based on employment demands and also help to assess the progress of the governments over the years in fighting unemployment and securing dignified livelihoods for the people and ultimately realizing the demographic dividend of the country.
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##Question:Define the concept of Labour Force Participation Rate. In this regard discuss the utility of the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) conducted by the government. (10 marks/ 150 words.)##Answer:Approach: Briefly define Labour Force and LFPR. LFPR, dependency population, etc. can be described. The importance of PLFS, agencies involved, etc. are to be mentioned. Answer: Concept of Labour Force: · In a population, there are dependents and there are those whom they depend upon. The proportion of dependents over the other group is called the dependency ratio (DR). DR = Dependent Population/ The other population. DR= population below 16 & above 65 / Population between 16 to 65. · Out of the total population which is of working age, not all may express a substantive desire to work. The desire expressed may be only causal or may not be expressed at all. Those who express a substantive desire to work are those who are considered Economically Active. They are the ones who are actively seeking work. This is called Labour Force. · Labour Force means an Economically active population i.e. those who are able to find work and those who are looking but still not able to find work (Unemployed). So, Labour Force means the Economically Active Population ie the ones who are actively seeking work. Concept of Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): · Labour Force Participation Rate(LFPR) is a refined measure that assesses what proportion of the population is economically active. It can be measured for any cohort (group). · LFPR for the population is the Labour force in the population divided by the Total Population. · For example, LFPR of graduate women= Total graduate women looking for work/ Total Population of graduate women. · Unemployment Rate is the proportion of the labour force which is not working. Concept of Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS): NSSO is tasked to estimat e unemployment and it does so by carrying out a Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) every year. PLFS helps in the following ways: PLFS improves the accuracy of estimating unemployment by increasing the sample size and making it more diverse which is more representative of the economy. Further, the accuracy of response is improved by visiting the households in urban areas every quarter rather than just once every five years.UR is measured via PLFS since 2017. PLFS is a far more accurate survey as compared to EUS, as the recall period is of 3 months, and the households are revisited every quarter. In EUS the recall period was of 1 year, and hence, the responses were not that accurate. Further, the sample size in PLFS is much larger, and the assessment of responses is more accurately possible because of their electronic collection. These data published by NSSO on the unemployment rate, labour force and labour force participation help the policymakers to realign the developmental goals . They also help to focus on the areas of employment-generating sectors based on employment demands and also help to assess the progress of the governments over the years in fighting unemployment and securing dignified livelihoods for the people and ultimately realizing the demographic dividend of the country.
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India-Nepal relations have deteriorated in recent times and need to be strengthened. Critically examine. (150 words/ 10 Marks)
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APPROACH - Introduce by briefly mentioning India-Nepal relations. Show the recent deterioration/Issues in relations between India and Nepal. Examine the reasons/ need to strengthen the relations between India and Nepal. Conclude accordingly. ANSWER Nepal is an important neighbor of India and occupies a special significance in its foreign policy because of the geographic, historical, cultural, and economic linkages/ties that span centuries. The two countries shared a very strong relationship for a long time which has been impacted by some recent events and issues. The recent deterioration/Issues in relations between India and Nepal- Border issues- Nepal and India have some contentious issues relating to the border, including the two major areas of dispute at Susta and Kalapani (India-China-Nepal tri-junction). Internal Security - Open border between India and Nepal leads to illegal migration and human trafficking threatening Indian security. Indo Nepal border is used as a launch pad by Maoists, terrorists, and drug traffickers. Nepal’s new constitution- A new constitution was promulgated in Nepal in 2015. It gave extensive political privileges to the ruling hill tribes and discriminated against the people living in the plains including Madhesis. It also made obtaining citizenship by Madhesis very difficult. This issue has emerged as a contentious issue between India and Nepal that was seen in form of an economic blockade including a blockade of gas supply, fuel, etc. by India. Peace and friendship treaty- The India-Nepal treaty of 1950 has been criticized by the Nepali political elite as an unequal one. Treaty obliged Nepal to inform India and seek its consent for the purchases of military hardware from third countries. Nepal wants to change this provision. Nepal’s growing proximity to China - In recent times China’s presence has increased in Nepal which has heightened India’s security concerns. China plans to extend the Tibet railway to Kathmandu across the border in the next few years. Nepal signed the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Framework agreement with China last year. China is trying to contest Indian interests by cultivating local interest groups that could advance China’s interests in Nepal. Demonetisation - Demonetisation has badly affected Nepali nationals because those notes were legal tender in Nepal too. Nepal has time and again requested that the Indian government make arrangements for the exchange of those notes held by Nepali nationals and its central bank. The reasons/ need to strengthen the relations between India and Nepal- Trade and Economic- India is Nepal’s largest trade partner and the largest source of foreign investments, besides providing transit for almost the entire trade that Nepal has with other countries. Trade must increase more to make relations better. Water Resources and energy cooperation - A three-tier mechanism established in 2008, to discuss all bilateral issues relating to cooperation in water resources and hydropower. Nepal has many perineal rivers and its terrain makes it ideal for hydroelectric power generation. A 900 megawatts hydropower project Arun III has been launched recently. Defense Cooperation- The Gorkha Regiments of the Indian Army are raised partly by recruitment from hill districts of Nepal.Since 1950, India and Nepal have been awarding Army Chiefs each other with the honorary rank of General. India must work with Nepal for cooperation in the defense area. Infrastructure and connectivity- India provides development assistance to Nepal, focusing on the creation of infrastructure at the grass-root level. Recently an MoU was signed on the Raxaul-Kathmandu railway line. Both countries are also focused on inland waterways connectivity. Way Forward - 1) India should stop looking at Nepal, purely through a security Prism and at bilateral relations only as transactional and part of the Zero-sum game with China. 2) India should focus on working towards a multifaceted relationship with Nepal. 3) Dialogues for the territorial dispute. In this case, boundary dispute resolution between India and Bangladesh could serve as a model. 4) Keeping away from the Internal affairs of Nepal as far as possible. (Gujral doctrine) 5) Strengthening economic ties- a power trade agreement should be materialized. 6) BEEPA (Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement signed between India and Nepal needs more attention from the Nepal side. 7) Cautious Policy needs to be adopted by India. 8) Use of soft diplomacy. 9) India should not be seen as Flexing muscle rather should be seen as a generous big brother. Nepal should be viewed as an equal partner in regional growth. It is said that India- Nepal relations are as strong and as old as the Himalayas.
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##Question:India-Nepal relations have deteriorated in recent times and need to be strengthened. Critically examine. (150 words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:APPROACH - Introduce by briefly mentioning India-Nepal relations. Show the recent deterioration/Issues in relations between India and Nepal. Examine the reasons/ need to strengthen the relations between India and Nepal. Conclude accordingly. ANSWER Nepal is an important neighbor of India and occupies a special significance in its foreign policy because of the geographic, historical, cultural, and economic linkages/ties that span centuries. The two countries shared a very strong relationship for a long time which has been impacted by some recent events and issues. The recent deterioration/Issues in relations between India and Nepal- Border issues- Nepal and India have some contentious issues relating to the border, including the two major areas of dispute at Susta and Kalapani (India-China-Nepal tri-junction). Internal Security - Open border between India and Nepal leads to illegal migration and human trafficking threatening Indian security. Indo Nepal border is used as a launch pad by Maoists, terrorists, and drug traffickers. Nepal’s new constitution- A new constitution was promulgated in Nepal in 2015. It gave extensive political privileges to the ruling hill tribes and discriminated against the people living in the plains including Madhesis. It also made obtaining citizenship by Madhesis very difficult. This issue has emerged as a contentious issue between India and Nepal that was seen in form of an economic blockade including a blockade of gas supply, fuel, etc. by India. Peace and friendship treaty- The India-Nepal treaty of 1950 has been criticized by the Nepali political elite as an unequal one. Treaty obliged Nepal to inform India and seek its consent for the purchases of military hardware from third countries. Nepal wants to change this provision. Nepal’s growing proximity to China - In recent times China’s presence has increased in Nepal which has heightened India’s security concerns. China plans to extend the Tibet railway to Kathmandu across the border in the next few years. Nepal signed the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Framework agreement with China last year. China is trying to contest Indian interests by cultivating local interest groups that could advance China’s interests in Nepal. Demonetisation - Demonetisation has badly affected Nepali nationals because those notes were legal tender in Nepal too. Nepal has time and again requested that the Indian government make arrangements for the exchange of those notes held by Nepali nationals and its central bank. The reasons/ need to strengthen the relations between India and Nepal- Trade and Economic- India is Nepal’s largest trade partner and the largest source of foreign investments, besides providing transit for almost the entire trade that Nepal has with other countries. Trade must increase more to make relations better. Water Resources and energy cooperation - A three-tier mechanism established in 2008, to discuss all bilateral issues relating to cooperation in water resources and hydropower. Nepal has many perineal rivers and its terrain makes it ideal for hydroelectric power generation. A 900 megawatts hydropower project Arun III has been launched recently. Defense Cooperation- The Gorkha Regiments of the Indian Army are raised partly by recruitment from hill districts of Nepal.Since 1950, India and Nepal have been awarding Army Chiefs each other with the honorary rank of General. India must work with Nepal for cooperation in the defense area. Infrastructure and connectivity- India provides development assistance to Nepal, focusing on the creation of infrastructure at the grass-root level. Recently an MoU was signed on the Raxaul-Kathmandu railway line. Both countries are also focused on inland waterways connectivity. Way Forward - 1) India should stop looking at Nepal, purely through a security Prism and at bilateral relations only as transactional and part of the Zero-sum game with China. 2) India should focus on working towards a multifaceted relationship with Nepal. 3) Dialogues for the territorial dispute. In this case, boundary dispute resolution between India and Bangladesh could serve as a model. 4) Keeping away from the Internal affairs of Nepal as far as possible. (Gujral doctrine) 5) Strengthening economic ties- a power trade agreement should be materialized. 6) BEEPA (Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement signed between India and Nepal needs more attention from the Nepal side. 7) Cautious Policy needs to be adopted by India. 8) Use of soft diplomacy. 9) India should not be seen as Flexing muscle rather should be seen as a generous big brother. Nepal should be viewed as an equal partner in regional growth. It is said that India- Nepal relations are as strong and as old as the Himalayas.
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What is the significance of the fundamental duties for India as a nation? Also, discuss the criticism associated with Fundamental Duties. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce the answer with the overall scenario of the Fundamental Duties. Then bring the significance of the Fundamental Duties Further, discuss the criticism of the Fundamental duties provided under the Indian Constitution. Conclude accordingly. Answer As per Gandhiji “The source of right is the duty and if everyone is conscious of their duty right, will not be far to seek”. Thus The socialist countries, on the contrary, gave equal importance to the fundamental rights and duties of their citizens. The Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution are inspired by the Constitution of the erstwhile USSR. None of the Constitutions of major democratic countries like the USA, Canada, France, Germany, and Australia, specifically contain a list of duties of citizens. Japanese Constitution is, perhaps, the only democratic Constitution in the world that contains a list of duties of citizens. Significance of Fundamental Duties Fundamental Duties act as a warning against anti-national and antisocial activities like burning the national flag, destroying public property, etc. Fundamental Duties act as a reminder to the citizens that while enjoying their rights, they should also be conscious of the duties they owe to their country, their society, and to their fellow citizens. Fundamental Duties act as a source of inspiration for the citizens. Fundamental Duties promote a sense of discipline and commitment among them. Thus Fundamental Duties create a feeling that the citizens are not mere spectators but active participants in the realization of national goals. They are enforceable by law. Thus, the Parliament can provide for the imposition of appropriate penalties or punishment for failure to fulfill any of them. Fundamental Duties help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law . In 1992, the Supreme Court ruled that in determining the constitutionality of any law, if a court finds that the law in question seeks to give effect to a fundamental duty, it may consider such law to be ‘reasonable’ in relation to Article 14 (equality before law) or Article 19 (six freedoms) and thus save such law from unconstitutionality. In Chandra Bhavan Boarding Case, 1969 the Apex Court observed that it is fallacy to think that constitution only has the right but not the duties. In AIIMS Student Union vs. AIIMS case, 2001 the Apex court observed that Fundamental Duties are important in interpreting the constitution or understanding the constitutional values. Fundamental Duties have been criticized on the following ground The Fundamental duties are criticized as superfluous as these duties included in the Constitution as fundamental would be performed by the people even though they were not incorporated in the Constitution. Some of the duties are vague, ambiguous, and difficult to be understood by the common man. For example, different interpretations can be given to the phrases like ‘noble ideals, ‘composite culture, and ‘scientific temper. Many duties that are important were not included in the list of Fundamental Duties. For example, important duties such as casting vote, paying taxes, family planning, etc. are not part of the Fundamental Duties. Even some of the duty like the duty to pay taxes was recommended by the Swaran Singh Committee itself but was ignored. The Fundamental Duties have been criticized as a code of moral precepts due to their non-justiciable character. Interestingly, the Swaran Singh Committee had suggested a penalty or punishment for the non-performance of Fundamental Duties. The fundamental duties are criticized as an appendage to Part IV of the Constitution and it has reduced their value and significance. They should have been added after Part III so as to keep them on par with Fundamental Rights. Thus we need to implement the recommendation of the Verma Committee on the Fundamental Duties of the citizen with the explanation of the philosophical words that create confusion. In this way we could achieve a mutual balance of the rights of the people of India with their responsibility to fulfill their duties as well in a more effective manner to achieve an egalitarian society as cherished by the founding father of Indian Constitution.
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##Question:What is the significance of the fundamental duties for India as a nation? Also, discuss the criticism associated with Fundamental Duties. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce the answer with the overall scenario of the Fundamental Duties. Then bring the significance of the Fundamental Duties Further, discuss the criticism of the Fundamental duties provided under the Indian Constitution. Conclude accordingly. Answer As per Gandhiji “The source of right is the duty and if everyone is conscious of their duty right, will not be far to seek”. Thus The socialist countries, on the contrary, gave equal importance to the fundamental rights and duties of their citizens. The Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution are inspired by the Constitution of the erstwhile USSR. None of the Constitutions of major democratic countries like the USA, Canada, France, Germany, and Australia, specifically contain a list of duties of citizens. Japanese Constitution is, perhaps, the only democratic Constitution in the world that contains a list of duties of citizens. Significance of Fundamental Duties Fundamental Duties act as a warning against anti-national and antisocial activities like burning the national flag, destroying public property, etc. Fundamental Duties act as a reminder to the citizens that while enjoying their rights, they should also be conscious of the duties they owe to their country, their society, and to their fellow citizens. Fundamental Duties act as a source of inspiration for the citizens. Fundamental Duties promote a sense of discipline and commitment among them. Thus Fundamental Duties create a feeling that the citizens are not mere spectators but active participants in the realization of national goals. They are enforceable by law. Thus, the Parliament can provide for the imposition of appropriate penalties or punishment for failure to fulfill any of them. Fundamental Duties help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law . In 1992, the Supreme Court ruled that in determining the constitutionality of any law, if a court finds that the law in question seeks to give effect to a fundamental duty, it may consider such law to be ‘reasonable’ in relation to Article 14 (equality before law) or Article 19 (six freedoms) and thus save such law from unconstitutionality. In Chandra Bhavan Boarding Case, 1969 the Apex Court observed that it is fallacy to think that constitution only has the right but not the duties. In AIIMS Student Union vs. AIIMS case, 2001 the Apex court observed that Fundamental Duties are important in interpreting the constitution or understanding the constitutional values. Fundamental Duties have been criticized on the following ground The Fundamental duties are criticized as superfluous as these duties included in the Constitution as fundamental would be performed by the people even though they were not incorporated in the Constitution. Some of the duties are vague, ambiguous, and difficult to be understood by the common man. For example, different interpretations can be given to the phrases like ‘noble ideals, ‘composite culture, and ‘scientific temper. Many duties that are important were not included in the list of Fundamental Duties. For example, important duties such as casting vote, paying taxes, family planning, etc. are not part of the Fundamental Duties. Even some of the duty like the duty to pay taxes was recommended by the Swaran Singh Committee itself but was ignored. The Fundamental Duties have been criticized as a code of moral precepts due to their non-justiciable character. Interestingly, the Swaran Singh Committee had suggested a penalty or punishment for the non-performance of Fundamental Duties. The fundamental duties are criticized as an appendage to Part IV of the Constitution and it has reduced their value and significance. They should have been added after Part III so as to keep them on par with Fundamental Rights. Thus we need to implement the recommendation of the Verma Committee on the Fundamental Duties of the citizen with the explanation of the philosophical words that create confusion. In this way we could achieve a mutual balance of the rights of the people of India with their responsibility to fulfill their duties as well in a more effective manner to achieve an egalitarian society as cherished by the founding father of Indian Constitution.
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What are the types of markets based on the number of producers? Critically analyze their function. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach:- In the introduction part, define the market Then discuss the types of markets based on the no. of producers In the last part, analyze their role and function Conclude accordingly Answer:- A market is defined as the sum total of all the buyers and sellers in the area or region under consideration. It is based on the concept of demand and supply. Supply is done by producers and demand is done by consumers/buyers Types of market Monopolistic Perfect Competition Imperfect competition Oligopoly Single firm Large no. of firms (of equal size) Large no. of firms (some are small and some are big), and all will be trying a catch a market share by differentiating their products Few firms Unique product (no close substitute) Single product/similar product Differentiated products (Close substitutes are available) Differentiated products and homogenous products Examples- I-phone, Railways, and Anything which is patented such as patented medicine No such real products. Agriculture products- all farmers producing wheat (But the size of land may vary) Cold drinks, Mobile phones, laptops, banking services Examples- Aircraft, defence items, Automobile services, Information and communication technology, telecom communication, and data services. Petrol, electricity, and Natural gas are examples of homogenous products Prices will be decided by Producers/firms Price will be decided by Demand and supply (Market) The bigger company has some control over the price (because of the advantage of economy of scale. Few Firms have some control over the price. Huge scope of exploitation No scope for exploitation (only normal profit or sustainable profit will be taken) Less scope for exploitation (in comparison with monopolistic) Less scope for exploitation Entry is restricted Free entry and exit of firms Free entry and exit of firms Difficult entry Critical analysis of their role Among all these Perfect competition is best. But it is not reality. Reality is Imperfect competition. The perfect competition can be achieved by Supporting these smaller firms with the government such loans at lesser interest rates, incentives, subsidies, and Making rules and regulations easier for them The smaller firms deliberately remain dwarf or small firms, and as they will grow the government will withdraw the support. So there is an incentive to retain smaller MSMEs /dwarf companies Companies associate with one and make one group/cartel. Thus the competition among themselves will not be there. And they will deliberately lower the supply so that the prices will go up Cartel formation such as in the agricultural produce market APMC and OPEC cartelization The market is referred to as "An invisible hand of demand and supply " for an economy. Along with the Invisible hand of demand and supply, we need " An Invisible hand of trust " so that market can work on ethical capitalistic principles
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##Question:What are the types of markets based on the number of producers? Critically analyze their function. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction part, define the market Then discuss the types of markets based on the no. of producers In the last part, analyze their role and function Conclude accordingly Answer:- A market is defined as the sum total of all the buyers and sellers in the area or region under consideration. It is based on the concept of demand and supply. Supply is done by producers and demand is done by consumers/buyers Types of market Monopolistic Perfect Competition Imperfect competition Oligopoly Single firm Large no. of firms (of equal size) Large no. of firms (some are small and some are big), and all will be trying a catch a market share by differentiating their products Few firms Unique product (no close substitute) Single product/similar product Differentiated products (Close substitutes are available) Differentiated products and homogenous products Examples- I-phone, Railways, and Anything which is patented such as patented medicine No such real products. Agriculture products- all farmers producing wheat (But the size of land may vary) Cold drinks, Mobile phones, laptops, banking services Examples- Aircraft, defence items, Automobile services, Information and communication technology, telecom communication, and data services. Petrol, electricity, and Natural gas are examples of homogenous products Prices will be decided by Producers/firms Price will be decided by Demand and supply (Market) The bigger company has some control over the price (because of the advantage of economy of scale. Few Firms have some control over the price. Huge scope of exploitation No scope for exploitation (only normal profit or sustainable profit will be taken) Less scope for exploitation (in comparison with monopolistic) Less scope for exploitation Entry is restricted Free entry and exit of firms Free entry and exit of firms Difficult entry Critical analysis of their role Among all these Perfect competition is best. But it is not reality. Reality is Imperfect competition. The perfect competition can be achieved by Supporting these smaller firms with the government such loans at lesser interest rates, incentives, subsidies, and Making rules and regulations easier for them The smaller firms deliberately remain dwarf or small firms, and as they will grow the government will withdraw the support. So there is an incentive to retain smaller MSMEs /dwarf companies Companies associate with one and make one group/cartel. Thus the competition among themselves will not be there. And they will deliberately lower the supply so that the prices will go up Cartel formation such as in the agricultural produce market APMC and OPEC cartelization The market is referred to as "An invisible hand of demand and supply " for an economy. Along with the Invisible hand of demand and supply, we need " An Invisible hand of trust " so that market can work on ethical capitalistic principles
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Explain the concept and features of caste system. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Write a brief introduction starting with defining the caste system (concept of caste system) Elaborate on the features of caste system Conclude briefly Caste system is a traditional form of social stratification that consists of hierarchically arranged, closed, endogamous strata; where membership is ascriptive, contact is restricted and mobility is theoretically impossible. Features of the caste system Ideal Typical Features - Segmental Division Hierarchy: the caste segments are arranged in a hierarchical order which is rigid - Brahmin > Kshatriya > Vaishya > Shudra Membership - compulsory & ascriptive Caste Endogamy: restrictions on marrying outside the caste Occupation: restricted to one’s caste group Civil/ social disability: there are restrictions in everyday interaction between various caste groups e.g. spatial segregation, clothing, dining/eating e.g. Ezhavas of Kerala. Religious disabilities - castes were ranked according to their relative purity and therefore could perform religious rites and rituals specific to their caste groups e.g. upanayana ceremony was restricted only for Dvijas. Economic System Higher castes - patrons Lower castes - clients Jajmani system Political system Law and order were decided by caste councils. Contemporary features - Caste as a system operates only locally i.e. a village consists of a series of mutually exclusive castes. There is a dominant caste that holds monopolistic control over land and power. Each caste has an occupational speciality that it offers to the dominant class in exchange for food and services (Jajmani system) Castes are ranked within a local caste system according to their respective degrees of pollution. Disputes are settled by caste councils Each caste is an endogamous group Thus, over time, the features of the caste system have evolved into new forms. However, the core aspects of caste still remain entrenched.
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##Question:Explain the concept and features of caste system. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Write a brief introduction starting with defining the caste system (concept of caste system) Elaborate on the features of caste system Conclude briefly Caste system is a traditional form of social stratification that consists of hierarchically arranged, closed, endogamous strata; where membership is ascriptive, contact is restricted and mobility is theoretically impossible. Features of the caste system Ideal Typical Features - Segmental Division Hierarchy: the caste segments are arranged in a hierarchical order which is rigid - Brahmin > Kshatriya > Vaishya > Shudra Membership - compulsory & ascriptive Caste Endogamy: restrictions on marrying outside the caste Occupation: restricted to one’s caste group Civil/ social disability: there are restrictions in everyday interaction between various caste groups e.g. spatial segregation, clothing, dining/eating e.g. Ezhavas of Kerala. Religious disabilities - castes were ranked according to their relative purity and therefore could perform religious rites and rituals specific to their caste groups e.g. upanayana ceremony was restricted only for Dvijas. Economic System Higher castes - patrons Lower castes - clients Jajmani system Political system Law and order were decided by caste councils. Contemporary features - Caste as a system operates only locally i.e. a village consists of a series of mutually exclusive castes. There is a dominant caste that holds monopolistic control over land and power. Each caste has an occupational speciality that it offers to the dominant class in exchange for food and services (Jajmani system) Castes are ranked within a local caste system according to their respective degrees of pollution. Disputes are settled by caste councils Each caste is an endogamous group Thus, over time, the features of the caste system have evolved into new forms. However, the core aspects of caste still remain entrenched.
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अभिवृत्ति से आप क्या समझते हैं? अभिवृत्ति के तत्व एवं संरचना को उदाहरण सहित स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) What do you understand by attitude? Explain the elements and structure of attitude with examples. (150-200 words/10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण: अभिवृत्ति की परिभाषित करते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए। स्पष्ट शीर्षक देकर बिन्दुवार अभिवृत्ति के तत्व एवं संरचना को लिखिए। उचित उदाहरणों के माध्यम से अभिवृत्ति के तत्व एवं संरचना को समझाइए। अभिवृत्ति के महत्व को बताकर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: अभिवृत्ति से तात्पर्य उस आंतरिक कारक से है जो व्यक्ति के विश्वास और उसकी भावना के साथ उस व्यक्ति के व्यवहार को मार्गदर्शित करती है। अभिवृत्ति किसी व्यक्ति की मानसिक या मनोवैज्ञानिक तैयारी को इंगित करता है। जिसके तहत एक व्यक्ति अपने विश्वास और मूल्यों के साथ किसी परिस्थिति, घटना, विषय या मुद्दे पर अपने मत या व्यवहार का निर्धारण करता है। यह व्यक्ति का मानसिक रुझान है जिसके तहत अपने मूल्यांकनों के आधार पर निर्णय लेने का प्रयास करता है। गणितीय रूप में यह कहा जा सकता है कि विश्वास+मूल्य= अभिवृत्ति। समय के सापेक्ष में अभिवृत्ति के अध्ययन और उसकी अवधारणा की समझ के प्रति गंभीरता बढ़ी है। क्योंकि यह व्यक्ति विशेष के व्यवहार द्वारा प्रभावित एवं नियंत्रित होती है। अभिवृत्ति के तत्व: परिवार, संस्कृति और समाज द्वारा प्रभावित अभिवृत्ति अपनी सकरात्मकता (आशावादी, सहिष्णु, विनम्र, सहयोगी, प्रसन्नचित्त इत्यादि) एवं नकारात्मकता (निराशावाद, असहिष्णुता, आक्रामकता इत्यादि) के साथ अंतर्निहित (Implicit) एवं मुखर (Explicit) रूप में वर्गीकृत की जाती है। अंतर्निहित अभिवृत्ति व्यक्ति के अचेतन या अर्द्धचेतन अवस्था में उत्पन्न होती है। इसमें ज्ञानात्मकता के तत्व कम होते हैं और यह भावना या उत्तेजना द्वारा मार्गदर्शित होता है। जैसे- मंच पर किसी बहुत पढे-लिखे व्यक्ति द्वारा बोलने में असमर्थता। मुखर या प्रकटीकृत अभिवृत्ति सचेतन मन का परिणाम है। व्यक्ति ज्ञान एवं अनुभव के आधार पर स्वयं के चेतन स्थिति में अपनी अभिवृत्ति का निर्धारण करता है। जो उसके व्यवहार को उसकी अपेक्षाओं के अनुसार मार्गदर्शित करने में सहायक होता है। जैसे- किसी शिक्षक द्वारा अभ्यर्थियों को समझाने के लिए दिए गए उदाहरण। अभिवृत्ति की संरचना: सामान्य तौर पर मनुष्य अपनी भावनात्मक तार्किकता तथा कार्योन्मुखता के साथ अपने व्यवहार को मर्यादित करने का प्रयास करता है और इस संदर्भ में उसकी अभिवृत्ति तीन अलग-अलग मनोवैज्ञानिक अवयवों के साथ अपनी संरचना प्राप्त करती है। सामान्य तौर पर इसे ABC प्रारूप या बहु-अवयवी प्रारूप भी कहते हैं। भावनात्मक अवयव- यह अवयव मूलतः व्यक्ति की अनुभूति या उसकी भावना से मर्यादित होती है। इन अवयवों का संबंध भावनात्मक चारित्रिक विशेषता जैसे- घृणा, क्रोध, प्रसन्नता इत्यादि से है। उदाहरण के तौर पर खेल के मैदान में अपने देश का समर्थन करना और अपने देशी खिलाड़ियों के मनोबल को बढ़ाने का प्रयास करना। किसी जानवर या जीव-जंतुओं के संदर्भ में नकारात्मक या सकारात्मक भाव रखना या फिर किसी वस्तु जैसे किसी गाड़ी या कार के संदर्भ में सम्मान या प्रसन्नता का भाव रखना। ज्ञानात्मक अवयव- यह व्यक्ति के अनुभव तथा उसके ज्ञान पर निर्भर करता है। इस तरह की अभिवृत्ति के तहत व्यक्ति ज्ञात तथ्यों के आधार पर अपने व्यवहार का निर्धारण करता है। उदाहरण के तौर पर कोई व्यक्ति अपने तथ्यात्मक ज्ञान के आधार पर किसी खेल-कूद का समर्थन या विरोध करता है या जीव-जंतुओं के प्रति या किसी विधि के प्रति या वस्तु के प्रति अपनी सोच का निर्धारण करता है। व्यवहारात्मक अवयव- इसके तहत व्यक्ति अपने पूर्व के व्यवहार एवं अपने अनुभवों के आधार पर विकसित संवेदनशीलता से मार्गदर्शित होकर अपनी अभिवृत्ति का निर्धारण करता है। उदाहरण के तौर पर यदि कोई व्यक्ति किसी वस्तु या किसी घटना या किसी विधि के प्रति नकारात्मक सोच या घृणा का मन रखता हो तो वह उन सभी विषयों के लिए या विषयों का समर्थन करने वालों के लिए नकारात्मक सोच ही रखेगा। अंत में, किसी भी व्यक्ति के जीवन की सफलता या असफलता उसके सकारात्मक या नकारात्मक अभिवृत्ति का ही प्रतिफल होती है।
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##Question:अभिवृत्ति से आप क्या समझते हैं? अभिवृत्ति के तत्व एवं संरचना को उदाहरण सहित स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द/10 अंक) What do you understand by attitude? Explain the elements and structure of attitude with examples. (150-200 words/10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: अभिवृत्ति की परिभाषित करते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए। स्पष्ट शीर्षक देकर बिन्दुवार अभिवृत्ति के तत्व एवं संरचना को लिखिए। उचित उदाहरणों के माध्यम से अभिवृत्ति के तत्व एवं संरचना को समझाइए। अभिवृत्ति के महत्व को बताकर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: अभिवृत्ति से तात्पर्य उस आंतरिक कारक से है जो व्यक्ति के विश्वास और उसकी भावना के साथ उस व्यक्ति के व्यवहार को मार्गदर्शित करती है। अभिवृत्ति किसी व्यक्ति की मानसिक या मनोवैज्ञानिक तैयारी को इंगित करता है। जिसके तहत एक व्यक्ति अपने विश्वास और मूल्यों के साथ किसी परिस्थिति, घटना, विषय या मुद्दे पर अपने मत या व्यवहार का निर्धारण करता है। यह व्यक्ति का मानसिक रुझान है जिसके तहत अपने मूल्यांकनों के आधार पर निर्णय लेने का प्रयास करता है। गणितीय रूप में यह कहा जा सकता है कि विश्वास+मूल्य= अभिवृत्ति। समय के सापेक्ष में अभिवृत्ति के अध्ययन और उसकी अवधारणा की समझ के प्रति गंभीरता बढ़ी है। क्योंकि यह व्यक्ति विशेष के व्यवहार द्वारा प्रभावित एवं नियंत्रित होती है। अभिवृत्ति के तत्व: परिवार, संस्कृति और समाज द्वारा प्रभावित अभिवृत्ति अपनी सकरात्मकता (आशावादी, सहिष्णु, विनम्र, सहयोगी, प्रसन्नचित्त इत्यादि) एवं नकारात्मकता (निराशावाद, असहिष्णुता, आक्रामकता इत्यादि) के साथ अंतर्निहित (Implicit) एवं मुखर (Explicit) रूप में वर्गीकृत की जाती है। अंतर्निहित अभिवृत्ति व्यक्ति के अचेतन या अर्द्धचेतन अवस्था में उत्पन्न होती है। इसमें ज्ञानात्मकता के तत्व कम होते हैं और यह भावना या उत्तेजना द्वारा मार्गदर्शित होता है। जैसे- मंच पर किसी बहुत पढे-लिखे व्यक्ति द्वारा बोलने में असमर्थता। मुखर या प्रकटीकृत अभिवृत्ति सचेतन मन का परिणाम है। व्यक्ति ज्ञान एवं अनुभव के आधार पर स्वयं के चेतन स्थिति में अपनी अभिवृत्ति का निर्धारण करता है। जो उसके व्यवहार को उसकी अपेक्षाओं के अनुसार मार्गदर्शित करने में सहायक होता है। जैसे- किसी शिक्षक द्वारा अभ्यर्थियों को समझाने के लिए दिए गए उदाहरण। अभिवृत्ति की संरचना: सामान्य तौर पर मनुष्य अपनी भावनात्मक तार्किकता तथा कार्योन्मुखता के साथ अपने व्यवहार को मर्यादित करने का प्रयास करता है और इस संदर्भ में उसकी अभिवृत्ति तीन अलग-अलग मनोवैज्ञानिक अवयवों के साथ अपनी संरचना प्राप्त करती है। सामान्य तौर पर इसे ABC प्रारूप या बहु-अवयवी प्रारूप भी कहते हैं। भावनात्मक अवयव- यह अवयव मूलतः व्यक्ति की अनुभूति या उसकी भावना से मर्यादित होती है। इन अवयवों का संबंध भावनात्मक चारित्रिक विशेषता जैसे- घृणा, क्रोध, प्रसन्नता इत्यादि से है। उदाहरण के तौर पर खेल के मैदान में अपने देश का समर्थन करना और अपने देशी खिलाड़ियों के मनोबल को बढ़ाने का प्रयास करना। किसी जानवर या जीव-जंतुओं के संदर्भ में नकारात्मक या सकारात्मक भाव रखना या फिर किसी वस्तु जैसे किसी गाड़ी या कार के संदर्भ में सम्मान या प्रसन्नता का भाव रखना। ज्ञानात्मक अवयव- यह व्यक्ति के अनुभव तथा उसके ज्ञान पर निर्भर करता है। इस तरह की अभिवृत्ति के तहत व्यक्ति ज्ञात तथ्यों के आधार पर अपने व्यवहार का निर्धारण करता है। उदाहरण के तौर पर कोई व्यक्ति अपने तथ्यात्मक ज्ञान के आधार पर किसी खेल-कूद का समर्थन या विरोध करता है या जीव-जंतुओं के प्रति या किसी विधि के प्रति या वस्तु के प्रति अपनी सोच का निर्धारण करता है। व्यवहारात्मक अवयव- इसके तहत व्यक्ति अपने पूर्व के व्यवहार एवं अपने अनुभवों के आधार पर विकसित संवेदनशीलता से मार्गदर्शित होकर अपनी अभिवृत्ति का निर्धारण करता है। उदाहरण के तौर पर यदि कोई व्यक्ति किसी वस्तु या किसी घटना या किसी विधि के प्रति नकारात्मक सोच या घृणा का मन रखता हो तो वह उन सभी विषयों के लिए या विषयों का समर्थन करने वालों के लिए नकारात्मक सोच ही रखेगा। अंत में, किसी भी व्यक्ति के जीवन की सफलता या असफलता उसके सकारात्मक या नकारात्मक अभिवृत्ति का ही प्रतिफल होती है।
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The Perceptions of Society through the eyes of travelers are an important tool for deciphering societies in different phases of history. Discuss in the context of foreign travelers in the Vijayanagara Empire. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the purpose of travel throughout the historical period. Then further enter into the discussion on the travelers visited in the Vijayanagara empire. Then bring their account and description of the society. Conclude accordingly. Answer Women and men have travelled in search of work, to escape from natural disasters, as traders, merchants, soldiers, priests, pilgrims, or driven by a sense of adventure. Those who visit or come to stay in a new land invariably encounter a world that is different: in terms of the landscape or physical environment as well as customs, languages, beliefs, and practices of people. The accounts that survive are often varied in terms of their subject matter. Some deal with affairs of the court, while others are mainly focused on religious issues, or architectural features and monuments. As these authors came from vastly different social and cultural environments, they were often more attentive to everyday activities and practices which were taken for granted by indigenous writers, for whom these were routine matters, not worthy of being recorded. It is this difference in perspective that makes the accounts of travelers interesting and provides a more realistic picture of life in contemporary societies. For example, one of the most important descriptions of the city of Vijayanagara in the fifteenth century comes from Abdur Razzaq Samarqandi , a diplomat who came to visit from Herat. Abdur Razzaq Samarqandi, who visited the Vijayanagara empire in the 1440s. Among the best-known of Portuguese writers is Duarte Barbosa , who wrote a detailed account of trade and society in south India. Ibn Battuta’s book of travels, called Rihla, written in Arabic, provides extremely rich and interesting details about the social and cultural life in the subcontinent in the fourteenth century. Ibn Battuta considered experience gained through travels to be a more important source of knowledge than books. He just loved travelling, and went to far-off places, exploring new worlds and peoples. Ibn Battuta meticulously recorded his observations about new cultures, peoples, beliefs, values , etc. Ibn Battuta himself travelled extensively through these lands, visiting sacred shrines, spending time with learned men and rulers, often officiating as qazi, and enjoying the cosmopolitan culture of urban centres where people who spoke Arabic, Persian, Turkish and other languages, shared ideas, information, and anecdotes. These included stories about men noted for their piety, kings who could be both cruel and generous, and about the lives of ordinary men and women ; anything that was unfamiliar was particularly highlighted in order to ensure that the listener or the reader was suitably impressed by accounts of distant yet accessible worlds. Ibn Battuta found cities in the subcontinent full of exciting opportunities for those who had the necessary drive, resources and skills. They were densely populated and prosperous, except for the occasional disruptions caused by wars and invasions. It appears from Ibn Battuta’s account that most cities had crowded streets and bright and colourful markets that were stacked with a wide variety of goods. Ibn Battuta described Delhi as a vast city, with a great population, the largest in India. He mentioned that Daulatabad (in Maharashtra) was no less, and easily rivalled Delhi in size. Ibn Battuta found Indian agriculture very productive because of the fertility of the soil, which allowed farmers to cultivate two crops a year. He also noted that the subcontinent was well integrated with inter-Asian networks of trade and commerce , with Indian manufacturers being in great demand in both West Asia and Southeast Asia, fetching huge profits for artisans and merchants. Indian textiles, particularly cotton cloth, fine muslins, silks, brocade and satin, were in great demand. Ibn Battuta informs us that certain varieties of fine muslin were so expensive that they could be worn only by the nobles and the very rich. Ibn Battuta was also amazed by the efficiency of the postal system which allowed merchants to not only send information and remit credit across long distances but also to dispatch goods required at short notice. The postal system was so efficient that while it took fifty days to reach Delhi from Sind, the news reports of spies would reach the Sultan through the postal system in just five days. Thus the travellers’ accounts provide us with a glimpse of the lives of men and women during these centuries. However, their observations were often shaped by the contexts from which they came. Thus the account of these travelers helps us immensely in deciphering contemporary life in society in different phases of the historical period.
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##Question:The Perceptions of Society through the eyes of travelers are an important tool for deciphering societies in different phases of history. Discuss in the context of foreign travelers in the Vijayanagara Empire. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the purpose of travel throughout the historical period. Then further enter into the discussion on the travelers visited in the Vijayanagara empire. Then bring their account and description of the society. Conclude accordingly. Answer Women and men have travelled in search of work, to escape from natural disasters, as traders, merchants, soldiers, priests, pilgrims, or driven by a sense of adventure. Those who visit or come to stay in a new land invariably encounter a world that is different: in terms of the landscape or physical environment as well as customs, languages, beliefs, and practices of people. The accounts that survive are often varied in terms of their subject matter. Some deal with affairs of the court, while others are mainly focused on religious issues, or architectural features and monuments. As these authors came from vastly different social and cultural environments, they were often more attentive to everyday activities and practices which were taken for granted by indigenous writers, for whom these were routine matters, not worthy of being recorded. It is this difference in perspective that makes the accounts of travelers interesting and provides a more realistic picture of life in contemporary societies. For example, one of the most important descriptions of the city of Vijayanagara in the fifteenth century comes from Abdur Razzaq Samarqandi , a diplomat who came to visit from Herat. Abdur Razzaq Samarqandi, who visited the Vijayanagara empire in the 1440s. Among the best-known of Portuguese writers is Duarte Barbosa , who wrote a detailed account of trade and society in south India. Ibn Battuta’s book of travels, called Rihla, written in Arabic, provides extremely rich and interesting details about the social and cultural life in the subcontinent in the fourteenth century. Ibn Battuta considered experience gained through travels to be a more important source of knowledge than books. He just loved travelling, and went to far-off places, exploring new worlds and peoples. Ibn Battuta meticulously recorded his observations about new cultures, peoples, beliefs, values , etc. Ibn Battuta himself travelled extensively through these lands, visiting sacred shrines, spending time with learned men and rulers, often officiating as qazi, and enjoying the cosmopolitan culture of urban centres where people who spoke Arabic, Persian, Turkish and other languages, shared ideas, information, and anecdotes. These included stories about men noted for their piety, kings who could be both cruel and generous, and about the lives of ordinary men and women ; anything that was unfamiliar was particularly highlighted in order to ensure that the listener or the reader was suitably impressed by accounts of distant yet accessible worlds. Ibn Battuta found cities in the subcontinent full of exciting opportunities for those who had the necessary drive, resources and skills. They were densely populated and prosperous, except for the occasional disruptions caused by wars and invasions. It appears from Ibn Battuta’s account that most cities had crowded streets and bright and colourful markets that were stacked with a wide variety of goods. Ibn Battuta described Delhi as a vast city, with a great population, the largest in India. He mentioned that Daulatabad (in Maharashtra) was no less, and easily rivalled Delhi in size. Ibn Battuta found Indian agriculture very productive because of the fertility of the soil, which allowed farmers to cultivate two crops a year. He also noted that the subcontinent was well integrated with inter-Asian networks of trade and commerce , with Indian manufacturers being in great demand in both West Asia and Southeast Asia, fetching huge profits for artisans and merchants. Indian textiles, particularly cotton cloth, fine muslins, silks, brocade and satin, were in great demand. Ibn Battuta informs us that certain varieties of fine muslin were so expensive that they could be worn only by the nobles and the very rich. Ibn Battuta was also amazed by the efficiency of the postal system which allowed merchants to not only send information and remit credit across long distances but also to dispatch goods required at short notice. The postal system was so efficient that while it took fifty days to reach Delhi from Sind, the news reports of spies would reach the Sultan through the postal system in just five days. Thus the travellers’ accounts provide us with a glimpse of the lives of men and women during these centuries. However, their observations were often shaped by the contexts from which they came. Thus the account of these travelers helps us immensely in deciphering contemporary life in society in different phases of the historical period.
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What do you know about the Rajputs of North India? Also, mention their relationship with Mughals in detail.(150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction: Briefly introduce Rajputs and their rise. Body: Discuss the relationship between Rajputs and the Mughals under Akbar and Aurangzeb. Conclusion: conclude with the Relation between Rajputs and Marathas Model Answer: These were warrior groups who participated in the military labour market of north India. Around the 16th-17h century, Rajputs emerged as a consolidated group of 20 major clans, therefore there existed a horizontal structure of polity. Local Rajput chief of each clan ruled their respective territory. During Akbar, the powerful Rajput chiefs were co-opted: Akbar recognized the authority of those Rajput chiefs who were extra-powerful, therefore giving them legitimacy over and above small Rajput chiefs. With the military help of the Mughals, these Rajput chiefs consolidated power by defeating smaller Rajput chiefs. They maintained the military for the Mughal emperor as they were recognized as Mansabdars, also their lands were recognized as Watan Jagirs, they now played important role in Delhi politics. Therefore unable to defeat the Rajputs, the Mughals coopted them and increased the military strength of the Mughal empire. Also now the horizontal structure of polity was replaced by a more vertical structure in the Rajput polity. Tension in relationships during Aurangzeb: Not because of religion-based rivalry rather than expansion by Mewar under Raj Singh against other Rajput chiefs. Aurangzeb did "t want 1 supreme power in Rajputana and wanted to maintain the balance of power among Rajput chiefs. In 1680-81 Mewar and Marwar revolted against Aurangzeb but failed. Reasons for revolt: Due to the death of an existing ruler, a child ruler came to power in Marwar that lay along the important trade route between Delhi, Agra, and Ahmedabad. Since Marwad was strategically important, Aurangzeb did "t want a child ruler and interfered in succession. This provided an opportunity for Mewar to ally with Marwar against Aurengzeb. The revolt failed as other Rajput chiefs did "t support it as they feared the loss of power to Mewar. In the 18th century with the weakening of the Mughals, Rajput chiefs acted more independently, especially under Swai Jai Singh of Amber who ruled Jaipur and was a powerful entity in Delhi politics. 1751 onwards Rajputs were regularly attacked by Marathas who extracted annual tributes and interfered in succession but could not conclusively defeat Rajputs.
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##Question:What do you know about the Rajputs of North India? Also, mention their relationship with Mughals in detail.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Briefly introduce Rajputs and their rise. Body: Discuss the relationship between Rajputs and the Mughals under Akbar and Aurangzeb. Conclusion: conclude with the Relation between Rajputs and Marathas Model Answer: These were warrior groups who participated in the military labour market of north India. Around the 16th-17h century, Rajputs emerged as a consolidated group of 20 major clans, therefore there existed a horizontal structure of polity. Local Rajput chief of each clan ruled their respective territory. During Akbar, the powerful Rajput chiefs were co-opted: Akbar recognized the authority of those Rajput chiefs who were extra-powerful, therefore giving them legitimacy over and above small Rajput chiefs. With the military help of the Mughals, these Rajput chiefs consolidated power by defeating smaller Rajput chiefs. They maintained the military for the Mughal emperor as they were recognized as Mansabdars, also their lands were recognized as Watan Jagirs, they now played important role in Delhi politics. Therefore unable to defeat the Rajputs, the Mughals coopted them and increased the military strength of the Mughal empire. Also now the horizontal structure of polity was replaced by a more vertical structure in the Rajput polity. Tension in relationships during Aurangzeb: Not because of religion-based rivalry rather than expansion by Mewar under Raj Singh against other Rajput chiefs. Aurangzeb did "t want 1 supreme power in Rajputana and wanted to maintain the balance of power among Rajput chiefs. In 1680-81 Mewar and Marwar revolted against Aurangzeb but failed. Reasons for revolt: Due to the death of an existing ruler, a child ruler came to power in Marwar that lay along the important trade route between Delhi, Agra, and Ahmedabad. Since Marwad was strategically important, Aurangzeb did "t want a child ruler and interfered in succession. This provided an opportunity for Mewar to ally with Marwar against Aurengzeb. The revolt failed as other Rajput chiefs did "t support it as they feared the loss of power to Mewar. In the 18th century with the weakening of the Mughals, Rajput chiefs acted more independently, especially under Swai Jai Singh of Amber who ruled Jaipur and was a powerful entity in Delhi politics. 1751 onwards Rajputs were regularly attacked by Marathas who extracted annual tributes and interfered in succession but could not conclusively defeat Rajputs.
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President is the “Head that neither reign nor governs” but holds a position of “authority or dignity”. Comment. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the context under which the statement was made. Then discuss the power of the President as discussed under the Constituent Assembly by Dr. Ambedkar Himself. Then further proceeds with arguments with constitutional provisions and Amendments. Conclude with the picture of the President as balancing power. Answer Former PM Jawaharlal Nehru made the above statement on the post of President of India that “President is the “Head that neither reign nor governs” but holds a position of “authority or dignity”. The statement was made in the context of the assertion of his power by then-President Dr. Rajendra Prasad. The tussle has been about whether the president is a de-jure head of government or a de-facto head of government. The Constitution of India has provided for a parliamentary form of government. Consequently, the President has been made only a nominal executive; the real executive being the council of ministers headed by the prime minister. Thus, the President has to exercise his powers and functions with the aid and advice of the council of ministers headed by the prime minister. Dr BR Ambedkar summed up the true position of the President in the following way: In the Indian Constitution, there is placed at the head of the Indian Union a functionary who is called the President of the Union. The title of the functionary reminds of the President of the United States. But beyond the identity of names, there is nothing in common between the form of government prevalent in America and the form of government adopted under the Indian Constitution. The American form of government is called the presidential system of government and what the Indian Constitution adopted is the Parliamentary system . Under the presidential system of America, the President is the Chief head of the Executive, and administration is vested in him. Under the Indian Constitution, the President occupies the same position as the King under the English Constitution. President is the head of the State but not of the Executive. He represents the nation but does not rule the nation. He is the symbol of the nation. His place in administration is that of a ceremonial device or a seal by which the nation’s decisions are made known. He is generally bound by the advice of his ministers. President can do nothing contrary to their advice nor can he do anything without their advice. The President of the United States can dismiss any Secretary at any time. The President of the Indian Union has no power to do so, so long as his ministers command a majority in Parliament”. In estimating the constitutional position of the President, particular reference has to be made to the provisions of Articles 53, 74, and 75. These are: As per Article 53 , the executive power of the Union shall be vested in President and shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this Constitution. As per Article 74 , there shall be a council of ministers with the Minister at the head to aid and advise the President who ‘shall’, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice. As per Article 75 , the council of ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. This provision is the foundation of the parliamentary system of government. The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976 made the President bound by the advice of the council of ministers headed by the prime minister. The 44th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1978 authorized the President to require the council of ministers to reconsider such advice either generally or otherwise. However, he ‘shall’ act in accordance with the advice tendered after such reconsideration. In other words, the President may return a matter once for reconsideration of his ministers, but the reconsidered advice shall be binding. Thus it is clear that the President is the “Head that neither reign nor governs” but holds a position of “authority or dignity”. However, President plays a very crucial role in the governance of India and protects the Indian constitution with his discretionary power in case of special situations.
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##Question:President is the “Head that neither reign nor governs” but holds a position of “authority or dignity”. Comment. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the context under which the statement was made. Then discuss the power of the President as discussed under the Constituent Assembly by Dr. Ambedkar Himself. Then further proceeds with arguments with constitutional provisions and Amendments. Conclude with the picture of the President as balancing power. Answer Former PM Jawaharlal Nehru made the above statement on the post of President of India that “President is the “Head that neither reign nor governs” but holds a position of “authority or dignity”. The statement was made in the context of the assertion of his power by then-President Dr. Rajendra Prasad. The tussle has been about whether the president is a de-jure head of government or a de-facto head of government. The Constitution of India has provided for a parliamentary form of government. Consequently, the President has been made only a nominal executive; the real executive being the council of ministers headed by the prime minister. Thus, the President has to exercise his powers and functions with the aid and advice of the council of ministers headed by the prime minister. Dr BR Ambedkar summed up the true position of the President in the following way: In the Indian Constitution, there is placed at the head of the Indian Union a functionary who is called the President of the Union. The title of the functionary reminds of the President of the United States. But beyond the identity of names, there is nothing in common between the form of government prevalent in America and the form of government adopted under the Indian Constitution. The American form of government is called the presidential system of government and what the Indian Constitution adopted is the Parliamentary system . Under the presidential system of America, the President is the Chief head of the Executive, and administration is vested in him. Under the Indian Constitution, the President occupies the same position as the King under the English Constitution. President is the head of the State but not of the Executive. He represents the nation but does not rule the nation. He is the symbol of the nation. His place in administration is that of a ceremonial device or a seal by which the nation’s decisions are made known. He is generally bound by the advice of his ministers. President can do nothing contrary to their advice nor can he do anything without their advice. The President of the United States can dismiss any Secretary at any time. The President of the Indian Union has no power to do so, so long as his ministers command a majority in Parliament”. In estimating the constitutional position of the President, particular reference has to be made to the provisions of Articles 53, 74, and 75. These are: As per Article 53 , the executive power of the Union shall be vested in President and shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this Constitution. As per Article 74 , there shall be a council of ministers with the Minister at the head to aid and advise the President who ‘shall’, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice. As per Article 75 , the council of ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. This provision is the foundation of the parliamentary system of government. The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976 made the President bound by the advice of the council of ministers headed by the prime minister. The 44th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1978 authorized the President to require the council of ministers to reconsider such advice either generally or otherwise. However, he ‘shall’ act in accordance with the advice tendered after such reconsideration. In other words, the President may return a matter once for reconsideration of his ministers, but the reconsidered advice shall be binding. Thus it is clear that the President is the “Head that neither reign nor governs” but holds a position of “authority or dignity”. However, President plays a very crucial role in the governance of India and protects the Indian constitution with his discretionary power in case of special situations.
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How annexation of Awadh by the British was an extension of the British policy of paramountcy? (10 Marks/ 150 Words)
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APPROACH: Introduce by defining the Policy of Paramountcy and showing its relation with the annexation of Awadh. Elaborate on how the annexation of Awadh was done. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: The British policy of paramountcy recognized the British to be the paramount/supreme power among all other powers in India. British interests must be considered paramount. To protect these interests, the British have the right to interfere in the internal affairs of Indian states and even the right to annex the Indian state. The annexation of Awadh was an example of this very preservation of interests, however, covered in the charge of maladministration. Annexation of Awadh: Awadh was an important town for the British as 3/5th of Indigo cultivation was in Awadh. Plus, the importance of the export of Awadh raw cotton to China. It was ruled Suja-Ud-Daula till after his death when it was annexed on the charges of maladministration in 1840. When Wellesley came into power: (1) He interfered in succession after the death of Asaf-Ud-Daula. EIC refused the claim of son Wazeer Ali as Nawab and made his uncle Sadat Ali Khan II Nawab in 1798 in return for some territory and Rs. 76 Lakhs as an annual subsidy (2) Conflict arose because of: The British resident interfering in domestic affairs in violation of Subsidiary Alliance. Misuse of Dastaks that began from 1765 Nawab defaulted on payment on subsidy in 1801. (3) Richard Wellesley 9805 sent his brother Henry to impose SA on Awadh in 1801 whereby Awadh was made to cede half its territory as Permanent payment of subsidy. However, despite permanent payment of subsidies EIC continued demanding more money. Therefore Nawab was forced to increase taxes and became unpopular among Talukdars and peasants. Now the oppression of peasants began due to high LR. Therefore there emerged a fear of peasant revolts by 1855. In addition, by 1855 British resident established his indirect rule and held his own informal court/ durbar. Therefore degrading the status and authority of Nawab. Now Dalhousie accused Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of maladministration. In reality, EIC"s high subsidy demand is responsible for the situation. Nawab had no power and all responsibility because of the Policy of Indirect Rule. Thus, we can say that it was not maladministration but British EIC"s policy of keeping its interests supreme which was the cause of the annexation of Awadh.
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##Question:How annexation of Awadh by the British was an extension of the British policy of paramountcy? (10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce by defining the Policy of Paramountcy and showing its relation with the annexation of Awadh. Elaborate on how the annexation of Awadh was done. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: The British policy of paramountcy recognized the British to be the paramount/supreme power among all other powers in India. British interests must be considered paramount. To protect these interests, the British have the right to interfere in the internal affairs of Indian states and even the right to annex the Indian state. The annexation of Awadh was an example of this very preservation of interests, however, covered in the charge of maladministration. Annexation of Awadh: Awadh was an important town for the British as 3/5th of Indigo cultivation was in Awadh. Plus, the importance of the export of Awadh raw cotton to China. It was ruled Suja-Ud-Daula till after his death when it was annexed on the charges of maladministration in 1840. When Wellesley came into power: (1) He interfered in succession after the death of Asaf-Ud-Daula. EIC refused the claim of son Wazeer Ali as Nawab and made his uncle Sadat Ali Khan II Nawab in 1798 in return for some territory and Rs. 76 Lakhs as an annual subsidy (2) Conflict arose because of: The British resident interfering in domestic affairs in violation of Subsidiary Alliance. Misuse of Dastaks that began from 1765 Nawab defaulted on payment on subsidy in 1801. (3) Richard Wellesley 9805 sent his brother Henry to impose SA on Awadh in 1801 whereby Awadh was made to cede half its territory as Permanent payment of subsidy. However, despite permanent payment of subsidies EIC continued demanding more money. Therefore Nawab was forced to increase taxes and became unpopular among Talukdars and peasants. Now the oppression of peasants began due to high LR. Therefore there emerged a fear of peasant revolts by 1855. In addition, by 1855 British resident established his indirect rule and held his own informal court/ durbar. Therefore degrading the status and authority of Nawab. Now Dalhousie accused Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of maladministration. In reality, EIC"s high subsidy demand is responsible for the situation. Nawab had no power and all responsibility because of the Policy of Indirect Rule. Thus, we can say that it was not maladministration but British EIC"s policy of keeping its interests supreme which was the cause of the annexation of Awadh.
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अभिवृत्ति क्या है? अभिवृत्ति के कार्यों को उदाहरण सहित स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) What is attitude? Explain the functions of attitude with examples. (150-200 words, 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण: अभिवृत्ति की परिभाषित करते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए। स्पष्ट शीर्षक देकर बिन्दुवार अभिवृत्ति के कार्यों को लिखिए, साथ ही उचित उदाहरण भी लिखिए। अंत में, अभिवृत्ति के महत्व को बताकर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: अभिवृत्ति किसी व्यक्ति की मानसिक या मनोवैज्ञानिक तैयारी को दर्शाती है।अभिवृत्ति से तात्पर्य उस आंतरिक कारक से है जो व्यक्ति के विश्वास और उसकी भावना के साथ उस व्यक्ति के व्यवहार को मार्गदर्शित करती है। जिसके तहत एक व्यक्ति अपने विश्वास और मूल्यों के साथ किसी परिस्थिति, घटना, विषय या मुद्दे पर अपने मत या व्यवहार का निर्धारण करता है। यह व्यक्ति का मानसिक रुझान है जिसके तहत अपने मूल्यांकनों के आधार पर निर्णय लेने का प्रयास करता है। गणितीय रूप में यह कहा जा सकता है कि विश्वास+मूल्य= अभिवृत्ति। समय के सापेक्ष में अभिवृत्ति के अध्ययन और उसकी अवधारणा की समझ के प्रति गंभीरता बढ़ी है। क्योंकि यह व्यक्ति विशेष के व्यवहार द्वारा प्रभावित एवं नियंत्रित होती है। अभिवृत्ति एक महत्वपूर्ण मनोवैज्ञानिक अवधारणा है क्योंकि यह व्यक्ति की अनुभूति, चिंतन और व्यवहार को मार्गदर्शित करती है तथा व्यक्ति की आंतरिक आवश्यकताओं और बाहरी वातावरण के बीच मध्यस्थता या संपर्क सूत्र का कार्य करती है। इस आधार पर यह कहा जा सकता है कि अभिवृत्ति के माध्यम से व्यक्ति अपने बुनियादी लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करने का प्रयास कर सकता है और मानसिक या मनोवैज्ञानिक आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करने का प्रयत्न कर सकता है। डेनियल कार्ट्ज ने अभिवृत्ति के कार्यों को पाँच भागों में विभाजित किया- ज्ञान कार्य (Knowledge Function)- इसके तहत अभिवृत्ति किसी भी व्यक्ति को ज्ञान आधारित जीवन अर्थ देने का प्रयास करती है। व्यक्ति स्वयं तथा अन्यों की अभिवृत्ति को जानकर जहां एक तरफ दूसरों के व्यवहार का आंकलन करने में सफल होता है वहीं दूसरी तरफ स्वयं के व्यवहार को नियंत्रित करने का प्रयास करता है। उदाहरण के तौर पर यह जानने के बाद कि कोई व्यक्ति पर्यावरणविद है, यह अनुमान लगाया जा सकता है कि वह अपने कार्य और प्राथमिकताओं के आधार पर प्राकृतिक स्थलों पर जाएगा। अहम/अहंकार प्रतिरक्षात्मक कार्य (Ego Defensive Function)- इसके तहत व्यक्ति किसी तथ्य विशेष की प्रतिरक्षा और सत्य को ढकने का प्रयास करता है। इसका उद्देश्य है अपने अहंकार या अहम को संतुष्ट करना। स्वयं की छवि को अन्यों के समक्ष बचाए रखने और हीन भावना से ग्रसित होने से खुद को बचाने की कोशिश में व्यक्ति इस तरह का प्रयास करता है। उदाहरण के तौर पर मैं फुटबॉल खेलना पसंद नहीं करता क्योंकि खेल के बजाय बौद्धिक गतिविधियों के प्रति मेरा झुकाव अधिक है (वास्तविकता यह है कि फुटबॉल के बारे में मेरी समझ नगण्य है)। अहम/अहंकार/स्व प्रकटीकरण कार्य (Ego Expressive Function)- इसे मूल्य प्रकटीकरण भी कहते हैं। इसके तहत व्यक्ति शाब्दिक विचार अभिव्यक्ति के बगैर अपने बुनियादी मूल्यों और अपनी प्राथमिकताओं को अपने कार्यों से प्रदर्शित करने का प्रयास करता है। व्यक्ति के विशिष्ट व्यवहार, उसकी पहचान को प्रतिबिंबित करने का एक प्रयास होते हैं। उदाहरण के तौर पर किसी अवसर विशेष में या सामान्य मौकों पर भी बहु-मूल्य वस्तुएं जैसे- सोना या हीरा खरीदकर अपने आर्थिक और सामाजिक स्तर को प्रस्तुत करने का प्रयास करते हैं। यांत्रिक या उपयोगितावादी कार्य (Instrumentel or Utilitarian Function)- इसके तहत कोई व्यक्ति उन कार्यों के प्रति या उन घटनाओं के प्रति सकारात्मक अभिवृत्ति रखता है जिनसे पुरस्कार प्राप्ति की संभावना होती है और उन कार्यों या घटनाओं के प्रति नकारात्मक अभिवृत्ति रखता है जिनसे दंड मिलने की संभावना रहती है। उदाहरण के तौर पर कोई व्यक्ति कर चोरी करने से डरता है क्योंकि उसे दंड प्राप्ति की आशंका होती है और इसलिए वह कर देना प्रारंभ करता है। सामाजिक स्वीकृति कार्य या स्वीकार्यता कार्य (Social Acceptance Function)- इसके अंतर्गत व्यक्ति सामाजिक स्वीकार्यता पर विशेष ध्यान देता है और इसलिए उन कार्यों के प्रति सकारात्मक अभिवृत्ति रखता है जो समाज में स्वीकार्य होते हैं और उनके लिए नकारात्मक प्रवृत्ति रखता है जो समाज द्वारा स्वीकार्य नहीं होते हैं। उदाहरण के तौर पर त्योहार के समय सामाजिक स्वीकार्यता के अनुसार अपने व्यवहार को मर्यादित करना। इस प्रकार से व्यक्ति की अभिवृत्ति उससे अलग-अलग अवसरों पर विभिन्न प्रकार का व्यवहार निर्धारित करती है। अंत में, अगर व्यक्ति की अभिवृत्ति में बदलाव कर उसे सकारात्मक बनाया जा सके तो समाज को और बेहतर, और नैतिक, और मूल्यवान, और नीतिशास्त्रीय बनाया जा सकता है।
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##Question:अभिवृत्ति क्या है? अभिवृत्ति के कार्यों को उदाहरण सहित स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) What is attitude? Explain the functions of attitude with examples. (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: अभिवृत्ति की परिभाषित करते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए। स्पष्ट शीर्षक देकर बिन्दुवार अभिवृत्ति के कार्यों को लिखिए, साथ ही उचित उदाहरण भी लिखिए। अंत में, अभिवृत्ति के महत्व को बताकर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: अभिवृत्ति किसी व्यक्ति की मानसिक या मनोवैज्ञानिक तैयारी को दर्शाती है।अभिवृत्ति से तात्पर्य उस आंतरिक कारक से है जो व्यक्ति के विश्वास और उसकी भावना के साथ उस व्यक्ति के व्यवहार को मार्गदर्शित करती है। जिसके तहत एक व्यक्ति अपने विश्वास और मूल्यों के साथ किसी परिस्थिति, घटना, विषय या मुद्दे पर अपने मत या व्यवहार का निर्धारण करता है। यह व्यक्ति का मानसिक रुझान है जिसके तहत अपने मूल्यांकनों के आधार पर निर्णय लेने का प्रयास करता है। गणितीय रूप में यह कहा जा सकता है कि विश्वास+मूल्य= अभिवृत्ति। समय के सापेक्ष में अभिवृत्ति के अध्ययन और उसकी अवधारणा की समझ के प्रति गंभीरता बढ़ी है। क्योंकि यह व्यक्ति विशेष के व्यवहार द्वारा प्रभावित एवं नियंत्रित होती है। अभिवृत्ति एक महत्वपूर्ण मनोवैज्ञानिक अवधारणा है क्योंकि यह व्यक्ति की अनुभूति, चिंतन और व्यवहार को मार्गदर्शित करती है तथा व्यक्ति की आंतरिक आवश्यकताओं और बाहरी वातावरण के बीच मध्यस्थता या संपर्क सूत्र का कार्य करती है। इस आधार पर यह कहा जा सकता है कि अभिवृत्ति के माध्यम से व्यक्ति अपने बुनियादी लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करने का प्रयास कर सकता है और मानसिक या मनोवैज्ञानिक आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करने का प्रयत्न कर सकता है। डेनियल कार्ट्ज ने अभिवृत्ति के कार्यों को पाँच भागों में विभाजित किया- ज्ञान कार्य (Knowledge Function)- इसके तहत अभिवृत्ति किसी भी व्यक्ति को ज्ञान आधारित जीवन अर्थ देने का प्रयास करती है। व्यक्ति स्वयं तथा अन्यों की अभिवृत्ति को जानकर जहां एक तरफ दूसरों के व्यवहार का आंकलन करने में सफल होता है वहीं दूसरी तरफ स्वयं के व्यवहार को नियंत्रित करने का प्रयास करता है। उदाहरण के तौर पर यह जानने के बाद कि कोई व्यक्ति पर्यावरणविद है, यह अनुमान लगाया जा सकता है कि वह अपने कार्य और प्राथमिकताओं के आधार पर प्राकृतिक स्थलों पर जाएगा। अहम/अहंकार प्रतिरक्षात्मक कार्य (Ego Defensive Function)- इसके तहत व्यक्ति किसी तथ्य विशेष की प्रतिरक्षा और सत्य को ढकने का प्रयास करता है। इसका उद्देश्य है अपने अहंकार या अहम को संतुष्ट करना। स्वयं की छवि को अन्यों के समक्ष बचाए रखने और हीन भावना से ग्रसित होने से खुद को बचाने की कोशिश में व्यक्ति इस तरह का प्रयास करता है। उदाहरण के तौर पर मैं फुटबॉल खेलना पसंद नहीं करता क्योंकि खेल के बजाय बौद्धिक गतिविधियों के प्रति मेरा झुकाव अधिक है (वास्तविकता यह है कि फुटबॉल के बारे में मेरी समझ नगण्य है)। अहम/अहंकार/स्व प्रकटीकरण कार्य (Ego Expressive Function)- इसे मूल्य प्रकटीकरण भी कहते हैं। इसके तहत व्यक्ति शाब्दिक विचार अभिव्यक्ति के बगैर अपने बुनियादी मूल्यों और अपनी प्राथमिकताओं को अपने कार्यों से प्रदर्शित करने का प्रयास करता है। व्यक्ति के विशिष्ट व्यवहार, उसकी पहचान को प्रतिबिंबित करने का एक प्रयास होते हैं। उदाहरण के तौर पर किसी अवसर विशेष में या सामान्य मौकों पर भी बहु-मूल्य वस्तुएं जैसे- सोना या हीरा खरीदकर अपने आर्थिक और सामाजिक स्तर को प्रस्तुत करने का प्रयास करते हैं। यांत्रिक या उपयोगितावादी कार्य (Instrumentel or Utilitarian Function)- इसके तहत कोई व्यक्ति उन कार्यों के प्रति या उन घटनाओं के प्रति सकारात्मक अभिवृत्ति रखता है जिनसे पुरस्कार प्राप्ति की संभावना होती है और उन कार्यों या घटनाओं के प्रति नकारात्मक अभिवृत्ति रखता है जिनसे दंड मिलने की संभावना रहती है। उदाहरण के तौर पर कोई व्यक्ति कर चोरी करने से डरता है क्योंकि उसे दंड प्राप्ति की आशंका होती है और इसलिए वह कर देना प्रारंभ करता है। सामाजिक स्वीकृति कार्य या स्वीकार्यता कार्य (Social Acceptance Function)- इसके अंतर्गत व्यक्ति सामाजिक स्वीकार्यता पर विशेष ध्यान देता है और इसलिए उन कार्यों के प्रति सकारात्मक अभिवृत्ति रखता है जो समाज में स्वीकार्य होते हैं और उनके लिए नकारात्मक प्रवृत्ति रखता है जो समाज द्वारा स्वीकार्य नहीं होते हैं। उदाहरण के तौर पर त्योहार के समय सामाजिक स्वीकार्यता के अनुसार अपने व्यवहार को मर्यादित करना। इस प्रकार से व्यक्ति की अभिवृत्ति उससे अलग-अलग अवसरों पर विभिन्न प्रकार का व्यवहार निर्धारित करती है। अंत में, अगर व्यक्ति की अभिवृत्ति में बदलाव कर उसे सकारात्मक बनाया जा सके तो समाज को और बेहतर, और नैतिक, और मूल्यवान, और नीतिशास्त्रीय बनाया जा सकता है।
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The Mughal Empire was the consequence of the rise and conquest of the Akbar. Discuss. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the foundation of the Mughal Empire through the effort of the Babur and Humayun. Then discuss the rise and conquest of the Akbar. Further, bring the policy and strategy of Akbar for the consolidation of the Mughal empire Conclude with the climax of the Mughal empire under the Akbar. Answer Babur was driven from his Central Asian homeland by the warring Uzbeks. He first established himself at Kabul and then in 1526 pushed further into the Indian subcontinent in search of territories and resources to satisfy the needs of the members of his clan. His successor Humayun (1530-40, 1555-56) expanded the frontiers of the empire but lost it to the Afghan leader Sher Shah Sur. For the first four years, there was under the regency of the Baram Khan. The second Battle of Panipat took place between Hemu and Mughal Army led by Baram Khan in 1556. Hemu was defeated and beheaded. Baram Khan became arrogant and was later removed by the Akbar, he revolted but the rebellion was crushed and Baram Khan was pardoned. The conquest of the Akbar Akbar conquered Malwa from the Baj Bahadur in 1570. Akbar defeated Gondwana in 1564which was ruled by Rani Durgawati. He entered into a matrimonial alliance with Rajput rulers e.g. he married Jodha Bai/Harka Bai daughter of the Raja Bharamal of Amer . However, Maharana Pratap ruler of Mewar posed the most serious challenge to the Akbar and did not submit before him. In 1576, in the Battle of Haldi Ghati Mughal Army led by Raja Mansingh emerged victorious after a prolonged struggle against the Mewar forces. However, Maharana Pratap was never captured and he continued to pose a serious challenge to Mughal Army. Gujarat, Bengal, and Bihar were won by the Akbar from the Afghans. In 1595, Mughal forces invaded Ahmad Nagar. Its ruler Chand Bibi decided to face the Mughals. However, ceded a significant territory to the Mughals later she was helped by the other Sultans and recaptured her territory. Policies and Strategy of Akbar for the consolidation of the Empire Akbar abolished the tax on pilgrimage in 1563 and jizya in 1564 as the two were based on religious discrimination. This helped in the consolidation of different religious groups. Akbar created sovereignty by bringing four essences of his subjects, namely, life (jan), property (mal), honour (namus), and faith (din), and in return demanded obedience and a share of resources. In 1585 the capital was transferred to Lahore to bring the northwest under greater control and Akbar closely watched the frontier for thirteen years. Thus Akbar succeeded in extending the frontiers of the empire to the Hindukush mountains and checked the expansionist designs of the Uzbeks of Turan (Central Asia) and the Safavids of Iran. Thus the Mughal Empire was carved out of a number of regional states of India through conquests and political alliances between the Akbar and local chieftains.
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##Question:The Mughal Empire was the consequence of the rise and conquest of the Akbar. Discuss. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the foundation of the Mughal Empire through the effort of the Babur and Humayun. Then discuss the rise and conquest of the Akbar. Further, bring the policy and strategy of Akbar for the consolidation of the Mughal empire Conclude with the climax of the Mughal empire under the Akbar. Answer Babur was driven from his Central Asian homeland by the warring Uzbeks. He first established himself at Kabul and then in 1526 pushed further into the Indian subcontinent in search of territories and resources to satisfy the needs of the members of his clan. His successor Humayun (1530-40, 1555-56) expanded the frontiers of the empire but lost it to the Afghan leader Sher Shah Sur. For the first four years, there was under the regency of the Baram Khan. The second Battle of Panipat took place between Hemu and Mughal Army led by Baram Khan in 1556. Hemu was defeated and beheaded. Baram Khan became arrogant and was later removed by the Akbar, he revolted but the rebellion was crushed and Baram Khan was pardoned. The conquest of the Akbar Akbar conquered Malwa from the Baj Bahadur in 1570. Akbar defeated Gondwana in 1564which was ruled by Rani Durgawati. He entered into a matrimonial alliance with Rajput rulers e.g. he married Jodha Bai/Harka Bai daughter of the Raja Bharamal of Amer . However, Maharana Pratap ruler of Mewar posed the most serious challenge to the Akbar and did not submit before him. In 1576, in the Battle of Haldi Ghati Mughal Army led by Raja Mansingh emerged victorious after a prolonged struggle against the Mewar forces. However, Maharana Pratap was never captured and he continued to pose a serious challenge to Mughal Army. Gujarat, Bengal, and Bihar were won by the Akbar from the Afghans. In 1595, Mughal forces invaded Ahmad Nagar. Its ruler Chand Bibi decided to face the Mughals. However, ceded a significant territory to the Mughals later she was helped by the other Sultans and recaptured her territory. Policies and Strategy of Akbar for the consolidation of the Empire Akbar abolished the tax on pilgrimage in 1563 and jizya in 1564 as the two were based on religious discrimination. This helped in the consolidation of different religious groups. Akbar created sovereignty by bringing four essences of his subjects, namely, life (jan), property (mal), honour (namus), and faith (din), and in return demanded obedience and a share of resources. In 1585 the capital was transferred to Lahore to bring the northwest under greater control and Akbar closely watched the frontier for thirteen years. Thus Akbar succeeded in extending the frontiers of the empire to the Hindukush mountains and checked the expansionist designs of the Uzbeks of Turan (Central Asia) and the Safavids of Iran. Thus the Mughal Empire was carved out of a number of regional states of India through conquests and political alliances between the Akbar and local chieftains.
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What is GDP? Discuss GDP at factor cost and at market prices. Also, differentiate between the concepts of GDP and GNP. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach - Define GDP in the introduction Then discuss the concept of GDP at factor cost and GDP at market prices. Also, give the mathematical formula Then draw a table or show the comparison between the GDP and GNP Conclude accordingly Answer:- GDP refers to the monetary value of all new final goods and services produced within a given period of time, within the economic territory of the country GDP at factor cost and market prices Factor Cost is the cost of the factors of production (that is, labor, capital, and enterprise). So GDP at factor cost will be is the total value of goods and commodities produced in a year in a country by its all-production units. This value calculated here is inclusive of depreciation as well. GDP at Factor Cost = Sum of all GVA at factor cost. The term market price refers to the amount of money for what an asset can be sold in a market. The market price of a given good is a point of convergence of the demand and supply for that good. Market Price= Factor cost+ Production tax- Production subsidies After 2015, Market price= Factor cost+ Net direct production taxes (NDPT)+Net indirect taxes (NIT). Difference between GDP and GNP Gross domestic product (GDP) is the value of the finished domestic goods and services produced within a nation"s borders. On the other hand, gross national product (GNP) is the value of all finished goods and services owned by a country"s nationals/citizens. Domestic + (income coming from abroad - income goes abroad)= National GDP highlights the strength of the country’s economy whereas GNP highlights the contribution of the residents to the development of the economy. GDP is calculated ated at the Local-scale whereas GNan P is at international scale. In GDP, The goods and services that are being produced outside the economy are excluded. Whereas, in GNP, The goods and services that are produced by foreigners living in the country are excluded. After the base year revision in 2015, the factor cost concept is no more used and it is replaced by the basic prices. Now by default, the GDP is termed as GDP at market prices and GVA is by default GDP at basic prices.
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##Question:What is GDP? Discuss GDP at factor cost and at market prices. Also, differentiate between the concepts of GDP and GNP. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach - Define GDP in the introduction Then discuss the concept of GDP at factor cost and GDP at market prices. Also, give the mathematical formula Then draw a table or show the comparison between the GDP and GNP Conclude accordingly Answer:- GDP refers to the monetary value of all new final goods and services produced within a given period of time, within the economic territory of the country GDP at factor cost and market prices Factor Cost is the cost of the factors of production (that is, labor, capital, and enterprise). So GDP at factor cost will be is the total value of goods and commodities produced in a year in a country by its all-production units. This value calculated here is inclusive of depreciation as well. GDP at Factor Cost = Sum of all GVA at factor cost. The term market price refers to the amount of money for what an asset can be sold in a market. The market price of a given good is a point of convergence of the demand and supply for that good. Market Price= Factor cost+ Production tax- Production subsidies After 2015, Market price= Factor cost+ Net direct production taxes (NDPT)+Net indirect taxes (NIT). Difference between GDP and GNP Gross domestic product (GDP) is the value of the finished domestic goods and services produced within a nation"s borders. On the other hand, gross national product (GNP) is the value of all finished goods and services owned by a country"s nationals/citizens. Domestic + (income coming from abroad - income goes abroad)= National GDP highlights the strength of the country’s economy whereas GNP highlights the contribution of the residents to the development of the economy. GDP is calculated ated at the Local-scale whereas GNan P is at international scale. In GDP, The goods and services that are being produced outside the economy are excluded. Whereas, in GNP, The goods and services that are produced by foreigners living in the country are excluded. After the base year revision in 2015, the factor cost concept is no more used and it is replaced by the basic prices. Now by default, the GDP is termed as GDP at market prices and GVA is by default GDP at basic prices.
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Outline the significance of Chalukyas rule and Rashtrakutas rule in India.(150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction-Briefly introduces about Chalukyas rule and Rashtrakutas rule. Body-Significance of Chalukyas rule and Rashtrakutas rule. Conclude accordingly. Model Answer: There are 3 branches of Chalukya- Chalukyas of Badami/Vatapi, Chalukyas of Vengi(Eastern Chalukyas), and Chalukyas of Kalyan/Western Chalukyas. All of these branches were related to each other. Rashtrakutas claimed themself to be descendent of Satyaki. Their mother tongue was Kannada and initially, they were feudatories of Chalukyas. Significance of Badami Chalukyas: Chalukya rulers patronized Hinduism but remained tolerant of Buddhism and Jainism. Along with Sanskrit, Kannada and Telugu literature also prospered. They were the great builders of temples, for example, the Vesara style of architecture which is a combination of Nagara and Dravida styles flourished during this period. The temples of Pattadakal are part of the UNESCO world heritage sites. Significance of Rashtrakutas: They patronized both Kannada and Sanskrit languages. Amoghavarsha himself was a great poet who wrote Kavirajamarga in Kannada. The greatest poet of Kannada literature Pampa lived during this period. Pampa is most famous for his work Vikramarjuna Vijaya. In architecture, both Ellora and Elephanta cave architecture were constructed during this time. They also maintained trade relationships with Arab merchants. Chalukyas rule and Rashtrakutas rule had a great influence on history, art, culture, and society.
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##Question:Outline the significance of Chalukyas rule and Rashtrakutas rule in India.(150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction-Briefly introduces about Chalukyas rule and Rashtrakutas rule. Body-Significance of Chalukyas rule and Rashtrakutas rule. Conclude accordingly. Model Answer: There are 3 branches of Chalukya- Chalukyas of Badami/Vatapi, Chalukyas of Vengi(Eastern Chalukyas), and Chalukyas of Kalyan/Western Chalukyas. All of these branches were related to each other. Rashtrakutas claimed themself to be descendent of Satyaki. Their mother tongue was Kannada and initially, they were feudatories of Chalukyas. Significance of Badami Chalukyas: Chalukya rulers patronized Hinduism but remained tolerant of Buddhism and Jainism. Along with Sanskrit, Kannada and Telugu literature also prospered. They were the great builders of temples, for example, the Vesara style of architecture which is a combination of Nagara and Dravida styles flourished during this period. The temples of Pattadakal are part of the UNESCO world heritage sites. Significance of Rashtrakutas: They patronized both Kannada and Sanskrit languages. Amoghavarsha himself was a great poet who wrote Kavirajamarga in Kannada. The greatest poet of Kannada literature Pampa lived during this period. Pampa is most famous for his work Vikramarjuna Vijaya. In architecture, both Ellora and Elephanta cave architecture were constructed during this time. They also maintained trade relationships with Arab merchants. Chalukyas rule and Rashtrakutas rule had a great influence on history, art, culture, and society.
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Explain the classification of banks and describe the differences between commercial banks and co-operative banks. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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Approach:- Introduce banks in the introduction and then explain their classification. After this, mention the differences between commercial and cooperative banks. Finally, conclude the answer by writing a conclusion in one line. Answer:- Banks are those financial institutions whose work is to accept deposits from the public, demand withdrawal facilities, and provide loans. Classification of Banks:- Scheduled banks : banks which are scheduled under section 2 of RBI Act 1934 and for them maintaining CRR is mandatory, failing which will attract penalties. Non-Scheduled banks: CRR is not mandatory. However, they can keep it to themselves. Scheduled banks can be further subdivided into 2: Scheduled commercial banks (SCB) are for profit-making and universalistic, which means anyone can access their facilities. Scheduled commercial banks (SCB) can be further sub-divided in: Public sector banks, Private banks, Foreign banks, Regional Rural banks (RRB), Small Finance banks, and Payment banks. Cooperative banks are membership based and work on no-profit no loss. While Co-operatives can be subdivided into Rural cooperatives and primary/Urbancooperative. Differences between commercial and cooperative banks:- Commercial banks are formed as per the provisions of the Companies Act 2013, while cooperative banks are formed under the Cooperative Societies Acts of the State Governments. The objective of commercial banks is to earn profit whereas the objective of cooperative banks is financial inclusion. Commercial banks provide many value-added services like internet banking etc., while these services are limited in cooperative banks. Commercial banks are managed by the Board of Directors, while cooperative banks are managed by a board elected by its members on the basis of a democratic process. Commercial banks are regulated by RBI while cooperative banks are regulated by NABARD and state governments apart from RBI. The source of funds for commercial banks is from public deposits while the source of funds for cooperative banks is from the public as well as state governments. Commercial banks have a single-tier structure, while cooperative banks have a three-tier structure – state, district, and village. Thus, it is clear from the above points that there are fundamental differences between commercial and cooperative banks.
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##Question:Explain the classification of banks and describe the differences between commercial banks and co-operative banks. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- Introduce banks in the introduction and then explain their classification. After this, mention the differences between commercial and cooperative banks. Finally, conclude the answer by writing a conclusion in one line. Answer:- Banks are those financial institutions whose work is to accept deposits from the public, demand withdrawal facilities, and provide loans. Classification of Banks:- Scheduled banks : banks which are scheduled under section 2 of RBI Act 1934 and for them maintaining CRR is mandatory, failing which will attract penalties. Non-Scheduled banks: CRR is not mandatory. However, they can keep it to themselves. Scheduled banks can be further subdivided into 2: Scheduled commercial banks (SCB) are for profit-making and universalistic, which means anyone can access their facilities. Scheduled commercial banks (SCB) can be further sub-divided in: Public sector banks, Private banks, Foreign banks, Regional Rural banks (RRB), Small Finance banks, and Payment banks. Cooperative banks are membership based and work on no-profit no loss. While Co-operatives can be subdivided into Rural cooperatives and primary/Urbancooperative. Differences between commercial and cooperative banks:- Commercial banks are formed as per the provisions of the Companies Act 2013, while cooperative banks are formed under the Cooperative Societies Acts of the State Governments. The objective of commercial banks is to earn profit whereas the objective of cooperative banks is financial inclusion. Commercial banks provide many value-added services like internet banking etc., while these services are limited in cooperative banks. Commercial banks are managed by the Board of Directors, while cooperative banks are managed by a board elected by its members on the basis of a democratic process. Commercial banks are regulated by RBI while cooperative banks are regulated by NABARD and state governments apart from RBI. The source of funds for commercial banks is from public deposits while the source of funds for cooperative banks is from the public as well as state governments. Commercial banks have a single-tier structure, while cooperative banks have a three-tier structure – state, district, and village. Thus, it is clear from the above points that there are fundamental differences between commercial and cooperative banks.
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भारतीय कृषि अनुसंधान परिषद् (ICAR) के द्वारा उत्पत्ति, रंग, संयोजन तथा अवस्थिति के आधार पर भारतीय मृदाओं को आठ प्रकारों में वर्गीकृत किया है। इन मृदाओं के वितरण का विवरण देते हुए इनकी विशेषताओं को रेखांकित कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has classified Indian soils into eight types on the basis of origin, colour, composition and location. Giving details of the distribution of these soils, outline their characteristics. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- मृदा को परिभाषित करते हुए ICAR द्वारा मृदा के वर्गीकरण की सूचना दीजिये 2- शीर्षकवार रूप से मृदाओं के वितरण और विशेषताओं को प्रस्तुत कीजिये नोट- इस प्रश्न के उत्तर में भारत के मैप के माध्यम से वितरण को दर्शाना अधिक अंकदायी होगा| असंगठित व बारीक कणों से निर्मित, पृथ्वी की सतह की सबसे ऊपरी परत को मृदा कहते हैं। इसमें विखंडित चट्टानों के छोटे कण, खनिज, जैविक पदार्थ आदि समाहित होते हैं। मृदा पृथ्वी के तल पर विद्यमान असंगठित खनिज पदार्थ हैं जो पौधों की वृद्धि का प्राकृतिक माध्यम है। मृदा निर्माण की प्रक्रियाएँ मुख्य रूप से निम्नलिखित पाँच कारकों द्वारा निर्धारित एवं नियंत्रित होती हैं यथा मूल चट्टानी पदार्थ; उच्चावच; जलवायु; जैविक गतिविधियाँ; और समय इसके साथ ही निक्षालन और केशिकत्व की प्रक्रिया मृदा के स्वरुप को निर्धारित करती है| भारतीय कृषि अनुसंधान परिषद् (ICAR) के तत्वाधान में ‘राष्ट्रीय मृदा सर्वेक्षण एवं भूमि उपयोग नियोजन ब्यूरो’ द्वारा भारतीय मृदा पर सर्वेक्षण किए गए। ICAR ने उत्पत्ति, रंग, संयोजन तथा अवस्थिति के आधार पर भारतीय मृदाओं को आठ प्रकारों में वर्गीकृत किया है। जलोढ़ मृदा जलोढ़ मृदाएँ सतलुज, गंगा और ब्रह्मपुत्र नदियों की विस्तृत घाटी क्षेत्रों और दक्षिणी प्रायद्वीप के सीमावर्ती भागों में पायी जाती हैं। यह सकल मृदाओं के क्षेत्रफल के लगभग 40% भाग पर विस्तृत है। भारत की सबसे उपजाऊ भूमि के 6.4 करोड़ हैक्टेयर क्षेत्र में ये मृदाएँ फैली हुई हैं। ये निक्षेपण मृदाएँ हैं जो नदियों की घाटियों, बाढ़ मैदानों और डेल्टा प्रदेशों में पायी जाती है। इसके विपरीत प्राचीन जलोढ़ दोआब क्षेत्र में पाया जाता है। इसमें पोटाश व चूना की अधिकता होती है, लेकिन फास्फोरस, नाइट्रोजन एवं जैव पदार्थों की कमी होती है। इस मृदा प्रदेश में धान, गेहूँ, गन्ना, दलहन, तिलहन आदि फसलों की खेती होती हैं। इसे धान का कटोरा भी कहा जाता है। काली मृदा काली मृदा दक्कन के लावा प्रदेश में पायी जाती है। भारत के कुल क्षेत्रफल के 5.18 लाख Km2 क्षेत्र में विस्तृत है जो सकल मृदाओं के क्षेत्रफल का 15% है। यह मृदा गोदावरी और कृष्णा नदियों के ऊपरी भागों, दक्कन पठार के उत्तरी-पश्चिमी भाग, महाराष्ट्र के विस्तृत भागों एवं गुजरात, मध्यप्रदेश, कर्नाटक, आंध्रप्रदेश तथा तमिलनाडु के कुछ भागों में पायी जाती है। काली मृदा की उत्पत्ति लावा द्वारा निर्मित बेसाल्ट शैल से हुई है। सामान्यतः इस मृदा में एल्युमिनियम, लौह यौगिक, चुना, पोटाश, कैल्शियम एवं मेग्नेशियम की प्रचुरता होती हैं। लेकिन इसमें नाइट्रोजन, फास्फोरस और जैविक पदर्थों की कमी पायी जाती है। यह उपजाऊ मिट्टी है, जो कपास उत्पादन के लिए विशेष रूप से उपयोगी है| इस मृदा की सबसे प्रमुख विशेषता यह है कि शुष्क ऋतु में भी यह मृदा अपने में नमी बनाये रखती है। ग्रीष्म ऋतु में इसमें से नमी निकलने से मृदा में चौड़ी-चौड़ी दरारें पड़ जाती है और जल से संतृप्त होने पर यह फूल जाती है और चिपचिपी हो जाती है। इस प्रकार मृदा पर्याप्त गहराई तक वायु से युक्त और आक्सीकृत होती है जो इसकी उर्वरता बनाये रखने में मदद करता है। लाल और पीली मृदा प्रायद्वीपीय पठार के बहुत बड़े भाग पर लाल मृदा पायी जाती है। इसमें तमिलनाडु, कर्नाटक, गोवा, दक्षिण-पूर्व महाराष्ट्र, आंध्र प्रदेश, उड़ीसा, छोटानागपुर पठार और मेघालय पठार के भाग सम्मिलित हैं। यह सकल मृदाओं के क्षेत्रफल के लगभग 18% भाग पर विस्तृत है। इस मृदा में लोहे के यौगिकों (फेरिक ऑक्साइड) की अधिकता के कारण इसका रंग लाल है, कहीं कहीं जलयोजित हो जाने पर यह पीली दिखाई देती है। साधारणतया इसमें नाइट्रोज़न, फॉस्फोरस एवं ह्यूमस की कमी होती है। यह मृदा सामान्यतया कम उपजाऊ है | यह मृदा चावल, ज्वार-बाजरा, मक्का, मूंगफली, तम्बाकू और फलों की पैदावार के लिये उपयुक्त है। लैटेराइट मृदा लैटेराइट मृदा कर्नाटक, तमिलनाडू, मध्य प्रदेश, झारखण्ड, उड़ीसा, असम और मेघालय के ऊँचे एवं अधिक वर्षा वाले भूभागों में पायी जाती है।इस मृदा का विस्तार 1.3 करोड़ हैक्टेयर से भी अधिक क्षेत्रफल पर है। यह सकल मृदाओं के क्षेत्रफल के लगभग 3.7% भाग पर विस्तृत है। तीव्र निक्षालन क्रिया द्वारा पोषक तत्वों का नाश हो जाना इस मृदा का सामान्य लक्षण है। इस प्रकार लैटराइट मृदा की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ हैं – जनक शैल का पूर्णतया रासायनिक विघटन, सिलिका का सम्पूर्ण निक्षालन, एलुमिनियम और लोहे के आक्साइडों द्वारा लाल-भूरा रंग और ह्यूमस की कमी। लैटेराइट मृदाएँ कृषि के लिए पर्याप्त उपजाऊ नहीं हैं। उपजाऊ बनाने के लिए इस मृदा में खाद और उर्वरकों की अत्यधिक मात्रा का प्रयोग किया जाता है। तमिलनाडु, आंध्र प्रदेश और केरल में रबर, सिनकोना और काजू आदि विविध प्रकार की बागानी कृषि हेतु लाल लैटेराइट मृदा अधिक उपयुक्त है। इसका प्रयोग ईंट निर्माण में भी किया जाता है। मरूस्थलीय/शुष्क मृदा मरूस्थलीय मृदाएँ पश्चिमी राजस्थान, सौराष्ट्र, कच्छ, पश्चिमी हरियाणा और दक्षिणी पंजाब में पायी जाती है। जैव पदार्थों की कमी सहित बलुई एवं पथरीली मृदा, ह्यूमस का कम होना, वर्षा का कभी-कभी होना, आर्द्रता की कमी और लम्बी शुष्क ऋतु मरुस्थलीय मृदा की विशेषताएँ हैं। सामान्यतया इस मृदा में कृषि के लिए आधारभूत आवश्यकताओं की कमी होती है, परन्तु जब जल उपलब्ध होता है तो उर्वरकों की उपयुक्त मात्रा उपलब्ध करा कर इस मृदा में विविध प्रकार की फसलें जैसे कपास, चावल, गेहूँ आदि पैदा की जा सकती है। इस प्रकार की मृदा में ह्यूमस की मात्रा कम होती हैं। इनमें नाइट्रोजन अपर्याप्त और फ़ॉस्फेट सामान्य मात्रा में होते हैं। पर्वतीय/वनीय मृदा इस मृदा का निर्माण पर्वतीय क्षेत्रों जैसे सहयाद्रि, पूर्वांचल और हिमालय पर्वत श्रेणी में हुआ है। ये पर्याप्त वर्षा वाले वनों में निर्मित होती हैं। यह मृदा भारत के कुल क्षेत्रफल के लगभग 3 लाख km2 में विस्तृत है। पर्वतीय भागों में भू आकृतिक, भूवैज्ञानिक, वानस्पतिक एवं जलवायु दशाओं की विविधता तथा जटिलता के कारण यहाँ एक ही तरह की मृदा के बड़े-बड़े क्षेत्र नहीं मिलते। खड़े ढाल वाले उच्चावच प्रदेश मृदा विहीन होते हैं। इस मृदा के विभिन्न प्रदेशों में अलग-अलग प्रकार की फसलें उगाई जाती है, जैसे चावल नदी घाटियों में, फलों के बाग ढलानों पर और आलू लगभग सभी क्षेत्रों में पैदा किया जाता है। लवणीय मृदाएँ या ऊसर मृदाएँ अत्यधिक सिंचाई वाले गहन कृषि क्षेत्रो में, विशेष रूप से हरित क्रांति वाले क्षेत्रों में, उपजाऊ जलोढ़ मृदाएँ भी लवणीय होती जा रही हैं। इनका अधिकतर प्रसार शुष्क और अर्द्ध-शुष्क क्षेत्रों में, पंजाब और हरियाणा, पश्चिमी गुजरात, पूर्वी तट के डेल्टाओं और पश्चिमी बंगाल के सुन्दर वन क्षेत्रों में है। मुख्य रूप से शुष्क जलवायु और खराब अपवाह के कारण तथा डेल्टा प्रदेश में समुद्री जल प्लावन से इनमें लवणों की मात्रा बढ़ती जाती है। इनमें नाइट्रोजन और चूने की कमी एवं सोडियम, पोटैशियम और मैग्नीशियम का अनुपात अधिक होता है। मैंग्रोव या पीट मृदा ये मृदाएँ भारी वर्षा और उच्च आर्द्रता वाले क्षेत्रों जैसे केरल, ओडिशा, पश्चिम बंगाल, तमिलनाडु के तटीय क्षेत्रों में पायी जाती हैं। इन क्षेत्रों में मृत जैव पदार्थ बड़ी मात्रा में एकत्रित हो जाते हैं, जो मृदा को ह्यूमस और पर्याप्त मात्रा में जैविक तत्त्व प्रदान करते हैं। इन मृदाओं में जैव पदार्थों की मात्रा 40-50 % तक होती है। इस क्षेत्रों में सघन वनस्पति का विकास होता है। यह मृदा सामान्यतः गाढे और काले रंग की होती हैं अनेक स्थानों पर यह क्षारीय भी है।
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##Question:भारतीय कृषि अनुसंधान परिषद् (ICAR) के द्वारा उत्पत्ति, रंग, संयोजन तथा अवस्थिति के आधार पर भारतीय मृदाओं को आठ प्रकारों में वर्गीकृत किया है। इन मृदाओं के वितरण का विवरण देते हुए इनकी विशेषताओं को रेखांकित कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has classified Indian soils into eight types on the basis of origin, colour, composition and location. Giving details of the distribution of these soils, outline their characteristics. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- मृदा को परिभाषित करते हुए ICAR द्वारा मृदा के वर्गीकरण की सूचना दीजिये 2- शीर्षकवार रूप से मृदाओं के वितरण और विशेषताओं को प्रस्तुत कीजिये नोट- इस प्रश्न के उत्तर में भारत के मैप के माध्यम से वितरण को दर्शाना अधिक अंकदायी होगा| असंगठित व बारीक कणों से निर्मित, पृथ्वी की सतह की सबसे ऊपरी परत को मृदा कहते हैं। इसमें विखंडित चट्टानों के छोटे कण, खनिज, जैविक पदार्थ आदि समाहित होते हैं। मृदा पृथ्वी के तल पर विद्यमान असंगठित खनिज पदार्थ हैं जो पौधों की वृद्धि का प्राकृतिक माध्यम है। मृदा निर्माण की प्रक्रियाएँ मुख्य रूप से निम्नलिखित पाँच कारकों द्वारा निर्धारित एवं नियंत्रित होती हैं यथा मूल चट्टानी पदार्थ; उच्चावच; जलवायु; जैविक गतिविधियाँ; और समय इसके साथ ही निक्षालन और केशिकत्व की प्रक्रिया मृदा के स्वरुप को निर्धारित करती है| भारतीय कृषि अनुसंधान परिषद् (ICAR) के तत्वाधान में ‘राष्ट्रीय मृदा सर्वेक्षण एवं भूमि उपयोग नियोजन ब्यूरो’ द्वारा भारतीय मृदा पर सर्वेक्षण किए गए। ICAR ने उत्पत्ति, रंग, संयोजन तथा अवस्थिति के आधार पर भारतीय मृदाओं को आठ प्रकारों में वर्गीकृत किया है। जलोढ़ मृदा जलोढ़ मृदाएँ सतलुज, गंगा और ब्रह्मपुत्र नदियों की विस्तृत घाटी क्षेत्रों और दक्षिणी प्रायद्वीप के सीमावर्ती भागों में पायी जाती हैं। यह सकल मृदाओं के क्षेत्रफल के लगभग 40% भाग पर विस्तृत है। भारत की सबसे उपजाऊ भूमि के 6.4 करोड़ हैक्टेयर क्षेत्र में ये मृदाएँ फैली हुई हैं। ये निक्षेपण मृदाएँ हैं जो नदियों की घाटियों, बाढ़ मैदानों और डेल्टा प्रदेशों में पायी जाती है। इसके विपरीत प्राचीन जलोढ़ दोआब क्षेत्र में पाया जाता है। इसमें पोटाश व चूना की अधिकता होती है, लेकिन फास्फोरस, नाइट्रोजन एवं जैव पदार्थों की कमी होती है। इस मृदा प्रदेश में धान, गेहूँ, गन्ना, दलहन, तिलहन आदि फसलों की खेती होती हैं। इसे धान का कटोरा भी कहा जाता है। काली मृदा काली मृदा दक्कन के लावा प्रदेश में पायी जाती है। भारत के कुल क्षेत्रफल के 5.18 लाख Km2 क्षेत्र में विस्तृत है जो सकल मृदाओं के क्षेत्रफल का 15% है। यह मृदा गोदावरी और कृष्णा नदियों के ऊपरी भागों, दक्कन पठार के उत्तरी-पश्चिमी भाग, महाराष्ट्र के विस्तृत भागों एवं गुजरात, मध्यप्रदेश, कर्नाटक, आंध्रप्रदेश तथा तमिलनाडु के कुछ भागों में पायी जाती है। काली मृदा की उत्पत्ति लावा द्वारा निर्मित बेसाल्ट शैल से हुई है। सामान्यतः इस मृदा में एल्युमिनियम, लौह यौगिक, चुना, पोटाश, कैल्शियम एवं मेग्नेशियम की प्रचुरता होती हैं। लेकिन इसमें नाइट्रोजन, फास्फोरस और जैविक पदर्थों की कमी पायी जाती है। यह उपजाऊ मिट्टी है, जो कपास उत्पादन के लिए विशेष रूप से उपयोगी है| इस मृदा की सबसे प्रमुख विशेषता यह है कि शुष्क ऋतु में भी यह मृदा अपने में नमी बनाये रखती है। ग्रीष्म ऋतु में इसमें से नमी निकलने से मृदा में चौड़ी-चौड़ी दरारें पड़ जाती है और जल से संतृप्त होने पर यह फूल जाती है और चिपचिपी हो जाती है। इस प्रकार मृदा पर्याप्त गहराई तक वायु से युक्त और आक्सीकृत होती है जो इसकी उर्वरता बनाये रखने में मदद करता है। लाल और पीली मृदा प्रायद्वीपीय पठार के बहुत बड़े भाग पर लाल मृदा पायी जाती है। इसमें तमिलनाडु, कर्नाटक, गोवा, दक्षिण-पूर्व महाराष्ट्र, आंध्र प्रदेश, उड़ीसा, छोटानागपुर पठार और मेघालय पठार के भाग सम्मिलित हैं। यह सकल मृदाओं के क्षेत्रफल के लगभग 18% भाग पर विस्तृत है। इस मृदा में लोहे के यौगिकों (फेरिक ऑक्साइड) की अधिकता के कारण इसका रंग लाल है, कहीं कहीं जलयोजित हो जाने पर यह पीली दिखाई देती है। साधारणतया इसमें नाइट्रोज़न, फॉस्फोरस एवं ह्यूमस की कमी होती है। यह मृदा सामान्यतया कम उपजाऊ है | यह मृदा चावल, ज्वार-बाजरा, मक्का, मूंगफली, तम्बाकू और फलों की पैदावार के लिये उपयुक्त है। लैटेराइट मृदा लैटेराइट मृदा कर्नाटक, तमिलनाडू, मध्य प्रदेश, झारखण्ड, उड़ीसा, असम और मेघालय के ऊँचे एवं अधिक वर्षा वाले भूभागों में पायी जाती है।इस मृदा का विस्तार 1.3 करोड़ हैक्टेयर से भी अधिक क्षेत्रफल पर है। यह सकल मृदाओं के क्षेत्रफल के लगभग 3.7% भाग पर विस्तृत है। तीव्र निक्षालन क्रिया द्वारा पोषक तत्वों का नाश हो जाना इस मृदा का सामान्य लक्षण है। इस प्रकार लैटराइट मृदा की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ हैं – जनक शैल का पूर्णतया रासायनिक विघटन, सिलिका का सम्पूर्ण निक्षालन, एलुमिनियम और लोहे के आक्साइडों द्वारा लाल-भूरा रंग और ह्यूमस की कमी। लैटेराइट मृदाएँ कृषि के लिए पर्याप्त उपजाऊ नहीं हैं। उपजाऊ बनाने के लिए इस मृदा में खाद और उर्वरकों की अत्यधिक मात्रा का प्रयोग किया जाता है। तमिलनाडु, आंध्र प्रदेश और केरल में रबर, सिनकोना और काजू आदि विविध प्रकार की बागानी कृषि हेतु लाल लैटेराइट मृदा अधिक उपयुक्त है। इसका प्रयोग ईंट निर्माण में भी किया जाता है। मरूस्थलीय/शुष्क मृदा मरूस्थलीय मृदाएँ पश्चिमी राजस्थान, सौराष्ट्र, कच्छ, पश्चिमी हरियाणा और दक्षिणी पंजाब में पायी जाती है। जैव पदार्थों की कमी सहित बलुई एवं पथरीली मृदा, ह्यूमस का कम होना, वर्षा का कभी-कभी होना, आर्द्रता की कमी और लम्बी शुष्क ऋतु मरुस्थलीय मृदा की विशेषताएँ हैं। सामान्यतया इस मृदा में कृषि के लिए आधारभूत आवश्यकताओं की कमी होती है, परन्तु जब जल उपलब्ध होता है तो उर्वरकों की उपयुक्त मात्रा उपलब्ध करा कर इस मृदा में विविध प्रकार की फसलें जैसे कपास, चावल, गेहूँ आदि पैदा की जा सकती है। इस प्रकार की मृदा में ह्यूमस की मात्रा कम होती हैं। इनमें नाइट्रोजन अपर्याप्त और फ़ॉस्फेट सामान्य मात्रा में होते हैं। पर्वतीय/वनीय मृदा इस मृदा का निर्माण पर्वतीय क्षेत्रों जैसे सहयाद्रि, पूर्वांचल और हिमालय पर्वत श्रेणी में हुआ है। ये पर्याप्त वर्षा वाले वनों में निर्मित होती हैं। यह मृदा भारत के कुल क्षेत्रफल के लगभग 3 लाख km2 में विस्तृत है। पर्वतीय भागों में भू आकृतिक, भूवैज्ञानिक, वानस्पतिक एवं जलवायु दशाओं की विविधता तथा जटिलता के कारण यहाँ एक ही तरह की मृदा के बड़े-बड़े क्षेत्र नहीं मिलते। खड़े ढाल वाले उच्चावच प्रदेश मृदा विहीन होते हैं। इस मृदा के विभिन्न प्रदेशों में अलग-अलग प्रकार की फसलें उगाई जाती है, जैसे चावल नदी घाटियों में, फलों के बाग ढलानों पर और आलू लगभग सभी क्षेत्रों में पैदा किया जाता है। लवणीय मृदाएँ या ऊसर मृदाएँ अत्यधिक सिंचाई वाले गहन कृषि क्षेत्रो में, विशेष रूप से हरित क्रांति वाले क्षेत्रों में, उपजाऊ जलोढ़ मृदाएँ भी लवणीय होती जा रही हैं। इनका अधिकतर प्रसार शुष्क और अर्द्ध-शुष्क क्षेत्रों में, पंजाब और हरियाणा, पश्चिमी गुजरात, पूर्वी तट के डेल्टाओं और पश्चिमी बंगाल के सुन्दर वन क्षेत्रों में है। मुख्य रूप से शुष्क जलवायु और खराब अपवाह के कारण तथा डेल्टा प्रदेश में समुद्री जल प्लावन से इनमें लवणों की मात्रा बढ़ती जाती है। इनमें नाइट्रोजन और चूने की कमी एवं सोडियम, पोटैशियम और मैग्नीशियम का अनुपात अधिक होता है। मैंग्रोव या पीट मृदा ये मृदाएँ भारी वर्षा और उच्च आर्द्रता वाले क्षेत्रों जैसे केरल, ओडिशा, पश्चिम बंगाल, तमिलनाडु के तटीय क्षेत्रों में पायी जाती हैं। इन क्षेत्रों में मृत जैव पदार्थ बड़ी मात्रा में एकत्रित हो जाते हैं, जो मृदा को ह्यूमस और पर्याप्त मात्रा में जैविक तत्त्व प्रदान करते हैं। इन मृदाओं में जैव पदार्थों की मात्रा 40-50 % तक होती है। इस क्षेत्रों में सघन वनस्पति का विकास होता है। यह मृदा सामान्यतः गाढे और काले रंग की होती हैं अनेक स्थानों पर यह क्षारीय भी है।
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Social media has become pervasive in the life of modern humans. In this context analyze the impact of social media with respect to Indian society. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the definition of social media and the pervasive nature of the social media Then discuss the positive impact of social media. Further, bring the negative impact of social media. Then conclude with suggestions. Answer Social Media refers to all websites or apps which enable the user to create and share content along with social networking. We live in times when news ripples first on Twitter, and barks at us through television before piping down and finding validation through print. Thus social media has become pervasive in the life of modern humans and it can have positive as well as negative impacts in different social and political dimensions. Positive Impact Positive Social Impact of Social Media It helps in questioning prejudice against individuals as well against the community. It helps in generating awareness with respect to the diverse culture. It helps in shaping personalities. It provides the opportunity for the consumers to become producer. It generates opportunities for improving social status . It promotes unity in diversity. Thus it strengthen the social capital. It can be a Platform for the creative expression . It helps in controlling deviance from social norms, value, molarity and ethics. It provides voice to stakeholders. It also helps in creating value consensus. It helps in democratization of culture. It also helps to generate compassion. It helps in mainstreaming talent in society. Positive Political Impact of Social Media It provides a platform for constructive dissent. It strengthens democracy through accountability and transparency . It gives legitimacy to government policies and provisions by creating awareness about them. Providing a platform for voicing concerns it ensures participative democracy. It helps in drawing the attention of the government to the issues overlooked by them. It also provides policy inputs that can help in ensuring good governance. Negative Impact Negative Social Impact of Social Media Users with pre-existing psychological illnesses such as anxiety and eating disorders have been shown to be more affected by social media platforms. It re-enforces the stereotypes i.e. image filter, Radicalization: It is misused in the form of radicalization. It leads to the creation of an echo chamber . In the name of anonymity, many deviant activities are performed. For example, cyberbullying, trolling, naming and shaming, intruding on privacy, etc. Social media sometimes is used for mobilizing the masses for disruptive reasons. Diffusion of responsibility due to anonymity. Behavioral addiction to the use of social media due to continuous notification targeted algorithms and out-sourcing of our identity to social media. It leads to self-alienation . Too much reliance on social media leads to the depersonalization of relationships . Histrionic personality tends to be positively associated with the need for social validation and the desire to be in the public domain, leading to social media addiction. As a result, many of the photographs shared on social media platforms are idealized and overly attractive, leading to body dissatisfaction among other users. Negative Political Impact of Social Media It gives opportunities for the promotion of fake news, paid news, propaganda, etc. Sometimes divisive, emotionally charged content on the complex issue caused the challenge to stable democracy. Way Forward Presenting the objective truth and reducing the scope for biasedness. Fact-checking all relevant content and information. Sharing opinions with consideration. Exercising caution and sensitivity while dealing with emotionally charged issues. Thus social media is a double-edged sword that could be both boon and a bane based on the way we are using it. Thus a responsible use of social media can solve many issues and problems associated with human society and irresponsible use of social media has the potential to deteriorate society. Thus the agency of socialization such as parents, teachers, etc. needs to take extra responsibility for the responsible use of social media by themselves as well as their children.
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##Question:Social media has become pervasive in the life of modern humans. In this context analyze the impact of social media with respect to Indian society. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the definition of social media and the pervasive nature of the social media Then discuss the positive impact of social media. Further, bring the negative impact of social media. Then conclude with suggestions. Answer Social Media refers to all websites or apps which enable the user to create and share content along with social networking. We live in times when news ripples first on Twitter, and barks at us through television before piping down and finding validation through print. Thus social media has become pervasive in the life of modern humans and it can have positive as well as negative impacts in different social and political dimensions. Positive Impact Positive Social Impact of Social Media It helps in questioning prejudice against individuals as well against the community. It helps in generating awareness with respect to the diverse culture. It helps in shaping personalities. It provides the opportunity for the consumers to become producer. It generates opportunities for improving social status . It promotes unity in diversity. Thus it strengthen the social capital. It can be a Platform for the creative expression . It helps in controlling deviance from social norms, value, molarity and ethics. It provides voice to stakeholders. It also helps in creating value consensus. It helps in democratization of culture. It also helps to generate compassion. It helps in mainstreaming talent in society. Positive Political Impact of Social Media It provides a platform for constructive dissent. It strengthens democracy through accountability and transparency . It gives legitimacy to government policies and provisions by creating awareness about them. Providing a platform for voicing concerns it ensures participative democracy. It helps in drawing the attention of the government to the issues overlooked by them. It also provides policy inputs that can help in ensuring good governance. Negative Impact Negative Social Impact of Social Media Users with pre-existing psychological illnesses such as anxiety and eating disorders have been shown to be more affected by social media platforms. It re-enforces the stereotypes i.e. image filter, Radicalization: It is misused in the form of radicalization. It leads to the creation of an echo chamber . In the name of anonymity, many deviant activities are performed. For example, cyberbullying, trolling, naming and shaming, intruding on privacy, etc. Social media sometimes is used for mobilizing the masses for disruptive reasons. Diffusion of responsibility due to anonymity. Behavioral addiction to the use of social media due to continuous notification targeted algorithms and out-sourcing of our identity to social media. It leads to self-alienation . Too much reliance on social media leads to the depersonalization of relationships . Histrionic personality tends to be positively associated with the need for social validation and the desire to be in the public domain, leading to social media addiction. As a result, many of the photographs shared on social media platforms are idealized and overly attractive, leading to body dissatisfaction among other users. Negative Political Impact of Social Media It gives opportunities for the promotion of fake news, paid news, propaganda, etc. Sometimes divisive, emotionally charged content on the complex issue caused the challenge to stable democracy. Way Forward Presenting the objective truth and reducing the scope for biasedness. Fact-checking all relevant content and information. Sharing opinions with consideration. Exercising caution and sensitivity while dealing with emotionally charged issues. Thus social media is a double-edged sword that could be both boon and a bane based on the way we are using it. Thus a responsible use of social media can solve many issues and problems associated with human society and irresponsible use of social media has the potential to deteriorate society. Thus the agency of socialization such as parents, teachers, etc. needs to take extra responsibility for the responsible use of social media by themselves as well as their children.
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Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are basically extensions of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), although elements of novelty are also included. Explain. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach:- In the introduction part, give the context between MDG and SDG In the body part, compare how SDGs are the extension of MDGs Then show how SDGs also have some novelty. Mention some Initiatives taken by India to achieve the SDG Conclude accordingly Answer:- MDGs were 8 international development goals finalized in the Millenium summit of the united nations in 2000. SDGs were finalized in 2015 and aimed at achieving by 2030s. SDGs- extensions of MDGs SDGs are considered as an extension to the MDGs as the many targets and goals of the SDGs are based on the lines of the MDGs MDGs SDGs To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Goal 1- No poverty Goal 2- Zero Hunger To achieve universal primary education- Goal 4- Quality education for all To promote gender equality and empower women Goal 5- gender equality Goal 10- Reduced inequalities To reduce infant and child mortality by 2/3rd Goal 3- Good health and well-being for all To improve maternal health Goal 3- Good health and well-being for all To combat HIV AIDS, Malaria, and other diseases - Goal 3- Good health and well-being for all To ensure environmental sustainability Goal 6- Clean water and sanitation Goal 14- Life below water Goal 15 - Life above land To develop a global partnership for the development Goal 16- Peace, justice, and strong institutions Goal 17- Partnerships for the Goals Novelty in the SDGs Goal 7- Affordable and clean energy - As the current focus on Energy efficiency, renewable energy increased, so this component was added Goal 8- Decent work and economic growth - To accommodate the diversification, technological upgradation, Industrial revolution 4.0, and innovation, it was added. Goal 9- Industry, innovation, and infrastructure- To develop Quality, reliable, resilient infrastructure. Goal 11- Sustainable cities and communities - To ensure access to safe, adequate housing, it was added Goal 12- Responsible consumption and production - To manage the chemicals, and reduce waste generation, it was the need of the hour Goal 13- Climate action - As global warming has increased the average temperature, so it was added. Initiatives are taken by India Housing for All scheme to provide adequate and safe housing MGNREGA to end the poverty PMJAY to eradicate poverty and provide health infrastructure Smagra Shiksha Abhiyaan to give better education facilities etc To spread the awareness of the states and to create competition in achieving the SDG by the states, NITI aayog has come up with the SDG India Index. It is a perfect example of collaborative and competitive federalism.
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##Question:Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are basically extensions of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), although elements of novelty are also included. Explain. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction part, give the context between MDG and SDG In the body part, compare how SDGs are the extension of MDGs Then show how SDGs also have some novelty. Mention some Initiatives taken by India to achieve the SDG Conclude accordingly Answer:- MDGs were 8 international development goals finalized in the Millenium summit of the united nations in 2000. SDGs were finalized in 2015 and aimed at achieving by 2030s. SDGs- extensions of MDGs SDGs are considered as an extension to the MDGs as the many targets and goals of the SDGs are based on the lines of the MDGs MDGs SDGs To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Goal 1- No poverty Goal 2- Zero Hunger To achieve universal primary education- Goal 4- Quality education for all To promote gender equality and empower women Goal 5- gender equality Goal 10- Reduced inequalities To reduce infant and child mortality by 2/3rd Goal 3- Good health and well-being for all To improve maternal health Goal 3- Good health and well-being for all To combat HIV AIDS, Malaria, and other diseases - Goal 3- Good health and well-being for all To ensure environmental sustainability Goal 6- Clean water and sanitation Goal 14- Life below water Goal 15 - Life above land To develop a global partnership for the development Goal 16- Peace, justice, and strong institutions Goal 17- Partnerships for the Goals Novelty in the SDGs Goal 7- Affordable and clean energy - As the current focus on Energy efficiency, renewable energy increased, so this component was added Goal 8- Decent work and economic growth - To accommodate the diversification, technological upgradation, Industrial revolution 4.0, and innovation, it was added. Goal 9- Industry, innovation, and infrastructure- To develop Quality, reliable, resilient infrastructure. Goal 11- Sustainable cities and communities - To ensure access to safe, adequate housing, it was added Goal 12- Responsible consumption and production - To manage the chemicals, and reduce waste generation, it was the need of the hour Goal 13- Climate action - As global warming has increased the average temperature, so it was added. Initiatives are taken by India Housing for All scheme to provide adequate and safe housing MGNREGA to end the poverty PMJAY to eradicate poverty and provide health infrastructure Smagra Shiksha Abhiyaan to give better education facilities etc To spread the awareness of the states and to create competition in achieving the SDG by the states, NITI aayog has come up with the SDG India Index. It is a perfect example of collaborative and competitive federalism.
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Write a short note on the Solar System. Also, discuss the characteristics of all the Jovian planets. (150 words/10 marks)
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The approach of the Answer Introduce the answer by explaining the solar system Mention the Sun and the classification of planets Highlight the Characteristics of all the Jovian planets Conclude appropriately with a recent initiative Answer There are many planetary systems like ours in the Universe with planets orbiting a host star. Our solar system consists of Sun and everything is bound to it by gravity. The planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The Sun is the largest object in our solar system containing 99.8 per cent of the solar system"s mass. The inner four planets close to the Sun are called terrestrial planets because their surfaces are rocky. The next four planets are called Jupiter-like planets - Jovian planets. They are gaseous balls mostly composed of hydrogen, helium, and ammonia. The Asteroid belt separates the terrestrial planets from the jovian planets. Characteristics of Jovian Planets - Jupiter 1) It is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the solar system. 2) It is more than twice as massive as all the other planets combined. 3) The diameter is 139822 Kms. 4) The orbital period is 11.9 Earth years. 5) It has 80 moons. Saturn 1) It is the sixth planet from the sun. 2) It is famous for its distinct ring systems. 3) Though Saturn is not the only planet with rings, its rings are unique. 4) The diameter of Saturn is 120500 Kms and the orbital period is 29.5 earth years. 5) There are 83 known moons. Uranus 1) It is the seventh planet from the Sun and has clouds made up of hydrogen sulfide and it smells like rotten eggs. 2) The diameter is 51120 Kms. 3) The orbital period is 84 earth years. 4) It has 27 moons Neptune 1) It is the eighth planet from the Sun with a diameter of 49,530 Kms. 2) The orbital period is 165 earth years. 3) It has 14 moons. The spacecraft sent by NASA to study the sun is the Parker Solar Probe. Similarly, Aditya-L1 is India"s first dedicated scientific mission to study the Sun.
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##Question:Write a short note on the Solar System. Also, discuss the characteristics of all the Jovian planets. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:The approach of the Answer Introduce the answer by explaining the solar system Mention the Sun and the classification of planets Highlight the Characteristics of all the Jovian planets Conclude appropriately with a recent initiative Answer There are many planetary systems like ours in the Universe with planets orbiting a host star. Our solar system consists of Sun and everything is bound to it by gravity. The planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The Sun is the largest object in our solar system containing 99.8 per cent of the solar system"s mass. The inner four planets close to the Sun are called terrestrial planets because their surfaces are rocky. The next four planets are called Jupiter-like planets - Jovian planets. They are gaseous balls mostly composed of hydrogen, helium, and ammonia. The Asteroid belt separates the terrestrial planets from the jovian planets. Characteristics of Jovian Planets - Jupiter 1) It is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the solar system. 2) It is more than twice as massive as all the other planets combined. 3) The diameter is 139822 Kms. 4) The orbital period is 11.9 Earth years. 5) It has 80 moons. Saturn 1) It is the sixth planet from the sun. 2) It is famous for its distinct ring systems. 3) Though Saturn is not the only planet with rings, its rings are unique. 4) The diameter of Saturn is 120500 Kms and the orbital period is 29.5 earth years. 5) There are 83 known moons. Uranus 1) It is the seventh planet from the Sun and has clouds made up of hydrogen sulfide and it smells like rotten eggs. 2) The diameter is 51120 Kms. 3) The orbital period is 84 earth years. 4) It has 27 moons Neptune 1) It is the eighth planet from the Sun with a diameter of 49,530 Kms. 2) The orbital period is 165 earth years. 3) It has 14 moons. The spacecraft sent by NASA to study the sun is the Parker Solar Probe. Similarly, Aditya-L1 is India"s first dedicated scientific mission to study the Sun.
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सुशासन से आप क्या समझते हैं? इसके हितधारकों के संदर्भ में बदलती परिस्थितियों के कारण सुशासन की आवश्यकता को स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) What do you understand by good governance? Explain the need for good governance due to changing circumstances with reference to its stakeholders. (150-200 words, 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण: सुशासन को परिभाषित कीजिए। सुशासन के हितधारकों को बताइए। इन हितधारकों के संदर्भ में बदलती परिस्थितियों को उचित उदाहरणों के साथ लिखिए। अंत में, सुशासन की आश्यकता को स्पष्ट करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: सरल शब्दों में ऐसा शासन जो बुरा नहीं है वही सुशासन है। संयुक्त राज्य विकास कार्यक्रम के अनुसार सुशासन शासन का वह रूप है जो विधि के शासन के साथ भागीदारी, सहमतिमूलकता, उत्तरदायित्व, पारदर्शिता, अनुक्रियाशीलता, समानता एवं समावेशिता, प्रभाविता एवं दक्षता को आधार बनाकर अपनी नीतियों, नियमों और प्रक्रियाओं का निर्धारण एवं क्रियान्वयन करता है। सुशासन के हितधारक:- राज्य- राज्य का अर्थ एक निश्चित क्षेत्रफल में रहने वाली जनसंख्या से है जिसकी स्वयं की संप्रभुतायुक्त सरकार हो। बाजार- बाजार से तात्पर्य आर्थिक गतिविधियों से है। नागरिक समाज- परिवार और सरकार के बीच की अंतःक्रिया को ही नागरिक समाज कहते हैं। यह किसी संगठन के रूप में हो सकता है जैसे- गैर सरकारी समूह, दबाव समूह आदि। आधुनिक समाज की बदलती हुई परिस्थितियों के परिप्रेक्ष्य में सुशासन की आवश्यकता को निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं से समझा जा सकता है:- वर्तमान में लोगों की आर्थिक गतिविधियों और उनके कार्यक्षेत्र का दायरा बड़ा हो रहा है अतः राज्य को बढ़े हुए कार्यक्षेत्र को विनियमित एवं प्रोत्साहित करने की आवश्यकता होती है। वर्तमान में प्रतिस्पर्धा का दायरा बढ़ रहा है अर्थात यह अब कीमतों को घटाने और बढ़ाने तक सीमित नहीं है। अपितु इसमें गुणात्मकता और बाजार पहुँच भी शामिल कर दिए गए हैं। वर्तमान में ई-तकनीकी के विस्तार में उत्पादक को ग्राहक तक पहुँचने के लिए प्रेरित किया है। वर्तमान में बाजार अनेक प्रकार की अनियमितताओं का सामना कर रहा है। जैसे- मिलावटखोरी, वस्तुओं की मात्रा, कीमत एवं गुणात्मकता में हेरा-फेरी, मनी लौंडरींग, काले धन का संचय आदि। अतः सुशासन का दायित्व ऐसी अव्यवस्थाओं को रोकना है। राष्ट्रों की मौद्रिक नीतियों में परिवर्तन हो रहा है, ई-मुद्रा का प्रचलन बढ़ रहा है अतः राज्य को अलग तरीके से व्यवस्थाओं को विनियमित करना होगा। इसी प्रकार वर्तमान नागरिक समाज निरंतर जटिलताओं की ओर बढ़ रहा है। विचारधारात्मक स्तर पर एक नागरिक समाज पूंजीवादी, समाजवादी, लोकतान्त्रिक आदि व्यवस्थाओं का समन्वय है। सैद्धांतिक तौर पर नागरिक समाज व्यक्तियों के अधिकार, कर्तव्य एवं दायित्वों पर आधारित होता है। किन्तु इनका उपभोग वैयक्तिक जागरूकता पर निर्भर करती है। आरंभ में लोगों को अधिकारों, कर्तव्यों एवं दायित्वों के प्रति जागरूकता की कमी थी। किन्तु अब यह जागरूकता बढ़ रही है। अतः सरकार का दायित्व शासन को मानव अनुकूल बनाना है। वर्तमान समाज में सरकार का दायित्व केवल कानून व्यवस्था को बनाए रखना ही नहीं अपितु लोगों के अधिकारों का संरक्षण करना भी है। जनसंख्या की विशालता, औद्योगिक विकास, विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी की उन्नति, उपभोक्ता वस्तुओं में परिवर्तन एवं वैश्वीकरण की अवधारणा ने समाज को जटिल कर दिया है। वर्तमान समाज में राज्य की लोकतान्त्रिक और लोक कल्याणकारी भूमिका ने सेवाधर्मी भूमिका धारण कर ली है। अतः लोगों की राज्य पर निर्भरता बढ़ी है। वर्तमान समाज विधि आधारित न्याय के स्थान पर सामाजिक न्याय की मांग कर रहा है। उत्तरदायित्व की बढ़ रही आवश्यकता ने शासन के दायित्वों को विकेंद्रीकृत करने की मांग की है। वर्तमान में राजनीतिक जटिलता बढ़ रही है। ऐसी स्थिति में शासन का गठन लोगों के हितों को ध्यान में रखकर किया जाना चाहिए जो समाज के सभी वर्गों के बीच समन्वय स्थापित करने में सक्षम हो। समग्रतः वर्तमान समाज की बदलती हुई परिस्थितियों और आकांक्षाओं की पूर्ति के रूप में सुशासन एक महती आवश्यकता है। इसी के माध्यम से समाज की आवश्यकताओं और मांगों को पूरा कर राष्ट्र और विश्व का विकास संभव हो पाएगा।
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##Question:सुशासन से आप क्या समझते हैं? इसके हितधारकों के संदर्भ में बदलती परिस्थितियों के कारण सुशासन की आवश्यकता को स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) What do you understand by good governance? Explain the need for good governance due to changing circumstances with reference to its stakeholders. (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: सुशासन को परिभाषित कीजिए। सुशासन के हितधारकों को बताइए। इन हितधारकों के संदर्भ में बदलती परिस्थितियों को उचित उदाहरणों के साथ लिखिए। अंत में, सुशासन की आश्यकता को स्पष्ट करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: सरल शब्दों में ऐसा शासन जो बुरा नहीं है वही सुशासन है। संयुक्त राज्य विकास कार्यक्रम के अनुसार सुशासन शासन का वह रूप है जो विधि के शासन के साथ भागीदारी, सहमतिमूलकता, उत्तरदायित्व, पारदर्शिता, अनुक्रियाशीलता, समानता एवं समावेशिता, प्रभाविता एवं दक्षता को आधार बनाकर अपनी नीतियों, नियमों और प्रक्रियाओं का निर्धारण एवं क्रियान्वयन करता है। सुशासन के हितधारक:- राज्य- राज्य का अर्थ एक निश्चित क्षेत्रफल में रहने वाली जनसंख्या से है जिसकी स्वयं की संप्रभुतायुक्त सरकार हो। बाजार- बाजार से तात्पर्य आर्थिक गतिविधियों से है। नागरिक समाज- परिवार और सरकार के बीच की अंतःक्रिया को ही नागरिक समाज कहते हैं। यह किसी संगठन के रूप में हो सकता है जैसे- गैर सरकारी समूह, दबाव समूह आदि। आधुनिक समाज की बदलती हुई परिस्थितियों के परिप्रेक्ष्य में सुशासन की आवश्यकता को निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं से समझा जा सकता है:- वर्तमान में लोगों की आर्थिक गतिविधियों और उनके कार्यक्षेत्र का दायरा बड़ा हो रहा है अतः राज्य को बढ़े हुए कार्यक्षेत्र को विनियमित एवं प्रोत्साहित करने की आवश्यकता होती है। वर्तमान में प्रतिस्पर्धा का दायरा बढ़ रहा है अर्थात यह अब कीमतों को घटाने और बढ़ाने तक सीमित नहीं है। अपितु इसमें गुणात्मकता और बाजार पहुँच भी शामिल कर दिए गए हैं। वर्तमान में ई-तकनीकी के विस्तार में उत्पादक को ग्राहक तक पहुँचने के लिए प्रेरित किया है। वर्तमान में बाजार अनेक प्रकार की अनियमितताओं का सामना कर रहा है। जैसे- मिलावटखोरी, वस्तुओं की मात्रा, कीमत एवं गुणात्मकता में हेरा-फेरी, मनी लौंडरींग, काले धन का संचय आदि। अतः सुशासन का दायित्व ऐसी अव्यवस्थाओं को रोकना है। राष्ट्रों की मौद्रिक नीतियों में परिवर्तन हो रहा है, ई-मुद्रा का प्रचलन बढ़ रहा है अतः राज्य को अलग तरीके से व्यवस्थाओं को विनियमित करना होगा। इसी प्रकार वर्तमान नागरिक समाज निरंतर जटिलताओं की ओर बढ़ रहा है। विचारधारात्मक स्तर पर एक नागरिक समाज पूंजीवादी, समाजवादी, लोकतान्त्रिक आदि व्यवस्थाओं का समन्वय है। सैद्धांतिक तौर पर नागरिक समाज व्यक्तियों के अधिकार, कर्तव्य एवं दायित्वों पर आधारित होता है। किन्तु इनका उपभोग वैयक्तिक जागरूकता पर निर्भर करती है। आरंभ में लोगों को अधिकारों, कर्तव्यों एवं दायित्वों के प्रति जागरूकता की कमी थी। किन्तु अब यह जागरूकता बढ़ रही है। अतः सरकार का दायित्व शासन को मानव अनुकूल बनाना है। वर्तमान समाज में सरकार का दायित्व केवल कानून व्यवस्था को बनाए रखना ही नहीं अपितु लोगों के अधिकारों का संरक्षण करना भी है। जनसंख्या की विशालता, औद्योगिक विकास, विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी की उन्नति, उपभोक्ता वस्तुओं में परिवर्तन एवं वैश्वीकरण की अवधारणा ने समाज को जटिल कर दिया है। वर्तमान समाज में राज्य की लोकतान्त्रिक और लोक कल्याणकारी भूमिका ने सेवाधर्मी भूमिका धारण कर ली है। अतः लोगों की राज्य पर निर्भरता बढ़ी है। वर्तमान समाज विधि आधारित न्याय के स्थान पर सामाजिक न्याय की मांग कर रहा है। उत्तरदायित्व की बढ़ रही आवश्यकता ने शासन के दायित्वों को विकेंद्रीकृत करने की मांग की है। वर्तमान में राजनीतिक जटिलता बढ़ रही है। ऐसी स्थिति में शासन का गठन लोगों के हितों को ध्यान में रखकर किया जाना चाहिए जो समाज के सभी वर्गों के बीच समन्वय स्थापित करने में सक्षम हो। समग्रतः वर्तमान समाज की बदलती हुई परिस्थितियों और आकांक्षाओं की पूर्ति के रूप में सुशासन एक महती आवश्यकता है। इसी के माध्यम से समाज की आवश्यकताओं और मांगों को पूरा कर राष्ट्र और विश्व का विकास संभव हो पाएगा।
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Why did the industrial revolution first occur in England? (UPSC 2015) (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the explaining the Industrial revolution. Then bring the condition that prevailed in England that made it to achieve Industrial Revolution Conclude accordingly Answer The two events that changed the course of the history of mankind were the Neolithic Revolution and the Industrial Revolution . Industrial Revolution is defined as a shift from domestic/household production to a highly organized industrial system of production . In other words, it can be called a shift from handmade production to a factory-based system of production. Industrial Revolution brought the transformation from the medieval feudal system of production to the modern capitalist system of production. The word Industrial Revolution was first coined by Auguste Blanqui, a French historian referring to the changes taking place in the system of production in England from mid of 18th Century. However, the word Industrial revolution was made popular by Arnold J Toynbee . Followings were the major cause behind the Industrial Revolution first occurred in England. The Agriculture Revolution and the Commercial Revolution all have taken first in England. Naturally making England the first country to have a great advantage compared with the other European powers. By 1600, England founded the first chemical industry for manufacturing chemicals to be applied for agricultural production. England"s Banking system and internal transport system were the other advantages it enjoyed. England is very rich in coal and iron ore mines . Never had a scarcity of resources. In the process of colonization England founded the world"s most expanded colonial empire that covered around 1/3rd of the world’s population. Colonies provided England with all the required raw materials and also acted as the Market. England"s other advantage was its labor was not only skilled but also well-educated in the Scottish system of education. This system struck balance between Arts and sciences. Moreover, England’s labour was evenly distributed between agriculture and industry. The very nature of commodities production England had taken up from the beginning provided England with a readymade man for its industry. England never manufactured luxurious items. Her production was meant only for essential goods such as textile and leather products. The whole of Europe was dependent on England. England’s Theory of conducting trade and commerce called Mercantilism was equally a factor. Under Mercantilism, the essential principles were Balance of Trade, Monopolistic trade, and Exploitation of Colonies. With all these essential principles England continued to expand her market and make drastic progress industrially England’s society was a liberal society that encouraged production and development without any restrictions. The dynamic middle class highly educated and progressive-minded was the other major advantage of England that no other country had. Unlike other European countries which were affected by the continental wars England always enjoyed peace and never wasted her resources on meaningless wars. Napoleon"s “continental system” of isolating England from the rest of the world made England turn more aggressively toward industrialization and self-sufficiency. It was industrially well-advanced England that finally brought Napoleon"s downfall. Thus based on the above factor England emerged as the leader of the Industrial Revolution and it enabled it to colonize the major territory of the world and emerged as the largest empire on the earth.
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##Question:Why did the industrial revolution first occur in England? (UPSC 2015) (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the explaining the Industrial revolution. Then bring the condition that prevailed in England that made it to achieve Industrial Revolution Conclude accordingly Answer The two events that changed the course of the history of mankind were the Neolithic Revolution and the Industrial Revolution . Industrial Revolution is defined as a shift from domestic/household production to a highly organized industrial system of production . In other words, it can be called a shift from handmade production to a factory-based system of production. Industrial Revolution brought the transformation from the medieval feudal system of production to the modern capitalist system of production. The word Industrial Revolution was first coined by Auguste Blanqui, a French historian referring to the changes taking place in the system of production in England from mid of 18th Century. However, the word Industrial revolution was made popular by Arnold J Toynbee . Followings were the major cause behind the Industrial Revolution first occurred in England. The Agriculture Revolution and the Commercial Revolution all have taken first in England. Naturally making England the first country to have a great advantage compared with the other European powers. By 1600, England founded the first chemical industry for manufacturing chemicals to be applied for agricultural production. England"s Banking system and internal transport system were the other advantages it enjoyed. England is very rich in coal and iron ore mines . Never had a scarcity of resources. In the process of colonization England founded the world"s most expanded colonial empire that covered around 1/3rd of the world’s population. Colonies provided England with all the required raw materials and also acted as the Market. England"s other advantage was its labor was not only skilled but also well-educated in the Scottish system of education. This system struck balance between Arts and sciences. Moreover, England’s labour was evenly distributed between agriculture and industry. The very nature of commodities production England had taken up from the beginning provided England with a readymade man for its industry. England never manufactured luxurious items. Her production was meant only for essential goods such as textile and leather products. The whole of Europe was dependent on England. England’s Theory of conducting trade and commerce called Mercantilism was equally a factor. Under Mercantilism, the essential principles were Balance of Trade, Monopolistic trade, and Exploitation of Colonies. With all these essential principles England continued to expand her market and make drastic progress industrially England’s society was a liberal society that encouraged production and development without any restrictions. The dynamic middle class highly educated and progressive-minded was the other major advantage of England that no other country had. Unlike other European countries which were affected by the continental wars England always enjoyed peace and never wasted her resources on meaningless wars. Napoleon"s “continental system” of isolating England from the rest of the world made England turn more aggressively toward industrialization and self-sufficiency. It was industrially well-advanced England that finally brought Napoleon"s downfall. Thus based on the above factor England emerged as the leader of the Industrial Revolution and it enabled it to colonize the major territory of the world and emerged as the largest empire on the earth.
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Outline the Portuguese rule in India. Also, mention the struggle between the Portuguese and British in India for supremacy. (150 words/10 marks)
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BRIEF APPROACH Introduction- mention the advent of Europe in India. Body- mention the Portuguese rule in India and the Portuguese Vs Britain struggle Conclude accordingly. ANSWER: In 1453 Ottoman empire conquered Constantinople and locked European trade with the east, triggering a search for a northwest trade route to the east. This led to the age of discovery in the 16th century, whereby man of the world was gradually developed and there were advances in shipping and knowledge of geography. Thus many European came to India including the Portuguese. Portuguese in India: Trade with India was done via a state-led corporation. They began their trade with south India and set up trading centers in different parts of India, especially coastal areas. They set up their main base in and around Surat and later in Goa. In 1510 they captured Goa from the kingdom of Bijapur and Bombay in 1534. They dominated international trade in the east indies for 100 years with HQ in Goa. Since India had strong land power, therefore Portuguese followed the policy of domination only of the high seas/oceans, and the oceanic trade of India. They did not aim to build a political empire in India. Portuguese dominated the high seas(Bule water policy) as they were strong naval powers. They did armed trade, engaged in piracy, and therefore the passage via oceans and allowed passage only after payment of a license fee by other ships. They regularly raided Arab traders who until now dominated Arabian sea trade and also threaten Mughal ships forcing Mughals to give trade concessions from lower customs duties and permission to set up factories and trading centers. They were religious fanatics and engaged in forced conversions to Christianity. British Vs Portuguese in India: In the late 16th century, there was the rise of 2 new naval powers- Dutch and England. The 1st challenge to achieving freedom was navigation in the ocean and the 2nd to removing Portuguese control over the oceanic trade of the east indies. In 1588, in a decisive battle, Britain defeated Armada/a large Spanish naval fleet in the Atlantic Ocean, and now Britain and the dutch could travel to the east via the Cape of good hope. In 1608, EIC wanted to open a factory in Surat, therefore sending captain Hawkins to Jahangir"s court, he was given a Mansab and a Jagir but then was removed from court due to pressure from the Portuguese. Therefore EIC realized that the military defeat of the Portuguese is a must for EIC to expand its trade with India. In 1612, EIC defeated the Portuguese navy in surat and therefore was rewarded by Jahangir with a royal Farman in 1612, which gave EIC the right to establish itself on the west coast. Hence Surat factory was set up in 1612. To extract more concession British government sent Thoms Roe as an ambassador and he was accepted as a resident in Jahangir"s court. Finally, in 1617, he was able to extract another royal Farman where the British got the right to establish factories in the whole of the Mughal empire and liberal trading rights. These angered the Portuguese and in 1620 conflicts culminated in a major battle where the British won and this ended Portuguese domination of international trade in India. In 1661, King Charles II of England got the island of Bombay in dowry from the Portuguese. Therefore by the mid-17 century, the Portuguese were restricted to Goa, Daman-Dui, Dadar, and Nagar Haveli.
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##Question:Outline the Portuguese rule in India. Also, mention the struggle between the Portuguese and British in India for supremacy. (150 words/10 marks) ##Answer:BRIEF APPROACH Introduction- mention the advent of Europe in India. Body- mention the Portuguese rule in India and the Portuguese Vs Britain struggle Conclude accordingly. ANSWER: In 1453 Ottoman empire conquered Constantinople and locked European trade with the east, triggering a search for a northwest trade route to the east. This led to the age of discovery in the 16th century, whereby man of the world was gradually developed and there were advances in shipping and knowledge of geography. Thus many European came to India including the Portuguese. Portuguese in India: Trade with India was done via a state-led corporation. They began their trade with south India and set up trading centers in different parts of India, especially coastal areas. They set up their main base in and around Surat and later in Goa. In 1510 they captured Goa from the kingdom of Bijapur and Bombay in 1534. They dominated international trade in the east indies for 100 years with HQ in Goa. Since India had strong land power, therefore Portuguese followed the policy of domination only of the high seas/oceans, and the oceanic trade of India. They did not aim to build a political empire in India. Portuguese dominated the high seas(Bule water policy) as they were strong naval powers. They did armed trade, engaged in piracy, and therefore the passage via oceans and allowed passage only after payment of a license fee by other ships. They regularly raided Arab traders who until now dominated Arabian sea trade and also threaten Mughal ships forcing Mughals to give trade concessions from lower customs duties and permission to set up factories and trading centers. They were religious fanatics and engaged in forced conversions to Christianity. British Vs Portuguese in India: In the late 16th century, there was the rise of 2 new naval powers- Dutch and England. The 1st challenge to achieving freedom was navigation in the ocean and the 2nd to removing Portuguese control over the oceanic trade of the east indies. In 1588, in a decisive battle, Britain defeated Armada/a large Spanish naval fleet in the Atlantic Ocean, and now Britain and the dutch could travel to the east via the Cape of good hope. In 1608, EIC wanted to open a factory in Surat, therefore sending captain Hawkins to Jahangir"s court, he was given a Mansab and a Jagir but then was removed from court due to pressure from the Portuguese. Therefore EIC realized that the military defeat of the Portuguese is a must for EIC to expand its trade with India. In 1612, EIC defeated the Portuguese navy in surat and therefore was rewarded by Jahangir with a royal Farman in 1612, which gave EIC the right to establish itself on the west coast. Hence Surat factory was set up in 1612. To extract more concession British government sent Thoms Roe as an ambassador and he was accepted as a resident in Jahangir"s court. Finally, in 1617, he was able to extract another royal Farman where the British got the right to establish factories in the whole of the Mughal empire and liberal trading rights. These angered the Portuguese and in 1620 conflicts culminated in a major battle where the British won and this ended Portuguese domination of international trade in India. In 1661, King Charles II of England got the island of Bombay in dowry from the Portuguese. Therefore by the mid-17 century, the Portuguese were restricted to Goa, Daman-Dui, Dadar, and Nagar Haveli.
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The modernization of Japan can best be expressed in the following haiku: You threaten us/ with Industrialization? We can win that game. Elaborate in the context of the uniqueness of the Industrial Revolution in Japan. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with an explanation of the context of the statement. Then discussed the forced Industrialization of Japan. Further, bring uniqueness to its Industrialization. Conclude accordingly. Answer In 1853, four modern American warships sailed into Tokyo Bay, Japan"s great harbor. It was a show of power. Commodore Matthew Perry hoped it would force Japan to change its trading policies and allow American imports to be sold. When Commodore Perry tried to force Japan to "do business," literally at gunpoint, Japan"s leaders naturally feared a future invasion. They could also see how nearby China was being defeated and torn apart by European states that were trying to force the Chinese to buy their products (including opium). They worried, with good reason, that something similar could happen in Japan if they did not modernize. Hoping to protect Japan from a potential European threat, they began to demand military and industrial reforms in response. Thus the day when Japan had seen the American navy entering its naval base at Kawasaki , that very day Japan decided to go for a new administrative system that would prevent foreigners from entering Japan and promote Japan on par with European countries. Industrialization of Japan In 1866 , Japan went for Meiji Restoration (enlightened and benevolent administration) . As part of its industrialization, Japan got entire literature, Science, technology, and industry translated into its languages. It sponsored its meritorious students for higher studies in the universities of America and France. Japan founded its National Bank called the Bank of Tokyo which gave loans at a subsidy rate for the purpose of industrialization. Japan very soon witnessed/experienced the formation industrial syndicate called Zaibatsu and multi-national companies like Mitsubishi and Mitsi. For Japan, its internal and external policies were all centered around her industrial concerns . In other words, no country in the world gave that much importance to the industry. Uniqueness in Japanese Industrialization Japan’s industrialization was definitely unique when compared with the other countries. It was the only Asian country to experienced industrialization under the first Industrial Revolution , Japan never lost its resources to any country in the world. The industrialization of Japan was unique as it was not the work of one class or one community rather it was the collective effort of the entire country of Japan. What really made Japanese industrialization unique is their work ethic. For the Japanese in general industry is part of their life and culture. Thus it is precisely because of this outlook, Japan made remarkable progress and reached the stage of not only challenging the European countries and even defeating them, particularly England during WWII. Besides that despite facing a nuclear attack in 1945, Japan is still one of the top economic power of the world with huge economic capital.
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##Question:The modernization of Japan can best be expressed in the following haiku: You threaten us/ with Industrialization? We can win that game. Elaborate in the context of the uniqueness of the Industrial Revolution in Japan. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with an explanation of the context of the statement. Then discussed the forced Industrialization of Japan. Further, bring uniqueness to its Industrialization. Conclude accordingly. Answer In 1853, four modern American warships sailed into Tokyo Bay, Japan"s great harbor. It was a show of power. Commodore Matthew Perry hoped it would force Japan to change its trading policies and allow American imports to be sold. When Commodore Perry tried to force Japan to "do business," literally at gunpoint, Japan"s leaders naturally feared a future invasion. They could also see how nearby China was being defeated and torn apart by European states that were trying to force the Chinese to buy their products (including opium). They worried, with good reason, that something similar could happen in Japan if they did not modernize. Hoping to protect Japan from a potential European threat, they began to demand military and industrial reforms in response. Thus the day when Japan had seen the American navy entering its naval base at Kawasaki , that very day Japan decided to go for a new administrative system that would prevent foreigners from entering Japan and promote Japan on par with European countries. Industrialization of Japan In 1866 , Japan went for Meiji Restoration (enlightened and benevolent administration) . As part of its industrialization, Japan got entire literature, Science, technology, and industry translated into its languages. It sponsored its meritorious students for higher studies in the universities of America and France. Japan founded its National Bank called the Bank of Tokyo which gave loans at a subsidy rate for the purpose of industrialization. Japan very soon witnessed/experienced the formation industrial syndicate called Zaibatsu and multi-national companies like Mitsubishi and Mitsi. For Japan, its internal and external policies were all centered around her industrial concerns . In other words, no country in the world gave that much importance to the industry. Uniqueness in Japanese Industrialization Japan’s industrialization was definitely unique when compared with the other countries. It was the only Asian country to experienced industrialization under the first Industrial Revolution , Japan never lost its resources to any country in the world. The industrialization of Japan was unique as it was not the work of one class or one community rather it was the collective effort of the entire country of Japan. What really made Japanese industrialization unique is their work ethic. For the Japanese in general industry is part of their life and culture. Thus it is precisely because of this outlook, Japan made remarkable progress and reached the stage of not only challenging the European countries and even defeating them, particularly England during WWII. Besides that despite facing a nuclear attack in 1945, Japan is still one of the top economic power of the world with huge economic capital.
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भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में खनन क्षेत्र के महत्त्व को समझते हुए भारत सरकार ने हाल ही में इसके समग्र विकास हेतु विधायी और नीतिगत प्रयास किये हैं| चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Recognizing the importance of the mining sector in the Indian economy, the Government of India has recently made legislative and policy efforts for its overall development. Discuss (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण- 1- भूमिका में भारत में खनन क्षेत्र के बारे में आधारभूत सूचनाएं दीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में खनन क्षेत्र के महत्त्व को स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में इसके समग्र विकास हेतु भारत सरकार द्वारा किये गए विधायी और नीतिगत प्रयासों की चर्चा कीजिये 4- अंतिम में सकारात्मक निष्कर्ष के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये भारत का कुल भौगोलिक क्षेत्र लगभग 328 मिलियन हेक्टेयर है, जिसमें से खनन पट्टा (ईंधन, परमाणु और लघु खनिजों के अलावा) लगभग 0.14% है, इसका मुश्किल से 20% खनन होता है। भारतीय अधोभूमि तट्वर्ती और अपतटीय कच्चे तेल और गैस, कोयला, लौह अयस्क, तांबा, बॉक्साइट से समृद्ध हैं अतः खनन क्षेत्र भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में खनन क्षेत्र के महत्त्व भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था आने वाले वर्षों में लगभग 7% बढ़ने की उम्मीद है। आधारभूत संरचना और ऑटोमोबाइल जैसे क्षेत्रों को नए सिरे से जोर मिलेगा. जो देश में बिजली और इस्पात की मांग को आगे बढ़ाएगा। खनन क्षेत्र इन तेजी से बढ़ते क्षेत्रों को कच्चा माल प्रदान करता है| वर्तमान में जीडीपी में खनन क्षेत्र क योगदान 2.3-2.5% है। 2013-14 और 2017-18 के बीच भारत में खनिज उत्पादन 5.72% की वार्षिक वृद्धि दर (CAGR) में बढ़ा। यह आयात लागत में कटौती कर सकता है| भारत दुनिया में शीट मीका का सबसे बड़ा. उत्पादक है और वित्त वर्ष 2019 में 8th सबसे बड़ा बॉक्साइट भंडार यह एक श्रम प्रधान क्षेत्र है और अकुशल और कुशल श्रम दोनों के लिए रोजगार प्रदान करता है खनन आधारित उद्योग संबद्ध उद्योगों को बढ़ावा देता है और क्षेत्र के समग्र विकास की ओर जाता है। अतः भारत सरकार इसके समग्र विकास हेतु प्रतिबद्ध है| भारत सरकार द्वारा किये गए विधायी और नीतिगत प्रयास खनन क्षेत्र का विधायी ढांचा भारत के संविधान की सूची ॥ (राज्य सूची) के क्रमांक 23 में प्रविष्टि राज्य सरकार की सीमा के भीतर स्थित खनिजों के मालिक होने के लिए बाध्य करती है, सूची । (केंद्रीय सूची) के क्रम संख्या 54 पर प्रविष्टि भारत के अनन्य आर्थिक क्षेत्र (EEZ) के भीतर खनिजों के स्वामित्व के लिए केंद्र सरकार को अनिवार्य करती है। 1957 के इस खान और खनिज (विकास) और विनियमन) (एमएमडीआर) अधिनियम के अनुसरण में अंतर्राष्ट्रीय समुद्रग्रस्त प्राधिकरण (आईएसए) खनिज अन्वेषण और निष्कर्षण को नियंत्रित करता है। यह संयुक्त राष्ट्र द्वारा निर्देशित है और भारत संधि का पक्षकार होने के कारण मध्य हिंद संधि महासागर बेसिन में 75000 वर्ग किलोमीटर -POLYMETALLIC NODULES का पता लगाने का विशेष अधिकार प्राप्त किया है खान और खनिज ( विकास और विनियम) अधिनियम, 1957: यह भारत में खनन क्षेत्र को नियंत्रित करता है और खनन कार्यों के लिये खनन लीज़ प्राप्त करने और जारी करने संबंधी नियमों का निर्धारण करता है। खनिज कानून संशोधन अध्यादेश/अधिनियम 2020 यह अध्यादेश खान और खनिज (विकास और विनियमन) अधिनियम, 1957,और कोयला खान (विशेष प्रावधान) अधिनियम, 2015 (CMSP Act) में संशोधन करता है। इस अध्यादेश ने कैप्टिव खनन व्यवस्था के उन्मूलन हेतु कोयला खदानों के लिए अंतिम उपयोग संबंधी प्रतिबंधों को समाप्त कर दिया है और वाणिज्यिक कोयला खनन के लिए ब्लॉकों की नीलामी के माध्यम से निजी क्षेत्र के प्रवेश के लिए व्यवस्था प्रदान की है। भारत में पंजीकृत किसी भी कंपनी को बोली लगाने और कोयला ब्लॉक विकसित करने की अनुमति प्रदान करता है। पूर्व में यह व्यवस्था केवल लौह और इस्पात, विद्युत और कोयला वाशिंग क्षेत्रों में संलग्न कंपनियों तक ही सीमित थी। इसके अतिरिक्त, कंपनियों को बोली लगाने के लिए खनन क्षेत्र से संबंधित अनुभव रखने की भी आवश्यकता होती थी जिसे इस अध्यादेश द्वारा समाप्त कर दिया गया है। सरकार ने फरवरी 2018 में वाणिज्यिक कोयला खनन हेतु निजी क्षेत्र के प्रवेश को अनुमति प्रदान की थी। इसके अतिरिक्त, अब कैप्टिव कोयला खननकर्ताओं को खुले बाजार में अपने उत्पादन का 25% विक्रय करने की अनुमति प्रदान की गई है। राष्ट्रीय खनिज नीति 2019 राष्ट्रीय खनिज नीति 2019, मौजूदा राष्ट्रीय खनिज नीति 2008 (NMP 2008) का स्थान लेती है| खान मंत्रालय के अपर सचिव डॉ. के. राजेश्वर राव की अध्यक्षता में 14 अगस्त, 2017 को एक समिति गठित की थी राष्ट्रीय खनिज नीति 2019 में RP/PL धारकों के लिये पहले इनकार करने के अधिकार (Right of First Refusal) को लागू किया गया है राजस्व शेयर आधार पर समग्र RP (Reconnaissance Permit) सह PL (Prospecting License) सह ML (Mining Lease) के लिये नए क्षेत्रों में नीलामी निजी क्षेत्रों को अन्वेषण लिये प्रोत्साहित करना, खनन गतिविधियों को उद्योग का दर्जा, समर्पित गलियारों का निर्माण, खनन संस्थाओं के विलय और अधिग्रहण को प्रोत्साहन परियोजना प्रभावित व्यक्तियों और क्षेत्रों के समान विकास के लिये ज़िला खनिज निधि का उपयोग किया जाएगा। नीति में सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के उपक्रमों को दिये गए आरक्षित क्षेत्रों जिनका उपयोग नहीं किया गया है, को युक्तिसंगत बनाने और इन क्षेत्रों को नीलामी हेतु रखे जाने का भी उल्लेख किया गया है, जिससे निजी क्षेत्र को भागीदारी के अधिक अवसर प्राप्त होंगे इस प्रकार स्पष्ट होता है कि खनन क्षेत्र के समग्र विकास हेतु भारत सरकार सकारात्मक दिशा में प्रयासरत है
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##Question:भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में खनन क्षेत्र के महत्त्व को समझते हुए भारत सरकार ने हाल ही में इसके समग्र विकास हेतु विधायी और नीतिगत प्रयास किये हैं| चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Recognizing the importance of the mining sector in the Indian economy, the Government of India has recently made legislative and policy efforts for its overall development. Discuss (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण- 1- भूमिका में भारत में खनन क्षेत्र के बारे में आधारभूत सूचनाएं दीजिये 2- प्रथम भाग में भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में खनन क्षेत्र के महत्त्व को स्पष्ट कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में इसके समग्र विकास हेतु भारत सरकार द्वारा किये गए विधायी और नीतिगत प्रयासों की चर्चा कीजिये 4- अंतिम में सकारात्मक निष्कर्ष के साथ उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये भारत का कुल भौगोलिक क्षेत्र लगभग 328 मिलियन हेक्टेयर है, जिसमें से खनन पट्टा (ईंधन, परमाणु और लघु खनिजों के अलावा) लगभग 0.14% है, इसका मुश्किल से 20% खनन होता है। भारतीय अधोभूमि तट्वर्ती और अपतटीय कच्चे तेल और गैस, कोयला, लौह अयस्क, तांबा, बॉक्साइट से समृद्ध हैं अतः खनन क्षेत्र भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में खनन क्षेत्र के महत्त्व भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था आने वाले वर्षों में लगभग 7% बढ़ने की उम्मीद है। आधारभूत संरचना और ऑटोमोबाइल जैसे क्षेत्रों को नए सिरे से जोर मिलेगा. जो देश में बिजली और इस्पात की मांग को आगे बढ़ाएगा। खनन क्षेत्र इन तेजी से बढ़ते क्षेत्रों को कच्चा माल प्रदान करता है| वर्तमान में जीडीपी में खनन क्षेत्र क योगदान 2.3-2.5% है। 2013-14 और 2017-18 के बीच भारत में खनिज उत्पादन 5.72% की वार्षिक वृद्धि दर (CAGR) में बढ़ा। यह आयात लागत में कटौती कर सकता है| भारत दुनिया में शीट मीका का सबसे बड़ा. उत्पादक है और वित्त वर्ष 2019 में 8th सबसे बड़ा बॉक्साइट भंडार यह एक श्रम प्रधान क्षेत्र है और अकुशल और कुशल श्रम दोनों के लिए रोजगार प्रदान करता है खनन आधारित उद्योग संबद्ध उद्योगों को बढ़ावा देता है और क्षेत्र के समग्र विकास की ओर जाता है। अतः भारत सरकार इसके समग्र विकास हेतु प्रतिबद्ध है| भारत सरकार द्वारा किये गए विधायी और नीतिगत प्रयास खनन क्षेत्र का विधायी ढांचा भारत के संविधान की सूची ॥ (राज्य सूची) के क्रमांक 23 में प्रविष्टि राज्य सरकार की सीमा के भीतर स्थित खनिजों के मालिक होने के लिए बाध्य करती है, सूची । (केंद्रीय सूची) के क्रम संख्या 54 पर प्रविष्टि भारत के अनन्य आर्थिक क्षेत्र (EEZ) के भीतर खनिजों के स्वामित्व के लिए केंद्र सरकार को अनिवार्य करती है। 1957 के इस खान और खनिज (विकास) और विनियमन) (एमएमडीआर) अधिनियम के अनुसरण में अंतर्राष्ट्रीय समुद्रग्रस्त प्राधिकरण (आईएसए) खनिज अन्वेषण और निष्कर्षण को नियंत्रित करता है। यह संयुक्त राष्ट्र द्वारा निर्देशित है और भारत संधि का पक्षकार होने के कारण मध्य हिंद संधि महासागर बेसिन में 75000 वर्ग किलोमीटर -POLYMETALLIC NODULES का पता लगाने का विशेष अधिकार प्राप्त किया है खान और खनिज ( विकास और विनियम) अधिनियम, 1957: यह भारत में खनन क्षेत्र को नियंत्रित करता है और खनन कार्यों के लिये खनन लीज़ प्राप्त करने और जारी करने संबंधी नियमों का निर्धारण करता है। खनिज कानून संशोधन अध्यादेश/अधिनियम 2020 यह अध्यादेश खान और खनिज (विकास और विनियमन) अधिनियम, 1957,और कोयला खान (विशेष प्रावधान) अधिनियम, 2015 (CMSP Act) में संशोधन करता है। इस अध्यादेश ने कैप्टिव खनन व्यवस्था के उन्मूलन हेतु कोयला खदानों के लिए अंतिम उपयोग संबंधी प्रतिबंधों को समाप्त कर दिया है और वाणिज्यिक कोयला खनन के लिए ब्लॉकों की नीलामी के माध्यम से निजी क्षेत्र के प्रवेश के लिए व्यवस्था प्रदान की है। भारत में पंजीकृत किसी भी कंपनी को बोली लगाने और कोयला ब्लॉक विकसित करने की अनुमति प्रदान करता है। पूर्व में यह व्यवस्था केवल लौह और इस्पात, विद्युत और कोयला वाशिंग क्षेत्रों में संलग्न कंपनियों तक ही सीमित थी। इसके अतिरिक्त, कंपनियों को बोली लगाने के लिए खनन क्षेत्र से संबंधित अनुभव रखने की भी आवश्यकता होती थी जिसे इस अध्यादेश द्वारा समाप्त कर दिया गया है। सरकार ने फरवरी 2018 में वाणिज्यिक कोयला खनन हेतु निजी क्षेत्र के प्रवेश को अनुमति प्रदान की थी। इसके अतिरिक्त, अब कैप्टिव कोयला खननकर्ताओं को खुले बाजार में अपने उत्पादन का 25% विक्रय करने की अनुमति प्रदान की गई है। राष्ट्रीय खनिज नीति 2019 राष्ट्रीय खनिज नीति 2019, मौजूदा राष्ट्रीय खनिज नीति 2008 (NMP 2008) का स्थान लेती है| खान मंत्रालय के अपर सचिव डॉ. के. राजेश्वर राव की अध्यक्षता में 14 अगस्त, 2017 को एक समिति गठित की थी राष्ट्रीय खनिज नीति 2019 में RP/PL धारकों के लिये पहले इनकार करने के अधिकार (Right of First Refusal) को लागू किया गया है राजस्व शेयर आधार पर समग्र RP (Reconnaissance Permit) सह PL (Prospecting License) सह ML (Mining Lease) के लिये नए क्षेत्रों में नीलामी निजी क्षेत्रों को अन्वेषण लिये प्रोत्साहित करना, खनन गतिविधियों को उद्योग का दर्जा, समर्पित गलियारों का निर्माण, खनन संस्थाओं के विलय और अधिग्रहण को प्रोत्साहन परियोजना प्रभावित व्यक्तियों और क्षेत्रों के समान विकास के लिये ज़िला खनिज निधि का उपयोग किया जाएगा। नीति में सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के उपक्रमों को दिये गए आरक्षित क्षेत्रों जिनका उपयोग नहीं किया गया है, को युक्तिसंगत बनाने और इन क्षेत्रों को नीलामी हेतु रखे जाने का भी उल्लेख किया गया है, जिससे निजी क्षेत्र को भागीदारी के अधिक अवसर प्राप्त होंगे इस प्रकार स्पष्ट होता है कि खनन क्षेत्र के समग्र विकास हेतु भारत सरकार सकारात्मक दिशा में प्रयासरत है
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Q-We can easily forgive a child who is afraid of the dark, the real tragedy of life is when men are afraid of the light. What do you understand by statement discuss?[10Marks/150 Words]
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Approach- Introduction-Explain briefly the quote. Main body-Discuss the quote with examples Conclusion -Write in brief about the relevance Introduction: The quotation says that it is easy to forgive a child who is innocent and unaware of his action that who is afraid of the dark but when the man is mature but afraid of the truth that is light is the real tragedy. Main body There is a situation where a child can do things such as can imitate through observation of his family and perform racial discrimination towards his/ her friend. In this case, a child is unaware of the consequences of his action and therefore he can be easily forgiven. While the well-educated person who discriminates on the basis of caste, and religion and doesn"t give accommodation on rent shows that he is afraid of the reality that is the truth that discrimination on basis of caste or religion is an inhumane activity. This ignorance of knowledge is a real tragedy and it will affect the harmony and may cause violence in long run. The small child can have greed for toys or chocolate and this can be pardoned as it is innocent but the person well educated and knowledgeable and holding an official position has greed. This will result in corruption and can cause real tragedy which is the failure of governance. The role of education, awareness and maturity is related to light. Education helps in developing character and understanding of themselves and the world. It enriches the quality of life and leads to broad social benefits for individuals and society. Education helps people"s productivity and creativity and promotes entrepreneurship and technological advances. if the person ignores the truth it results in real tragedy and affects the development of mankind. Conclusion: Thus a child can easily be forgiven for not knowing certain things, while when ‘adults’ decides not to see the things such as taking dowry though it is against gender justice results in real tragedy and can be a threat to the existence of mankind.
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##Question:Q-We can easily forgive a child who is afraid of the dark, the real tragedy of life is when men are afraid of the light. What do you understand by statement discuss?[10Marks/150 Words]##Answer:Approach- Introduction-Explain briefly the quote. Main body-Discuss the quote with examples Conclusion -Write in brief about the relevance Introduction: The quotation says that it is easy to forgive a child who is innocent and unaware of his action that who is afraid of the dark but when the man is mature but afraid of the truth that is light is the real tragedy. Main body There is a situation where a child can do things such as can imitate through observation of his family and perform racial discrimination towards his/ her friend. In this case, a child is unaware of the consequences of his action and therefore he can be easily forgiven. While the well-educated person who discriminates on the basis of caste, and religion and doesn"t give accommodation on rent shows that he is afraid of the reality that is the truth that discrimination on basis of caste or religion is an inhumane activity. This ignorance of knowledge is a real tragedy and it will affect the harmony and may cause violence in long run. The small child can have greed for toys or chocolate and this can be pardoned as it is innocent but the person well educated and knowledgeable and holding an official position has greed. This will result in corruption and can cause real tragedy which is the failure of governance. The role of education, awareness and maturity is related to light. Education helps in developing character and understanding of themselves and the world. It enriches the quality of life and leads to broad social benefits for individuals and society. Education helps people"s productivity and creativity and promotes entrepreneurship and technological advances. if the person ignores the truth it results in real tragedy and affects the development of mankind. Conclusion: Thus a child can easily be forgiven for not knowing certain things, while when ‘adults’ decides not to see the things such as taking dowry though it is against gender justice results in real tragedy and can be a threat to the existence of mankind.
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Do you think devaluation can lead to the balancing of the current account deficit in a country? Explain. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)
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APPROACH: Introduce by explaining what is devaluation. In the body, show how Current Account Deficit and devaluation are correlated followed by what could be the consequences of devaluation. Give other measures to control CAD. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: Devaluation is the deliberate downward adjustment of the value of a country"s money relative to another currency, group of currencies, or currency standard. Countries that have a fixed exchange rate or semi-fixed exchange rate use this monetary policy tool. Current Account Deficit and Devaluation: Current Account Deficit is a situation where a country"s outflow of foreign currency is greater than its inflow ie. essentially its imports are greater than its exports. Strong exchange rates are one of the reasons for this. Strong exchange rates make exports costly and import cheap.Countries indulge in a devaluation of their currency in anticipation of making exports competitive and hence increasing them, and making imports costly and hence reducing them. Consequences of Devaluation: Moving to intervene in FOREX markets will have its own negative consequence- maintaining exchange rates at a fixed level requires the government to exercise control. J-curve effect: Devaluation of currency may increase exports by making them more competitive, but the CAD would initially worsen as both imports and exports are inelastic in the immediate term. Therefore, devaluation is a very risky way to improve CAD. Currency wars: devaluation leads to competitive devaluation of currencies by other countries (Currency Wars). It leads to the worsening of CAD and would be required to be done again and again. Hence, CAD would continue to get worse, therefore only those countries that either have large FOREX reserves or a surplus on capital account will be able to withstand such competitive devaluation. Therefore, resorting to devaluation for bridging the current account deficit is a bad policy choice, instead, the floating market Exchange Rate approach of automatic reconciliation is a far wiser policy choice. In addition, the Current Account Deficit can be bridged by curtailing demand by following a contractionary monetary or fiscal policy, Increasing tariffs on imports, imposing quotas, providing export subsidies such as waiving taxes and investing more, building more infrastructure, improving Ease of Doing Business, etc. Thus, Devaluation may or may not lead to balancing CAD in a country and is a risky option.
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##Question:Do you think devaluation can lead to the balancing of the current account deficit in a country? Explain. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce by explaining what is devaluation. In the body, show how Current Account Deficit and devaluation are correlated followed by what could be the consequences of devaluation. Give other measures to control CAD. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: Devaluation is the deliberate downward adjustment of the value of a country"s money relative to another currency, group of currencies, or currency standard. Countries that have a fixed exchange rate or semi-fixed exchange rate use this monetary policy tool. Current Account Deficit and Devaluation: Current Account Deficit is a situation where a country"s outflow of foreign currency is greater than its inflow ie. essentially its imports are greater than its exports. Strong exchange rates are one of the reasons for this. Strong exchange rates make exports costly and import cheap.Countries indulge in a devaluation of their currency in anticipation of making exports competitive and hence increasing them, and making imports costly and hence reducing them. Consequences of Devaluation: Moving to intervene in FOREX markets will have its own negative consequence- maintaining exchange rates at a fixed level requires the government to exercise control. J-curve effect: Devaluation of currency may increase exports by making them more competitive, but the CAD would initially worsen as both imports and exports are inelastic in the immediate term. Therefore, devaluation is a very risky way to improve CAD. Currency wars: devaluation leads to competitive devaluation of currencies by other countries (Currency Wars). It leads to the worsening of CAD and would be required to be done again and again. Hence, CAD would continue to get worse, therefore only those countries that either have large FOREX reserves or a surplus on capital account will be able to withstand such competitive devaluation. Therefore, resorting to devaluation for bridging the current account deficit is a bad policy choice, instead, the floating market Exchange Rate approach of automatic reconciliation is a far wiser policy choice. In addition, the Current Account Deficit can be bridged by curtailing demand by following a contractionary monetary or fiscal policy, Increasing tariffs on imports, imposing quotas, providing export subsidies such as waiving taxes and investing more, building more infrastructure, improving Ease of Doing Business, etc. Thus, Devaluation may or may not lead to balancing CAD in a country and is a risky option.
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What do you know about the Pratiharas? Also, mention about the Tripartite Struggle related to them. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduction-Briefly introduces Pratiharas. Body-Mention about the Tripartite struggle, its cause, and its outcome. Conclude accordingly. Model Answer: Pratiharas are also known as Gurjara-Pratihara in the early medieval time and they represent the earliest of all Rajput dynasties. Pratiharas: The dynasty"s founder was Harishchandra but the real founder was Nagbhatta-I. Among important rulers, we can mention Mihir Boja, Nagbhatta-I, and Nagbhatta-II. Pratiharas are particularly known for their resistance against the Arab invaders who had established themself in the region of Sind. Arabs authors of the time like Suleman and Al-Masudi praise them for their horsemanship. They possessed the best cavalry. The famous Sanskrit poet Rajshekhar received their patronage. Tripartite struggle: The tripartite struggle involved 3 significant powers, Palas, Pratiharas, and Rashtrakutas. The conflict was mainly between the palas and Pratiharas for the conquest of Kannauj which had acquired a prestigious political position due to its association with Harsha. The Rastrakutas participated in the struggle, mainly to establish a balance of power. In this struggle, we find the Pratiharas emerging as victorious and Kannuaj came to be made the capital of the Pratihara kingdom. Pratiharas were instrumental in providing stability and promoting art and architecture during early medieval times in India.
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##Question:What do you know about the Pratiharas? Also, mention about the Tripartite Struggle related to them. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduction-Briefly introduces Pratiharas. Body-Mention about the Tripartite struggle, its cause, and its outcome. Conclude accordingly. Model Answer: Pratiharas are also known as Gurjara-Pratihara in the early medieval time and they represent the earliest of all Rajput dynasties. Pratiharas: The dynasty"s founder was Harishchandra but the real founder was Nagbhatta-I. Among important rulers, we can mention Mihir Boja, Nagbhatta-I, and Nagbhatta-II. Pratiharas are particularly known for their resistance against the Arab invaders who had established themself in the region of Sind. Arabs authors of the time like Suleman and Al-Masudi praise them for their horsemanship. They possessed the best cavalry. The famous Sanskrit poet Rajshekhar received their patronage. Tripartite struggle: The tripartite struggle involved 3 significant powers, Palas, Pratiharas, and Rashtrakutas. The conflict was mainly between the palas and Pratiharas for the conquest of Kannauj which had acquired a prestigious political position due to its association with Harsha. The Rastrakutas participated in the struggle, mainly to establish a balance of power. In this struggle, we find the Pratiharas emerging as victorious and Kannuaj came to be made the capital of the Pratihara kingdom. Pratiharas were instrumental in providing stability and promoting art and architecture during early medieval times in India.
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अभिरुचि एवं अभिवृत्ति में अंतर को उदाहरण सहित स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) Explain the difference between aptitude and attitude with examples. (150-200 words, 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण : प्रस्तावना में अभिरुचि और अभिवृत्ति दोनों को संक्षेप में परिभाषित कीजिए। दोनों के महत्व को लिखिए तथा उदाहरण सहित उनके अंतर्संबंध को विस्तार से समझाइए। अभिक्षमता को रचनात्मक रूप से उपयोग करने के लिए सही दृष्टिकोण के निर्माण का सुझाव देते हुए समाप्त करें। उत्तर: अभिवृत्ति वस्तुओं, समूहों, घटनाओं, विचारों या किसी भी चीज़ के प्रति विश्वासों, भावनाओं और व्यवहारिक प्रवृत्तियों का एक अपेक्षाकृत स्थायी संगठन है। इसे लोगों, वस्तुओं, घटनाओं, विचारों आदि के सकारात्मक या नकारात्मक मूल्यांकन के रूप में भी जाना जाता है। यह सामाजिक दुनिया के विभिन्न पहलुओं का स्थायी मूल्यांकन है। अभिरुचि कुछ कार्यों को कुशलतापूर्वक करने की क्षमता या क्षमता है। उचित प्रशिक्षण के माध्यम से भविष्य में एक निश्चित कौशल या क्षमता प्राप्त करना एक स्वाभाविक/निहित प्रतिभा है। अभिरुचि मानसिक और शारीरिक दोनों हो सकती है। अभिवृत्ति एवं अभिरुचि में अंतर को निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं से समझा जा सकता है- अभिवृत्ति मूल्यों से उत्पन्न होता है और व्यवहार में परिलक्षित होता है। जबकि अभिरुचि का ज्यादातर मूल्यों या विश्वासों से कोई संबंध नहीं है, यह नैतिक अर्थों में तटस्थ है क्योंकि यह कुछ क्षेत्रों में सिर्फ एक क्षमता है। अभिरुचि का संबंध कौशल संवर्द्धन एवं प्रशिक्षण से होता है, अर्थात यह बदलती हुई परिस्थितियों में न सिर्फ परिवर्तित होता है बल्कि नए सिरे से विकसित भी किया जाता है। जबकि अभिवृत्ति सामान्य तौर पर यह स्थायी प्रकृति की होती है परंतु सामाजिक प्रभाव एवं अनुनय के माध्यम से इसमें आवश्यक बदलाव लाया जा सकता है। अभिरुचि का संबंध शारीरिक और मानसिक दोनों से होता है। जबकि अभिवृत्ति व्यक्ति के चरित्र और मूल्यों से संबंधित है। अभिरुचि वाले व्यक्ति में कैरियर के विकास की उच्च क्षमता हो सकती है यदि वह सही रास्ता चुनता है और उसे सही प्रशिक्षण दिया जाता है। हालाँकि, अभिरुचि के साथ एक जोखिम भी है, क्योंकि यदि उच्च अभिरुचि वाला व्यक्ति और गलत या नकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण या मूल्यों के बिना विनाशकारी परिणाम दे सकता है। उदाहरण के लिए, हिटलर के पास नेतृत्व और महान वक्तृत्व कौशल की अभिरुचि थी, लेकिन उसके पास नैतिक मूल्यों की कमी थी, और मानवता के प्रति सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण था और उसके रवैये में नस्लीय भेदभाव था, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध में यहूदियों का नरसंहार और मानव जाति के लिए अपार दुख हुआ। इसी तरह, ओसामा बिन लादेन, अपने आतंकवादी एजेंडे के लिए नेतृत्व, संगठन निर्माण, भर्ती और युवाओं को प्रेरित करने के लिए बहुत उच्च अभिरुचि रखता था, लेकिन उसके पास भी मानवता के प्रति सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण की कमी थी और पश्चिमी दुनिया के खिलाफ तर्कहीन नफरत थी जिसके कारण उसे हार का सामना करना पड़ा। आतंकवादी हमलों में हजारों बेगुनाहों की जान गई। दूसरी ओर, महात्मा गांधी और डॉ. ए.पी.जे. अब्दुल कलाम के पास अभिरुचि और सही प्रकार का रवैया दोनों था, जिसके कारण रचनात्मक गतिविधियाँ हुईं और उन्होंने अपने कार्यों के माध्यम से मानवता की मदद की। अत: व्यवहार के बिना अभिरुचि मानवता के लिए एक दायित्व और विनाशकारी हो सकती है, और मानवता और समाज के प्रति सही और सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण के साथ अभिरुचि समाज की समृद्धि और विकास के लिए एक बड़ी संपत्ति हो सकती है। इसलिए हमारी उच्च जनसांख्यिकीय क्षमता को देखते हुए, हमें अपने संस्थापक पूर्वजों के सपनों को साकार करने के लिए नागरिकों के बीच सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण के लिए नैतिक मूल्यों और नैतिकता की अभिरुचि और विकास दोनों पर ध्यान देना चाहिए।
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##Question:अभिरुचि एवं अभिवृत्ति में अंतर को उदाहरण सहित स्पष्ट कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) Explain the difference between aptitude and attitude with examples. (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण : प्रस्तावना में अभिरुचि और अभिवृत्ति दोनों को संक्षेप में परिभाषित कीजिए। दोनों के महत्व को लिखिए तथा उदाहरण सहित उनके अंतर्संबंध को विस्तार से समझाइए। अभिक्षमता को रचनात्मक रूप से उपयोग करने के लिए सही दृष्टिकोण के निर्माण का सुझाव देते हुए समाप्त करें। उत्तर: अभिवृत्ति वस्तुओं, समूहों, घटनाओं, विचारों या किसी भी चीज़ के प्रति विश्वासों, भावनाओं और व्यवहारिक प्रवृत्तियों का एक अपेक्षाकृत स्थायी संगठन है। इसे लोगों, वस्तुओं, घटनाओं, विचारों आदि के सकारात्मक या नकारात्मक मूल्यांकन के रूप में भी जाना जाता है। यह सामाजिक दुनिया के विभिन्न पहलुओं का स्थायी मूल्यांकन है। अभिरुचि कुछ कार्यों को कुशलतापूर्वक करने की क्षमता या क्षमता है। उचित प्रशिक्षण के माध्यम से भविष्य में एक निश्चित कौशल या क्षमता प्राप्त करना एक स्वाभाविक/निहित प्रतिभा है। अभिरुचि मानसिक और शारीरिक दोनों हो सकती है। अभिवृत्ति एवं अभिरुचि में अंतर को निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं से समझा जा सकता है- अभिवृत्ति मूल्यों से उत्पन्न होता है और व्यवहार में परिलक्षित होता है। जबकि अभिरुचि का ज्यादातर मूल्यों या विश्वासों से कोई संबंध नहीं है, यह नैतिक अर्थों में तटस्थ है क्योंकि यह कुछ क्षेत्रों में सिर्फ एक क्षमता है। अभिरुचि का संबंध कौशल संवर्द्धन एवं प्रशिक्षण से होता है, अर्थात यह बदलती हुई परिस्थितियों में न सिर्फ परिवर्तित होता है बल्कि नए सिरे से विकसित भी किया जाता है। जबकि अभिवृत्ति सामान्य तौर पर यह स्थायी प्रकृति की होती है परंतु सामाजिक प्रभाव एवं अनुनय के माध्यम से इसमें आवश्यक बदलाव लाया जा सकता है। अभिरुचि का संबंध शारीरिक और मानसिक दोनों से होता है। जबकि अभिवृत्ति व्यक्ति के चरित्र और मूल्यों से संबंधित है। अभिरुचि वाले व्यक्ति में कैरियर के विकास की उच्च क्षमता हो सकती है यदि वह सही रास्ता चुनता है और उसे सही प्रशिक्षण दिया जाता है। हालाँकि, अभिरुचि के साथ एक जोखिम भी है, क्योंकि यदि उच्च अभिरुचि वाला व्यक्ति और गलत या नकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण या मूल्यों के बिना विनाशकारी परिणाम दे सकता है। उदाहरण के लिए, हिटलर के पास नेतृत्व और महान वक्तृत्व कौशल की अभिरुचि थी, लेकिन उसके पास नैतिक मूल्यों की कमी थी, और मानवता के प्रति सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण था और उसके रवैये में नस्लीय भेदभाव था, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध में यहूदियों का नरसंहार और मानव जाति के लिए अपार दुख हुआ। इसी तरह, ओसामा बिन लादेन, अपने आतंकवादी एजेंडे के लिए नेतृत्व, संगठन निर्माण, भर्ती और युवाओं को प्रेरित करने के लिए बहुत उच्च अभिरुचि रखता था, लेकिन उसके पास भी मानवता के प्रति सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण की कमी थी और पश्चिमी दुनिया के खिलाफ तर्कहीन नफरत थी जिसके कारण उसे हार का सामना करना पड़ा। आतंकवादी हमलों में हजारों बेगुनाहों की जान गई। दूसरी ओर, महात्मा गांधी और डॉ. ए.पी.जे. अब्दुल कलाम के पास अभिरुचि और सही प्रकार का रवैया दोनों था, जिसके कारण रचनात्मक गतिविधियाँ हुईं और उन्होंने अपने कार्यों के माध्यम से मानवता की मदद की। अत: व्यवहार के बिना अभिरुचि मानवता के लिए एक दायित्व और विनाशकारी हो सकती है, और मानवता और समाज के प्रति सही और सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण के साथ अभिरुचि समाज की समृद्धि और विकास के लिए एक बड़ी संपत्ति हो सकती है। इसलिए हमारी उच्च जनसांख्यिकीय क्षमता को देखते हुए, हमें अपने संस्थापक पूर्वजों के सपनों को साकार करने के लिए नागरिकों के बीच सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण के लिए नैतिक मूल्यों और नैतिकता की अभिरुचि और विकास दोनों पर ध्यान देना चाहिए।
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The American Revolution was the result of escalating anti-British sentiment in the American colonies during the pre-war decade from 1765 to 1775. Analyze. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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APPROACH: Introduce the answer with the discovery and colonization of America. Then further bring up the rivalry between France and Britain in a brief manner. Then elaborate on anti-British sentiment in the American colonies and link it with the demand for self-rule. Conclude accordingly. ANSWER: The history of the Americas started with Christopher Columbus reaching the Bahamas in 1492. America was called New Found Land and the New World . European countries established their colonies in the Americas. Spain and Portugal concentrated in Latin America whereas England founded 13 colonies along the East coast of the Atlantic Sea, whereas France founded its colonies in Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Hutson Way, Novoscotio, and Louisiana. In 1756, the 7 Years" War started between England and France in Europe. War ended with the defeat of France and France surrendered its colonies except for Louisiana to England. Exactly after 20 years, after the Paris Treaty, of 1763 , the people of America have thrown England out of America. Reasons for the American Revolution/War of Independence Most of the Americans who settled in the 13th colonies were settlers coming from England. They are the people who had come up of age and it is quite natural for them to question and revolt against any absolute authority. It was that they came from England, and they had a thorough understanding of democratic ideas and institutions. In America, even before the revolution, the democratic system of Government was well established. Way back in 1764, an attempt was made to form a federal form of government in the colonies in the Alabama Conference, however, the conference failed in arriving at a consensus. The education system was well developed in America with centers of learning and universities being founded. Pittsburgh University, Boston University, and Yale University were the major center of learning. The new ideas and philosophy of the “ Age of Enlightenment ” of Europe entered America. In America, the enlightened educated middle class with intellectuals like Benjamin Franklin, Sam Adams, and Paul Adams (Adams brother) all appeared much before the revolution. Thus, it is not surprising that Americans gave the slogan “ No Taxation without representation ”. Distance between England and America of nearly four thousands kilometer naturally created a feeling that they were different. This long distance very often led to a communication gap between colonies and England. In 1763, England’s Parliament passed an Act prohibiting the westward expansion of Americans towards the Appalachian mountain . This expansion very often led to violent clashes between Native Red Indians and the American Settlers. However, the Act irritated Americans who were eager to expand toward the West. With the 7 Years" War (1756 to 1763) the threat of the French ended for Americans. They no more required the support of England. Once liberated from the threat, Americans turns bold and were ready to revolt against England. The most important factor for the revolt was the very “pattern of trade ” that was carried out between England and America. England with its policy of Mercantilism from the beginning controlled the trade with America. England applied the principle of mercantilism, the balance of trade, and monopolistic trade, and exploited the resources of America under the Principle that colonies exist for the sake of the mother country. With the Navigational Acts of the 1760s , England Prohibited shipbuilding in America. Americans were made to use only England-based ships in import and export trade. For that England collected the “ User Charges ” causing a loss to America. The policy of England was to make America a dependent colony without any development. In 1750, Iron Act was passed prohibiting the processing of Iron in the colonies. Colonies were made to pay additional taxes in the export and import trade with Europe. Trade was routed through England adding more of the burden of custom duty to the Americans. In 1763, Molasses Act was passed prohibiting colonies from importing the Molasses from French West Indies for every gallon of molasses imported 6 penns was a tax levied. The idea was to discourage colonies from trading with French West Indies. In 1764, Molasses Act was replaced by the Sugar Act, colonies were prohibited from purchasing sugar from Cuba which provided more qualitative sugar for a much cheaper price. It was this pattern of trade which was highly exploitative and discriminative, that was responsible for the War of Independence. Thus American Revolution was the result of escalating anti-British sentiment in the American colonies between 1763 to 1775. However, Americans were not actually for Independence, they only wanted England to change her exploitative policies. However, the historical dynamics created a situation that ended with British Rule in America and rise of the a superpower that surpasses its colonial power itself.
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##Question:The American Revolution was the result of escalating anti-British sentiment in the American colonies during the pre-war decade from 1765 to 1775. Analyze. (150 Words/10 Marks) ##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce the answer with the discovery and colonization of America. Then further bring up the rivalry between France and Britain in a brief manner. Then elaborate on anti-British sentiment in the American colonies and link it with the demand for self-rule. Conclude accordingly. ANSWER: The history of the Americas started with Christopher Columbus reaching the Bahamas in 1492. America was called New Found Land and the New World . European countries established their colonies in the Americas. Spain and Portugal concentrated in Latin America whereas England founded 13 colonies along the East coast of the Atlantic Sea, whereas France founded its colonies in Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Hutson Way, Novoscotio, and Louisiana. In 1756, the 7 Years" War started between England and France in Europe. War ended with the defeat of France and France surrendered its colonies except for Louisiana to England. Exactly after 20 years, after the Paris Treaty, of 1763 , the people of America have thrown England out of America. Reasons for the American Revolution/War of Independence Most of the Americans who settled in the 13th colonies were settlers coming from England. They are the people who had come up of age and it is quite natural for them to question and revolt against any absolute authority. It was that they came from England, and they had a thorough understanding of democratic ideas and institutions. In America, even before the revolution, the democratic system of Government was well established. Way back in 1764, an attempt was made to form a federal form of government in the colonies in the Alabama Conference, however, the conference failed in arriving at a consensus. The education system was well developed in America with centers of learning and universities being founded. Pittsburgh University, Boston University, and Yale University were the major center of learning. The new ideas and philosophy of the “ Age of Enlightenment ” of Europe entered America. In America, the enlightened educated middle class with intellectuals like Benjamin Franklin, Sam Adams, and Paul Adams (Adams brother) all appeared much before the revolution. Thus, it is not surprising that Americans gave the slogan “ No Taxation without representation ”. Distance between England and America of nearly four thousands kilometer naturally created a feeling that they were different. This long distance very often led to a communication gap between colonies and England. In 1763, England’s Parliament passed an Act prohibiting the westward expansion of Americans towards the Appalachian mountain . This expansion very often led to violent clashes between Native Red Indians and the American Settlers. However, the Act irritated Americans who were eager to expand toward the West. With the 7 Years" War (1756 to 1763) the threat of the French ended for Americans. They no more required the support of England. Once liberated from the threat, Americans turns bold and were ready to revolt against England. The most important factor for the revolt was the very “pattern of trade ” that was carried out between England and America. England with its policy of Mercantilism from the beginning controlled the trade with America. England applied the principle of mercantilism, the balance of trade, and monopolistic trade, and exploited the resources of America under the Principle that colonies exist for the sake of the mother country. With the Navigational Acts of the 1760s , England Prohibited shipbuilding in America. Americans were made to use only England-based ships in import and export trade. For that England collected the “ User Charges ” causing a loss to America. The policy of England was to make America a dependent colony without any development. In 1750, Iron Act was passed prohibiting the processing of Iron in the colonies. Colonies were made to pay additional taxes in the export and import trade with Europe. Trade was routed through England adding more of the burden of custom duty to the Americans. In 1763, Molasses Act was passed prohibiting colonies from importing the Molasses from French West Indies for every gallon of molasses imported 6 penns was a tax levied. The idea was to discourage colonies from trading with French West Indies. In 1764, Molasses Act was replaced by the Sugar Act, colonies were prohibited from purchasing sugar from Cuba which provided more qualitative sugar for a much cheaper price. It was this pattern of trade which was highly exploitative and discriminative, that was responsible for the War of Independence. Thus American Revolution was the result of escalating anti-British sentiment in the American colonies between 1763 to 1775. However, Americans were not actually for Independence, they only wanted England to change her exploitative policies. However, the historical dynamics created a situation that ended with British Rule in America and rise of the a superpower that surpasses its colonial power itself.
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Discuss the challenges of the Barter system and the features of Money. Also mention the types of money (10 marks/ 150 words)
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Approach:- Define the barter system in the introduction Mention the challenges of the Barter system and features of Money Mention the types of money Conclude accordingly Answer:- A barter system is an economic system in which commodities are exchanged for other commodities i.e. there is no money Challenges with the barter system Lack of double coincidence of wants Lack of division of goods- certain goods are not physically divisible Lack of common unit of measurement- Because of the lack of divisibility, there comes the lack of a common unit of measurement Problem of storage - A person has to store a large volume of goods Loss of value- A good if stored for large time, losses its value Search cost- needs lots of time to search for the person who wants the same product Features of money Acceptability- Everybody must be able to exchange money for goods and services Durability - it must withstand wear and tear Portability- People can take money as they go about their business Divisibiity- It can be easily divisible into small denominations Uniformity- Any two units of money must be uniform Limited supply- Money must be available in a limited supply Types of money Full-bodied money- it is money whose value as money is equivalent to its value as a commodity Token currency/ credit money/ paper money- It is the money whose value as money is much more than its value as a commodity Representative full-bodied money- A type of token money that is issued against the equivalent value of bullion Convertible money- It can be converted into the equivalent value of Bullion kept with the issuing authority. Non- convertible money- It can not be converted into Bullion Legal tender money- It is of two kinds-Limited legal tender(1 rs coin and 50 paise coin) & Unlimited legal tender (Paper currency) Optional money/ Non-legal tender money- it is not compulsory to accept as payment. Ex- Gold coins, silver coins, cryptocurrency. Fiduciary money- It serves as money on the basis of personal trust Fiat money- It serves as money on the order/fiat/ decree by the government Near money- Highly liquid financial assets. For example- Cheque, Bank drafts, shares, bonds, etc Plastic money- Debit cards, credit cards Deposit or secondary money- Money deposited in banks and financial institutions Money overcame the limitation of the barter system and it has significance because of its store of value and medium of exchange properties.
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##Question:Discuss the challenges of the Barter system and the features of Money. Also mention the types of money (10 marks/ 150 words)##Answer:Approach:- Define the barter system in the introduction Mention the challenges of the Barter system and features of Money Mention the types of money Conclude accordingly Answer:- A barter system is an economic system in which commodities are exchanged for other commodities i.e. there is no money Challenges with the barter system Lack of double coincidence of wants Lack of division of goods- certain goods are not physically divisible Lack of common unit of measurement- Because of the lack of divisibility, there comes the lack of a common unit of measurement Problem of storage - A person has to store a large volume of goods Loss of value- A good if stored for large time, losses its value Search cost- needs lots of time to search for the person who wants the same product Features of money Acceptability- Everybody must be able to exchange money for goods and services Durability - it must withstand wear and tear Portability- People can take money as they go about their business Divisibiity- It can be easily divisible into small denominations Uniformity- Any two units of money must be uniform Limited supply- Money must be available in a limited supply Types of money Full-bodied money- it is money whose value as money is equivalent to its value as a commodity Token currency/ credit money/ paper money- It is the money whose value as money is much more than its value as a commodity Representative full-bodied money- A type of token money that is issued against the equivalent value of bullion Convertible money- It can be converted into the equivalent value of Bullion kept with the issuing authority. Non- convertible money- It can not be converted into Bullion Legal tender money- It is of two kinds-Limited legal tender(1 rs coin and 50 paise coin) & Unlimited legal tender (Paper currency) Optional money/ Non-legal tender money- it is not compulsory to accept as payment. Ex- Gold coins, silver coins, cryptocurrency. Fiduciary money- It serves as money on the basis of personal trust Fiat money- It serves as money on the order/fiat/ decree by the government Near money- Highly liquid financial assets. For example- Cheque, Bank drafts, shares, bonds, etc Plastic money- Debit cards, credit cards Deposit or secondary money- Money deposited in banks and financial institutions Money overcame the limitation of the barter system and it has significance because of its store of value and medium of exchange properties.
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The American Civil War (1861-65) was the result of the two systems of life and culture developed in America. Discuss. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the contextual background of America Then further elaborate on the two systems of life and culture developed in America. Then discuss the development of the American Civil War. Conclude accordingly Answer The American Civil War was called “ The center of the crisis in American History ”. A major event in the 19th century that disturbed the political stability of America for a while. The civil war appears to be a war fought on the issue of slavery. However, a critical appraisal of the war establishes the fact that the real issues or the reasons were of the two systems of life and culture developed in America. Development of two systems of life and culture in America America developed two different systems of life, culture, and economy after the War of Independence in America. The northern states of America made rapid progress in industry, trade, and commerce. Whereas the southern states continued to lag behind and remained with agriculture. Most of the industries of the US were concentrated in the North. Being rich and prosperous the Northern states dominated the central government. Under the federal financing, they got infrastructure well expanded which benefitted their industries, further North enjoyed a protectionist policy, protecting their industry from the competition of external powers. North made remarkable progress in education, its society in general was democratic and liberal. In contrast to the Northern state, the economy of the southern state was essentially agricultural and the plantation economy depended more on the cultivation of cotton and tobacco. Cotton cultivation required the large-scale employment of slaves and new lands for agricultural expansion. The main problem of the southern state was agriculture became quite expansive and they are not benefitting to the extent northern states were benefitting under the federal financing. There was no protection for agriculture, no communication systems, and transportation system developed in the south. Moreover, the southern states were dependent on the northern states for manufactured goods, and their export trade was routed through the ports developed in the north. The southern society was educationally backward, in nature and temperament wise it was highly aristocratic. Thus, two systems of life and culture developed in America and a clash became inevitable between a newly emerging capitalist economy and an agricultural economy. It resulted in the American civil war which witnessed large-scale bloodshed. However, it resulted in the establishment of America as a role model for the rights of men and women.
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##Question:The American Civil War (1861-65) was the result of the two systems of life and culture developed in America. Discuss. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the contextual background of America Then further elaborate on the two systems of life and culture developed in America. Then discuss the development of the American Civil War. Conclude accordingly Answer The American Civil War was called “ The center of the crisis in American History ”. A major event in the 19th century that disturbed the political stability of America for a while. The civil war appears to be a war fought on the issue of slavery. However, a critical appraisal of the war establishes the fact that the real issues or the reasons were of the two systems of life and culture developed in America. Development of two systems of life and culture in America America developed two different systems of life, culture, and economy after the War of Independence in America. The northern states of America made rapid progress in industry, trade, and commerce. Whereas the southern states continued to lag behind and remained with agriculture. Most of the industries of the US were concentrated in the North. Being rich and prosperous the Northern states dominated the central government. Under the federal financing, they got infrastructure well expanded which benefitted their industries, further North enjoyed a protectionist policy, protecting their industry from the competition of external powers. North made remarkable progress in education, its society in general was democratic and liberal. In contrast to the Northern state, the economy of the southern state was essentially agricultural and the plantation economy depended more on the cultivation of cotton and tobacco. Cotton cultivation required the large-scale employment of slaves and new lands for agricultural expansion. The main problem of the southern state was agriculture became quite expansive and they are not benefitting to the extent northern states were benefitting under the federal financing. There was no protection for agriculture, no communication systems, and transportation system developed in the south. Moreover, the southern states were dependent on the northern states for manufactured goods, and their export trade was routed through the ports developed in the north. The southern society was educationally backward, in nature and temperament wise it was highly aristocratic. Thus, two systems of life and culture developed in America and a clash became inevitable between a newly emerging capitalist economy and an agricultural economy. It resulted in the American civil war which witnessed large-scale bloodshed. However, it resulted in the establishment of America as a role model for the rights of men and women.
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विभिन्न चुनौतियों के होने के बावजूद कोयला गैसीकरण भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था के लिए लाभदायक है| अतः भारत सरकार द्वारा इसके विकास की दिशा में कई महत्वपूर्ण प्रयास किये गए हैं| चर्चा कीजिये। (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Despite various challenges, coal gasification is beneficial to the Indian economy. Therefore, many important efforts have been made by the Government of India in the direction of its development. Discuss. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में कोयला गैसीकरण को परिभाषित करते हुए इसके निर्माण की प्रक्रिया की जानकारी दीजिये 2- पहले भाग में स्पष्ट कीजिये कि कोयला गैसीकरण किस प्रकार भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था के लिए लाभदायक है 3- दूसरे भाग में कोयला गैसीकरण से सम्बन्धित चुनौतियों की चर्चा कीजिये 4- अंतिम में इसकी दिशा में भारत सरकार द्वारा किये गए प्रयासों की चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| कोयला गैसीकरण , कोयले को संश्लेषण गैस जिसे सिनगैस भी कहा जाता है , में परिवर्तित करने की प्रक्रिया है । सिनगैस हाइड्रोजन , कार्बन मोनो ऑक्साइड और कार्बन डाइ ऑक्साइड का मिश्रण है। कोयले के गहरे अप्राप्य स्रोतों से सिनगैस तैयार किया जाता है । एक संकरे गहरे कुएं द्वारा जल व ऑक्सीज़न को कोयले के स्रोत तक पहुंचाया जाता है, इसे इंजेकसन कुआं कहते हैं । ये जल व ऑक्सीज़न गैसीकरण के कारक के रूप में कार्य करते हैं । आगे एक उत्पादक कुएं के माध्यम से सिनगैस को प्राप्त कर ऊपर जमीन पर बने केंद्र में संग्रहीत किया जाता है । कोयला गैसीकरण के लाभ कोयला गैसीकरण प्रोद्योगिकी आयात पर भारत की निर्भरता को कम करने और पेरिस समझौते के तहत प्रतिबद्धताओं को पूरा करने में सहायता करेगी। वर्तमान में यूरिया का उत्पादन प्राकृतिक गैस के उपयोग से किया जाता है, जिसमें घरेलू प्राकृतिक गैस और आयातित द्रवित प्राकृतिक गैस (LNG) दोनों शामिल हैं उर्वरक बनाने के लिये स्थानीय स्तर पर उपलब्ध कोयले के उपयोग से LNG के आयात को कम करने में मदद मिलेगी।इन इकाइयों के पुनरुद्धार से घरेलू रूप से उत्पादित उर्वरकों की उपलब्धता में वृद्धि होगी और मेक इन इंडिया पहल को बढ़ावा मिलेगा। ओडिशा के तालचेर उर्वरक संयंत्र को यूरिया और अमोनिया के उत्पादन के लिये कोयला गैसीकरण इकाई शुरू करने का अनुबंध देने का निर्णय लिया गया। इस परियोजना से लगभग 4,500 प्रत्यक्ष और अप्रत्यक्ष रोज़गार का सृजन होगा। संबंधित मुद्दे और चुनौतियां अपर्याप्त विशेषज्ञता: कोयला गैसीकरण के संबंध में घरेलू स्तर पर विशेषज्ञता संबंधी अभाव की स्थिति ऐसी परियोजनाओं की सफलता के समक्ष चुनौती प्रस्तुत करती है। पूंजी गहन- गैसीकरण संयंत्र की स्थापना हेतु अत्यधिक पूंजी की आवश्यकता होती है, क्योंकि इसके लिए भूमि, जल और बिजली की जरूरत होती है। साथ ही, कोयला गेसीकरण संयंत्र की स्थापना में भी अत्यधिक समय लगता है। निम्न गुणवत्ता वाला कोयला: भारत में उपलब्ध कोयले की गुणवत्ता ज्यादातर निम्न श्रेणी के उच्च राख वाले कोयले की है। इसलिए, उच्च राख की मात्रा वाले कोयले को सिनगेस में परिवर्तित करने के लिए प्रौद्योगिकी प्रमुख चुनौतियों में से एक है। अप्रतिस्पर्धी इसके तहत घरेलू स्तर पर उत्पादित अलग-अलग उत्पादों की लागत आयातित उत्पादों से अधिक भी हो सकती है। उदाहरण के लिए कोयले से उत्पादित मेथनॉल प्राकृतिक गैस से उत्पादित मेथनॉल के साथ प्रतिस्पर्धा नहीं कर सकता है। भारत द्वारा आरंभ की गई पहलें राष्ट्रीय कोयला गैसीकरण मिशन: "आत्मनिर्भर भारत अभियान के तहत, कोयला मंत्रालय ने कोयला गैसीकरण के माध्यम से कोयले का उपयोग करने और वर्ष 2030 तक 100 मीट्रिक टन कोयला गैसीकरण के लक्ष्य को प्राप्त करने की पहल आरंभ की है। नोडल अधिकारी: सभी कोयला कंपनियों को एक नोडल अधिकारी नियुक्त करने और अपने कोयला उत्पादन के कम से कम 10% का गैसीकरण करने के लिए एक कार्य योजना तैयार करने को कहा गया है। ब्याज दर संबंधी रियायतः इस संदर्भ में ब्याज दर रियायत का प्रावधान किया जा सकता है। इससे कोयला गैसीकरण परियोजनाओं पर ब्याज के बोझ को कम किया जा सकेगा। साथ ही, इन परियोजनाओं को बैंकों से ऋण संबंधी सहायता प्राप्त करने योग्य बनाने में सुधार किया जा सकेगा। आयात शुल्क में छूट: इसके तहत कोयला गैसीकरण परियोजनाओं की स्थापना के लिए पूंजीगत वस्तुओं को आयात करने पर आयात शुल्क में छूट प्रदान करने पर विचार किया जा सकता है। शक्ति नीति (SHAKTI Policy): इसके तहत नीलामी के माध्यम से दीर्घावधि कोयला "लिंकेज (विद्युत् संयंत्र के पास की खदान से कोयला खरीदना) का आवंटन किया जाता है। इसलिए, कोयला गैसीकरण परियोजनाओं के परिचालन संबंधी व्यय को कम करने के लिए "शक्ति नीति" को अपनाया गया है। इस प्रकार स्पष्ट होता है कि भारत सरकार कोयला गैसीकरण के विकास के संदर्भ में उत्साहित है
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##Question:विभिन्न चुनौतियों के होने के बावजूद कोयला गैसीकरण भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था के लिए लाभदायक है| अतः भारत सरकार द्वारा इसके विकास की दिशा में कई महत्वपूर्ण प्रयास किये गए हैं| चर्चा कीजिये। (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Despite various challenges, coal gasification is beneficial to the Indian economy. Therefore, many important efforts have been made by the Government of India in the direction of its development. Discuss. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में कोयला गैसीकरण को परिभाषित करते हुए इसके निर्माण की प्रक्रिया की जानकारी दीजिये 2- पहले भाग में स्पष्ट कीजिये कि कोयला गैसीकरण किस प्रकार भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था के लिए लाभदायक है 3- दूसरे भाग में कोयला गैसीकरण से सम्बन्धित चुनौतियों की चर्चा कीजिये 4- अंतिम में इसकी दिशा में भारत सरकार द्वारा किये गए प्रयासों की चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| कोयला गैसीकरण , कोयले को संश्लेषण गैस जिसे सिनगैस भी कहा जाता है , में परिवर्तित करने की प्रक्रिया है । सिनगैस हाइड्रोजन , कार्बन मोनो ऑक्साइड और कार्बन डाइ ऑक्साइड का मिश्रण है। कोयले के गहरे अप्राप्य स्रोतों से सिनगैस तैयार किया जाता है । एक संकरे गहरे कुएं द्वारा जल व ऑक्सीज़न को कोयले के स्रोत तक पहुंचाया जाता है, इसे इंजेकसन कुआं कहते हैं । ये जल व ऑक्सीज़न गैसीकरण के कारक के रूप में कार्य करते हैं । आगे एक उत्पादक कुएं के माध्यम से सिनगैस को प्राप्त कर ऊपर जमीन पर बने केंद्र में संग्रहीत किया जाता है । कोयला गैसीकरण के लाभ कोयला गैसीकरण प्रोद्योगिकी आयात पर भारत की निर्भरता को कम करने और पेरिस समझौते के तहत प्रतिबद्धताओं को पूरा करने में सहायता करेगी। वर्तमान में यूरिया का उत्पादन प्राकृतिक गैस के उपयोग से किया जाता है, जिसमें घरेलू प्राकृतिक गैस और आयातित द्रवित प्राकृतिक गैस (LNG) दोनों शामिल हैं उर्वरक बनाने के लिये स्थानीय स्तर पर उपलब्ध कोयले के उपयोग से LNG के आयात को कम करने में मदद मिलेगी।इन इकाइयों के पुनरुद्धार से घरेलू रूप से उत्पादित उर्वरकों की उपलब्धता में वृद्धि होगी और मेक इन इंडिया पहल को बढ़ावा मिलेगा। ओडिशा के तालचेर उर्वरक संयंत्र को यूरिया और अमोनिया के उत्पादन के लिये कोयला गैसीकरण इकाई शुरू करने का अनुबंध देने का निर्णय लिया गया। इस परियोजना से लगभग 4,500 प्रत्यक्ष और अप्रत्यक्ष रोज़गार का सृजन होगा। संबंधित मुद्दे और चुनौतियां अपर्याप्त विशेषज्ञता: कोयला गैसीकरण के संबंध में घरेलू स्तर पर विशेषज्ञता संबंधी अभाव की स्थिति ऐसी परियोजनाओं की सफलता के समक्ष चुनौती प्रस्तुत करती है। पूंजी गहन- गैसीकरण संयंत्र की स्थापना हेतु अत्यधिक पूंजी की आवश्यकता होती है, क्योंकि इसके लिए भूमि, जल और बिजली की जरूरत होती है। साथ ही, कोयला गेसीकरण संयंत्र की स्थापना में भी अत्यधिक समय लगता है। निम्न गुणवत्ता वाला कोयला: भारत में उपलब्ध कोयले की गुणवत्ता ज्यादातर निम्न श्रेणी के उच्च राख वाले कोयले की है। इसलिए, उच्च राख की मात्रा वाले कोयले को सिनगेस में परिवर्तित करने के लिए प्रौद्योगिकी प्रमुख चुनौतियों में से एक है। अप्रतिस्पर्धी इसके तहत घरेलू स्तर पर उत्पादित अलग-अलग उत्पादों की लागत आयातित उत्पादों से अधिक भी हो सकती है। उदाहरण के लिए कोयले से उत्पादित मेथनॉल प्राकृतिक गैस से उत्पादित मेथनॉल के साथ प्रतिस्पर्धा नहीं कर सकता है। भारत द्वारा आरंभ की गई पहलें राष्ट्रीय कोयला गैसीकरण मिशन: "आत्मनिर्भर भारत अभियान के तहत, कोयला मंत्रालय ने कोयला गैसीकरण के माध्यम से कोयले का उपयोग करने और वर्ष 2030 तक 100 मीट्रिक टन कोयला गैसीकरण के लक्ष्य को प्राप्त करने की पहल आरंभ की है। नोडल अधिकारी: सभी कोयला कंपनियों को एक नोडल अधिकारी नियुक्त करने और अपने कोयला उत्पादन के कम से कम 10% का गैसीकरण करने के लिए एक कार्य योजना तैयार करने को कहा गया है। ब्याज दर संबंधी रियायतः इस संदर्भ में ब्याज दर रियायत का प्रावधान किया जा सकता है। इससे कोयला गैसीकरण परियोजनाओं पर ब्याज के बोझ को कम किया जा सकेगा। साथ ही, इन परियोजनाओं को बैंकों से ऋण संबंधी सहायता प्राप्त करने योग्य बनाने में सुधार किया जा सकेगा। आयात शुल्क में छूट: इसके तहत कोयला गैसीकरण परियोजनाओं की स्थापना के लिए पूंजीगत वस्तुओं को आयात करने पर आयात शुल्क में छूट प्रदान करने पर विचार किया जा सकता है। शक्ति नीति (SHAKTI Policy): इसके तहत नीलामी के माध्यम से दीर्घावधि कोयला "लिंकेज (विद्युत् संयंत्र के पास की खदान से कोयला खरीदना) का आवंटन किया जाता है। इसलिए, कोयला गैसीकरण परियोजनाओं के परिचालन संबंधी व्यय को कम करने के लिए "शक्ति नीति" को अपनाया गया है। इस प्रकार स्पष्ट होता है कि भारत सरकार कोयला गैसीकरण के विकास के संदर्भ में उत्साहित है
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Discuss the basic attributes of modernity. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Define what is modernity Main Body: Explain some basic attributes of modernity. Conclude appropriately. Answer: Modernity can be defined as the time period which started in mid-18th Century Europe where new attitudes, ideas, and sociocultural norms developed in societies and individuals which were distinctly different from that prevailing in the medieval period. On the basis of following 4 trends of the modern period, certain basic attributes of modernity can be identified- 1) emergence of attitudes 2) Emergence of new ideas and ideologies 3) Transformation of societies on the basis of these ideas and 4) Diffusion of these new ideologies across the world BASIC ATTRIBUTES OF THE MODERNITY 1. Due to Renaissance in Europe, some attitudes developed that human and human interest is at the center of all human activities instead of God. Thus Humanism emerged from this attitude. It was now thought that all social, political, and economic institutions exist for the fulfillment of human interest. In this period, the attitude of separation of Church from State emerged. 2. Based on the above attitudes, certain new ideas and ideologies emerged such as Secularism in the social sphere, Liberalism, Free market, and Capitalism and its antithesis ideology of socialism and communism in economic and political fields and Democracy and Separation of powers in the political field emerged. Further ideas of Rationalism and Scientism also emerged during this period. Ideas of equality among all human beings, and liberty from the state and Church emerged from the writings of Rosseau, Voltaire, Hobbs, etc. 3. Based on the ideas and ideologies that emerged during the Renaissance and Enlightenment period, social and economic systems, and political institutions changed. Such changes can be witnessed through many political and economic revolutions and evolution that took places such as Industrial Revolution and scientific and technological progress. Also, Societies also changed in Europe and America through French Revolution and American Revolution. The idea of a Constitution to govern the country also emerged. The birth of Nation States on the basis of ideologies of Nationalism also emerged during modernism. 4. Industrialisation where the mode of production changes to mass production and increased urbanization when agricultural workers are thronged to cities to work in industries is also an attribute of modernity. 5. In later times, there was the diffusion of these ideas to other parts of the world like the industrialization of Japan, the emergence of Italy and Germany due to extreme nationalism and the spread of colonialism was also part of modernity. Thus these were the broad attributes that can be seen during the modern period. The process of modernism is still continuing which can be seen from Globalisation, neo-colonialism, and leading towards Post-Modernism where all these ideologies will be merged.
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##Question:Discuss the basic attributes of modernity. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Define what is modernity Main Body: Explain some basic attributes of modernity. Conclude appropriately. Answer: Modernity can be defined as the time period which started in mid-18th Century Europe where new attitudes, ideas, and sociocultural norms developed in societies and individuals which were distinctly different from that prevailing in the medieval period. On the basis of following 4 trends of the modern period, certain basic attributes of modernity can be identified- 1) emergence of attitudes 2) Emergence of new ideas and ideologies 3) Transformation of societies on the basis of these ideas and 4) Diffusion of these new ideologies across the world BASIC ATTRIBUTES OF THE MODERNITY 1. Due to Renaissance in Europe, some attitudes developed that human and human interest is at the center of all human activities instead of God. Thus Humanism emerged from this attitude. It was now thought that all social, political, and economic institutions exist for the fulfillment of human interest. In this period, the attitude of separation of Church from State emerged. 2. Based on the above attitudes, certain new ideas and ideologies emerged such as Secularism in the social sphere, Liberalism, Free market, and Capitalism and its antithesis ideology of socialism and communism in economic and political fields and Democracy and Separation of powers in the political field emerged. Further ideas of Rationalism and Scientism also emerged during this period. Ideas of equality among all human beings, and liberty from the state and Church emerged from the writings of Rosseau, Voltaire, Hobbs, etc. 3. Based on the ideas and ideologies that emerged during the Renaissance and Enlightenment period, social and economic systems, and political institutions changed. Such changes can be witnessed through many political and economic revolutions and evolution that took places such as Industrial Revolution and scientific and technological progress. Also, Societies also changed in Europe and America through French Revolution and American Revolution. The idea of a Constitution to govern the country also emerged. The birth of Nation States on the basis of ideologies of Nationalism also emerged during modernism. 4. Industrialisation where the mode of production changes to mass production and increased urbanization when agricultural workers are thronged to cities to work in industries is also an attribute of modernity. 5. In later times, there was the diffusion of these ideas to other parts of the world like the industrialization of Japan, the emergence of Italy and Germany due to extreme nationalism and the spread of colonialism was also part of modernity. Thus these were the broad attributes that can be seen during the modern period. The process of modernism is still continuing which can be seen from Globalisation, neo-colonialism, and leading towards Post-Modernism where all these ideologies will be merged.
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Indian economy is characterized by two paradoxes i.e. High savings despite low income and low growth despite high savings during the pre-reform era. Comment (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach :- Devine savings and investment in the introduction. In the body, explain the two paradoxes Give some suggestions Conclude accordingly Answer:- Savings represent otherwise idle money and not being put at risk with investments or spent on consumption. an investment is an asset or item acquired with the goal of generating income The paradox of high saving despite low income:- Cultural factor- Society promoting the culture of saving Favourable government policies towards saving- Government policy such that a person can save more. Income tax Act giving the tax rebate on saving schemes or pension Lack of social security measures by the government- Pension, Insurance schemes High-interest rate on savings The diversified and stable financial sector The paradox of low growth despite high savings (pre-reform Era):- High ICOR/ low productivity/ low efficiency Excessive government intervention License Raj Quota Restrictions for private people Low participation by the Private sector as they were not motivated The low foreign investment [FDI limit was less ] Suggestions:- Government should enhance the Business environment, ease of doing business, and focus on Political stability for high investment Government policies i.e. How much tax is taken by the government & subsidy given by the government, and policy should be predictable Increasing the Animal Spirits so that savings can be converted into investment Level of Savings and investment are essential parameters to measure growth and development thus government must take adequate measures so that the investment climate can be created.
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##Question:Indian economy is characterized by two paradoxes i.e. High savings despite low income and low growth despite high savings during the pre-reform era. Comment (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach :- Devine savings and investment in the introduction. In the body, explain the two paradoxes Give some suggestions Conclude accordingly Answer:- Savings represent otherwise idle money and not being put at risk with investments or spent on consumption. an investment is an asset or item acquired with the goal of generating income The paradox of high saving despite low income:- Cultural factor- Society promoting the culture of saving Favourable government policies towards saving- Government policy such that a person can save more. Income tax Act giving the tax rebate on saving schemes or pension Lack of social security measures by the government- Pension, Insurance schemes High-interest rate on savings The diversified and stable financial sector The paradox of low growth despite high savings (pre-reform Era):- High ICOR/ low productivity/ low efficiency Excessive government intervention License Raj Quota Restrictions for private people Low participation by the Private sector as they were not motivated The low foreign investment [FDI limit was less ] Suggestions:- Government should enhance the Business environment, ease of doing business, and focus on Political stability for high investment Government policies i.e. How much tax is taken by the government & subsidy given by the government, and policy should be predictable Increasing the Animal Spirits so that savings can be converted into investment Level of Savings and investment are essential parameters to measure growth and development thus government must take adequate measures so that the investment climate can be created.
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What do you mean by Climate Change? What are the causes of Climate Change? Enumerate the climate change impacts. (150 words /10 marks)
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APPROACH: Introduce by defining what is Climate Change. Causes of Climate Change. Impacts of climate change. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: According to IPCC, climate change is a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable periods. CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE: Climate change may happen because of Natural causes or anthropogenic causes. Some of the natural causes: Volcanic eruptions Changes in orbit, inclination, and axis of rotation Plate Tectonics Oceanic circulations The Sunspot cycle and Asteroid/ comets. Anthropogenic causes include: The burning of fossil fuels Deforestation Change in land & land use pattern (LLU) Livestock farming. IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: (1)Impact on Hydrological cyclones: It would disturb the evaporation, and condensation cycles. Brings irregularity to the precipitation pattern. Reduce the availability of water near the surface. Demand for water in agriculture increases. Temporarily there is a higher availability of water. Initially, the hydropower capacity increases due to the melting of glaciers. (2) Ocean warming: The upper layer becomes lighter and is more stratified. There is lesser mixing with deeper and denser cool layers. It will impact marine life. It will also reduce the oxygen content in the upper layers of the water. Higher rates of evaporation change the salinity patterns. Formation of dead zones. Severe and frequent cyclones. (3) Ocean Acidification: It forms carbonic acid due to the absorption of CO2 from the atmosphere, decreasing the PH value of ocean water. Ecosystem services will also be impacted such as food production. Decrease in the overall proportion of carbonate ions. Impact on the life of marine organisms, especially shell-building species which are dependent on carbonate ions, such as corals, oysters, etc. Impact on fish and seaweeds by changing the growth and reproduction patterns as well as the distribution patterns. (4) Ocean Deoxygenation: Global warming impacts the productivity of autotrophic organisms. The water at higher temperatures absorbs lesser Oxygen. This results in the disturbance of the equilibrium between the top and bottom layers. The higher temperature also increases the metabolic rates of organisms increasing Oxygen demand in the water. The stratification reduces the mixing reducing the water supply. (5) Extreme Heat: Unusual and unprecedented spells of hot weather are expected to occur far more frequently and cover much larger areas. Under 4°C warming, the west coast and southern India are projected to shift to new, high-temperature climatic regimes with significant impacts on agriculture. (6) Changing Rainfall Patterns: A decline in monsoon rainfall since the 1950s has already been observed. The frequency of heavy rainfall events has also increased. (7) Agriculture and food security: Observations show that extremely high temperatures in northern India - above 34°C - have had a substantial negative effect on wheat yields, and rising temperatures can only aggravate the situation. While overall rice yields have increased, rising temperatures with lower rainfall at the end of the growing season have caused a significant loss in India’s rice production. (8) Energy Security: Climate-related impacts on water resources can undermine the two dominant forms of power generation in India - hydropower and thermal power generation - both of which depend on adequate water supplies to function effectively. The Indus and the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Basins are major transboundary rivers, and the increasing demand for water is already leading to tensions among countries over water sharing. (9) Migration and conflict: Climate Change has caused a lot of people to move from their inherent place of existence. The displacement from native places and to new places has been a reason for conflict among communities. As per the AR 6 of IPCC, the global rise in temperature since the late 19th century is 1.09 degrees Celsius. The global ocean temperature of the top 100 mts. has increased by 0.33-degree celsius since 1969. Retreating of glaciers is observed everywhere in the Himalayas, the Alps, the Andes, the Rockies, etc. The summer Arctic sea ice is the smallest in the last 1000 years.
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##Question:What do you mean by Climate Change? What are the causes of Climate Change? Enumerate the climate change impacts. (150 words /10 marks)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce by defining what is Climate Change. Causes of Climate Change. Impacts of climate change. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: According to IPCC, climate change is a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable periods. CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE: Climate change may happen because of Natural causes or anthropogenic causes. Some of the natural causes: Volcanic eruptions Changes in orbit, inclination, and axis of rotation Plate Tectonics Oceanic circulations The Sunspot cycle and Asteroid/ comets. Anthropogenic causes include: The burning of fossil fuels Deforestation Change in land & land use pattern (LLU) Livestock farming. IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: (1)Impact on Hydrological cyclones: It would disturb the evaporation, and condensation cycles. Brings irregularity to the precipitation pattern. Reduce the availability of water near the surface. Demand for water in agriculture increases. Temporarily there is a higher availability of water. Initially, the hydropower capacity increases due to the melting of glaciers. (2) Ocean warming: The upper layer becomes lighter and is more stratified. There is lesser mixing with deeper and denser cool layers. It will impact marine life. It will also reduce the oxygen content in the upper layers of the water. Higher rates of evaporation change the salinity patterns. Formation of dead zones. Severe and frequent cyclones. (3) Ocean Acidification: It forms carbonic acid due to the absorption of CO2 from the atmosphere, decreasing the PH value of ocean water. Ecosystem services will also be impacted such as food production. Decrease in the overall proportion of carbonate ions. Impact on the life of marine organisms, especially shell-building species which are dependent on carbonate ions, such as corals, oysters, etc. Impact on fish and seaweeds by changing the growth and reproduction patterns as well as the distribution patterns. (4) Ocean Deoxygenation: Global warming impacts the productivity of autotrophic organisms. The water at higher temperatures absorbs lesser Oxygen. This results in the disturbance of the equilibrium between the top and bottom layers. The higher temperature also increases the metabolic rates of organisms increasing Oxygen demand in the water. The stratification reduces the mixing reducing the water supply. (5) Extreme Heat: Unusual and unprecedented spells of hot weather are expected to occur far more frequently and cover much larger areas. Under 4°C warming, the west coast and southern India are projected to shift to new, high-temperature climatic regimes with significant impacts on agriculture. (6) Changing Rainfall Patterns: A decline in monsoon rainfall since the 1950s has already been observed. The frequency of heavy rainfall events has also increased. (7) Agriculture and food security: Observations show that extremely high temperatures in northern India - above 34°C - have had a substantial negative effect on wheat yields, and rising temperatures can only aggravate the situation. While overall rice yields have increased, rising temperatures with lower rainfall at the end of the growing season have caused a significant loss in India’s rice production. (8) Energy Security: Climate-related impacts on water resources can undermine the two dominant forms of power generation in India - hydropower and thermal power generation - both of which depend on adequate water supplies to function effectively. The Indus and the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Basins are major transboundary rivers, and the increasing demand for water is already leading to tensions among countries over water sharing. (9) Migration and conflict: Climate Change has caused a lot of people to move from their inherent place of existence. The displacement from native places and to new places has been a reason for conflict among communities. As per the AR 6 of IPCC, the global rise in temperature since the late 19th century is 1.09 degrees Celsius. The global ocean temperature of the top 100 mts. has increased by 0.33-degree celsius since 1969. Retreating of glaciers is observed everywhere in the Himalayas, the Alps, the Andes, the Rockies, etc. The summer Arctic sea ice is the smallest in the last 1000 years.
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भारत में सुशासन की स्थापना के लिए सरकार द्वारा उठाए गए कदमों को सूचीबद्ध कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) List the steps taken by the government to establish good governance in India. (150-200 words, 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण: सुशासन को परिभाषित कर उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए। सुशासन की स्थापना के लिए भारत सरकार द्वारा उठाए गए कदमों को बिन्दुवार लिखिए। इन कदमों के महत्व को बताकर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: सुशासन से तात्पर्य शासन के उस रूप से है जो विधि के शासन के साथ भागीदारी, सहमतिमूलकता, उत्तरदायित्व, पारदर्शिता, अनुक्रियाशीलता, समानता एवं समावेशिता, प्रभाविता एवं दक्षता को आधार बनाकर अपनी नीतियों, नियमों और प्रक्रियाओं का निर्धारण एवं क्रियान्वयन करता है। भारत में सुशासन की स्थापना के लिए सरकार द्वारा अनेक कदम उठाए गए हैं जो इस प्रकार हैं- विधि के शासन को बेहतर बनाने के लिए सरकार द्वारा वर्ष 2014 के बाद पुराने और अतार्किक पड़ चुके लगभग 1500 कानूनों को समाप्त किया गया है। कानूनी प्रक्रियाओं को सरल बनाया गया है जैसे- पहले अनेक प्रक्रियाओं में राजपत्रित अधिकारी से अभिलेखों को प्रमाणित करवाने की आवश्यकता होती थी वहीं अब स्व-अभिप्रमाणन को स्वीकृति प्रदान की गई है। अखिल भारतीय सेवा (आचरण) नियम, 1968 को संशोधित किया गया और विधिबद्ध सेवाओं को उत्तरदायी सेवाओं में परिवर्तित किया गया। भारत सरकार ने नीतियों के निर्माण एवं क्रियान्वयन में भागीदारी के लिए योजना आयोग के स्थान पर नीति आयोग का गठन किया। 14 वें वित्त आयोग ने वर्ष 2015 से वर्ष 2020 तक राज्यों के लिए कर हस्तांतरण की सीमा को 32% से बढ़ाकर 42% कर दिया है। यह राज्यों को स्थानीय कारकों के आधार पर योजनाएं आरंभ करने की अधिक स्वतंत्रता देगा। नागरिक सेवकों के अंदर लगनशीलता और कर्तव्यनिष्ठा विकसित करने के लिए जुलाई 2014 को DoPT ने इस महीने के कर्मचारी नाम की एक गैर-मौद्रिक प्रोत्साहन योजना का प्रारंभ किया गया है। उत्तरदायित्व एवं पारदर्शिता को बढ़ावा देने के लिए वन नेशन वन राशनकार्ड को लागू किया गया है। सरकार ने सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी (मध्यवर्ती) दिशा-निर्देश और डिजिटल मीडिया आचार संहिता नियम 2021 को लागू किया है। जिसका उद्देश्य "देश के नागरिकों के लिए इंटरनेट को सुलभ, सुरक्षित, भरोसेमंद और जवाबदेह बनाना है। पारदर्शिता को बढ़ाने के लिए वर्ष 2005 में आरटीआई अधिनियम को पारित किया गया। केंद्र सरकार ने सरकारी अधिकारियों के लिए लोकपाल अधिनियम के अंतर्गत उन्हे अपनी संपत्तियों और देनदारियों के बारे में जानकारी देना और रिटर्न दाखिल करना अनिवार्य बना दिया गया। अनुक्रियाशीलता को बढ़ावा देने के लिए सरकार द्वारा समय-समय पर नए-नए विभागों एवं मंत्रालयों का गठन किया जाता है। उदाहरण के लिए कौशल विकास एवं उद्यमिता मंत्रालय, आयुष मंत्रालय, जल शक्ति मंत्रालय, सहकारिता मंत्रालय आदि। सरकार ने राष्ट्रीय सुशासन केंद्र को फरवरी 2014 में गठित किया ताकि सुशासन सुधारों के लिए मार्गदर्शन और क्रियान्वयन हेतु सुझाव दिए जा सकें अर्थात यह सुशासन के लिए एक थिंक टैंक की भूमिका निभाता है। वित्तीय एवं सामाजिक समावेशन के लिए सरकार द्वारा विभिन्न योजनाओं का संचालन किया जा रहा है जैसे- SMILE, पीएम दक्ष, मनरेगा, प्रधानमंत्री कौशल विकास योजना, स्टार्ट अप इंडिया योजना, मुद्रा योजना, प्रधानमंत्री सुरक्षा बीमा योजना (दुर्घटना बीमा), अटल पेंशन योजना, प्रधानमंत्री जीवन ज्योति योजना आदि। प्रभाविता एवं दक्षता को बढ़ावा देने के लिए सक्षम प्रक्रियाओं और संस्थाओं को विकसित किया जा रहा है।उदाहरण के लिए ई-गवर्नेंस की व्यापकता, ईज ऑफ डूइंग बिजनेस, सुशासन सूचकांक, जिला सूचकांक, पुलिस सुधार जैसी पहलें की गई। प्राकृतिक संसाधनों के संवहनीय विकास एवं पर्यावरण के संरक्षण हेतु ग्रीन एनर्जी, हाइब्रिड एनर्जी के प्रयोग को बढ़ावा दिया गया। समग्रतः भारत सरकार द्वारा सुशासन की स्थापना के लिए व्यापक स्तर पर कदम उठाए गए हैं। अब आवश्यकता है इन कदमों को प्रभावी स्तर पर लागू करते हुए समय-समय पर इनकी समीक्षा की जानी चाहिए। ताकि इन्हे और बेहतर बनाया जा सके।
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##Question:भारत में सुशासन की स्थापना के लिए सरकार द्वारा उठाए गए कदमों को सूचीबद्ध कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) List the steps taken by the government to establish good governance in India. (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: सुशासन को परिभाषित कर उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए। सुशासन की स्थापना के लिए भारत सरकार द्वारा उठाए गए कदमों को बिन्दुवार लिखिए। इन कदमों के महत्व को बताकर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: सुशासन से तात्पर्य शासन के उस रूप से है जो विधि के शासन के साथ भागीदारी, सहमतिमूलकता, उत्तरदायित्व, पारदर्शिता, अनुक्रियाशीलता, समानता एवं समावेशिता, प्रभाविता एवं दक्षता को आधार बनाकर अपनी नीतियों, नियमों और प्रक्रियाओं का निर्धारण एवं क्रियान्वयन करता है। भारत में सुशासन की स्थापना के लिए सरकार द्वारा अनेक कदम उठाए गए हैं जो इस प्रकार हैं- विधि के शासन को बेहतर बनाने के लिए सरकार द्वारा वर्ष 2014 के बाद पुराने और अतार्किक पड़ चुके लगभग 1500 कानूनों को समाप्त किया गया है। कानूनी प्रक्रियाओं को सरल बनाया गया है जैसे- पहले अनेक प्रक्रियाओं में राजपत्रित अधिकारी से अभिलेखों को प्रमाणित करवाने की आवश्यकता होती थी वहीं अब स्व-अभिप्रमाणन को स्वीकृति प्रदान की गई है। अखिल भारतीय सेवा (आचरण) नियम, 1968 को संशोधित किया गया और विधिबद्ध सेवाओं को उत्तरदायी सेवाओं में परिवर्तित किया गया। भारत सरकार ने नीतियों के निर्माण एवं क्रियान्वयन में भागीदारी के लिए योजना आयोग के स्थान पर नीति आयोग का गठन किया। 14 वें वित्त आयोग ने वर्ष 2015 से वर्ष 2020 तक राज्यों के लिए कर हस्तांतरण की सीमा को 32% से बढ़ाकर 42% कर दिया है। यह राज्यों को स्थानीय कारकों के आधार पर योजनाएं आरंभ करने की अधिक स्वतंत्रता देगा। नागरिक सेवकों के अंदर लगनशीलता और कर्तव्यनिष्ठा विकसित करने के लिए जुलाई 2014 को DoPT ने इस महीने के कर्मचारी नाम की एक गैर-मौद्रिक प्रोत्साहन योजना का प्रारंभ किया गया है। उत्तरदायित्व एवं पारदर्शिता को बढ़ावा देने के लिए वन नेशन वन राशनकार्ड को लागू किया गया है। सरकार ने सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी (मध्यवर्ती) दिशा-निर्देश और डिजिटल मीडिया आचार संहिता नियम 2021 को लागू किया है। जिसका उद्देश्य "देश के नागरिकों के लिए इंटरनेट को सुलभ, सुरक्षित, भरोसेमंद और जवाबदेह बनाना है। पारदर्शिता को बढ़ाने के लिए वर्ष 2005 में आरटीआई अधिनियम को पारित किया गया। केंद्र सरकार ने सरकारी अधिकारियों के लिए लोकपाल अधिनियम के अंतर्गत उन्हे अपनी संपत्तियों और देनदारियों के बारे में जानकारी देना और रिटर्न दाखिल करना अनिवार्य बना दिया गया। अनुक्रियाशीलता को बढ़ावा देने के लिए सरकार द्वारा समय-समय पर नए-नए विभागों एवं मंत्रालयों का गठन किया जाता है। उदाहरण के लिए कौशल विकास एवं उद्यमिता मंत्रालय, आयुष मंत्रालय, जल शक्ति मंत्रालय, सहकारिता मंत्रालय आदि। सरकार ने राष्ट्रीय सुशासन केंद्र को फरवरी 2014 में गठित किया ताकि सुशासन सुधारों के लिए मार्गदर्शन और क्रियान्वयन हेतु सुझाव दिए जा सकें अर्थात यह सुशासन के लिए एक थिंक टैंक की भूमिका निभाता है। वित्तीय एवं सामाजिक समावेशन के लिए सरकार द्वारा विभिन्न योजनाओं का संचालन किया जा रहा है जैसे- SMILE, पीएम दक्ष, मनरेगा, प्रधानमंत्री कौशल विकास योजना, स्टार्ट अप इंडिया योजना, मुद्रा योजना, प्रधानमंत्री सुरक्षा बीमा योजना (दुर्घटना बीमा), अटल पेंशन योजना, प्रधानमंत्री जीवन ज्योति योजना आदि। प्रभाविता एवं दक्षता को बढ़ावा देने के लिए सक्षम प्रक्रियाओं और संस्थाओं को विकसित किया जा रहा है।उदाहरण के लिए ई-गवर्नेंस की व्यापकता, ईज ऑफ डूइंग बिजनेस, सुशासन सूचकांक, जिला सूचकांक, पुलिस सुधार जैसी पहलें की गई। प्राकृतिक संसाधनों के संवहनीय विकास एवं पर्यावरण के संरक्षण हेतु ग्रीन एनर्जी, हाइब्रिड एनर्जी के प्रयोग को बढ़ावा दिया गया। समग्रतः भारत सरकार द्वारा सुशासन की स्थापना के लिए व्यापक स्तर पर कदम उठाए गए हैं। अब आवश्यकता है इन कदमों को प्रभावी स्तर पर लागू करते हुए समय-समय पर इनकी समीक्षा की जानी चाहिए। ताकि इन्हे और बेहतर बनाया जा सके।
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The French Revolution was more a revolution against social inequality than royal absolutism. Evaluate. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the prevailing social condition in France in the 17 century France Then further elaborate on the prevailing social inequality and exploitation of the 3rd Estate. Then bring discontent in the middle class Finally, conclude wind the French Revolution and its impact across the world. Answer French may be defined as a violent reaction to challenges posed by the age of enlightenment of the 18th Century. The 17th and 18th Centuries were known for their scientific spirit and rationalism . Under these spirits, man questions all the existing ideas and institutions. When answers were not up to expectation. The reaction was bound to be violent and that finally took the form of the French Revolution of 1789. Reasons for the Revolution France was a country with extreme social inequality. French society was divided society into three Estates. The first Estate was called Clergy , it consisted of the higher ranks or upper strata Feudal order under the Church. The top Brass of the feudal class Dukes, and Earls higher officers of the Church, Archbishops, and Bishops, were part of this order. They were the most privileged section of society exempted from taxes, and punishment, and were above the law. All important posts in the administration were reserved for them. They also enjoyed special rights to collect Taxes in their respective areas. The second state was Nobility, consisting of the lower cadre of the feudal class under the Church. They were Knights, the lower officers of feudalism such as Cantaburries, all came under this order. They were the second privileged sections with the same privileges of the first orders. The Third Estate was commons , which consisted of the middle class, the peasantry, and serfs (bonded labours). It was the worse affected and most exploited section. Middle classes were educated, dynamic, and enterprising. They were the taxpayers but were not given any place in decision-making. This class opposed the special privileges of the first two Estates and was for ending the unjust and unequal social order. That prevailed in France from ancient times. The peasantry under the serfs was the lower and lowest section of society respectively. They were made to bear the maximum tax burden. First of all the peasants have no land of their own. For using the land of the Feudal class, they discharge the free of service to the feudal class. Secondly, they have to pay taxes like tithe (a religious tax of paying 1/5th of the produce to the Church), Taile (a land tax paid to the feudal class), Gobelle (a tax in the essential Goods like salt), Corvee (a transport tax). It is said that having paid all these taxes the peasantry was left with only 1/5th of the produce. It was against this unjust social order in which not even one percent of the total population 1st two Estate controlled more than 40% of the resources of the France that revolution started. Thus Apart from the tax burden, natural calamities like severe famines caused major havoc or disaster for the peasantry. Agriculture was not developed in France. Once the severe famine was enough to end 1/3rd of the French population. What really caused the revolutionary atmosphere was the consecutive failure of the crop in the years 1787, 1788, and 1789. Thus it expedited the French Revolution Mob participation was a prominent aspect of the revolution. It was illiterate impoverished mobs of France violent in temperament that entered the city palace called the Parisian mob. They started mass participation. This type of mob participation was never seen either before or after the French Revolution. Every Revolution has a specific area of operation. Whereas the French revolution was one found everywhere in France. In other words, it was a revolution way home, streets, restaurants, palaces, and battlefields. All as its areas of operation in other words we never come across an event of this type where every section and every locality of the country got affected by the revolution. It was the revolution that decided the course of European history nearly for 100 years. This was it is said, “With the French revolution history of Europe had become the history of one event, one country, and one man”. Thus French Revolution was a revolution against “social inequality than royal absolutism”. However, French Revolution was called the mother of all revolutions as powerful ideas called socialism, individualism, utilitarianism, and even romanticism, all found their expression in the French Revolution.
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##Question:The French Revolution was more a revolution against social inequality than royal absolutism. Evaluate. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the prevailing social condition in France in the 17 century France Then further elaborate on the prevailing social inequality and exploitation of the 3rd Estate. Then bring discontent in the middle class Finally, conclude wind the French Revolution and its impact across the world. Answer French may be defined as a violent reaction to challenges posed by the age of enlightenment of the 18th Century. The 17th and 18th Centuries were known for their scientific spirit and rationalism . Under these spirits, man questions all the existing ideas and institutions. When answers were not up to expectation. The reaction was bound to be violent and that finally took the form of the French Revolution of 1789. Reasons for the Revolution France was a country with extreme social inequality. French society was divided society into three Estates. The first Estate was called Clergy , it consisted of the higher ranks or upper strata Feudal order under the Church. The top Brass of the feudal class Dukes, and Earls higher officers of the Church, Archbishops, and Bishops, were part of this order. They were the most privileged section of society exempted from taxes, and punishment, and were above the law. All important posts in the administration were reserved for them. They also enjoyed special rights to collect Taxes in their respective areas. The second state was Nobility, consisting of the lower cadre of the feudal class under the Church. They were Knights, the lower officers of feudalism such as Cantaburries, all came under this order. They were the second privileged sections with the same privileges of the first orders. The Third Estate was commons , which consisted of the middle class, the peasantry, and serfs (bonded labours). It was the worse affected and most exploited section. Middle classes were educated, dynamic, and enterprising. They were the taxpayers but were not given any place in decision-making. This class opposed the special privileges of the first two Estates and was for ending the unjust and unequal social order. That prevailed in France from ancient times. The peasantry under the serfs was the lower and lowest section of society respectively. They were made to bear the maximum tax burden. First of all the peasants have no land of their own. For using the land of the Feudal class, they discharge the free of service to the feudal class. Secondly, they have to pay taxes like tithe (a religious tax of paying 1/5th of the produce to the Church), Taile (a land tax paid to the feudal class), Gobelle (a tax in the essential Goods like salt), Corvee (a transport tax). It is said that having paid all these taxes the peasantry was left with only 1/5th of the produce. It was against this unjust social order in which not even one percent of the total population 1st two Estate controlled more than 40% of the resources of the France that revolution started. Thus Apart from the tax burden, natural calamities like severe famines caused major havoc or disaster for the peasantry. Agriculture was not developed in France. Once the severe famine was enough to end 1/3rd of the French population. What really caused the revolutionary atmosphere was the consecutive failure of the crop in the years 1787, 1788, and 1789. Thus it expedited the French Revolution Mob participation was a prominent aspect of the revolution. It was illiterate impoverished mobs of France violent in temperament that entered the city palace called the Parisian mob. They started mass participation. This type of mob participation was never seen either before or after the French Revolution. Every Revolution has a specific area of operation. Whereas the French revolution was one found everywhere in France. In other words, it was a revolution way home, streets, restaurants, palaces, and battlefields. All as its areas of operation in other words we never come across an event of this type where every section and every locality of the country got affected by the revolution. It was the revolution that decided the course of European history nearly for 100 years. This was it is said, “With the French revolution history of Europe had become the history of one event, one country, and one man”. Thus French Revolution was a revolution against “social inequality than royal absolutism”. However, French Revolution was called the mother of all revolutions as powerful ideas called socialism, individualism, utilitarianism, and even romanticism, all found their expression in the French Revolution.
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Highlight the different stages of the transition towards modernity and the conflicts associated with that. ( 150 words/10 marks)
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Approach : Introduction - briefly explain what is modernity. Main Body - Highlight the different stages of the transition toward modernity Also, highlight the conflicts associated with it. Conclude appropriately. Answer- Modernity is the time period in history that began around the mid-18th Century and is associated with the emergence of new attitudes, ideas, and transformation of the economic, social, and political system through revolution or evolution based on these ideas and attitudes and further dissemination of these ideologies across the world. The roots of modernity lie in the period in Europe known as Renaissance and Enlightenment. Different Stages of the Transition towards Modernity. These stages can be traced as follows- 1. Renaissance 2. Enlightenment. 3. American and French Revolutions where old ideas clashed with the new ideals of Renaissance and Enlightenment. 4. Industrial Revolution 5. Spread of IR in Europe and outside Europe 6. Rise of nationalism and concepts of nation-states like France and the USA. 7. Rise of Capitalism and Free Market Economy 8. Rise of an ideology of liberalism and Humanism 9. Rise of an ideology of Socialism and Communism as the antithesis of Capitalism. 10. Dissemination of these ideas through first Colonialism in the 18th and 19th Century and after decolonization, later through globalization Conflicts associated with the transition toward modernity 1. American Revolution - conflict between the urge for independence among American colonists and the authoritative tendencies of colonial Britain. 2. French Revolution - conflict between old feudal values of monarchial France and the call for Equality, Liberty, and Fraternity by French revolutionaries. 3. European Revolutions of 1820, 1848, 1850. - Conflict between the old order and the new emerging order in Europe. 4. American Civil War - conflict between the abolition of slavery/ right to equality and ideas of domination of man over man. 5. First world War - conflict between old and new nation-states. 6. Second World War - Conflict between democracy and Nazism and Fascism 7. Cold War - between the Capitalist world and the Communist world It is due to this transition through different stages towards modernity and witnessing its various conflicts, our today"s modern world has shaped in which we are living.
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##Question:Highlight the different stages of the transition towards modernity and the conflicts associated with that. ( 150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach : Introduction - briefly explain what is modernity. Main Body - Highlight the different stages of the transition toward modernity Also, highlight the conflicts associated with it. Conclude appropriately. Answer- Modernity is the time period in history that began around the mid-18th Century and is associated with the emergence of new attitudes, ideas, and transformation of the economic, social, and political system through revolution or evolution based on these ideas and attitudes and further dissemination of these ideologies across the world. The roots of modernity lie in the period in Europe known as Renaissance and Enlightenment. Different Stages of the Transition towards Modernity. These stages can be traced as follows- 1. Renaissance 2. Enlightenment. 3. American and French Revolutions where old ideas clashed with the new ideals of Renaissance and Enlightenment. 4. Industrial Revolution 5. Spread of IR in Europe and outside Europe 6. Rise of nationalism and concepts of nation-states like France and the USA. 7. Rise of Capitalism and Free Market Economy 8. Rise of an ideology of liberalism and Humanism 9. Rise of an ideology of Socialism and Communism as the antithesis of Capitalism. 10. Dissemination of these ideas through first Colonialism in the 18th and 19th Century and after decolonization, later through globalization Conflicts associated with the transition toward modernity 1. American Revolution - conflict between the urge for independence among American colonists and the authoritative tendencies of colonial Britain. 2. French Revolution - conflict between old feudal values of monarchial France and the call for Equality, Liberty, and Fraternity by French revolutionaries. 3. European Revolutions of 1820, 1848, 1850. - Conflict between the old order and the new emerging order in Europe. 4. American Civil War - conflict between the abolition of slavery/ right to equality and ideas of domination of man over man. 5. First world War - conflict between old and new nation-states. 6. Second World War - Conflict between democracy and Nazism and Fascism 7. Cold War - between the Capitalist world and the Communist world It is due to this transition through different stages towards modernity and witnessing its various conflicts, our today"s modern world has shaped in which we are living.
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The French Revolution was a product of the Philosopher, not the product of the social conditions. Critically analyze. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the Age of Enlightenment in Europe. Then bring the contribution of the important philosophers andlink the way philosophers created the ground for the French revolution Further, bring the other aspect of the French Revolution and prove that only the role of the philosopher was not sufficient for the Revolution. Then conclude accordingly. Answer France was the country with maximum philosophers and thinkers of the 18th century called the “ Age of Enlightenment ”. With their theories and idea, they left a profound impact. Thus the ideological base for the French Revolution was created by the thoughts and ideas of philosophers like Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, etc. The Role of Philosophers in the French revolution First among them was Voltaire called king Voltaire as he was like the king among the philosopher. He appealed to the “ Supremacy of Reason ”. He questioned the social and political institutions of France. Particularly, he was the bitter critique of the Church which was exploiting people under the name of religion. He wrote “ Letters on English ” in which he has drawn a comparative study of the political ideas and institutions between France and England. He made the people of France understand to what extent the political and social institutions have degenerated in France. Montesquieu wrote Spirit of Laws, and he advocated for the Theory of Separation of Power against royal absolutism. For him, power must be judiciously distributed between the legislature, executive, and judiciary. Further, he expressed the idea that law must address itself as the problem of society rather than reflecting the custom and traditions of the country. Rousseau was the most popular and profound of all the thinkers. He was a democrat, absolutist, socialist, and romanticist. He published his most popular text SOCIAL CONTRACT in which he upheld the right of the people to dismantle the state as the people were the ones who created the state. In his ideas of Popular Sovereignty and General Will, Rousseau appears as a democrat and absolutist respectively. He was a socialist when he talked about the origins of inequality in the text “ A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality ”. For Rousseau inequality is of two types: Natural and Unnatural. While criticizing unnatural inequality Rousseau attacked the concept and idea of private property. Rousseau even talked about primitive communism. As a Romanticist, Rousseau expressed his regret for the civil rights and liberties in France. He championed the cause of absolute liberty. When he regrets “ Man is Born Free but is found in Chains everywhere ”. Thus Rousseau appeared as the “Soul of France” in the French Revolution. Denis Diderot published his Encyclopédie (encyclopedia) in which he gave a new interpretation of social and political institutions like the family, church, and the state in the light of the "Age of Enlightenment". A school of economics PHYSIOCRATS attacked personal privileges and monopolies in the system of production. They stood for equal opportunity. Other Aspects of the Cause of the French Revolution However, philosophers were not responsible for the French revolution with their writings and ideas, they reflected the realities of the times. None of them asked for the revolution. Secondly, they definitely influenced the educated class but not the illiterate mob who started the revolution. Thus it is quite clear that the philosopher had no role in the beginning of the revolution. A revolutionary atmosphere had already taken place as crops failed consecutively for three years. France became economically bankrupt. Here the philosophers were not responsible for this situation. In other words, Revolution would have definitely taken place even without philosophers. Thus the Role of the philosopher was seen not in the cause of the revolution but definitely in the course of the Revolution . Philosophers reflected in the programs and the reforms of the French revolution but cannot be called the only cause of the revolution. However, they impacted not only Europe but their thoughts influenced the revolutionary movements across the world in different periods of the time.
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##Question:The French Revolution was a product of the Philosopher, not the product of the social conditions. Critically analyze. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the Age of Enlightenment in Europe. Then bring the contribution of the important philosophers andlink the way philosophers created the ground for the French revolution Further, bring the other aspect of the French Revolution and prove that only the role of the philosopher was not sufficient for the Revolution. Then conclude accordingly. Answer France was the country with maximum philosophers and thinkers of the 18th century called the “ Age of Enlightenment ”. With their theories and idea, they left a profound impact. Thus the ideological base for the French Revolution was created by the thoughts and ideas of philosophers like Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, etc. The Role of Philosophers in the French revolution First among them was Voltaire called king Voltaire as he was like the king among the philosopher. He appealed to the “ Supremacy of Reason ”. He questioned the social and political institutions of France. Particularly, he was the bitter critique of the Church which was exploiting people under the name of religion. He wrote “ Letters on English ” in which he has drawn a comparative study of the political ideas and institutions between France and England. He made the people of France understand to what extent the political and social institutions have degenerated in France. Montesquieu wrote Spirit of Laws, and he advocated for the Theory of Separation of Power against royal absolutism. For him, power must be judiciously distributed between the legislature, executive, and judiciary. Further, he expressed the idea that law must address itself as the problem of society rather than reflecting the custom and traditions of the country. Rousseau was the most popular and profound of all the thinkers. He was a democrat, absolutist, socialist, and romanticist. He published his most popular text SOCIAL CONTRACT in which he upheld the right of the people to dismantle the state as the people were the ones who created the state. In his ideas of Popular Sovereignty and General Will, Rousseau appears as a democrat and absolutist respectively. He was a socialist when he talked about the origins of inequality in the text “ A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality ”. For Rousseau inequality is of two types: Natural and Unnatural. While criticizing unnatural inequality Rousseau attacked the concept and idea of private property. Rousseau even talked about primitive communism. As a Romanticist, Rousseau expressed his regret for the civil rights and liberties in France. He championed the cause of absolute liberty. When he regrets “ Man is Born Free but is found in Chains everywhere ”. Thus Rousseau appeared as the “Soul of France” in the French Revolution. Denis Diderot published his Encyclopédie (encyclopedia) in which he gave a new interpretation of social and political institutions like the family, church, and the state in the light of the "Age of Enlightenment". A school of economics PHYSIOCRATS attacked personal privileges and monopolies in the system of production. They stood for equal opportunity. Other Aspects of the Cause of the French Revolution However, philosophers were not responsible for the French revolution with their writings and ideas, they reflected the realities of the times. None of them asked for the revolution. Secondly, they definitely influenced the educated class but not the illiterate mob who started the revolution. Thus it is quite clear that the philosopher had no role in the beginning of the revolution. A revolutionary atmosphere had already taken place as crops failed consecutively for three years. France became economically bankrupt. Here the philosophers were not responsible for this situation. In other words, Revolution would have definitely taken place even without philosophers. Thus the Role of the philosopher was seen not in the cause of the revolution but definitely in the course of the Revolution . Philosophers reflected in the programs and the reforms of the French revolution but cannot be called the only cause of the revolution. However, they impacted not only Europe but their thoughts influenced the revolutionary movements across the world in different periods of the time.
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भारत में सुशासन की स्थापना के समक्ष कौनसी चुनौतियाँ विद्यमान हैं? इन चुनौतियों से निपटने के लिए सुझाव भी प्रस्तुत कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) What are the challenges before the establishment of good governance in India? Also present suggestions to deal with these challenges. (150-200 words, 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण: सुशासन की परिभाषा के साथ उत्तर प्रारंभ कीजिए। भारत में सुशासन की स्थापना के समक्ष चुनौतियों को बिन्दुवार लिखिए। इन चुनौतियों से निपटने के सुझाव देकर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: संयुक्त राज्य विकास कार्यक्रम के अनुसार सुशासन शासन का वह रूप है जो विधि के शासन के साथ भागीदारी, सहमतिमूलकता, उत्तरदायित्व, पारदर्शिता, अनुक्रियाशीलता, समानता एवं समावेशिता, प्रभाविता एवं दक्षता को आधार बनाकर अपनी नीतियों, नियमों और प्रक्रियाओं का निर्धारण एवं क्रियान्वयन करता है। भारत सरकार द्वारा सुशासन कि स्थापना के लिए अनेक प्रयास किए हैं लेकिन फिर भी इसकी स्थापना में चुनौतियाँ विद्यमान हैं। जो इस प्रकार हैं- लोकसेवकों के अंदर अभिवृत्ति(Attitude) की समस्या है अर्थात अधिकारी निष्ठुर, गैर-लचीले और स्वशाश्वत जैसे अमानवीय मूल्यों से ग्रस्त हैं। शासन से जुड़े हुए अधिकारियों एवं कर्मचारियों के अंदर अभी भी उत्तरदायित्व की कमी है और उत्तरदायित्व को बढ़ाने के लिए पर्याप्त कदम भी नहीं उठाए गए हैं। लालफीताशाही अपने आप में एक चुनौती है अर्थात नियमों की जटिलता और बाध्यकारिता समाज अनुकूल उत्तरदायित्व के निर्वहन में बाधा उत्पन्न करती है। भारत में विद्यमान अशिक्षा और जागरूकता की कमी के कारण हितधारकों अथवा लाभार्थियों को सरकार द्वारा उपलब्ध करवाई जा रही सेवाओं एवं योजनाओं का लाभ प्राप्त नहीं हो पाता है। सरकार के समुचित आकार की कमी है अर्थात कुछ कार्यालय और विभाग अधिकारियों और कर्मचारियों के कमी से ग्रस्त हैं तो कुछ में अनावश्यक अधिकता विद्यमान है। भारत में विद्यमान शक्ति केंद्रीकता (पैट्रिमोनियलिज़्म) एक बड़ी चुनौती है। क्योंकि ऐसी स्थिति राजनीतिक हस्तक्षेप को सक्रिय करती है। एसोसिएशन फॉर डेमोक्रेटिक रिफॉर्म्स की रिपोर्ट के अनुसार जन प्रतिनिधियों में आपराधिक प्रवृत्ति विद्यमान है। अर्थात लोकसभा में लगभग 43% जन प्रतिनिधि ऐसे हैं जो किसी न किसी अपराध में लिप्त रहे हैं। परिणामतः वे शासन को अपने हितों के लिए प्रयोग करते हैं। विद्यमान भ्रष्टाचार सुशासन को स्थापित करने में एक बड़ी बाधा है। भारत में विद्यमान लैंगिक असमानता भी सुशासन को स्थापित करने में बाधक है। स्वामी विवेकानंद और महात्मा गांधी जैसे समाज सुधारकों का तर्क है कि जिस क्षेत्र में महिलाओं की स्थिति अच्छी नहीं हो अथवा भागीदारी में कमी हो उस क्षेत्र में नैतिकता, सहनशीलता, समावेशिता का प्रभाव नहीं पड़ पाता। न्याय में देरी भी एक चुनौती है विशेषकर अधिकारियों एवं जनप्रतिनिधियों के मामलों में। इन सभी चुनौतियों से निपटने के लिए निम्नलिखित सुझावों को अपनाया जा सकता है- शासन व्यवस्था में नैतिकता को शामिल करने की आवश्यकता है तथा नैतिक मूल्यों को स्पष्टतः निर्धारित किया जाना चाहिए। ऐसा आचरण संहिता में आवश्यक सुधार कर किया जा सकता है। सामाजिक अंकेक्षण की प्रक्रिया को तर्कसंगत और व्यापक बनाना चाहिए। इसके लिए संबंधित नागरिकों को पर्याप्त प्रशिक्षण दिया जाना चाहिए। ई-गवर्नेंस को व्यापक बनाने की आवश्यकता है। सरकार की योजनाओं एवं गतिविधियों के बारे में पर्याप्त जागरूकता बढ़ाने की आवश्यकता है। हालांकि प्रशासनिक अधिकारियों के स्थानांतरण पर रोक लगाई गई है किन्तु राजनीतिक हस्तक्षेप को समाप्त करने के लिए कदम बढ़ाए जाने चाहिए। समाज में सहमतिमूलकता की प्रवृत्ति विकसित करने के लिए फोरम बनाने की आवश्यकता है। निष्कर्षतः, सिर्फ सुधारों की घोषणा करने से सुशासन की स्थापना करना संभव नहीं है इसके लिए सिविल सेवकों, नागरिकों सभी को मिलकर सामूहिक प्रयास करने की आवश्यकता है।
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##Question:भारत में सुशासन की स्थापना के समक्ष कौनसी चुनौतियाँ विद्यमान हैं? इन चुनौतियों से निपटने के लिए सुझाव भी प्रस्तुत कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) What are the challenges before the establishment of good governance in India? Also present suggestions to deal with these challenges. (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: सुशासन की परिभाषा के साथ उत्तर प्रारंभ कीजिए। भारत में सुशासन की स्थापना के समक्ष चुनौतियों को बिन्दुवार लिखिए। इन चुनौतियों से निपटने के सुझाव देकर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: संयुक्त राज्य विकास कार्यक्रम के अनुसार सुशासन शासन का वह रूप है जो विधि के शासन के साथ भागीदारी, सहमतिमूलकता, उत्तरदायित्व, पारदर्शिता, अनुक्रियाशीलता, समानता एवं समावेशिता, प्रभाविता एवं दक्षता को आधार बनाकर अपनी नीतियों, नियमों और प्रक्रियाओं का निर्धारण एवं क्रियान्वयन करता है। भारत सरकार द्वारा सुशासन कि स्थापना के लिए अनेक प्रयास किए हैं लेकिन फिर भी इसकी स्थापना में चुनौतियाँ विद्यमान हैं। जो इस प्रकार हैं- लोकसेवकों के अंदर अभिवृत्ति(Attitude) की समस्या है अर्थात अधिकारी निष्ठुर, गैर-लचीले और स्वशाश्वत जैसे अमानवीय मूल्यों से ग्रस्त हैं। शासन से जुड़े हुए अधिकारियों एवं कर्मचारियों के अंदर अभी भी उत्तरदायित्व की कमी है और उत्तरदायित्व को बढ़ाने के लिए पर्याप्त कदम भी नहीं उठाए गए हैं। लालफीताशाही अपने आप में एक चुनौती है अर्थात नियमों की जटिलता और बाध्यकारिता समाज अनुकूल उत्तरदायित्व के निर्वहन में बाधा उत्पन्न करती है। भारत में विद्यमान अशिक्षा और जागरूकता की कमी के कारण हितधारकों अथवा लाभार्थियों को सरकार द्वारा उपलब्ध करवाई जा रही सेवाओं एवं योजनाओं का लाभ प्राप्त नहीं हो पाता है। सरकार के समुचित आकार की कमी है अर्थात कुछ कार्यालय और विभाग अधिकारियों और कर्मचारियों के कमी से ग्रस्त हैं तो कुछ में अनावश्यक अधिकता विद्यमान है। भारत में विद्यमान शक्ति केंद्रीकता (पैट्रिमोनियलिज़्म) एक बड़ी चुनौती है। क्योंकि ऐसी स्थिति राजनीतिक हस्तक्षेप को सक्रिय करती है। एसोसिएशन फॉर डेमोक्रेटिक रिफॉर्म्स की रिपोर्ट के अनुसार जन प्रतिनिधियों में आपराधिक प्रवृत्ति विद्यमान है। अर्थात लोकसभा में लगभग 43% जन प्रतिनिधि ऐसे हैं जो किसी न किसी अपराध में लिप्त रहे हैं। परिणामतः वे शासन को अपने हितों के लिए प्रयोग करते हैं। विद्यमान भ्रष्टाचार सुशासन को स्थापित करने में एक बड़ी बाधा है। भारत में विद्यमान लैंगिक असमानता भी सुशासन को स्थापित करने में बाधक है। स्वामी विवेकानंद और महात्मा गांधी जैसे समाज सुधारकों का तर्क है कि जिस क्षेत्र में महिलाओं की स्थिति अच्छी नहीं हो अथवा भागीदारी में कमी हो उस क्षेत्र में नैतिकता, सहनशीलता, समावेशिता का प्रभाव नहीं पड़ पाता। न्याय में देरी भी एक चुनौती है विशेषकर अधिकारियों एवं जनप्रतिनिधियों के मामलों में। इन सभी चुनौतियों से निपटने के लिए निम्नलिखित सुझावों को अपनाया जा सकता है- शासन व्यवस्था में नैतिकता को शामिल करने की आवश्यकता है तथा नैतिक मूल्यों को स्पष्टतः निर्धारित किया जाना चाहिए। ऐसा आचरण संहिता में आवश्यक सुधार कर किया जा सकता है। सामाजिक अंकेक्षण की प्रक्रिया को तर्कसंगत और व्यापक बनाना चाहिए। इसके लिए संबंधित नागरिकों को पर्याप्त प्रशिक्षण दिया जाना चाहिए। ई-गवर्नेंस को व्यापक बनाने की आवश्यकता है। सरकार की योजनाओं एवं गतिविधियों के बारे में पर्याप्त जागरूकता बढ़ाने की आवश्यकता है। हालांकि प्रशासनिक अधिकारियों के स्थानांतरण पर रोक लगाई गई है किन्तु राजनीतिक हस्तक्षेप को समाप्त करने के लिए कदम बढ़ाए जाने चाहिए। समाज में सहमतिमूलकता की प्रवृत्ति विकसित करने के लिए फोरम बनाने की आवश्यकता है। निष्कर्षतः, सिर्फ सुधारों की घोषणा करने से सुशासन की स्थापना करना संभव नहीं है इसके लिए सिविल सेवकों, नागरिकों सभी को मिलकर सामूहिक प्रयास करने की आवश्यकता है।
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