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Give an account of the bioldiversity of India. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce briefly the biodiversity of India. Discuss in detail the biodiversity that exists in India with adequate examples. Conclude appropriately. Answer: With only 2.4% of land area, India accounts for 7-8% of recorded species in the world. India has about 45000 species of plants and 81k species of animals. In fact, the entire country can be divided into 10 biogeographic zones. The term biogeographic zone signifies the distribution of species and ecosystems in a geographic setting that is an area of plant and animal distribution consisting of similar properties. Indian Biodiversity according to various biogeographic zones: 1. Trans-Himalayan Zone: It includes the Himalayan Sikkim, Ladakh mountains and Tibetan Plateau. It lies at a high altitude (15000 to 20000 feet) and is very cold and dry. The flora is a scanty alpine steppe. The fauna includes snow leopards, black beers, a marbled cat and a migratory bird, and black naked cranes. 2. Himalayas: It is the youngest mountain sequence in the world. It includes Central Himalayas, East Himalayas, West Himalayas and North-West Himalayas. The flora includes Alpine and Sub-Alpine forests, Grassy meadows and Moist deciduous forests. The fauna includes Hangul and Musk Deer. 3. Indian Desert: It comprises two regions: Thar desert and Rann of Kutch. In the Thar desert, Great Indian Bustard, Foxes, Snakes, Camels, and Gazelles. The Run of Kutch is a vast area of salt marsh. The Indian Wild Ass, an endemic animal is found in this region along with the Desert fox, Black Bug Chinkara. It is also home to many migratory birds such as Greater Flamingos, Lesser Flamingos, Houbara Bustard etc. 4. Semi-Arid Area: It is a transitional zone between Western Ghat, Desert, Deccan Peninsular and Gangetic plain. It is characterized by discontinuous vegetation and deficient water. In this area, the Asiatic lion is found. The largest herbivore, the blackbuck is also found. 5. Western Ghats: It is a world heritage site biodiversity hotspot known for tropical rainforests in India and many endemic species. 6. Gangetic Plain: It is a very fertile area which supports many mammals such as One-horned rhinos, Asian elephants, Wild water buffalo, and Swamp deer among others. Some important trees found in this region are Sheesham, Teak and Sal. 7. North-East: It s one of the poorest regions in the country. The flora includes many species of Bamboo, Orchids, and Wild relatives of Mango, Banana, and Citrus. The fauna includes Rhino, Elephants, Pygmy Hog, and Hispid hares. 8. Deccan Peninsular: It is the largest unit in this classification. Many river systems such as Narmada, Tapti, Mahanadi, and Godavari flow through this region. The flora includes precious timber such as Sal, Teak. The fauna includes unique deer and Antelope species such as Chital, Sambhar, and Four-horned Antelope, a small population of elephants is also found, and Gharial is also found in this region (Chambal river). 9. Islands: It comprises two groups: Andaman and Nicobar in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep in the Arabian sea. These islands represent a high degree of endemism in both flora and fauna. 10. Coasts: The Indian coastlines extend over 7500 Km extensive deltas of Krishna, Godavari and Kaveri are prominent features. Mangrove vegetation and coconut trees are found in this region. The main fauna includes Dugongs, Humpback dolphins, and many turtles among others. Thus, India is an abode of vast and rich biodiversity rendering multiple social, economic and environmental benefits. However, it is facing various threats due to pollution, climate change, urbanisation etc. Hence, there is an urgent need to protect it.
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##Question:Give an account of the bioldiversity of India. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce briefly the biodiversity of India. Discuss in detail the biodiversity that exists in India with adequate examples. Conclude appropriately. Answer: With only 2.4% of land area, India accounts for 7-8% of recorded species in the world. India has about 45000 species of plants and 81k species of animals. In fact, the entire country can be divided into 10 biogeographic zones. The term biogeographic zone signifies the distribution of species and ecosystems in a geographic setting that is an area of plant and animal distribution consisting of similar properties. Indian Biodiversity according to various biogeographic zones: 1. Trans-Himalayan Zone: It includes the Himalayan Sikkim, Ladakh mountains and Tibetan Plateau. It lies at a high altitude (15000 to 20000 feet) and is very cold and dry. The flora is a scanty alpine steppe. The fauna includes snow leopards, black beers, a marbled cat and a migratory bird, and black naked cranes. 2. Himalayas: It is the youngest mountain sequence in the world. It includes Central Himalayas, East Himalayas, West Himalayas and North-West Himalayas. The flora includes Alpine and Sub-Alpine forests, Grassy meadows and Moist deciduous forests. The fauna includes Hangul and Musk Deer. 3. Indian Desert: It comprises two regions: Thar desert and Rann of Kutch. In the Thar desert, Great Indian Bustard, Foxes, Snakes, Camels, and Gazelles. The Run of Kutch is a vast area of salt marsh. The Indian Wild Ass, an endemic animal is found in this region along with the Desert fox, Black Bug Chinkara. It is also home to many migratory birds such as Greater Flamingos, Lesser Flamingos, Houbara Bustard etc. 4. Semi-Arid Area: It is a transitional zone between Western Ghat, Desert, Deccan Peninsular and Gangetic plain. It is characterized by discontinuous vegetation and deficient water. In this area, the Asiatic lion is found. The largest herbivore, the blackbuck is also found. 5. Western Ghats: It is a world heritage site biodiversity hotspot known for tropical rainforests in India and many endemic species. 6. Gangetic Plain: It is a very fertile area which supports many mammals such as One-horned rhinos, Asian elephants, Wild water buffalo, and Swamp deer among others. Some important trees found in this region are Sheesham, Teak and Sal. 7. North-East: It s one of the poorest regions in the country. The flora includes many species of Bamboo, Orchids, and Wild relatives of Mango, Banana, and Citrus. The fauna includes Rhino, Elephants, Pygmy Hog, and Hispid hares. 8. Deccan Peninsular: It is the largest unit in this classification. Many river systems such as Narmada, Tapti, Mahanadi, and Godavari flow through this region. The flora includes precious timber such as Sal, Teak. The fauna includes unique deer and Antelope species such as Chital, Sambhar, and Four-horned Antelope, a small population of elephants is also found, and Gharial is also found in this region (Chambal river). 9. Islands: It comprises two groups: Andaman and Nicobar in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep in the Arabian sea. These islands represent a high degree of endemism in both flora and fauna. 10. Coasts: The Indian coastlines extend over 7500 Km extensive deltas of Krishna, Godavari and Kaveri are prominent features. Mangrove vegetation and coconut trees are found in this region. The main fauna includes Dugongs, Humpback dolphins, and many turtles among others. Thus, India is an abode of vast and rich biodiversity rendering multiple social, economic and environmental benefits. However, it is facing various threats due to pollution, climate change, urbanisation etc. Hence, there is an urgent need to protect it.
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Indian constitution is a product of a scientific mindset and research work. How far do you agree? Illustrate with examples. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach:- In the introduction, give the context of the Constituent assembly In the body give examples and evidence to show the scientific mindset Conclude accordingly Answer:- The constitution is a document that deals with the fundamental laws and principles of legal sanctity. The drafting of the constitution was done by the Constituent Assembly and it took 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days to draft the constitution with 299 members. Constitution- a product of scientific mindset and research work Its a product of collective and coordinated effort- The first objective resolution was drafted with collective effort It is based on the division of labor and principles of scientific management- 299 members were divided among 23 committees. This led to an in-depth study There is a logical combination of facts and values- - Dr. Sacchidand Sinha was elected as chairperson of the Constituent Assembly. This was to show respect to our elders.- Election of Dr. Rajendra prasad and HC Mukherjee were elected as chairpersons and deputy chairpersons. Whereas, We appointed B N Rau [Based on Merit] to give advice based on fact as a constitution adviser [Constituent assembly was aware of appointment and election] Consensus mapping technique with a filtration process- first reading, second reading, third reading- filtration process to discuss all points Self-regulatory mechanism (Article 368)- Amendment procedure "We the people of India" itself is a strong message in favor of unity in diversity This proves that the constitution was the product of the scientific mindset and research work. Indian leaders ransacked all the information across the world and arrived at a consensus. Conclusively , this longest surviving democratic constitution in the third world is not only an example of great acumen of constituent assembly but is one of the best statecrafts in the world. Unfortunately, this constitution is frequently criticized as a Lawyer"s paradise or an Anti-Indian or Anti-Gandhian or Elephantine size document, but we must appreciate the rich original political philosophy scientifically enshrined in the constitution.
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##Question:Indian constitution is a product of a scientific mindset and research work. How far do you agree? Illustrate with examples. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, give the context of the Constituent assembly In the body give examples and evidence to show the scientific mindset Conclude accordingly Answer:- The constitution is a document that deals with the fundamental laws and principles of legal sanctity. The drafting of the constitution was done by the Constituent Assembly and it took 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days to draft the constitution with 299 members. Constitution- a product of scientific mindset and research work Its a product of collective and coordinated effort- The first objective resolution was drafted with collective effort It is based on the division of labor and principles of scientific management- 299 members were divided among 23 committees. This led to an in-depth study There is a logical combination of facts and values- - Dr. Sacchidand Sinha was elected as chairperson of the Constituent Assembly. This was to show respect to our elders.- Election of Dr. Rajendra prasad and HC Mukherjee were elected as chairpersons and deputy chairpersons. Whereas, We appointed B N Rau [Based on Merit] to give advice based on fact as a constitution adviser [Constituent assembly was aware of appointment and election] Consensus mapping technique with a filtration process- first reading, second reading, third reading- filtration process to discuss all points Self-regulatory mechanism (Article 368)- Amendment procedure "We the people of India" itself is a strong message in favor of unity in diversity This proves that the constitution was the product of the scientific mindset and research work. Indian leaders ransacked all the information across the world and arrived at a consensus. Conclusively , this longest surviving democratic constitution in the third world is not only an example of great acumen of constituent assembly but is one of the best statecrafts in the world. Unfortunately, this constitution is frequently criticized as a Lawyer"s paradise or an Anti-Indian or Anti-Gandhian or Elephantine size document, but we must appreciate the rich original political philosophy scientifically enshrined in the constitution.
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भारत के राष्ट्रपति के निर्वाचन की प्रक्रिया की चर्चा कीजिए। साथ ही अप्रत्यक्ष चुनाव प्रक्रिया के औचित्य को बताइए। (150 -200 शब्द/10 अंक) Discuss the process of election of the President of India. Also, explain the justification of the indirect election process. (150 -200 words/10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण उत्तर की शुरुआत राष्ट्रपति की चुनाव प्रक्रिया की विवेचना के साथ कीजिए। इसके पश्चात व्याख्या कीजिए कि भारत में अप्रत्यक्ष चुनाव किस प्रकार न्यायसंगत हैं? अंत में संक्षेप में निष्कर्ष लिखते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिए। उत्तर- राष्ट्रपति भारतीय संघ का प्रमुख होता है और उसे भारत का प्रथम नागरिक माना जाता है। राष्ट्रपति की चुनाव प्रक्रिया संविधान का अनुच्छेद 54 और 55 भारत के राष्ट्रपति के चुनाव से संबंधित है। राष्ट्रपति का चुनाव सीधे लोगों द्वारा नहीं बल्कि निर्वाचक मंडल के सदस्यों द्वारा किया जाता है जिसमें शामिल हैं-: संसद के दोनों सदनों के निर्वाचित सदस्य; राज्यों की विधान सभाओं के निर्वाचित सदस्य; केंद्र शासित प्रदेश दिल्ली और पुद्दुचेरी की विधानसभाओं के निर्वाचित सदस्य; राष्ट्रपति के पद के लिए उम्मीदवार का नाम कम से कम 50 मतदाताओं के द्वारा प्रस्तावित और 50 मतदाताओं के द्वारा अनुमोदित होना चाहिए; चुनाव की प्रणाली - राष्ट्रपति का चुनाव आनुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्व प्रणाली के अनुसार एकल संक्रमणीय वोट के माध्यम से होता है और मतदान गुप्त मतदान द्वारा होता है। एक उम्मीदवार को, राष्ट्रपति के पद के लिए निर्वाचित घोषित किए जाने के लिए, वोटों का एक निश्चित कोटा सुरक्षित करना चाहिए। साथ ही, चुनाव प्रक्रिया में, विभिन्न राज्यों के प्रतिनिधित्व के पैमाने में एकरूपता बनाए रखी जाती है और साथ ही, समग्र रूप से राज्यों और संसद के बीच समानता भी सुनिश्चित की जाती है। आनुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्व - एक ओर संघ एवं राज्यों के बीच के समतुल्यता या बराबरी को प्राप्त करना। इस उद्देश्य से प्रत्येक सांसद के मत का मूल्य = सभी विधानसभाओं के निर्वाचित सदस्यों के मतों का कुल मूल्य/ संसद के कुल निर्वाचित सदस्य की संख्या। अतः लोकसभा के सदस्यों के मत का मूल्य एवं राज्यसभा के सदस्यों के मत का मूल्य एक-दूसरे के बराबर होगा। 16 वें राष्ट्रपति के चुनाव में निर्वाचक मंडल में 4796 वोटर थे जिसमें 771 सांसद थे तथा 4025 राज्यों के विधायक थे। एकल संक्रमणीय मत प्रणाली राष्ट्रपति के निर्वाचन में आनुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्व को प्राप्त करने के लिए एकल संक्रमणीय मत प्रणाली का प्रयोग किया जाता है जिसकी दो मौलिक विशेषताएँ हैं - प्रत्येक मतदाता को एक मत का अधिकार होता है किंतु मताधिकार का अभ्यास करते समय मतदाता उम्मीदवारों या प्रत्याशियों के बीच के प्राथमिकता के क्रम को चिन्हित कर सकता है। प्रत्येक जीतने वाले प्रत्याशी को कोटा संख्या के मत को प्राप्त करना होता है। भारत में राष्ट्रपति के चुनाव में एक विशेष तरीके से मतदान होता है, इसे सिंगल ट्रांसफरेबल वोट सिस्टम कहते हैं। सिंगल वोट यानी मतदाता एक ही वोट देता है, लेकिन वह कई उम्मीदवारों को अपनी प्राथमिकता के आधार पर वोट देता है अर्थात् वह बैलेट पेपर पर यह बताता है कि उसकी पहली पसंद कौन है और दूसरी, तीसरी कौन ? कोटा = कुल मान्य मतों की संख्या/ सीटों की संख्या +1 (कुल (टोटल) में भी 1 को जोड़ना है); अप्रत्यक्ष चुनाव क्यों ? राष्ट्रपति का अप्रत्यक्ष चुनाव संविधान में परिकल्पित सरकार की संसदीय प्रणाली के अनुरूप है। इस प्रणाली के तहत, राष्ट्रपति केवल नाममात्र का कार्यकारी होता है और वास्तविक शक्तियाँ प्रधान मंत्री की अध्यक्षता वाली मंत्रिपरिषद में निहित होती हैं। यह असंगत होता कि राष्ट्रपति जनता द्वारा प्रत्यक्ष रूप से चुना जाता और उसे कोई वास्तविक शक्ति नहीं दी जाती। मतदाताओं के विशाल आकार के कारण राष्ट्रपति का सीधा चुनाव बहुत महंगा और समय और ऊर्जा की खपत वाला होता। हालाँकि, अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से चुने जाने और देश के नाममात्र प्रमुख के रूप में कार्य करने के बावजूद, राष्ट्रपति का पद काफी महत्वपूर्ण है और एक गणतंत्र के रूप में भारत का प्रतीक है। वह राष्ट्र का प्रमुख होता है, पर कार्यकारी नहीं होता। वह राष्ट्र का प्रतीक है तथा प्रशासन में औपचारिक रूप से सम्मिलित है।
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##Question:भारत के राष्ट्रपति के निर्वाचन की प्रक्रिया की चर्चा कीजिए। साथ ही अप्रत्यक्ष चुनाव प्रक्रिया के औचित्य को बताइए। (150 -200 शब्द/10 अंक) Discuss the process of election of the President of India. Also, explain the justification of the indirect election process. (150 -200 words/10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण उत्तर की शुरुआत राष्ट्रपति की चुनाव प्रक्रिया की विवेचना के साथ कीजिए। इसके पश्चात व्याख्या कीजिए कि भारत में अप्रत्यक्ष चुनाव किस प्रकार न्यायसंगत हैं? अंत में संक्षेप में निष्कर्ष लिखते हुए उत्तर का समापन कीजिए। उत्तर- राष्ट्रपति भारतीय संघ का प्रमुख होता है और उसे भारत का प्रथम नागरिक माना जाता है। राष्ट्रपति की चुनाव प्रक्रिया संविधान का अनुच्छेद 54 और 55 भारत के राष्ट्रपति के चुनाव से संबंधित है। राष्ट्रपति का चुनाव सीधे लोगों द्वारा नहीं बल्कि निर्वाचक मंडल के सदस्यों द्वारा किया जाता है जिसमें शामिल हैं-: संसद के दोनों सदनों के निर्वाचित सदस्य; राज्यों की विधान सभाओं के निर्वाचित सदस्य; केंद्र शासित प्रदेश दिल्ली और पुद्दुचेरी की विधानसभाओं के निर्वाचित सदस्य; राष्ट्रपति के पद के लिए उम्मीदवार का नाम कम से कम 50 मतदाताओं के द्वारा प्रस्तावित और 50 मतदाताओं के द्वारा अनुमोदित होना चाहिए; चुनाव की प्रणाली - राष्ट्रपति का चुनाव आनुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्व प्रणाली के अनुसार एकल संक्रमणीय वोट के माध्यम से होता है और मतदान गुप्त मतदान द्वारा होता है। एक उम्मीदवार को, राष्ट्रपति के पद के लिए निर्वाचित घोषित किए जाने के लिए, वोटों का एक निश्चित कोटा सुरक्षित करना चाहिए। साथ ही, चुनाव प्रक्रिया में, विभिन्न राज्यों के प्रतिनिधित्व के पैमाने में एकरूपता बनाए रखी जाती है और साथ ही, समग्र रूप से राज्यों और संसद के बीच समानता भी सुनिश्चित की जाती है। आनुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्व - एक ओर संघ एवं राज्यों के बीच के समतुल्यता या बराबरी को प्राप्त करना। इस उद्देश्य से प्रत्येक सांसद के मत का मूल्य = सभी विधानसभाओं के निर्वाचित सदस्यों के मतों का कुल मूल्य/ संसद के कुल निर्वाचित सदस्य की संख्या। अतः लोकसभा के सदस्यों के मत का मूल्य एवं राज्यसभा के सदस्यों के मत का मूल्य एक-दूसरे के बराबर होगा। 16 वें राष्ट्रपति के चुनाव में निर्वाचक मंडल में 4796 वोटर थे जिसमें 771 सांसद थे तथा 4025 राज्यों के विधायक थे। एकल संक्रमणीय मत प्रणाली राष्ट्रपति के निर्वाचन में आनुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्व को प्राप्त करने के लिए एकल संक्रमणीय मत प्रणाली का प्रयोग किया जाता है जिसकी दो मौलिक विशेषताएँ हैं - प्रत्येक मतदाता को एक मत का अधिकार होता है किंतु मताधिकार का अभ्यास करते समय मतदाता उम्मीदवारों या प्रत्याशियों के बीच के प्राथमिकता के क्रम को चिन्हित कर सकता है। प्रत्येक जीतने वाले प्रत्याशी को कोटा संख्या के मत को प्राप्त करना होता है। भारत में राष्ट्रपति के चुनाव में एक विशेष तरीके से मतदान होता है, इसे सिंगल ट्रांसफरेबल वोट सिस्टम कहते हैं। सिंगल वोट यानी मतदाता एक ही वोट देता है, लेकिन वह कई उम्मीदवारों को अपनी प्राथमिकता के आधार पर वोट देता है अर्थात् वह बैलेट पेपर पर यह बताता है कि उसकी पहली पसंद कौन है और दूसरी, तीसरी कौन ? कोटा = कुल मान्य मतों की संख्या/ सीटों की संख्या +1 (कुल (टोटल) में भी 1 को जोड़ना है); अप्रत्यक्ष चुनाव क्यों ? राष्ट्रपति का अप्रत्यक्ष चुनाव संविधान में परिकल्पित सरकार की संसदीय प्रणाली के अनुरूप है। इस प्रणाली के तहत, राष्ट्रपति केवल नाममात्र का कार्यकारी होता है और वास्तविक शक्तियाँ प्रधान मंत्री की अध्यक्षता वाली मंत्रिपरिषद में निहित होती हैं। यह असंगत होता कि राष्ट्रपति जनता द्वारा प्रत्यक्ष रूप से चुना जाता और उसे कोई वास्तविक शक्ति नहीं दी जाती। मतदाताओं के विशाल आकार के कारण राष्ट्रपति का सीधा चुनाव बहुत महंगा और समय और ऊर्जा की खपत वाला होता। हालाँकि, अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से चुने जाने और देश के नाममात्र प्रमुख के रूप में कार्य करने के बावजूद, राष्ट्रपति का पद काफी महत्वपूर्ण है और एक गणतंत्र के रूप में भारत का प्रतीक है। वह राष्ट्र का प्रमुख होता है, पर कार्यकारी नहीं होता। वह राष्ट्र का प्रतीक है तथा प्रशासन में औपचारिक रूप से सम्मिलित है।
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What is Minimum Support Price ? How will it rescue the farmer from lower income trap ? (150 words/10 marks; UPSC 2018)
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Approach : Introduction: Explain MSP. (25-30 words) Main body: Write in points the various aid to farmers provided by MSP. (80-100 words) Conclude with certain points which show that there still needs to be done a lot of things with respect to MSP and making it more efficient. (25-30 words) Answer: The Indian government uses MSP as a form of market intervention to protect farmers from sharp drops in farm prices during peak production years. Supporting farmers from distress sales and acquiring food grains for public distribution are the primary goals. It is the price at which the government purchases crops on behalf of farmers to protect their interests. India"s agricultural price policy relies heavily on it. Through PDS, it supports the program for food security and compensates farmers adequately. The following ways MSP aid farmers in escaping the low-income trap- 1) Crop diversification: The MSP that the Indian government first announced for wheat in 1966-67 has since been extended to approximately 24 crops. The farmers will be encouraged to cultivate these diverse crops in order to maximize their income by this. 2) Fixed Remunerations: The farmers are protected financially from the fluctuation of market prices. 3)Serves as a model for private buyers: MSP sends a price signal to the market that the farmer may not sell his produce to merchants if they do not offer prices that are higher than MSP. As a result, it serves as a benchmark for the agro-commodity market. It does not guarantee that market prices will be significantly lower than MSP, but it does guarantee that they will not be significantly lower than MSP. 4))Reduces Stress and Sales: Most of the time, farmers don"t have enough savings to buy inputs for the next cropping season. Small and marginal farmers also have trouble getting loans and credit. Thus, they are constrained into trouble offer of produce at discard costs, and can"t buy great seeds, manures, pesticides, and farm hauler leases for the next trimming season, which will additionally diminish their pay from the following cycle. This is prevented by MSP. 5))Aids in making informed decisions: Before the sowing season begins, the government announces MSP for 23 crops, including cash crops, oilseeds, and cereals. This advanced data assists the rancher in coming to an educated conclusion about which harvest to plant for the greatest financial advantage inside the constraints of his homestead size, environment, and water system offices. In terms of MSPs for various crops, however, there is still a lot to be done. In order to maintain investment in agriculture and guarantee the nation"s food security, it is necessary to streamline the procurement of food grains in addition to increasing the quantity and variety of MSPs.
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##Question:What is Minimum Support Price ? How will it rescue the farmer from lower income trap ? (150 words/10 marks; UPSC 2018)##Answer:Approach : Introduction: Explain MSP. (25-30 words) Main body: Write in points the various aid to farmers provided by MSP. (80-100 words) Conclude with certain points which show that there still needs to be done a lot of things with respect to MSP and making it more efficient. (25-30 words) Answer: The Indian government uses MSP as a form of market intervention to protect farmers from sharp drops in farm prices during peak production years. Supporting farmers from distress sales and acquiring food grains for public distribution are the primary goals. It is the price at which the government purchases crops on behalf of farmers to protect their interests. India"s agricultural price policy relies heavily on it. Through PDS, it supports the program for food security and compensates farmers adequately. The following ways MSP aid farmers in escaping the low-income trap- 1) Crop diversification: The MSP that the Indian government first announced for wheat in 1966-67 has since been extended to approximately 24 crops. The farmers will be encouraged to cultivate these diverse crops in order to maximize their income by this. 2) Fixed Remunerations: The farmers are protected financially from the fluctuation of market prices. 3)Serves as a model for private buyers: MSP sends a price signal to the market that the farmer may not sell his produce to merchants if they do not offer prices that are higher than MSP. As a result, it serves as a benchmark for the agro-commodity market. It does not guarantee that market prices will be significantly lower than MSP, but it does guarantee that they will not be significantly lower than MSP. 4))Reduces Stress and Sales: Most of the time, farmers don"t have enough savings to buy inputs for the next cropping season. Small and marginal farmers also have trouble getting loans and credit. Thus, they are constrained into trouble offer of produce at discard costs, and can"t buy great seeds, manures, pesticides, and farm hauler leases for the next trimming season, which will additionally diminish their pay from the following cycle. This is prevented by MSP. 5))Aids in making informed decisions: Before the sowing season begins, the government announces MSP for 23 crops, including cash crops, oilseeds, and cereals. This advanced data assists the rancher in coming to an educated conclusion about which harvest to plant for the greatest financial advantage inside the constraints of his homestead size, environment, and water system offices. In terms of MSPs for various crops, however, there is still a lot to be done. In order to maintain investment in agriculture and guarantee the nation"s food security, it is necessary to streamline the procurement of food grains in addition to increasing the quantity and variety of MSPs.
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Give an account of the plant diversity with examples. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: In the introduction, briefly mention plant diversity. In the main body, mention the classification of plant diversity with the help of examples. Conclude appropriately. Answers: The presence of a variety of plants in the form of different tans (specie, genera) is called diversity of plants. Different plants have different morphology, physiology, cytology, and anatomy. It produces diversity among plants. Diversity includes the classification and nomenclature of plants. Diversity of plants based on two types: 1. Taxonomic hierarchy based on morphology categories on the basis of similarities between them. The group of animals with similar characteristics forms a taxon. For example, Amaltas (cassia fistula) shows similarities with other cassia specie (cassia senna). Both have compound leaves and produce beans. Therefore, all such plants are placed in the same taxon. Moreover. Cassia also shares characters with Bauhinia verigata (Kachnar). So they are placed in the same family. 2. Taxonomic hierarchy based on evolution Morphological similarities between two plants have a genetic basis. It gives rise to common evolutionary history. Thus the plants are grouped according to similar characteristics. The diversity of plants on the basis of habitat, plants may be classified into the following groups: 1. Hydrophytes: The plants growing near water or submerged under water are called hydrophytes. Such plants have poor root systems, soft stems, and poor vascular tissue. The bulk of the tissue is spongy and provided air spaces. These plants may be: (i) Submerged (e.g., Vallisneria, Hydrilla, Potamogeton, etc.), (ii) free-floating and fixed-floating (e.g., Wolffia, Utricularia, Salvinia, Ceratophyllum, Lemna, Pistia, Eichornia, Trapa, Azolla Nymphaea, etc.), and (iii) amphibious (only partly submerged, e.g., Ranunculus aquatilis, Alisma plantago, Sagittaria, Limnophylla, etc.). Two angiosperms are also marine, e.g., Zostera and Thalassia. 2. Hygrophytes: These plants grow in moist and shady habitats. Their stem and roots are soft and spongy and show stunted growth. The leaves are well-developed and provided with stomata. Common examples are Ferns, Begonias, Aroid, and certain grasses. 3. Halophytes: These plants grow in saline soil or saline water. They can tolerate a relatively high concentration of salts (Nacl, MgCl2, and MgSO4). They have characteristic negatively geotropic breathing roots called pneumatophores. Common examples are mangrove vegetation like Rhizophora, Ceriops, Avicennia, Sonneratia, etc. 4. Parasitic plants: These plants live on other plants as parasites, e.g. Cuscuta, and Striga (grows on roots of jowar)
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##Question:Give an account of the plant diversity with examples. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: In the introduction, briefly mention plant diversity. In the main body, mention the classification of plant diversity with the help of examples. Conclude appropriately. Answers: The presence of a variety of plants in the form of different tans (specie, genera) is called diversity of plants. Different plants have different morphology, physiology, cytology, and anatomy. It produces diversity among plants. Diversity includes the classification and nomenclature of plants. Diversity of plants based on two types: 1. Taxonomic hierarchy based on morphology categories on the basis of similarities between them. The group of animals with similar characteristics forms a taxon. For example, Amaltas (cassia fistula) shows similarities with other cassia specie (cassia senna). Both have compound leaves and produce beans. Therefore, all such plants are placed in the same taxon. Moreover. Cassia also shares characters with Bauhinia verigata (Kachnar). So they are placed in the same family. 2. Taxonomic hierarchy based on evolution Morphological similarities between two plants have a genetic basis. It gives rise to common evolutionary history. Thus the plants are grouped according to similar characteristics. The diversity of plants on the basis of habitat, plants may be classified into the following groups: 1. Hydrophytes: The plants growing near water or submerged under water are called hydrophytes. Such plants have poor root systems, soft stems, and poor vascular tissue. The bulk of the tissue is spongy and provided air spaces. These plants may be: (i) Submerged (e.g., Vallisneria, Hydrilla, Potamogeton, etc.), (ii) free-floating and fixed-floating (e.g., Wolffia, Utricularia, Salvinia, Ceratophyllum, Lemna, Pistia, Eichornia, Trapa, Azolla Nymphaea, etc.), and (iii) amphibious (only partly submerged, e.g., Ranunculus aquatilis, Alisma plantago, Sagittaria, Limnophylla, etc.). Two angiosperms are also marine, e.g., Zostera and Thalassia. 2. Hygrophytes: These plants grow in moist and shady habitats. Their stem and roots are soft and spongy and show stunted growth. The leaves are well-developed and provided with stomata. Common examples are Ferns, Begonias, Aroid, and certain grasses. 3. Halophytes: These plants grow in saline soil or saline water. They can tolerate a relatively high concentration of salts (Nacl, MgCl2, and MgSO4). They have characteristic negatively geotropic breathing roots called pneumatophores. Common examples are mangrove vegetation like Rhizophora, Ceriops, Avicennia, Sonneratia, etc. 4. Parasitic plants: These plants live on other plants as parasites, e.g. Cuscuta, and Striga (grows on roots of jowar)
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What do you understand by the orbit? Mention the classification of orbits on the basis of height, shape and inclination. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: 1. Introduction- Define the orbit 2. Write the classification of orbit based on height, shape, and inclination 3. Write a brief conclusion- the current mission could be written Answer: An orbit is a curved path taken by a celestial body around another celestial body due to gravity. In our solar system, the Earth orbits the Sun, as do the other eight planets. They all travel on or near the orbital plane, an imaginary disk-shaped surface in space. All of the orbits are circular or elliptical in their shape. In addition to the planets" orbits, many planets have moons that are in orbit around them. Classification of Orbit 1. Based on the height Low earth orbit- A low Earth orbit is normally at an altitude of less than 1000 km and could be as low as 180 km above the Earth. Middle Earth Orbit- This orbit takes place at an altitude of around 1000 km and is particularly suited for constellations of satellites mainly used for telecommunications. Geosynchronous and High Earth Orbit (GEO and HEO) are at an altitude of equal to greater than 35,786 Km 2. Based on the shape of the orbit Elliptical Orbit - An elliptical orbit is the revolving of one object around another in an oval-shaped path called an ellipse. The planets in the solar system orbit the sun in elliptical orbits. Circular Orbit- A circular orbit is a special (and very unlikely) case of an elliptical orbit. 3. Based on inclination Equatorial orbit (∼0°) Polar orbit (∼90°) Inclined orbit (other inclinations) Launching into polar orbits is more difficult compared to equatorial orbits because, in polar orbits, a rocket does not get a lot of assistance from the earth"s rotational motion. Polar orbits are very useful for Earth observation as the earth rotates below a satellite in the polar orbit, every point of the earth can be observed which is not possible in other orbits. Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle was developed to launch Low Earth Orbit satellites into Polar and Sun Synchronous Orbits. It has since proved its versatility by launching Geosynchronous, Lunar, and Interplanetary spacecraft successfully.
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##Question:What do you understand by the orbit? Mention the classification of orbits on the basis of height, shape and inclination. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduction- Define the orbit 2. Write the classification of orbit based on height, shape, and inclination 3. Write a brief conclusion- the current mission could be written Answer: An orbit is a curved path taken by a celestial body around another celestial body due to gravity. In our solar system, the Earth orbits the Sun, as do the other eight planets. They all travel on or near the orbital plane, an imaginary disk-shaped surface in space. All of the orbits are circular or elliptical in their shape. In addition to the planets" orbits, many planets have moons that are in orbit around them. Classification of Orbit 1. Based on the height Low earth orbit- A low Earth orbit is normally at an altitude of less than 1000 km and could be as low as 180 km above the Earth. Middle Earth Orbit- This orbit takes place at an altitude of around 1000 km and is particularly suited for constellations of satellites mainly used for telecommunications. Geosynchronous and High Earth Orbit (GEO and HEO) are at an altitude of equal to greater than 35,786 Km 2. Based on the shape of the orbit Elliptical Orbit - An elliptical orbit is the revolving of one object around another in an oval-shaped path called an ellipse. The planets in the solar system orbit the sun in elliptical orbits. Circular Orbit- A circular orbit is a special (and very unlikely) case of an elliptical orbit. 3. Based on inclination Equatorial orbit (∼0°) Polar orbit (∼90°) Inclined orbit (other inclinations) Launching into polar orbits is more difficult compared to equatorial orbits because, in polar orbits, a rocket does not get a lot of assistance from the earth"s rotational motion. Polar orbits are very useful for Earth observation as the earth rotates below a satellite in the polar orbit, every point of the earth can be observed which is not possible in other orbits. Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle was developed to launch Low Earth Orbit satellites into Polar and Sun Synchronous Orbits. It has since proved its versatility by launching Geosynchronous, Lunar, and Interplanetary spacecraft successfully.
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The French revolution started with the defiance of an absolutist monarch, however, it led to the establishment of another absolutist monarch. Discuss. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the aims and ideals of the French Revolution. Then bring the contradiction marked in the French Revolution. Further discussed the rise and capture of power by Napoleon. Conclude with the absolutist monarchy of Napoleon and the end of the ideals of the French Revolution. Answer The French Revolution is considered as a revolution based on the most radical ideals and aspirations. It signifies a period of social and political unrest as the people of France struggled to establish a rule of people based on liberty, equality, and fraternity and uproot the absolute monarchy. Politically, the old regime in France was based on authority, class privileges, and absolute rule. Absolute authority was the prevailing form of government in France with little regard to the personal liberties of the masses. The rulers were not only ruling with absolute power but they were unethical, dishonest, and unprincipled in their way of ruling. Besides that, Politically French society was divided society into three Estates. The first Estate was called Clergy, it consisted of the higher ranks or upper strata Feudal order under the Church. The top Brass of the feudal class Dukes, and Earls higher officers of the Church, Archbishops, and Bishops, were part of this order. They were the most privileged section of society exempted from taxes, and punishment, and were above the law. The Third Estate was commons, which consisted of the middle class, the peasantry, and serfs (bonded labours) was the worst affected and most exploited section. They have to pay taxes like tithe (a religious tax of paying 1/5th of the produce to the Church), Taile (a land tax paid to the feudal class), Gobelle (a tax in essential Goods like salt), Corvee (a transport tax). It is said that having paid all these taxes the peasantry was left with only 1/5th of the produce. It was against this unjust social order in which not even one percent of the total population 1st two Estate controlled more than 40% of the resources of the France that revolution started. France was the country with maximum philosophers and thinkers of the 18th century called the “Age of Enlightenment”. With their theories and idea, philosophers like Rousseau, Voltaire, Montesquieu, etc. left a profound impact. They appealed to the “Supremacy of Reason” and questioned the social and political institutions of France. They were a bitter critiques of the Church which was exploiting people under the name of religion. They made the people of France understand to what extent the political and social institutions have degenerated in France. Though, the French Revolution highlighted the struggle for basic human rights and the spread of intellectual ideas throughout the world. However, the revolution was not as revolutionary in reality. Besides that, in the course of the revolution, it passed the transition from one absolutist regime to another. As a result of the French Revolution, hunger marches started in Paris and the royal family was discredited. Emperor Louis made an unsuccessful attempt to run away from France. He was caught and executed. The phase of the “Reign of Terror” Austria and Prussia which were monarchical declared war on France for the purpose of restoring Monarchy. Radicals called Jacobins took over the leadership. They successfully defeated the Austro-Prussian Armies and saved the revolution from external threats. However internal Problems for the revolution were more severe than external ones. Violent clashes started between different groups within France in order to save the Revolution. Different committees were formed with absolute powers, the committee on public safety enjoyed arbitrary power. In the name of saving the Revolution, innocent lives were lost such intense violence has taken place that all the Jacobin leaders flourished each one trying to eliminate the other. In the name of the Revolution, the “Rein of Terror” and Anarchy prevailed in France. Absolutism in this period of evident from the policies ranged from reorganizing the calendar by renaming the days and months of the year. They established a church called the Cult of Reason. They declared war on powerful European nations even though France was bankrupt and its army disorganized and unfit for fighting. Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte and the establishment of another Absolute Monarch In this context, Napoleon came to the limelight for the first time when he liberated the city of Toulan from the control of monarchists. He was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General. He scored brilliant victories against Sardinia and Austria in his Italian campaign in 1795. He created two republics Cis Alpine and Liguarine in Italy. In his Egyptian campaign, he defeated the Pasha of Egypt in the Battle of Pyramids. However, he was defeated by British Commander Nelson in the Battle of Nile. With all these campaigns he became a national hero of France. The eventual rise of Napoleon brought to the an ambitious leader, who did not hesitate in taking control of the French government by force. In 1799, following the coup of 18 Brumaire, Napoleon declared himself First Consul under a new French constitution. It granted Napoleon almost unlimited executive power, giving him the ability to govern like an absolute monarch. Under the new French Republic, Napoleon waged wars against the major powers in Europe in the series of conflicts famously known as the “Napoleonic Wars”. By the end of the revolution, the ideals of democracy were entirely ignored until the abdication of Napoleon in 1815. Thus, such events maligned the legacy of the French Revolution which is sometimes also remembered as a conflict where the ideologies of freedom and equality failed to become a reality.
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##Question:The French revolution started with the defiance of an absolutist monarch, however, it led to the establishment of another absolutist monarch. Discuss. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the aims and ideals of the French Revolution. Then bring the contradiction marked in the French Revolution. Further discussed the rise and capture of power by Napoleon. Conclude with the absolutist monarchy of Napoleon and the end of the ideals of the French Revolution. Answer The French Revolution is considered as a revolution based on the most radical ideals and aspirations. It signifies a period of social and political unrest as the people of France struggled to establish a rule of people based on liberty, equality, and fraternity and uproot the absolute monarchy. Politically, the old regime in France was based on authority, class privileges, and absolute rule. Absolute authority was the prevailing form of government in France with little regard to the personal liberties of the masses. The rulers were not only ruling with absolute power but they were unethical, dishonest, and unprincipled in their way of ruling. Besides that, Politically French society was divided society into three Estates. The first Estate was called Clergy, it consisted of the higher ranks or upper strata Feudal order under the Church. The top Brass of the feudal class Dukes, and Earls higher officers of the Church, Archbishops, and Bishops, were part of this order. They were the most privileged section of society exempted from taxes, and punishment, and were above the law. The Third Estate was commons, which consisted of the middle class, the peasantry, and serfs (bonded labours) was the worst affected and most exploited section. They have to pay taxes like tithe (a religious tax of paying 1/5th of the produce to the Church), Taile (a land tax paid to the feudal class), Gobelle (a tax in essential Goods like salt), Corvee (a transport tax). It is said that having paid all these taxes the peasantry was left with only 1/5th of the produce. It was against this unjust social order in which not even one percent of the total population 1st two Estate controlled more than 40% of the resources of the France that revolution started. France was the country with maximum philosophers and thinkers of the 18th century called the “Age of Enlightenment”. With their theories and idea, philosophers like Rousseau, Voltaire, Montesquieu, etc. left a profound impact. They appealed to the “Supremacy of Reason” and questioned the social and political institutions of France. They were a bitter critiques of the Church which was exploiting people under the name of religion. They made the people of France understand to what extent the political and social institutions have degenerated in France. Though, the French Revolution highlighted the struggle for basic human rights and the spread of intellectual ideas throughout the world. However, the revolution was not as revolutionary in reality. Besides that, in the course of the revolution, it passed the transition from one absolutist regime to another. As a result of the French Revolution, hunger marches started in Paris and the royal family was discredited. Emperor Louis made an unsuccessful attempt to run away from France. He was caught and executed. The phase of the “Reign of Terror” Austria and Prussia which were monarchical declared war on France for the purpose of restoring Monarchy. Radicals called Jacobins took over the leadership. They successfully defeated the Austro-Prussian Armies and saved the revolution from external threats. However internal Problems for the revolution were more severe than external ones. Violent clashes started between different groups within France in order to save the Revolution. Different committees were formed with absolute powers, the committee on public safety enjoyed arbitrary power. In the name of saving the Revolution, innocent lives were lost such intense violence has taken place that all the Jacobin leaders flourished each one trying to eliminate the other. In the name of the Revolution, the “Rein of Terror” and Anarchy prevailed in France. Absolutism in this period of evident from the policies ranged from reorganizing the calendar by renaming the days and months of the year. They established a church called the Cult of Reason. They declared war on powerful European nations even though France was bankrupt and its army disorganized and unfit for fighting. Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte and the establishment of another Absolute Monarch In this context, Napoleon came to the limelight for the first time when he liberated the city of Toulan from the control of monarchists. He was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General. He scored brilliant victories against Sardinia and Austria in his Italian campaign in 1795. He created two republics Cis Alpine and Liguarine in Italy. In his Egyptian campaign, he defeated the Pasha of Egypt in the Battle of Pyramids. However, he was defeated by British Commander Nelson in the Battle of Nile. With all these campaigns he became a national hero of France. The eventual rise of Napoleon brought to the an ambitious leader, who did not hesitate in taking control of the French government by force. In 1799, following the coup of 18 Brumaire, Napoleon declared himself First Consul under a new French constitution. It granted Napoleon almost unlimited executive power, giving him the ability to govern like an absolute monarch. Under the new French Republic, Napoleon waged wars against the major powers in Europe in the series of conflicts famously known as the “Napoleonic Wars”. By the end of the revolution, the ideals of democracy were entirely ignored until the abdication of Napoleon in 1815. Thus, such events maligned the legacy of the French Revolution which is sometimes also remembered as a conflict where the ideologies of freedom and equality failed to become a reality.
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भारतीय लोकतंत्र के सुचारू संचालन के लिए जन-प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियमों का विशेष महत्व है। इस संबंध में जन-प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम, 1950 और 1951 की प्रमुख विशेषताओं पर चर्चा कीजिए। (150 शब्द) (10 अंक) Representation of the People Acts have special importance for the smooth functioning of Indian democracy. Discuss the salient features of the Representation of the People Act, 1950 and 1951 in this regard. (150 words) (10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण - अनुच्छेद 324 - 326 के तहत शक्तियों का उपयोग करके संसद द्वारा जन-प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियमन की व्याख्या कीजिए। इसके पश्चात जन -प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम, 1950 की विशेषताओं की चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिए। इसके बाद जन प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम, 1951 की चर्चा कीजिए। अंत में सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण के साथ उत्तर का समापन कीजिए। उत्तर - संविधान के भाग 15 के अनुच्छेद 324 से 329 भारत में चुनाव प्रणाली से संबंधित हैं। संविधान संसद को संसद और राज्य विधानसभाओं के चुनाव से संबंधित सभी मामलों में प्रावधान करने की अनुमति देता है। इस शक्ति का प्रयोग करते हुए, संसद ने जन प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम 1950 (RPA अधिनियम 1950), जन प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम 1951 (RPA अधिनियम 1951), और परिसीमन आयोग अधिनियम 1952 जैसे कानून बनाए हैं। जन -प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम, 1950 सेक्शन 14 (b) - इसका सम्बंध निर्वाचित नामावली में पंजीकरण करने हेतु 18 वर्ष की आयु को प्राप्त किए जाने के उपरांत की तिथि से है। 2021 के संशोधन के द्वारा निर्वाचक नामावली में पंजीकरण करने हेतु 4 तिथियों का उल्लेख किया गया है - 1 जनवरी, 1 अप्रैल, 1 जुलाई और 1 अक्टूबर; ऐसा करने से मतदाताओं के आधार का अधिक विस्तारीकरण होगा एवं इसके परिणामस्वरूप निर्वाचन प्रक्रिया में योग्य मतदाताओं की भागीदारी प्रोत्साहन प्राप्त होगा। सेक्शन 19 - इसका सम्बंध निर्वाचक नामावली में पंजीकरण के शर्तों से सम्बंधित है। सेक्शन 20 - सामान्य निवासी के आशय को दर्शाता है, सामान्य निवासी को उस निर्वाचन क्षेत्र में पंजीकरण के योग्य माना गया है। सेवा योग्यता के संदर्भ में 2021 के संशोधन के द्वारा इस अधिनियम को लिंग तटस्थ बनाया गया है, इस उद्देश्य से 1950 के अधिनियम की धारा 20 एवं अधिनियम 1951 की धारा 60 में संशोधन किया गया एवं पत्नी के स्थान पर जीवनसंगिनी के शब्द का प्रयोग किया गया है। सेक्शन 20 A -इस धारा को जन-प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम 2010 के संशोधन के द्वारा शामिल किया गया है जो कि उन भारतीय नागरिकों के लिए विशेष प्रावधान करता है जो कि देश से बाहर निवास करता है। सीमा पार निर्वाचकों हेतु यह प्रस्तावित किया गया है कि ऐसे मतदाताओं के लिए कोई वैकल्पिक वोटिंग का प्रावधान किया जाए। सेक्शन 23 - इस प्रावधान का संशोधन करते हुए सेक्शन 4, 5 एवं 6 को शामिल किया गया है- इसके माध्यम से निर्वाचक नामावली को आधार प्रणाली से जोड़ा गया है, इसके माध्यम से एक ही व्यक्ति के अलग -अलग स्थानों पर बहुल पंजीकरण को रोका जाना सम्भव हो पाएगा। सेक्शन 28 - 2021 के संशोधन के द्वारा सेक्शन या धारा 28(2) में कुछ प्रावधानों को शामिल किया गया जिसका सम्बंध केंद्र सरकार के द्वारा नियमों को बनाने से है जो कि निर्वाचन आयोग की अनुशंसा के आधार पर किया जाना है किंतु केंद्र सरकार आयोग की अनुशंसाओं से बाध्य नहीं है अतः यह प्रस्तावित किया गया है कि नियम बनाने का अधिकार निर्वाचन आयोग को सौंपा जाए एवं निर्वाचन आयोग नियम बनाते समय केंद्र सरकार से परामर्श करे। जन -प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम, 1951 सेक्शन -8 के तहत कुछ अपराधों के संदर्भ में दोष सिद्ध होने पर निरहर्ता/अयोग्यता का प्रावधान किया गया है; यह प्रावधान सिर्फ़ दोष सिद्ध होने पर लागू होता है न कि दोष सिद्ध होने के पहले। सेक्शन 8 (4) को सुप्रीम कोर्ट द्वारा ग़ैर-संवैधानिक होने की संज्ञा दी गयी है। सेक्शन 29 A का सम्बन्ध राजनीतिक दलों के पंजीकरण से है। इस प्रावधान में राजनीतिक दलों के पंजीकरण का अधिकार निर्वाचन आयोग को दिया गया है किंतु निर्वाचन आयोग राजनीतिक दलों को ग़ैर-पंजीकृत करने का अधिकार नहीं रखता है अतः निर्वाचन आयोग के द्वारा राजनीतिक दलों की गतिविधियों को नियंत्रित किया जाना सम्भव नहीं हो पाता है किंतु निर्वाचन चुनाव -चिन्ह (आरक्षण एवं आवंटन) आदेश 1968 के द्वारा आचरण संहिता का उल्लंघन करने की स्थिति में निर्वाचन आयोग राजनीतिक दलों को ग़ैर-पंजीकृत कर सकता है। सेक्शन 33 - नामांकन पत्र को प्रस्तुत करने एवं मान्य नामांकन पत्र की अनिवार्यता। उम्मीदवार के द्वारा नामांकन पत्र का एक प्रस्तावक होगा, यदि उम्मीदवार मान्यता प्राप्त राजनीतिक दल का हो जबकि अन्य उम्मीदवारों के संदर्भ में 10 प्रस्तावक होंगे। एक उम्मीदवार दो निर्वाचन क्षेत्रों से चुनाव लड़ सकता है, 1 996 के संशोधन के पहले उम्मीदवार के लिए ऐसा कोई प्रतिबंध नहीं था। सेक्शन 60 में कुछ व्यक्तियों के समूह के द्वारा मतदान की विशेष प्रक्रिया। अधिनियम 1950 की धारा 20A में सीमा पार निर्वाचकों के निर्वाचक नामावली के पंजीकरण से सम्बंधित है एवं 1951 अधिनियम की धारा 60 के अंतर्गत ऐसे सीमा पार निर्वाचकों के मतदान हेतु कोई विशेष इंतज़ाम नहीं किया गया है अतः यह आवश्यक है कि जो विशेष सुविधाएँ सेवा मतदाता को दिया गया है वह सीमा पार निर्वाचकों को भी दिया जाना चाहिए। सेक्शन 62 -म ताधिकार का उल्लेख करता है अतः यह अधिकार वैधानिक है। सेक्शन 70 के अनुसार -यदि कोई प्रत्याशी एक सीट से अधिक निर्वाचित होता है तो ऐसी स्थिति में वह किसी एक ही सीट को अपने पास रख सकता है। सेक्शन 80 का सम्बंध निर्वाचक याचिका से है, सेक्शन 80 A के अनुसार संसद एवं राज्य विधानमंडल के निर्वाचन सम्बन्धी विवाद याचिका पर निर्णय को प्राप्त करने का अधिकार उच्च न्यायालय है। सेक्शन 81 का सम्बंध ऐसी याचिकाओं के प्रस्तुतीकरण से है; सेक्शन 123 - यह भ्रष्ट क्रियाकलाप या गतिविधियों को परिभाषित किए जाने से है, सुप्रीम कोर्ट के अनुसार निर्वाचन एक पंथ -निरपेक्ष प्रक्रिया है अतः उम्मीदवार या मतदाता या एजेंट जाति/धर्म के नाम पार वोट की माँग नहीं कर सकता है, यह भ्रष्ट गतिविधि की श्रेणी में आता है। सेक्शन 125 A - ग़लत शपथपत्र दाखिल करने पर सजा का प्रावधान, यदि कोई प्रत्याशी अपने आपराधिक पृष्ठभूमि, सम्पत्ति, देन-दारी या शैक्षणिक योग्यता को लेकर ग़लत शपथपत्र दाखिल करता है तो उसे 6 माह की जेल, जुर्माना या दोनों की सजा दी जा सकती है। निर्वाचन आयोग के द्वारा यह प्रस्तावित किया गया है कि इसे सेक्शन 123 के अधीन एक भ्रष्ट गतिविधि के रूप में शामिल किया जाए एवं ग़लत हलफनामा दायर करने पर कारावास की सजा को कम से कम दो वर्षों के लिए किया जाए ताकि सेक्शन 8 के तहत ऐसे सदस्य को अयोग्य ठहराया जा सके। सेक्शन 126 - इसका सम्बन्ध मतदान समाप्त होने के समय से 48 घंटा पहले निर्वाचन प्रचार पर रोक लग जाती है, वर्तमान समय में यह प्रतिबंध इलेक्ट्रानिक मीडिया पर लागू है न कि प्रिंट मीडिया पर अतः निष्पक्ष निर्वाचन के लिए यह आवश्यक है कि इस प्रतिबंध को प्रिंट मीडिया में राजनीतिक दलों के द्वारा किए जाने वाले विज्ञापन के प्रकाशन पर भी रोक लगायी जाए ताकि मतदाता बिना किसी पूर्वाग्रह के अपने विचार को बना सके। भारतीय लोकतंत्र के सुचारू संचालन के लिए जन-प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम का विशेष महत्व है, क्योंकि यह प्रतिनिधि निकायों में आपराधिक पृष्ठभूमि वाले व्यक्तियों के प्रवेश की जांच करता है। 1966, 1988 और 2002 में इसमें कई बार संशोधन किया गया है।
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##Question:भारतीय लोकतंत्र के सुचारू संचालन के लिए जन-प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियमों का विशेष महत्व है। इस संबंध में जन-प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम, 1950 और 1951 की प्रमुख विशेषताओं पर चर्चा कीजिए। (150 शब्द) (10 अंक) Representation of the People Acts have special importance for the smooth functioning of Indian democracy. Discuss the salient features of the Representation of the People Act, 1950 and 1951 in this regard. (150 words) (10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण - अनुच्छेद 324 - 326 के तहत शक्तियों का उपयोग करके संसद द्वारा जन-प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियमन की व्याख्या कीजिए। इसके पश्चात जन -प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम, 1950 की विशेषताओं की चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर को विस्तारित कीजिए। इसके बाद जन प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम, 1951 की चर्चा कीजिए। अंत में सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण के साथ उत्तर का समापन कीजिए। उत्तर - संविधान के भाग 15 के अनुच्छेद 324 से 329 भारत में चुनाव प्रणाली से संबंधित हैं। संविधान संसद को संसद और राज्य विधानसभाओं के चुनाव से संबंधित सभी मामलों में प्रावधान करने की अनुमति देता है। इस शक्ति का प्रयोग करते हुए, संसद ने जन प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम 1950 (RPA अधिनियम 1950), जन प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम 1951 (RPA अधिनियम 1951), और परिसीमन आयोग अधिनियम 1952 जैसे कानून बनाए हैं। जन -प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम, 1950 सेक्शन 14 (b) - इसका सम्बंध निर्वाचित नामावली में पंजीकरण करने हेतु 18 वर्ष की आयु को प्राप्त किए जाने के उपरांत की तिथि से है। 2021 के संशोधन के द्वारा निर्वाचक नामावली में पंजीकरण करने हेतु 4 तिथियों का उल्लेख किया गया है - 1 जनवरी, 1 अप्रैल, 1 जुलाई और 1 अक्टूबर; ऐसा करने से मतदाताओं के आधार का अधिक विस्तारीकरण होगा एवं इसके परिणामस्वरूप निर्वाचन प्रक्रिया में योग्य मतदाताओं की भागीदारी प्रोत्साहन प्राप्त होगा। सेक्शन 19 - इसका सम्बंध निर्वाचक नामावली में पंजीकरण के शर्तों से सम्बंधित है। सेक्शन 20 - सामान्य निवासी के आशय को दर्शाता है, सामान्य निवासी को उस निर्वाचन क्षेत्र में पंजीकरण के योग्य माना गया है। सेवा योग्यता के संदर्भ में 2021 के संशोधन के द्वारा इस अधिनियम को लिंग तटस्थ बनाया गया है, इस उद्देश्य से 1950 के अधिनियम की धारा 20 एवं अधिनियम 1951 की धारा 60 में संशोधन किया गया एवं पत्नी के स्थान पर जीवनसंगिनी के शब्द का प्रयोग किया गया है। सेक्शन 20 A -इस धारा को जन-प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम 2010 के संशोधन के द्वारा शामिल किया गया है जो कि उन भारतीय नागरिकों के लिए विशेष प्रावधान करता है जो कि देश से बाहर निवास करता है। सीमा पार निर्वाचकों हेतु यह प्रस्तावित किया गया है कि ऐसे मतदाताओं के लिए कोई वैकल्पिक वोटिंग का प्रावधान किया जाए। सेक्शन 23 - इस प्रावधान का संशोधन करते हुए सेक्शन 4, 5 एवं 6 को शामिल किया गया है- इसके माध्यम से निर्वाचक नामावली को आधार प्रणाली से जोड़ा गया है, इसके माध्यम से एक ही व्यक्ति के अलग -अलग स्थानों पर बहुल पंजीकरण को रोका जाना सम्भव हो पाएगा। सेक्शन 28 - 2021 के संशोधन के द्वारा सेक्शन या धारा 28(2) में कुछ प्रावधानों को शामिल किया गया जिसका सम्बंध केंद्र सरकार के द्वारा नियमों को बनाने से है जो कि निर्वाचन आयोग की अनुशंसा के आधार पर किया जाना है किंतु केंद्र सरकार आयोग की अनुशंसाओं से बाध्य नहीं है अतः यह प्रस्तावित किया गया है कि नियम बनाने का अधिकार निर्वाचन आयोग को सौंपा जाए एवं निर्वाचन आयोग नियम बनाते समय केंद्र सरकार से परामर्श करे। जन -प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम, 1951 सेक्शन -8 के तहत कुछ अपराधों के संदर्भ में दोष सिद्ध होने पर निरहर्ता/अयोग्यता का प्रावधान किया गया है; यह प्रावधान सिर्फ़ दोष सिद्ध होने पर लागू होता है न कि दोष सिद्ध होने के पहले। सेक्शन 8 (4) को सुप्रीम कोर्ट द्वारा ग़ैर-संवैधानिक होने की संज्ञा दी गयी है। सेक्शन 29 A का सम्बन्ध राजनीतिक दलों के पंजीकरण से है। इस प्रावधान में राजनीतिक दलों के पंजीकरण का अधिकार निर्वाचन आयोग को दिया गया है किंतु निर्वाचन आयोग राजनीतिक दलों को ग़ैर-पंजीकृत करने का अधिकार नहीं रखता है अतः निर्वाचन आयोग के द्वारा राजनीतिक दलों की गतिविधियों को नियंत्रित किया जाना सम्भव नहीं हो पाता है किंतु निर्वाचन चुनाव -चिन्ह (आरक्षण एवं आवंटन) आदेश 1968 के द्वारा आचरण संहिता का उल्लंघन करने की स्थिति में निर्वाचन आयोग राजनीतिक दलों को ग़ैर-पंजीकृत कर सकता है। सेक्शन 33 - नामांकन पत्र को प्रस्तुत करने एवं मान्य नामांकन पत्र की अनिवार्यता। उम्मीदवार के द्वारा नामांकन पत्र का एक प्रस्तावक होगा, यदि उम्मीदवार मान्यता प्राप्त राजनीतिक दल का हो जबकि अन्य उम्मीदवारों के संदर्भ में 10 प्रस्तावक होंगे। एक उम्मीदवार दो निर्वाचन क्षेत्रों से चुनाव लड़ सकता है, 1 996 के संशोधन के पहले उम्मीदवार के लिए ऐसा कोई प्रतिबंध नहीं था। सेक्शन 60 में कुछ व्यक्तियों के समूह के द्वारा मतदान की विशेष प्रक्रिया। अधिनियम 1950 की धारा 20A में सीमा पार निर्वाचकों के निर्वाचक नामावली के पंजीकरण से सम्बंधित है एवं 1951 अधिनियम की धारा 60 के अंतर्गत ऐसे सीमा पार निर्वाचकों के मतदान हेतु कोई विशेष इंतज़ाम नहीं किया गया है अतः यह आवश्यक है कि जो विशेष सुविधाएँ सेवा मतदाता को दिया गया है वह सीमा पार निर्वाचकों को भी दिया जाना चाहिए। सेक्शन 62 -म ताधिकार का उल्लेख करता है अतः यह अधिकार वैधानिक है। सेक्शन 70 के अनुसार -यदि कोई प्रत्याशी एक सीट से अधिक निर्वाचित होता है तो ऐसी स्थिति में वह किसी एक ही सीट को अपने पास रख सकता है। सेक्शन 80 का सम्बंध निर्वाचक याचिका से है, सेक्शन 80 A के अनुसार संसद एवं राज्य विधानमंडल के निर्वाचन सम्बन्धी विवाद याचिका पर निर्णय को प्राप्त करने का अधिकार उच्च न्यायालय है। सेक्शन 81 का सम्बंध ऐसी याचिकाओं के प्रस्तुतीकरण से है; सेक्शन 123 - यह भ्रष्ट क्रियाकलाप या गतिविधियों को परिभाषित किए जाने से है, सुप्रीम कोर्ट के अनुसार निर्वाचन एक पंथ -निरपेक्ष प्रक्रिया है अतः उम्मीदवार या मतदाता या एजेंट जाति/धर्म के नाम पार वोट की माँग नहीं कर सकता है, यह भ्रष्ट गतिविधि की श्रेणी में आता है। सेक्शन 125 A - ग़लत शपथपत्र दाखिल करने पर सजा का प्रावधान, यदि कोई प्रत्याशी अपने आपराधिक पृष्ठभूमि, सम्पत्ति, देन-दारी या शैक्षणिक योग्यता को लेकर ग़लत शपथपत्र दाखिल करता है तो उसे 6 माह की जेल, जुर्माना या दोनों की सजा दी जा सकती है। निर्वाचन आयोग के द्वारा यह प्रस्तावित किया गया है कि इसे सेक्शन 123 के अधीन एक भ्रष्ट गतिविधि के रूप में शामिल किया जाए एवं ग़लत हलफनामा दायर करने पर कारावास की सजा को कम से कम दो वर्षों के लिए किया जाए ताकि सेक्शन 8 के तहत ऐसे सदस्य को अयोग्य ठहराया जा सके। सेक्शन 126 - इसका सम्बन्ध मतदान समाप्त होने के समय से 48 घंटा पहले निर्वाचन प्रचार पर रोक लग जाती है, वर्तमान समय में यह प्रतिबंध इलेक्ट्रानिक मीडिया पर लागू है न कि प्रिंट मीडिया पर अतः निष्पक्ष निर्वाचन के लिए यह आवश्यक है कि इस प्रतिबंध को प्रिंट मीडिया में राजनीतिक दलों के द्वारा किए जाने वाले विज्ञापन के प्रकाशन पर भी रोक लगायी जाए ताकि मतदाता बिना किसी पूर्वाग्रह के अपने विचार को बना सके। भारतीय लोकतंत्र के सुचारू संचालन के लिए जन-प्रतिनिधित्व अधिनियम का विशेष महत्व है, क्योंकि यह प्रतिनिधि निकायों में आपराधिक पृष्ठभूमि वाले व्यक्तियों के प्रवेश की जांच करता है। 1966, 1988 और 2002 में इसमें कई बार संशोधन किया गया है।
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Napoleon was the child of the Revolution. Critically analyze. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce your answer with Napoleon as a controversial person in World History. Then bring a critical view on Napoleon. Further, bring the discussion on Napoleon as the child of the Revolution. Conclude accordingly. Answer Napoleon has been a controversial personality in the History of the world. Many consider him one of the greatest person born while at the same time many disagree and considers him a power/warmonger. For his admirer, he was the child of the revolution. For his adversaries/critique, he was the traitor, power monger, and disturber of the peace. Critical View on Napoleon It appears that he was not the child of revolution when he openly declared that the French wanted only equality but not liberty. Secondly, the equality he provided for France was a superficial one. He was not bothered about equal opportunity and lower classes had no place in his reformism. When it comes to fraternity, he was the one who blatantly violated it. In the name of spreading the French revolution, he got his thrust for imperialism satisfied and called himself the liberator of Italy and Germany . But using their resources for his reconstruction programme in France. He had no respect for the sentiments and nationalism of Italians and Germans. He undermined them by appointing his brother Joseph as the ruler of Naples and declaring himself the Protector of the German Rhine confederacy . Napoleon also undermined Spanish Nationalism . By appointing the same Joseph as the ruler of Spain. Napoleon as the Child of Revolution However, another side of the picture is equally important to assess the role of Napoleon as the child of the revolution. It was he who gave peace and stability to disturbed revolutionary France. Napoleon saved the French Revolution from external threats, particularly threats from Austria and Prussia. Thirdly, with the march of the Armed forces, Revolutionary ideas definitely spread to the different countries of Europe. He liberated Italians and Germans from the control of Austria. Definitely, he heralded a new age characterized by a clash between the conservatism of the monarchy and the progressivism of the people of Europe in General. His legacy continued to decide the course of the history of Europe even after his death. In this regard, he definitely deserves to be called as the Child of Revolution. Thus the material conditions for the ascendency of Napoleon as the emperor of France were created by Revolution. It was impossible for a commoner like Napoleon to even think of sitting on the throne of France while Burbon kings were ruling France prior to the Revolution. The Revolution ended the absolute monarchy and privileges of the first two Estates. The governmental offices after the Revolution were to be filled on the basis of merit which earlier used to be the monopoly of the first two Estates. Based on his merit, capability, and military valor Napoleon was seen as a national hero, and this played a crucial role in his ascendency.
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##Question:Napoleon was the child of the Revolution. Critically analyze. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce your answer with Napoleon as a controversial person in World History. Then bring a critical view on Napoleon. Further, bring the discussion on Napoleon as the child of the Revolution. Conclude accordingly. Answer Napoleon has been a controversial personality in the History of the world. Many consider him one of the greatest person born while at the same time many disagree and considers him a power/warmonger. For his admirer, he was the child of the revolution. For his adversaries/critique, he was the traitor, power monger, and disturber of the peace. Critical View on Napoleon It appears that he was not the child of revolution when he openly declared that the French wanted only equality but not liberty. Secondly, the equality he provided for France was a superficial one. He was not bothered about equal opportunity and lower classes had no place in his reformism. When it comes to fraternity, he was the one who blatantly violated it. In the name of spreading the French revolution, he got his thrust for imperialism satisfied and called himself the liberator of Italy and Germany . But using their resources for his reconstruction programme in France. He had no respect for the sentiments and nationalism of Italians and Germans. He undermined them by appointing his brother Joseph as the ruler of Naples and declaring himself the Protector of the German Rhine confederacy . Napoleon also undermined Spanish Nationalism . By appointing the same Joseph as the ruler of Spain. Napoleon as the Child of Revolution However, another side of the picture is equally important to assess the role of Napoleon as the child of the revolution. It was he who gave peace and stability to disturbed revolutionary France. Napoleon saved the French Revolution from external threats, particularly threats from Austria and Prussia. Thirdly, with the march of the Armed forces, Revolutionary ideas definitely spread to the different countries of Europe. He liberated Italians and Germans from the control of Austria. Definitely, he heralded a new age characterized by a clash between the conservatism of the monarchy and the progressivism of the people of Europe in General. His legacy continued to decide the course of the history of Europe even after his death. In this regard, he definitely deserves to be called as the Child of Revolution. Thus the material conditions for the ascendency of Napoleon as the emperor of France were created by Revolution. It was impossible for a commoner like Napoleon to even think of sitting on the throne of France while Burbon kings were ruling France prior to the Revolution. The Revolution ended the absolute monarchy and privileges of the first two Estates. The governmental offices after the Revolution were to be filled on the basis of merit which earlier used to be the monopoly of the first two Estates. Based on his merit, capability, and military valor Napoleon was seen as a national hero, and this played a crucial role in his ascendency.
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Discuss the variation in marriages based on linguistic differences and religious differences [10 marks/ 150 words]
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Approach:- In the introduction, define the marriage In the body part, discuss the variations in marriage based on linguistic differences and religious differences Conclude accordingly Answer:- Marriage, is a legally and socially sanctioned union, usually between a man and a woman, that is regulated by laws, rules, customs, beliefs, and attitudes that prescribe the rights and duties of the partners and accords status to their offspring Schema of marriage- according to linguistic variation North South Central East Indo-Aryan Dravidian Transition between North and south Tribal Marriages Patriarchal- rule of father Patrilineal Patrilocal- Wife will come to husband"s house Extensive nature of kinship (Why?- Military invasion was more in the north- so more alliances were created) Hypergamy Clear separation between people you can marry (Affines) and people who are blood-related (Consanguines) Marriages Patriarchal +patrilocal and patrilineal Instances of matriarchal + matriliny and matrilocal Intensive nature of Kinship (Why?- Agriculture was first developed, so they started cross-cousin marriages to stop fragmentation of land) Cross-cousin marriage (Cognates and agnates know each other) Marriages Upper caste- marriage resemblance is with the north Lower caste- Marriage resemblance is with the South Marriages Tribal or sub tribal endogamy + Clan exogamy Polygamy marriages are common but More polygyny marriages are there Greater instances of matriliny and matrilineage but here also patriarchial and patrilineal is present Commune type of system/ Dormitory type system is also found Limited cross-cousin marriages Example- Nayars, Bunds, Todas of Nilgiri Schema of marriages according to Religion Hindus Muslims Christians Tribals Nature of marital bond Sacred (No granting of divorce) Contractual (There was a right to grant a divorce to the husband and a limited right to divorce for women) Traditionally it is also sacred (Right to grant divorce was given later through legislation) Contractual Rules of mate selection Caste endogamy and gotra exogamy They cannot marry those who practice idolatory Clear separation between the Ashrafs and Non-Ashrafs [Ashraf class-Sheikh, Syed, Mughal, pathans] [Non-ashraf- Pasmandas] One has to marry within the same church [Catholics, protestants, Lutherans, Syrian Christians do not marry Lutherans or Latin church followers] [Closest analogy of church can be considered as Sect] Tribal and sub-tribal endogamy and clan exogamy Exchange at marriage Traditionally the concept of was there Streedhan Mehar [In case the marriage fails, the Husband will pay] Practice of dowry is found in Indian christians Suitor service- the groom-to-be have to work in the house of the bride"s kin Bride price- opposite of dowry Age at marriage Marriage is allowed pre-puberty i.e Vivah but Gauna will happen after Post-puberty Once attains puberty Post puberty [Highest age at marriage is of Jains and then Christians] No such specific rule Pre-marital sexual conduct Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed Practice is liberal [In the youth dormitory, instances of pre-marital sexual conduct were found] Although marriage as an institution has some variations, however, the significance of the marriage is still intact and it is considered as a permanent institution.
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##Question:Discuss the variation in marriages based on linguistic differences and religious differences [10 marks/ 150 words]##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, define the marriage In the body part, discuss the variations in marriage based on linguistic differences and religious differences Conclude accordingly Answer:- Marriage, is a legally and socially sanctioned union, usually between a man and a woman, that is regulated by laws, rules, customs, beliefs, and attitudes that prescribe the rights and duties of the partners and accords status to their offspring Schema of marriage- according to linguistic variation North South Central East Indo-Aryan Dravidian Transition between North and south Tribal Marriages Patriarchal- rule of father Patrilineal Patrilocal- Wife will come to husband"s house Extensive nature of kinship (Why?- Military invasion was more in the north- so more alliances were created) Hypergamy Clear separation between people you can marry (Affines) and people who are blood-related (Consanguines) Marriages Patriarchal +patrilocal and patrilineal Instances of matriarchal + matriliny and matrilocal Intensive nature of Kinship (Why?- Agriculture was first developed, so they started cross-cousin marriages to stop fragmentation of land) Cross-cousin marriage (Cognates and agnates know each other) Marriages Upper caste- marriage resemblance is with the north Lower caste- Marriage resemblance is with the South Marriages Tribal or sub tribal endogamy + Clan exogamy Polygamy marriages are common but More polygyny marriages are there Greater instances of matriliny and matrilineage but here also patriarchial and patrilineal is present Commune type of system/ Dormitory type system is also found Limited cross-cousin marriages Example- Nayars, Bunds, Todas of Nilgiri Schema of marriages according to Religion Hindus Muslims Christians Tribals Nature of marital bond Sacred (No granting of divorce) Contractual (There was a right to grant a divorce to the husband and a limited right to divorce for women) Traditionally it is also sacred (Right to grant divorce was given later through legislation) Contractual Rules of mate selection Caste endogamy and gotra exogamy They cannot marry those who practice idolatory Clear separation between the Ashrafs and Non-Ashrafs [Ashraf class-Sheikh, Syed, Mughal, pathans] [Non-ashraf- Pasmandas] One has to marry within the same church [Catholics, protestants, Lutherans, Syrian Christians do not marry Lutherans or Latin church followers] [Closest analogy of church can be considered as Sect] Tribal and sub-tribal endogamy and clan exogamy Exchange at marriage Traditionally the concept of was there Streedhan Mehar [In case the marriage fails, the Husband will pay] Practice of dowry is found in Indian christians Suitor service- the groom-to-be have to work in the house of the bride"s kin Bride price- opposite of dowry Age at marriage Marriage is allowed pre-puberty i.e Vivah but Gauna will happen after Post-puberty Once attains puberty Post puberty [Highest age at marriage is of Jains and then Christians] No such specific rule Pre-marital sexual conduct Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed Practice is liberal [In the youth dormitory, instances of pre-marital sexual conduct were found] Although marriage as an institution has some variations, however, the significance of the marriage is still intact and it is considered as a permanent institution.
| 84,080
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The keynotes of the Bismarck Foreign Policy was isolating its enemies. Discuss. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the contextual and historical background of Germany at the time of the Unification movement of Germany. Then bring the foreign policy of Bismarck Further elaborate on the stages of unification by isolation of the main enemy countries live Austria, France, and Denmark. Conclude accordingly. Answer The factors and forces for the unification of Germany were more or less the same as that of the Italian Unification with one stark difference of Isolating the enemies was always the keynote of the foreign policy of Bismarck in the Unification of Germany. The French Revolution of 1789 influenced the German Nationalists with the powerful ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity. Napoleon was equally responsible for German Unification in both a positive and negative manner. Contextual and Historical Background of the Unification of Germany By Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon liberated Germans from the control of Austria by defeating the Austrian time and again. By reducing 333 German states into a confederacy of 16 states called the Rhine Confederacy . He got the geographical unification of Germany. The Rhine Confederacy of 16 States was replaced by a confederacy of 39 states. Parliament for the German Confederacy called Diet was placed under the control of Austria. These arrangements, naturally disappointed the German nationalist. German Nationalism took a concrete shape in 1818 with the formation of the economic union called ZOLLVEREIN . German Nationalism also found its expression in the German Romanticist Movement. It started with great thinkers like Goethe, Emmanuel Kant, Hegel, Beethoven, and Nietzsche . These thinkers very often expressed the idea of German unity and gave a call for a strong Germany to rule the world. Unification Movement started with the 1848 revolution. In Germany, people expected the King of Prussia to take the lead for the unification of Germany against Austria. William I became the emperor of Prussia and was for the unification of Germany. When his plans to go for the Modernizing the Prussian Army were not accepted by the Prussian Parliament he made Bismarck the chancellor/Prime Minister . Bismarck got the proposal approved by the Parliament. Bismarck believed in the Policy “ Blood and Iron ”. Thus it was the foreign policy of Bismarck that made the concept of the Unification of Germany by isolating its enemies like Denmark, Austria, and France . Bismarck"s Foreign Policy to Isolate enemies countries to achieve Unification of Germany The unification of Germany started with the decision of Bismarck to isolate Denmark and to go to war with Denmark for the liberation of two provinces Schleswig and Holstein. He won the support of Austria by promising either of the two (Schleswig and Holstein). He neutralized England, Russia, and France. Bismarck defeated Denmark and was forced to sign the 1864 Vienna Treaty with this the first stage of unification ended. Both the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein surrendered to Prussia. The second stage of Unification started with Bismarck making the war preparation against Austria as promised he gave Austria Holstein which was completely German. Bismarck made the task of Austria difficult to administer Holstein. He successfully isolated Austria against Russia, England, France, and Sardinia . The war started and Austria was defeated in the Battle of Sedowa or Seven Weeks War which ended with the Prague Treaty of 1866. Austria surrendered its claim on the southern part of Germany and also Venetia was transferred to Sardinia. The third Stage started with Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71 . Bismarck isolated France by turning friendly with Austria and by winning over England to his side by convincing England that Napoleon three of France had a secret intention of occupying Belgium which was under the protection of England. He provoked France by interfering in the Spanish Civil War , provoked to the extreme that France declared war but was defeated in the Battle of Sedan. War ended with the Frankfurt Treaty of 1871 France surrendered its claims to the western part of Germany. Thus unification of the Germany was completed. However, in the name of German unification, what actually was formed was Prussianized Germany and not Germanized Germany. Thus, this made a tilt in the balance of Power in favour of Germany later resulted in World War.
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##Question:The keynotes of the Bismarck Foreign Policy was isolating its enemies. Discuss. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the contextual and historical background of Germany at the time of the Unification movement of Germany. Then bring the foreign policy of Bismarck Further elaborate on the stages of unification by isolation of the main enemy countries live Austria, France, and Denmark. Conclude accordingly. Answer The factors and forces for the unification of Germany were more or less the same as that of the Italian Unification with one stark difference of Isolating the enemies was always the keynote of the foreign policy of Bismarck in the Unification of Germany. The French Revolution of 1789 influenced the German Nationalists with the powerful ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity. Napoleon was equally responsible for German Unification in both a positive and negative manner. Contextual and Historical Background of the Unification of Germany By Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon liberated Germans from the control of Austria by defeating the Austrian time and again. By reducing 333 German states into a confederacy of 16 states called the Rhine Confederacy . He got the geographical unification of Germany. The Rhine Confederacy of 16 States was replaced by a confederacy of 39 states. Parliament for the German Confederacy called Diet was placed under the control of Austria. These arrangements, naturally disappointed the German nationalist. German Nationalism took a concrete shape in 1818 with the formation of the economic union called ZOLLVEREIN . German Nationalism also found its expression in the German Romanticist Movement. It started with great thinkers like Goethe, Emmanuel Kant, Hegel, Beethoven, and Nietzsche . These thinkers very often expressed the idea of German unity and gave a call for a strong Germany to rule the world. Unification Movement started with the 1848 revolution. In Germany, people expected the King of Prussia to take the lead for the unification of Germany against Austria. William I became the emperor of Prussia and was for the unification of Germany. When his plans to go for the Modernizing the Prussian Army were not accepted by the Prussian Parliament he made Bismarck the chancellor/Prime Minister . Bismarck got the proposal approved by the Parliament. Bismarck believed in the Policy “ Blood and Iron ”. Thus it was the foreign policy of Bismarck that made the concept of the Unification of Germany by isolating its enemies like Denmark, Austria, and France . Bismarck"s Foreign Policy to Isolate enemies countries to achieve Unification of Germany The unification of Germany started with the decision of Bismarck to isolate Denmark and to go to war with Denmark for the liberation of two provinces Schleswig and Holstein. He won the support of Austria by promising either of the two (Schleswig and Holstein). He neutralized England, Russia, and France. Bismarck defeated Denmark and was forced to sign the 1864 Vienna Treaty with this the first stage of unification ended. Both the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein surrendered to Prussia. The second stage of Unification started with Bismarck making the war preparation against Austria as promised he gave Austria Holstein which was completely German. Bismarck made the task of Austria difficult to administer Holstein. He successfully isolated Austria against Russia, England, France, and Sardinia . The war started and Austria was defeated in the Battle of Sedowa or Seven Weeks War which ended with the Prague Treaty of 1866. Austria surrendered its claim on the southern part of Germany and also Venetia was transferred to Sardinia. The third Stage started with Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71 . Bismarck isolated France by turning friendly with Austria and by winning over England to his side by convincing England that Napoleon three of France had a secret intention of occupying Belgium which was under the protection of England. He provoked France by interfering in the Spanish Civil War , provoked to the extreme that France declared war but was defeated in the Battle of Sedan. War ended with the Frankfurt Treaty of 1871 France surrendered its claims to the western part of Germany. Thus unification of the Germany was completed. However, in the name of German unification, what actually was formed was Prussianized Germany and not Germanized Germany. Thus, this made a tilt in the balance of Power in favour of Germany later resulted in World War.
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What do you understand by Patriarchy? Discuss the ways in which patriarchy manifests itself in the private and public spheres. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach:- In the introduction, define the patriarchy In the body part elaborate on the patriarchy Then mention the ways in which patriarchy manifests itself Conclude accordingly Answer:- Patriarchy literally means the rule of the father over the course of time, it has changed in its meaning now it is defined as the system of relationships within and outside the family wherein men dominate and exercise control over women Understanding patriarchy:- Sexual division of labor at home and outside creates the distinction between male and female This distinction transpires to the other sphere such as interpersonal relations such as marriage, family & sexuality, and power This is called patriarchy Ways in which patriarchy manifests itself:- Private sphere Production relations with respect to Household - Women"s unpaid domestic labor and its benefits are expropriated by the husband [* Women- Domestic Unpaid domestic work+ Compulsory domesticity] Patriarchal relations in Society - There are double standards with respect to norms of sexual behavior- For example- Promiscuity amongst men is generally tolerated Cultural/ religious norms - Portrayal of god- is in male form Domestic sphere - Generally, the power & authority are vested in the male+ Double standards with respect to sexuality Violence - Although gender violence is seen as comprising individual acts it is patterned and systematic & State"s neglectful attitude adds to it [* Gender abuse, retaliatory violence, domestic violence,] sexual harassment at the workplace, rape, etc Ideological - Son-meta-preference by society [Unique fertility-stopping rule Public sphere Market relations - Concentration in the secondary market - Women in the labor market are excluded from certain types of work, receive lower pay, and are segregated in low productivity, low growth sectors [* Low pay, Absence of contracts, lower output] Patrairachal state - There is a systemic bias in state policies and priorities Patriarchal cultural institutions - Media, religious institutions, and Education produce representations of women which influence their identities and acceptable standards of behavior [* Commodification of women, objectification of women- item song culture in movies, pop culture content] Agencies of state - Policies, programs Exclusion of women- in education and economic spheres (Higher dropouts in case of women, workforce participation) Political power- In matters of women"s representation in LS and SLA Although in contemporary times the instances of patriarchy declined in certain aspects however in the private sphere it is still persistent and only the manifestation has changed.
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##Question:What do you understand by Patriarchy? Discuss the ways in which patriarchy manifests itself in the private and public spheres. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, define the patriarchy In the body part elaborate on the patriarchy Then mention the ways in which patriarchy manifests itself Conclude accordingly Answer:- Patriarchy literally means the rule of the father over the course of time, it has changed in its meaning now it is defined as the system of relationships within and outside the family wherein men dominate and exercise control over women Understanding patriarchy:- Sexual division of labor at home and outside creates the distinction between male and female This distinction transpires to the other sphere such as interpersonal relations such as marriage, family & sexuality, and power This is called patriarchy Ways in which patriarchy manifests itself:- Private sphere Production relations with respect to Household - Women"s unpaid domestic labor and its benefits are expropriated by the husband [* Women- Domestic Unpaid domestic work+ Compulsory domesticity] Patriarchal relations in Society - There are double standards with respect to norms of sexual behavior- For example- Promiscuity amongst men is generally tolerated Cultural/ religious norms - Portrayal of god- is in male form Domestic sphere - Generally, the power & authority are vested in the male+ Double standards with respect to sexuality Violence - Although gender violence is seen as comprising individual acts it is patterned and systematic & State"s neglectful attitude adds to it [* Gender abuse, retaliatory violence, domestic violence,] sexual harassment at the workplace, rape, etc Ideological - Son-meta-preference by society [Unique fertility-stopping rule Public sphere Market relations - Concentration in the secondary market - Women in the labor market are excluded from certain types of work, receive lower pay, and are segregated in low productivity, low growth sectors [* Low pay, Absence of contracts, lower output] Patrairachal state - There is a systemic bias in state policies and priorities Patriarchal cultural institutions - Media, religious institutions, and Education produce representations of women which influence their identities and acceptable standards of behavior [* Commodification of women, objectification of women- item song culture in movies, pop culture content] Agencies of state - Policies, programs Exclusion of women- in education and economic spheres (Higher dropouts in case of women, workforce participation) Political power- In matters of women"s representation in LS and SLA Although in contemporary times the instances of patriarchy declined in certain aspects however in the private sphere it is still persistent and only the manifestation has changed.
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What do you understand by Patriarchy? Discuss the ways in which patriarchy manifests itself in the private and public spheres. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach:- In the introduction, define the patriarchy In the body part elaborate on the patriarchy Then mention the ways in which patriarchy manifests itself Conclude accordingly Answer:- Patriarchy literally means the rule of the father over the course of time, it has changed in its meaning now it is defined as the system of relationships within and outside the family wherein men dominate and exercise control over women Understanding patriarchy:- Sexual division of labor at home and outside creates the distinction between male and female This distinction transpires to the other sphere such as interpersonal relations such as marriage, family & sexuality, and power This is called patriarchy Ways in which patriarchy manifests itself:- Private sphere Production relations with respect to Household - Women"s unpaid domestic labor and its benefits are expropriated by the husband [* Women- Domestic Unpaid domestic work+ Compulsory domesticity] Patriarchal relations in Society - There are double standards with respect to norms of sexual behavior- For example- Promiscuity amongst men is generally tolerated Cultural/ religious norms - Portrayal of god- is in male form Domestic sphere - Generally, the power & authority are vested in the male+ Double standards with respect to sexuality Violence- Although gender violence is seen as comprising individual acts it is patterned and systematic & State"s neglectful attitude adds to it [* Gender abuse, retaliatory violence, domestic violence,] sexual harassment at the workplace, rape, etc Ideological- Son-meta-preference by society [Unique fertility-stopping rule Public sphere Market relations - Concentration in the secondary market - Women in the labor market are excluded from certain types of work, receive lower pay, and are segregated in low productivity, low growth sectors [* Low pay, Absence of contracts, lower output] Patrairachal state - There is a systemic bias in state policies and priorities Patriarchal cultural institutions - Media, religious institutions, and Education produce representations of women which influence their identities and acceptable standards of behavior [* Commodification of women, objectification of women- item song culture in movies, pop culture content] Agencies of state - Policies, programs Exclusion of women- in education and economic spheres (Higher dropouts in case of women, workforce participation) Political power - In matters of women"s representation in LS and SLA Although in contemporary times the instances of patriarchy declined in certain aspects however in the private sphere it is still persistent and only the manifestation has changed.
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##Question:What do you understand by Patriarchy? Discuss the ways in which patriarchy manifests itself in the private and public spheres. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, define the patriarchy In the body part elaborate on the patriarchy Then mention the ways in which patriarchy manifests itself Conclude accordingly Answer:- Patriarchy literally means the rule of the father over the course of time, it has changed in its meaning now it is defined as the system of relationships within and outside the family wherein men dominate and exercise control over women Understanding patriarchy:- Sexual division of labor at home and outside creates the distinction between male and female This distinction transpires to the other sphere such as interpersonal relations such as marriage, family & sexuality, and power This is called patriarchy Ways in which patriarchy manifests itself:- Private sphere Production relations with respect to Household - Women"s unpaid domestic labor and its benefits are expropriated by the husband [* Women- Domestic Unpaid domestic work+ Compulsory domesticity] Patriarchal relations in Society - There are double standards with respect to norms of sexual behavior- For example- Promiscuity amongst men is generally tolerated Cultural/ religious norms - Portrayal of god- is in male form Domestic sphere - Generally, the power & authority are vested in the male+ Double standards with respect to sexuality Violence- Although gender violence is seen as comprising individual acts it is patterned and systematic & State"s neglectful attitude adds to it [* Gender abuse, retaliatory violence, domestic violence,] sexual harassment at the workplace, rape, etc Ideological- Son-meta-preference by society [Unique fertility-stopping rule Public sphere Market relations - Concentration in the secondary market - Women in the labor market are excluded from certain types of work, receive lower pay, and are segregated in low productivity, low growth sectors [* Low pay, Absence of contracts, lower output] Patrairachal state - There is a systemic bias in state policies and priorities Patriarchal cultural institutions - Media, religious institutions, and Education produce representations of women which influence their identities and acceptable standards of behavior [* Commodification of women, objectification of women- item song culture in movies, pop culture content] Agencies of state - Policies, programs Exclusion of women- in education and economic spheres (Higher dropouts in case of women, workforce participation) Political power - In matters of women"s representation in LS and SLA Although in contemporary times the instances of patriarchy declined in certain aspects however in the private sphere it is still persistent and only the manifestation has changed.
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What are the main bottlenecks in the upstream and downstream process of marketing of agricultural products in India? (150 Words/ 10 Marks)
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Approach: In the Introduction, briefly mention the upstream and downstream processes in agricultural marketing. In the main body, mention the main bottlenecks in the upstream and downstream process of marketing agricultural products in India. Conclude appropriately Answer: The upstream process in agricultural marketing refers to the initial processes involved in the production of basic or intermediary agricultural goods like sugar, wheat flour etc. whereas the downstream process refers to the processes involved in the production of finished goods like bread, Chips etc. Main bottlenecks in the upstream process of marketing agricultural products in India: 1. Lack of access to formal credit for the farmers leads to informal lending at exorbitant interest rates. 2. The underdeveloped and ineffective APMC system also hampers the agricultural marketing system in India. 3. There is a prevalence of market information asymmetry leading to low price realisation for the agricultural produce for farmers. 4. Low use of modern and scientific technology in farming leads to low production and productivity. 5. Underdeveloped contract farming ecosystem in India leading to a low infusion of technology and expertise in agriculture. 6. High MSPs for certain crops lead to monoculture cropping patterns and hamper the production of other crops. Main bottlenecks in the downstream process of marketing agricultural products in India: 1. Lack of adequate transportation and storage infrastructure leading to high logistic costs and post-harvest losses. 2. Inherent issues with the food processing industries like informalisation, low capital infusion, supply chain issues etc. 3. Long delays in the execution of the infrastructure projects like Mega food parks etc. 4. Lack of consistency in the agriculture export policy, for example, the recent sudden ban on the export of wheat etc. 5. Lack of private investment in the storage infrastructure like warehouses, cold storage etc. Agricultural marketing is an important component of the agriculture sector. An efficient and remunerative agricultural marketing system is the need of the hour to achieve the targets of doubling farmers" income by 2022 and achieving a 5 trillion dollar economy by 2026-27.
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##Question:What are the main bottlenecks in the upstream and downstream process of marketing of agricultural products in India? (150 Words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: In the Introduction, briefly mention the upstream and downstream processes in agricultural marketing. In the main body, mention the main bottlenecks in the upstream and downstream process of marketing agricultural products in India. Conclude appropriately Answer: The upstream process in agricultural marketing refers to the initial processes involved in the production of basic or intermediary agricultural goods like sugar, wheat flour etc. whereas the downstream process refers to the processes involved in the production of finished goods like bread, Chips etc. Main bottlenecks in the upstream process of marketing agricultural products in India: 1. Lack of access to formal credit for the farmers leads to informal lending at exorbitant interest rates. 2. The underdeveloped and ineffective APMC system also hampers the agricultural marketing system in India. 3. There is a prevalence of market information asymmetry leading to low price realisation for the agricultural produce for farmers. 4. Low use of modern and scientific technology in farming leads to low production and productivity. 5. Underdeveloped contract farming ecosystem in India leading to a low infusion of technology and expertise in agriculture. 6. High MSPs for certain crops lead to monoculture cropping patterns and hamper the production of other crops. Main bottlenecks in the downstream process of marketing agricultural products in India: 1. Lack of adequate transportation and storage infrastructure leading to high logistic costs and post-harvest losses. 2. Inherent issues with the food processing industries like informalisation, low capital infusion, supply chain issues etc. 3. Long delays in the execution of the infrastructure projects like Mega food parks etc. 4. Lack of consistency in the agriculture export policy, for example, the recent sudden ban on the export of wheat etc. 5. Lack of private investment in the storage infrastructure like warehouses, cold storage etc. Agricultural marketing is an important component of the agriculture sector. An efficient and remunerative agricultural marketing system is the need of the hour to achieve the targets of doubling farmers" income by 2022 and achieving a 5 trillion dollar economy by 2026-27.
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Anger is a harmful negative emotion. It is injurious for both personal and work life. (150 words) 1) Discuss how it leads to negative emotions and undesirable behavior. 2) How can it be managed and controlled.
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APPROACH: Introduction: Start by defining what is anger, and how it affects both personal and work life. Body: Explain how anger can cause negative emotions and behaviours. Then suggest some measures to control anger. Conclusion: Highlight some benefits of controlling anger. ANSWER: Anger is an emotion characterized by antagonism toward someone or something you feel has deliberately done you wrong, or a perceived provocation, hurt or threat. Anger can be a good thing sometimes as it can give you a way to express negative feelings, for example, or motivate you to find solutions to problems. But excessive anger can cause problems. Increased blood pressure and other physical changes associated with anger make it difficult to think straight and harm your physical and mental health. The repercussions can be seen both at a personal and professional level. Anger can facilitate negative emotions and undesirable behaviours by: Blocking our emotional intelligence- Anger has the power of blocking the prudent thinking process that usually allows us to make the right judgement. Anger leads to an influenced, non-objective and emotional decision, which is not based on well-thought outcomes and understanding of the consequences of such decisions, which could be dangerous. This will result in actions that are both undesirable and unworthy. Eg- Slapping a friend in public for a small action that was accidental or unintentional. Creating a sense of disappointment- Negative emotions are developed in an individual if a sense of disappointment prevails due to anger. Disappointment and regret are often both the cause and results of anger. They feed into another primary emotion, sadness. Eg- When you find out that your colleague is indulging in an unethical action, you sense a feeling of anger without hearing the other side of the argument. Anger can be controlled and managed by: Mind calming techniques- The best method to control anger is using techniques to introduce calmness in the thinking process. This can be achieved by practising yoga, meditation and other forms of natural healing. This will provide that required moment of calmness that prevents our anger to overshoot, which otherwise leads to negative emotions and unruly behaviour. Physical activities- Physical activities such as exercise, jogging etc will help in reducing the frustration that builds up and is responsible for anger. By getting rid of the underlying and hidden feelings, we can at least prevent ourselves from overreacting to a situation through unruly behaviour. Tolerance- It is important to accept other views and thoughts so as to develop as a rational human being. For this, education and awareness about others’ rights also play an important role. Anger management not only keeps negative emotions from emerging but also ensures that the energy of an individual is used productively and not spent on emotional angry outbursts. Thus, in today’s world administrators need to be emotionally intelligent to act in a fair and unbiased manner.
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##Question:Anger is a harmful negative emotion. It is injurious for both personal and work life. (150 words) 1) Discuss how it leads to negative emotions and undesirable behavior. 2) How can it be managed and controlled. ##Answer:APPROACH: Introduction: Start by defining what is anger, and how it affects both personal and work life. Body: Explain how anger can cause negative emotions and behaviours. Then suggest some measures to control anger. Conclusion: Highlight some benefits of controlling anger. ANSWER: Anger is an emotion characterized by antagonism toward someone or something you feel has deliberately done you wrong, or a perceived provocation, hurt or threat. Anger can be a good thing sometimes as it can give you a way to express negative feelings, for example, or motivate you to find solutions to problems. But excessive anger can cause problems. Increased blood pressure and other physical changes associated with anger make it difficult to think straight and harm your physical and mental health. The repercussions can be seen both at a personal and professional level. Anger can facilitate negative emotions and undesirable behaviours by: Blocking our emotional intelligence- Anger has the power of blocking the prudent thinking process that usually allows us to make the right judgement. Anger leads to an influenced, non-objective and emotional decision, which is not based on well-thought outcomes and understanding of the consequences of such decisions, which could be dangerous. This will result in actions that are both undesirable and unworthy. Eg- Slapping a friend in public for a small action that was accidental or unintentional. Creating a sense of disappointment- Negative emotions are developed in an individual if a sense of disappointment prevails due to anger. Disappointment and regret are often both the cause and results of anger. They feed into another primary emotion, sadness. Eg- When you find out that your colleague is indulging in an unethical action, you sense a feeling of anger without hearing the other side of the argument. Anger can be controlled and managed by: Mind calming techniques- The best method to control anger is using techniques to introduce calmness in the thinking process. This can be achieved by practising yoga, meditation and other forms of natural healing. This will provide that required moment of calmness that prevents our anger to overshoot, which otherwise leads to negative emotions and unruly behaviour. Physical activities- Physical activities such as exercise, jogging etc will help in reducing the frustration that builds up and is responsible for anger. By getting rid of the underlying and hidden feelings, we can at least prevent ourselves from overreacting to a situation through unruly behaviour. Tolerance- It is important to accept other views and thoughts so as to develop as a rational human being. For this, education and awareness about others’ rights also play an important role. Anger management not only keeps negative emotions from emerging but also ensures that the energy of an individual is used productively and not spent on emotional angry outbursts. Thus, in today’s world administrators need to be emotionally intelligent to act in a fair and unbiased manner.
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Discuss the consequences of the "Absence of ethics" in society. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)
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APPROACH: Introduce by defining what are ethics. In the body show how the absence of Ethics can lead to chaos in every sphere. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: Ethics is the study of what is right or wrong. They guide society on the path of righteousness. An absence of ethics would lead to chaos and destruction. Ethical actions are important and must prevail in all spheres- individual, societal, national, international, environmental, professional, etc. Consequences of absence of ethics: (1) Individual sphere: A man is essentially an animal and is identified by greed and selfishness. It is the presence of ethics that differentiates a man from a human. Human values like judgment between right and wrong guide the action of a person devoid of which he is dangerous. For instance, rapists, terrorists, murderers, etc. (2) Social sphere: The absence of ethics in society can lead to menaces like communal violence, civil wars, etc. It is the ethical values of tolerance, fraternity, and brotherhood that prevent a society from such self-indulgence. (3) National sphere: The absence of ethics in the national sphere would again lead to disunity and secessionist tendencies. Ethical values of unity in diversity help in the preservation of the idea of a nation-state. (4) International sphere: The absence of ethical values in the international sphere has the potential of removing mankind from the Earth. It is only because of ethical values like Vasudev Kutumbukam, and Panchsheel that India is considered one of the most important soft powers in the world. (5) Environmental sphere: An absence of ethics in environmental conversations has the potential of pushing half of the world"s population into perpetual abject poverty. Therefore, the need is to include principles of "Common but differentiated Responsibilities", "Polluter pays", and "Loss & Damage". (6) Professional sphere: The absence of ethics in professions, like research, has led to the creation of designer babies in China. It is imperative that all professions have a certain said and unsaid code of ethics that they follow. For instance, in Biotechnology, no germline editing should be allowed to prevent the human race from assuming the role of God. Thus, ethics are all pervasive and their absence would be detrimental to the cause of humanity.
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##Question:Discuss the consequences of the "Absence of ethics" in society. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce by defining what are ethics. In the body show how the absence of Ethics can lead to chaos in every sphere. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: Ethics is the study of what is right or wrong. They guide society on the path of righteousness. An absence of ethics would lead to chaos and destruction. Ethical actions are important and must prevail in all spheres- individual, societal, national, international, environmental, professional, etc. Consequences of absence of ethics: (1) Individual sphere: A man is essentially an animal and is identified by greed and selfishness. It is the presence of ethics that differentiates a man from a human. Human values like judgment between right and wrong guide the action of a person devoid of which he is dangerous. For instance, rapists, terrorists, murderers, etc. (2) Social sphere: The absence of ethics in society can lead to menaces like communal violence, civil wars, etc. It is the ethical values of tolerance, fraternity, and brotherhood that prevent a society from such self-indulgence. (3) National sphere: The absence of ethics in the national sphere would again lead to disunity and secessionist tendencies. Ethical values of unity in diversity help in the preservation of the idea of a nation-state. (4) International sphere: The absence of ethical values in the international sphere has the potential of removing mankind from the Earth. It is only because of ethical values like Vasudev Kutumbukam, and Panchsheel that India is considered one of the most important soft powers in the world. (5) Environmental sphere: An absence of ethics in environmental conversations has the potential of pushing half of the world"s population into perpetual abject poverty. Therefore, the need is to include principles of "Common but differentiated Responsibilities", "Polluter pays", and "Loss & Damage". (6) Professional sphere: The absence of ethics in professions, like research, has led to the creation of designer babies in China. It is imperative that all professions have a certain said and unsaid code of ethics that they follow. For instance, in Biotechnology, no germline editing should be allowed to prevent the human race from assuming the role of God. Thus, ethics are all pervasive and their absence would be detrimental to the cause of humanity.
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The secret cause of World War I was hidden in the Unification Movement of Europe itself. Examine. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with a brief description of World War I. Then bring the immediate cause of the War. Further, trace its origin in the Unification Movement in Europe in the 2nd Half of the 19th Century. Conclude with the end result of these unification movements. Answer The first major catastrophe in the history of mankind World War I was a Total War affecting every aspect of Human life and geographically the world itself. The war witnessed the causalities of about nine million soldiers and 12 million civilians. There were many reasons which resulted in the First World War, but the root of the War could be traced to the Unification movement of Europe in general and the unification of Germany in particular. The unification movement shifted the balance of power in Europe in a very abrupt manner. The Immediate causes for the World War I The immediate factor for the War was the near east problem against the provisions of the Berlin Conference in 1875 , Austria occupied and administered Bosnia and Herzegovina. People’s movement started against Austria and it was well supported by Serbia as it had a sizable population of Serbians in both places ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ). Thus Bosnia and Herzegovina became the bone of contention or matter of dispute between Austria and Serbia. Serbia was well supported by Russia. Serbia established secret societies like the union of death against Austria. In June 1914, Arch-Duke Ferdinand of Austria was killed by Serbians at Sarajevo. When Austria issued an ultimatum to Serbia, Russia supported Serbia and mobilized its Army. Russia refused to abide by the ultimatum given by Germany in support of Austria. However the trace of the World War from the Unification Movement of Europe in the second half of the 19th century. The way Bismarck united Germany and continued to follow a policy of isolating France was the first major reason for the war. In German unification having defeated Austria, Bismarck turned friendly with Austria. However, he continued to follow a very harsh policy against France . Germany kept the city of Paris under his control for more than one year. Germany made France surrender Alsace and Loraine. France was also made to pay a huge war indemnity (compensation) of 5 Million Francs. Above all these offending the sentiments and nationalist feelings of the French, Bismarck announced that German Unification was completed and William I emperor of Germany in the Hall of Mirrors in Paris . His foreign policy towards France was isolating France forever. To scare France in 1873 Bismarck formed Triple Emperor Leagues with Germany, Austria, and Russia. When Russia backed out in 1875, Bismarck formed Dual Alliance with Austria. Germany supported openly Austria’s claims in Balkan states against Russia. In 1882, Bismarck succeeded in making Italy to join the alliance. Thus Triple Alliance was formed against France. In 1894, when Bismarck led down his office, France and Russia could come together. In 1902 England entered into the Japanese Alliance with Japan as Germany was the common enemy for both in Africa and Asia. In 1904, England and France came together and formed into Dual Entente . In 1907, Russia joined it, and as such Triple Entente was formed. Thus Bismarck"s foreign policy of isolating France finally divided Europe into two military camps. Triple Alliance and Triple Entente made World War I unavoidable. The other factors were rivalries among the European powers for the colonies in Africa and Asia made war unavoidable. After the unification both Italy and Germany experienced industrialization and they did required colonies for the markets and raw materials. England clashed with Germany in West Africa (Togo Land and Cameroon). Italy clashed with France in Tunisia. In China Germany clashed with Japan for the Shantung and Ki Chav Provinces. The secret Treaty between England and France was not even known to England’s cabinet. Similarly, the Chinese President signed a secret treaty with Japan without the knowledge of Chinese. Italy member of the Triple Alliance defected and joined Triple Entente when the War started. The lack of an international Organization to short out the differences between the nations and extreme Nationalism, and hatred for a nation for no reason were the other factors. The unification of Germany brought German Romanticism that glorified the German Race as one born to rule the world and the attitude of German Emperor William II and the egocentric attitude of William II were the responsible factors from the German side. Alsace-Lorraine"s issue created a serious difference and tensions between France and Germany. When France surrendered these two, its iron ore industry was virtually crippled. When it tried to compensate for the loss of the Alsace Loraine Iron mines by exploiting the Iron mines of Morocco in Africa, there also Germany created problems for France. Thus mutual hatred and animosity started during the Unification of Germany and continued between Germany and France. Secret Treaties and Alliances among the European countries as the foreign policy of Italy and Germany polluted the international relations/atmosphere. No countries could trust the other because of the secret treaties. Thus an incident in the remote corner of Europe finally became a cause of World War I Thus these Rivalries started due to the unification movements reached its logical end in the form of World War I.
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##Question:The secret cause of World War I was hidden in the Unification Movement of Europe itself. Examine. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with a brief description of World War I. Then bring the immediate cause of the War. Further, trace its origin in the Unification Movement in Europe in the 2nd Half of the 19th Century. Conclude with the end result of these unification movements. Answer The first major catastrophe in the history of mankind World War I was a Total War affecting every aspect of Human life and geographically the world itself. The war witnessed the causalities of about nine million soldiers and 12 million civilians. There were many reasons which resulted in the First World War, but the root of the War could be traced to the Unification movement of Europe in general and the unification of Germany in particular. The unification movement shifted the balance of power in Europe in a very abrupt manner. The Immediate causes for the World War I The immediate factor for the War was the near east problem against the provisions of the Berlin Conference in 1875 , Austria occupied and administered Bosnia and Herzegovina. People’s movement started against Austria and it was well supported by Serbia as it had a sizable population of Serbians in both places ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ). Thus Bosnia and Herzegovina became the bone of contention or matter of dispute between Austria and Serbia. Serbia was well supported by Russia. Serbia established secret societies like the union of death against Austria. In June 1914, Arch-Duke Ferdinand of Austria was killed by Serbians at Sarajevo. When Austria issued an ultimatum to Serbia, Russia supported Serbia and mobilized its Army. Russia refused to abide by the ultimatum given by Germany in support of Austria. However the trace of the World War from the Unification Movement of Europe in the second half of the 19th century. The way Bismarck united Germany and continued to follow a policy of isolating France was the first major reason for the war. In German unification having defeated Austria, Bismarck turned friendly with Austria. However, he continued to follow a very harsh policy against France . Germany kept the city of Paris under his control for more than one year. Germany made France surrender Alsace and Loraine. France was also made to pay a huge war indemnity (compensation) of 5 Million Francs. Above all these offending the sentiments and nationalist feelings of the French, Bismarck announced that German Unification was completed and William I emperor of Germany in the Hall of Mirrors in Paris . His foreign policy towards France was isolating France forever. To scare France in 1873 Bismarck formed Triple Emperor Leagues with Germany, Austria, and Russia. When Russia backed out in 1875, Bismarck formed Dual Alliance with Austria. Germany supported openly Austria’s claims in Balkan states against Russia. In 1882, Bismarck succeeded in making Italy to join the alliance. Thus Triple Alliance was formed against France. In 1894, when Bismarck led down his office, France and Russia could come together. In 1902 England entered into the Japanese Alliance with Japan as Germany was the common enemy for both in Africa and Asia. In 1904, England and France came together and formed into Dual Entente . In 1907, Russia joined it, and as such Triple Entente was formed. Thus Bismarck"s foreign policy of isolating France finally divided Europe into two military camps. Triple Alliance and Triple Entente made World War I unavoidable. The other factors were rivalries among the European powers for the colonies in Africa and Asia made war unavoidable. After the unification both Italy and Germany experienced industrialization and they did required colonies for the markets and raw materials. England clashed with Germany in West Africa (Togo Land and Cameroon). Italy clashed with France in Tunisia. In China Germany clashed with Japan for the Shantung and Ki Chav Provinces. The secret Treaty between England and France was not even known to England’s cabinet. Similarly, the Chinese President signed a secret treaty with Japan without the knowledge of Chinese. Italy member of the Triple Alliance defected and joined Triple Entente when the War started. The lack of an international Organization to short out the differences between the nations and extreme Nationalism, and hatred for a nation for no reason were the other factors. The unification of Germany brought German Romanticism that glorified the German Race as one born to rule the world and the attitude of German Emperor William II and the egocentric attitude of William II were the responsible factors from the German side. Alsace-Lorraine"s issue created a serious difference and tensions between France and Germany. When France surrendered these two, its iron ore industry was virtually crippled. When it tried to compensate for the loss of the Alsace Loraine Iron mines by exploiting the Iron mines of Morocco in Africa, there also Germany created problems for France. Thus mutual hatred and animosity started during the Unification of Germany and continued between Germany and France. Secret Treaties and Alliances among the European countries as the foreign policy of Italy and Germany polluted the international relations/atmosphere. No countries could trust the other because of the secret treaties. Thus an incident in the remote corner of Europe finally became a cause of World War I Thus these Rivalries started due to the unification movements reached its logical end in the form of World War I.
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" भारत में भूजल का निष्कर्षण एक बड़ी चुनौती के रूप में उभर कर सामने आया है " इस कथन के आलोक में भारत में भूजल के अत्यधिक निष्कर्षण के कारणों को बताते हुए भूजल पर नियंत्रण के लिए केंद्र सरकार द्वारा उठाए जा रहे क़दमों की चर्चा कीजिए . ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक -10 ) In the light of the statement "The extraction of ground water has emerged as a major challenge in India", discuss the steps being taken by the Central Government to control the ground water by giving reasons for excessive extraction of ground water in India. (150-200 words, Marks-10)
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दृष्टिकोण : कुछ आंकड़ों के माध्यम से भारत में भूजल के निष्कर्षण की स्थिति को स्पष्ट कीजिए . भूजल के अत्यधिक निष्कर्षण के विभिन्न कारणों की चर्चा कीजिए . भूजल के अत्यधिक निष्कर्षण के प्रभावों की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . भूजल निष्कर्षण को नियंत्रित करने के लिए केंद्र सरकार द्वारा उठाए जा रहे क़दमों की चर्चा कीजिए . उत्तर : यूनेस्को द्वारा जारी विश्व जल विकास रिपोर्ट, 2018 में बताया गया है कि भारत विश्व में सबसे अधिक भूजल का निष्कर्षण करने वाला देश है . एक आंकड़े के अनुसार भारत में प्रति वर्ष 230 - 250 क्यूबिक किलोमीटर ( बिलियन क्यूबिक मीटर ) भूजल का निष्कर्षण होता है, जो पूरी दुनिया में निकाले जाने वाले भूजल का लगभग एक-तिहाई है . हाल ही में केंद्रीय भूजल बोर्ड (CGWB) के द्वारा किये गए जल स्तर के आँकड़ों के विश्लेषण से यह संकेत मिलता है कि निगरानी किये गए लगभग एक तिहाई कुओं के भूजल स्तर में 0-2 मीटर तक की गिरावट हुई है . भारत में भूजल के निष्कर्षण के कारण :- हरित क्रान्ति : हरित क्रान्ति ने अपेक्षाकृत शुष्क और अर्द्धशुष्क क्षेत्रों में जल गहन कृषि को बढ़ावा दिया जिससे भूजल के निष्कर्षण को बल मिला . बिजली पर सब्सिडी और पानी की अधिक खपत वाली फसलों के लिए उच्च MSP ने भी भूजल के निष्कर्षण को बढाने में अपनी भूमिका निभाई है . उद्यगों की आवश्यकता : अप्रर्याप्त विनियमन : भूजल का अप्रर्याप्त विनियमन तथा इसके लिए कोई दंड न होना भूजल संसाधनों की समाप्ति को प्रोत्साहित करता है . संघीय मुद्दा : जल एक राज्य का विषय है , जल संरक्षण और जल संचयन सहित जल प्रबंधन पर पहल तथा देश में नागरिकों को पर्याप्त पीने योग्य पानी उपलब्ध कराना मुख्य रूप से राज्यों की जिम्मेदारी है . हालांकि केंद्र सरकार द्वारा विभिन्न परियोजनाओं के वित्तपोषण सहित महत्वपूर्ण उपाय किए जाते हैं . भूजल नियंत्रण के लिए केंद्र सरकार द्वारा उठाए गए कदम :- जल शक्ति अभियान : भारत सरकार ने वर्ष 2019 में जल शक्ति अभियान ( JSA ) शुरू किया जिसका उद्देश्य भारत में 256 जिलों में पानी की कमी वाले ब्लॉक में भूजल की स्थिति सहित पानी की उपलब्धता में सुधार करना . भूजल के कृत्रिम पुनर्भरण के लिए मास्टर प्लान - 2020 : CGWB ने राज्य सरकारों के परामर्श से मास्टर प्लान - 2020 तैयार किया है . इसमें 185 बिलियन क्यूबिक मीटर का दोहन करने के लिए देश भर में 1.42 करोड़ वर्षा जल संचयन और कृत्रिम पुनर्भरण संरचनाओं के निर्माण की परिकल्पना की गयी है . राष्ट्रीय जल नीति ( 2012 ) : यह नीति वर्षा जल संचयन और जल संरक्षण की वकालत करती है तथा वर्षा जल के प्रत्यक्ष उपयोग के माध्यम से पानी की उपलब्धता बढाने की आवश्यकता पर प्रकाश डालती है . सरकार ने वर्षा जल के संचयन को बढाने के लिए "कैच द रेन " अभियान भी शुरू किया है . अटल जल योजना : इसका उद्देश्य मुख्य रूप से जल - गहन फसलों के लिए जल के अति-निष्कर्षण के कारण जलभृतों के स्तर में सर्वाधिक गिरावट का सामना कर रहे सात राज्यों में भूजल का संरक्षण करना है . जलभृत मानचित्रण और प्रबंधन कार्यक्रम : CGWB द्वारा यह कार्यक्रम प्रारंभ किया गया है . AMRUT मिशन : इस मिशन के माध्यम से भी जल की आपूर्ति तथा जल प्रबंध पर विशेष ध्यान दिया गया है . केंद्र सरकार के अतिरिक्त विभिन्न राज्य सरकारों द्वारा भी अलग-अलग कार्यक्रमों को संचालित किया जा रहा है ; जैसे - राजस्थान में मुख्यमंत्री जल स्वावलंबन अभियान , महाराष्ट्र में जलयुक्त शिबर , गुजरात में सुजलाम सुफलाम अभियान , तेलंगाना में मिशन काकतीय , बिहार में जल जीवन हरियाली , हरियाणा में जल ही जीवन है आदि . भूजल एक अमूल्य संसाधन है जिसका संरक्षण हम सभी का प्राथमिक दायित्व है ; आज अत्यधिक भूजल निष्कर्षण ने स्थिति को भयावह बना दिया है और कई शहर जीरो वाटर सिटी की स्थिति में पहुँच गए हैं ; आज आवश्यकता है हमें जल संरक्षण को एक सामाजिक आन्दोलन के रूप में परिणत करने की तभी हम इस अमूल्य जीवनदायी संसाधन को संरक्षित करने में सफल होंगे .
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##Question:" भारत में भूजल का निष्कर्षण एक बड़ी चुनौती के रूप में उभर कर सामने आया है " इस कथन के आलोक में भारत में भूजल के अत्यधिक निष्कर्षण के कारणों को बताते हुए भूजल पर नियंत्रण के लिए केंद्र सरकार द्वारा उठाए जा रहे क़दमों की चर्चा कीजिए . ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक -10 ) In the light of the statement "The extraction of ground water has emerged as a major challenge in India", discuss the steps being taken by the Central Government to control the ground water by giving reasons for excessive extraction of ground water in India. (150-200 words, Marks-10)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण : कुछ आंकड़ों के माध्यम से भारत में भूजल के निष्कर्षण की स्थिति को स्पष्ट कीजिए . भूजल के अत्यधिक निष्कर्षण के विभिन्न कारणों की चर्चा कीजिए . भूजल के अत्यधिक निष्कर्षण के प्रभावों की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . भूजल निष्कर्षण को नियंत्रित करने के लिए केंद्र सरकार द्वारा उठाए जा रहे क़दमों की चर्चा कीजिए . उत्तर : यूनेस्को द्वारा जारी विश्व जल विकास रिपोर्ट, 2018 में बताया गया है कि भारत विश्व में सबसे अधिक भूजल का निष्कर्षण करने वाला देश है . एक आंकड़े के अनुसार भारत में प्रति वर्ष 230 - 250 क्यूबिक किलोमीटर ( बिलियन क्यूबिक मीटर ) भूजल का निष्कर्षण होता है, जो पूरी दुनिया में निकाले जाने वाले भूजल का लगभग एक-तिहाई है . हाल ही में केंद्रीय भूजल बोर्ड (CGWB) के द्वारा किये गए जल स्तर के आँकड़ों के विश्लेषण से यह संकेत मिलता है कि निगरानी किये गए लगभग एक तिहाई कुओं के भूजल स्तर में 0-2 मीटर तक की गिरावट हुई है . भारत में भूजल के निष्कर्षण के कारण :- हरित क्रान्ति : हरित क्रान्ति ने अपेक्षाकृत शुष्क और अर्द्धशुष्क क्षेत्रों में जल गहन कृषि को बढ़ावा दिया जिससे भूजल के निष्कर्षण को बल मिला . बिजली पर सब्सिडी और पानी की अधिक खपत वाली फसलों के लिए उच्च MSP ने भी भूजल के निष्कर्षण को बढाने में अपनी भूमिका निभाई है . उद्यगों की आवश्यकता : अप्रर्याप्त विनियमन : भूजल का अप्रर्याप्त विनियमन तथा इसके लिए कोई दंड न होना भूजल संसाधनों की समाप्ति को प्रोत्साहित करता है . संघीय मुद्दा : जल एक राज्य का विषय है , जल संरक्षण और जल संचयन सहित जल प्रबंधन पर पहल तथा देश में नागरिकों को पर्याप्त पीने योग्य पानी उपलब्ध कराना मुख्य रूप से राज्यों की जिम्मेदारी है . हालांकि केंद्र सरकार द्वारा विभिन्न परियोजनाओं के वित्तपोषण सहित महत्वपूर्ण उपाय किए जाते हैं . भूजल नियंत्रण के लिए केंद्र सरकार द्वारा उठाए गए कदम :- जल शक्ति अभियान : भारत सरकार ने वर्ष 2019 में जल शक्ति अभियान ( JSA ) शुरू किया जिसका उद्देश्य भारत में 256 जिलों में पानी की कमी वाले ब्लॉक में भूजल की स्थिति सहित पानी की उपलब्धता में सुधार करना . भूजल के कृत्रिम पुनर्भरण के लिए मास्टर प्लान - 2020 : CGWB ने राज्य सरकारों के परामर्श से मास्टर प्लान - 2020 तैयार किया है . इसमें 185 बिलियन क्यूबिक मीटर का दोहन करने के लिए देश भर में 1.42 करोड़ वर्षा जल संचयन और कृत्रिम पुनर्भरण संरचनाओं के निर्माण की परिकल्पना की गयी है . राष्ट्रीय जल नीति ( 2012 ) : यह नीति वर्षा जल संचयन और जल संरक्षण की वकालत करती है तथा वर्षा जल के प्रत्यक्ष उपयोग के माध्यम से पानी की उपलब्धता बढाने की आवश्यकता पर प्रकाश डालती है . सरकार ने वर्षा जल के संचयन को बढाने के लिए "कैच द रेन " अभियान भी शुरू किया है . अटल जल योजना : इसका उद्देश्य मुख्य रूप से जल - गहन फसलों के लिए जल के अति-निष्कर्षण के कारण जलभृतों के स्तर में सर्वाधिक गिरावट का सामना कर रहे सात राज्यों में भूजल का संरक्षण करना है . जलभृत मानचित्रण और प्रबंधन कार्यक्रम : CGWB द्वारा यह कार्यक्रम प्रारंभ किया गया है . AMRUT मिशन : इस मिशन के माध्यम से भी जल की आपूर्ति तथा जल प्रबंध पर विशेष ध्यान दिया गया है . केंद्र सरकार के अतिरिक्त विभिन्न राज्य सरकारों द्वारा भी अलग-अलग कार्यक्रमों को संचालित किया जा रहा है ; जैसे - राजस्थान में मुख्यमंत्री जल स्वावलंबन अभियान , महाराष्ट्र में जलयुक्त शिबर , गुजरात में सुजलाम सुफलाम अभियान , तेलंगाना में मिशन काकतीय , बिहार में जल जीवन हरियाली , हरियाणा में जल ही जीवन है आदि . भूजल एक अमूल्य संसाधन है जिसका संरक्षण हम सभी का प्राथमिक दायित्व है ; आज अत्यधिक भूजल निष्कर्षण ने स्थिति को भयावह बना दिया है और कई शहर जीरो वाटर सिटी की स्थिति में पहुँच गए हैं ; आज आवश्यकता है हमें जल संरक्षण को एक सामाजिक आन्दोलन के रूप में परिणत करने की तभी हम इस अमूल्य जीवनदायी संसाधन को संरक्षित करने में सफल होंगे .
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Give an account of the assets and liabilities of RBI. Also, explain how the profit is not intentional but accidental called seigniorage (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Introduce in brief RBI and its assets and liabilities In the body, explain how the profits are not intentional but accidental and called seigniorage. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The balance sheet of RBI has special properties ie its liabilities are either zero cost or low cost whereas its assets are either interest-bearing or appreciating. The currency notes in circulation form the major part of RBI"s liabilities. A currency note signifies the value that RBI owes. RBI will always owe the same value which is written on the currency note. Assets - what you own: Gold Foreign Currency assets eg Dollar Govt bonds including foreign govt bonds Lending by RBI to govt and banks Liabilities - What you owe: Currencies in circulation Borrowing by RBI Deposits with RBI of banks and of governments The profits are not intentional but accidental. As explained below The central bank in an economy is responsible to circulate an adequate amount of trust-worthy medium of exchange which is currency. Modern currency is the promise of the central bank, against the assets that it has, which are mostly government bonds that are the government"s promise. The currency that RBI issues are RBI"s liabilities incurred against assets. The asset that it buys must be such that they are able to win the trust of people that it should be of the best quality. People allow RBI to incur a zero-cost liability in the expectation that it will purchase only the best-quality assets. Its liability that is currency note is zero cost that is a note issued in 1980 against gold worth rupees 2000 would still be worth exactly 2000 rupees that is RBI is still liable to pay only 2000 rupees. The gold meanwhile would have appreciated in value. This is what maintains people"s trust in a piece of paper called money. Therefore RBI earns profits as the economy allows it to incur zero-cost liabilities against appreciating or interest-bearing assets as a kind of tribute to perform its functions of maintaining people"s trust in the currency. For its profits, RBI incurs all its costs such as the acquisition of paper, ink, printing, safe storage and movement, payment of salaries to its staff, Maintainance of its offices etc. The net profit of RBI is called seigniorage. As a monetary authority, RBI"s key goal is to ensure and enforce trust in the country"s monetary system ie the currency.
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##Question:Give an account of the assets and liabilities of RBI. Also, explain how the profit is not intentional but accidental called seigniorage (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce in brief RBI and its assets and liabilities In the body, explain how the profits are not intentional but accidental and called seigniorage. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The balance sheet of RBI has special properties ie its liabilities are either zero cost or low cost whereas its assets are either interest-bearing or appreciating. The currency notes in circulation form the major part of RBI"s liabilities. A currency note signifies the value that RBI owes. RBI will always owe the same value which is written on the currency note. Assets - what you own: Gold Foreign Currency assets eg Dollar Govt bonds including foreign govt bonds Lending by RBI to govt and banks Liabilities - What you owe: Currencies in circulation Borrowing by RBI Deposits with RBI of banks and of governments The profits are not intentional but accidental. As explained below The central bank in an economy is responsible to circulate an adequate amount of trust-worthy medium of exchange which is currency. Modern currency is the promise of the central bank, against the assets that it has, which are mostly government bonds that are the government"s promise. The currency that RBI issues are RBI"s liabilities incurred against assets. The asset that it buys must be such that they are able to win the trust of people that it should be of the best quality. People allow RBI to incur a zero-cost liability in the expectation that it will purchase only the best-quality assets. Its liability that is currency note is zero cost that is a note issued in 1980 against gold worth rupees 2000 would still be worth exactly 2000 rupees that is RBI is still liable to pay only 2000 rupees. The gold meanwhile would have appreciated in value. This is what maintains people"s trust in a piece of paper called money. Therefore RBI earns profits as the economy allows it to incur zero-cost liabilities against appreciating or interest-bearing assets as a kind of tribute to perform its functions of maintaining people"s trust in the currency. For its profits, RBI incurs all its costs such as the acquisition of paper, ink, printing, safe storage and movement, payment of salaries to its staff, Maintainance of its offices etc. The net profit of RBI is called seigniorage. As a monetary authority, RBI"s key goal is to ensure and enforce trust in the country"s monetary system ie the currency.
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यहाँ तक कि पर्यावरण को कृषि गतिविधियों के भी नकारात्मक प्रभाव का सामना करना पड़ता है और यही कारण है कि धारणीय कृषि की वकालत की जाती है| कथन का विश्लेषण करते हुए धारणीय कृषि की विभिन्न विधियों और उनके लाभों को रेखांकित कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Even the environment also has to face the negative effects of agricultural activities and this is the reason why sustainable agriculture is advocated. While analyzing the statement, highlight the various methods of sustainable agriculture and their benefits. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में धारणीय कृषि को परिभाषित कीजिये 2- धारणीय कृषि की प्रासंगिकता को सिद्ध करने हेतु पर्यावरण पर कृषि गतिविधियों के पर्यावरण पर पड़ने वाले नकारात्मक प्रभावों की जानकारी दीजिये 3- मुख्य भाग में धारणीय कृषि की विभिन्न विधियों और उनके लाभों को रेखांकित कीजिये| 4- अंतिम में उपयुक्त निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये ऐसी कृषि प्रणाली जो मानवीय आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति करते हुए पर्यावरण की गुणवत्ता को बनाए रखने और वृद्धि में सहायक हो उसे संधारणीय कृषि कहते हैं; अर्थात ऐसी कृषि में नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा का प्रयोग अधिक होता है; जो हरित गृह गैसों का उत्सर्जन न्यून करे; जो मृदा की गुणवत्ता बनाए रखने में सहायक हो; जो नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण को बढ़ावा देता हो जो किसानों की आत्म निर्भरता और स्वावलंबन को बढाने वाला हो अर्थात कृषि में बाहरी आगतों का प्रयोग कम होता हो| कृषि गतिविधियों के पर्यावरण पर पड़ने वाले नकारात्मक प्रभाव भारत में कुल GHG के उत्सर्जन में लगभग 18 % योगदान कृषि और सम्बन्धित क्षेत्र का है कृषि अपशिष्ट के दहन से PM10 और PM2.5 वायु मंडल में आते हैं रासायनिक उर्वरकों का प्रयोग जलाशयों के सुपोषण का कारण बन रहा है धान के खेत मीथेन का उत्सर्जन करते हैं इसके अलावा कृषि और सम्बन्धित क्रियाओं से नाइट्रोजन ऑक्साइड, सल्फर डाइऑक्साइड, गैसें भी वायुमंडल में आती हैं उपरोक्त प्रभावों को ध्यान में रख कर ही वर्तमान में धारणीय कृषि गतिविधियों को अपनाने पर बल दिया जा रहा है| धारणीय कृषि की विभिन्न विधियां और उनके लाभ मल्च बनाना या मल्चिंग यह मृदा संसाधन को ढककर रखने की प्रक्रिया है जिसके दो रूप हैं - कार्बनिक मल्च, आकर्बनिक मल्च; मल्च बनाने का लाभ- यह मृदा नमी को बनाए रखता है; सिंचाई की ज़रूरत को कम करता है; किसानों की लागत को कम करता है; मृदा अपरदन और निम्नीकरण को रोकता है; मूसलाधार वर्षा के प्रभाव से मृदा को बचाता है आदि| जुताई रहित कृषि इसमें खेतों की जुताई नहीं की जाती है, फसल/बीज को मशीन या ड्रिल की सहायता से लगाया जाता है; इसमें मृदा अपरदन कम होता है; सिंचाई की कम आवश्यकता पड़ती है; किसानों की लागत को कम करता है; फसल जल्दी होने में सहायक है; शस्य गहनता बढ़ाने में सहायक है; खर-पतवार भी नियंत्रित रहता है; संरक्षण कृषि इसमें खेतों की जुताई की जाती है; लेजर या मशीन की सहायता से खेतों को समतल किया जाता है; नर्सरी के पादप या अन्यत्र लगाए गए बीज पादप को लाकर लगाया जाता है; यह उत्पादन बढ़ाने में सहायक है; मृदा अपरदन को भी नियंत्रित करता है; खर -पतवार भी नियंत्रित रहते हैं; खेतों में नमी बने रहने से सिंचाई की आवश्यकता भी कम होती है; जैविक कृषि यह ऐसी कृषि प्रणाली है जिसमें रासायनिक उर्वरक, कीटनाशी एवं खर -पतवारनाशी का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है; इसमें उर्वरक के रूप में वर्मीकम्पोस्ट (जैविक उर्वरक) और हरी खाद जैसे- ढेंचा, सनई का प्रयोग किया जाता है; इस कृषि के लाभ हैं- यह मृदा स्वास्थ्य को बनाए रखने में सहायक है; जल संसाधन का प्रदूषण भी नहीं होता; यह किसानों के लागत को कम करता है; इसमें सिंचाई की ज़रूरत भी कम होती है; कृषि अपशिष्ट के उपयोग हो जाने से पर्यावरण प्रदूषण भी कम हो जाता है; ऐसे उत्पाद स्वास्थ्य के लिए भी लाभदायक है; इन उत्पादों को लम्बे समय तक भंडारित करके रखा जा सकता है; ज़ीरो बजट प्राकृतिक कृषि इसके जनक सुभाष पालेकर माने जाते हैं; कृषि की इस पद्धति में बाहरी आगतों का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है; खेतों के आस-पास के प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का प्रयोग कर कृषि की जाती है; इसमें खेतों की जुताई हल -बैल से की जाती है; उर्वरक के रूप में पशु -गोबर, गोमूत्र का प्रयोग किया जाता है; सिंचाई के लिए भी परम्परागत पद्धति प्रयोग में लाए जाते हैं; ऊर्ध्वाधर कृषि कृषि की इस प्रणाली में ज़मीन के एक छोटे हिस्से का प्रयोग करते हुए फसल उत्पादन के लिए कृषि अवसंरचना का क्षैतिज एवं ऊर्ध्वाधर रूप में विकास किया जाता है; इस कृषि में फल -फूल, शाक -सब्ज़ी जैसे उत्पाद उत्पादित किए जाते हैं; यह शहरों में अधिक प्रचलित है; इस कृषि के निम्न लाभ हैं - इसमें मृदा का न्यूनतम उपयोग होता है; सिंचाई की बहुत ही कम आवश्यकता के कारण जल संरक्षण होता है; यह ग्रीन हाउस गैसों का उत्सर्जन नहीं करता है; नगरीय सौंदर्य और वायु गुणवत्ता बढ़ाने में सहायक है; शहरों में इस प्रकार के उत्पाद उत्पादित होने से ग्रामीण क्षेत्र से परिवहन माध्यम से आने वाले उत्पाद में होने वाले उत्सर्जन को कम करता है| उपरोक्त विधियों को पनाने से कृषि गतिविधियों के पर्यावरण पर पश्च प्रभाव को नियंत्रित किया जा सकता है| इसलिए वर्तमान में इन्ही धारणीय कृषि गतिविधियों को अपनाने की वकालत की जाती है|
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##Question:यहाँ तक कि पर्यावरण को कृषि गतिविधियों के भी नकारात्मक प्रभाव का सामना करना पड़ता है और यही कारण है कि धारणीय कृषि की वकालत की जाती है| कथन का विश्लेषण करते हुए धारणीय कृषि की विभिन्न विधियों और उनके लाभों को रेखांकित कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Even the environment also has to face the negative effects of agricultural activities and this is the reason why sustainable agriculture is advocated. While analyzing the statement, highlight the various methods of sustainable agriculture and their benefits. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में धारणीय कृषि को परिभाषित कीजिये 2- धारणीय कृषि की प्रासंगिकता को सिद्ध करने हेतु पर्यावरण पर कृषि गतिविधियों के पर्यावरण पर पड़ने वाले नकारात्मक प्रभावों की जानकारी दीजिये 3- मुख्य भाग में धारणीय कृषि की विभिन्न विधियों और उनके लाभों को रेखांकित कीजिये| 4- अंतिम में उपयुक्त निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये ऐसी कृषि प्रणाली जो मानवीय आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति करते हुए पर्यावरण की गुणवत्ता को बनाए रखने और वृद्धि में सहायक हो उसे संधारणीय कृषि कहते हैं; अर्थात ऐसी कृषि में नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा का प्रयोग अधिक होता है; जो हरित गृह गैसों का उत्सर्जन न्यून करे; जो मृदा की गुणवत्ता बनाए रखने में सहायक हो; जो नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण को बढ़ावा देता हो जो किसानों की आत्म निर्भरता और स्वावलंबन को बढाने वाला हो अर्थात कृषि में बाहरी आगतों का प्रयोग कम होता हो| कृषि गतिविधियों के पर्यावरण पर पड़ने वाले नकारात्मक प्रभाव भारत में कुल GHG के उत्सर्जन में लगभग 18 % योगदान कृषि और सम्बन्धित क्षेत्र का है कृषि अपशिष्ट के दहन से PM10 और PM2.5 वायु मंडल में आते हैं रासायनिक उर्वरकों का प्रयोग जलाशयों के सुपोषण का कारण बन रहा है धान के खेत मीथेन का उत्सर्जन करते हैं इसके अलावा कृषि और सम्बन्धित क्रियाओं से नाइट्रोजन ऑक्साइड, सल्फर डाइऑक्साइड, गैसें भी वायुमंडल में आती हैं उपरोक्त प्रभावों को ध्यान में रख कर ही वर्तमान में धारणीय कृषि गतिविधियों को अपनाने पर बल दिया जा रहा है| धारणीय कृषि की विभिन्न विधियां और उनके लाभ मल्च बनाना या मल्चिंग यह मृदा संसाधन को ढककर रखने की प्रक्रिया है जिसके दो रूप हैं - कार्बनिक मल्च, आकर्बनिक मल्च; मल्च बनाने का लाभ- यह मृदा नमी को बनाए रखता है; सिंचाई की ज़रूरत को कम करता है; किसानों की लागत को कम करता है; मृदा अपरदन और निम्नीकरण को रोकता है; मूसलाधार वर्षा के प्रभाव से मृदा को बचाता है आदि| जुताई रहित कृषि इसमें खेतों की जुताई नहीं की जाती है, फसल/बीज को मशीन या ड्रिल की सहायता से लगाया जाता है; इसमें मृदा अपरदन कम होता है; सिंचाई की कम आवश्यकता पड़ती है; किसानों की लागत को कम करता है; फसल जल्दी होने में सहायक है; शस्य गहनता बढ़ाने में सहायक है; खर-पतवार भी नियंत्रित रहता है; संरक्षण कृषि इसमें खेतों की जुताई की जाती है; लेजर या मशीन की सहायता से खेतों को समतल किया जाता है; नर्सरी के पादप या अन्यत्र लगाए गए बीज पादप को लाकर लगाया जाता है; यह उत्पादन बढ़ाने में सहायक है; मृदा अपरदन को भी नियंत्रित करता है; खर -पतवार भी नियंत्रित रहते हैं; खेतों में नमी बने रहने से सिंचाई की आवश्यकता भी कम होती है; जैविक कृषि यह ऐसी कृषि प्रणाली है जिसमें रासायनिक उर्वरक, कीटनाशी एवं खर -पतवारनाशी का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है; इसमें उर्वरक के रूप में वर्मीकम्पोस्ट (जैविक उर्वरक) और हरी खाद जैसे- ढेंचा, सनई का प्रयोग किया जाता है; इस कृषि के लाभ हैं- यह मृदा स्वास्थ्य को बनाए रखने में सहायक है; जल संसाधन का प्रदूषण भी नहीं होता; यह किसानों के लागत को कम करता है; इसमें सिंचाई की ज़रूरत भी कम होती है; कृषि अपशिष्ट के उपयोग हो जाने से पर्यावरण प्रदूषण भी कम हो जाता है; ऐसे उत्पाद स्वास्थ्य के लिए भी लाभदायक है; इन उत्पादों को लम्बे समय तक भंडारित करके रखा जा सकता है; ज़ीरो बजट प्राकृतिक कृषि इसके जनक सुभाष पालेकर माने जाते हैं; कृषि की इस पद्धति में बाहरी आगतों का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है; खेतों के आस-पास के प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का प्रयोग कर कृषि की जाती है; इसमें खेतों की जुताई हल -बैल से की जाती है; उर्वरक के रूप में पशु -गोबर, गोमूत्र का प्रयोग किया जाता है; सिंचाई के लिए भी परम्परागत पद्धति प्रयोग में लाए जाते हैं; ऊर्ध्वाधर कृषि कृषि की इस प्रणाली में ज़मीन के एक छोटे हिस्से का प्रयोग करते हुए फसल उत्पादन के लिए कृषि अवसंरचना का क्षैतिज एवं ऊर्ध्वाधर रूप में विकास किया जाता है; इस कृषि में फल -फूल, शाक -सब्ज़ी जैसे उत्पाद उत्पादित किए जाते हैं; यह शहरों में अधिक प्रचलित है; इस कृषि के निम्न लाभ हैं - इसमें मृदा का न्यूनतम उपयोग होता है; सिंचाई की बहुत ही कम आवश्यकता के कारण जल संरक्षण होता है; यह ग्रीन हाउस गैसों का उत्सर्जन नहीं करता है; नगरीय सौंदर्य और वायु गुणवत्ता बढ़ाने में सहायक है; शहरों में इस प्रकार के उत्पाद उत्पादित होने से ग्रामीण क्षेत्र से परिवहन माध्यम से आने वाले उत्पाद में होने वाले उत्सर्जन को कम करता है| उपरोक्त विधियों को पनाने से कृषि गतिविधियों के पर्यावरण पर पश्च प्रभाव को नियंत्रित किया जा सकता है| इसलिए वर्तमान में इन्ही धारणीय कृषि गतिविधियों को अपनाने की वकालत की जाती है|
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With regard to the morality of an action, one view is that means are of paramount importance and the other view is that the ends justify the means. Discuss these views with adequate examples. (150 Words/ 10 Marks)
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APPROACH: Introduce the answer by explaining the meaning of the question. In the body, show how means are of paramount importance using examples. In the second part, show how ends justify means, using examples. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: The two contrasting views with regard to deciding the morality of action signify the two branches of ethics viz. deontological and teleological ethics. While the former (Deontology) considers means as important as the ends, the latter (Teleology). Means are of paramount importance: It represents the idea that not only the end should be justified but the means to attain those results should also be justified. The morality of an action is based on whether the action itself is right or wrong. For Example, the philosophy of Nishkama Karma focuses on duty rather than the consequences of the action. India"s freedom struggle is a prime example of such philosophy where Gandhi Ji prescribed not only independence but non-violence to be the means to attain independence. However, this approach is criticized for being too rigid. Ends justify means: It represents the idea that if the end result is for the greater good, then means are of less consequence. In this regard, results are more essential than the process as ends justify the means. For Example, in Robinhood, looted rich people to help the poorest, or, jumping the red light to save someone"s life. It is in this context that revolutionary freedom fighters like Bhagat Singh justified the cause of violence for attaining freedom. It is more practical in nature. While both schools have some right aspects, the morality of an action is contextual and can not be boxed into these extreme prisms. However, as much as possible one should restrain from using the wrong means. As Gandhi Ji said, that ends are unforeseeable, and therefore, if we control means the ends will take care of themselves.
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##Question:With regard to the morality of an action, one view is that means are of paramount importance and the other view is that the ends justify the means. Discuss these views with adequate examples. (150 Words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:APPROACH: Introduce the answer by explaining the meaning of the question. In the body, show how means are of paramount importance using examples. In the second part, show how ends justify means, using examples. Conclude appropriately. ANSWER: The two contrasting views with regard to deciding the morality of action signify the two branches of ethics viz. deontological and teleological ethics. While the former (Deontology) considers means as important as the ends, the latter (Teleology). Means are of paramount importance: It represents the idea that not only the end should be justified but the means to attain those results should also be justified. The morality of an action is based on whether the action itself is right or wrong. For Example, the philosophy of Nishkama Karma focuses on duty rather than the consequences of the action. India"s freedom struggle is a prime example of such philosophy where Gandhi Ji prescribed not only independence but non-violence to be the means to attain independence. However, this approach is criticized for being too rigid. Ends justify means: It represents the idea that if the end result is for the greater good, then means are of less consequence. In this regard, results are more essential than the process as ends justify the means. For Example, in Robinhood, looted rich people to help the poorest, or, jumping the red light to save someone"s life. It is in this context that revolutionary freedom fighters like Bhagat Singh justified the cause of violence for attaining freedom. It is more practical in nature. While both schools have some right aspects, the morality of an action is contextual and can not be boxed into these extreme prisms. However, as much as possible one should restrain from using the wrong means. As Gandhi Ji said, that ends are unforeseeable, and therefore, if we control means the ends will take care of themselves.
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The core cause of World War II is not lie in Hitler but is hidden in the “Dictated Peace” forced on Germany under the Treaty of Versailles, 1919. Evaluate. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the end of World War I and the Paris Peace Conference in 1918 and the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. Bring the conflicting interests of France, England, and the US during the Paris Peace Conference, in 1918. Then discuss the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 that establish it as the dictated peace forced upon Germany. Then conclude with the rise of Hitler through the use of the harsh provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, 1919 that led to World War II. Answer World War I ended with Paris Peace Conference in 1918 . At the very beginning, the conference was determined by a clash of interests and individuals. The Treaty of Versailles of 1919 was one of the most controversial peace treaties signed between the victorious Allied Powers and Germany. The Allied power had differences among themselves on issues regarding the treatment of the defeated powers after World War I. Country France represented by its President Clemenceau was for a very harsh policy against Germany whereas Prime Minister of England David Lloyd George and US President Woodrow Wilson were for a liberal treatment of defeated Germany. For England Germany was its major trade partner in Europe. Its main concern was if France was allowed to exploit Germany fully, a bankrupt Germany would not be a good trade partner. Secondly, France exploiting Germany would in no way serve its interest. For US President Woodrow Wilson , the Treaty must be conducted as per his Fourteen Points Formula proposed by him. The Formula Provided for the end of secret diplomacy, Arms race, trade, and tariff restrictions. In other words, was for promoting its commercial interest in Europe. At the same time, under the Right of “Self-Determination” , the US supported the cause of national minority, the formation of nation-states for the national minority, and thereby she wanted to extend her control on the newly formed nation-states. Above all US was the major financer giving loans to France and England during the War. She wanted Germany in a position to pay back compensation so that it could recover its finances. Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles show that it was dictated and forced treaty on Germany. Germany was divided between Belgium, Poland, Lithuania, and Czechoslovakia. City Danzig was taken away from Germany and given to Poland with special rights to administer. Thus Polish corridor was created dividing Germany. Germany was made to surrender the rich iron ore mines of Alsace and Loraine and the coal mines of the Saar Valley to France with special rights to exploit coal for 15 years. A plebiscite would be held to decide the fate of Saar Valley after 15 years. All the river systems of Germany were internationalized. Germany made to surrender all her colonies and investments made by the Germans in the colonies were abrogated. All military establishments of Germany in the Rhine Land were demilitarized/dismantled . Germany"s military strength was reduced to only 1 lakh from 11 lakh and Germany was prohibited from taking any advance in war technology, strengthening its army and navy. Germany was asked to pay $6600 Million as compensation. When Germany expressed its inability it was reduced to $2200 Million. Even with that Germany became bankrupt. Germany was made to bear the entire responsibility for the war. The Entente Forces entered into Rhine Land as a guarantee for enforcing the terms and conditions. Finally, the treaty was drafted much against the wishes of the England and US. Germany was forced to accept the Treaty at the gunpoint. This was why England refuse to stand by France and US refuse to ratify the Treaty. The Treaty shattered Germany politically, economically, and militarily. The German population and the leader blamed reparations for their economic ills, which were exacerbated by the Great Depression of 1929 . Ultimately, it destabilized the Weimar republic, which was the government at the end of the war. Further, due to lasting resentment of the Treaty of Versailles, the Nazi Party and other radical right-wing parties were able to gain support in the 1920s and early 1930s by promising to overturn its harsh provisions and make Germany a major European power. Eventually, Adolf Hitler came to power and denounced the Treaty of Versailles. Germany stopped paying war reparation and armed itself at a rapid pace. Germany under Hitler adopted extreme nationalism and began an expansionist foreign policy. Thus, [peace and order established by the Treaty of Versailles was dictated peace forced upon Germany which prepared a strong ground for the misuse by the Hitler and Nazi party that led the world to the Second World War.
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##Question:The core cause of World War II is not lie in Hitler but is hidden in the “Dictated Peace” forced on Germany under the Treaty of Versailles, 1919. Evaluate. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the end of World War I and the Paris Peace Conference in 1918 and the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. Bring the conflicting interests of France, England, and the US during the Paris Peace Conference, in 1918. Then discuss the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 that establish it as the dictated peace forced upon Germany. Then conclude with the rise of Hitler through the use of the harsh provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, 1919 that led to World War II. Answer World War I ended with Paris Peace Conference in 1918 . At the very beginning, the conference was determined by a clash of interests and individuals. The Treaty of Versailles of 1919 was one of the most controversial peace treaties signed between the victorious Allied Powers and Germany. The Allied power had differences among themselves on issues regarding the treatment of the defeated powers after World War I. Country France represented by its President Clemenceau was for a very harsh policy against Germany whereas Prime Minister of England David Lloyd George and US President Woodrow Wilson were for a liberal treatment of defeated Germany. For England Germany was its major trade partner in Europe. Its main concern was if France was allowed to exploit Germany fully, a bankrupt Germany would not be a good trade partner. Secondly, France exploiting Germany would in no way serve its interest. For US President Woodrow Wilson , the Treaty must be conducted as per his Fourteen Points Formula proposed by him. The Formula Provided for the end of secret diplomacy, Arms race, trade, and tariff restrictions. In other words, was for promoting its commercial interest in Europe. At the same time, under the Right of “Self-Determination” , the US supported the cause of national minority, the formation of nation-states for the national minority, and thereby she wanted to extend her control on the newly formed nation-states. Above all US was the major financer giving loans to France and England during the War. She wanted Germany in a position to pay back compensation so that it could recover its finances. Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles show that it was dictated and forced treaty on Germany. Germany was divided between Belgium, Poland, Lithuania, and Czechoslovakia. City Danzig was taken away from Germany and given to Poland with special rights to administer. Thus Polish corridor was created dividing Germany. Germany was made to surrender the rich iron ore mines of Alsace and Loraine and the coal mines of the Saar Valley to France with special rights to exploit coal for 15 years. A plebiscite would be held to decide the fate of Saar Valley after 15 years. All the river systems of Germany were internationalized. Germany made to surrender all her colonies and investments made by the Germans in the colonies were abrogated. All military establishments of Germany in the Rhine Land were demilitarized/dismantled . Germany"s military strength was reduced to only 1 lakh from 11 lakh and Germany was prohibited from taking any advance in war technology, strengthening its army and navy. Germany was asked to pay $6600 Million as compensation. When Germany expressed its inability it was reduced to $2200 Million. Even with that Germany became bankrupt. Germany was made to bear the entire responsibility for the war. The Entente Forces entered into Rhine Land as a guarantee for enforcing the terms and conditions. Finally, the treaty was drafted much against the wishes of the England and US. Germany was forced to accept the Treaty at the gunpoint. This was why England refuse to stand by France and US refuse to ratify the Treaty. The Treaty shattered Germany politically, economically, and militarily. The German population and the leader blamed reparations for their economic ills, which were exacerbated by the Great Depression of 1929 . Ultimately, it destabilized the Weimar republic, which was the government at the end of the war. Further, due to lasting resentment of the Treaty of Versailles, the Nazi Party and other radical right-wing parties were able to gain support in the 1920s and early 1930s by promising to overturn its harsh provisions and make Germany a major European power. Eventually, Adolf Hitler came to power and denounced the Treaty of Versailles. Germany stopped paying war reparation and armed itself at a rapid pace. Germany under Hitler adopted extreme nationalism and began an expansionist foreign policy. Thus, [peace and order established by the Treaty of Versailles was dictated peace forced upon Germany which prepared a strong ground for the misuse by the Hitler and Nazi party that led the world to the Second World War.
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What do you understand by Question hour in Loksabha? Discuss by highlighting its importance. (150 words/10 marks)
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Brief Approach: In Introduction briefly write about Question hour in Loksabha i.e. what does it refer to Highlight the importance/significance of question hour in Parliament Conclude your answer briefly Answer: Generally, the first hour of a sitting of Lok Sabha is devoted to the Questions and this hour is called the Question Hour. Importance/Significance of question hour Question hour has a special significance in the proceedings of the Parliament. Asking questions is an inherent and unfettered parliamentary right of members. It is during the Question Hour that the members can ask questions on every aspect of administration and Governmental activity. Government policies in national as well as international spheres come into sharp focus as the members try to elicit pertinent information during the Question Hour. The Government is, as it were, put on trial during the Question Hour and every Minister whose turn it is to answer questions has to stand up and answer for his or his administration"s acts of omission and commission. Through Question Hour, the Government is able to quickly feel the pulse of the nation and adapt its policies and actions accordingly. It is through questions in the Parliament that the Government remains in touch with the people in as much as members are enabled thereby ventilating the grievances of the public in matters concerning the administration. Questions enable Ministries to gauge the popular reaction to their policy and administration. Questions bring to the notice of the Ministers, many loopholes which otherwise would have gone unnoticed. Sometimes questions may lead to the appointment of a Commission, a Court of Enquiry or even Legislation when matters raised by Members are grave enough to agitate the public mind and are of wide public importance. The Question Hour is an integral part of the Parliamentary proceedings. All the above concerns associated with the question hour should be addressed promptly so that its significance/importance and objective do not get diluted.
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##Question:What do you understand by Question hour in Loksabha? Discuss by highlighting its importance. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Brief Approach: In Introduction briefly write about Question hour in Loksabha i.e. what does it refer to Highlight the importance/significance of question hour in Parliament Conclude your answer briefly Answer: Generally, the first hour of a sitting of Lok Sabha is devoted to the Questions and this hour is called the Question Hour. Importance/Significance of question hour Question hour has a special significance in the proceedings of the Parliament. Asking questions is an inherent and unfettered parliamentary right of members. It is during the Question Hour that the members can ask questions on every aspect of administration and Governmental activity. Government policies in national as well as international spheres come into sharp focus as the members try to elicit pertinent information during the Question Hour. The Government is, as it were, put on trial during the Question Hour and every Minister whose turn it is to answer questions has to stand up and answer for his or his administration"s acts of omission and commission. Through Question Hour, the Government is able to quickly feel the pulse of the nation and adapt its policies and actions accordingly. It is through questions in the Parliament that the Government remains in touch with the people in as much as members are enabled thereby ventilating the grievances of the public in matters concerning the administration. Questions enable Ministries to gauge the popular reaction to their policy and administration. Questions bring to the notice of the Ministers, many loopholes which otherwise would have gone unnoticed. Sometimes questions may lead to the appointment of a Commission, a Court of Enquiry or even Legislation when matters raised by Members are grave enough to agitate the public mind and are of wide public importance. The Question Hour is an integral part of the Parliamentary proceedings. All the above concerns associated with the question hour should be addressed promptly so that its significance/importance and objective do not get diluted.
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Give an account of different types of volcanoes. Also, mention the volcanic associated features. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Give a basic definition of volcano/volcanism Given an account of different types of volcanoes Mention the volcanic associated features Conclude appropriately A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust that allows molten rock, gases, and debris to escape to the surface. Volcanism is the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of the Earth or a solid-surface planet or moon, where lava, pyroclastics, and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a vent. Different Types of Volcanoes - Based on Eruption - There are two types of volcanoes based on eruption – 1) Central type - The eruption happens through a single vent. It leads to the formation of volcanic mountains. Examples are - Mt. Stromboli in Sicily. It is a natural lighthouse of the mediterranean sea, Mt. Vesuvius in Italy, Mt. Fujiyama in Japan, and Mt. Cotopaxi in Ecuador. 2) Fissure type - The magma comes out through numerous vents and leads to the formation of elevated flat lands called volcanic plateaus. Examples - are the Deccan plateau of India, the Patagonian plateau, and the Colombian plateau. Based on Types of Magma - Magma is of two types - 1) Acidic magma, also called as felsic magma and 2) Basic magma, also called as Mafic magma. The acidic and basic nature of the magma is decided by the silica content in the rocks. If the silica content is high, it is called felsic magma and if the silica content is low, it is called mafic magma. Based on the silica content in the magma, different structures develop due to eruptions like - 1) Shield volcanoes - These are the largest volcanoes (in terms of area) in the world. They are quiet and a little less explosive. It grows horizontally rather than vertically. It appears like a shield or a barrier. 2) Cinder cone volcanoes - It is more explosive and when the lava is thrown out, the lava solidifies within the air and falls as a solid pyroclastic material called cinders. It accumulates to form a volcanic structure. 3) Strato Volcano/Composite volcanoes - These volcanic mountains contain alternate bands of pyroclastic material and solidified lava. They can be so tall in size. 4) Caldreas - It represents high-intensity eruptions. The calderas are broken craters. When the wind is choked with magma and other pyroclastic material, the building up of steam explodes the mountains with high intensity. Example - 1885 Krakatoa eruption in Indonesia. When the silica content in magma is very low, the viscosity is less and the magma flows like flood water creating elevated tall plateaus. Based on the frequency of eruptions - It is three types - 1) Active Volcano - When the eruptions are frequent. The period between two consecutive eruptions is less. Example - Mt. Stromboli, Barren Island of Andaman and Nicobar islands. 2) Dormant Volcano - The time duration between one eruption and the other eruption is quite long. It is present in sleeping conditions. Example - Mt. Vesuvius, Narcondam volcano 3) Extinct Volcano - The eruptions happened in the past but there is no chance of eruptions in the future. Example - Mt. Kilimanjaro (In Tanzania) Volcanic associated features - 1) Geysers - These are the fountain-like structures through which the hot water and gases are released. Examples - Old faithful geyser in the yellow stone national park. The Geysers are restricted to only a few areas of the world like the Yellow stone region of the USA, New Zealand, and Iceland. 2) Hot springs - These are small lake-like bodies in which the high temperature for water is due to the release of sulfur gases. Examples - Puga valley of Ladakh, Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh, Munger in Bihar, and Jwalamukhi in Himachal Pradesh 3) Fumaroles - These are the small openings on the Earth"s surface through which gases release continuously. These are sulfur-related gases and carbon-related gases. Example - The valley of ten thousand smoke of Alaska. The volcanic and earthquake activity is distributed in the the regions of Pacific Ring of Fire, the Mid continental belt, and the East African Rift Valley.
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##Question:Give an account of different types of volcanoes. Also, mention the volcanic associated features. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Give a basic definition of volcano/volcanism Given an account of different types of volcanoes Mention the volcanic associated features Conclude appropriately A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust that allows molten rock, gases, and debris to escape to the surface. Volcanism is the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of the Earth or a solid-surface planet or moon, where lava, pyroclastics, and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a vent. Different Types of Volcanoes - Based on Eruption - There are two types of volcanoes based on eruption – 1) Central type - The eruption happens through a single vent. It leads to the formation of volcanic mountains. Examples are - Mt. Stromboli in Sicily. It is a natural lighthouse of the mediterranean sea, Mt. Vesuvius in Italy, Mt. Fujiyama in Japan, and Mt. Cotopaxi in Ecuador. 2) Fissure type - The magma comes out through numerous vents and leads to the formation of elevated flat lands called volcanic plateaus. Examples - are the Deccan plateau of India, the Patagonian plateau, and the Colombian plateau. Based on Types of Magma - Magma is of two types - 1) Acidic magma, also called as felsic magma and 2) Basic magma, also called as Mafic magma. The acidic and basic nature of the magma is decided by the silica content in the rocks. If the silica content is high, it is called felsic magma and if the silica content is low, it is called mafic magma. Based on the silica content in the magma, different structures develop due to eruptions like - 1) Shield volcanoes - These are the largest volcanoes (in terms of area) in the world. They are quiet and a little less explosive. It grows horizontally rather than vertically. It appears like a shield or a barrier. 2) Cinder cone volcanoes - It is more explosive and when the lava is thrown out, the lava solidifies within the air and falls as a solid pyroclastic material called cinders. It accumulates to form a volcanic structure. 3) Strato Volcano/Composite volcanoes - These volcanic mountains contain alternate bands of pyroclastic material and solidified lava. They can be so tall in size. 4) Caldreas - It represents high-intensity eruptions. The calderas are broken craters. When the wind is choked with magma and other pyroclastic material, the building up of steam explodes the mountains with high intensity. Example - 1885 Krakatoa eruption in Indonesia. When the silica content in magma is very low, the viscosity is less and the magma flows like flood water creating elevated tall plateaus. Based on the frequency of eruptions - It is three types - 1) Active Volcano - When the eruptions are frequent. The period between two consecutive eruptions is less. Example - Mt. Stromboli, Barren Island of Andaman and Nicobar islands. 2) Dormant Volcano - The time duration between one eruption and the other eruption is quite long. It is present in sleeping conditions. Example - Mt. Vesuvius, Narcondam volcano 3) Extinct Volcano - The eruptions happened in the past but there is no chance of eruptions in the future. Example - Mt. Kilimanjaro (In Tanzania) Volcanic associated features - 1) Geysers - These are the fountain-like structures through which the hot water and gases are released. Examples - Old faithful geyser in the yellow stone national park. The Geysers are restricted to only a few areas of the world like the Yellow stone region of the USA, New Zealand, and Iceland. 2) Hot springs - These are small lake-like bodies in which the high temperature for water is due to the release of sulfur gases. Examples - Puga valley of Ladakh, Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh, Munger in Bihar, and Jwalamukhi in Himachal Pradesh 3) Fumaroles - These are the small openings on the Earth"s surface through which gases release continuously. These are sulfur-related gases and carbon-related gases. Example - The valley of ten thousand smoke of Alaska. The volcanic and earthquake activity is distributed in the the regions of Pacific Ring of Fire, the Mid continental belt, and the East African Rift Valley.
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World War II culminated in decolonization across many parts of the World. Analyze. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the European Colonial Empire across the world. Give a brief explanation of the decolonization process before World War II. Bring the scenario of the post-World War II that created factors for Decolonization. Further Elaborate on these factors. Then conclude accordingly. Answer Decolonization is defined as the process of change for a colony to get independence. In other words, it refers to all the efforts made by the colonies to gain back their lost sovereignty , their territorial identity, and cultural integrity. Though the word decolonization was very often used for understanding the liberation movements that started after World War II, historically it started in the 18th century itself. In other words, colonization and decolonization took place simultaneously. In the process of decolonization, the first stage was when America got independence. The second stage started in Latin American countries in the 19th century. The third phase or last phase of decolonization was more the result of World War II, with which colonial empires of England, France, Spain, Portugal, and the Dutch crumbled. The factors for decolonization started taking their shape much before World War II in the following forms Colonialism itself created certain conditions favorable for decolonization. Forces of modernization, westernization, and the formation of the educated middle class all helped the colonies in the process of their unification and in their nationalist movements. In India"s formation of the Indian National Congress, in Indonesia, the Surekat Islamic movement started in 1911, and the Vietnamese Nationalist movement was finally the result of these factors. The Right of Self Determination , one of the provisions of Woodrow Wilson"s Fourteen Point Formula in the Paris Peace Conference after World War I. It declared that every nation has its own right in choosing its own course of action for its liberation and development. It gave a justification for anti-colonial movements. At the time of World War II, Britain and France were the largest colonial empires mainly spread across Asia and Africa. Even after World War II, France and Britain were not ready to give up their claim over vast areas of the rest of the world. However, the impact of World War II created many conditions in these colonial power and colonies that expedited the process of decolonization across many parts of the world. The impact of World War II that created conditions for the decolonization The myth about the invincibility of the military superiority of European colonial power was destroyed by the Japanese success in East Asia. It boosted the morale of revolutionary nationalists. Participation by the people of colonies in war exposed them to the contradictory social and political conditions at home and outside the world. Nationalist Movements in the Colonies: The Nationalist movements in the many colonies in Asia such as India/Indonesia/Vietnam were at their zenith even before World War II. The result of World War II gave impetus to the nationalist movements in these colonies. War definitely weakened European powers so much that they were not in a position to rule the colonies anymore. Atlantic Charter 1941 drafted by British Prime Minister Churchill and President Roosevelt of the USA gave an open call for liberating the countries threatened by Germany, Italy, and Japan. However, the scope of the charter was further expanded and applied to all the nationalist movements against the colonial movements. Both the USA and USSR tried to extend their influence. The USA exerted pressure upon England for decolonizing as it sensed a threat from Russia spreading communism in the colonial countries. Similarly, USSR to strengthen its position interfered in the Chinese civil war and the Vietnamese Nationalist movement against France and the USA. The UN formed as the result of World War II came up with UNO Resolution 1960 openly extended all support for the colonies in their liberation movements against colonial powers. Thus World War II started with the capturing and redistribution of the colonies among the colonial power ultimately resulting in the expediting the process of decolonization of the colonies of these European power. However, it gave a new problem of Neo-colonialism in parts of Africa that created problems such as poverty persisting in these parts of the world.
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##Question:World War II culminated in decolonization across many parts of the World. Analyze. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the European Colonial Empire across the world. Give a brief explanation of the decolonization process before World War II. Bring the scenario of the post-World War II that created factors for Decolonization. Further Elaborate on these factors. Then conclude accordingly. Answer Decolonization is defined as the process of change for a colony to get independence. In other words, it refers to all the efforts made by the colonies to gain back their lost sovereignty , their territorial identity, and cultural integrity. Though the word decolonization was very often used for understanding the liberation movements that started after World War II, historically it started in the 18th century itself. In other words, colonization and decolonization took place simultaneously. In the process of decolonization, the first stage was when America got independence. The second stage started in Latin American countries in the 19th century. The third phase or last phase of decolonization was more the result of World War II, with which colonial empires of England, France, Spain, Portugal, and the Dutch crumbled. The factors for decolonization started taking their shape much before World War II in the following forms Colonialism itself created certain conditions favorable for decolonization. Forces of modernization, westernization, and the formation of the educated middle class all helped the colonies in the process of their unification and in their nationalist movements. In India"s formation of the Indian National Congress, in Indonesia, the Surekat Islamic movement started in 1911, and the Vietnamese Nationalist movement was finally the result of these factors. The Right of Self Determination , one of the provisions of Woodrow Wilson"s Fourteen Point Formula in the Paris Peace Conference after World War I. It declared that every nation has its own right in choosing its own course of action for its liberation and development. It gave a justification for anti-colonial movements. At the time of World War II, Britain and France were the largest colonial empires mainly spread across Asia and Africa. Even after World War II, France and Britain were not ready to give up their claim over vast areas of the rest of the world. However, the impact of World War II created many conditions in these colonial power and colonies that expedited the process of decolonization across many parts of the world. The impact of World War II that created conditions for the decolonization The myth about the invincibility of the military superiority of European colonial power was destroyed by the Japanese success in East Asia. It boosted the morale of revolutionary nationalists. Participation by the people of colonies in war exposed them to the contradictory social and political conditions at home and outside the world. Nationalist Movements in the Colonies: The Nationalist movements in the many colonies in Asia such as India/Indonesia/Vietnam were at their zenith even before World War II. The result of World War II gave impetus to the nationalist movements in these colonies. War definitely weakened European powers so much that they were not in a position to rule the colonies anymore. Atlantic Charter 1941 drafted by British Prime Minister Churchill and President Roosevelt of the USA gave an open call for liberating the countries threatened by Germany, Italy, and Japan. However, the scope of the charter was further expanded and applied to all the nationalist movements against the colonial movements. Both the USA and USSR tried to extend their influence. The USA exerted pressure upon England for decolonizing as it sensed a threat from Russia spreading communism in the colonial countries. Similarly, USSR to strengthen its position interfered in the Chinese civil war and the Vietnamese Nationalist movement against France and the USA. The UN formed as the result of World War II came up with UNO Resolution 1960 openly extended all support for the colonies in their liberation movements against colonial powers. Thus World War II started with the capturing and redistribution of the colonies among the colonial power ultimately resulting in the expediting the process of decolonization of the colonies of these European power. However, it gave a new problem of Neo-colonialism in parts of Africa that created problems such as poverty persisting in these parts of the world.
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England had done very little for the workers but whatever it had done stayed, but the French had done a lot for the workers but ended up as a failure. Elaborate. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the origin and explanation of socialism. Then bring the impact and condition of the socialistic movement in Britain. Then further discuss the impact and condition of the socialistic movement in France. Conclude accordingly. Answer Socialism found its early expression in the philosophy of Plato when he talked about the “Ideal State”. For him, the ideal stage is the state where the ruling class will not have private property. The term socialism is variously understood and defined by thinkers and schools of thought. Socialism is a theory or policy that aims at or advocates the ownership or control of the means of production such as capital, land, property, etc. by the community as a whole and their administration in the interest of all . Socialism in Britain Socialism gained popularity as a concept first in England with Industrial Revolution . Different forms of socialist ideas like Guild Socialism, Fabian Socialism, radical socialism, and Utopian Socialism, appeared first in England. Due to the evil effects of the Industrial Revolution, particularly too much exploitation of the working class. Robert Owen was called the father of socialist thought. He was an ideal socialist/capitalist . Though being a capitalist, he parted the profit with the working class and made them part of the system of production. Followers of the Owen were called as the Utopian as they were under the influence of Thomas More’s “UTOPIA” . The 1832 Parliament Act, which introduced Liberal reform had not satisfied the working classes. A moment called the Chartist Movement started in England with a set of demands charted out by the working classes. However, the movement failed due to internal rivalries and a lack of proper organization. However, in England the capitalist and industrialist classes took enough care to see that labour class unrest not transformed into a revolution. They provided all the civic amenities required for the Working class to live a better life. Though England has done very little for the cause of socialism it came to stay for a long avoiding movements/unrest. Socialism in France France was the other European country with socialist ideas. It started with Saint Simon, a catholic prince who condemned the exploitation of the working class as immoral and unethical as it goes against the spirit/principle of Christianity . Rousseau the French Philosopher also contribute to socialism with his thesis “a discourse on the origin of inequality”. For Rousseau, the whole problem was “private property”. Rousseau talked about primitive communism a state without social inequalities and inequality of two types Natural and Unnatural. During the time of the French revolution particularly under the National Convention, of 1791-95 certain drastic reforms introduced convinced that France was heading for socialism. The land was distributed among the landless, and essential goods were provided to the needy at a subsidized rate. One of the radicals Babeum was called the father of French Socialism. However, his attempt to implement socialist ideas ended up as a failure due to the opposition of the middle class. Similarly, the 1848 French revolution also ended up as a failure when Louis Blanck tries to convert France into a socialist republic . Thus the socialists of France has done great work for the realization of socialism but their efforts ended as a failure. However, despite the impact of socialism in Britain has been less but it has sustained for a long and influenced the life of the working class.
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##Question:England had done very little for the workers but whatever it had done stayed, but the French had done a lot for the workers but ended up as a failure. Elaborate. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the origin and explanation of socialism. Then bring the impact and condition of the socialistic movement in Britain. Then further discuss the impact and condition of the socialistic movement in France. Conclude accordingly. Answer Socialism found its early expression in the philosophy of Plato when he talked about the “Ideal State”. For him, the ideal stage is the state where the ruling class will not have private property. The term socialism is variously understood and defined by thinkers and schools of thought. Socialism is a theory or policy that aims at or advocates the ownership or control of the means of production such as capital, land, property, etc. by the community as a whole and their administration in the interest of all . Socialism in Britain Socialism gained popularity as a concept first in England with Industrial Revolution . Different forms of socialist ideas like Guild Socialism, Fabian Socialism, radical socialism, and Utopian Socialism, appeared first in England. Due to the evil effects of the Industrial Revolution, particularly too much exploitation of the working class. Robert Owen was called the father of socialist thought. He was an ideal socialist/capitalist . Though being a capitalist, he parted the profit with the working class and made them part of the system of production. Followers of the Owen were called as the Utopian as they were under the influence of Thomas More’s “UTOPIA” . The 1832 Parliament Act, which introduced Liberal reform had not satisfied the working classes. A moment called the Chartist Movement started in England with a set of demands charted out by the working classes. However, the movement failed due to internal rivalries and a lack of proper organization. However, in England the capitalist and industrialist classes took enough care to see that labour class unrest not transformed into a revolution. They provided all the civic amenities required for the Working class to live a better life. Though England has done very little for the cause of socialism it came to stay for a long avoiding movements/unrest. Socialism in France France was the other European country with socialist ideas. It started with Saint Simon, a catholic prince who condemned the exploitation of the working class as immoral and unethical as it goes against the spirit/principle of Christianity . Rousseau the French Philosopher also contribute to socialism with his thesis “a discourse on the origin of inequality”. For Rousseau, the whole problem was “private property”. Rousseau talked about primitive communism a state without social inequalities and inequality of two types Natural and Unnatural. During the time of the French revolution particularly under the National Convention, of 1791-95 certain drastic reforms introduced convinced that France was heading for socialism. The land was distributed among the landless, and essential goods were provided to the needy at a subsidized rate. One of the radicals Babeum was called the father of French Socialism. However, his attempt to implement socialist ideas ended up as a failure due to the opposition of the middle class. Similarly, the 1848 French revolution also ended up as a failure when Louis Blanck tries to convert France into a socialist republic . Thus the socialists of France has done great work for the realization of socialism but their efforts ended as a failure. However, despite the impact of socialism in Britain has been less but it has sustained for a long and influenced the life of the working class.
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What do you mean by Neutrinos? Also, mention the applications of neutrinos.( 10 Marks/ 150 Words)
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Approach: Briefly explain the neutrinos. Mention the applications of neutrinos. Conclude appropriately Answer: These are the second largest sub-atomic particles, also called primary or fundamental particles. These neutrinos are chargeless mass particles. Due to this chargeless nature, it doesn"t interact with any other particles. But, they travel across the universe at light speed without any obstacles. Hence, they are popularly known as Ghost particles. The major source of these neutrinos are: 1. Sun 2. Blackholes 3. Supernovas 4. Nuclear reactors 5. Interior layers of the earth"s crust Applications of Neutrinos: 1. Neutrinos can be used for medical purposes like MRI, CT Scan and X-rays etc. 2. In-depth insights into space can be explored i.e. After the Big Bang experiment what happened can be explored. 3. Due to its unstoppable nature, we can know the boundaries of our galaxy and beyond our galaxy. 4. The interior layers of the earth can be explored. 5. The formation of fundamental particles such as electrons, protons etc. can be determined. Thus, the neutrino is an important sub-atomic particle which will help in broadening our understanding of the universe"s formation. In India, for exploring the properties of neutrinos, a neutrino laboratory is going to be established in Tamil Nadu which is one of the world"s largest iron calorimetry detectors. The world"s largest neutrino telescope was established beneath the glaciers in Antarctica called Ice Cube. Recently Nasa has established this Antenna called ANITA ( Nasa Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna).
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##Question:What do you mean by Neutrinos? Also, mention the applications of neutrinos.( 10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Briefly explain the neutrinos. Mention the applications of neutrinos. Conclude appropriately Answer: These are the second largest sub-atomic particles, also called primary or fundamental particles. These neutrinos are chargeless mass particles. Due to this chargeless nature, it doesn"t interact with any other particles. But, they travel across the universe at light speed without any obstacles. Hence, they are popularly known as Ghost particles. The major source of these neutrinos are: 1. Sun 2. Blackholes 3. Supernovas 4. Nuclear reactors 5. Interior layers of the earth"s crust Applications of Neutrinos: 1. Neutrinos can be used for medical purposes like MRI, CT Scan and X-rays etc. 2. In-depth insights into space can be explored i.e. After the Big Bang experiment what happened can be explored. 3. Due to its unstoppable nature, we can know the boundaries of our galaxy and beyond our galaxy. 4. The interior layers of the earth can be explored. 5. The formation of fundamental particles such as electrons, protons etc. can be determined. Thus, the neutrino is an important sub-atomic particle which will help in broadening our understanding of the universe"s formation. In India, for exploring the properties of neutrinos, a neutrino laboratory is going to be established in Tamil Nadu which is one of the world"s largest iron calorimetry detectors. The world"s largest neutrino telescope was established beneath the glaciers in Antarctica called Ice Cube. Recently Nasa has established this Antenna called ANITA ( Nasa Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna).
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Gorbachev unleashed the forces to strengthen the USSR but the forces he unleashed went out of his control/hand to disintegrate the USSR. Analyze. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the major reform initiatives taken by Gorbachev in a brief manner. Then further elaborate on these initiatives to establish that it was for the strengthening of the USSR. Then bring the course of events due to these reforms that led to the disintegration of the USSR. Conclude accordingly. Answer With the revolution of 1917, USSR was formed with fifteen republics iron curtain. An iron curtain descended upon the USSR under which civil rights, liberties of workers everything was closed. The world didn"t know what was going on in Russia. The crisis started during the time of Brezhnev, it took a serious turn when Gorbachev took over the reins. Gorbachev took lead to reform the political and economic constraints to strengthen USSR. He took initiatives in the form of Perestroika, Glasnost, cultural freedom, Nuclear Disarmament, and the Brezhnev Doctrine. The policy of Glasnost : Under this policy, Gorbachev recognized the freedom of speech which was severely curtailed during the earlier regime. Perestroika: Gorbachev began a program of economic reform called Perestroika or Restructuring which was necessary as the Soviet economy was suffering from both hidden inflation and supply shortages Cultural freedoms: It was granted to the press and the artistic community during Gorbachev’s time. Reduced party control: He launched radical reforms meant to reduce party control of the government apparatus. Nuclear disarmament: Gorbachev expedited the process of nuclear disarmament. He made a successful agreement with the USA in this direction. Brezhnev Doctrine: It was a Soviet foreign policy that proclaimed any threat to socialist rule in any state of the Soviet bloc in Central and Eastern Europe was a threat to them all, and therefore justified the intervention of fellow socialist states. These reforms aimed at strengthening the USSR in the following manner: It was meant for restoring human rights and grating freedom in the cultural affair which were denied by the communist governments. Under the policy, the bitter critic of Stalin Sakharov was released from the jail from the prison camp or jail. Bukharin chief critic of socialist ideas was executed and declared innocent. In cultural affairs, the official news agency Pravda was granted absolute freedom in publishing news and shape public opinion. Similarly, anti-Stalin literature and anti-Stalin movies were all allowed into the markets for the first time an attempt was made to make the public understand where things were going wrong in Russia. The public inquiry into Chornobyl Nuclear Reactor Explosion was telecast and in a similar way, the proceedings of the legislative assemblies were also made public. Under the policy of perestroika (restructuring) communist parties controlled by a central planning system ended. Small-scale entrepreneurship was permitted, and restrictions and limitations on economic activity and production were completely removed. In the political sphere, the single-party system was given up, and elections were thrown open for a multi-party system. Gorbachev lost control/command over the reforms in the following manner Gorbachev"s policies personally created problems for him as the President of Russia. A serious difference started between Gorbachev and the local powerful leader of Russia, Boris Yelstin. Yelstin demanded drastic change on the model of western democracies whereas conservative communist leader Ligachyov opposed reforms as they were too drastic, threatening the very existence of the communist party. The problem of Gorbachev was he was caught between the two. When the elections were held for the new supreme Soviet, Yelstin was not elected due to the opposition of communist party leaders. A massive rally started in support of Yelstin in Moscow. The rally clearly marked the end of communist party control over the administration, because of a rally that type has taken place only in 1917. On the economic front, the reforms failed to give immediate results. The national income of Russia continued to fall by 15% from 1990. Russian factories continued to manufacture more expensive goods expecting more salaries. The consequent effect was small-scale industries were completely neglected. A severe shortage of essential goods arose in order to cover up the finance Russia was forced to go for minting currency, which in turn, lead to hyperinflation. The coal mine workers of Siberia organized a major strike that was never seen before. It was associated with the Supply of essential goods and better wages. It led to the end of the communist administration in Siberia. They were very much influenced by the Poland Solidarity Movement of coal mine workers started in Poland against the communist party. One-fourth of the Russian population continued to remain below the poverty line. Gorbachev failed to anticipate the strength of nationalist feelings. Initially in the Baltic republics of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia , and spreading to others like Georgia and Ukraine. Thus Gorbachev completely lost control of the reform movement he had started. The formation of a Union called the Commonwealth of Independent states once and for all ended the idea USSR. The disintegration was completed. Gorbachev"s role ended as president and he resigned on 25th December 1991. The whole problem in the disintegration of the USSR was apart from the internal crisis President Gorbachev lost complete control of the forces unleashed. In other words, he himself was the victim of his own grand design.
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##Question:Gorbachev unleashed the forces to strengthen the USSR but the forces he unleashed went out of his control/hand to disintegrate the USSR. Analyze. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the major reform initiatives taken by Gorbachev in a brief manner. Then further elaborate on these initiatives to establish that it was for the strengthening of the USSR. Then bring the course of events due to these reforms that led to the disintegration of the USSR. Conclude accordingly. Answer With the revolution of 1917, USSR was formed with fifteen republics iron curtain. An iron curtain descended upon the USSR under which civil rights, liberties of workers everything was closed. The world didn"t know what was going on in Russia. The crisis started during the time of Brezhnev, it took a serious turn when Gorbachev took over the reins. Gorbachev took lead to reform the political and economic constraints to strengthen USSR. He took initiatives in the form of Perestroika, Glasnost, cultural freedom, Nuclear Disarmament, and the Brezhnev Doctrine. The policy of Glasnost : Under this policy, Gorbachev recognized the freedom of speech which was severely curtailed during the earlier regime. Perestroika: Gorbachev began a program of economic reform called Perestroika or Restructuring which was necessary as the Soviet economy was suffering from both hidden inflation and supply shortages Cultural freedoms: It was granted to the press and the artistic community during Gorbachev’s time. Reduced party control: He launched radical reforms meant to reduce party control of the government apparatus. Nuclear disarmament: Gorbachev expedited the process of nuclear disarmament. He made a successful agreement with the USA in this direction. Brezhnev Doctrine: It was a Soviet foreign policy that proclaimed any threat to socialist rule in any state of the Soviet bloc in Central and Eastern Europe was a threat to them all, and therefore justified the intervention of fellow socialist states. These reforms aimed at strengthening the USSR in the following manner: It was meant for restoring human rights and grating freedom in the cultural affair which were denied by the communist governments. Under the policy, the bitter critic of Stalin Sakharov was released from the jail from the prison camp or jail. Bukharin chief critic of socialist ideas was executed and declared innocent. In cultural affairs, the official news agency Pravda was granted absolute freedom in publishing news and shape public opinion. Similarly, anti-Stalin literature and anti-Stalin movies were all allowed into the markets for the first time an attempt was made to make the public understand where things were going wrong in Russia. The public inquiry into Chornobyl Nuclear Reactor Explosion was telecast and in a similar way, the proceedings of the legislative assemblies were also made public. Under the policy of perestroika (restructuring) communist parties controlled by a central planning system ended. Small-scale entrepreneurship was permitted, and restrictions and limitations on economic activity and production were completely removed. In the political sphere, the single-party system was given up, and elections were thrown open for a multi-party system. Gorbachev lost control/command over the reforms in the following manner Gorbachev"s policies personally created problems for him as the President of Russia. A serious difference started between Gorbachev and the local powerful leader of Russia, Boris Yelstin. Yelstin demanded drastic change on the model of western democracies whereas conservative communist leader Ligachyov opposed reforms as they were too drastic, threatening the very existence of the communist party. The problem of Gorbachev was he was caught between the two. When the elections were held for the new supreme Soviet, Yelstin was not elected due to the opposition of communist party leaders. A massive rally started in support of Yelstin in Moscow. The rally clearly marked the end of communist party control over the administration, because of a rally that type has taken place only in 1917. On the economic front, the reforms failed to give immediate results. The national income of Russia continued to fall by 15% from 1990. Russian factories continued to manufacture more expensive goods expecting more salaries. The consequent effect was small-scale industries were completely neglected. A severe shortage of essential goods arose in order to cover up the finance Russia was forced to go for minting currency, which in turn, lead to hyperinflation. The coal mine workers of Siberia organized a major strike that was never seen before. It was associated with the Supply of essential goods and better wages. It led to the end of the communist administration in Siberia. They were very much influenced by the Poland Solidarity Movement of coal mine workers started in Poland against the communist party. One-fourth of the Russian population continued to remain below the poverty line. Gorbachev failed to anticipate the strength of nationalist feelings. Initially in the Baltic republics of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia , and spreading to others like Georgia and Ukraine. Thus Gorbachev completely lost control of the reform movement he had started. The formation of a Union called the Commonwealth of Independent states once and for all ended the idea USSR. The disintegration was completed. Gorbachev"s role ended as president and he resigned on 25th December 1991. The whole problem in the disintegration of the USSR was apart from the internal crisis President Gorbachev lost complete control of the forces unleashed. In other words, he himself was the victim of his own grand design.
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Trace the History and Evolution of Money as a medium of exchange? (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach:- In the introduction, mention the need for the money In the body part, highlight the evolution of the money Connect with contemporary development In the evolution of money Conclude accordingly Answer:- In earlier societies or civilizations trade was occurring through the Barter system but due to some challenges such as scarcity issues, and double coincidence of wants, Money as a medium of exchange was invented Evolution of Money: Money acted as a medium of exchange, a common store of value, and a store of wealth. Although money has evolved since its invent Full-bodied money - First kind of money was Ful bodied money. It is money whose value as money is equivalent to its value. It can be seen in the Gupta period and Mughal period. Token currency/ credit money/ paper money - It was first invented in China and later introduced by Muhammad-bin-Tughlag as an experiment. It is money whose value as money is much more than its value as a commodity. Legal tender money - With the advent of the political system and authority legal tender money came into existence. It can be seen in contemporary Ruppe note Optional money/ Non-legal tender money- These are also seen in present times as it is not compulsory to accept them as payment. Eg- Gold coins, silver coins Fiduciary money- With the expansion of the banking system, the trust-based money instruments came into existence. It serves as money on the basis of personal trust. Eg.- Demand draft Plastic money - As consumption grew plastic money came into existence. It can be seen in the form of Debit cards and Credit cards. Bond instruments - As the trade developed the Bonds and shares also acted as money instruments. Contemporary development: With the advent of technology, Cryptocurrency and Money based on blockchain technology are now in practice. The government also is working on Blockchain-based money instruments and digital rupee notes. Money has acted as a fair medium of exchange and it still fulfills the function of society.
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##Question:Trace the History and Evolution of Money as a medium of exchange? (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, mention the need for the money In the body part, highlight the evolution of the money Connect with contemporary development In the evolution of money Conclude accordingly Answer:- In earlier societies or civilizations trade was occurring through the Barter system but due to some challenges such as scarcity issues, and double coincidence of wants, Money as a medium of exchange was invented Evolution of Money: Money acted as a medium of exchange, a common store of value, and a store of wealth. Although money has evolved since its invent Full-bodied money - First kind of money was Ful bodied money. It is money whose value as money is equivalent to its value. It can be seen in the Gupta period and Mughal period. Token currency/ credit money/ paper money - It was first invented in China and later introduced by Muhammad-bin-Tughlag as an experiment. It is money whose value as money is much more than its value as a commodity. Legal tender money - With the advent of the political system and authority legal tender money came into existence. It can be seen in contemporary Ruppe note Optional money/ Non-legal tender money- These are also seen in present times as it is not compulsory to accept them as payment. Eg- Gold coins, silver coins Fiduciary money- With the expansion of the banking system, the trust-based money instruments came into existence. It serves as money on the basis of personal trust. Eg.- Demand draft Plastic money - As consumption grew plastic money came into existence. It can be seen in the form of Debit cards and Credit cards. Bond instruments - As the trade developed the Bonds and shares also acted as money instruments. Contemporary development: With the advent of technology, Cryptocurrency and Money based on blockchain technology are now in practice. The government also is working on Blockchain-based money instruments and digital rupee notes. Money has acted as a fair medium of exchange and it still fulfills the function of society.
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" हाल के दिनों में प्रकाश प्रदूषण की समस्या एक बड़ी चिंता के रूप में उभर कर सामने आई है " .इस कथन के आलोक में प्रकाश प्रदूषण को समझाते हुए इसके कारण व परिणामों को बताइए . ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक -10 ) “The problem of light pollution has emerged as a major concern in recent times”. In the light of this statement, explain light pollution and state its causes and consequences. (150-200 words, Marks-10)
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दृष्टिकोण : प्रकाश प्रदूषण की समस्या को स्पष्ट करने वाले कुछ आंकड़ों की चर्चा करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . प्रकाश प्रदूषण को परिभाषित करते हुए संक्षेप में इसके अर्थ को समझाने का प्रयास कीजिए . प्रकाश प्रदूषण के विभिन्न कारणों की बिन्दुवार चर्चा कीजिए . प्रकाश प्रदूषण के विभिन्न परिणामों की बिन्दुवार चर्चा कीजिए . उत्तर :- एरीजोना यूनिवर्सिटी के शोधकर्ताओं तथा जर्मन पत्रिका साइंस एडवांस में प्रकाशित शोध के अनुसार LED बल्बों के अधिक प्रयोग से रात्रि चमक में औसतन 2.2% वार्षिक की दर से वृद्धि हो रही है , इसे प्रकाश प्रदूषण का एक प्रासंगिक उदाहरण माना जा रहा है . शोधकर्ताओं ने पृथ्वी पर रात्रि चमक मापने के लिए सैटेलाईट रेडियो मीटर का प्रयोग किया है ; रेडियो मीटर इलेक्ट्रोमैग्नेटिक विकिरण मापने का उपकरण है . प्रकाश प्रदूषण से तात्पर्य है कृत्रिम प्रकाश से उत्पन्न प्रतिकूल प्रभाव जिसके कारणों में स्काईग्लो , ग्लेयर , लाइट ट्रेसपास आदि हो सकती है और यह प्रकाश तथा ऊर्जा के दुरूपयोग को दर्शाता है . प्रकाश प्रदूषण के प्रमुख क्षेत्र :- विश्व के बड़े महानगरीय क्षेत्र . अमेरिका और स्पेन विश्व के सर्वाधिक चमकीले देशों में पाए गए हैं . शोध में विश्व के 79 देशों में प्रकाश प्रदूषण का बढ़ता हुआ स्तर पाया गया है . प्रकाश प्रदूषण के कारण:- प्रकाश प्रदूषण को मूल रूप से औद्योगीकरण व शहरीकरण के एक साइड इफेक्ट के रूप में समझा जा सकता है . प्रकाश प्रदूषण के प्रमुख स्रोतों में हम निम्नलिखित को शामिल कर सकते हैं :- बड़ी - बड़ी इमारतों के बाहर और भीतर आंतरिक प्रकाश की व्यवस्था . विज्ञापन के बड़े - बड़े स्तंभों से होने वाला प्रकाश . वाणिज्यिक क्षेत्रों तथा कार्यालयों से होने वाला प्रकाश . कारखानों से निकलने वाला प्रकाश . स्ट्रीटलाइट्स . क्रीडा स्थलों से होने वाला अत्यधिक प्रकाश . प्रकाश प्रदूषण का प्रभाव :- ऊर्जा स्रोतों की बर्बादी :- अत्यधिक मात्रा में प्रकाश के उत्सर्जन से ऊर्जा की बर्बादी होती है विशेषकर वहाँ जहाँ ऐसे अनावश्यक प्रकाश की आवश्यकता नहीं होती है . जैव विविधता एवं पक्षियों के ऊपर प्रभाव : रात्रि में भोजन संग्रह करने वाले जीवों जैसे - चमगादड़ आदि की भोजन संग्रहण क्षमता प्रभावित होने से खाद्य श्रृंखला प्रभावित होगी . कई पक्षी लाइटहाउस से टकराकर मारे जा रहे हैं ; असम का जतिंगा इसके लिए विख्यात है जिसे पक्षियों की आत्महत्या कहते हैं . यह जीवों की प्रजनन क्षमता को प्रभावित करता है जिसके कारण ऐसे जीवों की संख्या कम हो रही है ; जैसे - समुद्री कछुआ रात्रि में ही अंडा देते हैं ; प्रकाश के वजह से उनके अंडा देने की क्षमता प्रभावित हो रही है . बीटल जैसे कीट जो अपने दिशानिर्देशक कम्पास के रूप में प्राकृतिक चमक का प्रयोग करते थे उन पर प्रकाश प्रदूषण का नकारात्मक प्रभाव पड़ा है . मानवीय स्वास्थ्य पर प्रभाव : सर्केडियन लय के नकारात्मक रूप से प्रभावित होने से अवसाद , मधुमेह एवं कैंसर जैसी बीमारियों का प्रकोप बढ़ रहा है . सर्केडियन लय शरीर के अंदर की जैविक घड़ी है जो हमारे मस्तिष्क के पीछे चल रही होती है और निंद्रा तथा सतर्कता के नियमित अंतराल पर चक्कर लगा रही होती है ; प्रकाश प्रदूषण से यह लय प्रभावित हो रहा है . मेलाटोनिन जो प्राकृतिक रूप से पैदा होने वाला हार्मोन है ; यह हमारे निंद्रा एवं जागरण को नियंत्रित करता है ; इस पर भी प्रकाश प्रदूषण का प्रभाव पर रहा है . खगोलीय अनुसंधान पर प्रभाव : खगोलविदों को अधिक परेशानी होगी क्योंकि वह रात्रि में ही आकाशीय पिंडों का अध्ययन करते हैं परन्तु प्रकाश प्रदूषण के कारण उन्हें इन पिंडों को देखने में समस्या आती है .
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##Question:" हाल के दिनों में प्रकाश प्रदूषण की समस्या एक बड़ी चिंता के रूप में उभर कर सामने आई है " .इस कथन के आलोक में प्रकाश प्रदूषण को समझाते हुए इसके कारण व परिणामों को बताइए . ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक -10 ) “The problem of light pollution has emerged as a major concern in recent times”. In the light of this statement, explain light pollution and state its causes and consequences. (150-200 words, Marks-10)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण : प्रकाश प्रदूषण की समस्या को स्पष्ट करने वाले कुछ आंकड़ों की चर्चा करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . प्रकाश प्रदूषण को परिभाषित करते हुए संक्षेप में इसके अर्थ को समझाने का प्रयास कीजिए . प्रकाश प्रदूषण के विभिन्न कारणों की बिन्दुवार चर्चा कीजिए . प्रकाश प्रदूषण के विभिन्न परिणामों की बिन्दुवार चर्चा कीजिए . उत्तर :- एरीजोना यूनिवर्सिटी के शोधकर्ताओं तथा जर्मन पत्रिका साइंस एडवांस में प्रकाशित शोध के अनुसार LED बल्बों के अधिक प्रयोग से रात्रि चमक में औसतन 2.2% वार्षिक की दर से वृद्धि हो रही है , इसे प्रकाश प्रदूषण का एक प्रासंगिक उदाहरण माना जा रहा है . शोधकर्ताओं ने पृथ्वी पर रात्रि चमक मापने के लिए सैटेलाईट रेडियो मीटर का प्रयोग किया है ; रेडियो मीटर इलेक्ट्रोमैग्नेटिक विकिरण मापने का उपकरण है . प्रकाश प्रदूषण से तात्पर्य है कृत्रिम प्रकाश से उत्पन्न प्रतिकूल प्रभाव जिसके कारणों में स्काईग्लो , ग्लेयर , लाइट ट्रेसपास आदि हो सकती है और यह प्रकाश तथा ऊर्जा के दुरूपयोग को दर्शाता है . प्रकाश प्रदूषण के प्रमुख क्षेत्र :- विश्व के बड़े महानगरीय क्षेत्र . अमेरिका और स्पेन विश्व के सर्वाधिक चमकीले देशों में पाए गए हैं . शोध में विश्व के 79 देशों में प्रकाश प्रदूषण का बढ़ता हुआ स्तर पाया गया है . प्रकाश प्रदूषण के कारण:- प्रकाश प्रदूषण को मूल रूप से औद्योगीकरण व शहरीकरण के एक साइड इफेक्ट के रूप में समझा जा सकता है . प्रकाश प्रदूषण के प्रमुख स्रोतों में हम निम्नलिखित को शामिल कर सकते हैं :- बड़ी - बड़ी इमारतों के बाहर और भीतर आंतरिक प्रकाश की व्यवस्था . विज्ञापन के बड़े - बड़े स्तंभों से होने वाला प्रकाश . वाणिज्यिक क्षेत्रों तथा कार्यालयों से होने वाला प्रकाश . कारखानों से निकलने वाला प्रकाश . स्ट्रीटलाइट्स . क्रीडा स्थलों से होने वाला अत्यधिक प्रकाश . प्रकाश प्रदूषण का प्रभाव :- ऊर्जा स्रोतों की बर्बादी :- अत्यधिक मात्रा में प्रकाश के उत्सर्जन से ऊर्जा की बर्बादी होती है विशेषकर वहाँ जहाँ ऐसे अनावश्यक प्रकाश की आवश्यकता नहीं होती है . जैव विविधता एवं पक्षियों के ऊपर प्रभाव : रात्रि में भोजन संग्रह करने वाले जीवों जैसे - चमगादड़ आदि की भोजन संग्रहण क्षमता प्रभावित होने से खाद्य श्रृंखला प्रभावित होगी . कई पक्षी लाइटहाउस से टकराकर मारे जा रहे हैं ; असम का जतिंगा इसके लिए विख्यात है जिसे पक्षियों की आत्महत्या कहते हैं . यह जीवों की प्रजनन क्षमता को प्रभावित करता है जिसके कारण ऐसे जीवों की संख्या कम हो रही है ; जैसे - समुद्री कछुआ रात्रि में ही अंडा देते हैं ; प्रकाश के वजह से उनके अंडा देने की क्षमता प्रभावित हो रही है . बीटल जैसे कीट जो अपने दिशानिर्देशक कम्पास के रूप में प्राकृतिक चमक का प्रयोग करते थे उन पर प्रकाश प्रदूषण का नकारात्मक प्रभाव पड़ा है . मानवीय स्वास्थ्य पर प्रभाव : सर्केडियन लय के नकारात्मक रूप से प्रभावित होने से अवसाद , मधुमेह एवं कैंसर जैसी बीमारियों का प्रकोप बढ़ रहा है . सर्केडियन लय शरीर के अंदर की जैविक घड़ी है जो हमारे मस्तिष्क के पीछे चल रही होती है और निंद्रा तथा सतर्कता के नियमित अंतराल पर चक्कर लगा रही होती है ; प्रकाश प्रदूषण से यह लय प्रभावित हो रहा है . मेलाटोनिन जो प्राकृतिक रूप से पैदा होने वाला हार्मोन है ; यह हमारे निंद्रा एवं जागरण को नियंत्रित करता है ; इस पर भी प्रकाश प्रदूषण का प्रभाव पर रहा है . खगोलीय अनुसंधान पर प्रभाव : खगोलविदों को अधिक परेशानी होगी क्योंकि वह रात्रि में ही आकाशीय पिंडों का अध्ययन करते हैं परन्तु प्रकाश प्रदूषण के कारण उन्हें इन पिंडों को देखने में समस्या आती है .
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Although increasing the legal age for the marriage of women is a progressive step in achieving gender equality, it is more important to focus on the effective implementation of the existing policy frameworks and laws. Discuss.(10 marks/ 150 words)
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Approach :- In the introduction, mention the context of the legal age of marriage in India In the body part, discuss the arguments for an increase in the legal age of marriage Then mention the arguments against the increase in the legal age of marriage Give some suggestions Conclude accordingly Answer:- The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, Special Marriage Act 1954, etc sets 18 years as the legal age for marriage in case of a female and 21 years for males. Recently a Bill has been introduced in parliament to increase the legal age of women from 18 years to 21 years. Arguments in Favor of increasing the legal age of marriage The basis of distinction is arbitrary that is there is no scientific evidence for different legal ages for men and women In 2018 the law commission argued that having different ages for men and women contributes to the stereotypes that wives must be younger than husband Violation of Articles 14 and 21(Fundametal right) Contributes to Higher dropout rates among women Associated health risks with Early pregnancies Early marriages do not consider the maturity level of Females to start a family at younger ages Child marriages are a reality in India. A higher legal age of women may lead to a further decline in early marriages or under marriages SDG 5- That talks about Gender equality CEDAW- Convention on the elimination of discrimination of all forms against women 1951 - India is a signatory and also ratified this convention. Article 16 of the convention talks about the prevention of child marriages Critique of increase in the legal marriage of women Typically higher age at motherhood is associated with a healthier mother and child. In a study that assesses figures from NFHS- 4, it was found that health indicators (Levels of Anaemia) do not vary for women from less privileged backgrounds even if they marry late. This points towards poverty and malnourishment being the prime cause of high IMR and MMR Similarly the link between education and early marriage has to be better understood often the Girl child drops out of education because of lack of access and is then married off According to ICRW girls out of school are three times more likely to be married off and have their marriages fixed vis-a-vis those who are studying. Additionally education empowers women to take their decision with respect to safe sex, family planning, safe abortion practices Despite the existence of PC early marriages continue to happen, According to NFHS 5, 27% of rural women and 15% of urban women between the age group 20-30 got married before attaining the age of 20 years Internalization of patriarchy- According to NFHS-4, 52% of females responded that it was reasonable for the husband to hit the wife. Looking at this deep-rooted gender stereotyping there is little that raising the legal age at marriage can achieve Way forward Ensuring objective equality Empowering the disadvantaged women Behavioural change in parents Increasing awareness among women Early marriages can be avoided when underlying causes such as social stigma, fear for daughters" safety, fear of inter-caste/inter-community relationships, etc are addressed. Unfortunately, none of this gets addressed simply by raising the age of marriage. The emphasis should be on the holistic empowerment of women
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##Question:Although increasing the legal age for the marriage of women is a progressive step in achieving gender equality, it is more important to focus on the effective implementation of the existing policy frameworks and laws. Discuss.(10 marks/ 150 words)##Answer:Approach :- In the introduction, mention the context of the legal age of marriage in India In the body part, discuss the arguments for an increase in the legal age of marriage Then mention the arguments against the increase in the legal age of marriage Give some suggestions Conclude accordingly Answer:- The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, Special Marriage Act 1954, etc sets 18 years as the legal age for marriage in case of a female and 21 years for males. Recently a Bill has been introduced in parliament to increase the legal age of women from 18 years to 21 years. Arguments in Favor of increasing the legal age of marriage The basis of distinction is arbitrary that is there is no scientific evidence for different legal ages for men and women In 2018 the law commission argued that having different ages for men and women contributes to the stereotypes that wives must be younger than husband Violation of Articles 14 and 21(Fundametal right) Contributes to Higher dropout rates among women Associated health risks with Early pregnancies Early marriages do not consider the maturity level of Females to start a family at younger ages Child marriages are a reality in India. A higher legal age of women may lead to a further decline in early marriages or under marriages SDG 5- That talks about Gender equality CEDAW- Convention on the elimination of discrimination of all forms against women 1951 - India is a signatory and also ratified this convention. Article 16 of the convention talks about the prevention of child marriages Critique of increase in the legal marriage of women Typically higher age at motherhood is associated with a healthier mother and child. In a study that assesses figures from NFHS- 4, it was found that health indicators (Levels of Anaemia) do not vary for women from less privileged backgrounds even if they marry late. This points towards poverty and malnourishment being the prime cause of high IMR and MMR Similarly the link between education and early marriage has to be better understood often the Girl child drops out of education because of lack of access and is then married off According to ICRW girls out of school are three times more likely to be married off and have their marriages fixed vis-a-vis those who are studying. Additionally education empowers women to take their decision with respect to safe sex, family planning, safe abortion practices Despite the existence of PC early marriages continue to happen, According to NFHS 5, 27% of rural women and 15% of urban women between the age group 20-30 got married before attaining the age of 20 years Internalization of patriarchy- According to NFHS-4, 52% of females responded that it was reasonable for the husband to hit the wife. Looking at this deep-rooted gender stereotyping there is little that raising the legal age at marriage can achieve Way forward Ensuring objective equality Empowering the disadvantaged women Behavioural change in parents Increasing awareness among women Early marriages can be avoided when underlying causes such as social stigma, fear for daughters" safety, fear of inter-caste/inter-community relationships, etc are addressed. Unfortunately, none of this gets addressed simply by raising the age of marriage. The emphasis should be on the holistic empowerment of women
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Although increasing the legal age for the marriage of women is a progressive step in achieving gender equality, it is more important to focus on the effective implementation of the existing policy frameworks and laws. Discuss.(10 marks/ 150 words)
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Approach:- In the introduction, mention the context of the legal age of marriage in India In the body part, discuss the arguments for an increase in the legal age of marriage Then mention the arguments against the increase in the legal age of marriage Give some suggestions Conclude accordingly Answer:- The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, Special Marriage Act 1954, etc sets 18 years as the legal age for marriage in case of a female and 21 years for males. Recently a Bill has been introduced in parliament to increase the legal age of women from 18 years to 21 years. Arguments in Favor of increasing the legal age of marriage The basis of distinction is arbitrary that is there is no scientific evidence for different legal ages for men and women In 2018 the law commission argued that having different ages for men and women contributes to the stereotypes that wives must be younger than husband Violation of Articles 14 and 21(Fundametal right) Contributes to Higher dropout rates among women Associated health risks with Early pregnancies Early marriages do not consider the maturity level of Females to start a family at younger ages Child marriages are a reality in India. A higher legal age of women may lead to a further decline in early marriages or under marriages SDG 5- That talks about Gender equality CEDAW- Convention on the elimination of discrimination of all forms against women 1951 - India is a signatory and also ratified this convention. Article 16 of the convention talks about the prevention of child marriages Critique of increase in the legal marriage of women Typically higher age at motherhood is associated with a healthier mother and child. In a study that assesses figures from NFHS- 4, it was found that health indicators (Levels of Anaemia) do not vary for women from less privileged backgrounds even if they marry late. This points towards poverty and malnourishment being the prime cause of high IMR and MMR Similarly the link between education and early marriage has to be better understood often the Girl child drops out of education because of lack of access and is then married off According to ICRW girls out of school are three times more likely to be married off and have their marriages fixed vis-a-vis those who are studying. Additionally education empowers women to take their decision with respect to safe sex, family planning, safe abortion practices Despite the existence of PC early marriages continue to happen, According to NFHS 5, 27% of rural women and 15% of urban women between the age group 20-30 got married before attaining the age of 20 years Internalization of patriarchy- According to NFHS-4, 52% of females responded that it was reasonable for the husband to hit the wife. Looking at this deep-rooted gender stereotyping there is little that raising the legal age at marriage can achieve Way forward Ensuring objective equality Empowering the disadvantaged women Behavioural change in parents Increasing awareness among women Early marriages can be avoided when underlying causes such as social stigma, fear for daughters" safety, fear of inter-caste/inter-community relationships, etc are addressed. Unfortunately, none of this gets addressed simply by raising the age of marriage. The emphasis should be on the holistic empowerment of women
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##Question:Although increasing the legal age for the marriage of women is a progressive step in achieving gender equality, it is more important to focus on the effective implementation of the existing policy frameworks and laws. Discuss.(10 marks/ 150 words)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, mention the context of the legal age of marriage in India In the body part, discuss the arguments for an increase in the legal age of marriage Then mention the arguments against the increase in the legal age of marriage Give some suggestions Conclude accordingly Answer:- The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, Special Marriage Act 1954, etc sets 18 years as the legal age for marriage in case of a female and 21 years for males. Recently a Bill has been introduced in parliament to increase the legal age of women from 18 years to 21 years. Arguments in Favor of increasing the legal age of marriage The basis of distinction is arbitrary that is there is no scientific evidence for different legal ages for men and women In 2018 the law commission argued that having different ages for men and women contributes to the stereotypes that wives must be younger than husband Violation of Articles 14 and 21(Fundametal right) Contributes to Higher dropout rates among women Associated health risks with Early pregnancies Early marriages do not consider the maturity level of Females to start a family at younger ages Child marriages are a reality in India. A higher legal age of women may lead to a further decline in early marriages or under marriages SDG 5- That talks about Gender equality CEDAW- Convention on the elimination of discrimination of all forms against women 1951 - India is a signatory and also ratified this convention. Article 16 of the convention talks about the prevention of child marriages Critique of increase in the legal marriage of women Typically higher age at motherhood is associated with a healthier mother and child. In a study that assesses figures from NFHS- 4, it was found that health indicators (Levels of Anaemia) do not vary for women from less privileged backgrounds even if they marry late. This points towards poverty and malnourishment being the prime cause of high IMR and MMR Similarly the link between education and early marriage has to be better understood often the Girl child drops out of education because of lack of access and is then married off According to ICRW girls out of school are three times more likely to be married off and have their marriages fixed vis-a-vis those who are studying. Additionally education empowers women to take their decision with respect to safe sex, family planning, safe abortion practices Despite the existence of PC early marriages continue to happen, According to NFHS 5, 27% of rural women and 15% of urban women between the age group 20-30 got married before attaining the age of 20 years Internalization of patriarchy- According to NFHS-4, 52% of females responded that it was reasonable for the husband to hit the wife. Looking at this deep-rooted gender stereotyping there is little that raising the legal age at marriage can achieve Way forward Ensuring objective equality Empowering the disadvantaged women Behavioural change in parents Increasing awareness among women Early marriages can be avoided when underlying causes such as social stigma, fear for daughters" safety, fear of inter-caste/inter-community relationships, etc are addressed. Unfortunately, none of this gets addressed simply by raising the age of marriage. The emphasis should be on the holistic empowerment of women
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Project Mausam is considered a unique foreign policy of the Indian government to improve the relationship with its neighbors, does the project have a strategic dimension? discuss. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach- Introduction-Give a brief about Project Mausam Main body-how it is important to improve the relationship with its neighbours and have strategic dimensions Conclusion-way forward-develop leadership role Introduction: It was launched in 2015 by the Culture ministry. The Archaeological Survey of India is the implementing agency. The IGNCA provides its research support. The aim is to collate archaeological and historical research on the Indian Ocean to understand the past. This will enable us to identify the places of significance and also get them listed on UNESCO’s World Heritage Site list. It is a Project to promote cross-cultural linkages and to revive historic maritime cultural and economic ties with 39 Indian Ocean countries-39 countries include Bahrain, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Egypt, Iraq, Mauritius, Singapore, Thailand, Yemen, South Africa, Philippines, and Pakistan among others. Body: It is important to improve the relationship with its neighbours and have a strategic dimension in the following ways: Act east policy-It is to promote economic cooperation such as trade routes since ancient times. It develops a strategic relationship with countries in the Indian Ocean region through various engagements at bilateral, regional, and multilateral levels. It provides connectivity to the States of the North Eastern Region including Arunachal Pradesh with other countries in our neighbourhood. It would help in countering China"s influence, China’s Belt and Road initiative, by trying to know more about the ancient maritime routes. In this context, India"s approach has been articulated in the SAGAR formulation since 2015. An acronym for security and growth for all regions in the Indian ocean focuses on building larger regional cooperation based on India"s interest capacity and the needs of IOR states. The approach stands for multiple interrelated elements-" the Sagar approach aims at defending India"s land and maritime interests". The Sagar approach aims at promoting cooperation in the field of security and economy with countries of IOR littoral as well as island states. This approach focuses on fostering regional cooperation for sustainable development. It aims at promoting collective response to threats like piracy as well as the need for humanitarian and disaster-relief assistance(HADR) This approach also includes focusing on the economic potential of the ocean for developing blue economy cooperation. It would promote India"s soft power in the Indian Ocean and India has centrality in historical interactions. Wayforward- Working to strengthen regional grouping involving India-like BIMSTEC, and the Indian Ocean Rim Association. All this depends on developing a comprehensive maritime policy with a multi-stakeholder whole of the government approach and developing leadership roles.
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##Question:Project Mausam is considered a unique foreign policy of the Indian government to improve the relationship with its neighbors, does the project have a strategic dimension? discuss. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach- Introduction-Give a brief about Project Mausam Main body-how it is important to improve the relationship with its neighbours and have strategic dimensions Conclusion-way forward-develop leadership role Introduction: It was launched in 2015 by the Culture ministry. The Archaeological Survey of India is the implementing agency. The IGNCA provides its research support. The aim is to collate archaeological and historical research on the Indian Ocean to understand the past. This will enable us to identify the places of significance and also get them listed on UNESCO’s World Heritage Site list. It is a Project to promote cross-cultural linkages and to revive historic maritime cultural and economic ties with 39 Indian Ocean countries-39 countries include Bahrain, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Egypt, Iraq, Mauritius, Singapore, Thailand, Yemen, South Africa, Philippines, and Pakistan among others. Body: It is important to improve the relationship with its neighbours and have a strategic dimension in the following ways: Act east policy-It is to promote economic cooperation such as trade routes since ancient times. It develops a strategic relationship with countries in the Indian Ocean region through various engagements at bilateral, regional, and multilateral levels. It provides connectivity to the States of the North Eastern Region including Arunachal Pradesh with other countries in our neighbourhood. It would help in countering China"s influence, China’s Belt and Road initiative, by trying to know more about the ancient maritime routes. In this context, India"s approach has been articulated in the SAGAR formulation since 2015. An acronym for security and growth for all regions in the Indian ocean focuses on building larger regional cooperation based on India"s interest capacity and the needs of IOR states. The approach stands for multiple interrelated elements-" the Sagar approach aims at defending India"s land and maritime interests". The Sagar approach aims at promoting cooperation in the field of security and economy with countries of IOR littoral as well as island states. This approach focuses on fostering regional cooperation for sustainable development. It aims at promoting collective response to threats like piracy as well as the need for humanitarian and disaster-relief assistance(HADR) This approach also includes focusing on the economic potential of the ocean for developing blue economy cooperation. It would promote India"s soft power in the Indian Ocean and India has centrality in historical interactions. Wayforward- Working to strengthen regional grouping involving India-like BIMSTEC, and the Indian Ocean Rim Association. All this depends on developing a comprehensive maritime policy with a multi-stakeholder whole of the government approach and developing leadership roles.
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बांधों के कारण उत्पन्न जोखिम और बाँध सुरक्षा से सम्बन्धित समस्यायों को समझते हुए भारत सरकार ने बाँध सुरक्षा से सम्बन्धित कई प्रयास किये हैं| चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Realizing the risks posed by dams and the problems related to dam safety, the Government of India has taken several initiatives related to dam safety. Discuss (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में बाँध के बारे में सामान्य जाकारी दीजिये और भारत की स्थिति स्पष्ट कीजिये 2- पहले भाग में बांधों के कारण उत्पन्न जोखिमों की चर्चा कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में बाँध सुरक्षा से सम्बन्धित समस्यायों की चर्चा कीजिये 4- तीसरे भाग में बाँध सुरक्षा हेतु भारत सरकार द्वारा उठाये गए क़दमों की चर्चा कीजिये 5- अंतिम में कुछ अपेक्षित उपायों की चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये बाँध पानी को रोकने के लिए नदी या धारा पर निर्मित संरचना है| सदियों से बांधों का निर्माण विभिन्न सामग्रियों का उपयोग करके किया गया है| भारत में 4,407 बड़े बाँध हैं, जो कि चीन (23,841) और संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका (9,263) के बाद दुनिया में तीसरे नंबर पर है। उत्तराखंड में टिहरी बाँध भारत में भागीरथी नदी पर बना सबसे ऊँचा बाँध है। महानदी पर बना ओडिशा का हीराकुंड बाँध भारत का सबसे लंबा बाँध है। तमिलनाडु में कल्लनई बाँध भारत का सबसे पुराना बाँध है। यह कावेरी नदी पर बना है और लगभग 2000 साल पुराना है। स्वच्छ ऊर्जा के स्रोत, सिंचाई की सुविधा, बाढ़ रोकने में सहायक, पेयजल का स्रोत आदि के रूप में बांधों को महत्वपूर्ण एवं आवश्यक माना जाता है लेकिन इनसे अनेक चुनौतियां उत्पन्न होती हैं| बाँधों के कारण उत्पन्न जोखिम जलीय जीवन पर प्रभाव- बाँध मछलियों के प्रवास में बाधा उत्पन्न करते हैं और मत्स्य अण्ड समूह के निवास स्थान तक पहुँचने, खाद्य संसाधनों की तलाश करने और शिकार से बचने की उनकी क्षमता को सीमित करते हैं एक खतरनाक बुनियादी ढाँचा : बड़े बाँधों को मानव जीवन, बड़े पैमाने पर आजीविका के नुकसान और विफलता की स्थिति में विनाश की आशंका के कारण "उच्च खतरे वाला" बुनियादी ढाँचा माना जाता है। HEPs, जो बड़े पैमाने पर ब्लास्टिंग, पेड़ों का कटान और टनलिंग का उपयोग करते हैं, में निश्चित रूप से इनका प्रभाव एक अनुपात में जुड़ जाता है और इस तरह ये विनाश में एक बल गुणक बन जाते हैं। नदियों के मार्ग में बाधा : बाँध और जलाशय जल निकायों के प्रवाह के लिये भौतिक बाधाएँ उत्पन्न करते हैं क्योंकि ये जल निकायों को खंडित करते हैं, जिससे उनका मौसमी प्रवाह प्रभावित होता है । जलाशय प्रेरित भूकंपीयता: भूकंप व बाँध में पानी जमा होने और उसे छोड़ने के बीच एक मज़बूत संबंध होता है। कोयना और वार्ना क्षेत्र संभवतः जलाशय-प्रेरित- भूकंपीयता (आरआईएस) का सबसे अच्छा उदाहरण है। कोयना और वार्ना जलाशय दक्षिण महाराष्ट्र क्षेत्र में भूकंप के लिये ज़िम्मेदार हैं जिन्होंने पाँच दशकों में कई भूकंपों का अनुभव किया है। लोगों का विस्थापनः बड़े बाँधों के निर्माण के कारण भूमि का जलमग्न होना और बड़े पैमाने पर लोगों का विस्थापन एक प्रचलित मुद्दा है, जिसकी अक्सर अधिकारियों द्वारा अनदेखी की जाती है। हीराकुंड, भाखड़ा नांगल और टिहरी | जैसे बाँधों के निर्माण ने कई परिवारों को विस्थापित कर दिया था जिनमें से कई का पुनर्वास नहीं किया गया। पुराने बाँध अधिक खतरनाक: पुराने बाँध अधिक सुरक्षा जोखिम वाले होते हैं, इनके रख-रखाव की लागत अधिक होती है और अवसादन के कारण कार्यक्षमता में गिरावट देखि जाती है। एक नए अध्ययन से पता चला है कि भारत में 4,407 बड़े बाँध हैं, जिनमें से 1,000 से अधिक बाँध वर्ष 2025 तक 50 वर्ष तथा इससे अधिक के हो जाएंगे। भारत में 209 बाँध 100 साल से अधिक पुराने हैं, इनका निर्माण तब किया गया था जब डिज़ाइन और सुरक्षा मानदंड मोजूदा स्तर से काफी नीचे थे बाँध सुरक्षा से सम्बन्धित समस्याएं संरचनात्मक समस्याएं: पुराने होते बांध: भारत में बांध 100 वर्षों की परिचालन अवधि के अनुसार SIC निर्मित किए जाते हैं। सभी वृहद संचयन संरचना वाले बांध समय के साथ कमजोर हो जाते हैं क्योंकि कंक्रीट और स्टील जैसी निर्माण सामग्री लहरों, गाद, रेत और बजरी के कारण होने वाले घर्षण से अपकर्षित होती जाती हैं। तापीय विस्तार (thermal expansion) और संरचना में किसी प्रकार के छिद्र या दरार के कारण भी बांध कमजोर हो जाते हैं। पूर्वानुमान प्रणाली: महत्वपूर्ण जलाशयों में भी वास्तविक समय आधारित जल अंतर्वाह पूर्वानुमान प्रणाली स्थापित नहीं है। इस तरह की प्रणालियां परिचालन क्षमता में सुधार के साथ-साथ बांध की सुरक्षा संबंधी उपाय भी प्रदान कर सकती हैं। कार्यान्वयन संबंधी समस्याएं: निगरानी का अभाव : अपर्याप्त संसाधनों के साथ-साथ : व्यवस्थित आकलन और निगरानी संबंधी अभाव की स्थिति बांधों एवं उससे संबंधित सहायक कार्यों के निम्नस्तरीय रखरखाव का प्राथमिक कारण है। प्रशिक्षित कार्यबल का अभावः राज्यों में बांध सुरक्षा संगठनों के पास पर्याप्त कार्यबल का अभाव है, जिसे सुदृढ़ करने की आवश्यकता है। वित्त का अभावः बांधों के रखरखाव और मरम्मत के लिए। आवश्यक पर्याप्त वित्त का अभाव है। पर्यावरण संबंधी समस्याएं: बाढ़ प्रतिधारण: जलाशयों में जल प्रवाह की अत्यधिक मात्रा से बाढ़ का खतरा उत्पन्न होता है। बाद की घटनाओं के दौरान अवसादन में वृद्धि से जल भंडारण क्षमता में कमी आ सकती है और/या जल के प्रवाह में वनस्पति की उपस्थिति के कारण अधिप्लव मार्ग में रुकावट/व्यवधान उत्पन्न हो सकता है। गादान (Siltation): यह जलाशय की जल भंडारण क्षमता को कम करता है और विद्युत उत्पादन, सिंचाई और बाढ़ नियंत्रण एवं दीर्घकालिक उपयोगिता के संबंध में बांध की प्रभावशीलता को कम करता है। तलछट निस्तारण से संबंधित पर्यावरणीय मुद्दों के कारण कई मामलों में जलाशय की गाद निकालना कठिन होता है। मृदा अपरदन: बांध प्रायः नदी के प्रवाह में उपस्थिति अवसाद भार को रोक देते हैं, जिससे नदी का अनुप्रवाह मार्ग इन अवसादों से वंचित हो जाता है। अनुप्रवाह मार्ग में नदी अवसाद की पूर्ति करने के लिए अपने मार्ग और किनारों का अपरदन करती है। इससे नदी का तल नीचा होता जाता है जिससे वनस्पति और नदी के वन्यजीवों के सम्मुख संकट उत्पन्न हो जाता है। प्रजातियों का विलुप्त होना: वृहद बांधों से कई मछलियों और अन्य जलीय प्रजातियों के विलुप्त होने, बाढ़ के मैदानों में पक्षियों के विलुप्त होने, वन, आर्द्रभूमि और कृषि भूमि की अत्यधिक क्षति और तटीय डेल्टाओं के क्षरण आदि का मार्ग प्रशस्त होता है। इसके साथ ही सामाजिक समस्याएं जैसे मानव विस्थापनः बांधों के निर्माण में विनियामकीय रूपरेखा के अभाव के कारण मानव बस्तियों के वृहद क्षेत्रों के जलमग्न होने पर कई लोग बेघर हो जाते हैं, जीवन और संपत्ति की हानि होती है और विस्थापित आबादी के पुनर्वास की समस्या उत्पन्न होती है। उपरोक्त समस्याओं एवं चुनौतियों को देखते हुए भारत सरकार ने बाँध सुरक्षा से सम्बन्धित कई प्रयास किये हैं| सरकारी पहल/योजनाएं / नीतियां धर्मा (बांध स्वास्थ्य और पुनरुद्धार निगरानी Dam Health and Rehabilitation Monitoring : DHARMA): यह बांध से संबंधित सभी डेटा को प्रभावी रूप से डिजिटाइज़ करने हेतु एक वेब टूल है। यह देश में बड़े बांधों से संबंधित प्रामाणिक परिसंपत्ति और उनकी स्थिति संबंधी जानकारी के दस्तावेजीक में सहायता करेगा, जिससे आवश्यकता- आधारित पुनरुद्धार सुनिश्चित करने हेतु उचित कार्रवाई की जा यह भारत द्वारा परिसंपत्ति प्रबंधन के क्षेत्र में एक नया कदम है। भूकंपीय खतरा विश्लेषण सूचना प्रणाली (Seismic Hazard Assessment Information System: SHAISYS): यह एक वेब आधारित इंटरेक्टिव एप्लिकेशन टूल है। इसे दक्षिण भारतीय क्षेत्र में किसी भी बिंदु पर भूकंपीय खतरे का अनुमान लगाने के लिए बांध सुरक्षा संगठन (Dam Safety Organizations: DSO) के अंतर्गत केंद्रीय जल आयोग (CWC) द्वारा विकसित किया जा बांध सुरक्षा अधिनियम, 2019: यह संपूर्ण देश में सभी विनिर्दिष्ट बांधों की निगरानी, निरीक्षण, प्रचालन और अनुरक्षण का प्रावधान करता है। यह बांध सुरक्षा मानकों के संबंध में नीतियों और विनियमों को तैयार करने तथा सुरक्षा प्रथाओं में बदलाव का सुझाव देने। हेतु प्रमुख बांध विफलताओं के कारणों का विश्लेषण करने हेतु राष्ट्रीय बांध सुरक्षा समिति का गठन करता है। राष्ट्रीय बांध सुरक्षा प्राधिकरण द्वारा राष्ट्रीय समिति की नीतियों को क्रियान्वित किया जाता है और इसके द्वारा राज्य बांध सुरक्षा संगठनों (State Dam Safety Organizations: SDSO) के मध्य, या SDSO और उस राज्य में किसी भी बांध स्वामी के मध्य के मामलों को समाधान किया जाता है। भारत और विश्व बैंक ने मौजूदा बांधों को सुरक्षित और प्रत्यास्थ बनाने के लिए बांध पुनरुद्धार और सुधार परियोजना के द्वितीय चरण (Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project: DRIP Phase II) हेतु एक परियोजना पर हस्ताक्षर किए हैं। बांध पुनरुद्धार और सुधार परियोजना (DRIP)- यह केंद्रीय घटक के साथ राज्य क्षेत्रक की एक योजना है। इसे वर्ष 2012 में भारत सरकार द्वारा विश्व बैंक से वित्तीय सहायता के साथ आरंभ किया गया था ताकि वित्त संबंधी कमी को पूरा किया जा सके और बांधों की मरम्मत और योजना है। रखरखाव के लिए राज्यों को तत्काल वित्त प्रदान किया जा सके। इस तरह से स्पष्ट है कि बांधों के कारण उत्पन्न जोखिम और बाँध सुरक्षा से सम्बन्धित समस्यायों को समझते हुए भारत सरकार ने बाँध सुरक्षा से सम्बन्धित कई प्रयास किये हैं| हालाँकि कुछ अन्य दिशाओं में प्रयास किये जा सकते हैं जैसे जल के संभावित अंतर्वाह और बहिर्वाह का आकलन करना महत्वपूर्ण है। परियोजना की योजना बनाते समय अधिकतम वर्षा का अनुमान लगाया जाना चाहिए|इसके तहत स्थानीय कारकों जैसे कि जलवायु और जलग्रहण क्षेत्रों आदि को ध्यान में रखा जाना चाहिए। नवीनतम सामग्रियों और प्रौद्योगिकियों का उपयोग कर पुराने बांधों का पुनरुद्धार करने से बांध की परिचालन अवधि को दशकों तक बढ़ाया जा सकता| इसके तहत जलप्लावन मानचित्र तैयार किए गए हैं जिनका उपयोग आपातकालीन कार्य योजनाओं के लिए किया जा सकता है।आधुनिक उपकरणों का उपयोग करके डेटा संग्रह और मूल्यांकन के आधार पर सुनियोजित निगरानी प्रणाली से संरचना में किसी प्रकार की कमी और पुरानी होती संरचना संबंधी समस्याओं RITY.UT का आरंभिक स्तर पर ही पता लगाया जा सकता है। निरीक्षण और निगरानी, परिचालन और रखरखाव, निर्माण पर्यवेक्षण तथा आपातकालीन कार्य योजना एवं नवीनतम जानकारी के लिए बांध इंजीनियरों को प्रशिक्षण प्रदान करना बांध सुरक्षा संबंधी क्षमता निर्माण सुनिश्चित कर सकता है। अधिकांश राज्यों के लिए बाढ़ का अनुमान और बाढ़ के मार्ग को डिजाइन करने में संस्थागत क्षमता निर्माण की आवश्यकता है। नवीनतम तकनीकों को न केवल बांध के निर्माण के समय, बल्कि बांधों की आवधिक समीक्षा के दौरान भी अपनाया जाना चाहिए। सावधानीपूर्वक सोची-समझी डिजाइनों और सु-प्रबंधित परिचालन और रखरखाव कार्यक्रमों के कार्यान्वयन के माध्यम से पुराने बांधों का निवारण और शमन को सर्वोत्तम रूप से प्राप्त किया जा सकता है।
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##Question:बांधों के कारण उत्पन्न जोखिम और बाँध सुरक्षा से सम्बन्धित समस्यायों को समझते हुए भारत सरकार ने बाँध सुरक्षा से सम्बन्धित कई प्रयास किये हैं| चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Realizing the risks posed by dams and the problems related to dam safety, the Government of India has taken several initiatives related to dam safety. Discuss (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में बाँध के बारे में सामान्य जाकारी दीजिये और भारत की स्थिति स्पष्ट कीजिये 2- पहले भाग में बांधों के कारण उत्पन्न जोखिमों की चर्चा कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में बाँध सुरक्षा से सम्बन्धित समस्यायों की चर्चा कीजिये 4- तीसरे भाग में बाँध सुरक्षा हेतु भारत सरकार द्वारा उठाये गए क़दमों की चर्चा कीजिये 5- अंतिम में कुछ अपेक्षित उपायों की चर्चा करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये बाँध पानी को रोकने के लिए नदी या धारा पर निर्मित संरचना है| सदियों से बांधों का निर्माण विभिन्न सामग्रियों का उपयोग करके किया गया है| भारत में 4,407 बड़े बाँध हैं, जो कि चीन (23,841) और संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका (9,263) के बाद दुनिया में तीसरे नंबर पर है। उत्तराखंड में टिहरी बाँध भारत में भागीरथी नदी पर बना सबसे ऊँचा बाँध है। महानदी पर बना ओडिशा का हीराकुंड बाँध भारत का सबसे लंबा बाँध है। तमिलनाडु में कल्लनई बाँध भारत का सबसे पुराना बाँध है। यह कावेरी नदी पर बना है और लगभग 2000 साल पुराना है। स्वच्छ ऊर्जा के स्रोत, सिंचाई की सुविधा, बाढ़ रोकने में सहायक, पेयजल का स्रोत आदि के रूप में बांधों को महत्वपूर्ण एवं आवश्यक माना जाता है लेकिन इनसे अनेक चुनौतियां उत्पन्न होती हैं| बाँधों के कारण उत्पन्न जोखिम जलीय जीवन पर प्रभाव- बाँध मछलियों के प्रवास में बाधा उत्पन्न करते हैं और मत्स्य अण्ड समूह के निवास स्थान तक पहुँचने, खाद्य संसाधनों की तलाश करने और शिकार से बचने की उनकी क्षमता को सीमित करते हैं एक खतरनाक बुनियादी ढाँचा : बड़े बाँधों को मानव जीवन, बड़े पैमाने पर आजीविका के नुकसान और विफलता की स्थिति में विनाश की आशंका के कारण "उच्च खतरे वाला" बुनियादी ढाँचा माना जाता है। HEPs, जो बड़े पैमाने पर ब्लास्टिंग, पेड़ों का कटान और टनलिंग का उपयोग करते हैं, में निश्चित रूप से इनका प्रभाव एक अनुपात में जुड़ जाता है और इस तरह ये विनाश में एक बल गुणक बन जाते हैं। नदियों के मार्ग में बाधा : बाँध और जलाशय जल निकायों के प्रवाह के लिये भौतिक बाधाएँ उत्पन्न करते हैं क्योंकि ये जल निकायों को खंडित करते हैं, जिससे उनका मौसमी प्रवाह प्रभावित होता है । जलाशय प्रेरित भूकंपीयता: भूकंप व बाँध में पानी जमा होने और उसे छोड़ने के बीच एक मज़बूत संबंध होता है। कोयना और वार्ना क्षेत्र संभवतः जलाशय-प्रेरित- भूकंपीयता (आरआईएस) का सबसे अच्छा उदाहरण है। कोयना और वार्ना जलाशय दक्षिण महाराष्ट्र क्षेत्र में भूकंप के लिये ज़िम्मेदार हैं जिन्होंने पाँच दशकों में कई भूकंपों का अनुभव किया है। लोगों का विस्थापनः बड़े बाँधों के निर्माण के कारण भूमि का जलमग्न होना और बड़े पैमाने पर लोगों का विस्थापन एक प्रचलित मुद्दा है, जिसकी अक्सर अधिकारियों द्वारा अनदेखी की जाती है। हीराकुंड, भाखड़ा नांगल और टिहरी | जैसे बाँधों के निर्माण ने कई परिवारों को विस्थापित कर दिया था जिनमें से कई का पुनर्वास नहीं किया गया। पुराने बाँध अधिक खतरनाक: पुराने बाँध अधिक सुरक्षा जोखिम वाले होते हैं, इनके रख-रखाव की लागत अधिक होती है और अवसादन के कारण कार्यक्षमता में गिरावट देखि जाती है। एक नए अध्ययन से पता चला है कि भारत में 4,407 बड़े बाँध हैं, जिनमें से 1,000 से अधिक बाँध वर्ष 2025 तक 50 वर्ष तथा इससे अधिक के हो जाएंगे। भारत में 209 बाँध 100 साल से अधिक पुराने हैं, इनका निर्माण तब किया गया था जब डिज़ाइन और सुरक्षा मानदंड मोजूदा स्तर से काफी नीचे थे बाँध सुरक्षा से सम्बन्धित समस्याएं संरचनात्मक समस्याएं: पुराने होते बांध: भारत में बांध 100 वर्षों की परिचालन अवधि के अनुसार SIC निर्मित किए जाते हैं। सभी वृहद संचयन संरचना वाले बांध समय के साथ कमजोर हो जाते हैं क्योंकि कंक्रीट और स्टील जैसी निर्माण सामग्री लहरों, गाद, रेत और बजरी के कारण होने वाले घर्षण से अपकर्षित होती जाती हैं। तापीय विस्तार (thermal expansion) और संरचना में किसी प्रकार के छिद्र या दरार के कारण भी बांध कमजोर हो जाते हैं। पूर्वानुमान प्रणाली: महत्वपूर्ण जलाशयों में भी वास्तविक समय आधारित जल अंतर्वाह पूर्वानुमान प्रणाली स्थापित नहीं है। इस तरह की प्रणालियां परिचालन क्षमता में सुधार के साथ-साथ बांध की सुरक्षा संबंधी उपाय भी प्रदान कर सकती हैं। कार्यान्वयन संबंधी समस्याएं: निगरानी का अभाव : अपर्याप्त संसाधनों के साथ-साथ : व्यवस्थित आकलन और निगरानी संबंधी अभाव की स्थिति बांधों एवं उससे संबंधित सहायक कार्यों के निम्नस्तरीय रखरखाव का प्राथमिक कारण है। प्रशिक्षित कार्यबल का अभावः राज्यों में बांध सुरक्षा संगठनों के पास पर्याप्त कार्यबल का अभाव है, जिसे सुदृढ़ करने की आवश्यकता है। वित्त का अभावः बांधों के रखरखाव और मरम्मत के लिए। आवश्यक पर्याप्त वित्त का अभाव है। पर्यावरण संबंधी समस्याएं: बाढ़ प्रतिधारण: जलाशयों में जल प्रवाह की अत्यधिक मात्रा से बाढ़ का खतरा उत्पन्न होता है। बाद की घटनाओं के दौरान अवसादन में वृद्धि से जल भंडारण क्षमता में कमी आ सकती है और/या जल के प्रवाह में वनस्पति की उपस्थिति के कारण अधिप्लव मार्ग में रुकावट/व्यवधान उत्पन्न हो सकता है। गादान (Siltation): यह जलाशय की जल भंडारण क्षमता को कम करता है और विद्युत उत्पादन, सिंचाई और बाढ़ नियंत्रण एवं दीर्घकालिक उपयोगिता के संबंध में बांध की प्रभावशीलता को कम करता है। तलछट निस्तारण से संबंधित पर्यावरणीय मुद्दों के कारण कई मामलों में जलाशय की गाद निकालना कठिन होता है। मृदा अपरदन: बांध प्रायः नदी के प्रवाह में उपस्थिति अवसाद भार को रोक देते हैं, जिससे नदी का अनुप्रवाह मार्ग इन अवसादों से वंचित हो जाता है। अनुप्रवाह मार्ग में नदी अवसाद की पूर्ति करने के लिए अपने मार्ग और किनारों का अपरदन करती है। इससे नदी का तल नीचा होता जाता है जिससे वनस्पति और नदी के वन्यजीवों के सम्मुख संकट उत्पन्न हो जाता है। प्रजातियों का विलुप्त होना: वृहद बांधों से कई मछलियों और अन्य जलीय प्रजातियों के विलुप्त होने, बाढ़ के मैदानों में पक्षियों के विलुप्त होने, वन, आर्द्रभूमि और कृषि भूमि की अत्यधिक क्षति और तटीय डेल्टाओं के क्षरण आदि का मार्ग प्रशस्त होता है। इसके साथ ही सामाजिक समस्याएं जैसे मानव विस्थापनः बांधों के निर्माण में विनियामकीय रूपरेखा के अभाव के कारण मानव बस्तियों के वृहद क्षेत्रों के जलमग्न होने पर कई लोग बेघर हो जाते हैं, जीवन और संपत्ति की हानि होती है और विस्थापित आबादी के पुनर्वास की समस्या उत्पन्न होती है। उपरोक्त समस्याओं एवं चुनौतियों को देखते हुए भारत सरकार ने बाँध सुरक्षा से सम्बन्धित कई प्रयास किये हैं| सरकारी पहल/योजनाएं / नीतियां धर्मा (बांध स्वास्थ्य और पुनरुद्धार निगरानी Dam Health and Rehabilitation Monitoring : DHARMA): यह बांध से संबंधित सभी डेटा को प्रभावी रूप से डिजिटाइज़ करने हेतु एक वेब टूल है। यह देश में बड़े बांधों से संबंधित प्रामाणिक परिसंपत्ति और उनकी स्थिति संबंधी जानकारी के दस्तावेजीक में सहायता करेगा, जिससे आवश्यकता- आधारित पुनरुद्धार सुनिश्चित करने हेतु उचित कार्रवाई की जा यह भारत द्वारा परिसंपत्ति प्रबंधन के क्षेत्र में एक नया कदम है। भूकंपीय खतरा विश्लेषण सूचना प्रणाली (Seismic Hazard Assessment Information System: SHAISYS): यह एक वेब आधारित इंटरेक्टिव एप्लिकेशन टूल है। इसे दक्षिण भारतीय क्षेत्र में किसी भी बिंदु पर भूकंपीय खतरे का अनुमान लगाने के लिए बांध सुरक्षा संगठन (Dam Safety Organizations: DSO) के अंतर्गत केंद्रीय जल आयोग (CWC) द्वारा विकसित किया जा बांध सुरक्षा अधिनियम, 2019: यह संपूर्ण देश में सभी विनिर्दिष्ट बांधों की निगरानी, निरीक्षण, प्रचालन और अनुरक्षण का प्रावधान करता है। यह बांध सुरक्षा मानकों के संबंध में नीतियों और विनियमों को तैयार करने तथा सुरक्षा प्रथाओं में बदलाव का सुझाव देने। हेतु प्रमुख बांध विफलताओं के कारणों का विश्लेषण करने हेतु राष्ट्रीय बांध सुरक्षा समिति का गठन करता है। राष्ट्रीय बांध सुरक्षा प्राधिकरण द्वारा राष्ट्रीय समिति की नीतियों को क्रियान्वित किया जाता है और इसके द्वारा राज्य बांध सुरक्षा संगठनों (State Dam Safety Organizations: SDSO) के मध्य, या SDSO और उस राज्य में किसी भी बांध स्वामी के मध्य के मामलों को समाधान किया जाता है। भारत और विश्व बैंक ने मौजूदा बांधों को सुरक्षित और प्रत्यास्थ बनाने के लिए बांध पुनरुद्धार और सुधार परियोजना के द्वितीय चरण (Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project: DRIP Phase II) हेतु एक परियोजना पर हस्ताक्षर किए हैं। बांध पुनरुद्धार और सुधार परियोजना (DRIP)- यह केंद्रीय घटक के साथ राज्य क्षेत्रक की एक योजना है। इसे वर्ष 2012 में भारत सरकार द्वारा विश्व बैंक से वित्तीय सहायता के साथ आरंभ किया गया था ताकि वित्त संबंधी कमी को पूरा किया जा सके और बांधों की मरम्मत और योजना है। रखरखाव के लिए राज्यों को तत्काल वित्त प्रदान किया जा सके। इस तरह से स्पष्ट है कि बांधों के कारण उत्पन्न जोखिम और बाँध सुरक्षा से सम्बन्धित समस्यायों को समझते हुए भारत सरकार ने बाँध सुरक्षा से सम्बन्धित कई प्रयास किये हैं| हालाँकि कुछ अन्य दिशाओं में प्रयास किये जा सकते हैं जैसे जल के संभावित अंतर्वाह और बहिर्वाह का आकलन करना महत्वपूर्ण है। परियोजना की योजना बनाते समय अधिकतम वर्षा का अनुमान लगाया जाना चाहिए|इसके तहत स्थानीय कारकों जैसे कि जलवायु और जलग्रहण क्षेत्रों आदि को ध्यान में रखा जाना चाहिए। नवीनतम सामग्रियों और प्रौद्योगिकियों का उपयोग कर पुराने बांधों का पुनरुद्धार करने से बांध की परिचालन अवधि को दशकों तक बढ़ाया जा सकता| इसके तहत जलप्लावन मानचित्र तैयार किए गए हैं जिनका उपयोग आपातकालीन कार्य योजनाओं के लिए किया जा सकता है।आधुनिक उपकरणों का उपयोग करके डेटा संग्रह और मूल्यांकन के आधार पर सुनियोजित निगरानी प्रणाली से संरचना में किसी प्रकार की कमी और पुरानी होती संरचना संबंधी समस्याओं RITY.UT का आरंभिक स्तर पर ही पता लगाया जा सकता है। निरीक्षण और निगरानी, परिचालन और रखरखाव, निर्माण पर्यवेक्षण तथा आपातकालीन कार्य योजना एवं नवीनतम जानकारी के लिए बांध इंजीनियरों को प्रशिक्षण प्रदान करना बांध सुरक्षा संबंधी क्षमता निर्माण सुनिश्चित कर सकता है। अधिकांश राज्यों के लिए बाढ़ का अनुमान और बाढ़ के मार्ग को डिजाइन करने में संस्थागत क्षमता निर्माण की आवश्यकता है। नवीनतम तकनीकों को न केवल बांध के निर्माण के समय, बल्कि बांधों की आवधिक समीक्षा के दौरान भी अपनाया जाना चाहिए। सावधानीपूर्वक सोची-समझी डिजाइनों और सु-प्रबंधित परिचालन और रखरखाव कार्यक्रमों के कार्यान्वयन के माध्यम से पुराने बांधों का निवारण और शमन को सर्वोत्तम रूप से प्राप्त किया जा सकता है।
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विकास प्रक्रिया से आप क्या समझते हैं? भारत में विकास प्रक्रिया के दृष्टिकोण में हुए निरंतर बदलावों की उदाहरण सहित चर्चा कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) What do you understand by development process? Discuss with examples the continuous changes in the approach to the development process in India. (150-200 words, 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण: विकास प्रक्रिया को परिभाषित करते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए। भारत में राज्य के नेतृत्व में विकास से लेकर सहभागी विकास के प्रतिमान तक की उदाहरण सहित चर्चा कीजिए। भारत की विकास प्रक्रिया की उपलब्धियों का उल्लेख कर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: विकास की प्रक्रिया से आशय ऐसे सामाजिक परिवर्तन लाने की प्रक्रिया से है जो लोगों को उनकी मानवीय क्षमता प्राप्त करने में सहायक हो। इसके अलावा विकास को सामान्यतः आर्थिक संवृद्धि के साथ जोड़ दिया जाता है। किन्तु केवल आर्थिक संवृद्धि ही विकास नहीं है। अपितु विकास का एक व्यापक संदर्भ है। जिसके तहत सामाजिक, आर्थिक, राजनीतिक, पर्यावरणीय, मानवीय आदि सभी आयामों की संवृद्धि को शामिल कर लिया जाता है। विकास की प्रक्रिया को राजनीतिक, सामाजिक, आर्थिक, सांस्कृतिक आदि आयामों में देखा जाना चाहिए। स्वतंत्रता पश्चात भारत ने राज्य के नेतृत्व में विकास की प्रक्रिया को अपनाया और लगातार परिवर्तन करते हुए वर्तमान में सहभागी विकास के प्रतिमान तक का सफर हम तय कर चुके हैं। दृष्टिकोण में हुए इस बदलाव को हम निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं से समझ सकते हैं- 1950-60 के दशक में राष्ट्रीयकरण कार्यक्रमों के माध्यम से भारत ने राज्य के नेतृत्व में विकास प्रतिमान को आधार माना और लगभग सभी कार्यक्रमों का निर्धारण करना राज्य के हाथों में केंद्रित हो गया। जैसे- सामुदायिक विकास कार्यक्रम, राष्ट्रीय विस्तार सेवा में हम देख सकते हैं। लेकिन इस प्रतिमान के कारण राज्य बेरोजगारी, गरीबी, भुखमरी, बीमारी आदि की आड़ में पूँजीपतियों पर अधिकाधिक कर लगाना आरंभ कर देता है जिससे आर्थिक विकास में बाधा उत्पन्न होती है। इससे लाइसेंस राज में वृद्धि होती है। इसके पश्चात भारत ने 1980 के दशक में राज्य द्वारा बेहतर आर्थिक नीतियों का निर्माण कर मांग में वृद्धि, रोजगार सृजन आदि का प्रयास किया। इसी दिशा में आगे बढ़ते हुए 1990 के दशक में भारत द्वारा एलपीजी को अपनाया गया और व्यापक स्तर पर आर्थिक सुधार किए गए। जिसे विकास का आधुनिक उदारवादी प्रतिमान कहा गया। 2000 के दशक में भारत द्वारा नव उदारवादी प्रतिमान को अपनाया गया और सामाजिक, राजनीतिक और आर्थिक गतिशीलता को ध्यान में रखते हुए नीतियों का निर्माण किया गया। इसके अंतर्गत आर्थिक संसाधनों को राज्य के नियंत्रण से स्थानांतरित कर निजी क्षेत्र को सौंप दिया जाता है। हालांकि सार्वजनिक धन को कल्याणकारी गतिविधियों के लिए ही उपयोग किया जाता है। इस प्रतिमान में नियोजन को विकेंद्रीकृत किया जाता है। उदाहरण के लिए- भारत में पंचायतों को नियोजन हेतु सक्षम करना, केंद्र प्रायोजित योजनाओं को कम करना, राजकोषीय संघवाद की स्थापना करना आदि। जलवायु परिवर्तन के बढ़ते खतरे को देखते हुए भारत में विकास के लिए सतत विकास प्रतिमान को अपनाया गया। इसके अंतर्गत स्थानीय समुदायों का सशक्तिकरण, लैंगिक समानता को बढ़ावा देना, संसाधनों का सतत उपयोग आदि पर बल दिया जाता है। भारत संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ द्वारा 2015 में 2030 तक के लिए निर्धारित किए गए सतत विकास लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करने में महत्वपूर्ण सफलता प्राप्त की है। भारत ने वर्ष 2020 तक अपने सकल घरेलू उत्पाद की उत्सर्जन तीव्रता को 20 से 25% तक कम करने के स्वेच्छिक लक्ष्य को हासिल किया है। हाल के वर्षों में भारत में विकास के लिए सहभागी विकास प्रतिमान को अपनाया गया है। सहभागी विकास एक सामूहिक प्रक्रिया है अर्थात इसमें समाज का हर व्यक्ति समाज के विकास के लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है, इसमें सामूहिक रूप से सभी समाज की भलाई के लिए काम करते हैं। भारत सरकार ने आरंभ से ही सहभागी विकास प्रतिमान को अपनाने के प्रयास किए हैं। उदाहरण के लिए शहरी नगरीय विकास योजना, स्वर्णजयंती शहरी रोजगार योजना, जवाहर लाल नेहरू राष्ट्रीय शहरी नवीनीकरण योजना, नगर राज्य अधिनियम आदि के निर्माण प्रमुख हैं। समग्रतः भारत द्वारा आवश्यकता के आधार पर लगातार विकास के लिए दृष्टिकोण में बदलाव कर जन अपेक्षाओं को पूरा करने का प्रयास किया गया है। लेकिन अभी भी भारत मे बेरोजगारी, भुखमरी, गरीबी जैसी समस्याएं विद्यमान हैं। इसमें सुधार के लिए सहभागी प्रतिमान को और विस्तार अपनाया जाना चाहिए, ताकि भारत विकासशील से विकसित का स्तर प्राप्त कर सके।
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##Question:विकास प्रक्रिया से आप क्या समझते हैं? भारत में विकास प्रक्रिया के दृष्टिकोण में हुए निरंतर बदलावों की उदाहरण सहित चर्चा कीजिए। (150-200 शब्द, 10 अंक) What do you understand by development process? Discuss with examples the continuous changes in the approach to the development process in India. (150-200 words, 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण: विकास प्रक्रिया को परिभाषित करते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए। भारत में राज्य के नेतृत्व में विकास से लेकर सहभागी विकास के प्रतिमान तक की उदाहरण सहित चर्चा कीजिए। भारत की विकास प्रक्रिया की उपलब्धियों का उल्लेख कर उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए। उत्तर: विकास की प्रक्रिया से आशय ऐसे सामाजिक परिवर्तन लाने की प्रक्रिया से है जो लोगों को उनकी मानवीय क्षमता प्राप्त करने में सहायक हो। इसके अलावा विकास को सामान्यतः आर्थिक संवृद्धि के साथ जोड़ दिया जाता है। किन्तु केवल आर्थिक संवृद्धि ही विकास नहीं है। अपितु विकास का एक व्यापक संदर्भ है। जिसके तहत सामाजिक, आर्थिक, राजनीतिक, पर्यावरणीय, मानवीय आदि सभी आयामों की संवृद्धि को शामिल कर लिया जाता है। विकास की प्रक्रिया को राजनीतिक, सामाजिक, आर्थिक, सांस्कृतिक आदि आयामों में देखा जाना चाहिए। स्वतंत्रता पश्चात भारत ने राज्य के नेतृत्व में विकास की प्रक्रिया को अपनाया और लगातार परिवर्तन करते हुए वर्तमान में सहभागी विकास के प्रतिमान तक का सफर हम तय कर चुके हैं। दृष्टिकोण में हुए इस बदलाव को हम निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं से समझ सकते हैं- 1950-60 के दशक में राष्ट्रीयकरण कार्यक्रमों के माध्यम से भारत ने राज्य के नेतृत्व में विकास प्रतिमान को आधार माना और लगभग सभी कार्यक्रमों का निर्धारण करना राज्य के हाथों में केंद्रित हो गया। जैसे- सामुदायिक विकास कार्यक्रम, राष्ट्रीय विस्तार सेवा में हम देख सकते हैं। लेकिन इस प्रतिमान के कारण राज्य बेरोजगारी, गरीबी, भुखमरी, बीमारी आदि की आड़ में पूँजीपतियों पर अधिकाधिक कर लगाना आरंभ कर देता है जिससे आर्थिक विकास में बाधा उत्पन्न होती है। इससे लाइसेंस राज में वृद्धि होती है। इसके पश्चात भारत ने 1980 के दशक में राज्य द्वारा बेहतर आर्थिक नीतियों का निर्माण कर मांग में वृद्धि, रोजगार सृजन आदि का प्रयास किया। इसी दिशा में आगे बढ़ते हुए 1990 के दशक में भारत द्वारा एलपीजी को अपनाया गया और व्यापक स्तर पर आर्थिक सुधार किए गए। जिसे विकास का आधुनिक उदारवादी प्रतिमान कहा गया। 2000 के दशक में भारत द्वारा नव उदारवादी प्रतिमान को अपनाया गया और सामाजिक, राजनीतिक और आर्थिक गतिशीलता को ध्यान में रखते हुए नीतियों का निर्माण किया गया। इसके अंतर्गत आर्थिक संसाधनों को राज्य के नियंत्रण से स्थानांतरित कर निजी क्षेत्र को सौंप दिया जाता है। हालांकि सार्वजनिक धन को कल्याणकारी गतिविधियों के लिए ही उपयोग किया जाता है। इस प्रतिमान में नियोजन को विकेंद्रीकृत किया जाता है। उदाहरण के लिए- भारत में पंचायतों को नियोजन हेतु सक्षम करना, केंद्र प्रायोजित योजनाओं को कम करना, राजकोषीय संघवाद की स्थापना करना आदि। जलवायु परिवर्तन के बढ़ते खतरे को देखते हुए भारत में विकास के लिए सतत विकास प्रतिमान को अपनाया गया। इसके अंतर्गत स्थानीय समुदायों का सशक्तिकरण, लैंगिक समानता को बढ़ावा देना, संसाधनों का सतत उपयोग आदि पर बल दिया जाता है। भारत संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ द्वारा 2015 में 2030 तक के लिए निर्धारित किए गए सतत विकास लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करने में महत्वपूर्ण सफलता प्राप्त की है। भारत ने वर्ष 2020 तक अपने सकल घरेलू उत्पाद की उत्सर्जन तीव्रता को 20 से 25% तक कम करने के स्वेच्छिक लक्ष्य को हासिल किया है। हाल के वर्षों में भारत में विकास के लिए सहभागी विकास प्रतिमान को अपनाया गया है। सहभागी विकास एक सामूहिक प्रक्रिया है अर्थात इसमें समाज का हर व्यक्ति समाज के विकास के लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है, इसमें सामूहिक रूप से सभी समाज की भलाई के लिए काम करते हैं। भारत सरकार ने आरंभ से ही सहभागी विकास प्रतिमान को अपनाने के प्रयास किए हैं। उदाहरण के लिए शहरी नगरीय विकास योजना, स्वर्णजयंती शहरी रोजगार योजना, जवाहर लाल नेहरू राष्ट्रीय शहरी नवीनीकरण योजना, नगर राज्य अधिनियम आदि के निर्माण प्रमुख हैं। समग्रतः भारत द्वारा आवश्यकता के आधार पर लगातार विकास के लिए दृष्टिकोण में बदलाव कर जन अपेक्षाओं को पूरा करने का प्रयास किया गया है। लेकिन अभी भी भारत मे बेरोजगारी, भुखमरी, गरीबी जैसी समस्याएं विद्यमान हैं। इसमें सुधार के लिए सहभागी प्रतिमान को और विस्तार अपनाया जाना चाहिए, ताकि भारत विकासशील से विकसित का स्तर प्राप्त कर सके।
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Discuss the veto power of the President of India with the highlight on its veto power with respect to the state legislatures. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the constitutional provision for the Veto power under Article 111. Then elaborate on the four types of veto powers and three of them provided to the Indian President. Then bring the veto power of the President with respect to the state legislation. Then conclude accordingly. Answer The power of veto refers to the power of the executive to override any act of the legislature. This is a very special power. Under Article 111 of the Constitution, all bills passed by the Parliament can become an act only if it receives the assent of the President. Hence, the President enjoys veto power, by withholding his assent to a bill. The veto power of the President of India can be of the following types: Absolute Veto: It refers to withholding of assent to the Bill passed by the legislature. It was used by the President in the case of the PEPSU Appropriation Bill in 1954 and the Salary, Amendments, and Pension of Members of Parliament (Amendment) Bill in 1991 . Suspensive Veto: It is a veto that can be overridden by the legislature with an ordinary majority. The President of India used it in the case of the Office of Profit Bill in 2006. Pocket Veto: It empowers the President to not take any action on the Bill passed by the legislature. The President of India used this veto in the case of the Indian Post Office (Amendment) Bill in 1986 . The President enjoys all three vetoes with respect to ordinary bills but in the case of a money bill, he/she only has an absolute veto. The President cannot return a money bill for reconsideration of the Parliament. As per Articles 200 and 201 the Governor also has similar power at the state level with respect to the state bills (ordinary and money bills). However, in both cases, the governor has additional veto power of reserving the bill for consideration by the President. When a bill is reserved for the consideration of the President he has the following options: With Regard to the State’s ordinary bill: The President can give his/her assent to the bill or use his/her absolute or suspensive of the pocket veto. If the bill is passed after reconsideration by the concerned State Legislature in case of suspensive veto then the President may give his assent to a bill or even withhold his assent. The Governor does not have any further role in the enactment of the bill. With regard to the State’s Money bill: The President can either give his/her assent to the bill or use his/her absolute veto. The President cannot return a money bill for the reconsideration of the state legislative similar to what happens in the case of Parliament.
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##Question:Discuss the veto power of the President of India with the highlight on its veto power with respect to the state legislatures. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the constitutional provision for the Veto power under Article 111. Then elaborate on the four types of veto powers and three of them provided to the Indian President. Then bring the veto power of the President with respect to the state legislation. Then conclude accordingly. Answer The power of veto refers to the power of the executive to override any act of the legislature. This is a very special power. Under Article 111 of the Constitution, all bills passed by the Parliament can become an act only if it receives the assent of the President. Hence, the President enjoys veto power, by withholding his assent to a bill. The veto power of the President of India can be of the following types: Absolute Veto: It refers to withholding of assent to the Bill passed by the legislature. It was used by the President in the case of the PEPSU Appropriation Bill in 1954 and the Salary, Amendments, and Pension of Members of Parliament (Amendment) Bill in 1991 . Suspensive Veto: It is a veto that can be overridden by the legislature with an ordinary majority. The President of India used it in the case of the Office of Profit Bill in 2006. Pocket Veto: It empowers the President to not take any action on the Bill passed by the legislature. The President of India used this veto in the case of the Indian Post Office (Amendment) Bill in 1986 . The President enjoys all three vetoes with respect to ordinary bills but in the case of a money bill, he/she only has an absolute veto. The President cannot return a money bill for reconsideration of the Parliament. As per Articles 200 and 201 the Governor also has similar power at the state level with respect to the state bills (ordinary and money bills). However, in both cases, the governor has additional veto power of reserving the bill for consideration by the President. When a bill is reserved for the consideration of the President he has the following options: With Regard to the State’s ordinary bill: The President can give his/her assent to the bill or use his/her absolute or suspensive of the pocket veto. If the bill is passed after reconsideration by the concerned State Legislature in case of suspensive veto then the President may give his assent to a bill or even withhold his assent. The Governor does not have any further role in the enactment of the bill. With regard to the State’s Money bill: The President can either give his/her assent to the bill or use his/her absolute veto. The President cannot return a money bill for the reconsideration of the state legislative similar to what happens in the case of Parliament.
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Discuss the efforts taken by socio-religious reformers against the issue of child marriage and Widow remarriage in India (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach:- In the introduction, give the context of the Socio-religious reforms In the main part, write the steps taken for both Mention the result Conclude accordingly Answer:- The Indian society in the first half of the 19th century was caste-ridden, decadent, and rigid. Some enlightened leaders started socio-religious reforms. Among their agendas, child marriage and widow remarriage were on top Steps were taken to bring reform to Child marriage Efforts of Vidyasagar led to the Age of Consent Act 1860 (By canning 1856-62) that set a minimum age of consummation of marriage at 10 years Akshay Kumar Dutt cited medical opinion against child marriage Rukhamabai case 1884-88, Rukhamabai defense committee of social reformers was led by B M Malabari. In 1890 death of 11-year-old Phulmoni das due to sexual abuse by her Old Husband triggered the debate on consent age Lansdowne 1888 brought the Age of consent Bill 1891 that said the minimum age of consummation to 12 years R G Bhandarkar of Poona Deccan College and Prarthana samaj 1867 showed by research on Dharamsahastras that Hinduism allowed marriage after puberty Steps were taken to bring reform to widow remarriage Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar"s efforts led to the Hindu widow remarriages Act of 1856, however, upon remarriage, the woman lost the right to the property of the dead husband In Maharashtra, Vishnu Shastri Pandit, set up a society in 1866 for widow remarriage therefore debate had continued even after the 1856 Act Jyotibha Phule made efforts among lower castes in Maharashtra but he failed Pandita Ramabai, in Maharashtra, married late and married a man from a lower caste and later also worked for women-related reforms but such examples were rare In Madras, Veerasalingam Pantulu set up a society for Widow remarriage in Telugu-speaking areas Result Overall reforms against child marriage failed Issue became highly popular and orthodox Hindus won the scripture-based debate and now lower caste also stopped Widow remarriage By the 1900s only 38 Widow Remarriage in Maharashtra. It succeded in Haryana since here Widow Remarriage was already practiced Socio-religious reforms tried to reform these issues and to some extent it brought reforms. These reforms shaped the national identity of India
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##Question:Discuss the efforts taken by socio-religious reformers against the issue of child marriage and Widow remarriage in India (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, give the context of the Socio-religious reforms In the main part, write the steps taken for both Mention the result Conclude accordingly Answer:- The Indian society in the first half of the 19th century was caste-ridden, decadent, and rigid. Some enlightened leaders started socio-religious reforms. Among their agendas, child marriage and widow remarriage were on top Steps were taken to bring reform to Child marriage Efforts of Vidyasagar led to the Age of Consent Act 1860 (By canning 1856-62) that set a minimum age of consummation of marriage at 10 years Akshay Kumar Dutt cited medical opinion against child marriage Rukhamabai case 1884-88, Rukhamabai defense committee of social reformers was led by B M Malabari. In 1890 death of 11-year-old Phulmoni das due to sexual abuse by her Old Husband triggered the debate on consent age Lansdowne 1888 brought the Age of consent Bill 1891 that said the minimum age of consummation to 12 years R G Bhandarkar of Poona Deccan College and Prarthana samaj 1867 showed by research on Dharamsahastras that Hinduism allowed marriage after puberty Steps were taken to bring reform to widow remarriage Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar"s efforts led to the Hindu widow remarriages Act of 1856, however, upon remarriage, the woman lost the right to the property of the dead husband In Maharashtra, Vishnu Shastri Pandit, set up a society in 1866 for widow remarriage therefore debate had continued even after the 1856 Act Jyotibha Phule made efforts among lower castes in Maharashtra but he failed Pandita Ramabai, in Maharashtra, married late and married a man from a lower caste and later also worked for women-related reforms but such examples were rare In Madras, Veerasalingam Pantulu set up a society for Widow remarriage in Telugu-speaking areas Result Overall reforms against child marriage failed Issue became highly popular and orthodox Hindus won the scripture-based debate and now lower caste also stopped Widow remarriage By the 1900s only 38 Widow Remarriage in Maharashtra. It succeded in Haryana since here Widow Remarriage was already practiced Socio-religious reforms tried to reform these issues and to some extent it brought reforms. These reforms shaped the national identity of India
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दलहन के पोषक महत्त्व को देखते हुए सरकार नें दलहन उत्पादन बढाने हेतु कई प्रयास किये हैं लेकिन विविध चुनौतियों के कारण भारत इसके उत्पादन में आत्मनिर्भर नहीं हो सका है। इस संदर्भ में सरकारी प्रयासों की चर्चा करते हुए दलहन उत्पादन बढाने हेतु अपने सुझाव प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) In view of the nutritional importance of pulses, the government has made several efforts to increase the production of pulses, but due to various challenges, India has not been able to become self-sufficient in its production. In this context, while discussing the government"s efforts, present your suggestions to increase the production of pulses. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में दलहन एवं दलहनी फसलों के बारे सामान्य जानकारियाँ देते हुए दलहनी फसलों के महत्त्व को स्पष्ट कीजिये 2- पहले भाग में दलहनी फसलों के उत्पादन में आत्मनिर्भरता न होने के उत्तरदायी कारणों के रूप में दलहनी फसलों के उत्पादन सम्बन्धित चुनौतियों की चर्चा कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में दलहन के उत्पादन को बढाने हेतु सरकारी प्रयासों की जानकारी दीजिये 4- अंतिम भाग में इस दिशा में अपने सुझाव प्रस्तुत करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये दलहन वस्तुतः फलीदार/लेग्युम समूह (legume family) के पौधों के खाद्य योग्य सूखे बीज होते हैं जिन्हें सुपरफूड (उच्च पोषण युक्त खाद्य पदार्थ) की श्रेणी में वर्गीकृत किया गया है। इसमें चना, मसूर, सूखी मटर, बीन्स आदि शामिल हैं। दलहन का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक (वैश्विक उत्पादन का लगभग 24 प्रतिशत) देश है। खाद्यान्न संबंधी फसली क्षेत्र के अंतर्गत दलहन की हिस्सेदारी लगभग 20 प्रतिशत क्षेत्र में हैं| कुल खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में यह लगभग 7-10 प्रतिशत का योगदानकर्ता रहा है। दलहन वस्तुतः रबी और खरीफ दोनों ऋतुओं में उगाई जाने वाली फसल है। दलहनों की कुल उत्पादन में रबी ऋतु में उत्पादित दलहन की हिस्सेदारी सर्वाधिक (60 प्रतिशत से अधिक) है।चना एक सबसे मुख्य दलहनी फसल है और यह कुल दलहन उत्पादन में लगभग 40 प्रतिशत की हिस्सेदारी करता है। मध्य प्रदेश, महाराष्ट्र, राजस्थान, उत्तर प्रदेश और कर्नाटक शीर्ष दलहन उत्पादक राज्य हैं। दलहनों का प्रभाशाली पोषक महत्त्व है| दलहनी फसलों का महत्व पशुओं के लिए पौष्टिक चारे का सोत । रक्त शर्करा के इष्टतम स्तर को बनाए रखने में सहायक वायुमंडलीय नाइट्रोजन को स्थिर करने में सहायता करता है। मृदा में कार्बनिक पदार्थों के समावेश योगदान करता है प्रोटीन का महत्वपूर्ण स्रोत । निम्न कार्बन और निम्न वाटर फुटप्रिंट अल्पावधि के कारण उसी भूमि पर दूसरी फसल उगाने में सुविधा होती है। औद्योगिक फसलें उद्योगों को कच्चा माल उपलब्ध कराने में सहायक। भारत के दलहन के समक्ष चुनौतियां भारत विश्व में दलहनी फसलों का सबसे बड़ा उपभोक्ता (वैश्विक उपभोग का लगभग 27 प्रतिशत) देश है और यह विश्व का सबसे बड़ा आयातक (लगभग 14 प्रतिशत) देश है। अर्थात भारत आपनी दलहनी आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति घरेलू उत्पादन से नहीं कर पा रहा है जिसके लिए निम्नलिखित कारण उत्तरदायी हैं- उच्च उपज अंतराल (High Yield Gap): उपज अंतराल विश्लेषण उस व्यापक क्षमता को दर्शाता है जिसमें किसी के द्वारा फसली भू क्षेत्र में महत्वपूर्ण परिवर्तन किए बिना भारत में दलहन के समग्र उत्पादन को बढ़ाया जा सकता हो। भारत में अरहर के लिए दलहन उपज अंतराल (प्रयोगशाला की प्रायोगिक दशाओं में प्राप्त उपज की तुलना में खेतों में प्राप्त वास्तविक उपज) लगभग 50 प्रतिशत है। इसके बाद हरा चना (45 प्रतिशत) और अन्य का स्थान आता है। आगत (इनपुट) संबंधी चुनौतियां: उदाहरण के लिए, सभी स्तरों पर स्थान विशिष्ट / अनुशंसित HYV गुणवत्ता वाले प्रमाणित बीजों की अनुपलब्धता, नकली और गैर-मानकीकृत बीजों की विद्यमानता, मृदा की ऊपरी परतों में बीजों की बुवाई करने वाले (light seed drills) मशीन, जीरो टिल मशीन आदि जैसे उपकरणों का अभाव तथा संस्थागत ऋण प्राप्त करने में किसानों की अक्षमता उन्हें गुणवत्तापूर्ण आगतों को खरीदने तथा उन्नत प्रौद्योगिकी को अपनाने के लिए हतोत्साहित करती हैं। उत्पादन संबंधी चुनौतियां: दलहन फसलें अनेक जैविक और अजैविक दबावों (जैसे- रबी फसल ऋतू की मध्यावधि के दौरान शीतलहर तथा आरंभ और अंत में पड़ने वाली गर्मी, सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों की कमी इत्यादि), मृदा की क्षारीयता, लवणता, जल भराव इत्यादि के प्रति सुभेद्द होती हैं। फसल का उत्पादन मानसून की अनियमितता और आर्द्रता जैसे तनावपूर्ण कारकों के कारण प्रतिकूल रूप से प्रभावित हो सकता है। सीमांत भूमि पर कृषिः हरित क्रांति ने दलहन की खेती को सीमांत और उप-सीमांत भूखंडो तक सीमित कर दिया है जिसके परिणामस्वरूप दलहन के उत्पादन में गिरावट आई है|दलहनों के अंतर्गत लगभग 84 प्रतिशत फसली क्षेत्र वर्षा आधारित एवं अपेक्षाकृत निम्न उर्वरता वाली मृदा पर विस्तृत है। विशेष रूप से शुष्क और अर्ध-शुष्क क्षेत्रों में सूखे और ऊष्मीय दबाव (Heat Stress) के कारण दलहन बीजों की उपज क्षमता 50% तक कम हो जाती है। न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य (Minimum Support Prices: MSP) की अप्रभाविताः यद्यपि 23 कृषिगत जिंसों के लिए न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य की घोषणा की जाती है, लेकिन चयनित राज्यों में केवल गेहूं और चावल उत्पादकों को ही महत्वपूर्ण लाभ प्राप्त हुए हैं। जबकि इनकी तुलना में दलहन उत्पादकों को प्रायः MSP से भी कम मूल्य प्राप्त होता रहा है। सुनिश्चित बाजार का अभाव अन्य फसलों की तुलना दलहन उत्पादन को किसानों के लिए कम आकर्षक बनाता है। फसल-कटाई के पश्चात् अवसंरचना का अभाव: दलहन क्षेत्रक वस्तुतः वैज्ञानिक पद्धति से भंडारण हेतु आवश्यक अवसंरचना और उससे संबंधित गतिविधियों, जैसे- मानकीकरण, ग्रेडिंग, पैकेजिंग और बीमा संबंधी सेवाओं के अभाव से ग्रसित है। उदाहरण के लिए, दलहन खाद्यानों हेतु देश में उपलब्ध कुल संगठित भंडारण क्षमता का लगभग 7.5 प्रतिशत (14.10 मिलियन मीट्रिक टन) हिस्सा ही उपयोग किया जाता है, जबकि कुल उत्पादन लगभग 23 मिलियन मीट्रिक टन है। मूल्य संबंधी अस्थिरता: क्रिसिल (CRISIL) के अनुसार, दलहन संबंधी खाद्यान में मुद्रास्फीति एक चक्रीय पैटर्न का अनुसरण करती है, जहां प्रत्येक 2-3 वर्षों में इनके मूल्यों में वृद्धि होती है। दलहनी फसलें कॉबवेब/मकड़जाल परिघटना (cobweb phenomenon) का अनुसरण करती हैं, इसके तहत उत्पादन एक अंतराल के बाद मूल्यों के संबंध में अनुक्रिया करता है जिससे उत्पादन और मूल्यों में वृद्धि एवं गिरावट का एक आवर्ती चक्र सृजित हो जाता है। इस परिघटना के लिए कई कारकों को उत्तरदायी ठहराया जा सकता है, जिसमें मूल्य निर्धारण संबंधी नीति, आयात नीति, उत्पादन संबंधी निर्णय और मौसम संबंधी दशाएं शामिल हैं। अन्य चुनौतियों: इसमें उत्पादन एवं प्रबंधन तकनीक संबंधी वर्तमान प्रगति के बारे में ज्ञान का अभाव, पोषक तत्व उपयोग दक्षता (Nutrient Use Efficiency: NUE) और स्प्रे सलूशन (छिड़काव करने के लिए उचित मात्रा में कीटनाशक के साथ पानी को मिश्रित करके विलयन बनाना) तैयार करने की विधि के बारे में निम्नस्तरीय ज्ञान आधार आदि शामिल हैं। सरकारी योजनाएं उपरोक्त चुनौतियों को ध्यान में रखते हुए सरकार ने दलहन उत्पादन बढाने हेतु कई पहलें की हैं | तिलहन, दलहन, ऑयल पॉम और मक्का के लिए एकीकृत योजना (Integrated Schemes of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oilpalm and Maize: ISOPOM): इसके तहत बाजार अन्वेषण और प्रभावी मूल्य नीति को सुदृढ़ करने के लिए केंद्रित और एकीकृत दृष्टिकोण को अपनाया गया है। NFSM-दलहन: चावल, गेहूं और दालों के उत्पादन में क्रमशः 10, 8 और 2 मिलियन टन की वृद्धि करने के लिए राष्ट्रीय खाद्य सुरक्षा मिशन (National Food Security Mission NFSM) पर आधारित एक केंद्र प्रायोजित योजना आरंभ की गई है। NFSM + विशेष प्रोत्साहन: यह एक केंद्र प्रायोजित त्वरित दलहन उत्पादन कार्यक्रम ( Accelerated Pulses Production Programme: A3P) और दलहन विकास योजना है। इसके तहत प्रौद्योगिकी प्रदर्शन, एकीकृत पोषक तत्व प्रबंधन, एकीकृत कीट प्रबंधन, जल का कुशल उपयोग करने वाले उपकरणों इत्यादि जैसी पहलों को आरंभ किया गया है। मूल्य समर्थन योजना (Price Support Scheme: PSS): यह प्रधान मंत्री अन्नदाता आय संरक्षण अभियान (PM-AASHA) नामक छत्रक योजना का एक घटक है, जिसे किसानों के लिए MSP सुनिश्चित करने हेतु आरंभ किया गया था। राज्य सरकारों की सक्रिय भूमिका के साथ मूल्य समर्थन योजना (PSS) के अंतर्गत केंद्रीय नोडल एजेंसियों द्वारा दलहन, तिलहन और कोपरा की भौतिक खरीद की जाती है। भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कृषि सहकारी विपणन संघ (NAFED) के अतिरिक्त भारतीय खाद्य निगम (FCI) भी PSS के अंतर्गत फसलों की खरीद करता है। खरीद में होने वाला व्यय और हानि दोनों का वहन केंद्र द्वारा किया जाता है। उत्पादन बढाने हेतु सुझाव उत्पादन में वृद्धि करना: वर्ष 1991 और वर्ष 2010 के मध्य आंध्र प्रदेश में दो प्रमुख दलहनी फसलों, जैसे- चना (काबुली चना) और अरहर के उत्पादन में औसतन 81% से 100% तक की उच्च वृद्धि दर्ज की गई थी, जो औसत राष्ट्रीय वृद्धि की तुलना में अत्यधिक उच्च थी। हालांकि इस उच्च उत्पादन के लिए निम्नलिखित घटक उत्तरदायी रहे हैं- उच्च उपज वाली, जल्दी परिपक्व होने वाली तथा सूखा सहन करने वाली किस्मों के बीजों की समय पर उपलब्धता। उन्नत किस्मों को अपनाना तथा उत्पादन संबंधी तकनीकों तक सुगम पहुंच। कृषि गतिविधियों के मशीनीकरण और कुशल प्रबंधन द्वारा व्यावसायिक कृषि। किसानों को स्थानीय स्तर एवं वहनीय लागत पर अनाज भंडारण सुविधाओं की उपलब्धता। बफर स्टॉक को बनाए रखना: उचित प्रबंधन की जवाबदेही के साथ आवश्यकता-आधारित बफर स्टॉक को बनाए रखना चाहिए ताकि खाद्यान्न की किसी भी प्रकार की क्षति/बर्बादी न हो। दालों तक पहुंच: वर्षपर्यंत खुले बाजार में दालों की आसान उपलब्धता हेतु एक उचित व्यवस्था के अनुपालन को सुनिश्चित किया जाना चाहिए तथा आवश्यक होने पर सार्वजानिक वितरण प्रणाली के माध्यम से भी दालों का वितरण कराया जाना चाहिए। आयात के प्रावधान: खाद्य एवं कृषि संगठन (Food and Agriculture Organization: FAO) द्वारा प्रदत्त सेवाओं और संबंधित देशों में अपने दूतावासों के माध्यम से 30 दलहन-निर्यातक देशों में दलहन फसल की वृद्धि पर कड़ी नजर रखना चाहिए। यह हमें दलहन का आयात आसन्न होने पर अनुकूल शर्तों के अनुसार बातचीत करने में सहायता प्रदान कर सकता है।
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##Question:दलहन के पोषक महत्त्व को देखते हुए सरकार नें दलहन उत्पादन बढाने हेतु कई प्रयास किये हैं लेकिन विविध चुनौतियों के कारण भारत इसके उत्पादन में आत्मनिर्भर नहीं हो सका है। इस संदर्भ में सरकारी प्रयासों की चर्चा करते हुए दलहन उत्पादन बढाने हेतु अपने सुझाव प्रस्तुत कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) In view of the nutritional importance of pulses, the government has made several efforts to increase the production of pulses, but due to various challenges, India has not been able to become self-sufficient in its production. In this context, while discussing the government"s efforts, present your suggestions to increase the production of pulses. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में दलहन एवं दलहनी फसलों के बारे सामान्य जानकारियाँ देते हुए दलहनी फसलों के महत्त्व को स्पष्ट कीजिये 2- पहले भाग में दलहनी फसलों के उत्पादन में आत्मनिर्भरता न होने के उत्तरदायी कारणों के रूप में दलहनी फसलों के उत्पादन सम्बन्धित चुनौतियों की चर्चा कीजिये 3- दूसरे भाग में दलहन के उत्पादन को बढाने हेतु सरकारी प्रयासों की जानकारी दीजिये 4- अंतिम भाग में इस दिशा में अपने सुझाव प्रस्तुत करते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये दलहन वस्तुतः फलीदार/लेग्युम समूह (legume family) के पौधों के खाद्य योग्य सूखे बीज होते हैं जिन्हें सुपरफूड (उच्च पोषण युक्त खाद्य पदार्थ) की श्रेणी में वर्गीकृत किया गया है। इसमें चना, मसूर, सूखी मटर, बीन्स आदि शामिल हैं। दलहन का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक (वैश्विक उत्पादन का लगभग 24 प्रतिशत) देश है। खाद्यान्न संबंधी फसली क्षेत्र के अंतर्गत दलहन की हिस्सेदारी लगभग 20 प्रतिशत क्षेत्र में हैं| कुल खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में यह लगभग 7-10 प्रतिशत का योगदानकर्ता रहा है। दलहन वस्तुतः रबी और खरीफ दोनों ऋतुओं में उगाई जाने वाली फसल है। दलहनों की कुल उत्पादन में रबी ऋतु में उत्पादित दलहन की हिस्सेदारी सर्वाधिक (60 प्रतिशत से अधिक) है।चना एक सबसे मुख्य दलहनी फसल है और यह कुल दलहन उत्पादन में लगभग 40 प्रतिशत की हिस्सेदारी करता है। मध्य प्रदेश, महाराष्ट्र, राजस्थान, उत्तर प्रदेश और कर्नाटक शीर्ष दलहन उत्पादक राज्य हैं। दलहनों का प्रभाशाली पोषक महत्त्व है| दलहनी फसलों का महत्व पशुओं के लिए पौष्टिक चारे का सोत । रक्त शर्करा के इष्टतम स्तर को बनाए रखने में सहायक वायुमंडलीय नाइट्रोजन को स्थिर करने में सहायता करता है। मृदा में कार्बनिक पदार्थों के समावेश योगदान करता है प्रोटीन का महत्वपूर्ण स्रोत । निम्न कार्बन और निम्न वाटर फुटप्रिंट अल्पावधि के कारण उसी भूमि पर दूसरी फसल उगाने में सुविधा होती है। औद्योगिक फसलें उद्योगों को कच्चा माल उपलब्ध कराने में सहायक। भारत के दलहन के समक्ष चुनौतियां भारत विश्व में दलहनी फसलों का सबसे बड़ा उपभोक्ता (वैश्विक उपभोग का लगभग 27 प्रतिशत) देश है और यह विश्व का सबसे बड़ा आयातक (लगभग 14 प्रतिशत) देश है। अर्थात भारत आपनी दलहनी आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति घरेलू उत्पादन से नहीं कर पा रहा है जिसके लिए निम्नलिखित कारण उत्तरदायी हैं- उच्च उपज अंतराल (High Yield Gap): उपज अंतराल विश्लेषण उस व्यापक क्षमता को दर्शाता है जिसमें किसी के द्वारा फसली भू क्षेत्र में महत्वपूर्ण परिवर्तन किए बिना भारत में दलहन के समग्र उत्पादन को बढ़ाया जा सकता हो। भारत में अरहर के लिए दलहन उपज अंतराल (प्रयोगशाला की प्रायोगिक दशाओं में प्राप्त उपज की तुलना में खेतों में प्राप्त वास्तविक उपज) लगभग 50 प्रतिशत है। इसके बाद हरा चना (45 प्रतिशत) और अन्य का स्थान आता है। आगत (इनपुट) संबंधी चुनौतियां: उदाहरण के लिए, सभी स्तरों पर स्थान विशिष्ट / अनुशंसित HYV गुणवत्ता वाले प्रमाणित बीजों की अनुपलब्धता, नकली और गैर-मानकीकृत बीजों की विद्यमानता, मृदा की ऊपरी परतों में बीजों की बुवाई करने वाले (light seed drills) मशीन, जीरो टिल मशीन आदि जैसे उपकरणों का अभाव तथा संस्थागत ऋण प्राप्त करने में किसानों की अक्षमता उन्हें गुणवत्तापूर्ण आगतों को खरीदने तथा उन्नत प्रौद्योगिकी को अपनाने के लिए हतोत्साहित करती हैं। उत्पादन संबंधी चुनौतियां: दलहन फसलें अनेक जैविक और अजैविक दबावों (जैसे- रबी फसल ऋतू की मध्यावधि के दौरान शीतलहर तथा आरंभ और अंत में पड़ने वाली गर्मी, सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों की कमी इत्यादि), मृदा की क्षारीयता, लवणता, जल भराव इत्यादि के प्रति सुभेद्द होती हैं। फसल का उत्पादन मानसून की अनियमितता और आर्द्रता जैसे तनावपूर्ण कारकों के कारण प्रतिकूल रूप से प्रभावित हो सकता है। सीमांत भूमि पर कृषिः हरित क्रांति ने दलहन की खेती को सीमांत और उप-सीमांत भूखंडो तक सीमित कर दिया है जिसके परिणामस्वरूप दलहन के उत्पादन में गिरावट आई है|दलहनों के अंतर्गत लगभग 84 प्रतिशत फसली क्षेत्र वर्षा आधारित एवं अपेक्षाकृत निम्न उर्वरता वाली मृदा पर विस्तृत है। विशेष रूप से शुष्क और अर्ध-शुष्क क्षेत्रों में सूखे और ऊष्मीय दबाव (Heat Stress) के कारण दलहन बीजों की उपज क्षमता 50% तक कम हो जाती है। न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य (Minimum Support Prices: MSP) की अप्रभाविताः यद्यपि 23 कृषिगत जिंसों के लिए न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य की घोषणा की जाती है, लेकिन चयनित राज्यों में केवल गेहूं और चावल उत्पादकों को ही महत्वपूर्ण लाभ प्राप्त हुए हैं। जबकि इनकी तुलना में दलहन उत्पादकों को प्रायः MSP से भी कम मूल्य प्राप्त होता रहा है। सुनिश्चित बाजार का अभाव अन्य फसलों की तुलना दलहन उत्पादन को किसानों के लिए कम आकर्षक बनाता है। फसल-कटाई के पश्चात् अवसंरचना का अभाव: दलहन क्षेत्रक वस्तुतः वैज्ञानिक पद्धति से भंडारण हेतु आवश्यक अवसंरचना और उससे संबंधित गतिविधियों, जैसे- मानकीकरण, ग्रेडिंग, पैकेजिंग और बीमा संबंधी सेवाओं के अभाव से ग्रसित है। उदाहरण के लिए, दलहन खाद्यानों हेतु देश में उपलब्ध कुल संगठित भंडारण क्षमता का लगभग 7.5 प्रतिशत (14.10 मिलियन मीट्रिक टन) हिस्सा ही उपयोग किया जाता है, जबकि कुल उत्पादन लगभग 23 मिलियन मीट्रिक टन है। मूल्य संबंधी अस्थिरता: क्रिसिल (CRISIL) के अनुसार, दलहन संबंधी खाद्यान में मुद्रास्फीति एक चक्रीय पैटर्न का अनुसरण करती है, जहां प्रत्येक 2-3 वर्षों में इनके मूल्यों में वृद्धि होती है। दलहनी फसलें कॉबवेब/मकड़जाल परिघटना (cobweb phenomenon) का अनुसरण करती हैं, इसके तहत उत्पादन एक अंतराल के बाद मूल्यों के संबंध में अनुक्रिया करता है जिससे उत्पादन और मूल्यों में वृद्धि एवं गिरावट का एक आवर्ती चक्र सृजित हो जाता है। इस परिघटना के लिए कई कारकों को उत्तरदायी ठहराया जा सकता है, जिसमें मूल्य निर्धारण संबंधी नीति, आयात नीति, उत्पादन संबंधी निर्णय और मौसम संबंधी दशाएं शामिल हैं। अन्य चुनौतियों: इसमें उत्पादन एवं प्रबंधन तकनीक संबंधी वर्तमान प्रगति के बारे में ज्ञान का अभाव, पोषक तत्व उपयोग दक्षता (Nutrient Use Efficiency: NUE) और स्प्रे सलूशन (छिड़काव करने के लिए उचित मात्रा में कीटनाशक के साथ पानी को मिश्रित करके विलयन बनाना) तैयार करने की विधि के बारे में निम्नस्तरीय ज्ञान आधार आदि शामिल हैं। सरकारी योजनाएं उपरोक्त चुनौतियों को ध्यान में रखते हुए सरकार ने दलहन उत्पादन बढाने हेतु कई पहलें की हैं | तिलहन, दलहन, ऑयल पॉम और मक्का के लिए एकीकृत योजना (Integrated Schemes of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oilpalm and Maize: ISOPOM): इसके तहत बाजार अन्वेषण और प्रभावी मूल्य नीति को सुदृढ़ करने के लिए केंद्रित और एकीकृत दृष्टिकोण को अपनाया गया है। NFSM-दलहन: चावल, गेहूं और दालों के उत्पादन में क्रमशः 10, 8 और 2 मिलियन टन की वृद्धि करने के लिए राष्ट्रीय खाद्य सुरक्षा मिशन (National Food Security Mission NFSM) पर आधारित एक केंद्र प्रायोजित योजना आरंभ की गई है। NFSM + विशेष प्रोत्साहन: यह एक केंद्र प्रायोजित त्वरित दलहन उत्पादन कार्यक्रम ( Accelerated Pulses Production Programme: A3P) और दलहन विकास योजना है। इसके तहत प्रौद्योगिकी प्रदर्शन, एकीकृत पोषक तत्व प्रबंधन, एकीकृत कीट प्रबंधन, जल का कुशल उपयोग करने वाले उपकरणों इत्यादि जैसी पहलों को आरंभ किया गया है। मूल्य समर्थन योजना (Price Support Scheme: PSS): यह प्रधान मंत्री अन्नदाता आय संरक्षण अभियान (PM-AASHA) नामक छत्रक योजना का एक घटक है, जिसे किसानों के लिए MSP सुनिश्चित करने हेतु आरंभ किया गया था। राज्य सरकारों की सक्रिय भूमिका के साथ मूल्य समर्थन योजना (PSS) के अंतर्गत केंद्रीय नोडल एजेंसियों द्वारा दलहन, तिलहन और कोपरा की भौतिक खरीद की जाती है। भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कृषि सहकारी विपणन संघ (NAFED) के अतिरिक्त भारतीय खाद्य निगम (FCI) भी PSS के अंतर्गत फसलों की खरीद करता है। खरीद में होने वाला व्यय और हानि दोनों का वहन केंद्र द्वारा किया जाता है। उत्पादन बढाने हेतु सुझाव उत्पादन में वृद्धि करना: वर्ष 1991 और वर्ष 2010 के मध्य आंध्र प्रदेश में दो प्रमुख दलहनी फसलों, जैसे- चना (काबुली चना) और अरहर के उत्पादन में औसतन 81% से 100% तक की उच्च वृद्धि दर्ज की गई थी, जो औसत राष्ट्रीय वृद्धि की तुलना में अत्यधिक उच्च थी। हालांकि इस उच्च उत्पादन के लिए निम्नलिखित घटक उत्तरदायी रहे हैं- उच्च उपज वाली, जल्दी परिपक्व होने वाली तथा सूखा सहन करने वाली किस्मों के बीजों की समय पर उपलब्धता। उन्नत किस्मों को अपनाना तथा उत्पादन संबंधी तकनीकों तक सुगम पहुंच। कृषि गतिविधियों के मशीनीकरण और कुशल प्रबंधन द्वारा व्यावसायिक कृषि। किसानों को स्थानीय स्तर एवं वहनीय लागत पर अनाज भंडारण सुविधाओं की उपलब्धता। बफर स्टॉक को बनाए रखना: उचित प्रबंधन की जवाबदेही के साथ आवश्यकता-आधारित बफर स्टॉक को बनाए रखना चाहिए ताकि खाद्यान्न की किसी भी प्रकार की क्षति/बर्बादी न हो। दालों तक पहुंच: वर्षपर्यंत खुले बाजार में दालों की आसान उपलब्धता हेतु एक उचित व्यवस्था के अनुपालन को सुनिश्चित किया जाना चाहिए तथा आवश्यक होने पर सार्वजानिक वितरण प्रणाली के माध्यम से भी दालों का वितरण कराया जाना चाहिए। आयात के प्रावधान: खाद्य एवं कृषि संगठन (Food and Agriculture Organization: FAO) द्वारा प्रदत्त सेवाओं और संबंधित देशों में अपने दूतावासों के माध्यम से 30 दलहन-निर्यातक देशों में दलहन फसल की वृद्धि पर कड़ी नजर रखना चाहिए। यह हमें दलहन का आयात आसन्न होने पर अनुकूल शर्तों के अनुसार बातचीत करने में सहायता प्रदान कर सकता है।
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Define Environment and ecology with suitable examples and further elaborate on Gaia Hypothesis. (150 Words/ 10 Marks)
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Approach: Introduce with the definition of ecology and environment. Further, elaborate on the ecology and environment with suitable examples. Then bring the Gaia Hypothesis Conclude accordingly. Answer: The environment can be defined as a sum total of all the living and non-living elements and their effects that influence human life. While all living or biotic elements are animals, plants, forests, fisheries, and birds, non-living or abiotic elements include water, land, sunlight, rocks, and air. Ecology can be defined as a scientific study of the interactions of organisms with their physical environment and with each other. The environment provides the supply of resources: The environment offers resources for production. It includes both renewable and non-renewable resources. For example Wood for furniture, soil, land, etc. The environment includes the sun, soil, water, and air, which are essential for human life. It sustains life by providing genetics and biodiversity. The environment helps in getting rid of garbage. The environment is the word derived from the French word "Environment", it means the total of all the abiotic and biotic elements around the species. Abiotic components are non-live entities while Biotic components are the living entity around the species. A German zoologist Ernst Haeckel , who used the term ‘ oekologie ’ in 1869, became the first person to use the term ‘ecology’. The study of interactions between life forms (biotic) and the physical environment (abiotic) is the science of ecology. The term ecology is derived from the Greek word ‘oikos’ meaning ‘house’, combined with the word ‘logy’ meaning the ‘science of’ or ‘the study of ’. Literally, ecology is the study of the earth as a ‘household’, of plants, human beings, animals, and micro-organisms. They all live together as interdependent components. Gaia Hypothesis It was propounded by James Lovelock . It is a model of the Earth in which its living and non-living parts are viewed as a complex interacting system that can be thought of as a single organism. It postulates that all living things have a regulatory effect on the Earth’s environment that promotes life overall; the Earth is homeostatic in support of life-sustaining conditions. It was named after the ancient Greek goddess of Earth, who posits that Earth and it"s biological systems behave as a huge single entity. This entity has closely controlled self-regulatory negative feedback loops that keep the conditions on the planet within boundaries that are favorable to life. This new way of looking at global ecology and evolution differs from the classical picture of ecology as a biological response to a menu of physical conditions. Gaia"s hypothesis claims the power of biology to control the nonliving environment. More recently, the terms Gaian science or Gaian theory have become more common than the original Gaia hypothesis because of modifications in response to criticisms and expansion of our scientific understanding. The environment enhances the quality of life. Human beings enjoy the beauty of nature which includes rivers, mountains, deserts, etc. Thus these add to the quality of life. Ecology and environment enrich our world and are crucial for human well-being and prosperity thus there is a need to take concrete steps to protect and safeguard the ecology and environment of the nation, especially in the era of climate change and global warming
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##Question:Define Environment and ecology with suitable examples and further elaborate on Gaia Hypothesis. (150 Words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Introduce with the definition of ecology and environment. Further, elaborate on the ecology and environment with suitable examples. Then bring the Gaia Hypothesis Conclude accordingly. Answer: The environment can be defined as a sum total of all the living and non-living elements and their effects that influence human life. While all living or biotic elements are animals, plants, forests, fisheries, and birds, non-living or abiotic elements include water, land, sunlight, rocks, and air. Ecology can be defined as a scientific study of the interactions of organisms with their physical environment and with each other. The environment provides the supply of resources: The environment offers resources for production. It includes both renewable and non-renewable resources. For example Wood for furniture, soil, land, etc. The environment includes the sun, soil, water, and air, which are essential for human life. It sustains life by providing genetics and biodiversity. The environment helps in getting rid of garbage. The environment is the word derived from the French word "Environment", it means the total of all the abiotic and biotic elements around the species. Abiotic components are non-live entities while Biotic components are the living entity around the species. A German zoologist Ernst Haeckel , who used the term ‘ oekologie ’ in 1869, became the first person to use the term ‘ecology’. The study of interactions between life forms (biotic) and the physical environment (abiotic) is the science of ecology. The term ecology is derived from the Greek word ‘oikos’ meaning ‘house’, combined with the word ‘logy’ meaning the ‘science of’ or ‘the study of ’. Literally, ecology is the study of the earth as a ‘household’, of plants, human beings, animals, and micro-organisms. They all live together as interdependent components. Gaia Hypothesis It was propounded by James Lovelock . It is a model of the Earth in which its living and non-living parts are viewed as a complex interacting system that can be thought of as a single organism. It postulates that all living things have a regulatory effect on the Earth’s environment that promotes life overall; the Earth is homeostatic in support of life-sustaining conditions. It was named after the ancient Greek goddess of Earth, who posits that Earth and it"s biological systems behave as a huge single entity. This entity has closely controlled self-regulatory negative feedback loops that keep the conditions on the planet within boundaries that are favorable to life. This new way of looking at global ecology and evolution differs from the classical picture of ecology as a biological response to a menu of physical conditions. Gaia"s hypothesis claims the power of biology to control the nonliving environment. More recently, the terms Gaian science or Gaian theory have become more common than the original Gaia hypothesis because of modifications in response to criticisms and expansion of our scientific understanding. The environment enhances the quality of life. Human beings enjoy the beauty of nature which includes rivers, mountains, deserts, etc. Thus these add to the quality of life. Ecology and environment enrich our world and are crucial for human well-being and prosperity thus there is a need to take concrete steps to protect and safeguard the ecology and environment of the nation, especially in the era of climate change and global warming
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“We can easily forgive a child who is afraid of the dark; the real tragedy of life is when men are afraid of the light". What do you mean by the statement? Discuss with examples. (150 Works/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the explanation of the quotation and its context. Further, explain the statement to bring clarity. Then further elaborate with examples at the national and international stages. Then Conclude accordingly. Answer The statement has been taken famous quotation of Plato that was made in the context to bring the reality of the contemporary worldwide situation, where even the mature, educated, and developed citizens/society/countries are not ready to accept the truth of the situation and refuse to acknowledge their duty to make something better. The quotation says that it is easy to forgive a child who is innocent and unaware of his action that who is afraid of the dark but when the man is mature but afraid of the truth that is light is the real tragedy. The statement puts forth a situation that represents two acts, the child who represents innocence, unaware of the consequences of his act, and the other of a man who represents a mature, well-developed human mind with full knowledge of consequences. Child and man here also signify the countries, societies, or people at large at various stages of development and with resources. Explanation of Statement in the context of contemporary society There is a situation where a child can do things such as can imitate through observation of his family and perform racial/caste discrimination towards his/ her friend. In this case, a child is unaware of the consequences of his action and therefore he can be easily forgiven. While the well-educated person who discriminates on the basis of caste, and religion and doesn’t give accommodation on rent shows that he is afraid of the reality that is the truth that discrimination on basis of caste or religion is an inhumane activity. This ignorance of knowledge is a real tragedy and it will affect harmony and may cause violence in long run. The small child can have greed for toys or chocolate and this can be pardoned as it is innocent but the person well educated and knowledgeable and holding an official position has greed. This results in corruption and can cause real tragedy which is the failure of governance. Criminalization of politics: the law makes is expected to be the torch bearer in society. However, we have the data which shows that most of the lawmakers in the country are actually having criminal backgrounds which highlights the perplexing situation The role of education, awareness, and maturity is related to light. Education helps in developing character and understanding of themselves and the world. It enriches the quality of life and leads to broad social benefits for individuals and society. Education helps people"s productivity and creativity and promotes entrepreneurship and technological advances. If the person ignores the truth it results in real tragedy and affects the development of mankind. The statement represents contemporary society on the international stage in the following manner Denial of responsibility of developed countries with respect to climate change: It has been seen that the developed countries are calling Climate Change a hoax and it has been highlighted by many reports that the burnt or climate change would be faced the most by poor countries. Vaccine nationalism: It has been seen in governments in wealthy countries scrambling to sign deals with pharmaceutical companies directly, to secure vaccines for their own populations limiting the stock available for others, especially in developing and underdeveloped nations. Thus, from the above, we observe that when a man/society/country understands one"s very nature of existence one can spend a joyful life with full potential. The true nature of existence means to accept the basic realities of life and live accordingly. In order to live a joyful life one must raise his inner conciseness. An ignorant man spends his full life with greed and desire which remains unfulfilled while a realized man spends life with full appreciation of its existence. Thus a child can easily be forgiven for not knowing certain things, while when ‘adults’ decides not to see the things such as taking dowry though it is against gender justice results in real tragedy and can be a threat to the existence of mankind. Students can explain the statement with help of various other examples.
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##Question:“We can easily forgive a child who is afraid of the dark; the real tragedy of life is when men are afraid of the light". What do you mean by the statement? Discuss with examples. (150 Works/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the explanation of the quotation and its context. Further, explain the statement to bring clarity. Then further elaborate with examples at the national and international stages. Then Conclude accordingly. Answer The statement has been taken famous quotation of Plato that was made in the context to bring the reality of the contemporary worldwide situation, where even the mature, educated, and developed citizens/society/countries are not ready to accept the truth of the situation and refuse to acknowledge their duty to make something better. The quotation says that it is easy to forgive a child who is innocent and unaware of his action that who is afraid of the dark but when the man is mature but afraid of the truth that is light is the real tragedy. The statement puts forth a situation that represents two acts, the child who represents innocence, unaware of the consequences of his act, and the other of a man who represents a mature, well-developed human mind with full knowledge of consequences. Child and man here also signify the countries, societies, or people at large at various stages of development and with resources. Explanation of Statement in the context of contemporary society There is a situation where a child can do things such as can imitate through observation of his family and perform racial/caste discrimination towards his/ her friend. In this case, a child is unaware of the consequences of his action and therefore he can be easily forgiven. While the well-educated person who discriminates on the basis of caste, and religion and doesn’t give accommodation on rent shows that he is afraid of the reality that is the truth that discrimination on basis of caste or religion is an inhumane activity. This ignorance of knowledge is a real tragedy and it will affect harmony and may cause violence in long run. The small child can have greed for toys or chocolate and this can be pardoned as it is innocent but the person well educated and knowledgeable and holding an official position has greed. This results in corruption and can cause real tragedy which is the failure of governance. Criminalization of politics: the law makes is expected to be the torch bearer in society. However, we have the data which shows that most of the lawmakers in the country are actually having criminal backgrounds which highlights the perplexing situation The role of education, awareness, and maturity is related to light. Education helps in developing character and understanding of themselves and the world. It enriches the quality of life and leads to broad social benefits for individuals and society. Education helps people"s productivity and creativity and promotes entrepreneurship and technological advances. If the person ignores the truth it results in real tragedy and affects the development of mankind. The statement represents contemporary society on the international stage in the following manner Denial of responsibility of developed countries with respect to climate change: It has been seen that the developed countries are calling Climate Change a hoax and it has been highlighted by many reports that the burnt or climate change would be faced the most by poor countries. Vaccine nationalism: It has been seen in governments in wealthy countries scrambling to sign deals with pharmaceutical companies directly, to secure vaccines for their own populations limiting the stock available for others, especially in developing and underdeveloped nations. Thus, from the above, we observe that when a man/society/country understands one"s very nature of existence one can spend a joyful life with full potential. The true nature of existence means to accept the basic realities of life and live accordingly. In order to live a joyful life one must raise his inner conciseness. An ignorant man spends his full life with greed and desire which remains unfulfilled while a realized man spends life with full appreciation of its existence. Thus a child can easily be forgiven for not knowing certain things, while when ‘adults’ decides not to see the things such as taking dowry though it is against gender justice results in real tragedy and can be a threat to the existence of mankind. Students can explain the statement with help of various other examples.
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Discuss global warming and mention its effects on global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of green house gases which cause global warming in light of kyoto protocol 1997.(250 words/15 marks)
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Approach: 1. Introduce with some facts about global warming 2. Body: Part 1: Discuss global warming and also explain how it is impacting the global climate Part 2: Briefly discuss Kyoto protocol 3. Conclusion: Conclude by highlighting the significance of Kyoto protocol Introduction: According to the latest IPCC report, global warming will reduce Arctic permafrost. This will lead to the emission of methane and CO2 which will ultimately fuel already rising global warming. Global warming is the unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released by people burning fossil fuels. Since the Industrial Revolution, the global annual temperature has increased in total by a little more than 1 degree Celsius, or about 2 degrees Fahrenheit. Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollutants collect in the atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the earth’s surface. Normally this radiation would escape into space, but these pollutants, which can last for years to centuries in the atmosphere, trap the heat and cause the planet to get hotter. These heat-trapping pollutants—specifically carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and synthetic fluorinated gases—are known as greenhouse gases, and their impact is called the greenhouse effect. Impact of global warming on global climate: Scientists agree that the earth’s rising temperatures are fueling longer and hotter heat waves, more frequent droughts, heavier rainfall, and more powerful hurricanes. 1. Rising sea levels: An increase in the temperature of the Earth leads to a rise in sea levels due to thermal expansion and melting of the glaciers. It erodes shorelines, damage properties and destroys ecosystems like mangroves and wetlands that protect coasts from storms. 2. Increase in natural disasters: Disasters like droughts, floods etc are increasing in both intensity as well as in number. The moisture from land and water is rapidly evaporating due to the high atmospheric temperature. This causes drought. Those areas that are affected by drought are highly susceptible to the negative effects of flooding. 3. Rise in atmospheric temperature: The increase in temperature is the major cause of the current increase in heat-related deaths and illnesses, rise in sea levels and an increase in the intensity of natural disasters. Green House gases release by power plants, automobiles, deforestation and other sources are heating up the planet. In fact, the five hottest years on record have all occurred since 1997 and the 10 hottest since 1990, including the warmest years on record – 2005 and 2010. Increased temperatures are to blame for an increase in heat-related deaths and illness, rising seas, increased storm intensity, and many of the other dangerous consequences of climate change. 4. Changing Landscapes: Increasing temperatures and changing patterns of rain and snow have resulted in moving of trees and plants around the world toward Polar Regions and up mountain slopes. These vegetation shifts will affect much of the work the conservation community has accomplished to date, with the potential to permanently change the face of Conservancy preserves, local land trusts, and even our national parks. As plant communities try to adapt the changing climate by moving toward cooler areas, the animals that depend on them will be forced to move in order to survive. 5. Intensified Storms and Increased Storm Damages: Scientific research indicates that climate change will cause hurricanes and tropical storms to become more intense — lasting longer, unleashing stronger winds, and causing more damage to coastal ecosystems and communities. Higher ocean temperatures is the main culprit, since hurricanes and tropical storms get their energy from warm water. As sea surface temperatures rise, developing storms will contain more energy. Control measures adopted by Kyoto protocol: The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. Recognizing that developed countries are principally responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity, the Protocol places a heavier burden on developed nations. 1. Commitments to reduce GHGs were made legally binding: Kyoto protocol became the first legally binding agreement to reduce greenhouse gases. 2. Common but differentiated responsibilities:It divides countries mainly into 3 groups according to differing commitments: 1. Annex 1 2. Annex 2 3. Non-Annex: Industrialized countries (Annex I) have to report regularly on their climate change policies and measures. 3. Market-based mechanisms: Kyoto protocol also implemented 3 market-based mechanisms to reduce the level of GHGs. a. International Emission trading: Annex countries have targets for emissions. Emission trading allows to sell the excess capacity to countries that are over their targets. b. Clean development mechanism: It is based on emission reduction and offset. Projects established in developing countries earn certified initial reduction credits equivalent to 1 ton of CO2. This credit was tradable. c. Joint implementation: It allows a country with an initial reduction target to earn an initial reduction in units in another country. This will be counted towards meeting the Kyoto targets. The Kyoto Protocol is seen as an important first step towards a truly global emission reduction regime that will stabilize GHG emissions, and can provide the architecture for the future international agreement on climate change.
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##Question:Discuss global warming and mention its effects on global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of green house gases which cause global warming in light of kyoto protocol 1997.(250 words/15 marks)##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduce with some facts about global warming 2. Body: Part 1: Discuss global warming and also explain how it is impacting the global climate Part 2: Briefly discuss Kyoto protocol 3. Conclusion: Conclude by highlighting the significance of Kyoto protocol Introduction: According to the latest IPCC report, global warming will reduce Arctic permafrost. This will lead to the emission of methane and CO2 which will ultimately fuel already rising global warming. Global warming is the unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released by people burning fossil fuels. Since the Industrial Revolution, the global annual temperature has increased in total by a little more than 1 degree Celsius, or about 2 degrees Fahrenheit. Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollutants collect in the atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the earth’s surface. Normally this radiation would escape into space, but these pollutants, which can last for years to centuries in the atmosphere, trap the heat and cause the planet to get hotter. These heat-trapping pollutants—specifically carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and synthetic fluorinated gases—are known as greenhouse gases, and their impact is called the greenhouse effect. Impact of global warming on global climate: Scientists agree that the earth’s rising temperatures are fueling longer and hotter heat waves, more frequent droughts, heavier rainfall, and more powerful hurricanes. 1. Rising sea levels: An increase in the temperature of the Earth leads to a rise in sea levels due to thermal expansion and melting of the glaciers. It erodes shorelines, damage properties and destroys ecosystems like mangroves and wetlands that protect coasts from storms. 2. Increase in natural disasters: Disasters like droughts, floods etc are increasing in both intensity as well as in number. The moisture from land and water is rapidly evaporating due to the high atmospheric temperature. This causes drought. Those areas that are affected by drought are highly susceptible to the negative effects of flooding. 3. Rise in atmospheric temperature: The increase in temperature is the major cause of the current increase in heat-related deaths and illnesses, rise in sea levels and an increase in the intensity of natural disasters. Green House gases release by power plants, automobiles, deforestation and other sources are heating up the planet. In fact, the five hottest years on record have all occurred since 1997 and the 10 hottest since 1990, including the warmest years on record – 2005 and 2010. Increased temperatures are to blame for an increase in heat-related deaths and illness, rising seas, increased storm intensity, and many of the other dangerous consequences of climate change. 4. Changing Landscapes: Increasing temperatures and changing patterns of rain and snow have resulted in moving of trees and plants around the world toward Polar Regions and up mountain slopes. These vegetation shifts will affect much of the work the conservation community has accomplished to date, with the potential to permanently change the face of Conservancy preserves, local land trusts, and even our national parks. As plant communities try to adapt the changing climate by moving toward cooler areas, the animals that depend on them will be forced to move in order to survive. 5. Intensified Storms and Increased Storm Damages: Scientific research indicates that climate change will cause hurricanes and tropical storms to become more intense — lasting longer, unleashing stronger winds, and causing more damage to coastal ecosystems and communities. Higher ocean temperatures is the main culprit, since hurricanes and tropical storms get their energy from warm water. As sea surface temperatures rise, developing storms will contain more energy. Control measures adopted by Kyoto protocol: The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. Recognizing that developed countries are principally responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity, the Protocol places a heavier burden on developed nations. 1. Commitments to reduce GHGs were made legally binding: Kyoto protocol became the first legally binding agreement to reduce greenhouse gases. 2. Common but differentiated responsibilities:It divides countries mainly into 3 groups according to differing commitments: 1. Annex 1 2. Annex 2 3. Non-Annex: Industrialized countries (Annex I) have to report regularly on their climate change policies and measures. 3. Market-based mechanisms: Kyoto protocol also implemented 3 market-based mechanisms to reduce the level of GHGs. a. International Emission trading: Annex countries have targets for emissions. Emission trading allows to sell the excess capacity to countries that are over their targets. b. Clean development mechanism: It is based on emission reduction and offset. Projects established in developing countries earn certified initial reduction credits equivalent to 1 ton of CO2. This credit was tradable. c. Joint implementation: It allows a country with an initial reduction target to earn an initial reduction in units in another country. This will be counted towards meeting the Kyoto targets. The Kyoto Protocol is seen as an important first step towards a truly global emission reduction regime that will stabilize GHG emissions, and can provide the architecture for the future international agreement on climate change.
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Discuss the contribution of British racism/authoritarianism, education and press to the early Indian national movement. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach:- In the introduction, mention the context of an early national movement In the body part, show the contribution of these Then mention the result/outcome Conclude accordingly Answer:- The early Indian national movement is considered the phase of post -1857 when modern nationalism emerged. Pre-INC organizations such as the British Indian Association, the Bombay association, etc founded the bedrock for the Eary Indian national movement Contribution of British racism/authoritarianism Lex-loci Act 1850 Passed despite opposition by the leaders Black Acts 1850- Brought British-born subjects into presidency towns under the criminal jurisdiction of ordinary courts where Indians were Judges. Had to be put on Hold due to high opposition by Anglo-Indians. Therefore, controversy increased the psychological distance between the two races. Rise of cultural nationalism- was there in response to Increased British criticism of Indian civilization and racism post-1857. Contribution of education Rapid growth of western education post-1857 led to the rise of the western educated middle class British wanted to colonize Indian minds i.e. create "Brown Sahibs" however, we used education to develop a criticism of British rule, especially when the educated middle class realized that the British had no intention of sharing power with Indians. Due to western education- growth of enlightenment ideas among educated Indians such as FRs, Separation of powers, Democracy, DPSPs Contribution of Press Expression of demands for our rights was made via press in early INM Spread of nationalistic ideas due to the rapid growth of the Indian Press after Socio-religious reforms, Press was used for political propaganda By 1875, 400 Indian newspapers in English and vernaculars with a readership of 1.5 lakh plus Result/Outcome Result of press= Press boosted political consciousness and Inter-regional awareness Result of Education= uneven growth of western education led to the Uneven growth of INM The role of education, the press was not limited to the early Indian national movement but also continued to the later phases of the national movement such as by Tilak and Mahatama Gandhi
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##Question:Discuss the contribution of British racism/authoritarianism, education and press to the early Indian national movement. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, mention the context of an early national movement In the body part, show the contribution of these Then mention the result/outcome Conclude accordingly Answer:- The early Indian national movement is considered the phase of post -1857 when modern nationalism emerged. Pre-INC organizations such as the British Indian Association, the Bombay association, etc founded the bedrock for the Eary Indian national movement Contribution of British racism/authoritarianism Lex-loci Act 1850 Passed despite opposition by the leaders Black Acts 1850- Brought British-born subjects into presidency towns under the criminal jurisdiction of ordinary courts where Indians were Judges. Had to be put on Hold due to high opposition by Anglo-Indians. Therefore, controversy increased the psychological distance between the two races. Rise of cultural nationalism- was there in response to Increased British criticism of Indian civilization and racism post-1857. Contribution of education Rapid growth of western education post-1857 led to the rise of the western educated middle class British wanted to colonize Indian minds i.e. create "Brown Sahibs" however, we used education to develop a criticism of British rule, especially when the educated middle class realized that the British had no intention of sharing power with Indians. Due to western education- growth of enlightenment ideas among educated Indians such as FRs, Separation of powers, Democracy, DPSPs Contribution of Press Expression of demands for our rights was made via press in early INM Spread of nationalistic ideas due to the rapid growth of the Indian Press after Socio-religious reforms, Press was used for political propaganda By 1875, 400 Indian newspapers in English and vernaculars with a readership of 1.5 lakh plus Result/Outcome Result of press= Press boosted political consciousness and Inter-regional awareness Result of Education= uneven growth of western education led to the Uneven growth of INM The role of education, the press was not limited to the early Indian national movement but also continued to the later phases of the national movement such as by Tilak and Mahatama Gandhi
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What do you understand by Biosphere? Discuss the major Significance of Ecological Studies. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the definition of the Biosphere. Then Elaborate on the Biosphere and its major components in a brief manner. Then bring the major significance of the ecological studies. Then conclude accordingly. Answer The biosphere is the part of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere where plants and human beings live. The biosphere contains all life forms on earth. The biosphere consists of all the living organisms (the biotic component), energy, and physical environment (the abiotic component) and there are continuous interactions between living organisms and the physical environment and among the living organisms themselves. The biosphere consists of two major systems viz. Terrestrial biomes systems. Aquatic biomes systems. The terrestrial biomes systems are further comprised of three subsystems Plant system, Animal system Soil System These subsystems are intimately interrelated among themselves through the cyclic pathways of movements and transfer of energy and materials. The aquatic biomes systems are also composed of three sub-systems Plant system, Animal system, Nutrients. These three sub-systems of aquatic biomes system of the biosphere are also intimately interrelated through cyclic pathways of movements of energy and matter among themselves. Man depends on the biosphere to fulfill many of his needs like food, drugs, clothes, housing, paper and tourism, and the environment. Significance of Ecological Studies Environmental Conservation: By studying ecology, the emphasis is put on how every organism needs others for peaceful coexistence. Having no idea about ecology will be responsible for the degradation of land and environment, which is the living place of other species leading to their destruction. Resource Allocation: All plants and animals have roles in the environment as they share limited natural resources such as air, minerals, and space. The lack of ecological studies may be the cause of the deprivation of these natural resources. Energy Conservation: The entire living organism needs energy such as nutrition, light, radiation, etc. So lack of ecological studies will be the cause of the destruction of energy resources. Oil, coal, and natural gases are non-renewable sources that will destruct the ozone layer. Eco-friendliness: It helps to appreciate living among the organisms; this will follow the natural order of things The extraordinary richness of life that surrounds us in the form of diverse arrays of organisms, ecological communities, and natural landscapes, sustains such human activities as agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, and is the basis of our civilization. The fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas that support our industry are derived from plants and animals that dominated life on earth millions of years ago. Thus biosphere and Ecology have immense aesthetic, cultural, and spiritual value.
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##Question:What do you understand by Biosphere? Discuss the major Significance of Ecological Studies. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the definition of the Biosphere. Then Elaborate on the Biosphere and its major components in a brief manner. Then bring the major significance of the ecological studies. Then conclude accordingly. Answer The biosphere is the part of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere where plants and human beings live. The biosphere contains all life forms on earth. The biosphere consists of all the living organisms (the biotic component), energy, and physical environment (the abiotic component) and there are continuous interactions between living organisms and the physical environment and among the living organisms themselves. The biosphere consists of two major systems viz. Terrestrial biomes systems. Aquatic biomes systems. The terrestrial biomes systems are further comprised of three subsystems Plant system, Animal system Soil System These subsystems are intimately interrelated among themselves through the cyclic pathways of movements and transfer of energy and materials. The aquatic biomes systems are also composed of three sub-systems Plant system, Animal system, Nutrients. These three sub-systems of aquatic biomes system of the biosphere are also intimately interrelated through cyclic pathways of movements of energy and matter among themselves. Man depends on the biosphere to fulfill many of his needs like food, drugs, clothes, housing, paper and tourism, and the environment. Significance of Ecological Studies Environmental Conservation: By studying ecology, the emphasis is put on how every organism needs others for peaceful coexistence. Having no idea about ecology will be responsible for the degradation of land and environment, which is the living place of other species leading to their destruction. Resource Allocation: All plants and animals have roles in the environment as they share limited natural resources such as air, minerals, and space. The lack of ecological studies may be the cause of the deprivation of these natural resources. Energy Conservation: The entire living organism needs energy such as nutrition, light, radiation, etc. So lack of ecological studies will be the cause of the destruction of energy resources. Oil, coal, and natural gases are non-renewable sources that will destruct the ozone layer. Eco-friendliness: It helps to appreciate living among the organisms; this will follow the natural order of things The extraordinary richness of life that surrounds us in the form of diverse arrays of organisms, ecological communities, and natural landscapes, sustains such human activities as agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, and is the basis of our civilization. The fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas that support our industry are derived from plants and animals that dominated life on earth millions of years ago. Thus biosphere and Ecology have immense aesthetic, cultural, and spiritual value.
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Explain the System of Elections to the Lok Sabha and discuss the rationale behind opting for the First Past the Post system over the Proportional Representation. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with Parliamentary form of the Government India adopted and its contextual background. Further, elaborate on the System of Elections to Lok Sabha Then bring the system of Proportional representation Further, extend the discussion of the drawback of the system in the context of India. Conclude accordingly. Answer The Constitution of India provides for a parliamentary form of government, both at the Centre and in the states. Articles 74 and 75 deal with the parliamentary system at the Centre and Articles 163 and 164 in the states. The parliamentary system of government is the one in which the executive is responsible to the legislature in general and Lok Sabh/ State legislature in specific for its policies and acts. The constitution Assembly adopted the First Past the Post System for the Lok Sabha/State legislature due to the past colonial legacy and other historical and contextual reasons. System of Elections to Lok Sabha Territorial Constituencies The territory of India should be divided into suitable territorial constituencies for the purpose of holding direct elections to Lok Sabha. The Constitution has provided for uniformity of representation in two respects: Between the different States: Each state is allotted a number of seats in the Lok Sabha in such a manner that the ratio between that number and its population is, so far as practicable, the same for all states. This provision does not apply to a state having a population of less than 6 million. Between the different constituencies in the same State: Each state is divided into territorial constituencies in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and the number of seats allotted to it is, so far as practicable, the same throughout the state. Readjustment after each Census After every Census, A readjustment is to be made in the allocation of seats in the Lok Sabha to the States and the division of each State into territorial constituencies. The parliament is empowered to determine the authority and manner in which it is to be made. Under Article 82 of the Constitution, the Parliament may by law enact a Delimitation Act after every census. This Delimitation Commission demarcates the boundaries of the Parliamentary Constituencies as per provisions of the Delimitation Act. The number of seats allocated to each state was frozen by the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 till the year 2000 at the 1971 level. The 84th Amendment Act, of 2001 , extended this period up to 2026. Rationalization of territorial constituencies is allowed without changing the number of seats allotted to each state in the Lok Sabha. The 87th Amendment Act, of 2003 allowed the rationalization of territorial constituencies on the basis of the census of 2001. The orders of the Delimitation Commission have the force of law and cannot be called in question before any court. Delimitation Commissions have been constituted 4 times in 1952, 1963, 1973, and in 2002 . Reservation of seats for SCs and STs Seats are reserved for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha on the basis of the population of these groups in each state. Thus, the ratio of reserved seats in each state is equal to the ratio of the SCs or STs population in that particular state. Proportional Representation not Adopted Though the Constitution has adopted the system of proportional representation in the case of Rajya Sabha, it has not preferred the same system in the case of Lok Sabha. Instead, it has adopted the system of territorial representation for the election of members to the Lok Sabha. Under territorial representation, every member of the legislature represents a geographical area known as a constituency. From each constituency, only one representative is elected. In this system, a candidate who secures the majority of votes is declared elected. This simple majority system of representation does not represent the whole electorate. In other words, it does not secure due representation to minorities (small groups ). The system of proportional representation aims at removing the defects of territorial representation. Under this system, all sections of the people get representation in proportion to their number. There are two kinds of proportional representation known as the single transferable vote system and the list system . Though some members of the Constituent Assembly had advocated the system of proportional representation for the election of members to the Lok Sabha, the Constitution has not adopted the system due to two reasons. Difficult for the voters to understand the system (which is complicated) due to the low literacy scale in the country. Unsuitability to the parliamentary government due to the tendency of the system to multiply political parties leading to instability in government. The system of proportional representation has the following demerits: It is highly expensive. It does not give any scope for organizing by-elect ions. It eliminates intimate contact between voters and representatives. It promotes minority thinking and group interests. It increases the significance of the party system and decreases that of voters. Now some political thinkers are of the view that now as we have achieved the literacy level that has reached and now India is capable to make a smooth transition to Proportional representation so that the wastage of the votes under the First Post the Past system can be prevented. However, we need to balance active representation as well as the efficient use of votes.
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##Question:Explain the System of Elections to the Lok Sabha and discuss the rationale behind opting for the First Past the Post system over the Proportional Representation. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with Parliamentary form of the Government India adopted and its contextual background. Further, elaborate on the System of Elections to Lok Sabha Then bring the system of Proportional representation Further, extend the discussion of the drawback of the system in the context of India. Conclude accordingly. Answer The Constitution of India provides for a parliamentary form of government, both at the Centre and in the states. Articles 74 and 75 deal with the parliamentary system at the Centre and Articles 163 and 164 in the states. The parliamentary system of government is the one in which the executive is responsible to the legislature in general and Lok Sabh/ State legislature in specific for its policies and acts. The constitution Assembly adopted the First Past the Post System for the Lok Sabha/State legislature due to the past colonial legacy and other historical and contextual reasons. System of Elections to Lok Sabha Territorial Constituencies The territory of India should be divided into suitable territorial constituencies for the purpose of holding direct elections to Lok Sabha. The Constitution has provided for uniformity of representation in two respects: Between the different States: Each state is allotted a number of seats in the Lok Sabha in such a manner that the ratio between that number and its population is, so far as practicable, the same for all states. This provision does not apply to a state having a population of less than 6 million. Between the different constituencies in the same State: Each state is divided into territorial constituencies in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and the number of seats allotted to it is, so far as practicable, the same throughout the state. Readjustment after each Census After every Census, A readjustment is to be made in the allocation of seats in the Lok Sabha to the States and the division of each State into territorial constituencies. The parliament is empowered to determine the authority and manner in which it is to be made. Under Article 82 of the Constitution, the Parliament may by law enact a Delimitation Act after every census. This Delimitation Commission demarcates the boundaries of the Parliamentary Constituencies as per provisions of the Delimitation Act. The number of seats allocated to each state was frozen by the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 till the year 2000 at the 1971 level. The 84th Amendment Act, of 2001 , extended this period up to 2026. Rationalization of territorial constituencies is allowed without changing the number of seats allotted to each state in the Lok Sabha. The 87th Amendment Act, of 2003 allowed the rationalization of territorial constituencies on the basis of the census of 2001. The orders of the Delimitation Commission have the force of law and cannot be called in question before any court. Delimitation Commissions have been constituted 4 times in 1952, 1963, 1973, and in 2002 . Reservation of seats for SCs and STs Seats are reserved for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha on the basis of the population of these groups in each state. Thus, the ratio of reserved seats in each state is equal to the ratio of the SCs or STs population in that particular state. Proportional Representation not Adopted Though the Constitution has adopted the system of proportional representation in the case of Rajya Sabha, it has not preferred the same system in the case of Lok Sabha. Instead, it has adopted the system of territorial representation for the election of members to the Lok Sabha. Under territorial representation, every member of the legislature represents a geographical area known as a constituency. From each constituency, only one representative is elected. In this system, a candidate who secures the majority of votes is declared elected. This simple majority system of representation does not represent the whole electorate. In other words, it does not secure due representation to minorities (small groups ). The system of proportional representation aims at removing the defects of territorial representation. Under this system, all sections of the people get representation in proportion to their number. There are two kinds of proportional representation known as the single transferable vote system and the list system . Though some members of the Constituent Assembly had advocated the system of proportional representation for the election of members to the Lok Sabha, the Constitution has not adopted the system due to two reasons. Difficult for the voters to understand the system (which is complicated) due to the low literacy scale in the country. Unsuitability to the parliamentary government due to the tendency of the system to multiply political parties leading to instability in government. The system of proportional representation has the following demerits: It is highly expensive. It does not give any scope for organizing by-elect ions. It eliminates intimate contact between voters and representatives. It promotes minority thinking and group interests. It increases the significance of the party system and decreases that of voters. Now some political thinkers are of the view that now as we have achieved the literacy level that has reached and now India is capable to make a smooth transition to Proportional representation so that the wastage of the votes under the First Post the Past system can be prevented. However, we need to balance active representation as well as the efficient use of votes.
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What do you understand by ecological interaction? Discuss the different types of ecological interactions with suitable examples. (250 Words/15 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the explanation of the ecological interaction. Then bring different types of ecological interaction among species Further, elaborate on each with suitable examples. Conclude accordingly. Answer The ecological/biological interaction among species are the manner in which species interact with each other. These interactions can be interspecific (interactions with different species) or intra-specific (interactions between the same species). Interspecific interactions arise from the interaction of populations of two different species. They could be beneficial, detrimental or neutral neither harm nor benefit) to one of the species or both. Positive ecological interaction Mutualism (+ + interaction) It is a type of species interaction when the two species benefit each other through their interaction. Mutualisms are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species, in which each organism benefits from the interaction in some way. For example, flowers (honey bees collect nectar from the flowers) and honey bees (plants get benefit from pollination by honey bees); also fungi and algae, etc. Other Examples are Coral Polyps and zooxanthellae, Sea Anemones and Clown Fish and caterpillars and red ants. (It is given by the National Centre for Biological Sciences in Bangalore). Mutualism is of two types i.e. Symbiosis interaction (Compulsory Mutualism/obligate Mutualism) and Proto-cooperation. Symbiosis (also "+ +") interaction: It is also called compulsory mutualism or otherwise, it is called obligate mutualism. If the two species come together then both get benefits. If they are separated then at least one species is adversely affected. For example, Lichen (bacteria plus fungi) & algae; Rhizobium & root legumes; Coral polyps & algae, etc. Coral reefs, a shell, (formed by coral polyps) and algae (also called Zooxanthalle). The zooxanthellae live within the coral in a mutually beneficial relationship, each helping the other survive. When corals get stressed, from things such as heat or pollution, they react by expelling these algae. Coral bleaching happens when corals lose their vibrant colours and turn white. Proto-cooperation (also + +) interaction: It is not like compulsory mutualism. When two species come together and they get benefits but when they get separated then they can live independently. For example sea anemones and hermit crabs; Humans & E. Coli etc. Commensalism (also called "+ 0 interaction") When two species interact, one species gets benefitted and the other species is unaffected then this is called commensalism. Commensalisms include common and general relationships, such as trees providing living space or attachment sites for birds, beehives, or orchids (For example, orchids on mango trees or any other trees). For example Epiphytes (on the Banyan tree) in the equatorial region; Vultures feed on dead animals. Epiphytes are plants growing on other plants in a form of a propagule. These propagules never consume the food of the plants/trees but take their support as they are not rooted in soil. Negative Ecological Interaction Competition (also "-ve -ve interaction") In this type of interaction, both species negatively interact. There are two types of competition i.e. intra-species and inter-species competition. Inter-species: When two different species interact/compete for the same prey or for the same habitat then both are negatively impacted. Intra-Species Competition: The species of the same group fight against one another either for habitat Niche or reproductive Niche. It leads to a reduction in the population of wildlife. Two lions or two male lions. For example, Lion & Tiger are fighting for one deer. Predation (+- Type of Interaction) One species (predator) benefits while the second species (prey) is harmed and inhibited. Predators like leopards, tigers and cheetahs use speed, teeth and claws to hunt and kill their prey. Predators help in maintaining species diversity in a community, by reducing the intensity of competition among competing prey species. Parasitism Beneficial to one species (parasite) and harmful to the other species (host). Parasitism involves parasites living in or on another living species called the host. The parasite gets its nourishment and often shelter from its host. Tap worms, roundworms, malarial parasites, and many bacteria, fungi, and viruses are common parasites of humans. The female mosquito is not considered a parasite, although it needs our blood for reproduction. Brood Parasitism In this brood parasitism, one bird lays eggs in the nest of other birds and compels the other bird to raise the egg. Other birds may identify the egg or may not identify the egg. For example Cuckoo bird and Reed Warbler. If the egg of the Cuckoo is not identified by Reed Warbler, such a condition is called egg mimicry. If the egg is identified by Reed Warbler and Red Warbler is compelled to raise the egg, such a condition is called as Mafia Hypothesis. The young Cukoo after hatching from the egg it kills the eggs of Reed Warbler in want of more food. As the young Cuckoo grows then it may sometimes even destroy the nest of Reed Warbler. Brood Parasitism is a breeding strategy in which the brood parasite female evades all parental care by laying its eggs in host nests of the same or different species relying on unrelated foster parents to care for their parasitic offspring. Brood parasitism can inflict a drastic fitness deficit on hosts. Hosts often raise young of the brood parasite, typically at the expense of their own young. Faculty Parasitism: It is also known as the +- interaction. In this, the host is not killed or badly affected. Lice and Tick are examples of it. Amensalism One species is inhibited while the other species is unaffected. The bread mould fungi Penicillium produce penicillin an antibiotic substance which inhibits the growth of a variety of bacteria. A large tree shades a small plant, retarding the growth of the small plant. The small plant has no effect on the large tree. Allelopathy and Antibiosis Allelopathy is a common biological phenomenon by which one organism produces biochemicals (also allelochemicals and have beneficial or detrimental effects on target organisms) that influence the growth, survival, development, and reproduction of other organisms. Plant allelopathy is one of the modes of interaction between donor and receptor plants and may exert either positive effects (Eg: for agricultural management, such as crop protection, weed control, etc) or negative effects (For example biological invasion, soil sickness, autotoxicity, etc). Both are the predation type of interaction. In this one species is benefitted and other one is negatively impacted. Some of the larger vascular trees release certain chemicals and inhibit the growth of species. Antibiosis: Certain plants release chemicals and inhibit the growth or kill the bacteria or fungus under it. Because of the chemical release by the species, the growth is halted or the spread of the species is stopped. Thus there is no such habitat and such a situation is even inconceivable. For any species, the minimal requirement is one more species on which it can feed. Even a plant species, which makes its own food, cannot survive alone; it needs soil microbes to break down the organic matter in the soil and return the inorganic nutrients for absorption. Thus it is obvious that in nature, animals, plants and microbes do not and cannot live in isolation but interact in various ways to form a biological community.
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##Question:What do you understand by ecological interaction? Discuss the different types of ecological interactions with suitable examples. (250 Words/15 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the explanation of the ecological interaction. Then bring different types of ecological interaction among species Further, elaborate on each with suitable examples. Conclude accordingly. Answer The ecological/biological interaction among species are the manner in which species interact with each other. These interactions can be interspecific (interactions with different species) or intra-specific (interactions between the same species). Interspecific interactions arise from the interaction of populations of two different species. They could be beneficial, detrimental or neutral neither harm nor benefit) to one of the species or both. Positive ecological interaction Mutualism (+ + interaction) It is a type of species interaction when the two species benefit each other through their interaction. Mutualisms are defined as interactions between organisms of two different species, in which each organism benefits from the interaction in some way. For example, flowers (honey bees collect nectar from the flowers) and honey bees (plants get benefit from pollination by honey bees); also fungi and algae, etc. Other Examples are Coral Polyps and zooxanthellae, Sea Anemones and Clown Fish and caterpillars and red ants. (It is given by the National Centre for Biological Sciences in Bangalore). Mutualism is of two types i.e. Symbiosis interaction (Compulsory Mutualism/obligate Mutualism) and Proto-cooperation. Symbiosis (also "+ +") interaction: It is also called compulsory mutualism or otherwise, it is called obligate mutualism. If the two species come together then both get benefits. If they are separated then at least one species is adversely affected. For example, Lichen (bacteria plus fungi) & algae; Rhizobium & root legumes; Coral polyps & algae, etc. Coral reefs, a shell, (formed by coral polyps) and algae (also called Zooxanthalle). The zooxanthellae live within the coral in a mutually beneficial relationship, each helping the other survive. When corals get stressed, from things such as heat or pollution, they react by expelling these algae. Coral bleaching happens when corals lose their vibrant colours and turn white. Proto-cooperation (also + +) interaction: It is not like compulsory mutualism. When two species come together and they get benefits but when they get separated then they can live independently. For example sea anemones and hermit crabs; Humans & E. Coli etc. Commensalism (also called "+ 0 interaction") When two species interact, one species gets benefitted and the other species is unaffected then this is called commensalism. Commensalisms include common and general relationships, such as trees providing living space or attachment sites for birds, beehives, or orchids (For example, orchids on mango trees or any other trees). For example Epiphytes (on the Banyan tree) in the equatorial region; Vultures feed on dead animals. Epiphytes are plants growing on other plants in a form of a propagule. These propagules never consume the food of the plants/trees but take their support as they are not rooted in soil. Negative Ecological Interaction Competition (also "-ve -ve interaction") In this type of interaction, both species negatively interact. There are two types of competition i.e. intra-species and inter-species competition. Inter-species: When two different species interact/compete for the same prey or for the same habitat then both are negatively impacted. Intra-Species Competition: The species of the same group fight against one another either for habitat Niche or reproductive Niche. It leads to a reduction in the population of wildlife. Two lions or two male lions. For example, Lion & Tiger are fighting for one deer. Predation (+- Type of Interaction) One species (predator) benefits while the second species (prey) is harmed and inhibited. Predators like leopards, tigers and cheetahs use speed, teeth and claws to hunt and kill their prey. Predators help in maintaining species diversity in a community, by reducing the intensity of competition among competing prey species. Parasitism Beneficial to one species (parasite) and harmful to the other species (host). Parasitism involves parasites living in or on another living species called the host. The parasite gets its nourishment and often shelter from its host. Tap worms, roundworms, malarial parasites, and many bacteria, fungi, and viruses are common parasites of humans. The female mosquito is not considered a parasite, although it needs our blood for reproduction. Brood Parasitism In this brood parasitism, one bird lays eggs in the nest of other birds and compels the other bird to raise the egg. Other birds may identify the egg or may not identify the egg. For example Cuckoo bird and Reed Warbler. If the egg of the Cuckoo is not identified by Reed Warbler, such a condition is called egg mimicry. If the egg is identified by Reed Warbler and Red Warbler is compelled to raise the egg, such a condition is called as Mafia Hypothesis. The young Cukoo after hatching from the egg it kills the eggs of Reed Warbler in want of more food. As the young Cuckoo grows then it may sometimes even destroy the nest of Reed Warbler. Brood Parasitism is a breeding strategy in which the brood parasite female evades all parental care by laying its eggs in host nests of the same or different species relying on unrelated foster parents to care for their parasitic offspring. Brood parasitism can inflict a drastic fitness deficit on hosts. Hosts often raise young of the brood parasite, typically at the expense of their own young. Faculty Parasitism: It is also known as the +- interaction. In this, the host is not killed or badly affected. Lice and Tick are examples of it. Amensalism One species is inhibited while the other species is unaffected. The bread mould fungi Penicillium produce penicillin an antibiotic substance which inhibits the growth of a variety of bacteria. A large tree shades a small plant, retarding the growth of the small plant. The small plant has no effect on the large tree. Allelopathy and Antibiosis Allelopathy is a common biological phenomenon by which one organism produces biochemicals (also allelochemicals and have beneficial or detrimental effects on target organisms) that influence the growth, survival, development, and reproduction of other organisms. Plant allelopathy is one of the modes of interaction between donor and receptor plants and may exert either positive effects (Eg: for agricultural management, such as crop protection, weed control, etc) or negative effects (For example biological invasion, soil sickness, autotoxicity, etc). Both are the predation type of interaction. In this one species is benefitted and other one is negatively impacted. Some of the larger vascular trees release certain chemicals and inhibit the growth of species. Antibiosis: Certain plants release chemicals and inhibit the growth or kill the bacteria or fungus under it. Because of the chemical release by the species, the growth is halted or the spread of the species is stopped. Thus there is no such habitat and such a situation is even inconceivable. For any species, the minimal requirement is one more species on which it can feed. Even a plant species, which makes its own food, cannot survive alone; it needs soil microbes to break down the organic matter in the soil and return the inorganic nutrients for absorption. Thus it is obvious that in nature, animals, plants and microbes do not and cannot live in isolation but interact in various ways to form a biological community.
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What do you understand by Governance? Discuss the features of bad governance and good governance. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach:- In the introduction, mention the need for governance Then mention the understanding of the governance In the main part, mention the features of bad and good governance Conclude accordingly Answer:- The natural tendency of any society is to move towards "Entropy" i.e. destruction and anarchy. Governance is required to ensure negative entropy within societies i.e sustainability, growth and development Governance meaning Governance is the process and institutions through which decisions are made and authority in a country is exercised Governance is the method through which power is exercised in the management of a country"s political, economic, and social resources for development Governance is the exercise of economic, political, and administrative authority to manage a country"s affairs at all levels. It comprises the mechanisms, processes, and institutions, through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their rights, meet their obligations, and mitigate their differences Governance in simple terms means taking decisions and ensuring their effective implementation Features of bad governance Absolute monopoly of the state over resource allocation - Examples- Land, forest, mineral resources, spectrum, water Centralization of power and High levels of secrecy- Dictatorial decision-making and high levels of Corruption Complete absence of accountability mechanisms within the administration Absence of Rule of law- 43.5% of MPs have criminal records, and 2.5 lakh farmers committed suicide as they were not able to pay back. The average loan amount was 35000. Misallocation and diversification of resources- Freebies politics, Wealth without work is a sin according to Gandhi Total absence of citizen participation in administration or in governance- Participation is only limited to the elections Inability to resolve conflicts without resorting to violence Red Tapism, prejudices, and Biases within the administration Failure of regulatory authorities to prevent the collapse of the financial system Features of Good Governance It should be participatory in nature- Good governance demands that representative democracy should be transformed into participatory democracy so that people are given the opportunity to participate in governance even after elections. Transparency and Accountability- Transparency is needed to ensure good governance. It can help in reducing corruption, improving citizen participation in governance, and also in fixing accountability on the part of administrators Consensus-oriented and Rule of law Economy and efficiency Inclusiveness and Equity Responsiveness Good Governance is the sine qua non for the Inclusive development of the country. Once achieving the good governance a country should strive towards the ethical and effective governance
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##Question:What do you understand by Governance? Discuss the features of bad governance and good governance. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, mention the need for governance Then mention the understanding of the governance In the main part, mention the features of bad and good governance Conclude accordingly Answer:- The natural tendency of any society is to move towards "Entropy" i.e. destruction and anarchy. Governance is required to ensure negative entropy within societies i.e sustainability, growth and development Governance meaning Governance is the process and institutions through which decisions are made and authority in a country is exercised Governance is the method through which power is exercised in the management of a country"s political, economic, and social resources for development Governance is the exercise of economic, political, and administrative authority to manage a country"s affairs at all levels. It comprises the mechanisms, processes, and institutions, through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their rights, meet their obligations, and mitigate their differences Governance in simple terms means taking decisions and ensuring their effective implementation Features of bad governance Absolute monopoly of the state over resource allocation - Examples- Land, forest, mineral resources, spectrum, water Centralization of power and High levels of secrecy- Dictatorial decision-making and high levels of Corruption Complete absence of accountability mechanisms within the administration Absence of Rule of law- 43.5% of MPs have criminal records, and 2.5 lakh farmers committed suicide as they were not able to pay back. The average loan amount was 35000. Misallocation and diversification of resources- Freebies politics, Wealth without work is a sin according to Gandhi Total absence of citizen participation in administration or in governance- Participation is only limited to the elections Inability to resolve conflicts without resorting to violence Red Tapism, prejudices, and Biases within the administration Failure of regulatory authorities to prevent the collapse of the financial system Features of Good Governance It should be participatory in nature- Good governance demands that representative democracy should be transformed into participatory democracy so that people are given the opportunity to participate in governance even after elections. Transparency and Accountability- Transparency is needed to ensure good governance. It can help in reducing corruption, improving citizen participation in governance, and also in fixing accountability on the part of administrators Consensus-oriented and Rule of law Economy and efficiency Inclusiveness and Equity Responsiveness Good Governance is the sine qua non for the Inclusive development of the country. Once achieving the good governance a country should strive towards the ethical and effective governance
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The Anti-Defection Law was legislated with good intentions but yet it faces repeated violations and routine misinterpretation. Evaluate. Also, suggest measures to improve the Anti-Defection Law. (250 Words/15 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the contextual background of the introduction of the Anti-Defection Law under the 52nd Amendment Act. Then further explain its provisions. Then discuss the misuse and misinterpretation of its provisions Then bring the measures to improve the Anti-Defection Law. Conclude with the judicial pronouncement regarding the Anti-defection laws that has brought some clarity on the Anti-Deflection Law. Answer The Anti-Defection Law was passed in 1985 in the context of frequent through the 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act which added the 10th schedule to the Indian Constitution. It sought to prevent political defection due to the reward of office or other similar considerations and counter instability in the political system due to multiple defections. The constitution stipulates that a person shall be disqualified from being an MP if he is so disqualified on the ground of defection under the provisions of the 10th schedule of the Indian Constitution. A member attracts disqualification under the 10th schedule if: He/she voluntarily gives up the membership of the political party on whose ticket he is elected to the House. He/she votes or abstains from voting in the House contrary to any direction given by his political party. If a person is expelled from a party. In accordance to the judgment in Ravi Nayak case: A person is not automatically disqualified upon expulsion. He/she will be disqualified only if he joins a new political party. Any independently elected member joins any political party. Any nominated member joins any political party after the expiry of six months. (He can join any political party within six months). Repeated violations and Routine misinterpretation of Anti-Defection Law The term “ voluntarily giving up party membership ” is susceptible to misinterpretation as it is not the same as resigning from the party. It is difficult to ascertain if a members has voluntarily given up his/her party’s membership. The law does not specify a time period for the presiding officer to decide to on a disqualification plea, thus, leading to unnecessary delay. While the decision of presiding officer regarding defection is subject to judicial scrutiny, there have been instances of no judicial intervention despite delays in acting against members under the Law by the presiding officers. In recent years, MLAs have broken away in small groups gradually tp join the rulong party as was seen in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, etc. In some of these cases, more than 2/3rd of the opposition has defected to the ruling party. In addition, the Law has weakeness such as restricting a MP, MLA from voting in line with his/her conscience and electorat’s interest, assigning adjudication power to the Speaker/Chairman who has party loyalties, among others. Thus, it needs to be strengthened by needed reforms. Suggestion for Reforms We can learn from the experience of the countries such as Bangladesh, Kenya, and Singapore . In Bangladesh, the matter is referred to as a neutral body by the speaker. In Kenya, an appeal to high court is possible against the decision of the speakers. In Singapore, the final decision lies with the parliament as a whole. According to the Dinesh Goswami committee , the issues must be decided by the President or Governor as per the advice of the Election Commission. Dissent within the party shouldn’t be equated with defection. Bring the institution of the speaker in line with that of Britain where absolute neutrality is the norm for the Speaker. Fixing of a time limit, within which the Presiding officers have to mandatorily dispose of proceedings under the Law. The law should be valid only to the confidence and no-confidence motions or only when the government is in the danger. The Law Commission has recommended that the Law should also be extended to pre-poll alliances with the condition that partners of such alliances inform the Election Commission before the elections. An amendment needed to make all types of defection whether single or in groups, resign from their seats and contest fresh elections. They also need to be debarred from holding any public office till they get re-elected. Thus, it needs a relook in order to plug the existing loopholes, especially in the light of repeated mergers and splits of various parties. The recent judicial pronunciation has brought some clarity in this direction. The Supreme Court in the Kihoto Hollohan vs. Zaichillhu Case, 1992 ruled that the decision of the speaker is subject to judicial review. The Supreme Court in S A Sampath Kumar vs. Kale Yadaiah Case, 2016 directed the speaker to take the decision on disqualification within three months. The Supreme Court in the Hon"ble Speaker Manipur Legislative Assembly and other, 2020 also suggested an independent tribunal shall better take decisions under the 10th Schedule. The apex court has consistently raised the issue of mala fide (bad intention) while taking decisions under the 10th Schedule. Finally, its not simply a matter of law as humans can always circumvent its provisions. It’s a matter of ethics.
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##Question:The Anti-Defection Law was legislated with good intentions but yet it faces repeated violations and routine misinterpretation. Evaluate. Also, suggest measures to improve the Anti-Defection Law. (250 Words/15 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the contextual background of the introduction of the Anti-Defection Law under the 52nd Amendment Act. Then further explain its provisions. Then discuss the misuse and misinterpretation of its provisions Then bring the measures to improve the Anti-Defection Law. Conclude with the judicial pronouncement regarding the Anti-defection laws that has brought some clarity on the Anti-Deflection Law. Answer The Anti-Defection Law was passed in 1985 in the context of frequent through the 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act which added the 10th schedule to the Indian Constitution. It sought to prevent political defection due to the reward of office or other similar considerations and counter instability in the political system due to multiple defections. The constitution stipulates that a person shall be disqualified from being an MP if he is so disqualified on the ground of defection under the provisions of the 10th schedule of the Indian Constitution. A member attracts disqualification under the 10th schedule if: He/she voluntarily gives up the membership of the political party on whose ticket he is elected to the House. He/she votes or abstains from voting in the House contrary to any direction given by his political party. If a person is expelled from a party. In accordance to the judgment in Ravi Nayak case: A person is not automatically disqualified upon expulsion. He/she will be disqualified only if he joins a new political party. Any independently elected member joins any political party. Any nominated member joins any political party after the expiry of six months. (He can join any political party within six months). Repeated violations and Routine misinterpretation of Anti-Defection Law The term “ voluntarily giving up party membership ” is susceptible to misinterpretation as it is not the same as resigning from the party. It is difficult to ascertain if a members has voluntarily given up his/her party’s membership. The law does not specify a time period for the presiding officer to decide to on a disqualification plea, thus, leading to unnecessary delay. While the decision of presiding officer regarding defection is subject to judicial scrutiny, there have been instances of no judicial intervention despite delays in acting against members under the Law by the presiding officers. In recent years, MLAs have broken away in small groups gradually tp join the rulong party as was seen in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, etc. In some of these cases, more than 2/3rd of the opposition has defected to the ruling party. In addition, the Law has weakeness such as restricting a MP, MLA from voting in line with his/her conscience and electorat’s interest, assigning adjudication power to the Speaker/Chairman who has party loyalties, among others. Thus, it needs to be strengthened by needed reforms. Suggestion for Reforms We can learn from the experience of the countries such as Bangladesh, Kenya, and Singapore . In Bangladesh, the matter is referred to as a neutral body by the speaker. In Kenya, an appeal to high court is possible against the decision of the speakers. In Singapore, the final decision lies with the parliament as a whole. According to the Dinesh Goswami committee , the issues must be decided by the President or Governor as per the advice of the Election Commission. Dissent within the party shouldn’t be equated with defection. Bring the institution of the speaker in line with that of Britain where absolute neutrality is the norm for the Speaker. Fixing of a time limit, within which the Presiding officers have to mandatorily dispose of proceedings under the Law. The law should be valid only to the confidence and no-confidence motions or only when the government is in the danger. The Law Commission has recommended that the Law should also be extended to pre-poll alliances with the condition that partners of such alliances inform the Election Commission before the elections. An amendment needed to make all types of defection whether single or in groups, resign from their seats and contest fresh elections. They also need to be debarred from holding any public office till they get re-elected. Thus, it needs a relook in order to plug the existing loopholes, especially in the light of repeated mergers and splits of various parties. The recent judicial pronunciation has brought some clarity in this direction. The Supreme Court in the Kihoto Hollohan vs. Zaichillhu Case, 1992 ruled that the decision of the speaker is subject to judicial review. The Supreme Court in S A Sampath Kumar vs. Kale Yadaiah Case, 2016 directed the speaker to take the decision on disqualification within three months. The Supreme Court in the Hon"ble Speaker Manipur Legislative Assembly and other, 2020 also suggested an independent tribunal shall better take decisions under the 10th Schedule. The apex court has consistently raised the issue of mala fide (bad intention) while taking decisions under the 10th Schedule. Finally, its not simply a matter of law as humans can always circumvent its provisions. It’s a matter of ethics.
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संभावित जीडीपी की संकल्पना संक्षेप में समझाते हुए इसके महत्व की चर्चा कीजिए . ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक-10 ) Briefly explain the concept of potential GDP and discuss its importance. (150-200 words, marks -10)
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दृष्टिकोण :- संभावित जीडीपी को परिभाषित करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . जीडीपी व संभावित जीडीपी की संकल्पना को स्पष्ट कीजिए . संभावित जीडीपी के महत्व को संक्षेप में बताइए . उत्तर :-
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##Question:संभावित जीडीपी की संकल्पना संक्षेप में समझाते हुए इसके महत्व की चर्चा कीजिए . ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक-10 ) Briefly explain the concept of potential GDP and discuss its importance. (150-200 words, marks -10)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण :- संभावित जीडीपी को परिभाषित करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . जीडीपी व संभावित जीडीपी की संकल्पना को स्पष्ट कीजिए . संभावित जीडीपी के महत्व को संक्षेप में बताइए . उत्तर :-
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What do you mean by Emotional Intelligence (EI)? How can it be applied in administrative practices. (10 marks/150 words).
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APPROACH Definition of the term emotional intelligence Discuss how the EI can be applied in Indian administration with examples. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The term emotional intelligence was given by Wayne Paynes. The concept was formulated by Salovey and then finally popularised by Daniel Goleman. The scholarly definition of emotional intelligence (EI) is that it is the ability of the individual to perceive common emotions and assimilate these emotions in thought, understand and reason with emotions and regulate emotions in oneself and others (Mayers and Salovey). THE COMPONENTS OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE As per Daniel Goleman, the following are the perspectives of EI: 1) SELF AWARENESS:-It means being aware of one’s own strengths and weaknesses. According to Aristotle, self-awareness is the beginning of all wisdom. 2) SELF-MOTIVATION: A passion to work for reasons that goes beyond money or status; a propensity to pursue goals. 3) SELF REGULATION:-It means not being a prisoner of one’s own feelings 4) EMPATHY:-It means the ability to be able to understand the perspective of others 5) SOCIAL SKILLS:-These refer to those skills which help one to handle their relationships effectively. Use of Emotional Intelligence in India administrative services: India"s cultural diversity(caste, tribes, religion, languages, food habits and arts) poses various challenges during policy making and implementation. The laws and regulations need to protect the fundamental rights(Like Right to religion) and safeguard the unique culture of all sections of the society. Emotional intelligence plays an important role here. For example, the granting of mining licences to vedanta Alumina in Niyamgiri hills while ignoring the tribal rights and cultural sensitivities of Dongarias is an appropriate example of weak application of emotional intelligence in decision making. At, personal level, each administrator being part of the society himself is prone to have cultural conditioning, preconceived notions based on past experiences and stereotypes. These are likely to affect his/her thought process, decision making abilities and leadership qualities adversely. Emotional intelligence helps an administrator to avoid emotional decisions, stereotype people, or compromise his/her values. Thus, a person high on emotional intelligence is more likely to uphold the interests of the marginalised section in the society who had been exploited and supressed for many centuries. Benevolence and activism of some District Collectors in tribal states and honest officials living a frugal lifestyle are well documented. A civil servant may have to work in diverse socio-cultural environments which may be quite different from the environment where he/she may have been brought up. Emotional intelligence helps him/her in getting adapted and adjusted to the new environment more confidently. Similarly a civil servant have to migrate and offer solution to an unwieldy situation arising out of social conflicts (such as use of public space, carrying procession during festivals etc.) or changing long held attitudes/norms etc. In such cases yielding emotional intelligence qualities like social awareness, relationship management is of paramount importance. Example of Nadia district, is a case in point wherein public servants and politicians have successfully eliminate open defecation through people engagement schemes like Sabar Souchagar. Even within the administrative machinary, cultural differences may exist and may require emotional intelligence on the part of the administrator to ensure optimal output from team members(government machinery) and maintaining harmony among them. The workforce diversity does not only affect the emotional stability of the executive but also his leadership behaviour and effectiveness. Hence it is crucial that the cultural senstivity training which may help in developing emotional intelligence should be made part of administrative training in public sector so that administration gains public faith and better serves its mandated goals. This will certainly improve the work efficiency and decorum of administrative setup as a whole.
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##Question:What do you mean by Emotional Intelligence (EI)? How can it be applied in administrative practices. (10 marks/150 words).##Answer:APPROACH Definition of the term emotional intelligence Discuss how the EI can be applied in Indian administration with examples. Conclude accordingly. Answer: The term emotional intelligence was given by Wayne Paynes. The concept was formulated by Salovey and then finally popularised by Daniel Goleman. The scholarly definition of emotional intelligence (EI) is that it is the ability of the individual to perceive common emotions and assimilate these emotions in thought, understand and reason with emotions and regulate emotions in oneself and others (Mayers and Salovey). THE COMPONENTS OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE As per Daniel Goleman, the following are the perspectives of EI: 1) SELF AWARENESS:-It means being aware of one’s own strengths and weaknesses. According to Aristotle, self-awareness is the beginning of all wisdom. 2) SELF-MOTIVATION: A passion to work for reasons that goes beyond money or status; a propensity to pursue goals. 3) SELF REGULATION:-It means not being a prisoner of one’s own feelings 4) EMPATHY:-It means the ability to be able to understand the perspective of others 5) SOCIAL SKILLS:-These refer to those skills which help one to handle their relationships effectively. Use of Emotional Intelligence in India administrative services: India"s cultural diversity(caste, tribes, religion, languages, food habits and arts) poses various challenges during policy making and implementation. The laws and regulations need to protect the fundamental rights(Like Right to religion) and safeguard the unique culture of all sections of the society. Emotional intelligence plays an important role here. For example, the granting of mining licences to vedanta Alumina in Niyamgiri hills while ignoring the tribal rights and cultural sensitivities of Dongarias is an appropriate example of weak application of emotional intelligence in decision making. At, personal level, each administrator being part of the society himself is prone to have cultural conditioning, preconceived notions based on past experiences and stereotypes. These are likely to affect his/her thought process, decision making abilities and leadership qualities adversely. Emotional intelligence helps an administrator to avoid emotional decisions, stereotype people, or compromise his/her values. Thus, a person high on emotional intelligence is more likely to uphold the interests of the marginalised section in the society who had been exploited and supressed for many centuries. Benevolence and activism of some District Collectors in tribal states and honest officials living a frugal lifestyle are well documented. A civil servant may have to work in diverse socio-cultural environments which may be quite different from the environment where he/she may have been brought up. Emotional intelligence helps him/her in getting adapted and adjusted to the new environment more confidently. Similarly a civil servant have to migrate and offer solution to an unwieldy situation arising out of social conflicts (such as use of public space, carrying procession during festivals etc.) or changing long held attitudes/norms etc. In such cases yielding emotional intelligence qualities like social awareness, relationship management is of paramount importance. Example of Nadia district, is a case in point wherein public servants and politicians have successfully eliminate open defecation through people engagement schemes like Sabar Souchagar. Even within the administrative machinary, cultural differences may exist and may require emotional intelligence on the part of the administrator to ensure optimal output from team members(government machinery) and maintaining harmony among them. The workforce diversity does not only affect the emotional stability of the executive but also his leadership behaviour and effectiveness. Hence it is crucial that the cultural senstivity training which may help in developing emotional intelligence should be made part of administrative training in public sector so that administration gains public faith and better serves its mandated goals. This will certainly improve the work efficiency and decorum of administrative setup as a whole.
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The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country can not be taken as an index of the welfare of the people of that country. Analyze. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach Explain the concept of GDP. Discuss the view that GDP is not an index of welfare in a country Conclude briefly by using examples of some other indicators used to depict the level of social well-being in a country. ANSWER Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total monetary or market value of all finished goods and services produced within a country"s borders in a specific time period. As a broad measure of overall domestic production, it functions as a comprehensive scorecard of the country’s economic health. It is a good indicator to depict the living conditions of people in a country, as it includes a number of factors such as consumption and investment. However, it can not be taken as an index of the welfare of the people of a country. The reasons include: It doesn’t measure equity in income distribution: If the GDP of a country is rising, it"s social indicators may not rise as a consequence. This is because the rise in GDP may be concentrated in the hands of a few individuals or firms. For the rest, the income may, in fact, have fallen. Non-monetary exchanges: Many activities in an economy are not evaluated in monetary terms. For example, the domestic services that women perform at home are not paid for. Since there is no transaction of money, their contribution is generally not counted in the GDP, leading to an underestimation of GDP. Externalities: Externalities refer to the benefits (or harms) a firm or an individual causes to another for which they are not paid (or penalized). For instance, while calculating GDP, pollution caused by industries is not accounted for. Therefore, if we take GDP as a measure of the welfare of the economy, we will overestimate the actual welfare. In cases of positive externalities, GDP will underestimate the actual welfare of the economy. Type of goods produced: GDP does not describe the kinds of goods that are being produced. Since GDP measures the value of all finished goods and services within an economy, it also includes products that may have negative effects on social welfare. For example, tobacco, armaments, etc. sold and used within the country would adversely impact the overall social welfare. In view of the shortcomings mentioned above, there have been various attempts to develop more accurate and reliable indicators in order to measure social well-being. Among others, these alternative approaches include the Human Development Index (HDI), the Gross National Happiness Index (GNH), and the Social Progress Index (SPI). SO inclusive growth rather than Trickle down approach would be the way ahead.
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##Question:The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country can not be taken as an index of the welfare of the people of that country. Analyze. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Explain the concept of GDP. Discuss the view that GDP is not an index of welfare in a country Conclude briefly by using examples of some other indicators used to depict the level of social well-being in a country. ANSWER Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total monetary or market value of all finished goods and services produced within a country"s borders in a specific time period. As a broad measure of overall domestic production, it functions as a comprehensive scorecard of the country’s economic health. It is a good indicator to depict the living conditions of people in a country, as it includes a number of factors such as consumption and investment. However, it can not be taken as an index of the welfare of the people of a country. The reasons include: It doesn’t measure equity in income distribution: If the GDP of a country is rising, it"s social indicators may not rise as a consequence. This is because the rise in GDP may be concentrated in the hands of a few individuals or firms. For the rest, the income may, in fact, have fallen. Non-monetary exchanges: Many activities in an economy are not evaluated in monetary terms. For example, the domestic services that women perform at home are not paid for. Since there is no transaction of money, their contribution is generally not counted in the GDP, leading to an underestimation of GDP. Externalities: Externalities refer to the benefits (or harms) a firm or an individual causes to another for which they are not paid (or penalized). For instance, while calculating GDP, pollution caused by industries is not accounted for. Therefore, if we take GDP as a measure of the welfare of the economy, we will overestimate the actual welfare. In cases of positive externalities, GDP will underestimate the actual welfare of the economy. Type of goods produced: GDP does not describe the kinds of goods that are being produced. Since GDP measures the value of all finished goods and services within an economy, it also includes products that may have negative effects on social welfare. For example, tobacco, armaments, etc. sold and used within the country would adversely impact the overall social welfare. In view of the shortcomings mentioned above, there have been various attempts to develop more accurate and reliable indicators in order to measure social well-being. Among others, these alternative approaches include the Human Development Index (HDI), the Gross National Happiness Index (GNH), and the Social Progress Index (SPI). SO inclusive growth rather than Trickle down approach would be the way ahead.
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What do you understand by an ecological pyramid? Elaborate on each type of the ecological pyramid with suitable examples.(150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the ecological pyramid. Then bring the three types of the ecological pyramid. Further, elaborate on them with suitable examples. Conclude accordingly Answer An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation of the relationship between different organisms in an ecosystem. Each of the bars that make up the pyramid represents a different trophic level, and their order, which is based on who eats whom, represents the flow of energy. Types of Ecological Pyramids Pyramid of Biomass The Biomass Pyramids show the amount of biomass (living or organic matter present in an organism) present per unit area at each trophic level. It is drawn with the producers at the base and the top carnivores at the top. The pyramid of biomass is generally ascertained by gathering all organisms occupying each trophic level separately and measuring their dry weight. Each trophic level has a certain mass of living material at a particular time called a standing crop, which is measured as the mass of living organisms (biomass) or the number in a unit area. Upright Pyramid of Biomass Ecosystems found on land mostly have pyramids of biomass with a large base of primary producers with smaller trophic levels perched on top, hence the upright pyramid of biomass. The biomass of autotrophs or producers is at the maximum. The biomass of the next trophic level, i.e. primary consumers is less than the producers. Similarly, the other consumers such as secondary and tertiary consumers are comparatively less than its lower level respectively. The top of the pyramid has very less amount of biomass. Inverted Pyramid of Biomass On the other hand, a reverse pyramidal structure is found in most aquatic ecosystems. Here, the pyramid of biomass may assume an inverted pattern. This is because in a water body, the producers are tiny phytoplankton that grows and reproduces rapidly. In this condition, the pyramid of biomass has a small base, with the producer biomass at the base providing support to consumer biomass of weight. Hence, it assumes an inverted shape. Pyramid of Numbers It is the graphic representation of the number of individuals per unit area of various trophic levels. A large number of producers tends to form the base whereas the lower number of top predators or carnivores occupies the top. The shape of the pyramid of numbers varies from ecosystem to ecosystem. For example, in an aquatic ecosystem or grassland areas, autotrophs or producers are present in large numbers per unit area. The producers support a lesser number of herbivores, which in turn supports fewer carnivores. Upright Pyramid of Numbers In an upright pyramid of numbers, the number of individuals decreases from the lower level to the higher level. This type of pyramid is usually found in the grassland ecosystem and the pond ecosystem. The grass in a grassland ecosystem occupies the lowest trophic level because of its abundance. Inverted Pyramid of Numbers Here, the number of individuals increases from the lower level to the higher trophic level. For example, the tree ecosystem. Pyramid of Energy It is a graphical structure representing the flow of energy through each trophic level of a food chain over a fixed part of the natural environment. An energy pyramid represents the amount of energy at each trophic level and the loss of energy at each is transferred to another trophic level. An energy pyramid, sometimes called a trophic pyramid or ecological pyramid is used in quantifying the energy transfer from one organism to another along the food chain. Thus ecological pyramid shows the feeding patterns of organisms in different ecosystems and it also gives an insight into the efficiency of energy transfer and shows the influence of change in numbers at one trophic level on the trophic levels above and below it.
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##Question:What do you understand by an ecological pyramid? Elaborate on each type of the ecological pyramid with suitable examples.(150 Words/10 Marks) ##Answer:Approach Introduce with the ecological pyramid. Then bring the three types of the ecological pyramid. Further, elaborate on them with suitable examples. Conclude accordingly Answer An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation of the relationship between different organisms in an ecosystem. Each of the bars that make up the pyramid represents a different trophic level, and their order, which is based on who eats whom, represents the flow of energy. Types of Ecological Pyramids Pyramid of Biomass The Biomass Pyramids show the amount of biomass (living or organic matter present in an organism) present per unit area at each trophic level. It is drawn with the producers at the base and the top carnivores at the top. The pyramid of biomass is generally ascertained by gathering all organisms occupying each trophic level separately and measuring their dry weight. Each trophic level has a certain mass of living material at a particular time called a standing crop, which is measured as the mass of living organisms (biomass) or the number in a unit area. Upright Pyramid of Biomass Ecosystems found on land mostly have pyramids of biomass with a large base of primary producers with smaller trophic levels perched on top, hence the upright pyramid of biomass. The biomass of autotrophs or producers is at the maximum. The biomass of the next trophic level, i.e. primary consumers is less than the producers. Similarly, the other consumers such as secondary and tertiary consumers are comparatively less than its lower level respectively. The top of the pyramid has very less amount of biomass. Inverted Pyramid of Biomass On the other hand, a reverse pyramidal structure is found in most aquatic ecosystems. Here, the pyramid of biomass may assume an inverted pattern. This is because in a water body, the producers are tiny phytoplankton that grows and reproduces rapidly. In this condition, the pyramid of biomass has a small base, with the producer biomass at the base providing support to consumer biomass of weight. Hence, it assumes an inverted shape. Pyramid of Numbers It is the graphic representation of the number of individuals per unit area of various trophic levels. A large number of producers tends to form the base whereas the lower number of top predators or carnivores occupies the top. The shape of the pyramid of numbers varies from ecosystem to ecosystem. For example, in an aquatic ecosystem or grassland areas, autotrophs or producers are present in large numbers per unit area. The producers support a lesser number of herbivores, which in turn supports fewer carnivores. Upright Pyramid of Numbers In an upright pyramid of numbers, the number of individuals decreases from the lower level to the higher level. This type of pyramid is usually found in the grassland ecosystem and the pond ecosystem. The grass in a grassland ecosystem occupies the lowest trophic level because of its abundance. Inverted Pyramid of Numbers Here, the number of individuals increases from the lower level to the higher trophic level. For example, the tree ecosystem. Pyramid of Energy It is a graphical structure representing the flow of energy through each trophic level of a food chain over a fixed part of the natural environment. An energy pyramid represents the amount of energy at each trophic level and the loss of energy at each is transferred to another trophic level. An energy pyramid, sometimes called a trophic pyramid or ecological pyramid is used in quantifying the energy transfer from one organism to another along the food chain. Thus ecological pyramid shows the feeding patterns of organisms in different ecosystems and it also gives an insight into the efficiency of energy transfer and shows the influence of change in numbers at one trophic level on the trophic levels above and below it.
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उत्तरी अटलांटिक संधि संगठन या नाटो / NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) के समक्ष वर्तमान चुनौतियों का उल्लेख कीजिए| इस संदर्भ में, समकालीन समय में नाटो की प्रासंगिकता पर चर्चा कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Mention the current challenges before the North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO. In this context, discuss the relevance of NATO in contemporary times. (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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एप्रोच - उत्तरी अटलांटिक संधि संगठन या नाटो का एक परिचय देते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए| अगले भाग में, नाटो के समक्ष वर्तमान चुनौतियों का उल्लेख कीजिए| अगले भाग में, समकालीन समय में नाटो की प्रासंगिकता पर चर्चा कीजिए| निष्कर्षतः, रूस-यूक्रेन युद्ध की पृष्ठभूमि, नाटो और वैश्विक शांति तथा स्थिरता को जोड़ते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| उत्तर - नाटो (North Atlantic Treaty Organization: NATO) 30 उत्तरी अमेरिकी और यूरोपीय राष्ट्रों के मध्य एक अंतर-सरकारी सैन्य गठबंधन है और यह 4 अप्रैल 1949 को हस्ताक्षरित नार्थ अटलांटिक ट्रीटी को कार्यान्वित करता है| यह सामूहिक सुरक्षा (collective defence) की एक प्रणाली का गठन करता है, जिसके तहत इसके स्वतंत्र सदस्य देश (अर्थात् नाटो राष्ट्र), किसी बाह्य पक्ष द्वारा किए जाने वाले आक्रमण की प्रतिक्रिया करने में पारस्परिक सुरक्षा में सहयोग करने हेतु सहमत हुए हैं| विदेशी मोर्चों पर नाटो की रक्षा प्रतिबद्धताएं साम्यवाद से लेकर इस्लामी चरमपंथ का सामना करने पर केंद्रित रही हैं| विशेषकर 9/11 के पश्चात् अफगानिस्तान, इराक, भूमध्यसागरीय क्षेत्र आदि में इसकी सहभागिता देखी जा सकती है| वर्तमान में नाटो के सदस्य राष्ट्रों की कुल संख्या 30 हो गई है| नाटो के समक्ष वर्तमान चुनौतियाँ रूस -यूक्रेन युद्ध के दृष्टिगत अपने सदस्य राष्ट्रों के समक्ष उत्पन हुए खतरे का सामना करना तथा सदस्य राष्ट्रों को सुरक्षा की गारंटी देना वित्तीयन संबंधी चुनौतियाँ --> परंपरागत रूप से अमेरिका नाटो का सबसे बड़ा योगदानकर्ता (नाटो के आम बजट का 22 प्रतिशत) रहा है तथा इसके अन्य सदस्यों की तुलना में अमेरिका का रक्षा बजट (अपने सकल घरेलू उत्पाद का 3.6 प्रतिशत) सर्वाधिक है| अमेरिका द्वारा यह आलोचना की गयी है कि अन्य सदस्य नाटो में उपयुक्त योगदान नहीं कर रहे हैं| वर्तमान में प्रमुख देशों में केवल ब्रिटेन (U.K.) ही अपनी सुरक्षा पर अपने GDP का 2 प्रतिशत व्यय करता है| फ्रांस द्वारा अपनी सुरक्षा पर GDP का 1.8 प्रतिशत एवं जर्मनी द्वारा 1.2 प्रतिशत भाग व्यय किया जाता है| संयुक्त राष्ट्र अमेरिका की एकपक्षीयता --> सीरिया से अमेरिकी सैनिकों की वापसी जैसे अमेरिका के एकपक्षीय निर्णय से, एक अन्य नाटो सदस्य (अर्थात् तुर्की) सीरिया में सैन्य अभियान प्रारंभ करने में सक्षम हो गया है| यह अमेरिका फर्स्ट नीति के साथ युग्मित है, जो नाटो के संबंध में अमेरिका की परिवर्तित होती प्रतिबद्धता को दर्शाता है| रूस के साथ संबंध --> रूस के साथ संबंधों को पुनर्व्यवस्थित करने के संदर्भ में हितों की भिन्नता परिलक्षित होती है| परिवर्तित होती भू-राजनीतिक वास्तविकताओं के आलोक में रूस के साथ संभावित घनिष्टता पोलैंड, चेक गणराज्य और बाल्टिक देशों की चिंताओं में वृद्धि कर रही है| लोकतांत्रिक ह्रास , जो नाटो के सदस्य राष्ट्रों में दृष्टिगोचर हो रहा है| उदाहरण के लिए, हंगरी खुले तौर पर एक "अनुदार लोकतंत्र" का प्रतिनिधित्व करने का दावा करता है| इसके अतिरिक्त, हंगरी एवं तुर्की के साथ रूस की वर्धित निकटता, लोकतांत्रिक ह्रास के सुरक्षा निहितार्थों और सहयोगियों के मध्य व्युत्पन्न अविश्वास के कारण संयुक्त निर्णय, संचार एवं संचालन संबंधी निहितार्थ होंगे| चीन कारक --> चीन वर्तमान में निम्नलिखित तीन स्तरों पर नाटो के समक्ष एक महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न चिन्ह खड़ा कर रहा है -> हिंद-प्रशांत क्षेत्र में सैन्य गतिविधियों का विस्तार तथा अफ्रीका एवं मध्य पूर्व में अधिक आक्रामक उपस्थिति चीन का एक आर्थिक एवं तकनीकी फुटप्रिंट, जो यूरोपीय देशों के औद्योगिक एवं तकनीकी आधार के समक्ष खतरा उत्पन्न कर रहा है| चीन एवं अमेरिका के मध्य महाशक्ति बनने अथवा बने रहने की होड़, जहाँ यूरोप इन सब के केंद्र में फंसा हुआ है| समकालीन समय में नाटो की प्रासंगिकता तेजी से बदलते सुरक्षा परिवेश से निपटने हेतु जैसे कि - यूक्रेन पर रूस का आक्रमण, आतंकवाद, बढ़ती वैश्विक अनिश्चितता, अधिक जटिल और विघटनकारी साइबर और हाइब्रिड खतरे, तथा अत्यधिक तेजी से होते तकनीकी परिवर्तन आदि | ये सभी वैश्विक सुरक्षा के लिए चुनौती और स्थिरता के लिए खतरे को दर्शाते हैं| इसने अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा के दायरे में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है, जैसे --> नाटो ने यूक्रेन के खिलाफ रूस की आक्रामकता की निंदा की है क्योंकि इससे अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा और स्थिरता के लिए गंभीर संकट उत्पन्न हो गया है| साथ ही यह अंतर्राष्ट्रीय कानूनों का भी स्पष्ट उल्लंघन है| नाटो ने यूक्रेन की स्वतंत्रता, संप्रभुता और क्षेत्रीय अखंडता को अपना अटूट समर्थन प्रदान किया है| नाटो सहयोगियों और साझेदार देशों ने लगभग 20 वर्षों तक अफगानिस्तान में सैन्य बलों को तैनात रखा था| इसका उद्देश्य यह सुनिश्चित करना था कि अफगानिस्तान पुनः अंतरराष्ट्रीय आतंकवादियों के लिए एक सुरक्षित पनाहगाह न बन सके| नाटो इस्लामिक स्टेट ऑफ इराक एंड सीरिया (ISIS) के खिलाफ लड़ाई में एक प्रमुख स्तंभ बना हुआ है| साथ ही यह ISIS को हराने के लिए वैश्विक गठबंधन को सहायता भी प्रदान करता है| यह विश्व का सबसे लंबे समय तक बना रहने वाला अंतर-सरकारी सुरक्षा संगठन है और समय के साथ इसके सदस्यों की संख्या में वृद्धि हुई है| कोविड के प्रति अनुक्रिया -> नाटो ने निम्नलिखित के माध्यम से कोविड- 19 संकट का सामना करने में भूमिका निभाई है -> सैन्य कर्मियों की रक्षा करके महत्वपूर्ण चिकित्सा आपूर्ति के लिए वायु परिवहन की सुविधा प्रदान करके अभिनव प्रतिक्रियाएं देने के लिए संसाधनों का उपयोग करके नाटो का पूर्व की ओर विस्तार -> हाल ही में हुए शिखर सम्मेलन में लिए गए प्रमुख निर्णय यूरोप से लेकर एशिया-प्रशांत तक पूर्व की तरफ नाटो के विस्तार की ओर इशारा करते हैं| यह एशियाई क्षेत्र में शांति एवं स्थिरता स्थापित करने में नाटो की आगामी भूमिका की ओर संकेत करता है| नाटो के दस्तावेज में पहली बार चीन का नाम आया है| हाल ही में, नाटो ने चीन पर अपना ध्यान केंद्रित किया है और इसे अपनी "सामूहिक रक्षा" के लिए उचित ठहराया है| नाटो के अनुसार इसका कारण यूरोपीय हितों पर चीन का अतिक्रमण है| जैसे --> प्रमुख बंदरगाह, जैसे ग्रीस का पीरियस बंदरगाह (Port of Piraeus) अब चीनी कंपनियों के पास हैं| ग्रीस में स्थित पीरियस बंदरगाह यूरोप के सबसे बड़े बंदरगाहों में से एक है| अटलांटिक महासागर क्षेत्र में चीनी नौसैनिक गश्त में वृद्धि; आर्कटिक सागर में चीन की बढ़ती दिलचस्पी; चीनी सरकार द्वारा पश्चिमी वाणिज्यिक और सैन्य ठिकानों पर साइबर हमले; रणनीतिक रूप से महत्वपूर्ण जलमार्ग अर्थात दक्षिण चीन सागर के संसाधन-समृद्ध जल पर चीन द्वारा स्वामित्व का दावा आदि अन्य कारक नाटो को चीन पर ध्यान केंद्रित करने हेतु प्रेरित कर रहे हैं| नाटो शिखर सम्मेलन में पहली बार चार इंडो-पैसिफिक देश, अर्थात् ऑस्ट्रेलिया, जापान, न्यूजीलैंड और द रिपब्लिक ऑफ कोरिया शामिल हुए| इन राष्ट्रों का सम्मेलन में शामिल होने का मुख्य उद्देश्य सहयोग को अधिक मजबूत करना और वैश्विक चुनौतियों से निपटना है| नाटो की उपरोक्त प्रासंगिकता को आज रूस-यूक्रेन युद्ध की पृष्ठभूमि के संदर्भ में प्रश्नगत किया जा रहा है, जहाँ नाटो के विस्तार की आकांक्षा को रूसी आक्रामकता के साथ जोड़ा जा रहा है| हालाँकि, इसके बावजूद भी वैश्विक शांति तथा स्थिरता स्थापित करने में नाटो के योगदान तथा महत्व को नकारा नहीं जा सकता है|
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##Question:उत्तरी अटलांटिक संधि संगठन या नाटो / NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) के समक्ष वर्तमान चुनौतियों का उल्लेख कीजिए| इस संदर्भ में, समकालीन समय में नाटो की प्रासंगिकता पर चर्चा कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Mention the current challenges before the North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO. In this context, discuss the relevance of NATO in contemporary times. (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:एप्रोच - उत्तरी अटलांटिक संधि संगठन या नाटो का एक परिचय देते हुए उत्तर का प्रारंभ कीजिए| अगले भाग में, नाटो के समक्ष वर्तमान चुनौतियों का उल्लेख कीजिए| अगले भाग में, समकालीन समय में नाटो की प्रासंगिकता पर चर्चा कीजिए| निष्कर्षतः, रूस-यूक्रेन युद्ध की पृष्ठभूमि, नाटो और वैश्विक शांति तथा स्थिरता को जोड़ते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| उत्तर - नाटो (North Atlantic Treaty Organization: NATO) 30 उत्तरी अमेरिकी और यूरोपीय राष्ट्रों के मध्य एक अंतर-सरकारी सैन्य गठबंधन है और यह 4 अप्रैल 1949 को हस्ताक्षरित नार्थ अटलांटिक ट्रीटी को कार्यान्वित करता है| यह सामूहिक सुरक्षा (collective defence) की एक प्रणाली का गठन करता है, जिसके तहत इसके स्वतंत्र सदस्य देश (अर्थात् नाटो राष्ट्र), किसी बाह्य पक्ष द्वारा किए जाने वाले आक्रमण की प्रतिक्रिया करने में पारस्परिक सुरक्षा में सहयोग करने हेतु सहमत हुए हैं| विदेशी मोर्चों पर नाटो की रक्षा प्रतिबद्धताएं साम्यवाद से लेकर इस्लामी चरमपंथ का सामना करने पर केंद्रित रही हैं| विशेषकर 9/11 के पश्चात् अफगानिस्तान, इराक, भूमध्यसागरीय क्षेत्र आदि में इसकी सहभागिता देखी जा सकती है| वर्तमान में नाटो के सदस्य राष्ट्रों की कुल संख्या 30 हो गई है| नाटो के समक्ष वर्तमान चुनौतियाँ रूस -यूक्रेन युद्ध के दृष्टिगत अपने सदस्य राष्ट्रों के समक्ष उत्पन हुए खतरे का सामना करना तथा सदस्य राष्ट्रों को सुरक्षा की गारंटी देना वित्तीयन संबंधी चुनौतियाँ --> परंपरागत रूप से अमेरिका नाटो का सबसे बड़ा योगदानकर्ता (नाटो के आम बजट का 22 प्रतिशत) रहा है तथा इसके अन्य सदस्यों की तुलना में अमेरिका का रक्षा बजट (अपने सकल घरेलू उत्पाद का 3.6 प्रतिशत) सर्वाधिक है| अमेरिका द्वारा यह आलोचना की गयी है कि अन्य सदस्य नाटो में उपयुक्त योगदान नहीं कर रहे हैं| वर्तमान में प्रमुख देशों में केवल ब्रिटेन (U.K.) ही अपनी सुरक्षा पर अपने GDP का 2 प्रतिशत व्यय करता है| फ्रांस द्वारा अपनी सुरक्षा पर GDP का 1.8 प्रतिशत एवं जर्मनी द्वारा 1.2 प्रतिशत भाग व्यय किया जाता है| संयुक्त राष्ट्र अमेरिका की एकपक्षीयता --> सीरिया से अमेरिकी सैनिकों की वापसी जैसे अमेरिका के एकपक्षीय निर्णय से, एक अन्य नाटो सदस्य (अर्थात् तुर्की) सीरिया में सैन्य अभियान प्रारंभ करने में सक्षम हो गया है| यह अमेरिका फर्स्ट नीति के साथ युग्मित है, जो नाटो के संबंध में अमेरिका की परिवर्तित होती प्रतिबद्धता को दर्शाता है| रूस के साथ संबंध --> रूस के साथ संबंधों को पुनर्व्यवस्थित करने के संदर्भ में हितों की भिन्नता परिलक्षित होती है| परिवर्तित होती भू-राजनीतिक वास्तविकताओं के आलोक में रूस के साथ संभावित घनिष्टता पोलैंड, चेक गणराज्य और बाल्टिक देशों की चिंताओं में वृद्धि कर रही है| लोकतांत्रिक ह्रास , जो नाटो के सदस्य राष्ट्रों में दृष्टिगोचर हो रहा है| उदाहरण के लिए, हंगरी खुले तौर पर एक "अनुदार लोकतंत्र" का प्रतिनिधित्व करने का दावा करता है| इसके अतिरिक्त, हंगरी एवं तुर्की के साथ रूस की वर्धित निकटता, लोकतांत्रिक ह्रास के सुरक्षा निहितार्थों और सहयोगियों के मध्य व्युत्पन्न अविश्वास के कारण संयुक्त निर्णय, संचार एवं संचालन संबंधी निहितार्थ होंगे| चीन कारक --> चीन वर्तमान में निम्नलिखित तीन स्तरों पर नाटो के समक्ष एक महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न चिन्ह खड़ा कर रहा है -> हिंद-प्रशांत क्षेत्र में सैन्य गतिविधियों का विस्तार तथा अफ्रीका एवं मध्य पूर्व में अधिक आक्रामक उपस्थिति चीन का एक आर्थिक एवं तकनीकी फुटप्रिंट, जो यूरोपीय देशों के औद्योगिक एवं तकनीकी आधार के समक्ष खतरा उत्पन्न कर रहा है| चीन एवं अमेरिका के मध्य महाशक्ति बनने अथवा बने रहने की होड़, जहाँ यूरोप इन सब के केंद्र में फंसा हुआ है| समकालीन समय में नाटो की प्रासंगिकता तेजी से बदलते सुरक्षा परिवेश से निपटने हेतु जैसे कि - यूक्रेन पर रूस का आक्रमण, आतंकवाद, बढ़ती वैश्विक अनिश्चितता, अधिक जटिल और विघटनकारी साइबर और हाइब्रिड खतरे, तथा अत्यधिक तेजी से होते तकनीकी परिवर्तन आदि | ये सभी वैश्विक सुरक्षा के लिए चुनौती और स्थिरता के लिए खतरे को दर्शाते हैं| इसने अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा के दायरे में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है, जैसे --> नाटो ने यूक्रेन के खिलाफ रूस की आक्रामकता की निंदा की है क्योंकि इससे अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा और स्थिरता के लिए गंभीर संकट उत्पन्न हो गया है| साथ ही यह अंतर्राष्ट्रीय कानूनों का भी स्पष्ट उल्लंघन है| नाटो ने यूक्रेन की स्वतंत्रता, संप्रभुता और क्षेत्रीय अखंडता को अपना अटूट समर्थन प्रदान किया है| नाटो सहयोगियों और साझेदार देशों ने लगभग 20 वर्षों तक अफगानिस्तान में सैन्य बलों को तैनात रखा था| इसका उद्देश्य यह सुनिश्चित करना था कि अफगानिस्तान पुनः अंतरराष्ट्रीय आतंकवादियों के लिए एक सुरक्षित पनाहगाह न बन सके| नाटो इस्लामिक स्टेट ऑफ इराक एंड सीरिया (ISIS) के खिलाफ लड़ाई में एक प्रमुख स्तंभ बना हुआ है| साथ ही यह ISIS को हराने के लिए वैश्विक गठबंधन को सहायता भी प्रदान करता है| यह विश्व का सबसे लंबे समय तक बना रहने वाला अंतर-सरकारी सुरक्षा संगठन है और समय के साथ इसके सदस्यों की संख्या में वृद्धि हुई है| कोविड के प्रति अनुक्रिया -> नाटो ने निम्नलिखित के माध्यम से कोविड- 19 संकट का सामना करने में भूमिका निभाई है -> सैन्य कर्मियों की रक्षा करके महत्वपूर्ण चिकित्सा आपूर्ति के लिए वायु परिवहन की सुविधा प्रदान करके अभिनव प्रतिक्रियाएं देने के लिए संसाधनों का उपयोग करके नाटो का पूर्व की ओर विस्तार -> हाल ही में हुए शिखर सम्मेलन में लिए गए प्रमुख निर्णय यूरोप से लेकर एशिया-प्रशांत तक पूर्व की तरफ नाटो के विस्तार की ओर इशारा करते हैं| यह एशियाई क्षेत्र में शांति एवं स्थिरता स्थापित करने में नाटो की आगामी भूमिका की ओर संकेत करता है| नाटो के दस्तावेज में पहली बार चीन का नाम आया है| हाल ही में, नाटो ने चीन पर अपना ध्यान केंद्रित किया है और इसे अपनी "सामूहिक रक्षा" के लिए उचित ठहराया है| नाटो के अनुसार इसका कारण यूरोपीय हितों पर चीन का अतिक्रमण है| जैसे --> प्रमुख बंदरगाह, जैसे ग्रीस का पीरियस बंदरगाह (Port of Piraeus) अब चीनी कंपनियों के पास हैं| ग्रीस में स्थित पीरियस बंदरगाह यूरोप के सबसे बड़े बंदरगाहों में से एक है| अटलांटिक महासागर क्षेत्र में चीनी नौसैनिक गश्त में वृद्धि; आर्कटिक सागर में चीन की बढ़ती दिलचस्पी; चीनी सरकार द्वारा पश्चिमी वाणिज्यिक और सैन्य ठिकानों पर साइबर हमले; रणनीतिक रूप से महत्वपूर्ण जलमार्ग अर्थात दक्षिण चीन सागर के संसाधन-समृद्ध जल पर चीन द्वारा स्वामित्व का दावा आदि अन्य कारक नाटो को चीन पर ध्यान केंद्रित करने हेतु प्रेरित कर रहे हैं| नाटो शिखर सम्मेलन में पहली बार चार इंडो-पैसिफिक देश, अर्थात् ऑस्ट्रेलिया, जापान, न्यूजीलैंड और द रिपब्लिक ऑफ कोरिया शामिल हुए| इन राष्ट्रों का सम्मेलन में शामिल होने का मुख्य उद्देश्य सहयोग को अधिक मजबूत करना और वैश्विक चुनौतियों से निपटना है| नाटो की उपरोक्त प्रासंगिकता को आज रूस-यूक्रेन युद्ध की पृष्ठभूमि के संदर्भ में प्रश्नगत किया जा रहा है, जहाँ नाटो के विस्तार की आकांक्षा को रूसी आक्रामकता के साथ जोड़ा जा रहा है| हालाँकि, इसके बावजूद भी वैश्विक शांति तथा स्थिरता स्थापित करने में नाटो के योगदान तथा महत्व को नकारा नहीं जा सकता है|
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What were the factors behind the rise of urbanization during the Age of Mahajanapadas. Discuss in detail. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach : Introduction - Introduce with the Age of Mahajanapadas. Main Body - Discuss the factors behind rise of urbanization during the Age of Mahajanapadas. Conclusion- Conclude appropriately. Answer - The Age of Mahajanapadas was the post-Vedic Age (600 BC-300 BC) which saw the rise of urbanization in the Indian subcontinent. This was the second period of urbanization in the Indian Subcontinent which rose nearly 1000 years after the Indus Valley Civilization. Among some important towns of the time, we can mention Champanagari ( Capital of Anga), Pataliputra ( Magadh), Vaishali, Amrapali, Varanasi, Ayodhya, Shravasti, Ujjaini, Mahismati, Taxila, etc The major factors behind the rise of urbanization during this period are: A. New Economy which started developing around the 6th Century BC characterized by the following features 1. Extension of agriculture in relatively fertile plains of the Doab and the middle Gangetic basin. 2. Increasing cultivation of new crops -rice in more suitable climatic conditions. 3. Use of a new technique of rice cultivation known as wet paddy cultivation based on paddy transplantation. 4. Increasing use of new metal Iron in agriculture which led to both intensive and extensive development of agriculture. 5. Increasing surplus production 6. Diversification of economic activities in terms of both craft specialization and exchange network. 7. Emergence of non-agricultural social classes and settlements. 8. Increasing degree of monetization. B. Heterodox Sects - Rise of heterodox sects and more conducive socio-cultural climate for economic development. C. State Formation - State formation and the rise of the ruling classes with the capacity to extend patronage to craft and artistic activities. Quite often the political and administrative centers were transformed into urban centers. D. Emergence of imperial tendencies and expansion of the economic base of the state. E. Role of the Mauryan Empire which is also described as an economic state due to its both participatory and facilitatory roles in the economy. F. Arrival of foreign ruling groups in the early Christian centuries such as Sakas, Indo-Greeks, Parthians, Kushanas, etc. Their arrival led to the establishment of commercial and cultural contacts with new areas such as West Asia, Central Asia, and even the Mediterranean world. The rise of the Roman Empire created a market for luxury goods (cotton textiles, ivory objects, and precious and semi-precious stones ). This period is the major period of Indian history which was associated with new technology ( also called as Iron Age), new ideologies ( rise of heterodox sects - Buddhism and Jainism), and a new agricultural economy. This rise of urbanization also has some implications for Indian society and polities like the rise of the merchant class, the development of new urban living and attitudes, and new practices such as gambling and prostitution.
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##Question:What were the factors behind the rise of urbanization during the Age of Mahajanapadas. Discuss in detail. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach : Introduction - Introduce with the Age of Mahajanapadas. Main Body - Discuss the factors behind rise of urbanization during the Age of Mahajanapadas. Conclusion- Conclude appropriately. Answer - The Age of Mahajanapadas was the post-Vedic Age (600 BC-300 BC) which saw the rise of urbanization in the Indian subcontinent. This was the second period of urbanization in the Indian Subcontinent which rose nearly 1000 years after the Indus Valley Civilization. Among some important towns of the time, we can mention Champanagari ( Capital of Anga), Pataliputra ( Magadh), Vaishali, Amrapali, Varanasi, Ayodhya, Shravasti, Ujjaini, Mahismati, Taxila, etc The major factors behind the rise of urbanization during this period are: A. New Economy which started developing around the 6th Century BC characterized by the following features 1. Extension of agriculture in relatively fertile plains of the Doab and the middle Gangetic basin. 2. Increasing cultivation of new crops -rice in more suitable climatic conditions. 3. Use of a new technique of rice cultivation known as wet paddy cultivation based on paddy transplantation. 4. Increasing use of new metal Iron in agriculture which led to both intensive and extensive development of agriculture. 5. Increasing surplus production 6. Diversification of economic activities in terms of both craft specialization and exchange network. 7. Emergence of non-agricultural social classes and settlements. 8. Increasing degree of monetization. B. Heterodox Sects - Rise of heterodox sects and more conducive socio-cultural climate for economic development. C. State Formation - State formation and the rise of the ruling classes with the capacity to extend patronage to craft and artistic activities. Quite often the political and administrative centers were transformed into urban centers. D. Emergence of imperial tendencies and expansion of the economic base of the state. E. Role of the Mauryan Empire which is also described as an economic state due to its both participatory and facilitatory roles in the economy. F. Arrival of foreign ruling groups in the early Christian centuries such as Sakas, Indo-Greeks, Parthians, Kushanas, etc. Their arrival led to the establishment of commercial and cultural contacts with new areas such as West Asia, Central Asia, and even the Mediterranean world. The rise of the Roman Empire created a market for luxury goods (cotton textiles, ivory objects, and precious and semi-precious stones ). This period is the major period of Indian history which was associated with new technology ( also called as Iron Age), new ideologies ( rise of heterodox sects - Buddhism and Jainism), and a new agricultural economy. This rise of urbanization also has some implications for Indian society and polities like the rise of the merchant class, the development of new urban living and attitudes, and new practices such as gambling and prostitution.
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What is inclusive growth? How can we promote inclusive growth in India? (150 words/10marks)
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APPROACH: Give UNDP"s definition of inclusive growth Explain inclusive growth along with highlighting its features. Highlight measures through which we can promote inclusive growth in India. Conclude accordingly. ANSWER: UNDP has defined inclusive growth as “the process and the outcome where all groups of people have participated in the growth and have benefited equitably from it”. India has been ranked 62nd among 74 emerging economies, below neighboring China(26th) and Pakistan(47th), in the ‘Inclusive Growth and Development Report 2018’ of the World Economic Forum (WEF). Thus, despite economic growth, inclusivity is still a distant target. Inclusive Growth- It deals with both the means and the objectives to be achieved. For instance, it focuses on empowering the weaker sections which is the means and at the same time, this empowerment leads to a better standard of living which is the end. It focuses on the participation of beneficiaries rather than simply redistribution. For example, creating employment, inculcating skills, etc. It is self-sustaining in nature as once the weaker sections are empowered they will be capable of sustaining their standard of living and there is no need for external support from the government later. The Salient features of inclusive growth are- It takes the benefits of growth to all sections of the people. Inclusive growth is expected to reduce poverty faster. Inclusive reduces vertical as well as horizontal inequalities in incomes and assets. Measures through which we can promote Inclusive Growth in India- Increasing employability – enhancing human capabilities such as through education, skill development, equal opportunities, etc. Employment Generation – MSMEs, entrepreneurship development, employment generation programs. Strengthening tax structure to increase the financial resources for the government so that redistribution of wealth can be pursued. Increase in social sector expenditure, for instance, health sector expenditure is still only around 1% in India. Streamlining government schemes, and having proper grievance redressal channels so as to curb corruption. Access to quality education without any economic and social impediments Regularisation of labor laws so that there is no discrimination on the basis of gender. Infrastructure development to boost the economy and facilitate investment so that its benefits reach all the citizens of the country. In India, there has been considerable improvement in social indicators like literacy rate, infant mortality, and death rate reduction. It has been observed that targeted initiatives like education for women, reservation system, etc. have promoted greater inclusion of SCs and STs into the mainstream socio-economic and political front. But still, there is a long way to go in achieving truly inclusive growth in India
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##Question:What is inclusive growth? How can we promote inclusive growth in India? (150 words/10marks)##Answer:APPROACH: Give UNDP"s definition of inclusive growth Explain inclusive growth along with highlighting its features. Highlight measures through which we can promote inclusive growth in India. Conclude accordingly. ANSWER: UNDP has defined inclusive growth as “the process and the outcome where all groups of people have participated in the growth and have benefited equitably from it”. India has been ranked 62nd among 74 emerging economies, below neighboring China(26th) and Pakistan(47th), in the ‘Inclusive Growth and Development Report 2018’ of the World Economic Forum (WEF). Thus, despite economic growth, inclusivity is still a distant target. Inclusive Growth- It deals with both the means and the objectives to be achieved. For instance, it focuses on empowering the weaker sections which is the means and at the same time, this empowerment leads to a better standard of living which is the end. It focuses on the participation of beneficiaries rather than simply redistribution. For example, creating employment, inculcating skills, etc. It is self-sustaining in nature as once the weaker sections are empowered they will be capable of sustaining their standard of living and there is no need for external support from the government later. The Salient features of inclusive growth are- It takes the benefits of growth to all sections of the people. Inclusive growth is expected to reduce poverty faster. Inclusive reduces vertical as well as horizontal inequalities in incomes and assets. Measures through which we can promote Inclusive Growth in India- Increasing employability – enhancing human capabilities such as through education, skill development, equal opportunities, etc. Employment Generation – MSMEs, entrepreneurship development, employment generation programs. Strengthening tax structure to increase the financial resources for the government so that redistribution of wealth can be pursued. Increase in social sector expenditure, for instance, health sector expenditure is still only around 1% in India. Streamlining government schemes, and having proper grievance redressal channels so as to curb corruption. Access to quality education without any economic and social impediments Regularisation of labor laws so that there is no discrimination on the basis of gender. Infrastructure development to boost the economy and facilitate investment so that its benefits reach all the citizens of the country. In India, there has been considerable improvement in social indicators like literacy rate, infant mortality, and death rate reduction. It has been observed that targeted initiatives like education for women, reservation system, etc. have promoted greater inclusion of SCs and STs into the mainstream socio-economic and political front. But still, there is a long way to go in achieving truly inclusive growth in India
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Elaborate on the Usual Status Approach (US) and Current Weekly Status (CWS) used for the measurement of Unemployment in India. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the definition of unemployment and its measurement in a brief manner. Then bring the explanation of the Usual status approach (US) and Current Weekly Status (CWS) Conclude accordingly Answer Unemployment is measured by various entities in the economy such as NSSO, the department of labour, RBI, private entities such as CMIE (Center for Monitoring of Indian Economy), etc. NSSO’s unemployment surveys are the most comprehensive and hence calculate unemployment more accurately as compared to others. Till 2012, Unemployment is measured through the EUS (Employment- Unemployment Survey). Usual status approach (US) It is based on the majority of time criteria. A person is judged to be in the labour force if she was looking for work for the majority of the time during the last one year i.e. 180 or more days. A person is judged to be employed if she is able to find work for the majority of the time that she was looking for the work. i.e. for the majority of the time, she was in the labour force. Principal Status: The approach described above of the majority time criterion is the principle status approach. For example, a person looking for work for 200 days is in Labour Force (greater than 183 days), and if was working for 120 days , would be considered as employed (greater than 100 days ). Subsidiary Status: If a person was not able to find work for the majority of the time that she was in the labour force, but was able to find work for more than 30 days , then her principal status is unemployed but her subsidiary status becomes employed. Current Weekly Status (CWS) Under it, the criteria for considering a person to be employed is: was the person able to find the work for at least one hour on any one day during the previous week? Even though the criteria of employment look relatively less strict as compared to the US approach, the Unemployment Rate measured using CWS is generally greater. It is because: Shorter recall period ( One week ) and hence more accurate responses. The ability of CWS to capture seasonality in employment. The current Weekly Status is time sensitive. Many jobs such as agricultural work, tourism, construction, etc. are of seasonal in nature i.e. have a high degree of variation from season to season. A person may have worked on an aggregate basis for the majority of the time during the last one years but may not have worked during the past one week. CWS captures this unemployment. In 2017, it was replaced by PLFS (Periodic Labour Force Survey), which is an annual survey. NSSO measures unemployment by assessing, and then assigning three statuses to the people Employed, unemployed and Neither Working nor looking (not in the labour force). It assigned these statuses using various criteria: usual status approach (US), current weekly status (CS) approach, and current daily status approach (CDS). The current Daily Status approach (CDS) has been discontinued.
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##Question:Elaborate on the Usual Status Approach (US) and Current Weekly Status (CWS) used for the measurement of Unemployment in India. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the definition of unemployment and its measurement in a brief manner. Then bring the explanation of the Usual status approach (US) and Current Weekly Status (CWS) Conclude accordingly Answer Unemployment is measured by various entities in the economy such as NSSO, the department of labour, RBI, private entities such as CMIE (Center for Monitoring of Indian Economy), etc. NSSO’s unemployment surveys are the most comprehensive and hence calculate unemployment more accurately as compared to others. Till 2012, Unemployment is measured through the EUS (Employment- Unemployment Survey). Usual status approach (US) It is based on the majority of time criteria. A person is judged to be in the labour force if she was looking for work for the majority of the time during the last one year i.e. 180 or more days. A person is judged to be employed if she is able to find work for the majority of the time that she was looking for the work. i.e. for the majority of the time, she was in the labour force. Principal Status: The approach described above of the majority time criterion is the principle status approach. For example, a person looking for work for 200 days is in Labour Force (greater than 183 days), and if was working for 120 days , would be considered as employed (greater than 100 days ). Subsidiary Status: If a person was not able to find work for the majority of the time that she was in the labour force, but was able to find work for more than 30 days , then her principal status is unemployed but her subsidiary status becomes employed. Current Weekly Status (CWS) Under it, the criteria for considering a person to be employed is: was the person able to find the work for at least one hour on any one day during the previous week? Even though the criteria of employment look relatively less strict as compared to the US approach, the Unemployment Rate measured using CWS is generally greater. It is because: Shorter recall period ( One week ) and hence more accurate responses. The ability of CWS to capture seasonality in employment. The current Weekly Status is time sensitive. Many jobs such as agricultural work, tourism, construction, etc. are of seasonal in nature i.e. have a high degree of variation from season to season. A person may have worked on an aggregate basis for the majority of the time during the last one years but may not have worked during the past one week. CWS captures this unemployment. In 2017, it was replaced by PLFS (Periodic Labour Force Survey), which is an annual survey. NSSO measures unemployment by assessing, and then assigning three statuses to the people Employed, unemployed and Neither Working nor looking (not in the labour force). It assigned these statuses using various criteria: usual status approach (US), current weekly status (CS) approach, and current daily status approach (CDS). The current Daily Status approach (CDS) has been discontinued.
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खतरनाक अपशिष्टों से आप क्या समझते हैं? इनके नियंत्रण की दिशा में हुए अंतर्राष्ट्रीय एवं राष्ट्रीय प्रयासों की चर्चा कीजिये (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) What do you understand by hazardous waste? Discuss the international and national efforts made towards their control (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में अपशिष्टों की चर्चा करते हुए खतरनाक अपशिष्टों को परिभाषित कीजिए 2- प्रथम खंड में अपशिष्टों के प्रभावों की चर्चा कीजिए 3- दूसरे खंड में खतरनाक अपशिष्टों के प्रबंधन के संदर्भ में अंतर्राष्ट्रीय एवं राष्ट्रीय प्रयासों की चर्चा कीजिये 4- अंतिम में उचित निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए कोई भी वस्तु या पदार्थ जो उपयोगी नहीं है या उपयोग में नहीं लाया जा सकता और आप उसे फेंक देते हैं, वह अपशिष्ट है| प्रकृति में पदार्थों को पुनर्चक्रण करने की क्षमता होती है किंतु जिस तरीक़े से मनुष्य की भौतिकवादी प्रवृत्ति बढ़ रही है और जनसंख्या वृद्धि हो रही है, उसके कारण अपशिष्ट इतनी तेज़ी से प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण में आ रहे हैं कि प्रकृति के पुनर्चक्रण की क्षमता से बाहर होकर कचरे के ढेर में परिवर्तित होते जा रहे हैं जो मानव, जीव -जंतु एवं प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण के विभिन्न घटकों के लिए नुक़सानदायक साबित हो रहा है| ऐसा कोई भी अपशिष्ट जो अपने भौतिक, रासायनिक, प्रतिक्रियाशीलता, ज्वलनशीलता आदि गुणों के कारण मानव के साथ साथ पर्यावरण और उसके विभिन्न घटकों के लिए हानिकारक हो तो उसे खतरनाक अपशिष्ट कहते हैं जैसे- नाभिकीय अपशिष्ट, इलेक्ट्रोनिक कचरा; बायो मेडिकल अपशिष्ट एवं प्लास्टिक अपशिष्ट | खतरनाक अपशिष्ट प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण के विभिन्न घटकों जैसे-मृदा, वायु, जल को प्रदूषित और निम्नीकृत करता है; यह महासागरीय पर्यावरण और उसके जीवों के विनाश का कारण बन रहा है; कई कचरे ग्रीन हाउस गैसों का उत्सर्जन कर भू-मंडलीय तापन को बढ़ावा दे रहे हैं; कई बार पशु-पक्षी जीव जंतु इसे आहार समझकर खा जाते हैं जिनसे उन्हें कई प्रकार की बीमारियाँ होती है; मानवीय स्वास्थ्य के लिए भी यह हानिकारक है; खाद्य ऋंखला में जैव-आवर्धन को बढ़ावा देता है; यह प्रकृति की सुंदरता को ख़राब कर रहा है अतः राष्ट्रीय- अन्तराष्ट्रीय स्तर पर इनके नियंत्रण की दिशा में अनेक प्रयास किए गए हैं| अन्तराष्ट्रीय प्रयास बेसल कन्वेंशन- 1989 में अपनाया गया; 1992 से लागू; यह खतरनाक अपशिष्टों के सीमापार आवागमन का नियंत्रण एवं वैज्ञानिक प्रबन्धन पर बल देता है राटरडम कन्वेंशन- इसे 1998 में अपनाया गया और 2004 से लागू है; संयुक्त राष्ट्र खाद्य एवं कृषि संगठन (FAO) और UNEP द्वारा संयुक्त रूप से प्रशासित कन्वेंशन है| यह कन्वेंशन खतरनाक रसायन और कीट नाशकों के अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार में पूर्व सूचित सहमति प्रक्रिया को बाध्यकारी बनाया गया है स्टाकहोम कन्वेंशन- यह 2001 में अपनाया गया और 2004 से लागू है; यह स्थायी कार्बनिक प्रदूषकों (Pops) के उन्मूलन और नियंत्रण और कमी लाने से सम्बन्धित समझौता है| पहले इसमें 12 प्रदूषक शामिल थे जिसे डर्टी डोजेन कहा जाता था; अब इसमें 30 प्रदूषक शामिल हैं| ग्लोबल एनवायरनमेंटल फैसिलिटी (GEF), इस व्यवस्था को लागू करने के लिए वित्तीय सहायता उपलब्ध कराता है मिनीमाता कन्वेंशन- 2013 में अपनाया गया; 2017 से लागू है; यह UNEP के द्वारा लागू संधि है| भारत भी इसका पक्षकार है, जिसने 2018 में इसकी पुष्टि की है| यह समझौता पारे के मानवीय कारणों से उत्पादन को चरणबद्ध रूप से समाप्त करने या नियंत्रित करने पर आधारित है| राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर प्रयास ख़तरनाक अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन नियम- 2016 इसमें ख़तरनाक अपशिष्ट को परिभाषित किया गया है इसमें अपशिष्टों के प्राथमिकता के अनुसार प्रबन्धन पर बल दिया गया है जैसे- खतरनाक अपशिष्टों की रोकथाम; खतरनाक अपशिष्टों का न्यूनीकरण; पुनः उपयोग; पुनर्चक्रण; पुनर्प्राप्ति; सुरक्षित परिवहन, इस क़ानून के तहत राज्य सरकार को विशिष्ट ज़िम्मेदारी दी गयी है; अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मानकों के पालन करने पर बल दिया गया है प्लास्टिक अपशिष्ट प्रबन्धन नियम 2016 इस कानून का विस्तार ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों तक कर दिया गया है जहाँ इसे लागू करने की जिम्मेदारी ग्रामपंचायत एवं स्थानीय निकायों पर है स्रोत क्षेत्र पर ही संग्रहण पर बल है निर्माता द्वारा उत्पादन और वितरण का रिकॉर्ड रखना अनिवार्य है केन्द्रीय प्रदूषण नियंत्रण बोर्ड को थर्मोस्टेट प्लास्टिक के प्रबन्धन के लिए दिशा निर्देश जारी करने का अधिकार दिया गया है इसमें प्लास्टिक थैले/कैरी बैग की न्यूनतम मोटाई 50 माइक्रोन मानी गयी है ध्यातव्य है कि भारत में 2022 में सिंगल यूज प्लास्टिक प्रतिबन्ध नियम के तहत 75 माइक्रोन तक की मोटाई वाले 19 वस्तुओं के उपयोग पर प्रतिबन्ध लगा दिया गया है| इस तरह से देखते हैं कि खतरनाक अपशिष्टों के प्रबंधन की दिशा में राष्ट्रीय एवं अन्तराष्ट्रीय स्तर पर अनेक प्रयास किए गए हैं
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##Question:खतरनाक अपशिष्टों से आप क्या समझते हैं? इनके नियंत्रण की दिशा में हुए अंतर्राष्ट्रीय एवं राष्ट्रीय प्रयासों की चर्चा कीजिये (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) What do you understand by hazardous waste? Discuss the international and national efforts made towards their control (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में अपशिष्टों की चर्चा करते हुए खतरनाक अपशिष्टों को परिभाषित कीजिए 2- प्रथम खंड में अपशिष्टों के प्रभावों की चर्चा कीजिए 3- दूसरे खंड में खतरनाक अपशिष्टों के प्रबंधन के संदर्भ में अंतर्राष्ट्रीय एवं राष्ट्रीय प्रयासों की चर्चा कीजिये 4- अंतिम में उचित निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए कोई भी वस्तु या पदार्थ जो उपयोगी नहीं है या उपयोग में नहीं लाया जा सकता और आप उसे फेंक देते हैं, वह अपशिष्ट है| प्रकृति में पदार्थों को पुनर्चक्रण करने की क्षमता होती है किंतु जिस तरीक़े से मनुष्य की भौतिकवादी प्रवृत्ति बढ़ रही है और जनसंख्या वृद्धि हो रही है, उसके कारण अपशिष्ट इतनी तेज़ी से प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण में आ रहे हैं कि प्रकृति के पुनर्चक्रण की क्षमता से बाहर होकर कचरे के ढेर में परिवर्तित होते जा रहे हैं जो मानव, जीव -जंतु एवं प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण के विभिन्न घटकों के लिए नुक़सानदायक साबित हो रहा है| ऐसा कोई भी अपशिष्ट जो अपने भौतिक, रासायनिक, प्रतिक्रियाशीलता, ज्वलनशीलता आदि गुणों के कारण मानव के साथ साथ पर्यावरण और उसके विभिन्न घटकों के लिए हानिकारक हो तो उसे खतरनाक अपशिष्ट कहते हैं जैसे- नाभिकीय अपशिष्ट, इलेक्ट्रोनिक कचरा; बायो मेडिकल अपशिष्ट एवं प्लास्टिक अपशिष्ट | खतरनाक अपशिष्ट प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण के विभिन्न घटकों जैसे-मृदा, वायु, जल को प्रदूषित और निम्नीकृत करता है; यह महासागरीय पर्यावरण और उसके जीवों के विनाश का कारण बन रहा है; कई कचरे ग्रीन हाउस गैसों का उत्सर्जन कर भू-मंडलीय तापन को बढ़ावा दे रहे हैं; कई बार पशु-पक्षी जीव जंतु इसे आहार समझकर खा जाते हैं जिनसे उन्हें कई प्रकार की बीमारियाँ होती है; मानवीय स्वास्थ्य के लिए भी यह हानिकारक है; खाद्य ऋंखला में जैव-आवर्धन को बढ़ावा देता है; यह प्रकृति की सुंदरता को ख़राब कर रहा है अतः राष्ट्रीय- अन्तराष्ट्रीय स्तर पर इनके नियंत्रण की दिशा में अनेक प्रयास किए गए हैं| अन्तराष्ट्रीय प्रयास बेसल कन्वेंशन- 1989 में अपनाया गया; 1992 से लागू; यह खतरनाक अपशिष्टों के सीमापार आवागमन का नियंत्रण एवं वैज्ञानिक प्रबन्धन पर बल देता है राटरडम कन्वेंशन- इसे 1998 में अपनाया गया और 2004 से लागू है; संयुक्त राष्ट्र खाद्य एवं कृषि संगठन (FAO) और UNEP द्वारा संयुक्त रूप से प्रशासित कन्वेंशन है| यह कन्वेंशन खतरनाक रसायन और कीट नाशकों के अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार में पूर्व सूचित सहमति प्रक्रिया को बाध्यकारी बनाया गया है स्टाकहोम कन्वेंशन- यह 2001 में अपनाया गया और 2004 से लागू है; यह स्थायी कार्बनिक प्रदूषकों (Pops) के उन्मूलन और नियंत्रण और कमी लाने से सम्बन्धित समझौता है| पहले इसमें 12 प्रदूषक शामिल थे जिसे डर्टी डोजेन कहा जाता था; अब इसमें 30 प्रदूषक शामिल हैं| ग्लोबल एनवायरनमेंटल फैसिलिटी (GEF), इस व्यवस्था को लागू करने के लिए वित्तीय सहायता उपलब्ध कराता है मिनीमाता कन्वेंशन- 2013 में अपनाया गया; 2017 से लागू है; यह UNEP के द्वारा लागू संधि है| भारत भी इसका पक्षकार है, जिसने 2018 में इसकी पुष्टि की है| यह समझौता पारे के मानवीय कारणों से उत्पादन को चरणबद्ध रूप से समाप्त करने या नियंत्रित करने पर आधारित है| राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर प्रयास ख़तरनाक अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन नियम- 2016 इसमें ख़तरनाक अपशिष्ट को परिभाषित किया गया है इसमें अपशिष्टों के प्राथमिकता के अनुसार प्रबन्धन पर बल दिया गया है जैसे- खतरनाक अपशिष्टों की रोकथाम; खतरनाक अपशिष्टों का न्यूनीकरण; पुनः उपयोग; पुनर्चक्रण; पुनर्प्राप्ति; सुरक्षित परिवहन, इस क़ानून के तहत राज्य सरकार को विशिष्ट ज़िम्मेदारी दी गयी है; अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मानकों के पालन करने पर बल दिया गया है प्लास्टिक अपशिष्ट प्रबन्धन नियम 2016 इस कानून का विस्तार ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों तक कर दिया गया है जहाँ इसे लागू करने की जिम्मेदारी ग्रामपंचायत एवं स्थानीय निकायों पर है स्रोत क्षेत्र पर ही संग्रहण पर बल है निर्माता द्वारा उत्पादन और वितरण का रिकॉर्ड रखना अनिवार्य है केन्द्रीय प्रदूषण नियंत्रण बोर्ड को थर्मोस्टेट प्लास्टिक के प्रबन्धन के लिए दिशा निर्देश जारी करने का अधिकार दिया गया है इसमें प्लास्टिक थैले/कैरी बैग की न्यूनतम मोटाई 50 माइक्रोन मानी गयी है ध्यातव्य है कि भारत में 2022 में सिंगल यूज प्लास्टिक प्रतिबन्ध नियम के तहत 75 माइक्रोन तक की मोटाई वाले 19 वस्तुओं के उपयोग पर प्रतिबन्ध लगा दिया गया है| इस तरह से देखते हैं कि खतरनाक अपशिष्टों के प्रबंधन की दिशा में राष्ट्रीय एवं अन्तराष्ट्रीय स्तर पर अनेक प्रयास किए गए हैं
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Despite the similarity in the Indian Parliamentary system with that of the British model, the Indian Parliamentary system model is not a replica of the British System. Comment. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the Parliamentary Form of Government and the contextual background under which India adopted it. Then bring the similarities of the Indian Parliamentary form of Government with the British Modal. Then further discuss the deviation and modification in the Indian model of Parliamentary Government. Then conclude accordingly. Answer India opted for the Parliamentary form of democracy as per its colonial legacy and the experience of the leaders of the Indian freedom struggle. The Indian constitution establishes the parliamentary government both at the center and the states. The Parliamentary form of government is based on the principle of cooperation and coordination between the legislative and executive organs, and not a watertight separation of powers between the two organs. India opted for the Parliamentary model of government based on the British modal.Thus, both exhibit certain common features such as: Both British and Indian systems are based on the Collective responsibility of the executive to the legislature. Both systems are based on the nominal as well as the real executives. Dissolution of the lower house. Both systems have the provision for the Membership of the executive in the legislature. Both systems are based on the Majority party rule, with the leadership of the Prime Minister. However, the Indian parliamentary system never became an exact copy of the British model and modified its features to suit Indian polity. Thus, there are a few fundamental differences between the two systems: I ndia is a republican democracy with an elected head of state. The British system is based on a constitutional monarchy with a hereditary head of state. Under the Indian parliamentary system of government, the Prime Minister may be a member of any two houses of Parliament , while in the British system the Prime Minister should compulsorily belong to the Lower House of Parliament . In the British Parliamentary system, the Parliament is supreme and can amend the constitution without any restrictions, however, the Parliament enjoys restricted power in India due to a written constitution, federal system, judicial review, and fundamental rights. The shadow cabinet is a feature of the British cabinet system. This shadow cabinet is formed by the opposition party to balance the ruling cabinet. It prepared the member of the shadow cabinet for the future ministerial office. This cabinet system is absent under the Indian Parliamentary system. Under the British system, the members of the parliament alone are appointed as ministers. Under the Indian system, a person who is not a member of Parliament can also be appointed as minister, for a maximum period of six months, pending election to either of the house of parliament. In Britain, every minister is individually responsible for the Acts passed . The ministers under the Indian system of parliamentary form of government do not have individual or legal responsibility. In India, the ministers are not required to countersign the official acts. Thus, based on the above difference, it is evident that despite the similarity of with British system of the Parliamentary democracy Indian system is to replica or copy of it. We have molded the system as per the Indian needs.
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##Question:Despite the similarity in the Indian Parliamentary system with that of the British model, the Indian Parliamentary system model is not a replica of the British System. Comment. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the Parliamentary Form of Government and the contextual background under which India adopted it. Then bring the similarities of the Indian Parliamentary form of Government with the British Modal. Then further discuss the deviation and modification in the Indian model of Parliamentary Government. Then conclude accordingly. Answer India opted for the Parliamentary form of democracy as per its colonial legacy and the experience of the leaders of the Indian freedom struggle. The Indian constitution establishes the parliamentary government both at the center and the states. The Parliamentary form of government is based on the principle of cooperation and coordination between the legislative and executive organs, and not a watertight separation of powers between the two organs. India opted for the Parliamentary model of government based on the British modal.Thus, both exhibit certain common features such as: Both British and Indian systems are based on the Collective responsibility of the executive to the legislature. Both systems are based on the nominal as well as the real executives. Dissolution of the lower house. Both systems have the provision for the Membership of the executive in the legislature. Both systems are based on the Majority party rule, with the leadership of the Prime Minister. However, the Indian parliamentary system never became an exact copy of the British model and modified its features to suit Indian polity. Thus, there are a few fundamental differences between the two systems: I ndia is a republican democracy with an elected head of state. The British system is based on a constitutional monarchy with a hereditary head of state. Under the Indian parliamentary system of government, the Prime Minister may be a member of any two houses of Parliament , while in the British system the Prime Minister should compulsorily belong to the Lower House of Parliament . In the British Parliamentary system, the Parliament is supreme and can amend the constitution without any restrictions, however, the Parliament enjoys restricted power in India due to a written constitution, federal system, judicial review, and fundamental rights. The shadow cabinet is a feature of the British cabinet system. This shadow cabinet is formed by the opposition party to balance the ruling cabinet. It prepared the member of the shadow cabinet for the future ministerial office. This cabinet system is absent under the Indian Parliamentary system. Under the British system, the members of the parliament alone are appointed as ministers. Under the Indian system, a person who is not a member of Parliament can also be appointed as minister, for a maximum period of six months, pending election to either of the house of parliament. In Britain, every minister is individually responsible for the Acts passed . The ministers under the Indian system of parliamentary form of government do not have individual or legal responsibility. In India, the ministers are not required to countersign the official acts. Thus, based on the above difference, it is evident that despite the similarity of with British system of the Parliamentary democracy Indian system is to replica or copy of it. We have molded the system as per the Indian needs.
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Briefly discuss Paleolithic age by focusing on paleolithic tools and climatic conditions. (10 marks/150 words)
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Approach: 1. Introduce by mentioning the prehistoric period 2. Discuss paleolithic age 3. Conclude your answer by writing briefly about the succeeding ages. The prehistoric phase is that phase of history in which no written records are found. In the Indian Sub-continent, all Stone age cultures such as Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic, and some metal age cultures like Chalcolithic and megalithic (iron age) are supposed to be prehistoric. It includes the cultures like Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Neolithic. The term ‘Palaeolithic’ is derived from the Greek word ‘palaeo’ which means old and ‘lithic’ meaning stone. Therefore, the term Palaeolithic age refers to the old stone age. The time period of the Paleolithic age is from 2 MYA to 10,000 Before the Present. It is the oldest and the longest of all 3 historic cultural phases. The oldest paleolithic sites have been discovered in the North Western parts of the Indian subcontinent. There are 3 Phases of this age 1. Lower Paleolithic 2. Middle Paleolithic, and 3. Upper Paleolithic Tools: 1. Lower Paleolithic tools are known as core tools or pebble flakes. They are heavier, cruder, and made of hard stones like quartzite, granite, limestone, etc. The lower paleolithic tool kit consists of Chopper-Chopping, hand axes, and cleavers. The oldest tools belong to the so-called Sohan industry first discovered at Riwat situated in the basin of River Sohan in Potwar Plateau in the North Western part of the subcontinent. Another school belonging to the Lower Paleolithic is known as the Madras school (or Madrasian school) which consists of hand axes mainly made in Acheulian style. The tools of the Madras industry were discovered at the earliest. These were discovered at the Pallavaram (Athirapakkam) by Robert Bruce Foote (Father of Indian Prehistory). 2. The tools of the Middle Paleolithic are called flakes. These were smaller and sharper. 3. The tools of the Upper Paleolithic are called blades (baked blades) and burins. Climate: Throughout the Paleolithic age, we find the Pleistocene type of climate. It was cold and was characterized by alternate phases of glaciation and interglaciation. The Paleolithic Age is also called the Ice age because the entire earth was covered with snow and sunshine coming on the earth was a rare occasion. Most parts of the Earth were covered with ice. The resources of the earth were locked under ice sheets. Floral and faunal resources were limited. The developments that took place in this age laid the foundations of the Mesolithic and neolithic ages. The mesolithic age was very small and is considered as a transitional phase. This was followed by the Neolithic age.
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##Question:Briefly discuss Paleolithic age by focusing on paleolithic tools and climatic conditions. (10 marks/150 words)##Answer:Approach: 1. Introduce by mentioning the prehistoric period 2. Discuss paleolithic age 3. Conclude your answer by writing briefly about the succeeding ages. The prehistoric phase is that phase of history in which no written records are found. In the Indian Sub-continent, all Stone age cultures such as Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic, and some metal age cultures like Chalcolithic and megalithic (iron age) are supposed to be prehistoric. It includes the cultures like Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Neolithic. The term ‘Palaeolithic’ is derived from the Greek word ‘palaeo’ which means old and ‘lithic’ meaning stone. Therefore, the term Palaeolithic age refers to the old stone age. The time period of the Paleolithic age is from 2 MYA to 10,000 Before the Present. It is the oldest and the longest of all 3 historic cultural phases. The oldest paleolithic sites have been discovered in the North Western parts of the Indian subcontinent. There are 3 Phases of this age 1. Lower Paleolithic 2. Middle Paleolithic, and 3. Upper Paleolithic Tools: 1. Lower Paleolithic tools are known as core tools or pebble flakes. They are heavier, cruder, and made of hard stones like quartzite, granite, limestone, etc. The lower paleolithic tool kit consists of Chopper-Chopping, hand axes, and cleavers. The oldest tools belong to the so-called Sohan industry first discovered at Riwat situated in the basin of River Sohan in Potwar Plateau in the North Western part of the subcontinent. Another school belonging to the Lower Paleolithic is known as the Madras school (or Madrasian school) which consists of hand axes mainly made in Acheulian style. The tools of the Madras industry were discovered at the earliest. These were discovered at the Pallavaram (Athirapakkam) by Robert Bruce Foote (Father of Indian Prehistory). 2. The tools of the Middle Paleolithic are called flakes. These were smaller and sharper. 3. The tools of the Upper Paleolithic are called blades (baked blades) and burins. Climate: Throughout the Paleolithic age, we find the Pleistocene type of climate. It was cold and was characterized by alternate phases of glaciation and interglaciation. The Paleolithic Age is also called the Ice age because the entire earth was covered with snow and sunshine coming on the earth was a rare occasion. Most parts of the Earth were covered with ice. The resources of the earth were locked under ice sheets. Floral and faunal resources were limited. The developments that took place in this age laid the foundations of the Mesolithic and neolithic ages. The mesolithic age was very small and is considered as a transitional phase. This was followed by the Neolithic age.
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The flaws in the framing of public policy are the reason for the lack of inclusive growth in India. In light of the above statement discuss the reasons for the failure of public policy in India and suggest solutions. (10 marks/150 words).
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Approach: Introduction- Explain the term Public Policy Main Body- 1. Discuss the reasons for failure 2. List down the various solutions Conclusion- Write about Public policy in India Answer: Public Policies are governmental decisions and resultant actions in pursuance of certain goals and objectives. It requires a thoroughly close-knit relationship and interaction between the important governmental agencies- political executive, legislature, bureaucracy, and the judiciary. In other words, Public policy is a proposed course of action of a government within a given environment providing opportunities and obstacles which the policy aims to utilize and overcome to realize a given role. Reasons for failure of public policy There is always a conflict between providing immediate relief to poor people from poverty through subsidies (poverty alleviation) and removal of poverty in a long term. More often than not poverty removal is restricted only to poverty alleviation. With the emergence DBT corruption has significantly come down in the implementation of developmental and welfare schemes but central and state governments are focusing more on DBTs to provide temporary relief from poverty to the people. This has resulted in the diversion of limited financial resources for revenue expenditure. It has left the government with very limited finances to be spent on capital expenditure. Since there is very little capital expenditure by the government infrastructure has not improved especially at the local level. The lack of sufficient infrastructure has come in the way of private sector investment. Since there is insufficient private sector investment economic growth is not satisfactory. Vast sections of society could also not get any productive employment because of the absence of private sector participation. It ultimately resulted in poor people remaining poor only. Due to the increase in population as well as an increase in poverty levels, subsidy expenditure of the government went up. This resulted in a vicious cycle of poverty. It is one of the important reasons for the failure of public policies in India. Other reasons- Wrong identification of beneficiaries- It has been found that most people do not deserve the subsidies that they are getting from the government. Eg- Acc. to various reports of government, only 23% of our population is living BPL but food subsidies are given to 67% of our population due to political populism. It has resulted in a huge amount of unproductive subsidies. The centralized top-down approach is also one of the reasons for the failure of public policies in India. One size fits all approach "has failed in the country" due to the vast diversity that the country has. Eg- under NREGA 100 days of employment is provided, in a state like Punjab it may not be required because of excellent irrigation facilities farmers can produce three crops in a year. On the other hand, 100 days of employment is not enough for a state like Rajasthan, it needs at least 250 days of employment, Most of the centrally sponsored schemes have been a failure because of this one size fits all approach to development. High level of secrecy in the implementation of welfare schemes - It is said that the average Indian villager is expected to receive the benefits of at least 350 schemes of central and state government but they have knowledge of a maximum of 10 schemes, which can result in high levels of corruption. In India, only line-item budgets are presented by the government whereas in the budgetary document provides information about the program to be implemented by the government and the amount of money allocated, it is not linked to output or outcome. Eg- on Sarv Shikha Abhiyan if the government is spending 20K crores, the budgetary document does not provide any information about the outcomes to be achieved. Since we have only line item budgets it is not possible to conduct either performance audit of welfare schemes, reducing the accountability of administration. Development administration in India is dominated by bureaucracy only i.e it is the bureaucracy that formulates the policies, it is also responsible for their implementation and finally, only the bureaucracy evaluates the performance of these policies. Citizens and stakeholders are not at all involved in the entire development process they are only considered passive beneficiaries of welfare schemes and not active participants. The multiplicity of schemes has only resulted in the wastage of resources for ex- there are multiple schemes in the agriculture sector like irrigation, marketing, credit, insurance, MSP, fertilizer subsidies, and so on. It has only resulted in the duplication of schemes and the wastage of resources. Solutions- 1. The government should ensure a balance between welfare and development. There should be a time limit for subsidies given by the government. Every year the number of subsidies should be progressively reduced. 2. The government should identify the right beneficiaries for welfare schemes. Political populism should not dominate economic rationality, there must be a political consensus in the country regarding the identification of true beneficiaries. Exclusion principles can be used to identify real beneficiaries At present political parties focus more on including unwanted beneficiaries for short-term political gains. 3. Decentralised and participative approach should be followed for a welfare administration in the country. The central government can broadly define policy objectives of centrally sponsored schemes (CSS), it should give more freedom to the state government and local bodies in implementation. 4. As suggested by 2nd ARC, Niti Aayog, and various pay commissions, the number of CSS should be less than 10. The government must merge multiple schemes implemented in specific sectors so that wastage and duplication can be reduced. Creating awareness among the stakeholder & beneficiaries, so that they can actively participate in the implementation of the schemes. 5. Line item budgets should be replaced with outcome budgets at all levels i.e Union, state, and local self-government. 6. Citizen charters should be mandatory for all developmental and welfare schemes. 7. Strict implementation of section 4 of RTI so that there is complete transparency in the functioning of the government. 8 E-gov can be used to ensure the participation of stakeholders in development administration. 9. Social audits should be made mandatory for all welfare schemes and they should be given legal status also. 10. There must be effective grievance redressal mechanisms for citizens in case they fail to receive benefits on time of developmental and welfare schemes. 11. Like FRBM both central state governments must be mandated legally to spend a significant portion of their expenditure on infrastructure, both physical and social infrastructure. In India, the role of Policy formulation was taken up by Planning Commission which is now replaced by Niti Ayog. The first major goal of public policy in India has been in the area of socio-economic development. Major policy formulation in India was done in the area of Industrial and agricultural development.
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##Question:The flaws in the framing of public policy are the reason for the lack of inclusive growth in India. In light of the above statement discuss the reasons for the failure of public policy in India and suggest solutions. (10 marks/150 words).##Answer:Approach: Introduction- Explain the term Public Policy Main Body- 1. Discuss the reasons for failure 2. List down the various solutions Conclusion- Write about Public policy in India Answer: Public Policies are governmental decisions and resultant actions in pursuance of certain goals and objectives. It requires a thoroughly close-knit relationship and interaction between the important governmental agencies- political executive, legislature, bureaucracy, and the judiciary. In other words, Public policy is a proposed course of action of a government within a given environment providing opportunities and obstacles which the policy aims to utilize and overcome to realize a given role. Reasons for failure of public policy There is always a conflict between providing immediate relief to poor people from poverty through subsidies (poverty alleviation) and removal of poverty in a long term. More often than not poverty removal is restricted only to poverty alleviation. With the emergence DBT corruption has significantly come down in the implementation of developmental and welfare schemes but central and state governments are focusing more on DBTs to provide temporary relief from poverty to the people. This has resulted in the diversion of limited financial resources for revenue expenditure. It has left the government with very limited finances to be spent on capital expenditure. Since there is very little capital expenditure by the government infrastructure has not improved especially at the local level. The lack of sufficient infrastructure has come in the way of private sector investment. Since there is insufficient private sector investment economic growth is not satisfactory. Vast sections of society could also not get any productive employment because of the absence of private sector participation. It ultimately resulted in poor people remaining poor only. Due to the increase in population as well as an increase in poverty levels, subsidy expenditure of the government went up. This resulted in a vicious cycle of poverty. It is one of the important reasons for the failure of public policies in India. Other reasons- Wrong identification of beneficiaries- It has been found that most people do not deserve the subsidies that they are getting from the government. Eg- Acc. to various reports of government, only 23% of our population is living BPL but food subsidies are given to 67% of our population due to political populism. It has resulted in a huge amount of unproductive subsidies. The centralized top-down approach is also one of the reasons for the failure of public policies in India. One size fits all approach "has failed in the country" due to the vast diversity that the country has. Eg- under NREGA 100 days of employment is provided, in a state like Punjab it may not be required because of excellent irrigation facilities farmers can produce three crops in a year. On the other hand, 100 days of employment is not enough for a state like Rajasthan, it needs at least 250 days of employment, Most of the centrally sponsored schemes have been a failure because of this one size fits all approach to development. High level of secrecy in the implementation of welfare schemes - It is said that the average Indian villager is expected to receive the benefits of at least 350 schemes of central and state government but they have knowledge of a maximum of 10 schemes, which can result in high levels of corruption. In India, only line-item budgets are presented by the government whereas in the budgetary document provides information about the program to be implemented by the government and the amount of money allocated, it is not linked to output or outcome. Eg- on Sarv Shikha Abhiyan if the government is spending 20K crores, the budgetary document does not provide any information about the outcomes to be achieved. Since we have only line item budgets it is not possible to conduct either performance audit of welfare schemes, reducing the accountability of administration. Development administration in India is dominated by bureaucracy only i.e it is the bureaucracy that formulates the policies, it is also responsible for their implementation and finally, only the bureaucracy evaluates the performance of these policies. Citizens and stakeholders are not at all involved in the entire development process they are only considered passive beneficiaries of welfare schemes and not active participants. The multiplicity of schemes has only resulted in the wastage of resources for ex- there are multiple schemes in the agriculture sector like irrigation, marketing, credit, insurance, MSP, fertilizer subsidies, and so on. It has only resulted in the duplication of schemes and the wastage of resources. Solutions- 1. The government should ensure a balance between welfare and development. There should be a time limit for subsidies given by the government. Every year the number of subsidies should be progressively reduced. 2. The government should identify the right beneficiaries for welfare schemes. Political populism should not dominate economic rationality, there must be a political consensus in the country regarding the identification of true beneficiaries. Exclusion principles can be used to identify real beneficiaries At present political parties focus more on including unwanted beneficiaries for short-term political gains. 3. Decentralised and participative approach should be followed for a welfare administration in the country. The central government can broadly define policy objectives of centrally sponsored schemes (CSS), it should give more freedom to the state government and local bodies in implementation. 4. As suggested by 2nd ARC, Niti Aayog, and various pay commissions, the number of CSS should be less than 10. The government must merge multiple schemes implemented in specific sectors so that wastage and duplication can be reduced. Creating awareness among the stakeholder & beneficiaries, so that they can actively participate in the implementation of the schemes. 5. Line item budgets should be replaced with outcome budgets at all levels i.e Union, state, and local self-government. 6. Citizen charters should be mandatory for all developmental and welfare schemes. 7. Strict implementation of section 4 of RTI so that there is complete transparency in the functioning of the government. 8 E-gov can be used to ensure the participation of stakeholders in development administration. 9. Social audits should be made mandatory for all welfare schemes and they should be given legal status also. 10. There must be effective grievance redressal mechanisms for citizens in case they fail to receive benefits on time of developmental and welfare schemes. 11. Like FRBM both central state governments must be mandated legally to spend a significant portion of their expenditure on infrastructure, both physical and social infrastructure. In India, the role of Policy formulation was taken up by Planning Commission which is now replaced by Niti Ayog. The first major goal of public policy in India has been in the area of socio-economic development. Major policy formulation in India was done in the area of Industrial and agricultural development.
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How will you use social influence to ensure the successful implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission? (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the definition of social influence. Then Link the statement with French and Raven"s theory of social power with the use of the hub and spoke. In the main body interlink rewards and other powers with examples associated with Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM). Finally, conclude with philosophical note on Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) is based on the Gandhian philosophy of cleanliness with godliness. Answer As once Gandhiji said Sanitation is more important than independence . Thus the main aim and objectives of the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) are achieving sanitation can be achieved by the best use of Social influence. Social influence is defined as a process where a person’s behavior, thoughts, feelings, and attitude change due to interaction with one or more persons directly or indirectly. For example COVID caller tunes, or political slogans used in the election campaigns. Besides that, a person following traffic rules can influence the behavior of those who don’t follow them. Knowledge of Social influence can help us in changing the attitude, behavior, thoughts, etc. of others. Thus it can be used for ensuring the successful implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) with the use of five social powers given by the French and Raven in the following manner: According to French and Raven, Social Influence can be brought about through the use of social power. There exist 5 types of social power: Reward, Coercive, Expert, Legitimate, and Referent. Reward Power: People’s perception that the social agent has the ability to give rewards. Cash rewards to villages and districts working for Open Defecation Free (ODF) campaign can help in changing behavior to achieve SBM. Coercive power: People’s perception that the social agent has the ability to give punishment. For example, government and administration can impose fines for the violation of laws and rules e.g. spitting in public; throwing garbage on the roads, and ensuring that these fines will be imposed if they will violate them. Expert Power: People believe that social agent is superior as they have special knowledge. Thus government can use experts like doctors and health experts to make people aware of the benefits of sanitation and hygiene and also the side effects in terms of the health and nutrition of children. Besides that, they can also inform people how lack of sanitation affects the stunting of children. Legitimate: People believe that social agent has the legitimate right to prescribe behavior. With respect to the SBM the village administration and state government machinery can legitimate power to implement SBM. Referent Power: People identify with the social agent because the social agent is charismatic for the people. Thus the use of celebrities or people who are revered as role models can be very impactful for inculcating the behavior of sanitation. For example Amitabh Bacchan and Vidya Balan doing the camping for Swachh Bharat Abhiyan as we have seen such success in the case of the Polio Eradication. Thus, social influence can be a very useful tool to bring change from within the society is a true manifestation of Gandhiji"s idea of "Be the Change you wish to see in the world" and to achieve Gandhian ideals of “ Cleanliness is next to godliness ”.
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##Question:How will you use social influence to ensure the successful implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission? (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the definition of social influence. Then Link the statement with French and Raven"s theory of social power with the use of the hub and spoke. In the main body interlink rewards and other powers with examples associated with Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM). Finally, conclude with philosophical note on Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) is based on the Gandhian philosophy of cleanliness with godliness. Answer As once Gandhiji said Sanitation is more important than independence . Thus the main aim and objectives of the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) are achieving sanitation can be achieved by the best use of Social influence. Social influence is defined as a process where a person’s behavior, thoughts, feelings, and attitude change due to interaction with one or more persons directly or indirectly. For example COVID caller tunes, or political slogans used in the election campaigns. Besides that, a person following traffic rules can influence the behavior of those who don’t follow them. Knowledge of Social influence can help us in changing the attitude, behavior, thoughts, etc. of others. Thus it can be used for ensuring the successful implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) with the use of five social powers given by the French and Raven in the following manner: According to French and Raven, Social Influence can be brought about through the use of social power. There exist 5 types of social power: Reward, Coercive, Expert, Legitimate, and Referent. Reward Power: People’s perception that the social agent has the ability to give rewards. Cash rewards to villages and districts working for Open Defecation Free (ODF) campaign can help in changing behavior to achieve SBM. Coercive power: People’s perception that the social agent has the ability to give punishment. For example, government and administration can impose fines for the violation of laws and rules e.g. spitting in public; throwing garbage on the roads, and ensuring that these fines will be imposed if they will violate them. Expert Power: People believe that social agent is superior as they have special knowledge. Thus government can use experts like doctors and health experts to make people aware of the benefits of sanitation and hygiene and also the side effects in terms of the health and nutrition of children. Besides that, they can also inform people how lack of sanitation affects the stunting of children. Legitimate: People believe that social agent has the legitimate right to prescribe behavior. With respect to the SBM the village administration and state government machinery can legitimate power to implement SBM. Referent Power: People identify with the social agent because the social agent is charismatic for the people. Thus the use of celebrities or people who are revered as role models can be very impactful for inculcating the behavior of sanitation. For example Amitabh Bacchan and Vidya Balan doing the camping for Swachh Bharat Abhiyan as we have seen such success in the case of the Polio Eradication. Thus, social influence can be a very useful tool to bring change from within the society is a true manifestation of Gandhiji"s idea of "Be the Change you wish to see in the world" and to achieve Gandhian ideals of “ Cleanliness is next to godliness ”.
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What is financial Inclusion? Write about major steps taken by the government to further financial inclusion in India. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduction: Define financial inclusion. Body: Elaboarat on various components of Financial inclusion. Then write various major initiatives of the government to promote financial inclusion in India. Conclusion: Suggest measures to promote financial inclusion further or link financial inclusion to inclusive growth and welfare. Answer: Financial Inclusion is the process of making people a part of and beneficiary of the formal financial system. It means that individuals and businesses have access to useful and affordable financial products and services that meet their needs – transactions, payments, savings, credit, and insurance – delivered in a responsible and sustainable way. It has four major components: 1. Being part of a formal financial system. For example, having a bank account. 2. Availability of multiple services and products, not just a single option to avail benefits when needed. For example, different types of deposit accounts, and loans are available for different tenures according to payment capacity. 3. The set of options available is such that they are affordable and available when needed. For example, one should not have to travel a long distance to deposit or withdraw money or one should not have to wait unnecessarily to get a loan. 4. Being able to exercise a choice from the available choices, that is, being financially educated to decide for oneself which product or service is suitable. Signifciacne of Financial Inclsuion: Easier, cheaper, and safer for people to receive wages from employers, and send remittances to family members. Mobile money accounts can better handle high-volume, small-denomination transactions. Women empowerment: Individual accounts also give women more privacy, security, and control over their money. Reduce leakage and delay in government transfers –It benefits directly the people through their Aadhaar-seeded bank accounts. It enhances financial resilience (the ability to deal with an unexpected financial event)- Financial access facilitates day-to-day living and helps families and businesses plan for everything from long-term goals to unexpected emergencies. Against corruption: It helps to increase transparency as money flows from a government’s budget to public agencies to citizens. Various steps have been taken by the government to promote financial Inclusion: Financial Inclusion in the post-independence period: At the time of independence, less than 1% of the population and hardly 2-3% of households had a bank account. The government realized the importance of channelizing household savings and wanted to include as many households as possible in the formal financial system. Towards this, the government nationalized the banks, first SBI was formed in 1955, then 14 banks were nationalized in 1969, 9 banks in 1980, and a few more banks til the 1990s. Further, the government set up RRBs in the 1970s, in 2005 it introduced "Zero balance Accounts", it gave a push by focussing on unbanked areas such as via the lead bank scheme and other area focussed schemes. Lead bank Scheme: It is an area-based scheme in which a bank is designated as a leading bank in an area, and has a responsibility to chalk out a plan of financial inclusion in that area along with other banks. The leading bank has no authority to direct, but only a responsibility. Even then by 2015, the country had less than 20% of Households with bank accounts and 6 to 7% of the population in banking. PM Jan Dhan Yojana: With this scheme, the account opening targeted unbanked Households and individuals rather than unbanked areas. As a result, the percentage of the population having bank accounts has increased to more than 70%, with almost 99% of Houshlods having a bank account. Financial inclusion is a crucial step towards the formalization of the economy, promoting credit culture, increasing household savings that can be used in investment, and can help India to grow at the desired pace to promote inclusive and sustainable development.
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##Question:What is financial Inclusion? Write about major steps taken by the government to further financial inclusion in India. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduction: Define financial inclusion. Body: Elaboarat on various components of Financial inclusion. Then write various major initiatives of the government to promote financial inclusion in India. Conclusion: Suggest measures to promote financial inclusion further or link financial inclusion to inclusive growth and welfare. Answer: Financial Inclusion is the process of making people a part of and beneficiary of the formal financial system. It means that individuals and businesses have access to useful and affordable financial products and services that meet their needs – transactions, payments, savings, credit, and insurance – delivered in a responsible and sustainable way. It has four major components: 1. Being part of a formal financial system. For example, having a bank account. 2. Availability of multiple services and products, not just a single option to avail benefits when needed. For example, different types of deposit accounts, and loans are available for different tenures according to payment capacity. 3. The set of options available is such that they are affordable and available when needed. For example, one should not have to travel a long distance to deposit or withdraw money or one should not have to wait unnecessarily to get a loan. 4. Being able to exercise a choice from the available choices, that is, being financially educated to decide for oneself which product or service is suitable. Signifciacne of Financial Inclsuion: Easier, cheaper, and safer for people to receive wages from employers, and send remittances to family members. Mobile money accounts can better handle high-volume, small-denomination transactions. Women empowerment: Individual accounts also give women more privacy, security, and control over their money. Reduce leakage and delay in government transfers –It benefits directly the people through their Aadhaar-seeded bank accounts. It enhances financial resilience (the ability to deal with an unexpected financial event)- Financial access facilitates day-to-day living and helps families and businesses plan for everything from long-term goals to unexpected emergencies. Against corruption: It helps to increase transparency as money flows from a government’s budget to public agencies to citizens. Various steps have been taken by the government to promote financial Inclusion: Financial Inclusion in the post-independence period: At the time of independence, less than 1% of the population and hardly 2-3% of households had a bank account. The government realized the importance of channelizing household savings and wanted to include as many households as possible in the formal financial system. Towards this, the government nationalized the banks, first SBI was formed in 1955, then 14 banks were nationalized in 1969, 9 banks in 1980, and a few more banks til the 1990s. Further, the government set up RRBs in the 1970s, in 2005 it introduced "Zero balance Accounts", it gave a push by focussing on unbanked areas such as via the lead bank scheme and other area focussed schemes. Lead bank Scheme: It is an area-based scheme in which a bank is designated as a leading bank in an area, and has a responsibility to chalk out a plan of financial inclusion in that area along with other banks. The leading bank has no authority to direct, but only a responsibility. Even then by 2015, the country had less than 20% of Households with bank accounts and 6 to 7% of the population in banking. PM Jan Dhan Yojana: With this scheme, the account opening targeted unbanked Households and individuals rather than unbanked areas. As a result, the percentage of the population having bank accounts has increased to more than 70%, with almost 99% of Houshlods having a bank account. Financial inclusion is a crucial step towards the formalization of the economy, promoting credit culture, increasing household savings that can be used in investment, and can help India to grow at the desired pace to promote inclusive and sustainable development.
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What do you understand by Winds? Discuss the forces affecting the speed and direction of the wind. (150 words/ 10 Marks)
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Approach: Define wind. Mention the factors and forces responsible for the variation in direction and speed of the wind. Conclude Accordingly. Answer: The wind is the movement of air which is caused by the uneven heating of the Earth by the sun and also due to its own rotation. It is the winds mechanism that helps in the global distribution of low and high pressure, also being an integral part of the thermodynamic mechanism of the atmosphere it helps in the transfer of heat, moisture, and other properties from one place to another. Sun is the ultimate driving force that creates pressure difference while unevenly heating the earth"s surface. This pressure difference results in the movement of wind from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure. There are various factors that affect the velocity and direction of the wind: 1) Pressure gradient force : The rate of change of pressure with respect to distance is the pressure gradient. It results from the generation of horizontal movement of winds and operates from the region of high pressure to low pressure. The pressure gradient is strong where the isobars are close to each other, hence implying a strong wind speed and the pressure gradient is weak where the isobars are apart implying a weak wind speed. The direction of wind follows the direction of change of pressure, i.e. perpendicular to the isobars. 2) Frictional Force : The unevenness in the earth"s surface provides resistance to the movement of wind in the form of friction. This frictional force affects the speed of the wind. It is greatest at the surface and its influence generally extends up to an elevation of 1 - 3 km. Over the sea surface, the friction is minimal so the air moves at low angles to the isobars and at a greater speed. However, an uneven terrain offers high friction and hence the wind direction makes high angles with the isobars and its speed gets retarded. 3) Coriolis Force : The rotation of the earth about its axis affects the direction of the wind. This force is called the Coriolis force which is maximum at the poles and is absent at the equator. It deflects the wind to the right direction in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. The deflection is more when the wind velocity is high. The Coriolis force is directly proportional to the angle of latitude. The Coriolis force acts perpendicular to the pressure gradient force. The higher the pressure gradient force, the more the velocity of the wind and the larger the deflection in the direction of the wind. (students should draw the map of the earth showing the deflection of wind with the action of Coriolis force) 4) Centripetal acceleration : Because of the inward acceleration of air towards the center of rotation on the rotating earth, it produces a circular pattern of flow around centers of high and low pressure which is directed at right angles to the wind movement and inwards towards the centers of rotation. 5) Gravitational force : It is the force of attraction towards Earth’s surface and acts similarly on wind/atmosphere as it works on any other object.
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##Question:What do you understand by Winds? Discuss the forces affecting the speed and direction of the wind. (150 words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Define wind. Mention the factors and forces responsible for the variation in direction and speed of the wind. Conclude Accordingly. Answer: The wind is the movement of air which is caused by the uneven heating of the Earth by the sun and also due to its own rotation. It is the winds mechanism that helps in the global distribution of low and high pressure, also being an integral part of the thermodynamic mechanism of the atmosphere it helps in the transfer of heat, moisture, and other properties from one place to another. Sun is the ultimate driving force that creates pressure difference while unevenly heating the earth"s surface. This pressure difference results in the movement of wind from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure. There are various factors that affect the velocity and direction of the wind: 1) Pressure gradient force : The rate of change of pressure with respect to distance is the pressure gradient. It results from the generation of horizontal movement of winds and operates from the region of high pressure to low pressure. The pressure gradient is strong where the isobars are close to each other, hence implying a strong wind speed and the pressure gradient is weak where the isobars are apart implying a weak wind speed. The direction of wind follows the direction of change of pressure, i.e. perpendicular to the isobars. 2) Frictional Force : The unevenness in the earth"s surface provides resistance to the movement of wind in the form of friction. This frictional force affects the speed of the wind. It is greatest at the surface and its influence generally extends up to an elevation of 1 - 3 km. Over the sea surface, the friction is minimal so the air moves at low angles to the isobars and at a greater speed. However, an uneven terrain offers high friction and hence the wind direction makes high angles with the isobars and its speed gets retarded. 3) Coriolis Force : The rotation of the earth about its axis affects the direction of the wind. This force is called the Coriolis force which is maximum at the poles and is absent at the equator. It deflects the wind to the right direction in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. The deflection is more when the wind velocity is high. The Coriolis force is directly proportional to the angle of latitude. The Coriolis force acts perpendicular to the pressure gradient force. The higher the pressure gradient force, the more the velocity of the wind and the larger the deflection in the direction of the wind. (students should draw the map of the earth showing the deflection of wind with the action of Coriolis force) 4) Centripetal acceleration : Because of the inward acceleration of air towards the center of rotation on the rotating earth, it produces a circular pattern of flow around centers of high and low pressure which is directed at right angles to the wind movement and inwards towards the centers of rotation. 5) Gravitational force : It is the force of attraction towards Earth’s surface and acts similarly on wind/atmosphere as it works on any other object.
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What does ethics seek to promote in Human life? Why is it all the more important in Public Administration. (10 marks/ 150 words)
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Approach:- In the introduction, define Ethics In the body part, discuss what ethics seek to promote in human life Then mention why it is more important in public administration Conclude accordingly Answer:- Ethics is defined as a set of Dos and Don"ts which governs human conduct in a social setting. Also, Ethics can be defined as the Systematic study of Human actions with respect to Rightfulness and Wrongfulness as a means to attain Ultimate Happiness Ethics in human life Ethics does not always dictate a single course of action but provides a means of evaluating and deciding among the competing options. For example- Not helping the accident victim will not attract legal penalty or punishment but is an unethical conduct Society requires a code of Ethics to prevent social conflict and also provide a basis for resolving the conflicts between competing values Ethics tends to be consistent within the context but it varies between the context Ethics promote morality in human life by making morals and value judgments a part of the decision-making process. Ethics seeks to promote “virtuous” qualities in human life, qualities that help keep peace and harmony in the society, as well as lead to prosperity and progress of the society such as compassion, honesty etc According to Bhagavad Gita, the purpose of human life is to fulfill its duties and adhere to virtues in today"s time, which can be attained through ethical actions Ethics in Public Administration The design of the civil services (part of public administration) is such that it requires being ethical as a professional value The conduct of public servants both reflects the conduct of society as well as reinforces it. Thus public servants" conduct should be ethical Ethical conduct of the administration results in better public service delivery. It should be based on the principles of equity, fairness etc Ethical values in public administration repose faith in the system and lead to better welfare outcomes The philosophy of Nishkam karma upheld by the Public servants enhances the credibility of the system Allegiance to a high degree of ethical standards puts the actions of the administrator above impeachment. Ethics ensure integrity and transparency amongst administrators thus making them perform their duties more efficiently and effectively. Ethics thus form the foundation for a stable society and Ethical values such as honesty, responsibility or integrity can help in guiding an individual in dealing effectively with the dilemmas
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##Question:What does ethics seek to promote in Human life? Why is it all the more important in Public Administration. (10 marks/ 150 words)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, define Ethics In the body part, discuss what ethics seek to promote in human life Then mention why it is more important in public administration Conclude accordingly Answer:- Ethics is defined as a set of Dos and Don"ts which governs human conduct in a social setting. Also, Ethics can be defined as the Systematic study of Human actions with respect to Rightfulness and Wrongfulness as a means to attain Ultimate Happiness Ethics in human life Ethics does not always dictate a single course of action but provides a means of evaluating and deciding among the competing options. For example- Not helping the accident victim will not attract legal penalty or punishment but is an unethical conduct Society requires a code of Ethics to prevent social conflict and also provide a basis for resolving the conflicts between competing values Ethics tends to be consistent within the context but it varies between the context Ethics promote morality in human life by making morals and value judgments a part of the decision-making process. Ethics seeks to promote “virtuous” qualities in human life, qualities that help keep peace and harmony in the society, as well as lead to prosperity and progress of the society such as compassion, honesty etc According to Bhagavad Gita, the purpose of human life is to fulfill its duties and adhere to virtues in today"s time, which can be attained through ethical actions Ethics in Public Administration The design of the civil services (part of public administration) is such that it requires being ethical as a professional value The conduct of public servants both reflects the conduct of society as well as reinforces it. Thus public servants" conduct should be ethical Ethical conduct of the administration results in better public service delivery. It should be based on the principles of equity, fairness etc Ethical values in public administration repose faith in the system and lead to better welfare outcomes The philosophy of Nishkam karma upheld by the Public servants enhances the credibility of the system Allegiance to a high degree of ethical standards puts the actions of the administrator above impeachment. Ethics ensure integrity and transparency amongst administrators thus making them perform their duties more efficiently and effectively. Ethics thus form the foundation for a stable society and Ethical values such as honesty, responsibility or integrity can help in guiding an individual in dealing effectively with the dilemmas
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What does ethics seek to promote in Human life? Why is it all the more important in Public Administration? (10 marks/ 150 words)
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Approach:- In the introduction, define Ethics In the body part, discuss what ethics seek to promote in human life Then mention why it is more important in public administration Conclude accordingly Answer:- Ethics is defined as a set of Dos and Don"ts which governs human conduct in a social setting. Also, Ethics can be defined as the Systematic study of Human actions with respect to Rightfulness and Wrongfulness as a means to attain Ultimate Happiness Ethics in human life Ethics does not always dictate a single course of action but provides a means of evaluating and deciding among the competing options. For example- Not helping the accident victim will not attract legal penalty or punishment but is an unethical conduct Society requires a code of Ethics to prevent social conflict and also provide a basis for resolving the conflicts between competing values Ethics tends to be consistent within the context but it varies between the context Ethics promote morality in human life by making morals and value judgments a part of the decision-making process. Ethics seeks to promote “virtuous” qualities in human life, qualities that help keep peace and harmony in the society, as well as lead to prosperity and progress of the society such as compassion, honesty etc According to Bhagavad Gita, the purpose of human life is to fulfill its duties and adhere to virtues in today"s time, which can be attained through ethical actions Ethics in Public Administration The design of the civil services (part of public administration) is such that it requires being ethical as a professional value The conduct of public servants both reflects the conduct of society as well as reinforces it. Thus public servants" conduct should be ethical Ethical conduct of the administration results in better public service delivery. It should be based on the principles of equity, fairness etc Ethical values in public administration repose faith in the system and lead to better welfare outcomes The philosophy of Nishkam karma upheld by the Public servants enhances the credibility of the system Allegiance to a high degree of ethical standards puts the actions of the administrator above impeachment. Ethics ensure integrity and transparency amongst administrators thus making them perform their duties more efficiently and effectively. Ethics thus form the foundation for a stable society and Ethical values such as honesty, responsibility or integrity can help in guiding an individual in dealing effectively with the dilemmas
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##Question:What does ethics seek to promote in Human life? Why is it all the more important in Public Administration? (10 marks/ 150 words)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, define Ethics In the body part, discuss what ethics seek to promote in human life Then mention why it is more important in public administration Conclude accordingly Answer:- Ethics is defined as a set of Dos and Don"ts which governs human conduct in a social setting. Also, Ethics can be defined as the Systematic study of Human actions with respect to Rightfulness and Wrongfulness as a means to attain Ultimate Happiness Ethics in human life Ethics does not always dictate a single course of action but provides a means of evaluating and deciding among the competing options. For example- Not helping the accident victim will not attract legal penalty or punishment but is an unethical conduct Society requires a code of Ethics to prevent social conflict and also provide a basis for resolving the conflicts between competing values Ethics tends to be consistent within the context but it varies between the context Ethics promote morality in human life by making morals and value judgments a part of the decision-making process. Ethics seeks to promote “virtuous” qualities in human life, qualities that help keep peace and harmony in the society, as well as lead to prosperity and progress of the society such as compassion, honesty etc According to Bhagavad Gita, the purpose of human life is to fulfill its duties and adhere to virtues in today"s time, which can be attained through ethical actions Ethics in Public Administration The design of the civil services (part of public administration) is such that it requires being ethical as a professional value The conduct of public servants both reflects the conduct of society as well as reinforces it. Thus public servants" conduct should be ethical Ethical conduct of the administration results in better public service delivery. It should be based on the principles of equity, fairness etc Ethical values in public administration repose faith in the system and lead to better welfare outcomes The philosophy of Nishkam karma upheld by the Public servants enhances the credibility of the system Allegiance to a high degree of ethical standards puts the actions of the administrator above impeachment. Ethics ensure integrity and transparency amongst administrators thus making them perform their duties more efficiently and effectively. Ethics thus form the foundation for a stable society and Ethical values such as honesty, responsibility or integrity can help in guiding an individual in dealing effectively with the dilemmas
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ग्लासगो जलवायु परिवर्तन सम्मेलन में कई नवाचारी पहलों को प्रस्तुत किया गया है जिसमें भारत ने उत्साही भूमिका निभाई है| कथन के संदर्भ में पंचामृत की अवधारणा की व्याख्या करते हुए चर्चा कीजिये कि इसके अंतर्गत घोषित लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करने के लिए भारत को कैसे प्रयास करने होंगे ? (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Several innovative initiatives have been presented at the Glasgow Climate Change Conference in which India has played an enthusiastic role. Explaining the concept of Panchamrit in the context of the statement, discuss how India will have to make efforts to achieve the goals declared under it? (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में सम्मलेन के बारे में सामान्य जानकारियाँ दीजिये 2- प्रथम खंड में सम्मलेन की विभिन्न नवाचारी पहलों और पंचामृत के बारे में सूचना दीजिये 3- पंचामृत के अंतर्गत घोषित लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करने के लिए भारत को क्या करना होगा इसके उपायों को बताएं वर्ष 2021 में स्कॉटलैंड के ग्लासगो में जलवायु परिवर्तन पर CoP-26 का आयोजन किया गया था| ग्लासगो जलवायु परिवर्तन सम्मेलन में कई नवाचारी पहलों को प्रस्तुत किया गया है जिसमें भारत ने उत्साही भूमिका निभाई है| इसमें लिए गए निर्णय को ग्लासगो घोषणापत्र के नाम से जाना जाता है इसमें ग्लासगो ब्रेकथ्रू एजेंडा, नेट ज़ीरो उत्सर्जन,वन सन, वन वर्ल्ड, वन ग्रिड, पंचामृत जैसी नवाचारी पहलों को प्रस्तुत किया गया है| वन सन, वन वर्ल्ड, वन ग्रिड विश्व स्तर पर सौर ऊर्जा उत्पादन, उसके वितरण तथा ट्रांसमिशन लाइन स्थापित करने से सम्बन्धित एक अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यवस्था नेटवर्क जिसके तहत विश्व के सभी महाद्वीपों को ट्रांशमिशन लाइन के माध्यम से आपस में जोड़ा जाएगा ताकि सूर्य से उत्पादित ऊर्जा का वितरण ऊर्जा की कमी वाले क्षेत्रों में किया जा सके यह परियोजना तीन चरणों में पूरी की जायेगी यथा- प्रथम चरण- मध्य पूर्व, दक्षिण एशिया और दक्षिण पूर्वी एशिया को जोड़ना; द्वितीय चरण- इसमें अफ्रीका महाद्वीप को जोड़ा जाएगा; तीसरा चरण- इस चरण में यह परियोजना वैश्विक हो जायेगी परियोजना की सफलता के लिए आवश्यक शर्तें- अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सहयोग; बड़े पैमाने पर पूँजी और प्रौद्योगिकी की आवश्यकता; परियोजनाओं के क्रियान्वयन के समय कई भू-राजनीतिक मुद्दे उत्पन्न होंगे उन समस्याओं को किस तरह सुलझाया जाएगा आदि शून्य कार्बन उत्सर्जन लक्ष्य क्या है- एक ऐसी अर्थव्यवस्था की ओर अग्रसर होना जिसमें कार्बन उत्सर्जन न्यूनतम हो, कार्बन उत्सर्जन करने वाली प्रौद्योगिकियों का कम से कम इस्तेमाल; जिन वस्तुओं से CO2 उत्सर्जन होता है उसे अवशोषित करने के लिए खुद के प्रयास जैसे अगर कोई कंपनी 1 टन CO2 उत्सर्जन करती है और खुद के प्रयासों से यदि वह 1 टन कार्बन अवशोषित करने की व्यवस्था कर लेती है तो उसका कार्बन उत्सर्जन शून्य माना जाएगा, इसी को कार्बन तटस्थता या कार्बन न्यूट्रलिटी भी कहते हैं| कार्बन न्यूट्रलिटी लक्ष्य- यूरोपीय यूनियन का 2050 तक; रूस चीन सऊदी अरब का 2060 तक एवं भारत का 2070 तक ग्लासगो ब्रेकथ्रू एजेंडा यह भारत सहित 42 देशों के द्वारा अनुमोदित एक एजेंडा है जिसके तहत स्वच्छ ऊर्जा, सड़क परिवहन, इस्पात उद्योग की ओर हरित प्रौद्योगिकी को बढ़ावा देना है ग्लासगो सम्मलेन में भारत द्वारा की गयी घोषणाएं (पंचामृत) इस सम्मलेन में भारत द्वारा की गयी घोषणाओं या लक्ष्य को पंचामृत के नाम से जाना जाता है वर्ष 2030 तक कुल ऊर्जा उत्पादन में 500 गीगा वाट नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा की भागीदारी सुनिश्चित करना; वर्ष 2030 तक भारत की कुल ऊर्जा आवश्यकता का 50 % तक नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा से करना 2030 तक अर्थव्यवस्था में कार्बन उत्सर्जन की तीव्रता में 45 प्रतिशत की कमी लाना 2030 तक कार्बन उत्सर्जन में 1 बिलियन टन की कटौती करना 2070 तक नेट ज़ीरो उत्सर्जन का लक्ष्य प्राप्त करना ग्लासगो घोषणा को प्राप्त करने के लिए क्या क्या करना होगा नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा उत्पादन को बढ़ावा देना होगा कोयले के उपभोग में कमी लानी होगी इलेक्ट्रानिक वाहनों के प्रयोग को बढ़ावा देना होगा; उद्योग, नगरीकरण, कृषि क्षेत्र एवं आवास निर्माण तथा परिवहन के क्षेत्र में ग्रीन हाउस गैसों के उत्सर्जन कम करने के लिए इकोफ्रेंडली तकनीकों को अपनाना होगा ऊर्जा के ट्रांसमिशन के क्षेत्र में निवेश करना होगा पर्यावरणीय शिक्षा और जागरूकता बढ़ाना होगा उपरोक्त सभी लक्ष्यों को पाने के लिए बड़े पैमाने पर पूँजी की आवश्यकता होगी इसके साथ ही पर्यावरण अनुकूल जीवन शैली को अपनाना होगा - इसका तात्पर्य पर्यावरण के प्रति जागरूक जीवनशैली को बढ़ावा देना है; विवेकहीन और व्यर्थ खपत के स्थान पर सावधानी के साथ सुविचारित उपयोग को बढ़ावा देना होगा; एक ऐसी जीवनशैली जो पर्यावरण की गुणवत्ता और मानवीय स्वास्थ्य को ध्यान में रख कर व्यतीत की जाए|इस तरह से स्पष्ट है कि ग्लासगो जलवायु परिवर्तन सम्मेलन में कई नवाचारी पहलों को प्रस्तुत किया गया है जिसमें भारत ने उत्साही भूमिका निभाई है|
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##Question:ग्लासगो जलवायु परिवर्तन सम्मेलन में कई नवाचारी पहलों को प्रस्तुत किया गया है जिसमें भारत ने उत्साही भूमिका निभाई है| कथन के संदर्भ में पंचामृत की अवधारणा की व्याख्या करते हुए चर्चा कीजिये कि इसके अंतर्गत घोषित लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करने के लिए भारत को कैसे प्रयास करने होंगे ? (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Several innovative initiatives have been presented at the Glasgow Climate Change Conference in which India has played an enthusiastic role. Explaining the concept of Panchamrit in the context of the statement, discuss how India will have to make efforts to achieve the goals declared under it? (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण 1- भूमिका में सम्मलेन के बारे में सामान्य जानकारियाँ दीजिये 2- प्रथम खंड में सम्मलेन की विभिन्न नवाचारी पहलों और पंचामृत के बारे में सूचना दीजिये 3- पंचामृत के अंतर्गत घोषित लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करने के लिए भारत को क्या करना होगा इसके उपायों को बताएं वर्ष 2021 में स्कॉटलैंड के ग्लासगो में जलवायु परिवर्तन पर CoP-26 का आयोजन किया गया था| ग्लासगो जलवायु परिवर्तन सम्मेलन में कई नवाचारी पहलों को प्रस्तुत किया गया है जिसमें भारत ने उत्साही भूमिका निभाई है| इसमें लिए गए निर्णय को ग्लासगो घोषणापत्र के नाम से जाना जाता है इसमें ग्लासगो ब्रेकथ्रू एजेंडा, नेट ज़ीरो उत्सर्जन,वन सन, वन वर्ल्ड, वन ग्रिड, पंचामृत जैसी नवाचारी पहलों को प्रस्तुत किया गया है| वन सन, वन वर्ल्ड, वन ग्रिड विश्व स्तर पर सौर ऊर्जा उत्पादन, उसके वितरण तथा ट्रांसमिशन लाइन स्थापित करने से सम्बन्धित एक अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यवस्था नेटवर्क जिसके तहत विश्व के सभी महाद्वीपों को ट्रांशमिशन लाइन के माध्यम से आपस में जोड़ा जाएगा ताकि सूर्य से उत्पादित ऊर्जा का वितरण ऊर्जा की कमी वाले क्षेत्रों में किया जा सके यह परियोजना तीन चरणों में पूरी की जायेगी यथा- प्रथम चरण- मध्य पूर्व, दक्षिण एशिया और दक्षिण पूर्वी एशिया को जोड़ना; द्वितीय चरण- इसमें अफ्रीका महाद्वीप को जोड़ा जाएगा; तीसरा चरण- इस चरण में यह परियोजना वैश्विक हो जायेगी परियोजना की सफलता के लिए आवश्यक शर्तें- अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सहयोग; बड़े पैमाने पर पूँजी और प्रौद्योगिकी की आवश्यकता; परियोजनाओं के क्रियान्वयन के समय कई भू-राजनीतिक मुद्दे उत्पन्न होंगे उन समस्याओं को किस तरह सुलझाया जाएगा आदि शून्य कार्बन उत्सर्जन लक्ष्य क्या है- एक ऐसी अर्थव्यवस्था की ओर अग्रसर होना जिसमें कार्बन उत्सर्जन न्यूनतम हो, कार्बन उत्सर्जन करने वाली प्रौद्योगिकियों का कम से कम इस्तेमाल; जिन वस्तुओं से CO2 उत्सर्जन होता है उसे अवशोषित करने के लिए खुद के प्रयास जैसे अगर कोई कंपनी 1 टन CO2 उत्सर्जन करती है और खुद के प्रयासों से यदि वह 1 टन कार्बन अवशोषित करने की व्यवस्था कर लेती है तो उसका कार्बन उत्सर्जन शून्य माना जाएगा, इसी को कार्बन तटस्थता या कार्बन न्यूट्रलिटी भी कहते हैं| कार्बन न्यूट्रलिटी लक्ष्य- यूरोपीय यूनियन का 2050 तक; रूस चीन सऊदी अरब का 2060 तक एवं भारत का 2070 तक ग्लासगो ब्रेकथ्रू एजेंडा यह भारत सहित 42 देशों के द्वारा अनुमोदित एक एजेंडा है जिसके तहत स्वच्छ ऊर्जा, सड़क परिवहन, इस्पात उद्योग की ओर हरित प्रौद्योगिकी को बढ़ावा देना है ग्लासगो सम्मलेन में भारत द्वारा की गयी घोषणाएं (पंचामृत) इस सम्मलेन में भारत द्वारा की गयी घोषणाओं या लक्ष्य को पंचामृत के नाम से जाना जाता है वर्ष 2030 तक कुल ऊर्जा उत्पादन में 500 गीगा वाट नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा की भागीदारी सुनिश्चित करना; वर्ष 2030 तक भारत की कुल ऊर्जा आवश्यकता का 50 % तक नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा से करना 2030 तक अर्थव्यवस्था में कार्बन उत्सर्जन की तीव्रता में 45 प्रतिशत की कमी लाना 2030 तक कार्बन उत्सर्जन में 1 बिलियन टन की कटौती करना 2070 तक नेट ज़ीरो उत्सर्जन का लक्ष्य प्राप्त करना ग्लासगो घोषणा को प्राप्त करने के लिए क्या क्या करना होगा नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा उत्पादन को बढ़ावा देना होगा कोयले के उपभोग में कमी लानी होगी इलेक्ट्रानिक वाहनों के प्रयोग को बढ़ावा देना होगा; उद्योग, नगरीकरण, कृषि क्षेत्र एवं आवास निर्माण तथा परिवहन के क्षेत्र में ग्रीन हाउस गैसों के उत्सर्जन कम करने के लिए इकोफ्रेंडली तकनीकों को अपनाना होगा ऊर्जा के ट्रांसमिशन के क्षेत्र में निवेश करना होगा पर्यावरणीय शिक्षा और जागरूकता बढ़ाना होगा उपरोक्त सभी लक्ष्यों को पाने के लिए बड़े पैमाने पर पूँजी की आवश्यकता होगी इसके साथ ही पर्यावरण अनुकूल जीवन शैली को अपनाना होगा - इसका तात्पर्य पर्यावरण के प्रति जागरूक जीवनशैली को बढ़ावा देना है; विवेकहीन और व्यर्थ खपत के स्थान पर सावधानी के साथ सुविचारित उपयोग को बढ़ावा देना होगा; एक ऐसी जीवनशैली जो पर्यावरण की गुणवत्ता और मानवीय स्वास्थ्य को ध्यान में रख कर व्यतीत की जाए|इस तरह से स्पष्ट है कि ग्लासगो जलवायु परिवर्तन सम्मेलन में कई नवाचारी पहलों को प्रस्तुत किया गया है जिसमें भारत ने उत्साही भूमिका निभाई है|
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Explain the different stages of the Legislative Procedure of the Ordinary Bill in the Parliament of India. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the legislative power of the Parliament. Then bring the procedure for te legislation with the three readings. Then explain the procedure for the second house of the Parliament. Conclude with Presidential assent. Answer As per the parliamentary form of the government in India, the Parliament has provided with the main task of the legislation. Article 107 and Article 108 deal with the Provisions for the introduction and passing of Bills. The different stages in the legislative procedure in Parliament relating to Ordinary Bills are as follows: First Reading The legislative process starts with the introduction of a Bill in either House of Parliament—Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha. A Bill can be introduced either by a Minister or by a private member. It is necessary for a member-in-charge of the Bill to ask for leave to introduce the Bill. If leave is granted by the House, the Bill is introduced. Publication in Gazette: After a Bill has been introduced, it is published in the Official Gazette. Even before introduction, a Bill might, with the permission of the Speaker, be published in the Gazette. In such cases, leave to introduce the Bill in the House is not asked for and the Bill is straightaway introduced. Reference of Bill to Standing Committee: After a Bill has been introduced; the Presiding Officer of the concerned House can refer the Bill to the concerned Standing Committee for examination and make a report thereon. Second Reading The Second Reading consists of the consideration of the Bill, which is in two stages. First Stage: The first stage consists of a general discussion of the Bill as a whole when the principle underlying the Bill is discussed. If a Bill is referred to a Select/Joint Committee , the Committee considers the Bill clause-by-clause just as the House does. After the Bill has thus been considered, the Committee submits its report to the House, which considers the Bill again as reported by the Committee. If a Bill is circulated for the purpose of eliciting public opinion thereon, such opinions are obtained through the Governments of the States and Union Territories. It is not ordinarily permissible at this stage to move the motion for consideration of the Bill. Second Stage: The second stage of the Second Reading consists of clause-by-clause consideration of the Bill as introduced or as reported by the Select/Joint Committee. The discussion takes place on each clause of the Bill and amendments to clauses can be moved at this stage. Amendments to a clause that have been moved but not withdrawn are put to the vote of the House before the relevant clause is disposed of by the House. The amendments become part of the Bill if they are accepted by a majority of members present and voting. Third Reading At this stage, the debate is confined to arguments either in support or rejection of the Bill without referring to the details thereof further than that are absolutely necessary. Only formal, verbal or consequential amendments are allowed to be moved at this stage. In passing an ordinary Bill, a simple majority of the members present and voting is necessary. Bill in the other House After the Bill is passed by one House, it is sent to the other House for concurrence with a message to that effect and there also it goes through the stages described above except the introduction stage. The other House can take either of the following courses: It may reject the Bill altogether. In such a case provisions of Art 108(1) (a) as to a joint sitting may be applied by the President. It may pass the Bill with amendments. In this case, the Bill will be returned to the originating House. If the House which originated the Bill accepts the Bill as amended by the other House, it will be presented to the President for his assent (Article 111). If however the originating House does not agree to the amendments made by the other House and there is final disagreement as to the amendments between the two Houses, the President may summon a joint sitting to resolve the deadlock. It may take no action on the Bill i.e. keep it lying on its Table. In such a case if more than 6 months elapse from the date of receipt of the Bill, the President may summon a joint sitting. When a Bill has been passed by both Houses of Parliament either singly or at a joint sitting as provided in Art. 108, the Bill is presented to the President for his assent. If the President withholds his assent, there is an end to the Bill. If he gives his assent, the Bill becomes an Act from the date of his assent. Instead of either refusing assent or giving assent, the President may return the Bill for reconsideration of the Houses with a message requesting them to reconsider it. If, however, the Houses pass the Bill again with or without amendments and the Bill is presented to the President for his assent after such reconsideration, the President shall have no power to withhold his assent from the Bill.
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##Question:Explain the different stages of the Legislative Procedure of the Ordinary Bill in the Parliament of India. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the legislative power of the Parliament. Then bring the procedure for te legislation with the three readings. Then explain the procedure for the second house of the Parliament. Conclude with Presidential assent. Answer As per the parliamentary form of the government in India, the Parliament has provided with the main task of the legislation. Article 107 and Article 108 deal with the Provisions for the introduction and passing of Bills. The different stages in the legislative procedure in Parliament relating to Ordinary Bills are as follows: First Reading The legislative process starts with the introduction of a Bill in either House of Parliament—Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha. A Bill can be introduced either by a Minister or by a private member. It is necessary for a member-in-charge of the Bill to ask for leave to introduce the Bill. If leave is granted by the House, the Bill is introduced. Publication in Gazette: After a Bill has been introduced, it is published in the Official Gazette. Even before introduction, a Bill might, with the permission of the Speaker, be published in the Gazette. In such cases, leave to introduce the Bill in the House is not asked for and the Bill is straightaway introduced. Reference of Bill to Standing Committee: After a Bill has been introduced; the Presiding Officer of the concerned House can refer the Bill to the concerned Standing Committee for examination and make a report thereon. Second Reading The Second Reading consists of the consideration of the Bill, which is in two stages. First Stage: The first stage consists of a general discussion of the Bill as a whole when the principle underlying the Bill is discussed. If a Bill is referred to a Select/Joint Committee , the Committee considers the Bill clause-by-clause just as the House does. After the Bill has thus been considered, the Committee submits its report to the House, which considers the Bill again as reported by the Committee. If a Bill is circulated for the purpose of eliciting public opinion thereon, such opinions are obtained through the Governments of the States and Union Territories. It is not ordinarily permissible at this stage to move the motion for consideration of the Bill. Second Stage: The second stage of the Second Reading consists of clause-by-clause consideration of the Bill as introduced or as reported by the Select/Joint Committee. The discussion takes place on each clause of the Bill and amendments to clauses can be moved at this stage. Amendments to a clause that have been moved but not withdrawn are put to the vote of the House before the relevant clause is disposed of by the House. The amendments become part of the Bill if they are accepted by a majority of members present and voting. Third Reading At this stage, the debate is confined to arguments either in support or rejection of the Bill without referring to the details thereof further than that are absolutely necessary. Only formal, verbal or consequential amendments are allowed to be moved at this stage. In passing an ordinary Bill, a simple majority of the members present and voting is necessary. Bill in the other House After the Bill is passed by one House, it is sent to the other House for concurrence with a message to that effect and there also it goes through the stages described above except the introduction stage. The other House can take either of the following courses: It may reject the Bill altogether. In such a case provisions of Art 108(1) (a) as to a joint sitting may be applied by the President. It may pass the Bill with amendments. In this case, the Bill will be returned to the originating House. If the House which originated the Bill accepts the Bill as amended by the other House, it will be presented to the President for his assent (Article 111). If however the originating House does not agree to the amendments made by the other House and there is final disagreement as to the amendments between the two Houses, the President may summon a joint sitting to resolve the deadlock. It may take no action on the Bill i.e. keep it lying on its Table. In such a case if more than 6 months elapse from the date of receipt of the Bill, the President may summon a joint sitting. When a Bill has been passed by both Houses of Parliament either singly or at a joint sitting as provided in Art. 108, the Bill is presented to the President for his assent. If the President withholds his assent, there is an end to the Bill. If he gives his assent, the Bill becomes an Act from the date of his assent. Instead of either refusing assent or giving assent, the President may return the Bill for reconsideration of the Houses with a message requesting them to reconsider it. If, however, the Houses pass the Bill again with or without amendments and the Bill is presented to the President for his assent after such reconsideration, the President shall have no power to withhold his assent from the Bill.
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Taking the example of the treaty of friendship 1950, explain the meaning of special ties and point out to the frictions in India-Nepal Relations (10 marks/ 150 words)
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Approach:- In the introduction, give the context of the India-Nepal treaty In the body part mention the special ties as per the Treaty Then mention the frictions in India-Nepal relations Conclude accordingly Answer:- The India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1950 forms the bedrock of the special relations that exist between India and Nepal. Special ties as per the treaty of friendship, 1950 Article 2 of the treaty states that two governments would inform each other of any serious friction or misunderstanding with any neighboring state likely to cause any breach in the friendly relations subsisting between the two governments [ It provides consultation, on matters involving the third country] Article 5 lays down the military cooperation i.e. the Government of Nepal shall be free to import, from or through the territory of India, arms, ammunition, or warlike material and equipment necessary for the security of Nepal. Article 6 lays down the foundation of special ties in the matters of the economy by providing for national treatment to the citizens of each other in matters of participation in industrial and economic development Article 7 lays down the foundation of special ties in the matter of people- to people relations by providing for reciprocal treatment to each other citizens in the matters of residence, ownership of property, trade & commerce as well as movement Friction in India-Nepal relations For India, the treaty remains the political framework for these special ties with Nepal. However, in the context of political transitions, and generational shifts the treaty has been questioned in the following ways:- The treaty may have become outdated Perceptions about the treaty being more beneficial to India than Nepal Arguments about the treaty limiting Nepal"s sovereignty and decision making The defense-related provisions of the treaty are pointed as an example of the treaty creating Nepal"s dependence on India Nepal has long held that the 1950 friendship treaty needs to be "revised, redesigned or Scrapped" as it is outdated, unequal, and gives unprecedented power to India to interfere in Nepal"s domestic affairs India"s view Nonetheless, these arguments are more a matter of perception in some political circles within Nepal. The fact that 8 million Nepalese living in India sends around $ 3bn US of remittances. Whereas Indians living in Nepal send around $ 1 bn remittances to India. Furthermore, India has also expressed its willingness to bring about changes in the treaty if required. As Nepal enters a new era of consolidating gains of democracy and achieving rapid economic growth, India needs to remain a steadfast partner and address the concerns of Nepal
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##Question:Taking the example of the treaty of friendship 1950, explain the meaning of special ties and point out to the frictions in India-Nepal Relations (10 marks/ 150 words)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, give the context of the India-Nepal treaty In the body part mention the special ties as per the Treaty Then mention the frictions in India-Nepal relations Conclude accordingly Answer:- The India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1950 forms the bedrock of the special relations that exist between India and Nepal. Special ties as per the treaty of friendship, 1950 Article 2 of the treaty states that two governments would inform each other of any serious friction or misunderstanding with any neighboring state likely to cause any breach in the friendly relations subsisting between the two governments [ It provides consultation, on matters involving the third country] Article 5 lays down the military cooperation i.e. the Government of Nepal shall be free to import, from or through the territory of India, arms, ammunition, or warlike material and equipment necessary for the security of Nepal. Article 6 lays down the foundation of special ties in the matters of the economy by providing for national treatment to the citizens of each other in matters of participation in industrial and economic development Article 7 lays down the foundation of special ties in the matter of people- to people relations by providing for reciprocal treatment to each other citizens in the matters of residence, ownership of property, trade & commerce as well as movement Friction in India-Nepal relations For India, the treaty remains the political framework for these special ties with Nepal. However, in the context of political transitions, and generational shifts the treaty has been questioned in the following ways:- The treaty may have become outdated Perceptions about the treaty being more beneficial to India than Nepal Arguments about the treaty limiting Nepal"s sovereignty and decision making The defense-related provisions of the treaty are pointed as an example of the treaty creating Nepal"s dependence on India Nepal has long held that the 1950 friendship treaty needs to be "revised, redesigned or Scrapped" as it is outdated, unequal, and gives unprecedented power to India to interfere in Nepal"s domestic affairs India"s view Nonetheless, these arguments are more a matter of perception in some political circles within Nepal. The fact that 8 million Nepalese living in India sends around $ 3bn US of remittances. Whereas Indians living in Nepal send around $ 1 bn remittances to India. Furthermore, India has also expressed its willingness to bring about changes in the treaty if required. As Nepal enters a new era of consolidating gains of democracy and achieving rapid economic growth, India needs to remain a steadfast partner and address the concerns of Nepal
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Explain the rationale behind the negotiation between India and the EU broad-based trade agreement and why this negotiation was stalled for a long time. Also, identify the issue this side needs to resolve to finalise this agreement. (15Markers/250 words)
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Approach- Introduction-Give brief about India-EU trade relations and the role of BTIA. Body- Reasons for both considering entering into this agreement. Write the reasons why the negotiation was stalled for a long time. Mentions issues that need to address Way forward-Need to work on bilateral understanding on issues of trade and investment Introduction -Indian European relations are strategic in nature based on the commonality of values and interests. In this equation trade and economic engagement have developed along reasonable lines. However, the BTIA Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA) at the “EU- India Summit”, Leaders are expected to give a kickstart to negotiations on Bilateral Trade and Investment and aim to consolidate this trade further. Main body- India and the EU engage in these negotiations after having completed the feasibility studies in 2007. After multiple rounds of negotiations, the progress was stalled. The following are the reasons for both considering entering into this agreement- 1. Significant growth in trade incentivises moving towards a free trade agreement to both sides have complementaries in trade baskets 2. The growth potential of India-EU trade is significant given that India is still the EU"s 10 largest trading partner. However, another important reason was the presence of market barriers and professionalism on both sides holding back the potential. The negotiations stopped in 2013 in the view of the following- 1. The changing global circumstances after the financial crisis of 2008. 2. Differences emerged on the issues like tariffs and IPR in the course of negotiations. 3. The EU got involved in handling its own eurozone crisis. 4. Many experts also argued that differences between India and Italy on the issue of Enrica Lexi and Italian marines may have further slowed down the process as Italy led the EU in this issue. 5. In the 14th 2017 summit, EU India resolved to restart the negotiation at the earliest. 6.In this context, they also constituted a high-level trade and investment dialogue. The negotiations in the current context would have to address the following difference. 1. Differences in the demands of the EU to remove tariffs on liquor and automobiles. 2. Differences in India"s demands for a data-secured status. 3. India"s demand for reforms in migration policy to ensure easier movement of professionals. 4. Differences on issues of intellectual property rights especially in matters of pharmaceuticals. 5. India"s concerns on sanitary and phytosanitary measures of EU preventing market access to agricultural commodities. 6. Differences in investor-state dispute settlement mechanism as present in the model bilateral investment treaty adopted by India in 2016. Conclusion -it can be argued the EU-India tie can contribute to stable global order. Both these side favour a rule-based order. Both in their own ways have preferences for multilateralism and both want the global architecture of governance to be based on multipolarity. To carry these expectations forward both sides need to work on bilateral understanding on issues of trade and investment but also widen the net to develop further cooperation on the matters like environment, connectivity, supply chains, technology and issues of security including terrorism and maritime security.
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##Question:Explain the rationale behind the negotiation between India and the EU broad-based trade agreement and why this negotiation was stalled for a long time. Also, identify the issue this side needs to resolve to finalise this agreement. (15Markers/250 words)##Answer:Approach- Introduction-Give brief about India-EU trade relations and the role of BTIA. Body- Reasons for both considering entering into this agreement. Write the reasons why the negotiation was stalled for a long time. Mentions issues that need to address Way forward-Need to work on bilateral understanding on issues of trade and investment Introduction -Indian European relations are strategic in nature based on the commonality of values and interests. In this equation trade and economic engagement have developed along reasonable lines. However, the BTIA Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA) at the “EU- India Summit”, Leaders are expected to give a kickstart to negotiations on Bilateral Trade and Investment and aim to consolidate this trade further. Main body- India and the EU engage in these negotiations after having completed the feasibility studies in 2007. After multiple rounds of negotiations, the progress was stalled. The following are the reasons for both considering entering into this agreement- 1. Significant growth in trade incentivises moving towards a free trade agreement to both sides have complementaries in trade baskets 2. The growth potential of India-EU trade is significant given that India is still the EU"s 10 largest trading partner. However, another important reason was the presence of market barriers and professionalism on both sides holding back the potential. The negotiations stopped in 2013 in the view of the following- 1. The changing global circumstances after the financial crisis of 2008. 2. Differences emerged on the issues like tariffs and IPR in the course of negotiations. 3. The EU got involved in handling its own eurozone crisis. 4. Many experts also argued that differences between India and Italy on the issue of Enrica Lexi and Italian marines may have further slowed down the process as Italy led the EU in this issue. 5. In the 14th 2017 summit, EU India resolved to restart the negotiation at the earliest. 6.In this context, they also constituted a high-level trade and investment dialogue. The negotiations in the current context would have to address the following difference. 1. Differences in the demands of the EU to remove tariffs on liquor and automobiles. 2. Differences in India"s demands for a data-secured status. 3. India"s demand for reforms in migration policy to ensure easier movement of professionals. 4. Differences on issues of intellectual property rights especially in matters of pharmaceuticals. 5. India"s concerns on sanitary and phytosanitary measures of EU preventing market access to agricultural commodities. 6. Differences in investor-state dispute settlement mechanism as present in the model bilateral investment treaty adopted by India in 2016. Conclusion -it can be argued the EU-India tie can contribute to stable global order. Both these side favour a rule-based order. Both in their own ways have preferences for multilateralism and both want the global architecture of governance to be based on multipolarity. To carry these expectations forward both sides need to work on bilateral understanding on issues of trade and investment but also widen the net to develop further cooperation on the matters like environment, connectivity, supply chains, technology and issues of security including terrorism and maritime security.
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Despite the Parliamentary system in India being based on executive accountability towards the Parliament, the Parliamentary control over the government in India is more theoretical than practical. Comment. (150 Words/10 marks)
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Approach Introduce with the basic principle of the Parliamentary system of Government in India with executive accountability towards the Parliament. Then bring the tools for Parliamentary control over executives with associated examples. Then discuss the practical situation of these parliamentary control and the reasons for the same. Conclude accordingly. Answer The founding fathers of the Indian constitution provided for the Parliamentary form of Government which is based on the executive responsibility to the Parliament for its acts and policies. The Council of Ministers are collectively responsible to the Parliament in general and Lok Sabha in particular. This council of ministers are chosen from the legislature itself. Provisions for the Parliamentary Control over the Executives The Council of Ministers can continue to be in office as long as they enjoy the confidence of the majority of members in the Lok Sabha. The Parliament exercises control over the executive through question hours, zero hours, short-duration discussions , and tools such as calling attention motions, adjournment motions, no-confidence motions, censure motions, etc. Any legislation enactment requires approval from a majority of members of both houses of the Parliament. The rules and regulations coming out of delegated/executive legislation need to be tabled before the Parliament for their examination. The Parliament exercises budgetary control and post-budgetary control over the executive in financial matters. No tax can be levied or collected and no expenditure can be incurred by the Executive without the approval of the Parliament. Government spending and the financial performance of the executive are scrutinized by the Parliament with help of its committees and constitutional bodies such as CAG. The Parliament supervises the activities of the executive through its committees such as Committee on Government Assurance, Committee on Subordinate Legislation , etc. However, in reality, parliamentary control over the executive is more theoretical than practical. The following factors are responsible for this: The lack of strong, steady, and principled opposition has reduced the effectiveness of legislative control over the administration. The administration has grown in volume and the Parliament has neither the time nor the expertise to control it. Parliamentarians are usually laymen who face difficulty in understanding the demands for the grants which it technical in nature. The executive enjoys legislative leadership owing to majority support. Consequently, it plays a significant role in formulating policies and minimizing the possibility of effective criticism. The public expenditure is examined by the committees after it has been incurred not before it. The scope of financial control has also been reduced due to increased recourse to the guillotine . The expansion of deligated legislation has increased the powers of the bureaucracy and reduced the law-making powers of the Parliament. Thus, the parliament has failed to live as per the envisioned role by the founding father. The parliamentary control is general, and political in nature, thus it can be inferred that legislative control over the government and administration in India is more theoretical than practical and the control is neither effective nor efficient.
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##Question:Despite the Parliamentary system in India being based on executive accountability towards the Parliament, the Parliamentary control over the government in India is more theoretical than practical. Comment. (150 Words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the basic principle of the Parliamentary system of Government in India with executive accountability towards the Parliament. Then bring the tools for Parliamentary control over executives with associated examples. Then discuss the practical situation of these parliamentary control and the reasons for the same. Conclude accordingly. Answer The founding fathers of the Indian constitution provided for the Parliamentary form of Government which is based on the executive responsibility to the Parliament for its acts and policies. The Council of Ministers are collectively responsible to the Parliament in general and Lok Sabha in particular. This council of ministers are chosen from the legislature itself. Provisions for the Parliamentary Control over the Executives The Council of Ministers can continue to be in office as long as they enjoy the confidence of the majority of members in the Lok Sabha. The Parliament exercises control over the executive through question hours, zero hours, short-duration discussions , and tools such as calling attention motions, adjournment motions, no-confidence motions, censure motions, etc. Any legislation enactment requires approval from a majority of members of both houses of the Parliament. The rules and regulations coming out of delegated/executive legislation need to be tabled before the Parliament for their examination. The Parliament exercises budgetary control and post-budgetary control over the executive in financial matters. No tax can be levied or collected and no expenditure can be incurred by the Executive without the approval of the Parliament. Government spending and the financial performance of the executive are scrutinized by the Parliament with help of its committees and constitutional bodies such as CAG. The Parliament supervises the activities of the executive through its committees such as Committee on Government Assurance, Committee on Subordinate Legislation , etc. However, in reality, parliamentary control over the executive is more theoretical than practical. The following factors are responsible for this: The lack of strong, steady, and principled opposition has reduced the effectiveness of legislative control over the administration. The administration has grown in volume and the Parliament has neither the time nor the expertise to control it. Parliamentarians are usually laymen who face difficulty in understanding the demands for the grants which it technical in nature. The executive enjoys legislative leadership owing to majority support. Consequently, it plays a significant role in formulating policies and minimizing the possibility of effective criticism. The public expenditure is examined by the committees after it has been incurred not before it. The scope of financial control has also been reduced due to increased recourse to the guillotine . The expansion of deligated legislation has increased the powers of the bureaucracy and reduced the law-making powers of the Parliament. Thus, the parliament has failed to live as per the envisioned role by the founding father. The parliamentary control is general, and political in nature, thus it can be inferred that legislative control over the government and administration in India is more theoretical than practical and the control is neither effective nor efficient.
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"One of the tests of integrity is complete refusal to be compromised". Explain with reference to real-life examples (10 marks/ 150 words).
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Approach: Introduce integrity with a definition and elaborate the concept. In body explain how its compromise can be bad and has to be avoided with some examples Conclude with significance of integrity in civil services. Answer: Adopting the same moral standards or principles across different time periods and situations is integrity. To put it another way, it means to think, speak, and act in a consistent and honest manner. A man of integrity would only act in accordance with his conscience and would never be influenced by external pressures or temptations. Integrity- the unwillingness to compromise: 1. Integrity enables an individual to consistently act in accordance with the goal or purpose of their action or inaction, even when doing so is inconvenient or unprofitable; deciding the appropriate course of action in accordance with moral principles; openly stating one"s intentions or position; and the consequences of one"s actions. 2. Integrity is the practice of thinking, speaking, and acting in sync. It is more of a professional value than honesty, but there is a correlation between it and honesty. It has to do with an institution. It advocates putting organizational goals ahead of personal gain. 3. We may occasionally have vested or self-serving interests. It may seem easier and more convenient to take the wrong path. However, integrity necessitates that we never make a concession, regardless of how difficult it may be. It involves three steps- i)determining the appropriate course of action ii)Continually acting in accordance with the decision, even when it is inconvenient or unprofitable. iii)Declaring one"s position openly. As a result, integrity is associated with moral reflection, commitment steadfastness, and trustworthiness. 4. Adherence to principles is a sign of integrity. A person must always act in accordance with his or her conscience in order to be honest. Our consciences become filled with guilt and disrupt our inner peace if integrity is compromised. An actual illustration of not being compromised: 1.Uprightness is a term used to depict an individual"s degree of trustworthiness, moral responsibilities, and readiness to make the right decision. For instance, we anticipate that our physicians will provide us with accurate diagnoses. This is what we anticipate because doctors are generally regarded as people of high moral character in the majority of societies. 2. A person can be loyal to his or her organization, have love, empathy, and compassion for the vulnerable, and refuse to accept any illegal offer, among other benefits of integrity. Mr. Ashok Khemka, an IAS officer from the Haryana Cadre who was in the 1991 batch, is one of the best real-life examples. In his 24 years in the Civil Service, he has been transferred 51 times. He will receive the S R Jindal Prize in 2011 for his "crusade against corruption" efforts to expose high-level corruption. 3.Throughout his life, Mahatma Gandhi devoted himself to the truth and nonviolence. He cancelled the Non-Cooperation movement to uphold his principles and integrity. Even though many people were against his decision to halt the movement, he thought that refusing to do so was a good thing rather than compromising his integrity. He kept up with reality and trustworthiness with his standards even in critical times. Even if they aren"t the most well-known or glamorous leaders, honest leaders don"t care. Doing the right thing because it is the right thing to do is an example of integrity. And success is based on that. Honesty and integrity ought to apply to everyone. Honesty is a perspective and isn"t situational. When you compromise your integrity in small, non-threatening situations, it becomes very simple to compromise in larger ones as well.
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##Question:"One of the tests of integrity is complete refusal to be compromised". Explain with reference to real-life examples (10 marks/ 150 words).##Answer:Approach: Introduce integrity with a definition and elaborate the concept. In body explain how its compromise can be bad and has to be avoided with some examples Conclude with significance of integrity in civil services. Answer: Adopting the same moral standards or principles across different time periods and situations is integrity. To put it another way, it means to think, speak, and act in a consistent and honest manner. A man of integrity would only act in accordance with his conscience and would never be influenced by external pressures or temptations. Integrity- the unwillingness to compromise: 1. Integrity enables an individual to consistently act in accordance with the goal or purpose of their action or inaction, even when doing so is inconvenient or unprofitable; deciding the appropriate course of action in accordance with moral principles; openly stating one"s intentions or position; and the consequences of one"s actions. 2. Integrity is the practice of thinking, speaking, and acting in sync. It is more of a professional value than honesty, but there is a correlation between it and honesty. It has to do with an institution. It advocates putting organizational goals ahead of personal gain. 3. We may occasionally have vested or self-serving interests. It may seem easier and more convenient to take the wrong path. However, integrity necessitates that we never make a concession, regardless of how difficult it may be. It involves three steps- i)determining the appropriate course of action ii)Continually acting in accordance with the decision, even when it is inconvenient or unprofitable. iii)Declaring one"s position openly. As a result, integrity is associated with moral reflection, commitment steadfastness, and trustworthiness. 4. Adherence to principles is a sign of integrity. A person must always act in accordance with his or her conscience in order to be honest. Our consciences become filled with guilt and disrupt our inner peace if integrity is compromised. An actual illustration of not being compromised: 1.Uprightness is a term used to depict an individual"s degree of trustworthiness, moral responsibilities, and readiness to make the right decision. For instance, we anticipate that our physicians will provide us with accurate diagnoses. This is what we anticipate because doctors are generally regarded as people of high moral character in the majority of societies. 2. A person can be loyal to his or her organization, have love, empathy, and compassion for the vulnerable, and refuse to accept any illegal offer, among other benefits of integrity. Mr. Ashok Khemka, an IAS officer from the Haryana Cadre who was in the 1991 batch, is one of the best real-life examples. In his 24 years in the Civil Service, he has been transferred 51 times. He will receive the S R Jindal Prize in 2011 for his "crusade against corruption" efforts to expose high-level corruption. 3.Throughout his life, Mahatma Gandhi devoted himself to the truth and nonviolence. He cancelled the Non-Cooperation movement to uphold his principles and integrity. Even though many people were against his decision to halt the movement, he thought that refusing to do so was a good thing rather than compromising his integrity. He kept up with reality and trustworthiness with his standards even in critical times. Even if they aren"t the most well-known or glamorous leaders, honest leaders don"t care. Doing the right thing because it is the right thing to do is an example of integrity. And success is based on that. Honesty and integrity ought to apply to everyone. Honesty is a perspective and isn"t situational. When you compromise your integrity in small, non-threatening situations, it becomes very simple to compromise in larger ones as well.
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"One of the tests of integrity is complete refusal to be compromised". Explain with reference to real-life examples (10 marks/ 150 words).
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Approach: Introduce integrity with a definition and elaborate the concept. In body explain how its compromise can be bad and has to be avoided with some examples Conclude with significance of integrity in civil services. Answer: Adopting the same moral standards or principles across different time periods and situations is integrity. To put it another way, it means to think, speak, and act in a consistent and honest manner. A man of integrity would only act in accordance with his conscience and would never be influenced by external pressures or temptations. Integrity- the unwillingness to compromise: 1. Integrity enables an individual to consistently act in accordance with the goal or purpose of their action or inaction, even when doing so is inconvenient or unprofitable; deciding the appropriate course of action in accordance with moral principles; openly stating one"s intentions or position; and the consequences of one"s actions. 2. Integrity is the practice of thinking, speaking, and acting in sync. It is more of a professional value than honesty, but there is a correlation between it and honesty. It has to do with an institution. It advocates putting organizational goals ahead of personal gain. 3. We may occasionally have vested or self-serving interests. It may seem easier and more convenient to take the wrong path. However, integrity necessitates that we never make a concession, regardless of how difficult it may be. It involves three steps- i)determining the appropriate course of action ii)Continually acting in accordance with the decision, even when it is inconvenient or unprofitable. iii)Declaring one"s position openly. As a result, integrity is associated with moral reflection, commitment steadfastness, and trustworthiness. 4. Adherence to principles is a sign of integrity. A person must always act in accordance with his or her conscience in order to be honest. Our consciences become filled with guilt and disrupt our inner peace if integrity is compromised. An actual illustration of not being compromised: 1.Uprightness is a term used to depict an individual"s degree of trustworthiness, moral responsibilities, and readiness to make the right decision. For instance, we anticipate that our physicians will provide us with accurate diagnoses. This is what we anticipate because doctors are generally regarded as people of high moral character in the majority of societies. 2. A person can be loyal to his or her organization, have love, empathy, and compassion for the vulnerable, and refuse to accept any illegal offer, among other benefits of integrity. Mr. Ashok Khemka, an IAS officer from the Haryana Cadre who was in the 1991 batch, is one of the best real-life examples. In his 24 years in the Civil Service, he has been transferred 51 times. He will receive the S R Jindal Prize in 2011 for his "crusade against corruption" efforts to expose high-level corruption. 3.Throughout his life, Mahatma Gandhi devoted himself to the truth and nonviolence. He cancelled the Non-Cooperation movement to uphold his principles and integrity. Even though many people were against his decision to halt the movement, he thought that refusing to do so was a good thing rather than compromising his integrity. He kept up with reality and trustworthiness with his standards even in critical times. Even if they aren"t the most well-known or glamorous leaders, honest leaders don"t care. Doing the right thing because it is the right thing to do is an example of integrity. And success is based on that. Honesty and integrity ought to apply to everyone. Honesty is a perspective and isn"t situational. When you compromise your integrity in small, non-threatening situations, it becomes very simple to compromise in larger ones as well.
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##Question:"One of the tests of integrity is complete refusal to be compromised". Explain with reference to real-life examples (10 marks/ 150 words).##Answer:Approach: Introduce integrity with a definition and elaborate the concept. In body explain how its compromise can be bad and has to be avoided with some examples Conclude with significance of integrity in civil services. Answer: Adopting the same moral standards or principles across different time periods and situations is integrity. To put it another way, it means to think, speak, and act in a consistent and honest manner. A man of integrity would only act in accordance with his conscience and would never be influenced by external pressures or temptations. Integrity- the unwillingness to compromise: 1. Integrity enables an individual to consistently act in accordance with the goal or purpose of their action or inaction, even when doing so is inconvenient or unprofitable; deciding the appropriate course of action in accordance with moral principles; openly stating one"s intentions or position; and the consequences of one"s actions. 2. Integrity is the practice of thinking, speaking, and acting in sync. It is more of a professional value than honesty, but there is a correlation between it and honesty. It has to do with an institution. It advocates putting organizational goals ahead of personal gain. 3. We may occasionally have vested or self-serving interests. It may seem easier and more convenient to take the wrong path. However, integrity necessitates that we never make a concession, regardless of how difficult it may be. It involves three steps- i)determining the appropriate course of action ii)Continually acting in accordance with the decision, even when it is inconvenient or unprofitable. iii)Declaring one"s position openly. As a result, integrity is associated with moral reflection, commitment steadfastness, and trustworthiness. 4. Adherence to principles is a sign of integrity. A person must always act in accordance with his or her conscience in order to be honest. Our consciences become filled with guilt and disrupt our inner peace if integrity is compromised. An actual illustration of not being compromised: 1.Uprightness is a term used to depict an individual"s degree of trustworthiness, moral responsibilities, and readiness to make the right decision. For instance, we anticipate that our physicians will provide us with accurate diagnoses. This is what we anticipate because doctors are generally regarded as people of high moral character in the majority of societies. 2. A person can be loyal to his or her organization, have love, empathy, and compassion for the vulnerable, and refuse to accept any illegal offer, among other benefits of integrity. Mr. Ashok Khemka, an IAS officer from the Haryana Cadre who was in the 1991 batch, is one of the best real-life examples. In his 24 years in the Civil Service, he has been transferred 51 times. He will receive the S R Jindal Prize in 2011 for his "crusade against corruption" efforts to expose high-level corruption. 3.Throughout his life, Mahatma Gandhi devoted himself to the truth and nonviolence. He cancelled the Non-Cooperation movement to uphold his principles and integrity. Even though many people were against his decision to halt the movement, he thought that refusing to do so was a good thing rather than compromising his integrity. He kept up with reality and trustworthiness with his standards even in critical times. Even if they aren"t the most well-known or glamorous leaders, honest leaders don"t care. Doing the right thing because it is the right thing to do is an example of integrity. And success is based on that. Honesty and integrity ought to apply to everyone. Honesty is a perspective and isn"t situational. When you compromise your integrity in small, non-threatening situations, it becomes very simple to compromise in larger ones as well.
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The demand for and ultimate repeal of Farm Laws passed by Parliament only shows a serious lapse in the management of legislative work. In this context discuss the impact of passing the bills without scrutiny by the parliamentary standing committees. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the contextual background under which the Farm Laws were repealed. Then bring the structure and functions of the Parliamentary Standing Committees (PSC). Then further elaborate on the impact if Parliament bypasses these Parliamentary Standing Committees (PSC). Conclude accordingly. Answer The repealed Farm Acts passed by Parliament evoked a scale of protest unforeseen by the government. The country faced a serious confrontation between the government and the agitating farmers. A noteworthy aspect of the negotiations was that many of the proposals put forward now by the government for the consideration of the farmers are issues that were more or less rejected by the government when those Bills were debated in Parliament. Thus it points to a serious lapse in the management of the legislative work in Parliament. These lapses can be witnessed in the frequent bypassing of parliamentary committees. Structure and Functions of Parliamentary Standing Committees (PSC) Prior to the formation of Departmentally-related Standing Committees (DRSCs), in 1993, the Indian Parliament used to appoint select committees, joint select committees, etc. for detailed scrutiny of important legislative proposals of the government. Most committees are ‘standing’ as their existence is uninterrupted and usually reconstituted on an annual basis. Some are ‘select’ committees formed for a specific purpose, for instance, to deliberate on a particular bill. Once the Bill is disposed of, that select committee ceases to exist. Some standing committees are departmentally related. Parliamentary committees draw their authority from Article 105 (on privileges of Parliament members) and Article 118 (on Parliament’s authority to make rules for regulating its procedure and conduct of business). Importance of Parliamentary Standing Committees (PSC) Parliament is the embodiment of the people’s will. Committees are an instrument of Parliament for its own effective functioning. Committees are platforms for threadbare discussion on a proposed law. The smaller cohort of lawmakers, assembled on the basis of the proportional strength of individual parties and the interests and expertise of individual lawmakers, could have more open, intensive, and better-informed discussions. Committee meetings are ‘ closed door ’ and members are not bound by party whips, which allows them the latitude for a more meaningful exchange of views as against discussions in full and open Houses were grandstanding and party positions invariably take precedence. Members of Parliament may have great acumen but they would require the assistance of experts in dealing with such situations. It is through committees that such expertise is drawn into lawmaking. Executive accountability to the legislature is enforced through questions in Parliament also, which are answered by ministers. However, department standing committees go one step further and hear from senior officials of the government in a closed setting, allowing for more detailed discussions. This mechanism also enables parliamentarians to understand the executive processes closely . Financial control is a critical tool for Parliament’s authority over the executive; hence finance committees are considered to be particularly powerful. The three financial committees are the Public Accounts Committee, the Estimates Committee, and the Committee on Public Undertakings . Impact of the Bypassing the Parliament Committee System According to data by PRS Legislative Research, while 60% of the Bills in the 14th Lok Sabha and 71% in the 15th Lok Sabha were referred to DRSCs concerned, this proportion came down to 27% in the 16th Lok Sabha. Apart from the DRSCs, there are negligible bills referred to Select Committees of the Houses or Joint Parliamentary Committees. The last Bill referred to a Joint Parliamentary Committee was The Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, and before that was The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Second Amendment) Bill, in 2015 . However, many times, the speaker or chairman has exercised their discretion not to refer to the committee an important Bill that has serious implications for society. For example, in the recent farm bills which were enacted through ordinances, were passed by Lok Sabha within three days without being referred to a Standing Committee. As the parliament is the symbol of democracy, it is the responsibility of the government to check the decline of parliament and restore the people’s trust. As Parliamentary Committees help with this by providing a forum where members can engage with domain experts and government officials during the course of their study. Thus it is crucial to strengthen the parliamentary committees rather than bypassing them for an effective and efficient parliamentary democracy.
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##Question:The demand for and ultimate repeal of Farm Laws passed by Parliament only shows a serious lapse in the management of legislative work. In this context discuss the impact of passing the bills without scrutiny by the parliamentary standing committees. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the contextual background under which the Farm Laws were repealed. Then bring the structure and functions of the Parliamentary Standing Committees (PSC). Then further elaborate on the impact if Parliament bypasses these Parliamentary Standing Committees (PSC). Conclude accordingly. Answer The repealed Farm Acts passed by Parliament evoked a scale of protest unforeseen by the government. The country faced a serious confrontation between the government and the agitating farmers. A noteworthy aspect of the negotiations was that many of the proposals put forward now by the government for the consideration of the farmers are issues that were more or less rejected by the government when those Bills were debated in Parliament. Thus it points to a serious lapse in the management of the legislative work in Parliament. These lapses can be witnessed in the frequent bypassing of parliamentary committees. Structure and Functions of Parliamentary Standing Committees (PSC) Prior to the formation of Departmentally-related Standing Committees (DRSCs), in 1993, the Indian Parliament used to appoint select committees, joint select committees, etc. for detailed scrutiny of important legislative proposals of the government. Most committees are ‘standing’ as their existence is uninterrupted and usually reconstituted on an annual basis. Some are ‘select’ committees formed for a specific purpose, for instance, to deliberate on a particular bill. Once the Bill is disposed of, that select committee ceases to exist. Some standing committees are departmentally related. Parliamentary committees draw their authority from Article 105 (on privileges of Parliament members) and Article 118 (on Parliament’s authority to make rules for regulating its procedure and conduct of business). Importance of Parliamentary Standing Committees (PSC) Parliament is the embodiment of the people’s will. Committees are an instrument of Parliament for its own effective functioning. Committees are platforms for threadbare discussion on a proposed law. The smaller cohort of lawmakers, assembled on the basis of the proportional strength of individual parties and the interests and expertise of individual lawmakers, could have more open, intensive, and better-informed discussions. Committee meetings are ‘ closed door ’ and members are not bound by party whips, which allows them the latitude for a more meaningful exchange of views as against discussions in full and open Houses were grandstanding and party positions invariably take precedence. Members of Parliament may have great acumen but they would require the assistance of experts in dealing with such situations. It is through committees that such expertise is drawn into lawmaking. Executive accountability to the legislature is enforced through questions in Parliament also, which are answered by ministers. However, department standing committees go one step further and hear from senior officials of the government in a closed setting, allowing for more detailed discussions. This mechanism also enables parliamentarians to understand the executive processes closely . Financial control is a critical tool for Parliament’s authority over the executive; hence finance committees are considered to be particularly powerful. The three financial committees are the Public Accounts Committee, the Estimates Committee, and the Committee on Public Undertakings . Impact of the Bypassing the Parliament Committee System According to data by PRS Legislative Research, while 60% of the Bills in the 14th Lok Sabha and 71% in the 15th Lok Sabha were referred to DRSCs concerned, this proportion came down to 27% in the 16th Lok Sabha. Apart from the DRSCs, there are negligible bills referred to Select Committees of the Houses or Joint Parliamentary Committees. The last Bill referred to a Joint Parliamentary Committee was The Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, and before that was The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Second Amendment) Bill, in 2015 . However, many times, the speaker or chairman has exercised their discretion not to refer to the committee an important Bill that has serious implications for society. For example, in the recent farm bills which were enacted through ordinances, were passed by Lok Sabha within three days without being referred to a Standing Committee. As the parliament is the symbol of democracy, it is the responsibility of the government to check the decline of parliament and restore the people’s trust. As Parliamentary Committees help with this by providing a forum where members can engage with domain experts and government officials during the course of their study. Thus it is crucial to strengthen the parliamentary committees rather than bypassing them for an effective and efficient parliamentary democracy.
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Define Outer space. What do you mean by utilization and exploration of outer space? Also mention the tools required for it. (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach:- In the introduction, define the outer space Elaborate on the meaning of the utilization and exploration of outer space Also mention the tools required for it Conclude accordingly Answer:- Outer space is the region beyond a planet"s atmosphere. For Earth, it begins about 100 kilometers (62 miles) above sea level. Karman line (Imaginary line) is the boundary that decides the boundary of the outer space Utilization of space Utilization of space means utilizing the space for these purposes Communication- satellite, mobile, radio, TV broadcasting- Example- GSAT, INSAT satellites Remote sensing satellites- It is for acquiring information from the distance- Example- Resourcesat, Cartosat, etc Navigation satellites- Example- IRNSS, NaVIC Tools used for utilization of space Rockets Satellites etc Exploration of outer space Searching for water footprints& Co2 [Essential for the existence of life and photosynthesis] Searching for alien life Searching for blackholes, wormholes (Rosen-Einstein bridge) Research on neutrinos, gravitational waves Searching for Habitable zones (Goldilocks zone) Searching for dual solar systems Tools used for the Exploration of space Rockets, space missions, Reusable launch vehicles- RLV-TD experiment by ISRO Telescopes- Land-based (30 meters telescope) and Space-based- Example- James Webb telescope, Hubble space telescope, Astrosat from India International space stations Deep space communication networks - Deep Space Network is a network of large antennas and communication facilities operated by the ISRO to support the space missions of India. Its hub is located at Bylalu, Karnataka Research and development laboratories- Space data centers The Utilization and exploration of outer space are done by the ISRO, a government organization. Now the government allowed private participation in the space industry as it is a sunrise industry and India can explore the market offered by the space industry.
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##Question:Define Outer space. What do you mean by utilization and exploration of outer space? Also mention the tools required for it. (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, define the outer space Elaborate on the meaning of the utilization and exploration of outer space Also mention the tools required for it Conclude accordingly Answer:- Outer space is the region beyond a planet"s atmosphere. For Earth, it begins about 100 kilometers (62 miles) above sea level. Karman line (Imaginary line) is the boundary that decides the boundary of the outer space Utilization of space Utilization of space means utilizing the space for these purposes Communication- satellite, mobile, radio, TV broadcasting- Example- GSAT, INSAT satellites Remote sensing satellites- It is for acquiring information from the distance- Example- Resourcesat, Cartosat, etc Navigation satellites- Example- IRNSS, NaVIC Tools used for utilization of space Rockets Satellites etc Exploration of outer space Searching for water footprints& Co2 [Essential for the existence of life and photosynthesis] Searching for alien life Searching for blackholes, wormholes (Rosen-Einstein bridge) Research on neutrinos, gravitational waves Searching for Habitable zones (Goldilocks zone) Searching for dual solar systems Tools used for the Exploration of space Rockets, space missions, Reusable launch vehicles- RLV-TD experiment by ISRO Telescopes- Land-based (30 meters telescope) and Space-based- Example- James Webb telescope, Hubble space telescope, Astrosat from India International space stations Deep space communication networks - Deep Space Network is a network of large antennas and communication facilities operated by the ISRO to support the space missions of India. Its hub is located at Bylalu, Karnataka Research and development laboratories- Space data centers The Utilization and exploration of outer space are done by the ISRO, a government organization. Now the government allowed private participation in the space industry as it is a sunrise industry and India can explore the market offered by the space industry.
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How to use the techniques of compliance to encourage parents to send their girl child to school? (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the explanation of the compliance for the social influence. Then bring the major techniques of compliance and apply them to encourage the parent to educate their girl child. Conclude accordingly. Answer Compliance is a way of social influence where people agree to change their behavior without changing their attitude because of the satisfaction they derived after accepting influence (e.g. Rewards). Thus it could be a very significant tool to encourage parents to send their girls to school if used in an effective manner. Techniques of Compliance such as the Foot in the door, Door in the face, That’s not all, Playing it hard, and Deadline Technique could be used to promote child education for girls in the following manner. Foot in the door: This technique can create a space for communication which can be used to encourage parents to begin with a small request for admission of their girl"s child for primary education and when it is granted we increase it for higher education. Door in the face: In this technique, the requester begins with the large request but when it is refused they retreat to the smaller one which was actually desired. For E, the grants asked by the ministries, or the salary negotiations. That’s not all: Giving additional benefits to ensure parents comply with requests. For example, with respect to start educating their girl child by showcasing the benefits of it different levels as mentioned following: Individual Benefits: Financial independence, the opportunity for social mobility, development of human capital, motivating and cognitive development Family: Family income will increase and their children will be raised in much better Nation: Reaping the demographic dividend. Overall growth. As per the former head of IMF Christine Lagarde, if women"s education will be promoted it will help in raising India’s GDP. Global level: It will improve overall India’s performance at the global level. Deadline Technique: Parents can be convinced that they have only limited time to take advantage of some offers such as some social benefits they could avail if their girl child is educated and if they miss this target then the loss will be for life. Playing hard to Get: We ensure compliance by suggesting that a person or object is scarce to obtain. Here the girl"s education can be projected as scarce to obtain. Challenging the parents that it will be a very difficult task for them to educate their girl child. Thus it creates the importance of education and is more specific to the girls. Thus these techniques of compliance can be used to bring equity in society and bring women and girl education to par with the male and equal participation of women in all aspects of the areas will elevate India’s status on the global stage as well. Note: The student can also use Robert Cialdini"s six principles of compliance as Liking and Friendship, Commitment & Consistency, Reciprocity, Social Validation, Scarcity, and Authority. All these could be taken as valid points as well. These all could be used to promote child education for girls in the following manner. Liking and Friendship: We comply with the requests of the friends or people whom we like. For example charismatic personalities such as the role of Amitabh Bachchan in Polio eradication on the same ground we can encourage parents to send their girl child to school. Commitment and consistency: Once we have committed ourselves to a position or action we are more willing to comply with requests for behavior that is consistent with that position. Local administration or the executive at the state or central level can bring commitment and consistency in the teachers to bring more enrolment and retention of the gild children in school. Reciprocity: We comply with the request of someone who has provided us with a favor for example voting for a political party that has declared job vacancies before the elections. Social Validation: We comply with a request for action if this action is consistent with what we believe a person similar to us is/are doing. For example, voting behavior, consumerism, etc. This technique is useful in ensuring the successful implementation of Government policies. Scarcity: We people have the tendency to secure the opportunity that is scarce. This technique is often used in marketing. A limited number of seats for girls in school can be used in this regard. Authority: We can show a willingness to comply with requests from someone who has legitimate authority. For example, administrative officials, judiciary, political executives, etc.
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##Question:How to use the techniques of compliance to encourage parents to send their girl child to school? (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the explanation of the compliance for the social influence. Then bring the major techniques of compliance and apply them to encourage the parent to educate their girl child. Conclude accordingly. Answer Compliance is a way of social influence where people agree to change their behavior without changing their attitude because of the satisfaction they derived after accepting influence (e.g. Rewards). Thus it could be a very significant tool to encourage parents to send their girls to school if used in an effective manner. Techniques of Compliance such as the Foot in the door, Door in the face, That’s not all, Playing it hard, and Deadline Technique could be used to promote child education for girls in the following manner. Foot in the door: This technique can create a space for communication which can be used to encourage parents to begin with a small request for admission of their girl"s child for primary education and when it is granted we increase it for higher education. Door in the face: In this technique, the requester begins with the large request but when it is refused they retreat to the smaller one which was actually desired. For E, the grants asked by the ministries, or the salary negotiations. That’s not all: Giving additional benefits to ensure parents comply with requests. For example, with respect to start educating their girl child by showcasing the benefits of it different levels as mentioned following: Individual Benefits: Financial independence, the opportunity for social mobility, development of human capital, motivating and cognitive development Family: Family income will increase and their children will be raised in much better Nation: Reaping the demographic dividend. Overall growth. As per the former head of IMF Christine Lagarde, if women"s education will be promoted it will help in raising India’s GDP. Global level: It will improve overall India’s performance at the global level. Deadline Technique: Parents can be convinced that they have only limited time to take advantage of some offers such as some social benefits they could avail if their girl child is educated and if they miss this target then the loss will be for life. Playing hard to Get: We ensure compliance by suggesting that a person or object is scarce to obtain. Here the girl"s education can be projected as scarce to obtain. Challenging the parents that it will be a very difficult task for them to educate their girl child. Thus it creates the importance of education and is more specific to the girls. Thus these techniques of compliance can be used to bring equity in society and bring women and girl education to par with the male and equal participation of women in all aspects of the areas will elevate India’s status on the global stage as well. Note: The student can also use Robert Cialdini"s six principles of compliance as Liking and Friendship, Commitment & Consistency, Reciprocity, Social Validation, Scarcity, and Authority. All these could be taken as valid points as well. These all could be used to promote child education for girls in the following manner. Liking and Friendship: We comply with the requests of the friends or people whom we like. For example charismatic personalities such as the role of Amitabh Bachchan in Polio eradication on the same ground we can encourage parents to send their girl child to school. Commitment and consistency: Once we have committed ourselves to a position or action we are more willing to comply with requests for behavior that is consistent with that position. Local administration or the executive at the state or central level can bring commitment and consistency in the teachers to bring more enrolment and retention of the gild children in school. Reciprocity: We comply with the request of someone who has provided us with a favor for example voting for a political party that has declared job vacancies before the elections. Social Validation: We comply with a request for action if this action is consistent with what we believe a person similar to us is/are doing. For example, voting behavior, consumerism, etc. This technique is useful in ensuring the successful implementation of Government policies. Scarcity: We people have the tendency to secure the opportunity that is scarce. This technique is often used in marketing. A limited number of seats for girls in school can be used in this regard. Authority: We can show a willingness to comply with requests from someone who has legitimate authority. For example, administrative officials, judiciary, political executives, etc.
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The new Indo- US engagement manifest a shift in Indo-US relations from being an estrange democracies to strategic partners. Discuss. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach - Introduce by mentioning the Indo-US relations. Mention the new Indo-US engagement. Discuss the reasons this relationship is shifting from an estranged democracy to a strategic partner. Conclude accordingly. Answer - Dennis Kux has rightly said the India –U.S.A relationship has been transformed from being called an ‘estranged democracy’, to a ‘Comprehensive Global Strategic Partnership’ . The new Indo-US engagement and shifting from an estranged democracy to a strategic partner- US-Asia pivot policy- From Hyphenation(cold war) to the de-hyphenation approach,(non-Alignment), during the presidency of Bush. This shift in US policy could be seen as a shift from the estranged democracy term given by Dennis Kux during the cold war to strategic partners post cold war. In the 1971 war, the US supported Pakistan and USSR helped India. This approach turned to De hyphenated because India emerged to the level of great power. Reasons for the probable shift in the US policy towards India- 1) There has been a shift in Global geopolitics during post cold war- The disintegration of the USSR. World turning unipolar. The US is turning the global actor. 2)Asia to considered an important potential actor- It depends on the US-Indo Pacific strategy. 3) India started emerging Economic powerhouse in south Asia - This happened in Post 1991, liberalization policy of the GOI. Huge Indian Diaspora in America. 4) Rising chinas assertiveness in the region. 5) India"s place in the global scenario as the rising Asian Giant. 6) Defense Cooperation - 2005 - Defence agreement. 2010- Defence technology and trade initiative on defense equipment. 2016 - India was designated as a "major defense partner" by the US. India can also access US bases in Africa Three defense agreements- 1) LEMOA- Logistic Exchange memorandum of understanding. 2) COMCASA - Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement. 3) BECA- Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement. Wayforward - There is great potential to boost bilateral trade between both countries, especially considering the increasing anti-China sentiment. Negotiations should focus on the resolution of various non-tariff barriers. The current US government has allowed all the bans under GSP on India by the previous government to expire. US concerns about investment barriers by India need to be undertaken by India. India needs to engage with the US and other partners, especially in the Indo-Pacific region. In such a scenario, India must adopt strategic hedging. Being the world"s leading democracy, US and India should view each other as vital strategic and natural allies. Indo- US relations remain critical for shaping the world order in the 21st century. In order to realize the full potential of relations, the two countries should strive to complete unfinished agreements and set the course for a comprehensive Strategic Global Partnership.
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##Question:The new Indo- US engagement manifest a shift in Indo-US relations from being an estrange democracies to strategic partners. Discuss. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach - Introduce by mentioning the Indo-US relations. Mention the new Indo-US engagement. Discuss the reasons this relationship is shifting from an estranged democracy to a strategic partner. Conclude accordingly. Answer - Dennis Kux has rightly said the India –U.S.A relationship has been transformed from being called an ‘estranged democracy’, to a ‘Comprehensive Global Strategic Partnership’ . The new Indo-US engagement and shifting from an estranged democracy to a strategic partner- US-Asia pivot policy- From Hyphenation(cold war) to the de-hyphenation approach,(non-Alignment), during the presidency of Bush. This shift in US policy could be seen as a shift from the estranged democracy term given by Dennis Kux during the cold war to strategic partners post cold war. In the 1971 war, the US supported Pakistan and USSR helped India. This approach turned to De hyphenated because India emerged to the level of great power. Reasons for the probable shift in the US policy towards India- 1) There has been a shift in Global geopolitics during post cold war- The disintegration of the USSR. World turning unipolar. The US is turning the global actor. 2)Asia to considered an important potential actor- It depends on the US-Indo Pacific strategy. 3) India started emerging Economic powerhouse in south Asia - This happened in Post 1991, liberalization policy of the GOI. Huge Indian Diaspora in America. 4) Rising chinas assertiveness in the region. 5) India"s place in the global scenario as the rising Asian Giant. 6) Defense Cooperation - 2005 - Defence agreement. 2010- Defence technology and trade initiative on defense equipment. 2016 - India was designated as a "major defense partner" by the US. India can also access US bases in Africa Three defense agreements- 1) LEMOA- Logistic Exchange memorandum of understanding. 2) COMCASA - Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement. 3) BECA- Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement. Wayforward - There is great potential to boost bilateral trade between both countries, especially considering the increasing anti-China sentiment. Negotiations should focus on the resolution of various non-tariff barriers. The current US government has allowed all the bans under GSP on India by the previous government to expire. US concerns about investment barriers by India need to be undertaken by India. India needs to engage with the US and other partners, especially in the Indo-Pacific region. In such a scenario, India must adopt strategic hedging. Being the world"s leading democracy, US and India should view each other as vital strategic and natural allies. Indo- US relations remain critical for shaping the world order in the 21st century. In order to realize the full potential of relations, the two countries should strive to complete unfinished agreements and set the course for a comprehensive Strategic Global Partnership.
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What is Assisted Reproductive Technology? Discuss the salient features of Assisted Reproductive Technolgy Bill, 2021. (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach : Introduce briefly Assisted Reproductive Technology In the body, discuss the salient features of Assisted Reproductive Technolgy Bill, 2021 Conclude briefly with advantages Answer : Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) includes all fertility treatments in which either eggs or embryos are handled. ART procedures involve surgically removing eggs from a woman’s ovaries, combining them with sperm in the laboratory, and returning them to the woman’s body or donating them to another woman. ART does not include treatments in which only sperm are handled i.e., intrauterine or artificial insemination or procedures in which a woman takes medicine only to stimulate egg production without the intention of having eggs retrieved. It can alleviate the burden of infertility on individuals and families, but it can also present challenges to public health as evidenced by the high rates of multiple deliveries, preterm delivery, and low birth-weight delivery experienced with ART. Monitoring the outcomes of technologies that affect reproduction, such as contraception and ART, has become an important public health activity. ART includes in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET), gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT), and frozen embryo transfer (FET). The Parliament passed the Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act, 2021 in December 2021. Key features of the Act are as follows: The Act seeks to regulate and supervise the assisted reproductive technology clinics and the assisted reproductive technology banks, prevention of misuse, safe and ethical practice of assisted reproductive technology services It is for addressing the issues of reproductive health where assisted reproductive technology is required for becoming a parent or for freezing gametes, embryos, and embryonic tissues for further use due to infertility, disease or social or medical concerns and for regulation and supervision of research and development, etc Under the Act, every ART clinic and bank must be registered under the National Registry of Banks and Clinics of India. The Registry is meant to act as a central database for all facilities providing ART services in India, with state governments appointing relevant authorities in their respective states to facilitate the registration process. The Registration must be renewed every five years and may be cancelled or suspended if an entity contravenes the provisions of the Act. The National Assisted Reproductive Technology and Surrogacy Board is to be constituted under the National Board for the purposes of this Act. The Central Government may, within a period of ninety days from the date of commencement of this Act, by notification, establish for the purposes of this Act and Surrogacy Act, a Registry to be called the National Assisted Reproductive Technology and Surrogacy Registry. The National Registry shall consist of such scientific, technical, administrative and supportive staff and the terms and conditions of their service under the Act. The Act enumerates the procedure of registration of Assisted Technology Clinics and Banks, which includes provisions for grant of registration, renewal, suspension or cancellation. The National Board, the National Registry and the State Board shall have the power to inspect, any premises relating to assisted reproductive technology; or call for any document or material, in the exercise of their powers and discharge of their functions. Thus, from the above, it is clear that Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) can cater to a range of fertility treatments aimed at aiding reproduction for couples suffering from infertility or to persons who may wish to have a child through artificial methods and the bill is in the right direction.
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##Question:What is Assisted Reproductive Technology? Discuss the salient features of Assisted Reproductive Technolgy Bill, 2021. (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach : Introduce briefly Assisted Reproductive Technology In the body, discuss the salient features of Assisted Reproductive Technolgy Bill, 2021 Conclude briefly with advantages Answer : Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) includes all fertility treatments in which either eggs or embryos are handled. ART procedures involve surgically removing eggs from a woman’s ovaries, combining them with sperm in the laboratory, and returning them to the woman’s body or donating them to another woman. ART does not include treatments in which only sperm are handled i.e., intrauterine or artificial insemination or procedures in which a woman takes medicine only to stimulate egg production without the intention of having eggs retrieved. It can alleviate the burden of infertility on individuals and families, but it can also present challenges to public health as evidenced by the high rates of multiple deliveries, preterm delivery, and low birth-weight delivery experienced with ART. Monitoring the outcomes of technologies that affect reproduction, such as contraception and ART, has become an important public health activity. ART includes in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET), gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT), and frozen embryo transfer (FET). The Parliament passed the Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act, 2021 in December 2021. Key features of the Act are as follows: The Act seeks to regulate and supervise the assisted reproductive technology clinics and the assisted reproductive technology banks, prevention of misuse, safe and ethical practice of assisted reproductive technology services It is for addressing the issues of reproductive health where assisted reproductive technology is required for becoming a parent or for freezing gametes, embryos, and embryonic tissues for further use due to infertility, disease or social or medical concerns and for regulation and supervision of research and development, etc Under the Act, every ART clinic and bank must be registered under the National Registry of Banks and Clinics of India. The Registry is meant to act as a central database for all facilities providing ART services in India, with state governments appointing relevant authorities in their respective states to facilitate the registration process. The Registration must be renewed every five years and may be cancelled or suspended if an entity contravenes the provisions of the Act. The National Assisted Reproductive Technology and Surrogacy Board is to be constituted under the National Board for the purposes of this Act. The Central Government may, within a period of ninety days from the date of commencement of this Act, by notification, establish for the purposes of this Act and Surrogacy Act, a Registry to be called the National Assisted Reproductive Technology and Surrogacy Registry. The National Registry shall consist of such scientific, technical, administrative and supportive staff and the terms and conditions of their service under the Act. The Act enumerates the procedure of registration of Assisted Technology Clinics and Banks, which includes provisions for grant of registration, renewal, suspension or cancellation. The National Board, the National Registry and the State Board shall have the power to inspect, any premises relating to assisted reproductive technology; or call for any document or material, in the exercise of their powers and discharge of their functions. Thus, from the above, it is clear that Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) can cater to a range of fertility treatments aimed at aiding reproduction for couples suffering from infertility or to persons who may wish to have a child through artificial methods and the bill is in the right direction.
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Discuss human settlements on the basis of density or concentration. Also, throw some light on different patterns of rural settlements. (150 words, 10 marks.)
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Discuss human settlements on the basis of density or concentration. Also, throw some light on different patterns of rural settlements. (150 words, 10 marks.) Answer: 1. Introduce by defining Human settlement. 2. Mention the human settlements on the basis of density. 3. Briefly mention the rural settlement pattern. Human Settlement means a cluster of dwellings of any type or size where human beings live. For this purpose, people may erect houses and other structures and command some area or territory as their economic support-base. Thus, the process of settlement inherently involves the grouping of people and apportioning of territory as their resource base. Human Settlements on the basis of density or concentration: 1. Nucleated or clustered settlements: This is a concentrated and compact type of settlement determined proximity of water bodies, fertile land, the ability of the community to defend, cultural and ethnic homogeneity, etc. Examples are Tibetans in Dharmasala, Kushalnagar, China Town in Kolkata, etc. 2. Semi-Nucleated or semi-compact settlements: It shows the tendency of pro-clustering but may be due to socio-dynamics, economic status, or large lands to be cultivated by a small population. In the case of India, the dominant community holds the central region of the settlement while the minorities in hamlets within the main village. 3. Dispersed or Scattered settlements: In this case, the houses are extremely spaced due to the following reasons: areas of extreme climates, hilly tracks, deserts, forests, areas of extensive agriculture, grasslands, poor agricultural lands, and underpopulated regions. Example: Northern Canada, Siberia, Russia, Pampas of Argentina, Downs of Australia, Prairies of Canada and USA, Scandinavian countries, Himalayan States (Arunachal Pradesh), etc. Patterns of Rural Settlements: 1. Linear Pattern: When the houses are located along the banks of a river or canal or coastline or transportation line, it is called a linear pattern. Example: Houses along NH-7. 2. Cross-Shaped Pattern: It is mainly found in flat plain areas. it can be further of different shapes based on the shape of the intersection of the roads like T, Y, or Star-shaped. These settlements developed on the adjacent sides of the roads from the junction. 3. Circular Pattern: The settlement that develops around a central water body such as lakes, grazing land, a community space, and a temple exhibit a circular pattern. 4. Double Pattern: These settlements extend on both sides of the river or canal. These two fragments are connected by a ferry service or a bridge. They might have common socio-cultural aspects or would have changed but an increase in population and the size of the settlement can pave way for two separate administrative setups.
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##Question:Discuss human settlements on the basis of density or concentration. Also, throw some light on different patterns of rural settlements. (150 words, 10 marks.)##Answer:Discuss human settlements on the basis of density or concentration. Also, throw some light on different patterns of rural settlements. (150 words, 10 marks.) Answer: 1. Introduce by defining Human settlement. 2. Mention the human settlements on the basis of density. 3. Briefly mention the rural settlement pattern. Human Settlement means a cluster of dwellings of any type or size where human beings live. For this purpose, people may erect houses and other structures and command some area or territory as their economic support-base. Thus, the process of settlement inherently involves the grouping of people and apportioning of territory as their resource base. Human Settlements on the basis of density or concentration: 1. Nucleated or clustered settlements: This is a concentrated and compact type of settlement determined proximity of water bodies, fertile land, the ability of the community to defend, cultural and ethnic homogeneity, etc. Examples are Tibetans in Dharmasala, Kushalnagar, China Town in Kolkata, etc. 2. Semi-Nucleated or semi-compact settlements: It shows the tendency of pro-clustering but may be due to socio-dynamics, economic status, or large lands to be cultivated by a small population. In the case of India, the dominant community holds the central region of the settlement while the minorities in hamlets within the main village. 3. Dispersed or Scattered settlements: In this case, the houses are extremely spaced due to the following reasons: areas of extreme climates, hilly tracks, deserts, forests, areas of extensive agriculture, grasslands, poor agricultural lands, and underpopulated regions. Example: Northern Canada, Siberia, Russia, Pampas of Argentina, Downs of Australia, Prairies of Canada and USA, Scandinavian countries, Himalayan States (Arunachal Pradesh), etc. Patterns of Rural Settlements: 1. Linear Pattern: When the houses are located along the banks of a river or canal or coastline or transportation line, it is called a linear pattern. Example: Houses along NH-7. 2. Cross-Shaped Pattern: It is mainly found in flat plain areas. it can be further of different shapes based on the shape of the intersection of the roads like T, Y, or Star-shaped. These settlements developed on the adjacent sides of the roads from the junction. 3. Circular Pattern: The settlement that develops around a central water body such as lakes, grazing land, a community space, and a temple exhibit a circular pattern. 4. Double Pattern: These settlements extend on both sides of the river or canal. These two fragments are connected by a ferry service or a bridge. They might have common socio-cultural aspects or would have changed but an increase in population and the size of the settlement can pave way for two separate administrative setups.
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According to Aristotle for persuasion, not only Ethos and Logos but pathos is equally important. Comment. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with Aristotle’s perception on Persuasion. Then further explain the concepts of ethos, pathos, and logos, Then interlink them with each other with help of examples. Answer Aristotle is known as the father of persuasion. According to Aristotle mode of persuasion has three basic components Ethos, Logos, and Pathos. Ethos refers to the credibility of the speaker. Logos refers to appealing to logic i.e. citing facts, and statistics, and Pathos refers to appealing to emotion. Importance of the Ethos in Persuasion It is an appeal to ethics. It is a means of convincing someone of the character, authority, or credibility of the speaker. It can be done in multiple ways e.g. being a notable figure in the field in question. Demonstrating mastery over the specialized vocabulary of the field. Being introduced by some other established authority. Importance of the Logos in Persuasion It refers to the logical appeal that is to cite facts and statistics. Having a Logos appeal also enhances ethos because information makes the speaker look knowledgeable and prepared to his/her audience. Logos can be developed by using historical analogies. By constructing logical arguments or substantiating arguments with examples. Importance of the Pathos in Persuasion It is an appeal to emotions and a way of convincing an audience by creating an emotional response. Speaker uses pathos to invoke sympathy from the audience. Pathos is most effective when the speaker demonstrates agreement with the underlying values of the listener. Pathos can be developed by using an emotional tone, emotion-evoking examples, or making funny illustrations. Emotions are motivators so the audience is more likely to be persuaded and act on the requests by using pathos. Pathos is more likely to increase the chances of the audience: Understanding point of view, accepting arguments, and acting on your requests. Empathy, sympathy, and pathetic are derived from pathos. It makes Pathos as one of the most important factors to persuade by appealing to the audience"s emotions. As the speaker, anyone wants the audience to feel the same emotions someone feels about something if he wants to emotionally connect with them and influence them. If anyone has low pathos the audience is likely to try to find flaws in your arguments. Thus effective persuasion is based on the fine balance and equilibrium among Ethos, Logos, and pathos.
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##Question:According to Aristotle for persuasion, not only Ethos and Logos but pathos is equally important. Comment. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with Aristotle’s perception on Persuasion. Then further explain the concepts of ethos, pathos, and logos, Then interlink them with each other with help of examples. Answer Aristotle is known as the father of persuasion. According to Aristotle mode of persuasion has three basic components Ethos, Logos, and Pathos. Ethos refers to the credibility of the speaker. Logos refers to appealing to logic i.e. citing facts, and statistics, and Pathos refers to appealing to emotion. Importance of the Ethos in Persuasion It is an appeal to ethics. It is a means of convincing someone of the character, authority, or credibility of the speaker. It can be done in multiple ways e.g. being a notable figure in the field in question. Demonstrating mastery over the specialized vocabulary of the field. Being introduced by some other established authority. Importance of the Logos in Persuasion It refers to the logical appeal that is to cite facts and statistics. Having a Logos appeal also enhances ethos because information makes the speaker look knowledgeable and prepared to his/her audience. Logos can be developed by using historical analogies. By constructing logical arguments or substantiating arguments with examples. Importance of the Pathos in Persuasion It is an appeal to emotions and a way of convincing an audience by creating an emotional response. Speaker uses pathos to invoke sympathy from the audience. Pathos is most effective when the speaker demonstrates agreement with the underlying values of the listener. Pathos can be developed by using an emotional tone, emotion-evoking examples, or making funny illustrations. Emotions are motivators so the audience is more likely to be persuaded and act on the requests by using pathos. Pathos is more likely to increase the chances of the audience: Understanding point of view, accepting arguments, and acting on your requests. Empathy, sympathy, and pathetic are derived from pathos. It makes Pathos as one of the most important factors to persuade by appealing to the audience"s emotions. As the speaker, anyone wants the audience to feel the same emotions someone feels about something if he wants to emotionally connect with them and influence them. If anyone has low pathos the audience is likely to try to find flaws in your arguments. Thus effective persuasion is based on the fine balance and equilibrium among Ethos, Logos, and pathos.
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Discuss the ethical issues related to the Genetic Engineering Technique. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach - Briefly Introduce by mentioning the Genetic Engineering Technique. Mention various ethical issues related to Genetic Engineering. Conclude accordingly Answer- Genetic Engineering Technique is also known as Genetic modification. It is a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of organisms. This may involve changing a single base pair, deleting a region of DNA, or adding a new segment of DNA. It involves adding a gene from one species to an organism of different species to produce desired traits. For Example- BT-Cotton plant. The various ethical issues related to Genetic Engineering are- 1) Naturality of genes will be lost/ playing with god or nature. There are potential harms to health as well. For Example- genetic engineering could reactivate inactive pathways and increase the levels of toxic substances within the plants by producing new toxins. 2) Genetic engineering products can sustain more, compared to natural products. For example- Golden Rice 3) Transmission of genes from animals to plants, may affect the traditions and cultures of the people. 4) Proper research has not been done. 5) Hence no idea of alternatives when it goes wrong. For Example- the controversies around GM- Mustard. 6) Ecological disequilibrium can be caused by Genetic Engineering. For Example- The disequilibrium is caused by creating new or more vigorous pests and pathogens that harm nontarget species, such as soil organisms, non-pest insects, birds, and other animals. Genetic Engineering is a rapid process, the desired characters can be produced within one generation with 100% accuracy, that is, it"s a 100% result-oriented technique. In India, under the environmental protection act 1986 , the Ministry of environment, forest, and climate change established a Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee. It has permitted the commercial cultivation of GMOs and LMOs. But this permission will be approved by the ministry of environment, forest, and climate change.
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##Question:Discuss the ethical issues related to the Genetic Engineering Technique. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach - Briefly Introduce by mentioning the Genetic Engineering Technique. Mention various ethical issues related to Genetic Engineering. Conclude accordingly Answer- Genetic Engineering Technique is also known as Genetic modification. It is a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of organisms. This may involve changing a single base pair, deleting a region of DNA, or adding a new segment of DNA. It involves adding a gene from one species to an organism of different species to produce desired traits. For Example- BT-Cotton plant. The various ethical issues related to Genetic Engineering are- 1) Naturality of genes will be lost/ playing with god or nature. There are potential harms to health as well. For Example- genetic engineering could reactivate inactive pathways and increase the levels of toxic substances within the plants by producing new toxins. 2) Genetic engineering products can sustain more, compared to natural products. For example- Golden Rice 3) Transmission of genes from animals to plants, may affect the traditions and cultures of the people. 4) Proper research has not been done. 5) Hence no idea of alternatives when it goes wrong. For Example- the controversies around GM- Mustard. 6) Ecological disequilibrium can be caused by Genetic Engineering. For Example- The disequilibrium is caused by creating new or more vigorous pests and pathogens that harm nontarget species, such as soil organisms, non-pest insects, birds, and other animals. Genetic Engineering is a rapid process, the desired characters can be produced within one generation with 100% accuracy, that is, it"s a 100% result-oriented technique. In India, under the environmental protection act 1986 , the Ministry of environment, forest, and climate change established a Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee. It has permitted the commercial cultivation of GMOs and LMOs. But this permission will be approved by the ministry of environment, forest, and climate change.
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Discuss the ethical issues related to the Genetic Engineering Technique. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach - Briefly Introduce by mentioning the Genetic Engineering Technique. Mention various ethical issues related to Genetic Engineering. Conclude accordingly Answer- Genetic Engineering Technique is also known as Genetic modification. It is a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of organisms. This may involve changing a single base pair, deleting a region of DNA, or adding a new segment of DNA. It involves adding a gene from one species to an organism of different species to produce desired traits. For Example- BT-Cotton plant. The various ethical issues related to Genetic Engineering are- 1) Naturality of genes will be lost/ playing with god or nature. There are potential harms to health as well. For Example- genetic engineering could reactivate inactive pathways and increase the levels of toxic substances within the plants by producing new toxins. 2) Genetic engineering products can sustain more, compared to natural products. For example- Golden Rice 3) Transmission of genes from animals to plants, may affect the traditions and cultures of the people. 4) Proper research has not been done. 5) Hence no idea of alternatives when it goes wrong. For Example- the controversies around GM- Mustard. 6) Ecological disequilibrium can be caused by Genetic Engineering. For Example- The disequilibrium is caused by creating new or more vigorous pests and pathogens that harm nontarget species, such as soil organisms, non-pest insects, birds, and other animals. Genetic Engineering is a rapid process, the desired characters can be produced within one generation with 100% accuracy, that is, it"s a 100% result-oriented technique. In India, under the environmental protection act 1986, the Ministry of environment, forest, and climate change established a Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee. It has permitted the commercial cultivation of GMOs and LMOs. But this permission will be approved by the ministry of environment, forest, and climate change.
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##Question:Discuss the ethical issues related to the Genetic Engineering Technique. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach - Briefly Introduce by mentioning the Genetic Engineering Technique. Mention various ethical issues related to Genetic Engineering. Conclude accordingly Answer- Genetic Engineering Technique is also known as Genetic modification. It is a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of organisms. This may involve changing a single base pair, deleting a region of DNA, or adding a new segment of DNA. It involves adding a gene from one species to an organism of different species to produce desired traits. For Example- BT-Cotton plant. The various ethical issues related to Genetic Engineering are- 1) Naturality of genes will be lost/ playing with god or nature. There are potential harms to health as well. For Example- genetic engineering could reactivate inactive pathways and increase the levels of toxic substances within the plants by producing new toxins. 2) Genetic engineering products can sustain more, compared to natural products. For example- Golden Rice 3) Transmission of genes from animals to plants, may affect the traditions and cultures of the people. 4) Proper research has not been done. 5) Hence no idea of alternatives when it goes wrong. For Example- the controversies around GM- Mustard. 6) Ecological disequilibrium can be caused by Genetic Engineering. For Example- The disequilibrium is caused by creating new or more vigorous pests and pathogens that harm nontarget species, such as soil organisms, non-pest insects, birds, and other animals. Genetic Engineering is a rapid process, the desired characters can be produced within one generation with 100% accuracy, that is, it"s a 100% result-oriented technique. In India, under the environmental protection act 1986, the Ministry of environment, forest, and climate change established a Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee. It has permitted the commercial cultivation of GMOs and LMOs. But this permission will be approved by the ministry of environment, forest, and climate change.
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What are the characteristic features of Ethics? Also, mention the determinants of Ethics. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach for the answer - Introduce the answer by defining ethics Mention the characteristic features of Ethics Highlight the determinants of Ethics Conclude appropriately Answer Ethics are a set of moral principles imposed by society on itself to regulate the behavior of individuals. It means what society thinks is fair, just, and reasonable. It has a group/collective connotation. It is a certain code of conduct- Religious or Professional. Characteristic features of Ethics - Ethics never dictates a single course of action but prescribes/provides the means for evaluating the options and deciding among those competing options. Every society needs a "code of ethics" to prevent social conflicts and ensure peace/harmony and stability along with the ability to resolve the dilemma among competing values. Ethics tends to remain consistent within the context, but changes with every change in the context. Hence, ethics is contextual. For example - it changes from society to society such as homosexuality or live-in relationship or abortion. Ethics is maintained and sustained with a sense of responsibility and not mere accountability to some external agency. Determinants of Ethics - Determining what is right or what is wrong is neither absolute nor universal. There is no objective way of justifying any ethical principle to be valid for all the time to come. Hence, we can determine what is ethical based on the following - God and Religion - Religion-based ethics praise the source to God that something is right because God says so. Hence, this determinant advocates universal ethical standards. For example - the eightfold path of Buddhism, and the philosophy of anekantvad in Jainism, nishkamkarma according to the Bhagavad Gita. However, we shouldn"t identify ethics with religion as it also applies to atheists. What is good is good because it is good. Hence, you don"t need any justification for it. Culture - The ethical principle of the individual is also influenced by their culture. For example - individualism and rationality in the context of the west whereas in our society, collectivism, cooperation, strong familial obedience, etc. It can be summarised in one statement - Be a roman in Rome. Society - Although society is one of the major determinants of ethics, but, one should not equate being ethical to whatever society accepts as sometimes, society can also deviate from what is ethical. For example - untouchability, child marriage, dowry, etc. Agencies of socialization - For example - family, teachers, life experiences, media, etc. help in shaping ethical values. Media played an important role in determining the ethics of society. Hence, one should create cinema with a social bend of mind. Example - Dangal, Pink, Article 15 Leadership - The leadership also helps in determining the conduct of their followers. For example - rationality and vision (Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel), integrity from Mahatma Gandhi, and preservance from Abraham Lincoln. endurance amidst adversity from Nelson Mandela. However, leaders are also prone to unethical practices. Hence, one should not blindly follow them. Example - Hitler. Constitutionalism - It is a way to establish the moral disposition of society. For example - fundamental duties, preamble, and DPSPs. In case of any dilemma, it has to be the constitutional morality that should govern the human/individual"s conduct. There is a framework of ethics underlying our lives on a daily basis, helping us make decisions that create positive impacts and steering us away from unjust outcomes
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##Question:What are the characteristic features of Ethics? Also, mention the determinants of Ethics. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach for the answer - Introduce the answer by defining ethics Mention the characteristic features of Ethics Highlight the determinants of Ethics Conclude appropriately Answer Ethics are a set of moral principles imposed by society on itself to regulate the behavior of individuals. It means what society thinks is fair, just, and reasonable. It has a group/collective connotation. It is a certain code of conduct- Religious or Professional. Characteristic features of Ethics - Ethics never dictates a single course of action but prescribes/provides the means for evaluating the options and deciding among those competing options. Every society needs a "code of ethics" to prevent social conflicts and ensure peace/harmony and stability along with the ability to resolve the dilemma among competing values. Ethics tends to remain consistent within the context, but changes with every change in the context. Hence, ethics is contextual. For example - it changes from society to society such as homosexuality or live-in relationship or abortion. Ethics is maintained and sustained with a sense of responsibility and not mere accountability to some external agency. Determinants of Ethics - Determining what is right or what is wrong is neither absolute nor universal. There is no objective way of justifying any ethical principle to be valid for all the time to come. Hence, we can determine what is ethical based on the following - God and Religion - Religion-based ethics praise the source to God that something is right because God says so. Hence, this determinant advocates universal ethical standards. For example - the eightfold path of Buddhism, and the philosophy of anekantvad in Jainism, nishkamkarma according to the Bhagavad Gita. However, we shouldn"t identify ethics with religion as it also applies to atheists. What is good is good because it is good. Hence, you don"t need any justification for it. Culture - The ethical principle of the individual is also influenced by their culture. For example - individualism and rationality in the context of the west whereas in our society, collectivism, cooperation, strong familial obedience, etc. It can be summarised in one statement - Be a roman in Rome. Society - Although society is one of the major determinants of ethics, but, one should not equate being ethical to whatever society accepts as sometimes, society can also deviate from what is ethical. For example - untouchability, child marriage, dowry, etc. Agencies of socialization - For example - family, teachers, life experiences, media, etc. help in shaping ethical values. Media played an important role in determining the ethics of society. Hence, one should create cinema with a social bend of mind. Example - Dangal, Pink, Article 15 Leadership - The leadership also helps in determining the conduct of their followers. For example - rationality and vision (Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel), integrity from Mahatma Gandhi, and preservance from Abraham Lincoln. endurance amidst adversity from Nelson Mandela. However, leaders are also prone to unethical practices. Hence, one should not blindly follow them. Example - Hitler. Constitutionalism - It is a way to establish the moral disposition of society. For example - fundamental duties, preamble, and DPSPs. In case of any dilemma, it has to be the constitutional morality that should govern the human/individual"s conduct. There is a framework of ethics underlying our lives on a daily basis, helping us make decisions that create positive impacts and steering us away from unjust outcomes
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प्रवाल भितियाँ (Coral Reefs) तथा उनकी उत्पति का परिचय दीजिये| साथ ही, प्रवालों के विभिन्न प्रकारों तथा उनकी अवस्थिति के बारे में चर्चा कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Give an introduction to coral reefs and their origin. Also, discuss the different types of corals and their location. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)
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एप्रोच - प्रवाल भित्तियों (Coral Reefs) के बारे में संक्षिप्त परिचय देते हुए उत्तर प्रारंभ कीजिए| अगले भाग में, प्रवाल भित्तियों की उत्पति का परिचय दीजिये| अगले भाग में, प्रवालों के विभिन्न प्रकारों का उल्लेख करते हुए उनकी विशेषताओं को संक्षिप्तता से बताईये| अंतिम भाग में, विभिन्न प्रकार के प्रवालों की अवस्थिति का उल्लेख कीजिए| (नोट -- यहाँ मैप बनाकर अवस्थिति भी दर्शाई जा सकती है) अंतिम भाग में, प्रवालों के महत्व को काफी संक्षिप्तता से लिखते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| उत्तर - प्रवाल महासागर में पाए जाने वाले पॉलिप नामक जीवों के अस्थिपंजर के समूहन से निर्मित होते हैं| ये कॉलोनी बनाकर रहते हैं, तथा एक कॉलोनी में कई पीढ़ी के प्रवाल रहते हैं और जब पुराने पीढ़ी के प्रवालों की मृत्यु हो जाती है तो ठीक उसके ऊपर नई पीढ़ी के प्रवाल अपना घर बनाना प्रारंभ करते हैं| जीवविज्ञान के दृष्टिकोण से ये सेलीट्रेंटा/नीडेरिया कुल से संबंधित हैं| इन्हें कैलकेरियस चट्टान भी कहते हैं क्योंकि ये अपने शरीर से कैल्सियम कार्बोनेट निक्षेपित करते हैं| प्रवालों को महासागर का वर्षावन भी कहते हैं, क्योंकि जिस प्रकार की जैव विविधता धरातल पर वर्षावनों में मिलती है, उसी प्रकार की जैव विविधता प्रवाल पारिस्थितिक तंत्र में भी मिलता है| प्रवाल भित्तियों की उत्पति ये शैवाल (जूजैन्थली) के साथ सहजीवन व्यतीत करते हैं| शैवाल इनके शरीर के साथ चिपके रहते हैं जिसके कारण प्रवाल के ऊतकों में रासायनिक तत्व और ऊर्जा का संचार होता है, जिसके कारण प्रवाल में विभिन्न रंग पाए जाते हैं| लगभग 60% भोजन या ऊर्जा की आपूर्ति प्रवालों को शैवाल से होती है तथा शेष 40% ऊर्जा या भोजन प्रवाल अपने माउथ टेंटिकल से करते हैं| प्रवाल भित्तियों के प्रकार 1. तटीय प्रवाल भित्ति (Fringing Reef) महाद्वीपीय किनारे या द्वीप के किनारे पर निर्मित ये आकार में छोटे होते हैं| ये भित्तियां यद्यपि स्थलीय भाग से सटी रहती हैं, परंतु कभी-कभी इनके तथा स्थल भाग के मध्य अंतराल हो जाने के कारण उनमें छोटी लैगून का निर्माण हो जाता है जिसे बोट चैनल भी कहते हैं| जिन तटों पर समुद्री तरंगों द्वारा निरंतर ऑक्सीजन युक्त जल और अधिकाधिक मात्रा में पोषक तत्वों की आपूर्ति होती रहती है, वहाँ प्रवाल भित्तियों का विकास तेजी से होता है| इसके फलस्वरूप तटीय प्रवाल भित्तियों की चौडाई में वृद्धि हो जाती है| इसका सागरवर्ती भाग तीव्र ढाल वाला खड़ा जबकि स्थलोन्मुख भाग मंद ढाल वाला होता है और उपरी सतह असमान तथा सतह ऊबड़-खाबड़ होती है| उदाहरण - दक्षिण फ्लोरिडा, अंडमान, मलेशिया, मन्नार की खाड़ी आदि 2. अवरोधक प्रवाल भित्ति (Barrier Reef) सागरीय तट से दूर लेकिन किनारे के समानांतर वृहदाकार प्रवाल भित्ति; प्रवाल रोधिका भी कहते हैं| ये सभी प्रकार की भित्तियों से लम्बी, विस्तृत, चौड़ी तथा ऊँची होती हैं| इसकी ऊपरी सतह पर गोलाश्म, प्रवाल निर्मित अवसाद तथा रेत के ढेर मिलते हैं| प्रवाल रोधिका का विकास अपेक्षाकृत अधिक गहराई में होता है और तट से इसकी दूरी भी अधिक होती है, इसलिए तट और प्रवाल भित्ति के बीच में एक छिछले चौड़े लैगून का निर्माण होता है| अवरोधक प्रवाल भित्तियाँ लगातार अविच्छिन्न रूप में नहीं मिलती हैं, वरन कई स्थानों पर टूटी हुई होती हैं, जिस कारण लैगून का संबंध खुले सागर से बना रहता है| इन अंतरालों को ज्वारीय प्रवेश मार्ग (tidal inlet) कहते हैं| विश्व की सर्वप्रमुख अवरोधक प्रवाल भित्ति ग्रेट बैरियर रीफ है, जो आस्ट्रेलिया के उत्तर पूर्वी तट के सहारे 9 से 22 डिग्री दक्षिण अक्षांशों के मध्य पायी जाती है| 3. वलयाकार प्रवाल भित्ति या एटॉल (Atoll) जो प्रवाल भित्तियाँ वृत्ताकार, दीर्घवृत्ताकार, वलयाकार अथवा घोड़े की नाल या मुद्रिका के आकार की होती हैं, उन्हें प्रवाल द्वीप वलय या एटॉल कहा जाता है| इसकी स्थिति प्रायः द्वीप के चारों ओर या जलमग्न पठार के ऊपर अण्डाकार रूप में पायी जाती है, परन्तु इसका कोई न कोई भाग खुला अवश्य रहता है| एटॉल के बीच में लैगून होती है तथा इस लैगून में कोई द्वीप नहीं होता| कहीं-कहीं महासागरों के बीच में उपस्थित किसी द्वीप के चारों ओर वृत्ताकार प्रवाल भित्तियाँ निर्मित हो जाती हैं| एटॉल की चौड़ाई कम होती है और इनका विकास मुख्य भूमि से काफी दूर खुले महासागरों में होता है| इस प्रकार के एटॉल प्रवाल प्रशांत महासागर में अधिक मिलते हैं| जैसे - मार्शल द्वीप, कुक आइलैंड के प्रवाल; हिंद महासागर में मालद्वीप, चैगोस द्वीप, कोकोस द्वीप आदि भी इसके उदाहरण हैं| प्रवाल भित्तियों की अवस्थिति अधिकांश प्रवाल भित्तियों का विकास उष्णकटिबंधीय और उपोष्णकटिबंधीय समुद्रों में उथले, गर्म जल में तट के निकट होता हैं| ये आम तौर पर 30° उत्तर और 30° दक्षिण अक्षांश के मध्य अवस्थित होते हैं| महाद्वीपों अथवा द्वीपों के पूर्वी किनारों पर गरम जल धाराओं के कारण प्रवाल जीवों को काफी मात्रा में पोषक तत्व प्राप्त होते है जिससे इनका पर्याप्त विकास होता है| अफ्रीका के पूर्वी अपतट, भारत के दक्षिणी अपतट, लाल सागर और पोलीनेशिया तथा जापान के सुशीमा एवं ओकिनावा द्वीप के निकट प्रवाल भित्तियाँ मिलती हैं| इसके अतिरिक्त प्रवाल भित्ति फ्लोरिडा के अपतट, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका से कैरीबीयाई और ब्राजील के निचले भाग तक विस्तृत हैं| उत्तर-पूर्व और उत्तर-पश्चिम ऑस्ट्रेलिया के समुद्र अपतटों पर विश्व की सर्वप्रमुख अवरोधक प्रवाल भित्ति ग्रेट बैरियर रीफ (पूर्वोत्तर ऑस्ट्रेलिया के अपतट पर) है| इसकी लम्बाई 2000 किलोमीटर से भी अधिक है| बहुत से प्रवाल भितियाँ महासागरों में जल की सतह से बहुत नीचे बड़े-बड़े चबूतरे के रूप में दिखाई देती हैं, तथा अवशिष्ट प्रवाल भित्तियाँ द्वीपों के रूप में विद्यमान हैं| जैसे- बरमूडा, बहामा एवं हवाई द्वीप आदि भारत में प्रवाल भित्तियाँ - अंडमान और निकोबार द्वीप समूह, मन्नार की खाड़ी ( तमिलनाडु ), कच्छ की खाड़ी (गुजरात ) में तटीय प्रवाल भित्ति, लक्षद्वीप समूह में एटॉल प्रवाल भित्तियां पृथ्वी पर सर्वाधिक विविध और बहुमूल्य पारिस्थितिक तंत्रों में से एक है| ये विभिन्न जीव-जंतुओं एवं वनस्पतियों का आश्रय स्थल है, जिनमें मछलियों की लगभग 4000 प्रजातियाँ तथा प्रवालों की सैकड़ों प्रजातियाँ सम्मिलित हैं| प्रवालों को सामुद्रिक वर्षा वन के रूप में जाना जाता है| प्रवाल भित्तियां पोषक तत्वों का चक्रण, समुद्र खाद्य श्रृंखला तथा कार्बन तथा नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण में भी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका का निर्वाह करती है| स्वस्थ प्रवाल भित्तियों के धरातल उबड़-खाबड़ संरचना होती हैं, जो आने वाली समुद्री तरंगों की तीव्रता को कम करती है| यह समुद्री तटरेखा को धाराओं तरंगों और समुद्री तूफानों के प्रतिरोध से बचाती है, जिससे जान-माल की क्षति और क्षरण को रोकने में सहायता मिलती है|
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##Question:प्रवाल भितियाँ (Coral Reefs) तथा उनकी उत्पति का परिचय दीजिये| साथ ही, प्रवालों के विभिन्न प्रकारों तथा उनकी अवस्थिति के बारे में चर्चा कीजिए| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) Give an introduction to coral reefs and their origin. Also, discuss the different types of corals and their location. (150-200 Words; 10 Marks)##Answer:एप्रोच - प्रवाल भित्तियों (Coral Reefs) के बारे में संक्षिप्त परिचय देते हुए उत्तर प्रारंभ कीजिए| अगले भाग में, प्रवाल भित्तियों की उत्पति का परिचय दीजिये| अगले भाग में, प्रवालों के विभिन्न प्रकारों का उल्लेख करते हुए उनकी विशेषताओं को संक्षिप्तता से बताईये| अंतिम भाग में, विभिन्न प्रकार के प्रवालों की अवस्थिति का उल्लेख कीजिए| (नोट -- यहाँ मैप बनाकर अवस्थिति भी दर्शाई जा सकती है) अंतिम भाग में, प्रवालों के महत्व को काफी संक्षिप्तता से लिखते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिए| उत्तर - प्रवाल महासागर में पाए जाने वाले पॉलिप नामक जीवों के अस्थिपंजर के समूहन से निर्मित होते हैं| ये कॉलोनी बनाकर रहते हैं, तथा एक कॉलोनी में कई पीढ़ी के प्रवाल रहते हैं और जब पुराने पीढ़ी के प्रवालों की मृत्यु हो जाती है तो ठीक उसके ऊपर नई पीढ़ी के प्रवाल अपना घर बनाना प्रारंभ करते हैं| जीवविज्ञान के दृष्टिकोण से ये सेलीट्रेंटा/नीडेरिया कुल से संबंधित हैं| इन्हें कैलकेरियस चट्टान भी कहते हैं क्योंकि ये अपने शरीर से कैल्सियम कार्बोनेट निक्षेपित करते हैं| प्रवालों को महासागर का वर्षावन भी कहते हैं, क्योंकि जिस प्रकार की जैव विविधता धरातल पर वर्षावनों में मिलती है, उसी प्रकार की जैव विविधता प्रवाल पारिस्थितिक तंत्र में भी मिलता है| प्रवाल भित्तियों की उत्पति ये शैवाल (जूजैन्थली) के साथ सहजीवन व्यतीत करते हैं| शैवाल इनके शरीर के साथ चिपके रहते हैं जिसके कारण प्रवाल के ऊतकों में रासायनिक तत्व और ऊर्जा का संचार होता है, जिसके कारण प्रवाल में विभिन्न रंग पाए जाते हैं| लगभग 60% भोजन या ऊर्जा की आपूर्ति प्रवालों को शैवाल से होती है तथा शेष 40% ऊर्जा या भोजन प्रवाल अपने माउथ टेंटिकल से करते हैं| प्रवाल भित्तियों के प्रकार 1. तटीय प्रवाल भित्ति (Fringing Reef) महाद्वीपीय किनारे या द्वीप के किनारे पर निर्मित ये आकार में छोटे होते हैं| ये भित्तियां यद्यपि स्थलीय भाग से सटी रहती हैं, परंतु कभी-कभी इनके तथा स्थल भाग के मध्य अंतराल हो जाने के कारण उनमें छोटी लैगून का निर्माण हो जाता है जिसे बोट चैनल भी कहते हैं| जिन तटों पर समुद्री तरंगों द्वारा निरंतर ऑक्सीजन युक्त जल और अधिकाधिक मात्रा में पोषक तत्वों की आपूर्ति होती रहती है, वहाँ प्रवाल भित्तियों का विकास तेजी से होता है| इसके फलस्वरूप तटीय प्रवाल भित्तियों की चौडाई में वृद्धि हो जाती है| इसका सागरवर्ती भाग तीव्र ढाल वाला खड़ा जबकि स्थलोन्मुख भाग मंद ढाल वाला होता है और उपरी सतह असमान तथा सतह ऊबड़-खाबड़ होती है| उदाहरण - दक्षिण फ्लोरिडा, अंडमान, मलेशिया, मन्नार की खाड़ी आदि 2. अवरोधक प्रवाल भित्ति (Barrier Reef) सागरीय तट से दूर लेकिन किनारे के समानांतर वृहदाकार प्रवाल भित्ति; प्रवाल रोधिका भी कहते हैं| ये सभी प्रकार की भित्तियों से लम्बी, विस्तृत, चौड़ी तथा ऊँची होती हैं| इसकी ऊपरी सतह पर गोलाश्म, प्रवाल निर्मित अवसाद तथा रेत के ढेर मिलते हैं| प्रवाल रोधिका का विकास अपेक्षाकृत अधिक गहराई में होता है और तट से इसकी दूरी भी अधिक होती है, इसलिए तट और प्रवाल भित्ति के बीच में एक छिछले चौड़े लैगून का निर्माण होता है| अवरोधक प्रवाल भित्तियाँ लगातार अविच्छिन्न रूप में नहीं मिलती हैं, वरन कई स्थानों पर टूटी हुई होती हैं, जिस कारण लैगून का संबंध खुले सागर से बना रहता है| इन अंतरालों को ज्वारीय प्रवेश मार्ग (tidal inlet) कहते हैं| विश्व की सर्वप्रमुख अवरोधक प्रवाल भित्ति ग्रेट बैरियर रीफ है, जो आस्ट्रेलिया के उत्तर पूर्वी तट के सहारे 9 से 22 डिग्री दक्षिण अक्षांशों के मध्य पायी जाती है| 3. वलयाकार प्रवाल भित्ति या एटॉल (Atoll) जो प्रवाल भित्तियाँ वृत्ताकार, दीर्घवृत्ताकार, वलयाकार अथवा घोड़े की नाल या मुद्रिका के आकार की होती हैं, उन्हें प्रवाल द्वीप वलय या एटॉल कहा जाता है| इसकी स्थिति प्रायः द्वीप के चारों ओर या जलमग्न पठार के ऊपर अण्डाकार रूप में पायी जाती है, परन्तु इसका कोई न कोई भाग खुला अवश्य रहता है| एटॉल के बीच में लैगून होती है तथा इस लैगून में कोई द्वीप नहीं होता| कहीं-कहीं महासागरों के बीच में उपस्थित किसी द्वीप के चारों ओर वृत्ताकार प्रवाल भित्तियाँ निर्मित हो जाती हैं| एटॉल की चौड़ाई कम होती है और इनका विकास मुख्य भूमि से काफी दूर खुले महासागरों में होता है| इस प्रकार के एटॉल प्रवाल प्रशांत महासागर में अधिक मिलते हैं| जैसे - मार्शल द्वीप, कुक आइलैंड के प्रवाल; हिंद महासागर में मालद्वीप, चैगोस द्वीप, कोकोस द्वीप आदि भी इसके उदाहरण हैं| प्रवाल भित्तियों की अवस्थिति अधिकांश प्रवाल भित्तियों का विकास उष्णकटिबंधीय और उपोष्णकटिबंधीय समुद्रों में उथले, गर्म जल में तट के निकट होता हैं| ये आम तौर पर 30° उत्तर और 30° दक्षिण अक्षांश के मध्य अवस्थित होते हैं| महाद्वीपों अथवा द्वीपों के पूर्वी किनारों पर गरम जल धाराओं के कारण प्रवाल जीवों को काफी मात्रा में पोषक तत्व प्राप्त होते है जिससे इनका पर्याप्त विकास होता है| अफ्रीका के पूर्वी अपतट, भारत के दक्षिणी अपतट, लाल सागर और पोलीनेशिया तथा जापान के सुशीमा एवं ओकिनावा द्वीप के निकट प्रवाल भित्तियाँ मिलती हैं| इसके अतिरिक्त प्रवाल भित्ति फ्लोरिडा के अपतट, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका से कैरीबीयाई और ब्राजील के निचले भाग तक विस्तृत हैं| उत्तर-पूर्व और उत्तर-पश्चिम ऑस्ट्रेलिया के समुद्र अपतटों पर विश्व की सर्वप्रमुख अवरोधक प्रवाल भित्ति ग्रेट बैरियर रीफ (पूर्वोत्तर ऑस्ट्रेलिया के अपतट पर) है| इसकी लम्बाई 2000 किलोमीटर से भी अधिक है| बहुत से प्रवाल भितियाँ महासागरों में जल की सतह से बहुत नीचे बड़े-बड़े चबूतरे के रूप में दिखाई देती हैं, तथा अवशिष्ट प्रवाल भित्तियाँ द्वीपों के रूप में विद्यमान हैं| जैसे- बरमूडा, बहामा एवं हवाई द्वीप आदि भारत में प्रवाल भित्तियाँ - अंडमान और निकोबार द्वीप समूह, मन्नार की खाड़ी ( तमिलनाडु ), कच्छ की खाड़ी (गुजरात ) में तटीय प्रवाल भित्ति, लक्षद्वीप समूह में एटॉल प्रवाल भित्तियां पृथ्वी पर सर्वाधिक विविध और बहुमूल्य पारिस्थितिक तंत्रों में से एक है| ये विभिन्न जीव-जंतुओं एवं वनस्पतियों का आश्रय स्थल है, जिनमें मछलियों की लगभग 4000 प्रजातियाँ तथा प्रवालों की सैकड़ों प्रजातियाँ सम्मिलित हैं| प्रवालों को सामुद्रिक वर्षा वन के रूप में जाना जाता है| प्रवाल भित्तियां पोषक तत्वों का चक्रण, समुद्र खाद्य श्रृंखला तथा कार्बन तथा नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण में भी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका का निर्वाह करती है| स्वस्थ प्रवाल भित्तियों के धरातल उबड़-खाबड़ संरचना होती हैं, जो आने वाली समुद्री तरंगों की तीव्रता को कम करती है| यह समुद्री तटरेखा को धाराओं तरंगों और समुद्री तूफानों के प्रतिरोध से बचाती है, जिससे जान-माल की क्षति और क्षरण को रोकने में सहायता मिलती है|
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Compare the legislative power of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) with the House of People (Lok Sabha) as provided by the Constitution of India with special emphasis on the special power provided to the Rajya Sabha. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the composition of the Parliament. Then bring the comparison of the legislative power of Rajya Sabha with Lok Sabha under two parts one as equal power and the other as unequal power. Then further bring the special and exclusive power provided to the Rajya Sabha in the area of legislation. Conclude accordingly. Answer The Indian Parliament constitutes the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and President. All these three pillars of the Indian Parliament have different roles with respect to the legislative process in different stages of law-making. The constitutional status of the Rajya Sabha varies with respect to the Lok Sabha in legislation. Thus Rajya Sabha has equal, unequal, and special legislative power in comparison to the Lok Sabha. Equal legislative Powers of Rajya Sabha in relation to Lok Sabha Introduction and passage of ordinary bills . Introduction and passage of Constitutional Amendment Bills . Introduction and passage of financial bills involving expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India . Approval of ordinances issued by the President. Consideration of the reports of the constitutional bodies like the Finance Commission, Union Public Service Commission, comptroller and auditor general, etc. Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the Union Public Service Commission. The unequal status of Rajya in legislation in relation to the Lok Sabha A Money Bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha and not in Rajya Sabha. Rajya Sabha cannot amend or reject a Money Bill. It should return the bill to the Lok Sabha within 14 days with or without recommendations. The Lok Sabha can either accept or reject all or any of the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha. In both cases, the Money Bill is deemed to have been passed by the two Houses. A Financial Bill , not containing solely the matters of Article 110, also can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha. But, with regard to its passage, both have equal powers. The final power to decide whether a particular Bill is a Money Bill is vested in the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. The Speaker of Lok Sabha presides over the joint sitting of both Houses. The Lok Sabha with a greater number wins the battle in a joint sitting except when the combined strength of the ruling party in both Houses is less than that of opposition parties. Rajya Sabha can only discuss the budget but cannot vote on the demands for grants . Special Powers of Rajya Sabha Apart from the coordinate powers, it enjoys with the Lok Sabha, the Constitution vests some special powers in the Rajya Sabha to exercise its federal mandate as it represents States and Union territories in Parliament. Such special powers lend credence to its status as an Upper House vis-à-vis the Lok Sabha. Rajya Sabha can authorize the Parliament to make a law on a subject enumerated in the State List ( Article 249 ). Rajya Sabha can authorize the Parliament to create new All-India Services common to both the Centre and states ( Article 312 ). From the above, it is clear that Rajya Sabha is not a non-entity and is very much a living organism. In some matters, its powers are inferior to Lok Sabha, but in many other matters, it stands equal with Lok Sabha. In the matter of declaring a State subject as being of national importance, it has even an exclusive power.
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##Question:Compare the legislative power of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) with the House of People (Lok Sabha) as provided by the Constitution of India with special emphasis on the special power provided to the Rajya Sabha. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the composition of the Parliament. Then bring the comparison of the legislative power of Rajya Sabha with Lok Sabha under two parts one as equal power and the other as unequal power. Then further bring the special and exclusive power provided to the Rajya Sabha in the area of legislation. Conclude accordingly. Answer The Indian Parliament constitutes the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and President. All these three pillars of the Indian Parliament have different roles with respect to the legislative process in different stages of law-making. The constitutional status of the Rajya Sabha varies with respect to the Lok Sabha in legislation. Thus Rajya Sabha has equal, unequal, and special legislative power in comparison to the Lok Sabha. Equal legislative Powers of Rajya Sabha in relation to Lok Sabha Introduction and passage of ordinary bills . Introduction and passage of Constitutional Amendment Bills . Introduction and passage of financial bills involving expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India . Approval of ordinances issued by the President. Consideration of the reports of the constitutional bodies like the Finance Commission, Union Public Service Commission, comptroller and auditor general, etc. Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the Union Public Service Commission. The unequal status of Rajya in legislation in relation to the Lok Sabha A Money Bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha and not in Rajya Sabha. Rajya Sabha cannot amend or reject a Money Bill. It should return the bill to the Lok Sabha within 14 days with or without recommendations. The Lok Sabha can either accept or reject all or any of the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha. In both cases, the Money Bill is deemed to have been passed by the two Houses. A Financial Bill , not containing solely the matters of Article 110, also can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha. But, with regard to its passage, both have equal powers. The final power to decide whether a particular Bill is a Money Bill is vested in the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. The Speaker of Lok Sabha presides over the joint sitting of both Houses. The Lok Sabha with a greater number wins the battle in a joint sitting except when the combined strength of the ruling party in both Houses is less than that of opposition parties. Rajya Sabha can only discuss the budget but cannot vote on the demands for grants . Special Powers of Rajya Sabha Apart from the coordinate powers, it enjoys with the Lok Sabha, the Constitution vests some special powers in the Rajya Sabha to exercise its federal mandate as it represents States and Union territories in Parliament. Such special powers lend credence to its status as an Upper House vis-à-vis the Lok Sabha. Rajya Sabha can authorize the Parliament to make a law on a subject enumerated in the State List ( Article 249 ). Rajya Sabha can authorize the Parliament to create new All-India Services common to both the Centre and states ( Article 312 ). From the above, it is clear that Rajya Sabha is not a non-entity and is very much a living organism. In some matters, its powers are inferior to Lok Sabha, but in many other matters, it stands equal with Lok Sabha. In the matter of declaring a State subject as being of national importance, it has even an exclusive power.
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What do you understand by the space station? Explain the application and significance of the space stations. (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the explanation of the space station. Then bring the areas of application. Further, discuss the significance of the space station. Conclude accordingly. Answer The space station is an artificial structure placed in orbit and has the pressurized enclosure, power, supplies, and environmental systems necessary to support human habitation for extended periods. Thus a space station is a spacecraft capable of supporting crewmembers, designed to remain in space for an extended period of time and for other spacecraft to dock. Currently, there is only one fully functional space station on Earth"slower orbit, the International Space Station, and astronauts conduct different experiments in it. Application of the Space Technology Observations of the Sun and other astronomical objects. In Military reconnaissance. For long-term investigations of the behaviour of materials and biological systems—including human physiology and biochemistry—in a state of weightlessness or microgravity. For conducting microgravity research such as biological experiments. Act as a space terminal for placing space modules and for space voyages. Repair of satellites that are in LEO or astronomical telescope. Can be used for refueling . Astronomical observations such as comets, and meteorites. Small space stations are launched fully assembled, but larger stations are sent up in modules and assembled in orbit. India going to launch GAGANYAAN Mission for conducting the space experiments such as microgravity experiments and astronomical observation which is very significant for Military applications such as keeping watch on the Borders we share with Pakistan and China. Significance/Importance of space station International Space Stations have significance for the to and fro movement of astronauts. Conducting experiments in microgravity conduction and low-pressure conditions. It helps in understanding microgravity as well as its influence on life. In the future, we can launch rockets and space missions which becomes cheaper. Space debris can be tracked, collected, and will be re-utilized which can resolve the concern of the there is no space in space . Space tourism has a brighter future prospect due to the achievement in space technology. Thus it has importance in the future growth of the economy as well. It has become very crucial for Earth observation, observation of pollution, climate, etc. Thus space station has the potential to impact many crucial factors from agriculture to space tourism to disaster management. Thus India"s space station project under the Gaganyaan project has futuristic.
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##Question:What do you understand by the space station? Explain the application and significance of the space stations. (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the explanation of the space station. Then bring the areas of application. Further, discuss the significance of the space station. Conclude accordingly. Answer The space station is an artificial structure placed in orbit and has the pressurized enclosure, power, supplies, and environmental systems necessary to support human habitation for extended periods. Thus a space station is a spacecraft capable of supporting crewmembers, designed to remain in space for an extended period of time and for other spacecraft to dock. Currently, there is only one fully functional space station on Earth"slower orbit, the International Space Station, and astronauts conduct different experiments in it. Application of the Space Technology Observations of the Sun and other astronomical objects. In Military reconnaissance. For long-term investigations of the behaviour of materials and biological systems—including human physiology and biochemistry—in a state of weightlessness or microgravity. For conducting microgravity research such as biological experiments. Act as a space terminal for placing space modules and for space voyages. Repair of satellites that are in LEO or astronomical telescope. Can be used for refueling . Astronomical observations such as comets, and meteorites. Small space stations are launched fully assembled, but larger stations are sent up in modules and assembled in orbit. India going to launch GAGANYAAN Mission for conducting the space experiments such as microgravity experiments and astronomical observation which is very significant for Military applications such as keeping watch on the Borders we share with Pakistan and China. Significance/Importance of space station International Space Stations have significance for the to and fro movement of astronauts. Conducting experiments in microgravity conduction and low-pressure conditions. It helps in understanding microgravity as well as its influence on life. In the future, we can launch rockets and space missions which becomes cheaper. Space debris can be tracked, collected, and will be re-utilized which can resolve the concern of the there is no space in space . Space tourism has a brighter future prospect due to the achievement in space technology. Thus it has importance in the future growth of the economy as well. It has become very crucial for Earth observation, observation of pollution, climate, etc. Thus space station has the potential to impact many crucial factors from agriculture to space tourism to disaster management. Thus India"s space station project under the Gaganyaan project has futuristic.
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What do you understand by multi-track diplomacy? Mention the relevance of public diplomacy. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach Define the Multitrack Diplomacy Explain the types of Multitrack Diplomacy briefly. Elaborate on what public diplomacy is and how it is relevant. Briefly mention the conclusion Answer: Multi-Track Diplomacy is a conceptual way to view the process of international peace-making as a living system. It looks at the web of interconnected activities, individuals, institutions, and communities that operate together for a common goal: a world at peace. Types of Multitrack diplomacy : · The track I diplomacy- It is Government to Government Diplomacy e.g Shangari La dialogue-organised by the International Institute of strategic studies and is attended by Defense Ministers and Military Chiefs of Asia Pacific countries Track 1.5 Diplomacy -simultaneous interaction between Government Officials and NGOs. E.g Raisena dialogue organized by ORF and the External affairs ministry of India Track II diplomacy- It is the unofficial dialogue to resolve the issue; participants would be retired Government officials, Academicians, and NGOs; not on Public Radar; operates in the background-e.g. Neemarana dialogue Track III diplomacy -People to People interaction; through tourism, student and cultural exchange Program Public Diplomacy- Division of Public diplomacy was established within MEA in 2006; The government tries to affect the public opinion of another country so as to Positively impact the relations between 2 countries; so as to prevent public resistance. It is an idea where the official leadership of a country engages with the citizens of another country. It is a new idea in the age of globalization due to the proliferation of democracy. Relevance of Public Diplomacy: · Public diplomacy is the most evident fruition of the fact that in modern democracies, the ultimate sovereignty lies not with the governments but with the public. Historical experience says that the public in democratic nations has much higher anti-war sentiment than in dictatorial regimes. For example- the Namaste Trump program and the Indian embassy in the USA organize cultural programs in the USA for spreading awareness about Indian culture. Confucius institutes of China are believed to be the most overt form of Public Diplomacy The multi-track system originated due to the inefficiency of pure government mediation. Moreover, increases in intrastate conflict(conflicts within a state) in the 1990s confirmed that “Track One Diplomacy” was not an effective method for securing international cooperation or resolving conflicts. For this purpose, public diplomacy has been proven to be the most potent. Rather, there needed to be a more interpersonal approach in addition to government mediation
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##Question:What do you understand by multi-track diplomacy? Mention the relevance of public diplomacy. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Define the Multitrack Diplomacy Explain the types of Multitrack Diplomacy briefly. Elaborate on what public diplomacy is and how it is relevant. Briefly mention the conclusion Answer: Multi-Track Diplomacy is a conceptual way to view the process of international peace-making as a living system. It looks at the web of interconnected activities, individuals, institutions, and communities that operate together for a common goal: a world at peace. Types of Multitrack diplomacy : · The track I diplomacy- It is Government to Government Diplomacy e.g Shangari La dialogue-organised by the International Institute of strategic studies and is attended by Defense Ministers and Military Chiefs of Asia Pacific countries Track 1.5 Diplomacy -simultaneous interaction between Government Officials and NGOs. E.g Raisena dialogue organized by ORF and the External affairs ministry of India Track II diplomacy- It is the unofficial dialogue to resolve the issue; participants would be retired Government officials, Academicians, and NGOs; not on Public Radar; operates in the background-e.g. Neemarana dialogue Track III diplomacy -People to People interaction; through tourism, student and cultural exchange Program Public Diplomacy- Division of Public diplomacy was established within MEA in 2006; The government tries to affect the public opinion of another country so as to Positively impact the relations between 2 countries; so as to prevent public resistance. It is an idea where the official leadership of a country engages with the citizens of another country. It is a new idea in the age of globalization due to the proliferation of democracy. Relevance of Public Diplomacy: · Public diplomacy is the most evident fruition of the fact that in modern democracies, the ultimate sovereignty lies not with the governments but with the public. Historical experience says that the public in democratic nations has much higher anti-war sentiment than in dictatorial regimes. For example- the Namaste Trump program and the Indian embassy in the USA organize cultural programs in the USA for spreading awareness about Indian culture. Confucius institutes of China are believed to be the most overt form of Public Diplomacy The multi-track system originated due to the inefficiency of pure government mediation. Moreover, increases in intrastate conflict(conflicts within a state) in the 1990s confirmed that “Track One Diplomacy” was not an effective method for securing international cooperation or resolving conflicts. For this purpose, public diplomacy has been proven to be the most potent. Rather, there needed to be a more interpersonal approach in addition to government mediation
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How can a good work culture impact public service motivation and sustain values in administration? (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Approach: Introduce by defining the term work culture. Discuss how organizational culture impacts the motivation of civil servants and sustains values in administration. Conclude appropriately. Answer: Work culture is a set of behavioral, emotional, and psychological frameworks that members adopt and perpetuate. It reflects the value system, leadership style, procedure, routine, etc. that make an organization unique. Work culture plays an important role in public service motivation and sustains values in the administration in the following ways: Sense of identity and belongingness: Public servants obtain a sense of identity and understand that they belong to a larger community with a sense of commitment to achieve something larger than their individual interests. Acts as a regulating mechanism: Organizational culture shapes attitudes and behavior by providing the necessary incentives and sanctions. These ensure that the behavior of the public servants is aligned with the values of the organization. For instance, if corruption is condemned in an organization, the employees are unlikely to indulge in it as it is deemed unethical. Promotes efficiency: A collaborative environment in the organization encourages the public servants to work diligently and inspires people to demonstrate the values of responsiveness and efficiency. Effective communication: Organizational culture that encourages communication leads to better relationships among employees and a healthy work culture. Further, the hierarchical structure becomes less rigid if employees have the freedom to express themselves. Direction: A set of guidelines regarding organizational values and goals gives the public servant a sense of direction. Further, values like honesty, integrity, and probity get instilled in the public servant if he/she witnesses his/her colleagues and superiors imbibing them. The 2nd Administrative Reforms Commission states that poor organizational culture has led to the degradation of values and corruption in administration in India. Also, if the work of the public servants is not driven by values oriented to public service, it may lose the trust, confidence, and respect of the people who rely on it. Thus, an organizational culture that encourages effective employee participation and transmission of positive values leads to better motivation and higher levels of self-esteem for public servants.
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##Question:How can a good work culture impact public service motivation and sustain values in administration? (10 Marks/150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Introduce by defining the term work culture. Discuss how organizational culture impacts the motivation of civil servants and sustains values in administration. Conclude appropriately. Answer: Work culture is a set of behavioral, emotional, and psychological frameworks that members adopt and perpetuate. It reflects the value system, leadership style, procedure, routine, etc. that make an organization unique. Work culture plays an important role in public service motivation and sustains values in the administration in the following ways: Sense of identity and belongingness: Public servants obtain a sense of identity and understand that they belong to a larger community with a sense of commitment to achieve something larger than their individual interests. Acts as a regulating mechanism: Organizational culture shapes attitudes and behavior by providing the necessary incentives and sanctions. These ensure that the behavior of the public servants is aligned with the values of the organization. For instance, if corruption is condemned in an organization, the employees are unlikely to indulge in it as it is deemed unethical. Promotes efficiency: A collaborative environment in the organization encourages the public servants to work diligently and inspires people to demonstrate the values of responsiveness and efficiency. Effective communication: Organizational culture that encourages communication leads to better relationships among employees and a healthy work culture. Further, the hierarchical structure becomes less rigid if employees have the freedom to express themselves. Direction: A set of guidelines regarding organizational values and goals gives the public servant a sense of direction. Further, values like honesty, integrity, and probity get instilled in the public servant if he/she witnesses his/her colleagues and superiors imbibing them. The 2nd Administrative Reforms Commission states that poor organizational culture has led to the degradation of values and corruption in administration in India. Also, if the work of the public servants is not driven by values oriented to public service, it may lose the trust, confidence, and respect of the people who rely on it. Thus, an organizational culture that encourages effective employee participation and transmission of positive values leads to better motivation and higher levels of self-esteem for public servants.
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Thousands of aspirants come to Delhi for UPSC preparation. Influenced by the culture some do get addicted to smoking. They have this thought in mind that smoking is quite injurious to health but still the behavior of smoking continues. In such a situation how to resolve the cognitive dissonance? (150 Words/10 Marks)
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Approach Introduce with the definition of cognitive dissonance. Then relate the case given to the concept of cognitive dissonance. Then use Leon Festinger’s four methods for situations associated with cognitive dissonance. Then bring the ways to resolve this cognitive dissonance. Conclude accordingly. Answer Cognitive dissonance refers to an undesirable psychological/emotional state of mind due to inconsistency between thought and behavior. Cognitive Dissonance is one of the important theories in social psychology given by “Leon Festinger”. This is a situation when someone knows that their actions or behavior would not produce good results and yet they choose to do it. In the above case, these UPSC aspirants know that smoking is quite injurious to their health and it will create psychological and emotional tension among them and their close ones but keeping these thoughts aside they choose to indulge in smoking. Such behavior and tendency could have many reasons such as peer pressure, to emotional and physiological tensions. In such a situation we can use the following cognitive dissonance Change the thought about the situation: They can change their thought process and start considering smoking as not injurious. They may associate it with the parallel harmful impacts of other lifestyle choices, like living in Delhi which is akin to smoking 10s of cigarettes according to some experts. Change the behavior: After a phase of smoking, they may realize the gravity of the situation and quit smoking on their own. This will help them bring their thoughts in consonance with their actions. Add thoughts to justify behavior: In addition to changing their thoughts, they may add a justification for their behavior. They may associate smoking with the parallel harmful impacts of other lifestyle choices, like living in Delhi which is akin to smoking 10s of cigarettes according to some experts. Trivialize the inconsistency: They may also trivialize the harmful impacts by drawing parallels with their peer group and smoking adults in their family. The above-mentioned cognitive dissonance can be overcome in the following manner By changing the habit so that it gets aligned with the belief that smoking is harmful. There are many ways to get rid of smoking. These methods focused directly on the cessation of the behaviour pattern e.g. therapies like Nicotine Replacement are available that help the smoker to gradually get rid of smoking. Further, aspects like role play, Nukkad Nataks, and displaying signboards for the harmful effects of smoking can be a way to bring in a change in the smoking habit. When an individual holds the strong belief that his habit is going to cost him his health, he gets anxious about his failure to stop this habit. So the above-mentioned UPSC aspirant can reduce the anxiety associated with cognitive dissonance by rationalizing their behavior. For example, understanding that smoking is a very common thing and it takes time to quit it. So always feeling strongly about its hazards can put psychological stress on one’s mind. But it does not mean forgetting about the risk associated with smoking. Thus, timely counseling, positive encouragement through rewards associated, and moral boosting through proper recognition can be the way to resolve the cognitive dissonance in the above-mentioned aspirants of the UPSC.
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##Question:Thousands of aspirants come to Delhi for UPSC preparation. Influenced by the culture some do get addicted to smoking. They have this thought in mind that smoking is quite injurious to health but still the behavior of smoking continues. In such a situation how to resolve the cognitive dissonance? (150 Words/10 Marks)##Answer:Approach Introduce with the definition of cognitive dissonance. Then relate the case given to the concept of cognitive dissonance. Then use Leon Festinger’s four methods for situations associated with cognitive dissonance. Then bring the ways to resolve this cognitive dissonance. Conclude accordingly. Answer Cognitive dissonance refers to an undesirable psychological/emotional state of mind due to inconsistency between thought and behavior. Cognitive Dissonance is one of the important theories in social psychology given by “Leon Festinger”. This is a situation when someone knows that their actions or behavior would not produce good results and yet they choose to do it. In the above case, these UPSC aspirants know that smoking is quite injurious to their health and it will create psychological and emotional tension among them and their close ones but keeping these thoughts aside they choose to indulge in smoking. Such behavior and tendency could have many reasons such as peer pressure, to emotional and physiological tensions. In such a situation we can use the following cognitive dissonance Change the thought about the situation: They can change their thought process and start considering smoking as not injurious. They may associate it with the parallel harmful impacts of other lifestyle choices, like living in Delhi which is akin to smoking 10s of cigarettes according to some experts. Change the behavior: After a phase of smoking, they may realize the gravity of the situation and quit smoking on their own. This will help them bring their thoughts in consonance with their actions. Add thoughts to justify behavior: In addition to changing their thoughts, they may add a justification for their behavior. They may associate smoking with the parallel harmful impacts of other lifestyle choices, like living in Delhi which is akin to smoking 10s of cigarettes according to some experts. Trivialize the inconsistency: They may also trivialize the harmful impacts by drawing parallels with their peer group and smoking adults in their family. The above-mentioned cognitive dissonance can be overcome in the following manner By changing the habit so that it gets aligned with the belief that smoking is harmful. There are many ways to get rid of smoking. These methods focused directly on the cessation of the behaviour pattern e.g. therapies like Nicotine Replacement are available that help the smoker to gradually get rid of smoking. Further, aspects like role play, Nukkad Nataks, and displaying signboards for the harmful effects of smoking can be a way to bring in a change in the smoking habit. When an individual holds the strong belief that his habit is going to cost him his health, he gets anxious about his failure to stop this habit. So the above-mentioned UPSC aspirant can reduce the anxiety associated with cognitive dissonance by rationalizing their behavior. For example, understanding that smoking is a very common thing and it takes time to quit it. So always feeling strongly about its hazards can put psychological stress on one’s mind. But it does not mean forgetting about the risk associated with smoking. Thus, timely counseling, positive encouragement through rewards associated, and moral boosting through proper recognition can be the way to resolve the cognitive dissonance in the above-mentioned aspirants of the UPSC.
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Discuss the relationship between All India State people"s Congress and INC. How they played a role in the integration of princely states (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach:- In the introduction, mention the AISPC In the body part discuss the relation with INC In the second body part, mention the role played in integration of Princely states Conclude accordingly Answer:- States People Congress or Praja Mandal was the organization set up by people of Princely states for their grievances and for democratic reforms. AISPC was the all-India-level organization for raising the grievances of the states Relation with INC 1920, Nagpur Session- INC opened membership for people of states but they were not allowed any political activity in the name of INC INC had little presence in 565 Princely states, therefore INC won"t be able to protect in case of repression as the masses were not trained for the movement In 1927, AISPC was set up and in 1929, INC Lahore session- President Nehru stated that People of states can"t be excluded from the Freedom movement but INC continued with the 1920 stand. 1937-39, 28 months of INC rule in provinces under the GOI Act 1935- Prestige of INC increased in 565 princely states and States people were motivated to set up Praja Mandal, therefore now more Princely states now had States peoples congress 1938, Haripura session with Netaji Bose as president- 1920 stand continued but INC declared that states are an integral part of India and poorna swaraj is the goal for the Whole of India 1939, Tripuri Session- with Netaji Boase as president- Finally change in the policy of INC which declared that people of 565 princely states would be future movements of INC In the Ludhiana session of AISPC (1939), Nehru was appointed as president of AISPC- It started an era of better coordination QIM 1942, was the first movement where people of states participated with British India and demanded- the British to leave India immediately, Democracy/ responsible government in 565 Princely states, and Integration of states with British India Therefore in QIM 1942, they raised the slogan of United India and prepared the ground for the integration of princely States, they played important role in the integration of those states which refused to accede to India Role of AISPC in Integration of princely states Manipur- state people"s congress was in favor of signing a merger agreement but other parties were against it. In Travancore, Hyderabad, and Junagarh, SPC helped in the integration of princely states Hyderabad- When Nizam rejected the GOI offer, a people"s movement was started by communists and the state peoples congress of Hyderabad. Negotiations after this led to the signing of the Standstill agreement The mass movement in British India started in the 1920s whereas the mass movement in the Princely states was delayed by 20 years it started in 1939 on paper and in 1942 it was actually seen in the Quit India movement, However, it played an important part in the integration of princely states
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##Question:Discuss the relationship between All India State people"s Congress and INC. How they played a role in the integration of princely states (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, mention the AISPC In the body part discuss the relation with INC In the second body part, mention the role played in integration of Princely states Conclude accordingly Answer:- States People Congress or Praja Mandal was the organization set up by people of Princely states for their grievances and for democratic reforms. AISPC was the all-India-level organization for raising the grievances of the states Relation with INC 1920, Nagpur Session- INC opened membership for people of states but they were not allowed any political activity in the name of INC INC had little presence in 565 Princely states, therefore INC won"t be able to protect in case of repression as the masses were not trained for the movement In 1927, AISPC was set up and in 1929, INC Lahore session- President Nehru stated that People of states can"t be excluded from the Freedom movement but INC continued with the 1920 stand. 1937-39, 28 months of INC rule in provinces under the GOI Act 1935- Prestige of INC increased in 565 princely states and States people were motivated to set up Praja Mandal, therefore now more Princely states now had States peoples congress 1938, Haripura session with Netaji Bose as president- 1920 stand continued but INC declared that states are an integral part of India and poorna swaraj is the goal for the Whole of India 1939, Tripuri Session- with Netaji Boase as president- Finally change in the policy of INC which declared that people of 565 princely states would be future movements of INC In the Ludhiana session of AISPC (1939), Nehru was appointed as president of AISPC- It started an era of better coordination QIM 1942, was the first movement where people of states participated with British India and demanded- the British to leave India immediately, Democracy/ responsible government in 565 Princely states, and Integration of states with British India Therefore in QIM 1942, they raised the slogan of United India and prepared the ground for the integration of princely States, they played important role in the integration of those states which refused to accede to India Role of AISPC in Integration of princely states Manipur- state people"s congress was in favor of signing a merger agreement but other parties were against it. In Travancore, Hyderabad, and Junagarh, SPC helped in the integration of princely states Hyderabad- When Nizam rejected the GOI offer, a people"s movement was started by communists and the state peoples congress of Hyderabad. Negotiations after this led to the signing of the Standstill agreement The mass movement in British India started in the 1920s whereas the mass movement in the Princely states was delayed by 20 years it started in 1939 on paper and in 1942 it was actually seen in the Quit India movement, However, it played an important part in the integration of princely states
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Discuss the relationship between All India State people"s Congress and INC. How they played a role in the integration of princely states (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach:- In the introduction, mention the AISPC In the body part discuss the relation with INC In the second body part, mention the role played in the integration of Princely states Conclude accordingly Answer:- States People Congress or Praja Mandal was the organization set up by people of Princely states for their grievances and for democratic reforms. AISPC was the all-India-level organization for raising the grievances of the states Relation with INC 1920, Nagpur Session- INC opened membership for people of states but they were not allowed any political activity in the name of INC INC had little presence in 565 Princely states, therefore INC won"t be able to protect in case of repression as the masses were not trained for the movement In 1927, AISPC was set up and in 1929, INC Lahore session- President Nehru stated that People of states can"t be excluded from the Freedom movement but INC continued with the 1920 stand. 1937-39, 28 months of INC rule in provinces under the GOI Act 1935- Prestige of INC increased in 565 princely states and States people were motivated to set up Praja Mandal, therefore now more Princely states now had States peoples congress 1938, Haripura session with Netaji Bose as president- 1920 stand continued but INC declared that states are an integral part of India and poorna swaraj is the goal for the Whole of India 1939, Tripuri Session- with Netaji Boase as president- Finally change in the policy of INC which declared that people of 565 princely states would be future movements of INC In the Ludhiana session of AISPC (1939), Nehru was appointed as president of AISPC- It started an era of better coordination QIM 1942, was the first movement where people of states participated with British India and demanded- the British to leave India immediately, Democracy/ responsible government in 565 Princely states, and Integration of states with British India Therefore in QIM 1942, they raised the slogan of United India and prepared the ground for the integration of princely States, they played important role in the integration of those states which refused to accede to India Role of AISPC in Integration of princely states Manipur- state people"s congress was in favor of signing a merger agreement but other parties were against it. In Travancore, Hyderabad, and Junagarh, SPC helped in the integration of princely states Hyderabad- When Nizam rejected the GOI offer, a people"s movement was started by communists and the state peoples congress of Hyderabad. Negotiations after this led to the signing of the Standstill agreement The mass movement in British India started in the 1920s whereas the mass movement in the Princely states was delayed by 20 years it started in 1939 on paper and in 1942 it was actually seen in the Quit India movement, However, it played an important part in the integration of princely states
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##Question:Discuss the relationship between All India State people"s Congress and INC. How they played a role in the integration of princely states (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, mention the AISPC In the body part discuss the relation with INC In the second body part, mention the role played in the integration of Princely states Conclude accordingly Answer:- States People Congress or Praja Mandal was the organization set up by people of Princely states for their grievances and for democratic reforms. AISPC was the all-India-level organization for raising the grievances of the states Relation with INC 1920, Nagpur Session- INC opened membership for people of states but they were not allowed any political activity in the name of INC INC had little presence in 565 Princely states, therefore INC won"t be able to protect in case of repression as the masses were not trained for the movement In 1927, AISPC was set up and in 1929, INC Lahore session- President Nehru stated that People of states can"t be excluded from the Freedom movement but INC continued with the 1920 stand. 1937-39, 28 months of INC rule in provinces under the GOI Act 1935- Prestige of INC increased in 565 princely states and States people were motivated to set up Praja Mandal, therefore now more Princely states now had States peoples congress 1938, Haripura session with Netaji Bose as president- 1920 stand continued but INC declared that states are an integral part of India and poorna swaraj is the goal for the Whole of India 1939, Tripuri Session- with Netaji Boase as president- Finally change in the policy of INC which declared that people of 565 princely states would be future movements of INC In the Ludhiana session of AISPC (1939), Nehru was appointed as president of AISPC- It started an era of better coordination QIM 1942, was the first movement where people of states participated with British India and demanded- the British to leave India immediately, Democracy/ responsible government in 565 Princely states, and Integration of states with British India Therefore in QIM 1942, they raised the slogan of United India and prepared the ground for the integration of princely States, they played important role in the integration of those states which refused to accede to India Role of AISPC in Integration of princely states Manipur- state people"s congress was in favor of signing a merger agreement but other parties were against it. In Travancore, Hyderabad, and Junagarh, SPC helped in the integration of princely states Hyderabad- When Nizam rejected the GOI offer, a people"s movement was started by communists and the state peoples congress of Hyderabad. Negotiations after this led to the signing of the Standstill agreement The mass movement in British India started in the 1920s whereas the mass movement in the Princely states was delayed by 20 years it started in 1939 on paper and in 1942 it was actually seen in the Quit India movement, However, it played an important part in the integration of princely states
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What are the branches of Artificial Intelligence? Mention Issues and challenges related to AI. (150 words/10 Marks)
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Approach of the Answer: Introduce the answer by writing about Artificial Intelligence. Write about the different branches of Artificial Intelligence. Write about Issues and Challenges related to AI. Conclude Accordingly Answer: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science concerned with making computers mimic human-like intelligence. AI enables machines to perceive and respond to their changing environment. There are many branches of AI: Computer Vision: A field of AI that enables computers to derive meaningful information from digital images, videos, and other visual inputs. Natural language processing: It is concerned with allowing computers to understand the text and spoken words in much the same way human beings can. Audio processing: It allows extracting useful information from ambient sound and music and can use the data for decision-making. Machine Learning: It is an application of AI, that uses data to make informed decisions. Expert System: It is designed to solve complex problems and to provide decision-making ability like a human expert. It performs this by extracting knowledge from its knowledge base using reasoning. Issues and challenges associated with AI Ethical Issues Safety Issues: Use of Deepfake to disrupt social harmony Mass Surveillance: AI has made it easier for authoritarian regimes to do mass surveillance. Power without Accountability Biasedness: Stereotypes in society can be learned by AI Super-intelligence: There is a threat that an AI system can create a better successor or reprogramme itself. Other Issues Data Privacy Concerns Need for Highly Skilled Personnel for AI development Lack of Funding and High resource cost AI might lead to mass unemployment in unskilled, semi-skilled, or even skilled labor. Despite the challenges posed by AI, the benefits of AI cannot be ignored. The way forward must be a globally accepted regulation regime to balance efficiency with ethical concerns.
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##Question:What are the branches of Artificial Intelligence? Mention Issues and challenges related to AI. (150 words/10 Marks)##Answer: Approach of the Answer: Introduce the answer by writing about Artificial Intelligence. Write about the different branches of Artificial Intelligence. Write about Issues and Challenges related to AI. Conclude Accordingly Answer: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science concerned with making computers mimic human-like intelligence. AI enables machines to perceive and respond to their changing environment. There are many branches of AI: Computer Vision: A field of AI that enables computers to derive meaningful information from digital images, videos, and other visual inputs. Natural language processing: It is concerned with allowing computers to understand the text and spoken words in much the same way human beings can. Audio processing: It allows extracting useful information from ambient sound and music and can use the data for decision-making. Machine Learning: It is an application of AI, that uses data to make informed decisions. Expert System: It is designed to solve complex problems and to provide decision-making ability like a human expert. It performs this by extracting knowledge from its knowledge base using reasoning. Issues and challenges associated with AI Ethical Issues Safety Issues: Use of Deepfake to disrupt social harmony Mass Surveillance: AI has made it easier for authoritarian regimes to do mass surveillance. Power without Accountability Biasedness: Stereotypes in society can be learned by AI Super-intelligence: There is a threat that an AI system can create a better successor or reprogramme itself. Other Issues Data Privacy Concerns Need for Highly Skilled Personnel for AI development Lack of Funding and High resource cost AI might lead to mass unemployment in unskilled, semi-skilled, or even skilled labor. Despite the challenges posed by AI, the benefits of AI cannot be ignored. The way forward must be a globally accepted regulation regime to balance efficiency with ethical concerns.
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राष्ट्रीय आय से आप क्या समझते है? इसके आंकलन की विभिन्न विधियों पर चर्चा कीजिए। (150- 200 शब्द/10 अंक) What do you understand by National Income? Discuss the various methods of its estimation. (150- 200 words/10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण राष्ट्रीय आय को परिभाषित कीजिये। संक्षिप्त में राष्ट्रीय आय की गणना का महत्व बताइए। अंत में इसके आंकलन की विभिन्न विधियों पर वर्गीकृत रूप से चर्चा कीजिये। उत्तर - राष्ट्रीय आय से तात्पर्य किसी देश की अर्थव्यवस्था द्वारा पूरे वर्ष के दौरान उत्पादित अन्तिम वस्तुओं व सेवाओं के शुद्ध मूल्य के योग से होता है, इसमें विदेशों से अर्जित शुद्ध आय भी शामिल होती है। राष्ट्रीय आय की गणना का महत्व - किसी भी देश में राष्ट्रीय आय का विश्लेषण अथवा राष्ट्रीय आय का लेखांकन कई कारणों से महत्वपूर्ण होता है- देश की आर्थिक विकास की गति की माप के लिए राष्ट्रीय आय और प्रति व्यक्ति आय में होने वाली वृद्धि का विश्लेषण किया जाता है। दो या दो से अधिक देशों के बीच आर्थिक विकास की गति की तुलना करने के लिए राष्ट्रीय आय का विश्लेषण अनिवार्य होता है। राष्ट्रीय आय विश्लेषण के माध्यम से क्षेत्रीय विकास की समीक्षा की जा सकती है और यह विभिन्न क्षेत्रों के विकास में असमानता का पता करने में सहायक होता है। राष्ट्रीय आय के विश्लेषण द्वारा किसी अर्थव्यवस्था में प्राथमिक क्षेत्र, द्वितीयक क्षेत्र और तृतीयक क्षेत्र के योगदान का विश्लेषण किया जा सकता है। आंकलन की विधियाँ- राष्ट्रीय आय आंकलन के लिये मुख्य रूप से तीन विधियों का प्रयोग किया जाता है- आय विधि उत्पाद विधि /मूल्य वृद्धि विधि व्यय विधि आय विधि — इसके अंतर्गत सभी प्रकार की साधन आय की योग करके राष्ट्रीय आय का आंकलन किया जाता है। इसमें विभिन्न क्षेत्रों जैसे मजदूरी एवं पारिश्रमिक,लगान और किराया,उद्यमों के लाभ व लाभांश,ब्याज,कर्मचारियों के कल्याण के लिए अंशदान,स्वरोजगारियों की मिश्रित आय (Self-Employed) इत्यादि का समग्र योग किया जाता है। इसे सकल राष्ट्रीय आय (GNI) कहते हैं। NI= CFC+CE+OS/MI CE = कर्मचारियों का मुआवजा (मजदूरी घटक को संदर्भित करता है) OS/MI = परिचालन अधिशेष या मिश्रित आय (लाभ घटक को संदर्भित करता है); CFC = अचल पूँजी की खपत (मूल्यह्रास) - यह किराए या ब्याज घटक को संदर्भित करता है; NDPT = शुद्ध प्रत्यक्ष उत्पादन कर; आय विधि के माध्यम से (कारक लागत पर जीडीपी की गणना) सभी आर्थिक इकाई में सभी कारक आय - किराया, वेतन, आय, लाभ को जोड़कर की जाती है; वेतन को कर्मचारियों को मुआवजे - CE के रूप में लिखा जाता है; लाभ में कम्पनी का लाभ (OS/परिचालन अधिशेष) और एक मात्र मालिक का लाभ (मिश्रित आय/MI) शामिल हैं; किराया और ब्याज को अचल पूँजी का उपभोग (CFC) के रूप में लिखा जाता है; उत्पाद विधि/ मूल्य वृद्धि विधि इसके अंतर्गत सभी आर्थिक इकाइयों / फ़र्मों द्वारा मूल्य वृद्धि करके राष्ट्रीय आय का आंकलन किया जाता है। दूसरे शब्दों मे उत्पाद विधि द्वारा राष्ट्रीय आय की गणना करते समय 1 वर्ष के भीतर विभिन्न क्षेत्रों जैसे प्राथमिक, द्वितीयक तथा तृतीयक क्षेत्र में उत्पादित समस्त वस्तुओं के बाजार मूल्य की गणना करते है। यहाँ प्राथमिक क्षेत्र में कृषि वानिकी, मत्स्य पालन, खनन को शामिल किया जाता है। द्वितीयक क्षेत्र में निर्माण एवं विनिर्माण में बिजली गैस एवं जलापूर्ति को शामिल किया जाता है। जबकि तृतीयक क्षेत्र के अन्तर्गत परिवहन संचार सेवा क्षेत्र इत्यादि को शामिल किया जाता है। व्यय विधि इसके अन्तर्गत राष्ट्रीय आय की गणना करते समय उपभोग व्यय, निवेश व्यय, सरकारी व्यय तथा विदेशी व्यापार पर किये जा व्यय का समग्र योग किया जाता है- Y= C+I+G+(X-M) C= निजी अंतिम उपभोग व्यय G= सरकारी अंतिम उपभोग व्यय I = पूंजीगत वस्तुओं पर व्यय X= निर्यात, M= आयात X-M = निवल निर्यात व्यय विधि के तहत देश के घरेलू क्षेत्र के भीतर उत्पादित सभी अंतिम वस्तु एवं सेवा के विरुद्ध सभी व्यय (उपभोग और निवेश की व्यय) को जोड़कर जीडीपी (राष्ट्रीय आय) की गणना की जाती है।हम अपने देश में जिन उत्पादों का उत्पादन करते हैं, उनका या तो उपभोग किया जाता है (कपड़े, जूते, मेज़ आदि) या उनमें निवेश किया जाता है और या निर्यात किया जाता है और या स्टाक में रखा जाता है। जीडीपी के व्यय घटक में निजी क्षेत्र द्वारा अंतिम उपभोग व्यय (C), सरकार द्वारा अंतिम उपभोग व्यय (G), दोनों के द्वारा निवेश व्यय (I), शुद्ध निर्यात (X-M), मूल्यवान वस्तु, स्टाक में बदलाव। Y = C + G + I + (X - M) + मूल्यवान वस्तु + स्टाक में बदलाव। मूल्यवान वस्तु - इनमें मुख्य रूप से कला की वस्तु (पेंटिंग एवं अन्य), क़ीमती पत्थर एवं धातु (सोना, हीरा, प्लेटिनम) या इनसे बने गहनें शामिल हैं, ये महँगे और टिकाऊ वस्तु हैं जो समय के साथ खराब नहीं होते हैं, खपत या उत्पादन में उपयोग नहीं किए जा सकते हैं साथ ही मुख्य रूप से मूल्य के भंडार के रूप में रखे जाते हैं और उन्हें रखने से संतुष्टि प्राप्त होती है। विश्व के विभिन्न देश अपनी आर्थिक स्थिति व सहूलियत के अनुरूप आंकलन की भिन्न भिन्न विधियों का प्रयोग करते है।विकसित देश जहां सामान्यतया आय विधि का प्रयोग करते है, वहीं भारत मे आर्थिक गतिविधियों के अलग अलग क्षेत्रों मे भिन्न भिन्न विधियों का प्रयोग करते हुए राष्ट्रीय आय का मापन किया जाता है।
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##Question:राष्ट्रीय आय से आप क्या समझते है? इसके आंकलन की विभिन्न विधियों पर चर्चा कीजिए। (150- 200 शब्द/10 अंक) What do you understand by National Income? Discuss the various methods of its estimation. (150- 200 words/10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण राष्ट्रीय आय को परिभाषित कीजिये। संक्षिप्त में राष्ट्रीय आय की गणना का महत्व बताइए। अंत में इसके आंकलन की विभिन्न विधियों पर वर्गीकृत रूप से चर्चा कीजिये। उत्तर - राष्ट्रीय आय से तात्पर्य किसी देश की अर्थव्यवस्था द्वारा पूरे वर्ष के दौरान उत्पादित अन्तिम वस्तुओं व सेवाओं के शुद्ध मूल्य के योग से होता है, इसमें विदेशों से अर्जित शुद्ध आय भी शामिल होती है। राष्ट्रीय आय की गणना का महत्व - किसी भी देश में राष्ट्रीय आय का विश्लेषण अथवा राष्ट्रीय आय का लेखांकन कई कारणों से महत्वपूर्ण होता है- देश की आर्थिक विकास की गति की माप के लिए राष्ट्रीय आय और प्रति व्यक्ति आय में होने वाली वृद्धि का विश्लेषण किया जाता है। दो या दो से अधिक देशों के बीच आर्थिक विकास की गति की तुलना करने के लिए राष्ट्रीय आय का विश्लेषण अनिवार्य होता है। राष्ट्रीय आय विश्लेषण के माध्यम से क्षेत्रीय विकास की समीक्षा की जा सकती है और यह विभिन्न क्षेत्रों के विकास में असमानता का पता करने में सहायक होता है। राष्ट्रीय आय के विश्लेषण द्वारा किसी अर्थव्यवस्था में प्राथमिक क्षेत्र, द्वितीयक क्षेत्र और तृतीयक क्षेत्र के योगदान का विश्लेषण किया जा सकता है। आंकलन की विधियाँ- राष्ट्रीय आय आंकलन के लिये मुख्य रूप से तीन विधियों का प्रयोग किया जाता है- आय विधि उत्पाद विधि /मूल्य वृद्धि विधि व्यय विधि आय विधि — इसके अंतर्गत सभी प्रकार की साधन आय की योग करके राष्ट्रीय आय का आंकलन किया जाता है। इसमें विभिन्न क्षेत्रों जैसे मजदूरी एवं पारिश्रमिक,लगान और किराया,उद्यमों के लाभ व लाभांश,ब्याज,कर्मचारियों के कल्याण के लिए अंशदान,स्वरोजगारियों की मिश्रित आय (Self-Employed) इत्यादि का समग्र योग किया जाता है। इसे सकल राष्ट्रीय आय (GNI) कहते हैं। NI= CFC+CE+OS/MI CE = कर्मचारियों का मुआवजा (मजदूरी घटक को संदर्भित करता है) OS/MI = परिचालन अधिशेष या मिश्रित आय (लाभ घटक को संदर्भित करता है); CFC = अचल पूँजी की खपत (मूल्यह्रास) - यह किराए या ब्याज घटक को संदर्भित करता है; NDPT = शुद्ध प्रत्यक्ष उत्पादन कर; आय विधि के माध्यम से (कारक लागत पर जीडीपी की गणना) सभी आर्थिक इकाई में सभी कारक आय - किराया, वेतन, आय, लाभ को जोड़कर की जाती है; वेतन को कर्मचारियों को मुआवजे - CE के रूप में लिखा जाता है; लाभ में कम्पनी का लाभ (OS/परिचालन अधिशेष) और एक मात्र मालिक का लाभ (मिश्रित आय/MI) शामिल हैं; किराया और ब्याज को अचल पूँजी का उपभोग (CFC) के रूप में लिखा जाता है; उत्पाद विधि/ मूल्य वृद्धि विधि इसके अंतर्गत सभी आर्थिक इकाइयों / फ़र्मों द्वारा मूल्य वृद्धि करके राष्ट्रीय आय का आंकलन किया जाता है। दूसरे शब्दों मे उत्पाद विधि द्वारा राष्ट्रीय आय की गणना करते समय 1 वर्ष के भीतर विभिन्न क्षेत्रों जैसे प्राथमिक, द्वितीयक तथा तृतीयक क्षेत्र में उत्पादित समस्त वस्तुओं के बाजार मूल्य की गणना करते है। यहाँ प्राथमिक क्षेत्र में कृषि वानिकी, मत्स्य पालन, खनन को शामिल किया जाता है। द्वितीयक क्षेत्र में निर्माण एवं विनिर्माण में बिजली गैस एवं जलापूर्ति को शामिल किया जाता है। जबकि तृतीयक क्षेत्र के अन्तर्गत परिवहन संचार सेवा क्षेत्र इत्यादि को शामिल किया जाता है। व्यय विधि इसके अन्तर्गत राष्ट्रीय आय की गणना करते समय उपभोग व्यय, निवेश व्यय, सरकारी व्यय तथा विदेशी व्यापार पर किये जा व्यय का समग्र योग किया जाता है- Y= C+I+G+(X-M) C= निजी अंतिम उपभोग व्यय G= सरकारी अंतिम उपभोग व्यय I = पूंजीगत वस्तुओं पर व्यय X= निर्यात, M= आयात X-M = निवल निर्यात व्यय विधि के तहत देश के घरेलू क्षेत्र के भीतर उत्पादित सभी अंतिम वस्तु एवं सेवा के विरुद्ध सभी व्यय (उपभोग और निवेश की व्यय) को जोड़कर जीडीपी (राष्ट्रीय आय) की गणना की जाती है।हम अपने देश में जिन उत्पादों का उत्पादन करते हैं, उनका या तो उपभोग किया जाता है (कपड़े, जूते, मेज़ आदि) या उनमें निवेश किया जाता है और या निर्यात किया जाता है और या स्टाक में रखा जाता है। जीडीपी के व्यय घटक में निजी क्षेत्र द्वारा अंतिम उपभोग व्यय (C), सरकार द्वारा अंतिम उपभोग व्यय (G), दोनों के द्वारा निवेश व्यय (I), शुद्ध निर्यात (X-M), मूल्यवान वस्तु, स्टाक में बदलाव। Y = C + G + I + (X - M) + मूल्यवान वस्तु + स्टाक में बदलाव। मूल्यवान वस्तु - इनमें मुख्य रूप से कला की वस्तु (पेंटिंग एवं अन्य), क़ीमती पत्थर एवं धातु (सोना, हीरा, प्लेटिनम) या इनसे बने गहनें शामिल हैं, ये महँगे और टिकाऊ वस्तु हैं जो समय के साथ खराब नहीं होते हैं, खपत या उत्पादन में उपयोग नहीं किए जा सकते हैं साथ ही मुख्य रूप से मूल्य के भंडार के रूप में रखे जाते हैं और उन्हें रखने से संतुष्टि प्राप्त होती है। विश्व के विभिन्न देश अपनी आर्थिक स्थिति व सहूलियत के अनुरूप आंकलन की भिन्न भिन्न विधियों का प्रयोग करते है।विकसित देश जहां सामान्यतया आय विधि का प्रयोग करते है, वहीं भारत मे आर्थिक गतिविधियों के अलग अलग क्षेत्रों मे भिन्न भिन्न विधियों का प्रयोग करते हुए राष्ट्रीय आय का मापन किया जाता है।
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Identifying the issues associated with the utilization of public funds, discuss the various ethical principles which can help devise strategies for better utilization of public funds in India. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)
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Approach: Briefly write about the concept of public funds. Bring out the various issues associated with utilization of public funds. State the various ethical principles which can help in better utilization of public funds in India. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Public fund is money that is generated by the government to provide goods and services to the general public. It is held by the government as a custodian and not an owner. Judicious and effective utilization of public funds is crucial for development as well as for providing essential services in a developing democracy like India. However, it is often seen that these funds are subjected to misutilization, diversions etc., and there exist several issues regarding their utilization: Misuse of public funds for political purposes: Public funds are particularly vulnerable to conflicts of interest, favouritism, bribery and other forms of unethical behaviour and corruption, especially where risk management and control mechanisms are inadequate. For example, recently, there were allegations of misuse of public funds for political advertisements against a few state governments. Flow of funds: Ensuring a smooth flow of funds under any scheme is essential for their proper utilization. However, many times, there is little delegation in the system creating bottlenecks in the flow of funds, which impacts the effectiveness of the scheme and utilization of available funds. Also, given the sheer volume and complexity of the job, there is a high probability of a trade-off between doing a job well and doing so within a reasonable period of time by public officials. Lack of transparency and accountability: Public funds allotted often lack transparency in the mechanism of their utilization. Their utilization depends on internal administrative guidelines which are generally designed without public consultation. It also leads to lack of accountability. Various ethical principles that can guide in devising strategies for better utilization of public funds are: Transparency: Open and transparent utilization of public funds fosters trust in society that people’s views and interests are respected and that public money is used well. Accountability and efficiency: Accountability ensures clarity about the use of public funds and prevents the public representatives and officials from indulging in corrupt activities. In this context, e-governance tools should be applied on a larger scale. Further, more awareness about the Right To Information Act, 2005 (RTI Act) among citizens is required. These mechanisms will ensure both efficiency and accountability. Moving towards end-to-end e-procurement and administrative simplification is also a step forward in this regard. Adopting effective institutional mechanisms across sectors: These include social audits, expansion of Direct Benefit Transfers, adherence to the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003 etc. Further, there should be regular tracking of funds through the Public Financial Management System (PFMS). Adhering to regularity and propriety by officials: Regularity refers to being compliant with the relevant legislation while propriety implies meeting high standards of public conduct in the context of the right use of public funds. Ethics training as a valuable tool: This will help officials uphold public service ethos and curb tendencies of pursuing personal, private or political agendas in utilization of funds. Efficiency in utilization of public funds can be further strengthened by mechanisms such as decentralization of utilization of funds, lessening the discretionary powers of public officials and strengthening the Citizen’s Charter and the RTI Act.
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##Question:Identifying the issues associated with the utilization of public funds, discuss the various ethical principles which can help devise strategies for better utilization of public funds in India. (10 Marks/ 150 Words)##Answer:Approach: Briefly write about the concept of public funds. Bring out the various issues associated with utilization of public funds. State the various ethical principles which can help in better utilization of public funds in India. Conclude accordingly. Answer: Public fund is money that is generated by the government to provide goods and services to the general public. It is held by the government as a custodian and not an owner. Judicious and effective utilization of public funds is crucial for development as well as for providing essential services in a developing democracy like India. However, it is often seen that these funds are subjected to misutilization, diversions etc., and there exist several issues regarding their utilization: Misuse of public funds for political purposes: Public funds are particularly vulnerable to conflicts of interest, favouritism, bribery and other forms of unethical behaviour and corruption, especially where risk management and control mechanisms are inadequate. For example, recently, there were allegations of misuse of public funds for political advertisements against a few state governments. Flow of funds: Ensuring a smooth flow of funds under any scheme is essential for their proper utilization. However, many times, there is little delegation in the system creating bottlenecks in the flow of funds, which impacts the effectiveness of the scheme and utilization of available funds. Also, given the sheer volume and complexity of the job, there is a high probability of a trade-off between doing a job well and doing so within a reasonable period of time by public officials. Lack of transparency and accountability: Public funds allotted often lack transparency in the mechanism of their utilization. Their utilization depends on internal administrative guidelines which are generally designed without public consultation. It also leads to lack of accountability. Various ethical principles that can guide in devising strategies for better utilization of public funds are: Transparency: Open and transparent utilization of public funds fosters trust in society that people’s views and interests are respected and that public money is used well. Accountability and efficiency: Accountability ensures clarity about the use of public funds and prevents the public representatives and officials from indulging in corrupt activities. In this context, e-governance tools should be applied on a larger scale. Further, more awareness about the Right To Information Act, 2005 (RTI Act) among citizens is required. These mechanisms will ensure both efficiency and accountability. Moving towards end-to-end e-procurement and administrative simplification is also a step forward in this regard. Adopting effective institutional mechanisms across sectors: These include social audits, expansion of Direct Benefit Transfers, adherence to the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003 etc. Further, there should be regular tracking of funds through the Public Financial Management System (PFMS). Adhering to regularity and propriety by officials: Regularity refers to being compliant with the relevant legislation while propriety implies meeting high standards of public conduct in the context of the right use of public funds. Ethics training as a valuable tool: This will help officials uphold public service ethos and curb tendencies of pursuing personal, private or political agendas in utilization of funds. Efficiency in utilization of public funds can be further strengthened by mechanisms such as decentralization of utilization of funds, lessening the discretionary powers of public officials and strengthening the Citizen’s Charter and the RTI Act.
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इल्तुतमिश द्वारा वास्तविक रूप से स्थापित दिल्ली सल्तनत का सुदृढीकरण बलबन के द्वारा किया गया| चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) The Delhi Sultanate established realistically by Iltutmish was strengthened by Balban. Discuss (150-200 words; 10 marks)
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दृष्टिकोण- 1- भूमिका में दिल्ली सल्तनत के बारे में जानकारी दीजिये 2- पहले खंड में दिल्ली सल्तनत के वास्तविक संस्थापक के रूप में इल्तुतमिश का परिचय दीजिये 3- दूसरे खंड में उन कारणों को बताएं जिनके कारण बलबन के काल को सल्तनत के सुदृढीकरण का काल माना जाता है। 4- अंतिम में प्रश्न के अनुरूप निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| मध्यकाल में सन् 1206 से 1526 तक भारत पर शासन करने वाले पाँच वंश के सुल्तानों के शासनकाल को दिल्ली सल्तनत काल कहा जाता है। ये पांच वंश है,गुलाम वंश, खिलजी वंश, तुगलक वंश, सैयद वंश एवं लोदी वंश। इन्ही में से इल्तुतमिश को दिल्ली सल्तनत का वास्तविक संस्थापक माना जाता है जबकि बलबन के काल को सुदृढीकरण का काल माना जाता है| वास्तविक संस्थापक के रूप में इल्तुतमिश शम्सुद्दीन इल्तुतमिश दिल्ली सल्तनत में शम्सी वंंश का एक प्रमुख शासक था। कुतुब-उद-दीन ऐबक के बाद वो उन शासकों में से था जिससे दिल्ली सल्तनत की नींव मजबूत हुई। दिल्ली को स्थायी राजधानी बनाया 1229 में खलीफ़ा से मान्यता प्राप्त कर दिल्ली को वैधता प्रदान की यल्दौज एवं कुबाचा को पराजित कर इस समस्या का स्थायी समाधान किया कुबाचा के क्षेत्र सिंध एवं मुल्तान को दिल्ली सल्तनत में विलय किया (प्रथम विस्तार) तुर्काने चहलगानी/दल-चालीसा नामक स्वामिभक्त अधिकारियों का संगठन बनाया इल्तुत्मिस के काल में ही चंगेज खां नामक मंगोल ने भारत की सीमा में प्रवेश किया| इल्तुत्मिस ने कूटनीति या विनम्रता से चंगेज खां के संभावित आक्रमण से सल्तनत को बचाया संप्रभुता के प्रतीक के रूप में चांदी के टंका तथा ताम्बे के जीतल नामक सिक्कों को जारी किया इन्ही कारणों से इल्तुतमिश को दिल्ली सल्तनत का वास्तविक संस्थापक माना जाता है| दिल्ली सल्तनत का सुदृढ़ीकरण बलबन(1265-87 ई.) गुलाम/दास/ममलूक वंश या आदितुर्क(1206-1290 ई.) का एक प्रभावी शासक था जिसे शासनकाल को साम्राज्य के सुदृढ़ीकरण का काल माना जाता है| नसीरूद्दीन महमूद(1246-65 ई.) के शासनकाल में ही प्रधानमंत्री की हैसियत से बलबन ने ही शासन का संचालन किया था एवं उसके बाद खुद सुल्तान बनकर शासन किया| निम्नलिखित कारणों से माना जाता है कि बलबन का काल सल्तनत के सुदृढीकरण का काल था- बलबन ने राजपद की गरिमा को बनाए रखने के लिए और सुलतान की स्थिति को मजबूत करने के लिए कई कदम उठाये राजपद को नियाबते खुदाई (ईश्वर का प्रतिनिधि) तथा शासक को जिल अल्लाह (ईश्वर की छाया) के रूप में प्रस्तुत किया। इसने पौराणिक योद्धा अफराशियाब के वंश से अपना सम्बन्ध स्थापित किया दरबार में अनुशासन पर बल दिया जैसे हंसी मजाक वर्जित किया गया, बैठने की जगह निर्धारित तथा दरबार में सिजदा/सजदा एवं पाबोस की परम्परा की शुरुआत की| बलबन ने गुप्तचर व्यवस्था को कुशल बनाया तथा केन्द्रीय सैन्य मंत्रालय (दीवाने आरिज) का गठन किया कानून व्यवस्था को बनाए रखने के लिए इसने कठोर तरीके अपनाए जैसे मेवात, अमरोहा, कटेहर आदि क्षेत्रों में लूटेरों के विरुद्ध कठोर कार्यवाही की (इसे रक्त और लौह की नीति कहते हैं) मंगोलों के संभावित आक्रमण को ध्यान में रखते हुए सेना को सावधान रखना तथा साम्राज्य विस्तार के लिए कदम न उठाना अतः यह कहना उचित है कि इल्तुतमिश द्वारा वास्तविक रूप से स्थापित दिल्ली सल्तनत का सुदृढीकरण बलबन के द्वारा किया गया|
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##Question:इल्तुतमिश द्वारा वास्तविक रूप से स्थापित दिल्ली सल्तनत का सुदृढीकरण बलबन के द्वारा किया गया| चर्चा कीजिये| (150-200 शब्द; 10 अंक) The Delhi Sultanate established realistically by Iltutmish was strengthened by Balban. Discuss (150-200 words; 10 marks)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण- 1- भूमिका में दिल्ली सल्तनत के बारे में जानकारी दीजिये 2- पहले खंड में दिल्ली सल्तनत के वास्तविक संस्थापक के रूप में इल्तुतमिश का परिचय दीजिये 3- दूसरे खंड में उन कारणों को बताएं जिनके कारण बलबन के काल को सल्तनत के सुदृढीकरण का काल माना जाता है। 4- अंतिम में प्रश्न के अनुरूप निष्कर्ष देते हुए उत्तर समाप्त कीजिये| मध्यकाल में सन् 1206 से 1526 तक भारत पर शासन करने वाले पाँच वंश के सुल्तानों के शासनकाल को दिल्ली सल्तनत काल कहा जाता है। ये पांच वंश है,गुलाम वंश, खिलजी वंश, तुगलक वंश, सैयद वंश एवं लोदी वंश। इन्ही में से इल्तुतमिश को दिल्ली सल्तनत का वास्तविक संस्थापक माना जाता है जबकि बलबन के काल को सुदृढीकरण का काल माना जाता है| वास्तविक संस्थापक के रूप में इल्तुतमिश शम्सुद्दीन इल्तुतमिश दिल्ली सल्तनत में शम्सी वंंश का एक प्रमुख शासक था। कुतुब-उद-दीन ऐबक के बाद वो उन शासकों में से था जिससे दिल्ली सल्तनत की नींव मजबूत हुई। दिल्ली को स्थायी राजधानी बनाया 1229 में खलीफ़ा से मान्यता प्राप्त कर दिल्ली को वैधता प्रदान की यल्दौज एवं कुबाचा को पराजित कर इस समस्या का स्थायी समाधान किया कुबाचा के क्षेत्र सिंध एवं मुल्तान को दिल्ली सल्तनत में विलय किया (प्रथम विस्तार) तुर्काने चहलगानी/दल-चालीसा नामक स्वामिभक्त अधिकारियों का संगठन बनाया इल्तुत्मिस के काल में ही चंगेज खां नामक मंगोल ने भारत की सीमा में प्रवेश किया| इल्तुत्मिस ने कूटनीति या विनम्रता से चंगेज खां के संभावित आक्रमण से सल्तनत को बचाया संप्रभुता के प्रतीक के रूप में चांदी के टंका तथा ताम्बे के जीतल नामक सिक्कों को जारी किया इन्ही कारणों से इल्तुतमिश को दिल्ली सल्तनत का वास्तविक संस्थापक माना जाता है| दिल्ली सल्तनत का सुदृढ़ीकरण बलबन(1265-87 ई.) गुलाम/दास/ममलूक वंश या आदितुर्क(1206-1290 ई.) का एक प्रभावी शासक था जिसे शासनकाल को साम्राज्य के सुदृढ़ीकरण का काल माना जाता है| नसीरूद्दीन महमूद(1246-65 ई.) के शासनकाल में ही प्रधानमंत्री की हैसियत से बलबन ने ही शासन का संचालन किया था एवं उसके बाद खुद सुल्तान बनकर शासन किया| निम्नलिखित कारणों से माना जाता है कि बलबन का काल सल्तनत के सुदृढीकरण का काल था- बलबन ने राजपद की गरिमा को बनाए रखने के लिए और सुलतान की स्थिति को मजबूत करने के लिए कई कदम उठाये राजपद को नियाबते खुदाई (ईश्वर का प्रतिनिधि) तथा शासक को जिल अल्लाह (ईश्वर की छाया) के रूप में प्रस्तुत किया। इसने पौराणिक योद्धा अफराशियाब के वंश से अपना सम्बन्ध स्थापित किया दरबार में अनुशासन पर बल दिया जैसे हंसी मजाक वर्जित किया गया, बैठने की जगह निर्धारित तथा दरबार में सिजदा/सजदा एवं पाबोस की परम्परा की शुरुआत की| बलबन ने गुप्तचर व्यवस्था को कुशल बनाया तथा केन्द्रीय सैन्य मंत्रालय (दीवाने आरिज) का गठन किया कानून व्यवस्था को बनाए रखने के लिए इसने कठोर तरीके अपनाए जैसे मेवात, अमरोहा, कटेहर आदि क्षेत्रों में लूटेरों के विरुद्ध कठोर कार्यवाही की (इसे रक्त और लौह की नीति कहते हैं) मंगोलों के संभावित आक्रमण को ध्यान में रखते हुए सेना को सावधान रखना तथा साम्राज्य विस्तार के लिए कदम न उठाना अतः यह कहना उचित है कि इल्तुतमिश द्वारा वास्तविक रूप से स्थापित दिल्ली सल्तनत का सुदृढीकरण बलबन के द्वारा किया गया|
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What is the speculative demand for money? Explain using the relationship between bond price/ asset price and interest rate prevailing in the economy. (150 words/10 marks)
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Approach: Give a brief introduction Explain the concept of speculative demand for money Explain the relationship between bond price and interest rate to explain the speculative demand for money Conclude appropriately Answer: The demand for money could be for transaction purposes, precautionary purposes, and speculative purposes. Speculation means that people have some expectations from the future and based on that they take present decisions. Therefore, the present decisions are not arbitrary, rather they are based on what a person, given his bounded rationality, thinks is a reasonable decision. Speculative demand for money: Out of the total money available to a person or in an economy, only some proportion will be needed to meet the transaction demand. The remaining surplus would either be retained as cash or converted(partly or fully) to an asset. Retaining money as cash gives the flexibility to spend, that is, liquidity. However, the cost of storage may be high as money will lose its value due to inflation. As such, the preference is to convert it into assets. The price of an asset and the view about its price in the future determines whether the money would be converted to the asset or not. The money retained as cash, that is, not converted into assets is called the speculative component of the demand for money. Relationship between bond prices and interest rates: The promised interest rate on bond/investment= R Yield depends upon the relative attractiveness of investment compared to the economy"s interest rate. Let"s say the present interest rate in the economy is r. There are two possibilities: Possible view Expectation Bond prices at present The expectation of Bond Prices Speculative decision Speculative demand for money r is high Fall in future Less Rise in future Hold onto bonds/buy if possible Will be low r is low Rise in future High Fall in future Sell the existing bonds or hold onto the existing cash Will be high The speculative demand for money depends on interest rates in the economy as it is the interest rates that determine the price of an asset and thus help in forming a view about the direction of price. Thus speculative demand for money is inversely proportional to interest rates.
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##Question:What is the speculative demand for money? Explain using the relationship between bond price/ asset price and interest rate prevailing in the economy. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Approach: Give a brief introduction Explain the concept of speculative demand for money Explain the relationship between bond price and interest rate to explain the speculative demand for money Conclude appropriately Answer: The demand for money could be for transaction purposes, precautionary purposes, and speculative purposes. Speculation means that people have some expectations from the future and based on that they take present decisions. Therefore, the present decisions are not arbitrary, rather they are based on what a person, given his bounded rationality, thinks is a reasonable decision. Speculative demand for money: Out of the total money available to a person or in an economy, only some proportion will be needed to meet the transaction demand. The remaining surplus would either be retained as cash or converted(partly or fully) to an asset. Retaining money as cash gives the flexibility to spend, that is, liquidity. However, the cost of storage may be high as money will lose its value due to inflation. As such, the preference is to convert it into assets. The price of an asset and the view about its price in the future determines whether the money would be converted to the asset or not. The money retained as cash, that is, not converted into assets is called the speculative component of the demand for money. Relationship between bond prices and interest rates: The promised interest rate on bond/investment= R Yield depends upon the relative attractiveness of investment compared to the economy"s interest rate. Let"s say the present interest rate in the economy is r. There are two possibilities: Possible view Expectation Bond prices at present The expectation of Bond Prices Speculative decision Speculative demand for money r is high Fall in future Less Rise in future Hold onto bonds/buy if possible Will be low r is low Rise in future High Fall in future Sell the existing bonds or hold onto the existing cash Will be high The speculative demand for money depends on interest rates in the economy as it is the interest rates that determine the price of an asset and thus help in forming a view about the direction of price. Thus speculative demand for money is inversely proportional to interest rates.
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आचार संहिता के प्रमुख तत्वों को बताते हुए भारत में सिविल सेवकों के व्यवहार को विनियमित करने के लिए बनाए गए अखिल भारतीय सेवा आचार संहिता , 1968 के प्रमुख बिन्दुओं की चर्चा कीजिए . ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक -10 ) Explaining the main elements of the code of conduct, discuss the main points of the All India Service Code of Conduct, 1968, designed to regulate the behavior of civil servants in India. (150-200 words, Marks-10)
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दृष्टिकोण :- आचार संहिता को परिभाषित करते हुए संक्षिप्त भूमिका लिखिए . आचार संहिता के प्रमुख तत्वों की चर्चा कीजिए . अखिल भारतीय सेवा आचार संहिता , 1968 के प्रमुख बिन्दुओं की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . सिविल सेवकों के लिए अखिल भारतीय सेवा आचार संहिता , 1968 के महत्व को स्पष्ट करते हुए निष्कर्ष लिखिए . उत्तर :- आचार संहिता वह दस्तावेज है जिसके माध्यम से संगठन विशेष के भीतर व्यक्ति के व्यवहार को विनियमित करने के लिए प्रावधान दिए जाते हैं | इसका प्रारूपण इस उद्देश्य या अपेक्षाओं के साथ होता है कि व्यक्ति संगठन में विशिष्ट मानकताओं के साथ व्यवहार करेगा और निर्धारित परिस्थितियों में अपेक्षित व्यवहार सुनिश्चित करते हुए संगठन के ज्ञात मूल्यों एवं सिद्धांतों के प्रति समर्पित होगा | अर्थात आचार संहिता उन नियमों और विनियमनों का एक समुच्चय है जिसके मार्गदर्शन में एक विशिष्ट संगठनात्मक वातावरण के तहत व्यक्ति व्यवहार को मर्यादित करता है | आचार संहिता के प्रमुख तत्व या अवयव :- संगठन की सामान्य मानकताए . सभी विधियों का पालन . गोपनीयता बनाए रखना . हित संघर्ष का समाधान . नियंत्रित या प्रतिबंधित वित्तीय व्यवहार . अलग - अलग संगठनों में आचार संहिता का निर्माण उन संगठनों के उद्देश्यों और लक्ष्यों को ध्यान में रखते हुए जब किया जाता है तो निम्नलिखित प्रमुख सिद्धांतों को अपनाने की अपेक्षा की जाती है :- संगठन के उद्देश्य एवं मूल्यों का विकास इस प्रकार से करना ताकि कर्मियों की सत्यनिष्ठा और ईमानदारी को प्रोत्साहित किया जा सके . संगठनात्मक सन्दर्भ को ध्यान में रखते हुए एक ऐसी संहिता विकसित करना जिसके तहत पदसोपान एवं आंतरिक संरचना के प्रति प्रतिबद्धता में वृद्धि हो सके . एक ऐसी संगठनात्मक संस्कृति का विकास करना जिसके माध्यम से संगठन के बहुउद्देशीय एवं बहुविषयी कार्यों को संपादित करने में सफलता प्राप्त हो सके . संगठन के स्थानीय वातावरण , उससे संबंधित चेतना एवं अन्य आवश्यक जानकारियों के साथ एक ऐसी आचार संहिता तैयार करना जो संगठन से संबंधित सभी क्षेत्रों में लागू हो सके और सभी उद्देश्यों को प्राप्त करने में सहायक हो सके . भारत में अखिल भारतीय सेवा आचार संहिता , 1968 के माध्यम से राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर लोकसेवकों के व्यवहार को विनियमित करने का प्रयास किया गया है ; इसके कुछ प्रमुख प्रावधान इस प्रकार हैं :- धारा - 03 ,लोकसेवक प्रत्येक समय अर्थात 24 घंटे आत्यंतिक सत्यनिष्ठा एवं अपने कर्तव्य के प्रति समर्पण बनाए रखेगा ; लोकसेवक यदि किसी विशिष्ट परिस्थिति में अपने उच्च पदाधिकारी से मौखिक निर्देश प्राप्त करता है तो कार्य प्रारंभ होने के दौरान या उसकी समाप्ति के तत्काल पश्चात उसकी लिखित प्रतिलिपि प्राप्त की जानी चाहिए . धारा - 05 , इसके अनुसार कोई भी लोकसेवक किसी भी राजनीतिक दल का सदस्य नहीं होगा और यह उसका कर्तव्य होगा कि अपने परिवार के किसी भी सदस्य को सक्रीय राजनीतिक गतिविधियों में शामिल होने से रोके ; अगर कोई लोकसेवक चुनाव के समय मतदान करता है तो उसे इससे संबंधित किसी भी तरह का संकेत नहीं दिया जाना चाहिए . धारा 06 :- सरकार की पूर्वानुमति के बगैर कोई भी व्यक्ति प्रेस या मीडिया के माध्यम से अपना विचार व्यक्त नहीं कर सकता लेकिन पुस्तक लिखने या लोक मीडिया में भागीदारी लेने के लिए पूर्वानुमति की आवश्यकता नहीं होगी ( इस व्यवहार के पीछे शर्त यह होगी कि वह अपने व्यक्तिगत विचार को स्पष्ट करे न कि सरकारी विचार को ) . धारा - 07 :- संचार के किसी भी माध्यम का सहारा लेकर कोई भी लोकसेवक संघीय सरकार या राज्यीय सरकार की आलोचना नहीं कर सकता . धारा - 09 :- बगैर प्राधिकार प्राप्त किए कोई भी लोकसेवक किसी भी तरह की कोई भी सरकारी सूचना किसी ऐसे व्यक्ति को नहीं देगा जिसके लिए वह प्राधिकार प्राप्त नहीं है . धारा - 11 :- कोई भी लोकसेवक 5 हजार रुपए से अधिक का उपहार प्राप्त नहीं कर सकता और यदि प्राप्त किया गया है तो उसकी सूचना सरकार को देनी होगी . भारत में यद्यपि अखिल भारतीय लोकसेवा आचार संहिता और केन्द्रीय लोकसेवा आचार संहिता लागू की गयी है परन्तु यह राष्ट्रीय अपेक्षाओं के अनुरूप प्रभावी सिद्ध नहीं हुई है , इसलिए 1996 के बाद से नैतिक आचार संहिता को प्रभावी बनाने पर बल दिया जा रहा है .
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##Question:आचार संहिता के प्रमुख तत्वों को बताते हुए भारत में सिविल सेवकों के व्यवहार को विनियमित करने के लिए बनाए गए अखिल भारतीय सेवा आचार संहिता , 1968 के प्रमुख बिन्दुओं की चर्चा कीजिए . ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक -10 ) Explaining the main elements of the code of conduct, discuss the main points of the All India Service Code of Conduct, 1968, designed to regulate the behavior of civil servants in India. (150-200 words, Marks-10)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण :- आचार संहिता को परिभाषित करते हुए संक्षिप्त भूमिका लिखिए . आचार संहिता के प्रमुख तत्वों की चर्चा कीजिए . अखिल भारतीय सेवा आचार संहिता , 1968 के प्रमुख बिन्दुओं की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . सिविल सेवकों के लिए अखिल भारतीय सेवा आचार संहिता , 1968 के महत्व को स्पष्ट करते हुए निष्कर्ष लिखिए . उत्तर :- आचार संहिता वह दस्तावेज है जिसके माध्यम से संगठन विशेष के भीतर व्यक्ति के व्यवहार को विनियमित करने के लिए प्रावधान दिए जाते हैं | इसका प्रारूपण इस उद्देश्य या अपेक्षाओं के साथ होता है कि व्यक्ति संगठन में विशिष्ट मानकताओं के साथ व्यवहार करेगा और निर्धारित परिस्थितियों में अपेक्षित व्यवहार सुनिश्चित करते हुए संगठन के ज्ञात मूल्यों एवं सिद्धांतों के प्रति समर्पित होगा | अर्थात आचार संहिता उन नियमों और विनियमनों का एक समुच्चय है जिसके मार्गदर्शन में एक विशिष्ट संगठनात्मक वातावरण के तहत व्यक्ति व्यवहार को मर्यादित करता है | आचार संहिता के प्रमुख तत्व या अवयव :- संगठन की सामान्य मानकताए . सभी विधियों का पालन . गोपनीयता बनाए रखना . हित संघर्ष का समाधान . नियंत्रित या प्रतिबंधित वित्तीय व्यवहार . अलग - अलग संगठनों में आचार संहिता का निर्माण उन संगठनों के उद्देश्यों और लक्ष्यों को ध्यान में रखते हुए जब किया जाता है तो निम्नलिखित प्रमुख सिद्धांतों को अपनाने की अपेक्षा की जाती है :- संगठन के उद्देश्य एवं मूल्यों का विकास इस प्रकार से करना ताकि कर्मियों की सत्यनिष्ठा और ईमानदारी को प्रोत्साहित किया जा सके . संगठनात्मक सन्दर्भ को ध्यान में रखते हुए एक ऐसी संहिता विकसित करना जिसके तहत पदसोपान एवं आंतरिक संरचना के प्रति प्रतिबद्धता में वृद्धि हो सके . एक ऐसी संगठनात्मक संस्कृति का विकास करना जिसके माध्यम से संगठन के बहुउद्देशीय एवं बहुविषयी कार्यों को संपादित करने में सफलता प्राप्त हो सके . संगठन के स्थानीय वातावरण , उससे संबंधित चेतना एवं अन्य आवश्यक जानकारियों के साथ एक ऐसी आचार संहिता तैयार करना जो संगठन से संबंधित सभी क्षेत्रों में लागू हो सके और सभी उद्देश्यों को प्राप्त करने में सहायक हो सके . भारत में अखिल भारतीय सेवा आचार संहिता , 1968 के माध्यम से राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर लोकसेवकों के व्यवहार को विनियमित करने का प्रयास किया गया है ; इसके कुछ प्रमुख प्रावधान इस प्रकार हैं :- धारा - 03 ,लोकसेवक प्रत्येक समय अर्थात 24 घंटे आत्यंतिक सत्यनिष्ठा एवं अपने कर्तव्य के प्रति समर्पण बनाए रखेगा ; लोकसेवक यदि किसी विशिष्ट परिस्थिति में अपने उच्च पदाधिकारी से मौखिक निर्देश प्राप्त करता है तो कार्य प्रारंभ होने के दौरान या उसकी समाप्ति के तत्काल पश्चात उसकी लिखित प्रतिलिपि प्राप्त की जानी चाहिए . धारा - 05 , इसके अनुसार कोई भी लोकसेवक किसी भी राजनीतिक दल का सदस्य नहीं होगा और यह उसका कर्तव्य होगा कि अपने परिवार के किसी भी सदस्य को सक्रीय राजनीतिक गतिविधियों में शामिल होने से रोके ; अगर कोई लोकसेवक चुनाव के समय मतदान करता है तो उसे इससे संबंधित किसी भी तरह का संकेत नहीं दिया जाना चाहिए . धारा 06 :- सरकार की पूर्वानुमति के बगैर कोई भी व्यक्ति प्रेस या मीडिया के माध्यम से अपना विचार व्यक्त नहीं कर सकता लेकिन पुस्तक लिखने या लोक मीडिया में भागीदारी लेने के लिए पूर्वानुमति की आवश्यकता नहीं होगी ( इस व्यवहार के पीछे शर्त यह होगी कि वह अपने व्यक्तिगत विचार को स्पष्ट करे न कि सरकारी विचार को ) . धारा - 07 :- संचार के किसी भी माध्यम का सहारा लेकर कोई भी लोकसेवक संघीय सरकार या राज्यीय सरकार की आलोचना नहीं कर सकता . धारा - 09 :- बगैर प्राधिकार प्राप्त किए कोई भी लोकसेवक किसी भी तरह की कोई भी सरकारी सूचना किसी ऐसे व्यक्ति को नहीं देगा जिसके लिए वह प्राधिकार प्राप्त नहीं है . धारा - 11 :- कोई भी लोकसेवक 5 हजार रुपए से अधिक का उपहार प्राप्त नहीं कर सकता और यदि प्राप्त किया गया है तो उसकी सूचना सरकार को देनी होगी . भारत में यद्यपि अखिल भारतीय लोकसेवा आचार संहिता और केन्द्रीय लोकसेवा आचार संहिता लागू की गयी है परन्तु यह राष्ट्रीय अपेक्षाओं के अनुरूप प्रभावी सिद्ध नहीं हुई है , इसलिए 1996 के बाद से नैतिक आचार संहिता को प्रभावी बनाने पर बल दिया जा रहा है .
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Mention the various achievements of Montreal Protocol. Despite the success of Montreal Protocol, Why did the Kigali agreement be required? (150 Words/ 10 Marks)
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Approach: Begin the answer by stating the Montreal Protocol. In the first part of the main section, mention the various achievements of the Montreal Protocol. In the next section, highlighting the success of the Montreal Protocol, explain why the Kigali Agreement was needed. Answer: The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty through which efforts were made to reduce the production and consumption of substances responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer. This protocol was adopted in 1987 through the efforts of the United Nations Environment Programme. Under the binding agreement through this protocol, developed and developing countries had to follow different deadlines to reduce emissions and completely ban the use and production of chlorofluorocarbons. Achievements of the Montreal Protocol: • Elimination of ozone-depleting substances - By 2010, through this protocol, the production and consumption of many major disruptive elements like CFCC and Halon has been reduced by almost 80% since 1987. • Preservation of the ozone layer and increase in its thickness. Role in preventing global warming - Ozone-depleting substances like CFC halon, and carbon tetrachloride also played an important role in global warming. Banning them under the Montreal Protocol will also help in solving the problem of global warming. This protocol presents a unique example of global cooperation. It is the only environmental treaty that is adopted by all the member states of the United Nations. The supply of finance by the developed countries was ensured through multilateral funds for the implementation of the treaty to the developing countries. • Health benefits- relief from diseases like skin cancer, and sunburn, countries had to make less public in the health sector. The treaty has been considered the most successful international environmental treaty in history. In this awareness of the public, industries, and governments; draconian measures such as trade sanctions against non-signatory countries have streamlined commitment as well as strong enforcement provisions under the Protocol. Steps like making it flexible with global inputs and research were responsible for the success. Need for the Kigali Agreement: The 2016 Kigali Agreement seeks to amend the Montreal Protocol to bring the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) category of greenhouse gases under the ambit of regulation. In this, all the signatory countries are divided into three groups with different deadlines for the reduction of HFC gases. • Due to the focus only on ozone-depleting substances (mainly CFCs), their other dimensions related to global warming were not given much attention. The Kigali Agreement addresses the contribution of ozone-depleting substances to global warming. The ban on CFCs under the Montreal Protocol led to the widespread use of HFCs as its replacement. The ozone-depleting potential of HFCs is negligible but its global warming potential is very high. To prevent climate change, it had become necessary to control the production and consumption of HFCs. In this context, the Kigali Agreement was necessary. • This effort was also necessary for the direction of integrating the goals of all environmental agreements. Climate conservation has been a cooperative and continuous process and timely updation in strategies as per new technological inputs is a necessity
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##Question:Mention the various achievements of Montreal Protocol. Despite the success of Montreal Protocol, Why did the Kigali agreement be required? (150 Words/ 10 Marks)##Answer:Approach: Begin the answer by stating the Montreal Protocol. In the first part of the main section, mention the various achievements of the Montreal Protocol. In the next section, highlighting the success of the Montreal Protocol, explain why the Kigali Agreement was needed. Answer: The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty through which efforts were made to reduce the production and consumption of substances responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer. This protocol was adopted in 1987 through the efforts of the United Nations Environment Programme. Under the binding agreement through this protocol, developed and developing countries had to follow different deadlines to reduce emissions and completely ban the use and production of chlorofluorocarbons. Achievements of the Montreal Protocol: • Elimination of ozone-depleting substances - By 2010, through this protocol, the production and consumption of many major disruptive elements like CFCC and Halon has been reduced by almost 80% since 1987. • Preservation of the ozone layer and increase in its thickness. Role in preventing global warming - Ozone-depleting substances like CFC halon, and carbon tetrachloride also played an important role in global warming. Banning them under the Montreal Protocol will also help in solving the problem of global warming. This protocol presents a unique example of global cooperation. It is the only environmental treaty that is adopted by all the member states of the United Nations. The supply of finance by the developed countries was ensured through multilateral funds for the implementation of the treaty to the developing countries. • Health benefits- relief from diseases like skin cancer, and sunburn, countries had to make less public in the health sector. The treaty has been considered the most successful international environmental treaty in history. In this awareness of the public, industries, and governments; draconian measures such as trade sanctions against non-signatory countries have streamlined commitment as well as strong enforcement provisions under the Protocol. Steps like making it flexible with global inputs and research were responsible for the success. Need for the Kigali Agreement: The 2016 Kigali Agreement seeks to amend the Montreal Protocol to bring the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) category of greenhouse gases under the ambit of regulation. In this, all the signatory countries are divided into three groups with different deadlines for the reduction of HFC gases. • Due to the focus only on ozone-depleting substances (mainly CFCs), their other dimensions related to global warming were not given much attention. The Kigali Agreement addresses the contribution of ozone-depleting substances to global warming. The ban on CFCs under the Montreal Protocol led to the widespread use of HFCs as its replacement. The ozone-depleting potential of HFCs is negligible but its global warming potential is very high. To prevent climate change, it had become necessary to control the production and consumption of HFCs. In this context, the Kigali Agreement was necessary. • This effort was also necessary for the direction of integrating the goals of all environmental agreements. Climate conservation has been a cooperative and continuous process and timely updation in strategies as per new technological inputs is a necessity
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Discuss the provisions of the Panchayat (Extension of scheduled areas) Act 1996. Also mention the significance of this Act (150 words/ 10 marks)
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Approach:- In the introduction, mention the context of the PESA 1996 In the main part, mention the provisions of the PESA 1996 The second part mentions the significance of the Act Conclude accordingly Answer:- Panchayat (Extension to scheduled areas ) Act 1996 extended Panchyati raj institutions in scheduled areas with certain exceptions and modifications. Provisions of the PESA 1996 The law passed by the state legislature with respect to Panchayat in Scheduled areas shall be in harmony with their customary law, religious practice, etc The Recommendations of Gram Sabha or panchayat at the Appropriate level shall be mandatory for the grant of license of minor minerals The Gram Sabha shall also be endowed with powers to a) Regulate the consumption of Intoxicants b) Ownership of Minor forest produce c) Manage village market d) Control moneylending to scheduled tribes e) Power to prevent the alienation of land in the scheduled areas The state legislature shall try to follow the pattern of the sixth schedule with respect to administrative arrangements of panchayat at the district level Significance of the PESA 1996 The main rationale behind the Act is to preserve the tribal population from exploitation with the active involvement of the Gram Sabha The fundamental spirit of the PESA 1996 is that it devolves power and authority to Gram Sabha and Panchayats rather than delegation, hence it paves way for participatory democracy. PESA also empowered gram sabha of the Scheduled Areas to approve plans, and programs for social and economic development, identify beneficiaries under poverty alleviation It follows that the correct or harmonious interpretation of PESA would be the recognition of the traditional tribal political institutions of self-governance The act is constructed around the Gandhian concept of Gram Swaraj which was included in the Constitution as Article 40 The PESA 1996 acted as a tool of participatory democracy and led to democratic decentralization although the need of the hour is to implement the provisions in true letter and spirit.
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##Question:Discuss the provisions of the Panchayat (Extension of scheduled areas) Act 1996. Also mention the significance of this Act (150 words/ 10 marks)##Answer:Approach:- In the introduction, mention the context of the PESA 1996 In the main part, mention the provisions of the PESA 1996 The second part mentions the significance of the Act Conclude accordingly Answer:- Panchayat (Extension to scheduled areas ) Act 1996 extended Panchyati raj institutions in scheduled areas with certain exceptions and modifications. Provisions of the PESA 1996 The law passed by the state legislature with respect to Panchayat in Scheduled areas shall be in harmony with their customary law, religious practice, etc The Recommendations of Gram Sabha or panchayat at the Appropriate level shall be mandatory for the grant of license of minor minerals The Gram Sabha shall also be endowed with powers to a) Regulate the consumption of Intoxicants b) Ownership of Minor forest produce c) Manage village market d) Control moneylending to scheduled tribes e) Power to prevent the alienation of land in the scheduled areas The state legislature shall try to follow the pattern of the sixth schedule with respect to administrative arrangements of panchayat at the district level Significance of the PESA 1996 The main rationale behind the Act is to preserve the tribal population from exploitation with the active involvement of the Gram Sabha The fundamental spirit of the PESA 1996 is that it devolves power and authority to Gram Sabha and Panchayats rather than delegation, hence it paves way for participatory democracy. PESA also empowered gram sabha of the Scheduled Areas to approve plans, and programs for social and economic development, identify beneficiaries under poverty alleviation It follows that the correct or harmonious interpretation of PESA would be the recognition of the traditional tribal political institutions of self-governance The act is constructed around the Gandhian concept of Gram Swaraj which was included in the Constitution as Article 40 The PESA 1996 acted as a tool of participatory democracy and led to democratic decentralization although the need of the hour is to implement the provisions in true letter and spirit.
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Elaborate on the role of Indian Civil Services in controlling the turmoil in post-partition Punjab. (150 words/ 10 marks).
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Approach: We can start with a brief background of the turmoil immediately after the partition. We must then mention in detail the novel steps taken by the bureaucracy in Punjab to handle the crisis. We can then conclude by mentioning what message we can draw as per our present situation. Answer: Indian Independence Act 1947, mentioned the date of independence, but not the date of publishing the Boundary Award of the boundary commissions made under Cyril Radcliffe. It was known that Punjab and Bengal would be partitioned, but the local village-level demarcations were not clear. Despite the fact the award was ready before 15th August, the award was published on 17th August. The nature of mistrust and suspicion led to huge migration and violence as the transfer of people was abrupt and haphazard. Important cities like Calcutta and Amritsar got divided into communal zones. Women were raped and even killed by family members to save the family"s honor. Overall, 80 lakhs migrated and 5-10 lakh were killed. Indian response to the refugee influx: A department of rehabilitation of a special cadre of officers was set up. As a temporary measure, many refugee camps were set up. For example- the Kurukshetra camp for migrants from West Punjab, and the Kolwada camp in Mumbai got refugees from Sindh. A Rehabilitation Secretariat was set up in Jalandhar. Its job was to collect, verify and execute land claims Issues with redistribution: In west Punjab( Pakistan), Hindus and Sikhs left 2.7 million hectares in West Punjab( Pakistan), while Muslims left only 1.9 million hectares in east Punjab( India). The fertility of the soil was greater in West Punjab, as it was better irrigated. Contributions of Sardar Tralok Singh ICS : I. Concept of a Standard Acre= piece of land that can produce rice of 10-11 mounds( 1 mound= 40 kg). This solved the problem of equity, as people got more land in eastern Indian Punjab which was unirrigated, and less land in Indian western Punjab. II. Concept of Graded Cut= it meant more percentage cut in the land allotted when more the land claimed( principles of Socialism). Percentage of Cut Range of land claimed ( in acres) 10 1-10 30 10-30 Upto 95 More than 500 By November 1949, Tralok Singh made 2,95000 allotments. Review applications led to 80,000 acres changing hands again. By 1951, the task in the west was completed. The scheme for land distribution holds large value not only on utilitarian terms but also in moral terms where the Indian Civil Services tried to balance equity and efficiency, that too during the most troubled times. Present-day government policies can also incorporate such graded principles, verified through technical aids.
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##Question:Elaborate on the role of Indian Civil Services in controlling the turmoil in post-partition Punjab. (150 words/ 10 marks).##Answer:Approach: We can start with a brief background of the turmoil immediately after the partition. We must then mention in detail the novel steps taken by the bureaucracy in Punjab to handle the crisis. We can then conclude by mentioning what message we can draw as per our present situation. Answer: Indian Independence Act 1947, mentioned the date of independence, but not the date of publishing the Boundary Award of the boundary commissions made under Cyril Radcliffe. It was known that Punjab and Bengal would be partitioned, but the local village-level demarcations were not clear. Despite the fact the award was ready before 15th August, the award was published on 17th August. The nature of mistrust and suspicion led to huge migration and violence as the transfer of people was abrupt and haphazard. Important cities like Calcutta and Amritsar got divided into communal zones. Women were raped and even killed by family members to save the family"s honor. Overall, 80 lakhs migrated and 5-10 lakh were killed. Indian response to the refugee influx: A department of rehabilitation of a special cadre of officers was set up. As a temporary measure, many refugee camps were set up. For example- the Kurukshetra camp for migrants from West Punjab, and the Kolwada camp in Mumbai got refugees from Sindh. A Rehabilitation Secretariat was set up in Jalandhar. Its job was to collect, verify and execute land claims Issues with redistribution: In west Punjab( Pakistan), Hindus and Sikhs left 2.7 million hectares in West Punjab( Pakistan), while Muslims left only 1.9 million hectares in east Punjab( India). The fertility of the soil was greater in West Punjab, as it was better irrigated. Contributions of Sardar Tralok Singh ICS : I. Concept of a Standard Acre= piece of land that can produce rice of 10-11 mounds( 1 mound= 40 kg). This solved the problem of equity, as people got more land in eastern Indian Punjab which was unirrigated, and less land in Indian western Punjab. II. Concept of Graded Cut= it meant more percentage cut in the land allotted when more the land claimed( principles of Socialism). Percentage of Cut Range of land claimed ( in acres) 10 1-10 30 10-30 Upto 95 More than 500 By November 1949, Tralok Singh made 2,95000 allotments. Review applications led to 80,000 acres changing hands again. By 1951, the task in the west was completed. The scheme for land distribution holds large value not only on utilitarian terms but also in moral terms where the Indian Civil Services tried to balance equity and efficiency, that too during the most troubled times. Present-day government policies can also incorporate such graded principles, verified through technical aids.
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झील पारिस्थितिकी के समक्ष उपस्थिति चुनौतियों के सन्दर्भ में सुपोषण की संकल्पना को समझाते हुए इसे नियंत्रित करने के उपायों को बताइए। ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक -10 ) Explaining the concept of eutrophication in the context of the challenges facing the lake ecology, explain the measures to control it. (150-200 words, Marks-10)
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दृष्टिकोण :- झील पारिस्थितिकी की संक्षिप्त चर्चा करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . झील पारिस्थितिकी के समक्ष उपस्थित विभिन्न चुनौतियों की बिन्दुवार चर्चा कीजिए . सुपोषण की संकल्पना को संक्षेप में समझाइये . सुपोषण की संकल्पना को समझाते हुए इसे नियंत्रित करने के विभिन्न उपायों की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . उत्तर :- झील स्थलों से सीमांकित जल के अस्थायी स्रोत होते हैं , ये मीठे जल व खारे जल दोनों प्रकार के हो सकते हैं तथा इनका निर्माण भी विभिन्न प्राकृतिक तथा मानवीय कारकों से संभव है .झील पारिस्थितिकी का मानवीय जीवन पर महत्वपूर्ण प्रभाव पड़ता है .विभिन्न मानवीय कार्यों के लिए जल संसाधन की प्राप्ति ,अन्य जलीय संसाधन की प्राप्ति , परिवहन ,मनोरंजन आदि के क्षेत्र में झील की भूमिका दृष्टिगत होती है . झील पारिस्थितिकी के समक्ष चुनौती :- झील के किनारे अवस्थित उद्योगों से हानिकारक रासायन और गर्म जल के आने से ; यह गर्म जल तापीय प्रदुषण का कारण बनता है . झील के किनारे अवस्थित शहरों से शहरी सीवेज के आने से . झील के किनारे खनन कार्यों से . वर्षा जल , पवन एवं नदियों के द्वारा लाए गए अवसादों के निक्षेप से . अति और अवैज्ञानिक मत्स्यन . इंधन और चारा का अधिक दोहन . सुपोषण . सुपोषण :- सुपोषण से तात्पर्य है कि किसी स्थिर जलाशय में नाइट्रोजनी एवं फास्फोरसी पोषक पदार्थों के कारण शैवाल प्रस्फुटन की स्थिति का उत्पन्न होना जिससे धीरे - धीरे जलाशय में ऑक्सीजन की कमी होती है . इससे एक प्रकार का डेड जोन का क्षेत्र निर्मित हो जाता है इसके परिणाम स्वरुप जलीय जीवों की मृत्यु होने लगती है और कालांतर में शैवालों की भी मृत्यु होने लगती .धीरे - धीरे झील क्रमिक रूप से उथला होता जाता है और लम्बे समय झील एक समतल मैदान में परिणत हो जाता है . सुपोषण को नियंत्रित करने के लिए निम्नलिखित उपाय किए जा सकते हैं :- औद्योगिक जल को शोधित कर जलाशय में आने देना . नगरीय सीवेज को जलाशय में आने से रोकना . शैवाल फिल्ट्रेशन . अल्ट्रासोनिक रेडिएशन के द्वारा शैवालों को समाप्त करना . कृषि कार्य में नाइट्रोजनी उर्वरक के स्थान पर जैविक उर्वरकों का प्रयोग . जनजागरूकता .
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##Question:झील पारिस्थितिकी के समक्ष उपस्थिति चुनौतियों के सन्दर्भ में सुपोषण की संकल्पना को समझाते हुए इसे नियंत्रित करने के उपायों को बताइए। ( 150-200 शब्द , अंक -10 ) Explaining the concept of eutrophication in the context of the challenges facing the lake ecology, explain the measures to control it. (150-200 words, Marks-10)##Answer:दृष्टिकोण :- झील पारिस्थितिकी की संक्षिप्त चर्चा करते हुए भूमिका लिखिए . झील पारिस्थितिकी के समक्ष उपस्थित विभिन्न चुनौतियों की बिन्दुवार चर्चा कीजिए . सुपोषण की संकल्पना को संक्षेप में समझाइये . सुपोषण की संकल्पना को समझाते हुए इसे नियंत्रित करने के विभिन्न उपायों की संक्षिप्त चर्चा कीजिए . उत्तर :- झील स्थलों से सीमांकित जल के अस्थायी स्रोत होते हैं , ये मीठे जल व खारे जल दोनों प्रकार के हो सकते हैं तथा इनका निर्माण भी विभिन्न प्राकृतिक तथा मानवीय कारकों से संभव है .झील पारिस्थितिकी का मानवीय जीवन पर महत्वपूर्ण प्रभाव पड़ता है .विभिन्न मानवीय कार्यों के लिए जल संसाधन की प्राप्ति ,अन्य जलीय संसाधन की प्राप्ति , परिवहन ,मनोरंजन आदि के क्षेत्र में झील की भूमिका दृष्टिगत होती है . झील पारिस्थितिकी के समक्ष चुनौती :- झील के किनारे अवस्थित उद्योगों से हानिकारक रासायन और गर्म जल के आने से ; यह गर्म जल तापीय प्रदुषण का कारण बनता है . झील के किनारे अवस्थित शहरों से शहरी सीवेज के आने से . झील के किनारे खनन कार्यों से . वर्षा जल , पवन एवं नदियों के द्वारा लाए गए अवसादों के निक्षेप से . अति और अवैज्ञानिक मत्स्यन . इंधन और चारा का अधिक दोहन . सुपोषण . सुपोषण :- सुपोषण से तात्पर्य है कि किसी स्थिर जलाशय में नाइट्रोजनी एवं फास्फोरसी पोषक पदार्थों के कारण शैवाल प्रस्फुटन की स्थिति का उत्पन्न होना जिससे धीरे - धीरे जलाशय में ऑक्सीजन की कमी होती है . इससे एक प्रकार का डेड जोन का क्षेत्र निर्मित हो जाता है इसके परिणाम स्वरुप जलीय जीवों की मृत्यु होने लगती है और कालांतर में शैवालों की भी मृत्यु होने लगती .धीरे - धीरे झील क्रमिक रूप से उथला होता जाता है और लम्बे समय झील एक समतल मैदान में परिणत हो जाता है . सुपोषण को नियंत्रित करने के लिए निम्नलिखित उपाय किए जा सकते हैं :- औद्योगिक जल को शोधित कर जलाशय में आने देना . नगरीय सीवेज को जलाशय में आने से रोकना . शैवाल फिल्ट्रेशन . अल्ट्रासोनिक रेडिएशन के द्वारा शैवालों को समाप्त करना . कृषि कार्य में नाइट्रोजनी उर्वरक के स्थान पर जैविक उर्वरकों का प्रयोग . जनजागरूकता .
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What do you understand by the Tax evasion? Discuss some measures taken by the Indian government and the OECD/G20 countries for dealing with tax evasion. (150 words/10 marks)
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Basic Approach: In the Introduction define Tax evasion Mention some of the steps taken by the Indian government Mention some steps taken by the OECD/G20 Mention some challenges that still remain with the tax evasion Conclude accordingly Answer: Tax evasion refers to tax avoidance that has been deemed illegal. This means that it is undoubtedly a violation of tax laws. This includes the use of malpractices like Base Erosion Profit shifting. Tax evasion erodes the revenue base of the government, and impacts the government’s investment in development activities. Recognizing this, the government has taken certain initiatives to tackle this. Some of these initiatives are: General Anti Avoidance Rules (GAAR) have been implemented on the recommendation of the P. Shome Committee. Some of the features of GAAR are Advance Pricing agreement (APA) and Place of Effective Management (POEM) Under APA, Companies sign agreements with the government declaring their pricing strategy in advance to the government. Under POEM rules, residential status is determined on basis of the place where management is effectively carried out from. The government has cracked down on shell companies. The government has also, launched income-disclosing schemes like the PM Garib Kalyan Deposit Scheme Some of the steps taken by the OECD and G20 are: MLF-ALI(Multilateral framework for automatic exchange of information), between countries regarding tax filing by MNCs Global Minimum Corporate Tax (GMCT) has been introduced to ensure that some minimum tax on profits is paid by every company across the world. Despite these provisions, tax evasion is still a major issue that almost every country faces. The loopholes in the tax laws and agreements are being used by individuals and companies for evading tax liability. All countries should come together for a better exchange of information so that this unethical practice could be prevented. Prevention of such practices would definitely increase government expenditure in critical sectors like health and education, which would lead to reduced inequalities and enhanced human capital.
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##Question:What do you understand by the Tax evasion? Discuss some measures taken by the Indian government and the OECD/G20 countries for dealing with tax evasion. (150 words/10 marks)##Answer:Basic Approach: In the Introduction define Tax evasion Mention some of the steps taken by the Indian government Mention some steps taken by the OECD/G20 Mention some challenges that still remain with the tax evasion Conclude accordingly Answer: Tax evasion refers to tax avoidance that has been deemed illegal. This means that it is undoubtedly a violation of tax laws. This includes the use of malpractices like Base Erosion Profit shifting. Tax evasion erodes the revenue base of the government, and impacts the government’s investment in development activities. Recognizing this, the government has taken certain initiatives to tackle this. Some of these initiatives are: General Anti Avoidance Rules (GAAR) have been implemented on the recommendation of the P. Shome Committee. Some of the features of GAAR are Advance Pricing agreement (APA) and Place of Effective Management (POEM) Under APA, Companies sign agreements with the government declaring their pricing strategy in advance to the government. Under POEM rules, residential status is determined on basis of the place where management is effectively carried out from. The government has cracked down on shell companies. The government has also, launched income-disclosing schemes like the PM Garib Kalyan Deposit Scheme Some of the steps taken by the OECD and G20 are: MLF-ALI(Multilateral framework for automatic exchange of information), between countries regarding tax filing by MNCs Global Minimum Corporate Tax (GMCT) has been introduced to ensure that some minimum tax on profits is paid by every company across the world. Despite these provisions, tax evasion is still a major issue that almost every country faces. The loopholes in the tax laws and agreements are being used by individuals and companies for evading tax liability. All countries should come together for a better exchange of information so that this unethical practice could be prevented. Prevention of such practices would definitely increase government expenditure in critical sectors like health and education, which would lead to reduced inequalities and enhanced human capital.
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