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An agent has authority, in an emergency, to do all such acts for the purpose of protecting his principal from loss as would be done by a person of ordinary prudence, in his own case, under similar circumstances. | ูููููู ุณูุทุฉุ ูู ุญุงูุฉ ุงูุทูุงุฑุฆุ ุฃู ูููู
ุจุฌู
ูุน ูุฐู ุงูุฃุนู
ุงู ุจุบุฑุถ ุญู
ุงูุฉ ู
ูููู ู
ู ุงูุฎุณุงุฑุฉ ูู
ุง ููุนู ุงูุดุฎุต ุงูุญููู
ุงูุนุงุฏูุ ูู ุญุงูุชู ุงูุฎุงุตุฉุ ูู ุธู ุธุฑูู ู
ู
ุงุซูุฉ. | ar | technical | moderate |
To constitute a valid agency in an emergency, following conditions must be satisfied. | ูุชุดููู ููุงูุฉ ุตุงูุญุฉ ูู ุญุงูุฉ ุงูุทูุงุฑุฆุ ูุฌุจ ุงุณุชููุงุก ุงูุดุฑูุท ุงูุชุงููุฉ. | ar | technical | moderate |
Agent should not be in a position or have any opportunity to communicate with his principal within the time available. | ูุฌุจ ุฃูุง ูููู ุงููููู ูู ูุถุน ุฃู ูุฏูู ุฃู ูุฑุตุฉ ููุชูุงุตู ู
ุน ู
ูููู ุฎูุงู ุงูููุช ุงูู
ุชุงุญ. | ar | technical | moderate |
There should have been actual and definite commercial necessity for the agent to act promptly. | ูุฌุจ ุฃู ุชููู ููุงู ุถุฑูุฑุฉ ุชุฌุงุฑูุฉ ูุนููุฉ ูู
ุญุฏุฏุฉ ูููููู ููุชุตุฑู ุนูู ุงูููุฑ. | ar | technical | moderate |
The agent should have acted bonafide and for the benefit of the principal. | ูุฌุจ ุฃู ูููู ุงููููู ูุฏ ุชุตุฑู ุจุญุณู ููุฉ ููู
ุตูุญุฉ ุงูู
ููู. | ar | technical | moderate |
The agent should have adopted the most reasonable and practicable course under the circumstances. | ูุฌุจ ุฃู ูููู ุงููููู ูุฏ ุงุนุชู
ุฏ ุงูู
ุณุงุฑ ุงูุฃูุซุฑ ู
ุนููููุฉ ูุนู
ููุฉ ูู ุธู ุงูุธุฑูู. | ar | technical | moderate |
The agent must have been in possession of the goods belonging to his principal and which are the subject of contract. | ูุฌุจ ุฃู ูููู ุงููููู ูุฏ ุญุงุฒ ุนูู ุงูุจุถุงุฆุน ุงูู
ู
ูููุฉ ูู
ูููู ูุงูุชู ูู ู
ูุถูุน ุงูุนูุฏ. | ar | technical | moderate |
An agent who has authority for sale of goods may repair it if necessary. | ูุฌูุฒ ูููููู ุงูุฐู ูุฏูู ุณูุทุฉ ุจูุน ุงูุจุถุงุฆุน ุฅุตูุงุญูุง ุฅุฐุง ูุฒู
ุงูุฃู
ุฑ. | ar | technical | simple |
An agent cannot lawfully employ another to perform acts which he has expressly or impliedly undertaken to perform personally. | ูุง ูุฌูุฒ ูููููู ุฃู ููุธู ุจุดูู ูุงูููู ุดุฎุตูุง ุขุฎุฑ ูุฃุฏุงุก ุงูุฃุนู
ุงู ุงูุชู ุชุนูุฏ ุตุฑุงุญุฉ ุฃู ุถู
ููุง ุจุฃุฏุงุฆูุง ุดุฎุตููุง. | ar | technical | moderate |
A contract of agency is of a fiduciary character. | ุนูุฏ ุงูููุงูุฉ ุฐู ุทุงุจุน ุงุฆุชู
ุงูู. | ar | technical | simple |
It is based on the confidence reposed by the principal in the agent. | ูุนุชู
ุฏ ุนูู ุงูุซูุฉ ุงูุชู ูููููุง ุงูู
ููู ูููููู. | ar | technical | simple |
Where a sub-agent is properly appointed, Principal is liable to third parties for the acts of the sub-agent. | ุนูุฏู
ุง ูุชู
ุชุนููู ูููู ูุฑุนู ุจุดูู ุตุญูุญุ ูููู ุงูู
ููู ู
ุณุคููุงู ุฃู
ุงู
ุฃุทุฑุงู ุซุงูุซุฉ ุนู ุฃูุนุงู ุงููููู ุงููุฑุนู. | ar | technical | moderate |
The agent is responsible to the principal for the acts of the sub-agent. | ุงููููู ู
ุณุคูู ุฃู
ุงู
ุงูู
ููู ุนู ุฃูุนุงู ุงููููู ุงููุฑุนู. | ar | technical | simple |
The sub-agent is responsible for his acts to the agent, but not to the principal, except in case of fraud or willful wrong. | ุงููููู ุงููุฑุนู ู
ุณุคูู ุนู ุฃูุนุงูู ุฃู
ุงู
ุงูููููุ ูููู ููุณ ุฃู
ุงู
ุงูู
ูููุ ุฅูุง ูู ุญุงูุฉ ุงูุงุญุชูุงู ุฃู ุงูุฎุทุฃ ุงูู
ุชุนู
ุฏ. | ar | technical | moderate |
Where an agent, without having authority to do so, has appointed a person to act as a sub-agent, the agent is responsible for his acts both to the principal and to third persons. | ุนูุฏู
ุง ูููู
ุงูููููุ ุฏูู ุฃู ูููู ูุฏูู ุณูุทุฉ ููููุงู
ุจุฐููุ ุจุชุนููู ุดุฎุต ููุนู
ู ููููู ูุฑุนูุ ูููู ุงููููู ู
ุณุคููุงู ุนู ุฃูุนุงูู ููู ู
ู ุงูู
ููู ูุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุซุงูุซูู. | ar | technical | complex |
Substituted agents are not sub agents. They are agents of the principal. | ุงููููุงุก ุงูุจุฏูููู ููุณูุง ูููุงุก ูุฑุนููู. ุฅููู
ูููุงุก ููู
ููู. | ar | technical | simple |
An agent is bound to conduct the business of his principal according to the direction given by the principal. | ููุชุฒู
ุงููููู ุจุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุฃุนู
ุงู ู
ูููู ููููุง ููุชูุฌููุงุช ุงูุชู ููุฏู
ูุง ุงูู
ููู. | ar | technical | moderate |
An agent is bound to render proper accounts to his principal on demand. | ููุชุฒู
ุงููููู ุจุชูุฏูู
ุญุณุงุจุงุช ุตุญูุญุฉ ูู
ูููู ุนูุฏ ุงูุทูุจ. | ar | technical | simple |
It is the duty of an agent, in cases of difficulty, to use all reasonable diligence in communicating with his principal, and in seeking to obtain his instructions. | ู
ู ูุงุฌุจ ุงูููููุ ูู ุญุงูุงุช ุงูุตุนูุจุฉุ ุฃู ูุจุฐู ูู ุงูุนูุงูุฉ ุงูู
ุนูููุฉ ูู ุงูุชูุงุตู ู
ุน ู
ููููุ ููู ุงูุณุนู ููุญุตูู ุนูู ุชุนููู
ุงุชู. | ar | technical | moderate |
Agent should not deal on his own account without first obtaining the consent of the principal. | ูุฌุจ ุนูู ุงููููู ุฃูุง ูุชุนุงู
ู ูุญุณุงุจู ุงูุฎุงุต ุฏูู ุงูุญุตูู ุฃููุงู ุนูู ู
ูุงููุฉ ุงูู
ููู. | ar | technical | simple |
The principal is bound by the agent's actions if the third party believes the agent has authority. | ููุชุฒู
ุงูู
ููู ุจุฃูุนุงู ุงููููู ุฅุฐุง ุงุนุชูุฏ ุงูุทุฑู ุงูุซุงูุซ ุฃู ุงููููู ูุฏูู ุณูุทุฉ. | ar | legal | moderate |
A consigns goods to B for sale, with instructions not to sell below a fixed price. | ูููู
(ุฃ) ุจุชุณููู
ุงูุจุถุงุฆุน ุฅูู (ุจ) ููุจูุนุ ู
ุน ุฅุนุทุงุก ุชุนููู
ุงุช ุจุนุฏู
ุงูุจูุน ุจุฃูู ู
ู ุณุนุฑ ู
ุญุฏุฏ. | ar | business | simple |
C, unaware of B's instructions, buys the goods from B at a lower price. | ูุดุชุฑู (ุฌ)ุ ุบูุฑ ู
ุฏุฑู ูุชุนููู
ุงุช (ุจ)ุ ุงูุจุถุงุฆุน ู
ู (ุจ) ุจุณุนุฑ ุฃูู. | ar | business | simple |
A is bound by the contract with C. | ููุชุฒู
(ุฃ) ุจุงูุนูุฏ ู
ุน (ุฌ). | ar | legal | simple |
A entrusts B with negotiable instruments endorsed in blank. | ูููู (ุฃ) ุฅูู (ุจ) ุตููููุง ูุงุจูุฉ ููุชุฏุงูู ู
ููุนุฉ ุนูู ุจูุงุถ. | ar | business | moderate |
B sells them to C in violation of private orders from A. | ูุจูุนูุง (ุจ) ุฅูู (ุฌ) ูู ุงูุชูุงู ูุฃูุงู
ุฑ ุฎุงุตุฉ ู
ู (ุฃ). | ar | business | simple |
The sale is good. | ุงูุจูุน ุฌูุฏ. | ar | legal | simple |
Any notice given to the agent has the same legal consequence as if given to the principal. | ุฃู ุฅุดุนุงุฑ ููุนุทู ูููููู ูู ููุณ ุงูุนูุงูุจ ุงููุงููููุฉ ูู
ุง ูู ุชู
ุฅุนุทุงุคู ููู
ููู. | ar | legal | moderate |
A employs B to buy goods from C, who appears to be the owner. | ููุธู (ุฃ) (ุจ) ูุดุฑุงุก ุจุถุงุฆุน ู
ู (ุฌ)ุ ุงูุฐู ูุจุฏู ุฃูู ุงูู
ุงูู. | ar | business | simple |
In the course of the sale, A learns the goods belong to D, but B doesn't know. | ูู ุณูุงู ุงูุจูุนุ ูุนูู
(ุฃ) ุฃู ุงูุจุถุงุฆุน ู
ู
ูููุฉ ูู (ุฏ)ุ ููู (ุจ) ูุง ูุนุฑู. | ar | business | moderate |
B cannot set off a debt owed by C against the price. | ูุง ูู
ูู ูู (ุจ) ุฃู ููุงุต ุฏููุงู ู
ุณุชุญูุงู ุนููู ู
ู (ุฌ) ู
ูุงุจู ุงูุณุนุฑ. | ar | legal | moderate |
The agent's knowledge is treated as the principal's knowledge. | ุชูุนุงู
ู ู
ุนุฑูุฉ ุงููููู ุนูู ุฃููุง ู
ุนุฑูุฉ ุงูู
ููู. | ar | legal | simple |
Misrepresentations by agents in their business have the same effect as the principal's. | ููุชุญุฑููุงุช ุงูุชู ูููู
ุจูุง ุงููููุงุก ูู ุฃุนู
ุงููู
ููุณ ุชุฃุซูุฑ ุชุญุฑููุงุช ุงูู
ููู. | ar | legal | moderate |
If an agent misrepresents something outside their authority, it doesn't affect the principal. | ุฅุฐุง ูุงู
ุงููููู ุจุชุญุฑูู ุดูุก ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุณูุทุชูุ ููุฐุง ูุง ูุคุซุฑ ุนูู ุงูู
ููู. | ar | legal | complex |
A, B's agent, induces C to buy goods through misrepresentation. | ูููู
(ุฃ)ุ ูููู (ุจ)ุ ุจุฅููุงุน (ุฌ) ุจุดุฑุงุก ุงูุจุถุงุฆุน ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุงูุชุญุฑูู. | ar | business | simple |
The contract is voidable by C. | ุงูุนูุฏ ูุงุจู ููุฅุจุทุงู ู
ู ูุจู (ุฌ). | ar | legal | simple |
A, the captain of B's ship, signs bills of lading without goods. | ูููุน (ุฃ)ุ ูุจุทุงู ุณูููุฉ (ุจ)ุ ุนูู ุณูุฏุงุช ุงูุดุญู ุฏูู ูุฌูุฏ ุจุถุงุฆุน. | ar | business | simple |
The bills of lading are void. | ุณูุฏุงุช ุงูุดุญู ุจุงุทูุฉ. | ar | legal | simple |
An agent cannot personally enforce contracts on behalf of the principal. | ูุง ูู
ูู ูููููู ุฃู ูููุฐ ุดุฎุตููุง ุงูุนููุฏ ููุงุจุฉ ุนู ุงูู
ููู. | ar | legal | moderate |
The agent is not personally bound by the contracts. | ุงููููู ุบูุฑ ู
ูุฒู
ุดุฎุตููุง ุจุงูุนููุฏ. | ar | legal | simple |
The term 'agreement to sell' is defined in Section 4(3) of the Sale of Goods Act, 1930. | ููุนุฑููู ู
ุตุทูุญ 'ุงุชูุงู ุงูุจูุน' ูู ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ 4 (3) ู
ู ูุงููู ุจูุน ุงูุจุถุงุฆุน ูุนุงู
1930. | ar | technical | moderate |
Whether a contract of sale of goods is an absolute sale or an agreement to sell depends on the immediate transfer of goods. | ูุนุชู
ุฏ ู
ุง ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุนูุฏ ุจูุน ุงูุจุถุงุฆุน ุจูุนูุง ู
ุทูููุง ุฃู
ุงุชูุงููุง ุนูู ุงูุจูุน ุนูู ุงูููู ุงูููุฑู ููุจุถุงุฆุน. | ar | technical | moderate |
X agrees with Y on 10th October, 2022 that he will sell his car to Y on 10th November, 2022. | ูุชูู X ู
ุน Y ูู 10 ุฃูุชูุจุฑ 2022 ุนูู ุฃูู ุณูุจูุน ุณูุงุฑุชู ุฅูู Y ูู 10 ูููู
ุจุฑ 2022. | ar | technical | simple |
This is an agreement to sell, not an immediate sale. | ูุฐุง ุงุชูุงู ุนูู ุงูุจูุนุ ูููุณ ุจูุนูุง ููุฑููุง. | ar | technical | simple |
An agreement to sell becomes a sale when the conditions are fulfilled. | ูุตุจุญ ุงุชูุงู ุงูุจูุน ุจูุนูุง ุนูุฏู
ุง ูุชู
ุงุณุชููุงุก ุงูุดุฑูุท. | ar | technical | simple |
A contract of sale of goods requires at least two parties: a seller and a buyer. | ูุชุทูุจ ุนูุฏ ุจูุน ุงูุจุถุงุฆุน ุทุฑููู ุนูู ุงูุฃูู: ุจุงุฆุน ูู
ุดุชุฑู. | ar | technical | simple |
The subject matter of the contract must be goods, which are movable property. | ูุฌุจ ุฃู ูููู ู
ูุถูุน ุงูุนูุฏ ุจุถุงุฆุนุ ููู ู
ู
ุชููุงุช ู
ููููุฉ. | ar | technical | moderate |
A price in money should be paid or promised for the goods. | ูุฌุจ ุฏูุน ุฃู ุงููุนุฏ ุจุณุนุฑ ููุฏู ู
ูุงุจู ุงูุจุถุงุฆุน. | ar | technical | simple |
There must be a transfer of property in goods from seller to buyer. | ูุฌุจ ุฃู ูููู ููุงู ููู ููู
ูููุฉ ูู ุงูุจุถุงุฆุน ู
ู ุงูุจุงุฆุน ุฅูู ุงูู
ุดุชุฑู. | ar | technical | simple |
A contract of sale may be absolute or conditional. | ูุฏ ูููู ุนูุฏ ุงูุจูุน ู
ุทูููุง ุฃู ู
ุดุฑูุทูุง. | ar | technical | simple |
All essential elements of a valid contract must be present. | ูุฌุจ ุฃู ุชููู ุฌู
ูุน ุงูุนูุงุตุฑ ุงูุฃุณุงุณูุฉ ููุนูุฏ ุงูุตุญูุญ ู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ. | ar | technical | simple |
In a sale, the property in the goods passes to the buyer immediately. | ูู ุงูุจูุนุ ุชูุชูู ุงูู
ูููุฉ ูู ุงูุจุถุงุฆุน ุฅูู ุงูู
ุดุชุฑู ุนูู ุงูููุฑ. | ar | technical | simple |
In an agreement to sell, property passes on a future date or upon fulfillment of a condition. | ูู ุงุชูุงู ุงูุจูุนุ ุชูุชูู ุงูู
ูููุฉ ูู ุชุงุฑูุฎ ู
ุณุชูุจูู ุฃู ุนูุฏ ุงูููุงุก ุจุดุฑุท. | ar | technical | moderate |
The seller can sue the buyer for the price of the goods in a sale. | ูู
ูู ููุจุงุฆุน ู
ูุงุถุงุฉ ุงูู
ุดุชุฑู ููุญุตูู ุนูู ุณุนุฑ ุงูุจุถุงุฆุน ูู ุงูุจูุน. | ar | technical | simple |
The aggrieved party can sue for damages only in an agreement to sell. | ูู
ูู ููุทุฑู ุงูู
ุชุถุฑุฑ ุฃู ููุงุถู ููุญุตูู ุนูู ุชุนููุถุงุช ููุท ูู ุงุชูุงู ุงูุจูุน. | ar | technical | simple |
Subsequent loss of the goods is the liability of the buyer in a sale. | ุงูุฎุณุงุฑุฉ ุงููุงุญูุฉ ููุจุถุงุฆุน ูู ู
ุณุคูููุฉ ุงูู
ุดุชุฑู ูู ุงูุจูุน. | ar | technical | simple |
The risk of loss is that of the seller in an agreement to sell. | ูุชุญู
ู ุงูุจุงุฆุน ุฎุทุฑ ุงูุฎุณุงุฑุฉ ูู ุงุชูุงู ุงูุจูุน. | ar | technical | simple |
A sale creates a right against the whole world (Jus in rem). | ูุฎูู ุงูุจูุน ุญููุง ุถุฏ ุงูุนุงูู
ุจุฃุณุฑู (ุงูุญู ุงูุนููู). | ar | technical | moderate |
The seller cannot resell the goods in a sale. | ูุง ูู
ูู ููุจุงุฆุน ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุจูุน ุงูุจุถุงุฆุน ูู ุงูุจูุน. | ar | technical | simple |
The official assignee will acquire control over the goods in case of the seller's insolvency in an agreement to sell. | ุณูุญุตู ุงูู
ุฎุตุต ุงูุฑุณู
ู ุนูู ุงูุณูุทุฑุฉ ุนูู ุงูุจุถุงุฆุน ูู ุญุงูุฉ ุฅุนุณุงุฑ ุงูุจุงุฆุน ูู ุงุชูุงู ุงูุจูุน. | ar | technical | complex |
If the goods are exchanged for goods, it will not be called a sale. | ุฅุฐุง ุชู
ุชุจุงุฏู ุงูุณูุน ู
ูุงุจู ุณูุนุ ููู ูุทูู ุนูููุง ุจูุน. | ar | business | simple |
It will be considered as barter. | ุณูู ุชุนุชุจุฑ ู
ูุงูุถุฉ. | ar | business | simple |
However, a contract for transfer of movable property for a definite price payable partly in goods and partly in cash is held to be a contract of Sale of Goods. | ูู
ุน ุฐููุ ูุนุชุจุฑ ุงูุนูุฏ ุงูุฎุงุต ุจููู ุงูู
ู
ุชููุงุช ุงูู
ููููุฉ ุจุณุนุฑ ู
ุญุฏุฏ ูุฏูุน ุฌุฒุฆูุงู ุจุงูุณูุน ูุฌุฒุฆูุงู ููุฏุงู ุจู
ุซุงุจุฉ ุนูุฏ ุจูุน ุจุถุงุฆุน. | ar | business | moderate |
So, in this case, it is a valid contract of sale under the Sales of Goods Act, 1930. | ูุฐุงุ ูู ูุฐู ุงูุญุงูุฉุ ูู ุนูุฏ ุจูุน ุตุญูุญ ุจู
ูุฌุจ ูุงููู ุจูุน ุงูุจุถุงุฆุน ูุนุงู
1930. | ar | business | moderate |
In this case, B, the buyer has no right against A the seller. | ูู ูุฐู ุงูุญุงูุฉุ ูุง ูุญู ููู
ุดุชุฑู (ุจ) ุฃู ุญู ุถุฏ ุงูุจุงุฆุน (ุฃ). | ar | business | moderate |
Section 8 of the Sales of Goods Act, 1930 provides that where there is an agreement to sell specific goods and the goods without any fault of either party perish, damaged or lost, the agreement is thereby avoided. | ููุต ุงููุณู
8 ู
ู ูุงููู ุจูุน ุงูุจุถุงุฆุน ูุนุงู
1930 ุนูู ุฃูู ูู ุญุงูุฉ ูุฌูุฏ ุงุชูุงู ุนูู ุจูุน ุณูุน ู
ุนููุฉ ูุชูู ุงูุณูุน ุฃู ุชูููุง ุฃู ููุฏูุง ุฏูู ุฃู ุฎุทุฃ ู
ู ุฃู ู
ู ุงูุทุฑูููุ ูุชู
ุจุฐูู ุชุฌูุจ ุงูุงุชูุงู. | ar | business | complex |
This provision is based on the ground of supervening impossibility of performance which makes a contract void. | ูุนุชู
ุฏ ูุฐุง ุงูุญูู
ุนูู ุฃุณุงุณ ุงุณุชุญุงูุฉ ุงูุฃุฏุงุก ุงูุทุงุฑุฆุฉ ุงูุชู ุชุฌุนู ุงูุนูุฏ ุจุงุทูุงู. | ar | business | complex |
Payment of the price by the buyer is an important ingredient of a contract of sale. | ุฏูุน ุงูุณุนุฑ ู
ู ูุจู ุงูู
ุดุชุฑู ูู ุนูุตุฑ ู
ูู
ูู ุนูุฏ ุงูุจูุน. | ar | business | moderate |
If the parties totally ignore the question of price while making the contract, it would not become an uncertain and invalid agreement. | ุฅุฐุง ุชุฌุงูู ุงูุทุฑูุงู ุชู
ุงู
ูุง ู
ุณุฃูุฉ ุงูุณุนุฑ ุฃุซูุงุก ุฅุจุฑุงู
ุงูุนูุฏุ ููู ูุตุจุญ ุงุชูุงููุง ุบูุฑ ู
ุคูุฏ ูุบูุฑ ุตุงูุญ. | ar | business | complex |
It will rather be a valid contract and the buyer shall pay a reasonable price. | ุจู ุณูููู ุนูุฏูุง ุตุญูุญูุง ููุฏูุน ุงูู
ุดุชุฑู ุณุนุฑูุง ู
ุนูููุงู. | ar | business | moderate |
In the give case, X and Y have entered into a contract for sale of car but they did not fix the price of the car. | ูู ุงููุถูุฉ ุงูู
ุนุทุงุฉุ ุฏุฎู X ู Y ูู ุนูุฏ ูุจูุน ุณูุงุฑุฉ ููููู
ุง ูู
ูุญุฏุฏุง ุณุนุฑ ุงูุณูุงุฑุฉ. | ar | business | moderate |
X refused to sell the car to Y on this ground. | ุฑูุถ X ุจูุน ุงูุณูุงุฑุฉ ูู Y ุนูู ูุฐุง ุงูุฃุณุงุณ. | ar | business | simple |
Y can legally demand the car from X and X can recover a reasonable price of the car from Y. | ูู
ูู ูู Y ุฃู ูุทุงูุจ ูุงููููุง ุจุงูุณูุงุฑุฉ ู
ู X ููู
ูู ูู X ุงุณุชุฑุฏุงุฏ ุณุนุฑ ู
ุนููู ููุณูุงุฑุฉ ู
ู Y. | ar | business | moderate |
A wholesaler of cotton has 100 bales in his godown. | ุชุงุฌุฑ ุงูุฌู
ูุฉ ูููุทู ูุฏูู 100 ุจุงูุฉ ูู ู
ุณุชูุฏุนู. | ar | business | simple |
So, the goods are existing goods. | ูุฐุงุ ูุฅู ุงูุจุถุงุฆุน ูู ุจุถุงุฆุน ู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ. | ar | business | simple |
He agrees to sell 50 bales and these bales were selected and set aside. | ููุงูู ุนูู ุจูุน 50 ุจุงูุฉ ูุชู
ุงุฎุชูุงุฑ ูุฐู ุงูุจุงูุงุช ูุชุฎุตูุตูุง. | ar | business | moderate |
On selection, the goods becomes ascertained. | ุนูุฏ ุงูุงุฎุชูุงุฑุ ูุชู
ุชุญุฏูุฏ ุงูุจุถุงุฆุน. | ar | business | simple |
In this case, the contract is for the sale of ascertained goods, as the cotton bales to be sold are identified and agreed after the formation of the contract. | ูู ูุฐู ุงูุญุงูุฉุ ุงูุนูุฏ ูู ูุจูุน ุจุถุงุฆุน ู
ุญุฏุฏุฉุ ุญูุซ ูุชู
ุชุญุฏูุฏ ุจุงูุงุช ุงููุทู ุงูุชู ุณูุชู
ุจูุนูุง ูุงูุงุชูุงู ุนูููุง ุจุนุฏ ุชุดููู ุงูุนูุฏ. | ar | business | complex |
If A agrees to sell to B one packet of sugar out of the lot of one hundred packets lying in his shop, it is a sale of existing but unascertained goods because it is not known which packet is to be delivered. | ุฅุฐุง ูุงูู ุฃ ุนูู ุจูุน ุนุจูุฉ ุณูุฑ ูุงุญุฏุฉ ูู ุจ ู
ู ุจูู ู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ู
ู ู
ุงุฆุฉ ุนุจูุฉ ู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ ูู ู
ุชุฌุฑูุ ููุฐุง ุจูุน ูุจุถุงุฆุน ู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ ูููููุง ุบูุฑ ู
ุญุฏุฏุฉ ูุฃูู ุบูุฑ ู
ุนุฑูู ุฃู ุนุจูุฉ ุณูุชู
ุชุณููู
ูุง. | ar | business | complex |
T agrees to sell to S all the apples which will be produced in his garden this year. It is contract of sale of future goods, amounting to 'an agreement to sell.' | ููุงูู T ุนูู ุจูุน S ุฌู
ูุน ุงูุชูุงุญ ุงูุฐู ุณูุชู
ุฅูุชุงุฌู ูู ุญุฏููุชู ูุฐุง ุงูุนุงู
. ุฅูู ุนูุฏ ุจูุน ุจุถุงุฆุน ู
ุณุชูุจููุฉุ ูู
ุซู 'ุงุชูุงููุง ุนูู ุงูุจูุน'. | ar | business | complex |
Nalli demanded the amount from P. P refused. | ุทุงูุจ ูุงูู ุจุงูู
ุจูุบ ู
ู ุจู. ุฑูุถ ุจู. | ar | business | simple |
Nalli filed a suit against P for the said amount. | ุฃูุงู
ูุงูู ุฏุนูู ูุถุงุฆูุฉ ุถุฏ ุจู ููู
ุจูุบ ุงูู
ุฐููุฑ. | ar | business | moderate |
Decide in the light of provisions of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, whether Nalli would succeed. | ูุฑุฑ ูู ุถูุก ุฃุญูุงู
ูุงููู ุงูุนููุฏ ุงูููุฏู ูุนุงู
1872 ู
ุง ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ูุงูู ุณููุฌุญ. | ar | business | complex |
Bhupendra borrowed a sum of ` 3 lacs from Atul. | ุงูุชุฑุถ ุจูุจูุฏุฑุง ู
ุจูุบูุง ูุฏุฑู 3 ูุงู ู
ู ุฃุงุชูู. | ar | business | simple |
Bhupendra appointed Atul as his agent to sell his land and authorized him to appropriate the amount of loan out of the sale proceeds. | ุนูู ุจูุจูุฏุฑุง ุฃุชูู ููููุงู ูู ูุจูุน ุฃุฑุถู ูุฃุฐู ูู ุจุชุฎุตูุต ู
ุจูุบ ุงููุฑุถ ู
ู ุนุงุฆุฏุงุช ุงูุจูุน. | ar | business | moderate |
Afterward, Bhupendra revoked the agency. | ุจุนุฏ ุฐููุ ุฃูุบู ุจูุจูุฏุฑุง ุงูููุงูุฉ. | ar | business | simple |
Decide under the provisions of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 whether the revocation of the said agency by Bhupendra is lawful. | ูุฑุฑ ุจู
ูุฌุจ ุฃุญูุงู
ูุงููู ุงูุนููุฏ ุงูููุฏู ูุนุงู
1872 ู
ุง ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุฅูุบุงุก ุงูููุงูุฉ ุงูู
ุฐููุฑุฉ ู
ู ูุจู ุจูุจูุฏุฑุง ูุงูููููุง. | ar | business | complex |
According to the provisions of Section 184 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, as between the principal and a third person, any person, even a minor may become an agent. | ููููุง ูุฃุญูุงู
ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ 184 ู
ู ูุงููู ุงูุนููุฏ ุงูููุฏู ูุนุงู
1872ุ ูู
ุง ูู ุงูุญุงู ุจูู ุงูู
ููู ูุดุฎุต ุซุงูุซุ ูุฌูุฒ ูุฃู ุดุฎุตุ ุญุชู ุงููุงุตุฑุ ุฃู ูุตุจุญ ููููุงู. | ar | business | complex |
But no person who is not of the age of majority and of sound mind can become an agent, so as to be responsible to his principal. | ูููู ูุง ูุฌูุฒ ูุฃู ุดุฎุต ููุณ ูู ุณู ุงูุฑุดุฏ ูุฐู ุนูู ุณููู
ุฃู ูุตุจุญ ููููุงูุ ุจุญูุซ ูููู ู
ุณุคููุงู ุฃู
ุงู
ู
ูููู. | ar | business | complex |
Thus, if a person who is not competent to contract is appointed as an agent, the principal is liable to the third party for the acts of the agent. | ูุจุงูุชุงููุ ุฅุฐุง ุชู
ุชุนููู ุดุฎุต ุบูุฑ ู
ุคูู ููุชุนุงูุฏ ูููููุ ูููู ุงูู
ููู ู
ุณุคููุงู ุฃู
ุงู
ุงูุทุฑู ุงูุซุงูุซ ุนู ุฃูุนุงู ุงููููู. | ar | business | complex |
Thus, in the given case, D gets a good title to the watch. | ูุจุงูุชุงููุ ูู ุงูุญุงูุฉ ุงูู
ุฐููุฑุฉุ ูุญุตู D ุนูู ุณูุฏ ู
ูููุฉ ุฌูุฏ ููุณุงุนุฉ. | ar | business | moderate |
M is not liable to A for his negligence in the performance of his duties. | M ุบูุฑ ู
ุณุคูู ุฃู
ุงู
A ุนู ุฅูู
ุงูู ูู ุฃุฏุงุก ูุงุฌุจุงุชู. | ar | business | moderate |
Section 198 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 provides that for a valid ratification, the person who ratifies the already performed act must be without defect and have clear knowledge of the facts of the case. | ุชูุต ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ 198 ู
ู ูุงููู ุงูุนููุฏ ุงูููุฏู ูุนุงู
1872 ุนูู ุฃูู ู
ู ุฃุฌู ุงูุชุตุฏูู ุงูุตุญูุญุ ูุฌุจ ุฃู ูููู ุงูุดุฎุต ุงูุฐู ูุตุฏู ุนูู ุงููุนู ุงูุฐู ุชู
ุชูููุฐู ุจุงููุนู ุฎุงูููุง ู
ู ุงูุนููุจ ููุฏูู ู
ุนุฑูุฉ ูุงุถุญุฉ ุจุญูุงุฆู ุงููุถูุฉ. | ar | business | complex |
If the principalโs knowledge is materially defective, the ratification is not valid and hence no agency. | ุฅุฐุง ูุงูุช ู
ุนุฑูุฉ ุงูู
ููู ู
ุนูุจุฉ ุฌููุฑููุงุ ูุฅู ุงูุชุตุฏูู ุบูุฑ ุตุงูุญ ูุจุงูุชุงูู ูุง ุชูุฌุฏ ููุงูุฉ. | ar | business | complex |
An agent has authority, in an emergency, to do all such acts for the purpose of protecting his principal from loss as would be done by a person of ordinary prudence, in his own case, under similar circumstances. | ูุชู
ุชุน ุงููููู ุจุณูุทุฉุ ูู ุญุงูุฉ ุงูุทูุงุฑุฆุ ููููุงู
ุจุฌู
ูุน ูุฐู ุงูุฃุนู
ุงู ุจุบุฑุถ ุญู
ุงูุฉ ู
ูููู ู
ู ุงูุฎุณุงุฑุฉ ูู
ุง ููุนู ุงูุดุฎุต ุงูุญููู
ุงูุนุงุฏูุ ูู ูุถูุชู ุงูุฎุงุตุฉุ ูู ุธู ุธุฑูู ู
ู
ุงุซูุฉ. | ar | business | complex |
Here, Rahul acts in an emergency as a man of ordinary prudence, so Aswin will not succeed against him for recovering the loss. | ููุงุ ูุชุตุฑู ุฑุงููู ูู ุญุงูุฉ ุทูุงุฑุฆ ูุฑุฌู ุญููู
ุนุงุฏูุ ูุฐูู ูู ููุฌุญ ุฃุดููู ุถุฏู ูู ุงุณุชุนุงุฏุฉ ุงูุฎุณุงุฑุฉ. | ar | business | complex |
The problem in this case, is based on the provisions of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 as contained in Section 215 read with Section 216. | ุชุณุชูุฏ ุงูู
ุดููุฉ ูู ูุฐู ุงูุญุงูุฉ ุฅูู ุฃุญูุงู
ูุงููู ุงูุนููุฏ ุงูููุฏู ูุนุงู
1872 ุนูู ุงููุญู ุงููุงุฑุฏ ูู ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ 215 ู
ูุฑูุกุฉ ู
ุน ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ 216. | ar | business | complex |
The two sections provide that where an agent without the knowledge of the principal, deals in the business of agency on his own account, the principal may: (1) repudiate the transaction, if the case shows, either that the agent has dishonestly concealed any material fact from him, or that the dealings of the agent have... | ููุต ุงููุณู
ุงู ุนูู ุฃูู ุนูุฏู
ุง ูุชุนุงู
ู ุงููููู ุฏูู ุนูู
ุงูู
ูููุ ูู ุฃุนู
ุงู ุงูููุงูุฉ ูุญุณุงุจู ุงูุฎุงุตุ ูุฌูุฒ ููู
ููู: (1) ุฑูุถ ุงูู
ุนุงู
ูุฉุ ุฅุฐุง ุฃุธูุฑุช ุงููุถูุฉุ ุฅู
ุง ุฃู ุงููููู ูุฏ ุฃุฎูู ุจุฃู
ุงูุฉ ุฃู ุญูููุฉ ู
ุงุฏูุฉ ุนููุ ุฃู ุฃู ุชุนุงู
ูุงุช ุงููููู ูุงูุช ุบูุฑ ู
ูุงุชูุฉ ูู. | ar | business | complex |
Therefore, based on the above provisions, Mr. Ahuja is entitled to recover ` 6 lakhs from Mr. Singh being the amount of profit earned by Mr. Singh out of the transaction. | ูุฐููุ ุงุณุชูุงุฏูุง ุฅูู ุงูุฃุญูุงู
ุงูู
ุฐููุฑุฉ ุฃุนูุงูุ ูุญู ููุณูุฏ ุฃููุฌุง ุงุณุชุฑุฏุงุฏ 6 ูุงู ู
ู ุงูุณูุฏ ุณููุบ ูููู ู
ุจูุบ ุงูุฑุจุญ ุงูุฐู ูุณุจู ุงูุณูุฏ ุณููุบ ู
ู ุงูู
ุนุงู
ูุฉ. | ar | business | complex |
Normally, a sub-agent is not appointed, since it is a delegation of power by an agent given to him by his principal. | ุนุงุฏุฉุ ูุง ูุชู
ุชุนููู ูููู ูุฑุนูุ ูุฃูู ุชูููุถ ููุณูุทุฉ ู
ู ูุจู ูููู ู
ูุญู ูู ู
ูููู. | ar | business | moderate |
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