en
stringlengths
4
1.51k
translation
stringlengths
3
21.5k
target_lang
stringclasses
11 values
domain
stringclasses
103 values
complexity
stringclasses
3 values
An agent has authority, in an emergency, to do all such acts for the purpose of protecting his principal from loss as would be done by a person of ordinary prudence, in his own case, under similar circumstances.
ู„ู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ุณู„ุทุฉุŒ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุทูˆุงุฑุฆุŒ ุฃู† ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจุฌู…ูŠุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุจุบุฑุถ ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ู…ูˆูƒู„ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุณุงุฑุฉ ูƒู…ุง ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุงู„ุญูƒูŠู… ุงู„ุนุงุฏูŠุŒ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุชู‡ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉุŒ ููŠ ุธู„ ุธุฑูˆู ู…ู…ุงุซู„ุฉ.
ar
technical
moderate
To constitute a valid agency in an emergency, following conditions must be satisfied.
ู„ุชุดูƒูŠู„ ูˆูƒุงู„ุฉ ุตุงู„ุญุฉ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุทูˆุงุฑุฆุŒ ูŠุฌุจ ุงุณุชูŠูุงุก ุงู„ุดุฑูˆุท ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุฉ.
ar
technical
moderate
Agent should not be in a position or have any opportunity to communicate with his principal within the time available.
ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู„ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ููŠ ูˆุถุน ุฃูˆ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุฃูŠ ูุฑุตุฉ ู„ู„ุชูˆุงุตู„ ู…ุน ู…ูˆูƒู„ู‡ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ู…ุชุงุญ.
ar
technical
moderate
There should have been actual and definite commercial necessity for the agent to act promptly.
ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ ุชุฌุงุฑูŠุฉ ูุนู„ูŠุฉ ูˆู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ ู„ู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ู„ู„ุชุตุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ููˆุฑ.
ar
technical
moderate
The agent should have acted bonafide and for the benefit of the principal.
ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ู‚ุฏ ุชุตุฑู ุจุญุณู† ู†ูŠุฉ ูˆู„ู…ุตู„ุญุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆูƒู„.
ar
technical
moderate
The agent should have adopted the most reasonable and practicable course under the circumstances.
ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ู‚ุฏ ุงุนุชู…ุฏ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฑ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ุนู‚ูˆู„ูŠุฉ ูˆุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุธู„ ุงู„ุธุฑูˆู.
ar
technical
moderate
The agent must have been in possession of the goods belonging to his principal and which are the subject of contract.
ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ู‚ุฏ ุญุงุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจุถุงุฆุน ุงู„ู…ู…ู„ูˆูƒุฉ ู„ู…ูˆูƒู„ู‡ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ุนู‚ุฏ.
ar
technical
moderate
An agent who has authority for sale of goods may repair it if necessary.
ูŠุฌูˆุฒ ู„ู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุณู„ุทุฉ ุจูŠุน ุงู„ุจุถุงุฆุน ุฅุตู„ุงุญู‡ุง ุฅุฐุง ู„ุฒู… ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ.
ar
technical
simple
An agent cannot lawfully employ another to perform acts which he has expressly or impliedly undertaken to perform personally.
ู„ุง ูŠุฌูˆุฒ ู„ู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ุฃู† ูŠูˆุธู ุจุดูƒู„ ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠ ุดุฎุตู‹ุง ุขุฎุฑ ู„ุฃุฏุงุก ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนู‡ุฏ ุตุฑุงุญุฉ ุฃูˆ ุถู…ู†ู‹ุง ุจุฃุฏุงุฆู‡ุง ุดุฎุตูŠู‹ุง.
ar
technical
moderate
A contract of agency is of a fiduciary character.
ุนู‚ุฏ ุงู„ูˆูƒุงู„ุฉ ุฐูˆ ุทุงุจุน ุงุฆุชู…ุงู†ูŠ.
ar
technical
simple
It is based on the confidence reposed by the principal in the agent.
ูŠุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุซู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠูˆู„ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ูˆูƒู„ ู„ู„ูˆูƒูŠู„.
ar
technical
simple
Where a sub-agent is properly appointed, Principal is liable to third parties for the acts of the sub-agent.
ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชู… ุชุนูŠูŠู† ูˆูƒูŠู„ ูุฑุนูŠ ุจุดูƒู„ ุตุญูŠุญุŒ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ูˆูƒู„ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ุงู‹ ุฃู…ุงู… ุฃุทุฑุงู ุซุงู„ุซุฉ ุนู† ุฃูุนุงู„ ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ุงู„ูุฑุนูŠ.
ar
technical
moderate
The agent is responsible to the principal for the acts of the sub-agent.
ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ ุฃู…ุงู… ุงู„ู…ูˆูƒู„ ุนู† ุฃูุนุงู„ ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ุงู„ูุฑุนูŠ.
ar
technical
simple
The sub-agent is responsible for his acts to the agent, but not to the principal, except in case of fraud or willful wrong.
ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ุงู„ูุฑุนูŠ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ ุนู† ุฃูุนุงู„ู‡ ุฃู…ุงู… ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ูŠุณ ุฃู…ุงู… ุงู„ู…ูˆูƒู„ุŒ ุฅู„ุง ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุงุญุชูŠุงู„ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฎุทุฃ ุงู„ู…ุชุนู…ุฏ.
ar
technical
moderate
Where an agent, without having authority to do so, has appointed a person to act as a sub-agent, the agent is responsible for his acts both to the principal and to third persons.
ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ุŒ ุฏูˆู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุณู„ุทุฉ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุจุชุนูŠูŠู† ุดุฎุต ู„ู„ุนู…ู„ ูƒูˆูƒูŠู„ ูุฑุนูŠุŒ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ุงู‹ ุนู† ุฃูุนุงู„ู‡ ู„ูƒู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆูƒู„ ูˆุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซูŠู†.
ar
technical
complex
Substituted agents are not sub agents. They are agents of the principal.
ุงู„ูˆูƒู„ุงุก ุงู„ุจุฏูŠู„ูˆู† ู„ูŠุณูˆุง ูˆูƒู„ุงุก ูุฑุนูŠูŠู†. ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูˆูƒู„ุงุก ู„ู„ู…ูˆูƒู„.
ar
technical
simple
An agent is bound to conduct the business of his principal according to the direction given by the principal.
ูŠู„ุชุฒู… ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ุจุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ู…ูˆูƒู„ู‡ ูˆูู‚ู‹ุง ู„ู„ุชูˆุฌูŠู‡ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู‚ุฏู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ูˆูƒู„.
ar
technical
moderate
An agent is bound to render proper accounts to his principal on demand.
ูŠู„ุชุฒู… ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ุจุชู‚ุฏูŠู… ุญุณุงุจุงุช ุตุญูŠุญุฉ ู„ู…ูˆูƒู„ู‡ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุทู„ุจ.
ar
technical
simple
It is the duty of an agent, in cases of difficulty, to use all reasonable diligence in communicating with his principal, and in seeking to obtain his instructions.
ู…ู† ูˆุงุฌุจ ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ุŒ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุตุนูˆุจุฉุŒ ุฃู† ูŠุจุฐู„ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุนู†ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ูˆู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุชูˆุงุตู„ ู…ุน ู…ูˆูƒู„ู‡ุŒ ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุณุนูŠ ู„ู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุนู„ูŠู…ุงุชู‡.
ar
technical
moderate
Agent should not deal on his own account without first obtaining the consent of the principal.
ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ุฃู„ุง ูŠุชุนุงู…ู„ ู„ุญุณุงุจู‡ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุฏูˆู† ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุฃูˆู„ุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูˆุงูู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆูƒู„.
ar
technical
simple
The principal is bound by the agent's actions if the third party believes the agent has authority.
ูŠู„ุชุฒู… ุงู„ู…ูˆูƒู„ ุจุฃูุนุงู„ ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ุฅุฐุง ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุทุฑู ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ ุฃู† ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุณู„ุทุฉ.
ar
legal
moderate
A consigns goods to B for sale, with instructions not to sell below a fixed price.
ูŠู‚ูˆู… (ุฃ) ุจุชุณู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุจุถุงุฆุน ุฅู„ู‰ (ุจ) ู„ู„ุจูŠุนุŒ ู…ุน ุฅุนุทุงุก ุชุนู„ูŠู…ุงุช ุจุนุฏู… ุงู„ุจูŠุน ุจุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุณุนุฑ ู…ุญุฏุฏ.
ar
business
simple
C, unaware of B's instructions, buys the goods from B at a lower price.
ูŠุดุชุฑูŠ (ุฌ)ุŒ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุฏุฑูƒ ู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…ุงุช (ุจ)ุŒ ุงู„ุจุถุงุฆุน ู…ู† (ุจ) ุจุณุนุฑ ุฃู‚ู„.
ar
business
simple
A is bound by the contract with C.
ูŠู„ุชุฒู… (ุฃ) ุจุงู„ุนู‚ุฏ ู…ุน (ุฌ).
ar
legal
simple
A entrusts B with negotiable instruments endorsed in blank.
ูŠูˆูƒู„ (ุฃ) ุฅู„ู‰ (ุจ) ุตูƒูˆูƒู‹ุง ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุชุฏุงูˆู„ ู…ูˆู‚ุนุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุจูŠุงุถ.
ar
business
moderate
B sells them to C in violation of private orders from A.
ูŠุจูŠุนู‡ุง (ุจ) ุฅู„ู‰ (ุฌ) ููŠ ุงู†ุชู‡ุงูƒ ู„ุฃูˆุงู…ุฑ ุฎุงุตุฉ ู…ู† (ุฃ).
ar
business
simple
The sale is good.
ุงู„ุจูŠุน ุฌูŠุฏ.
ar
legal
simple
Any notice given to the agent has the same legal consequence as if given to the principal.
ุฃูŠ ุฅุดุนุงุฑ ูŠูุนุทู‰ ู„ู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ู„ู‡ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุนูˆุงู‚ุจ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠุฉ ูƒู…ุง ู„ูˆ ุชู… ุฅุนุทุงุคู‡ ู„ู„ู…ูˆูƒู„.
ar
legal
moderate
A employs B to buy goods from C, who appears to be the owner.
ูŠูˆุธู (ุฃ) (ุจ) ู„ุดุฑุงุก ุจุถุงุฆุน ู…ู† (ุฌ)ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ูƒ.
ar
business
simple
In the course of the sale, A learns the goods belong to D, but B doesn't know.
ููŠ ุณูŠุงู‚ ุงู„ุจูŠุนุŒ ูŠุนู„ู… (ุฃ) ุฃู† ุงู„ุจุถุงุฆุน ู…ู…ู„ูˆูƒุฉ ู„ู€ (ุฏ)ุŒ ู„ูƒู† (ุจ) ู„ุง ูŠุนุฑู.
ar
business
moderate
B cannot set off a debt owed by C against the price.
ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู€ (ุจ) ุฃู† ูŠู‚ุงุต ุฏูŠู†ุงู‹ ู…ุณุชุญู‚ุงู‹ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู…ู† (ุฌ) ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ุงู„ุณุนุฑ.
ar
legal
moderate
The agent's knowledge is treated as the principal's knowledge.
ุชูุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆูƒู„.
ar
legal
simple
Misrepresentations by agents in their business have the same effect as the principal's.
ู„ู„ุชุญุฑูŠูุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ูˆูƒู„ุงุก ููŠ ุฃุนู…ุงู„ู‡ู… ู†ูุณ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุชุญุฑูŠูุงุช ุงู„ู…ูˆูƒู„.
ar
legal
moderate
If an agent misrepresents something outside their authority, it doesn't affect the principal.
ุฅุฐุง ู‚ุงู… ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ุจุชุญุฑูŠู ุดูŠุก ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุณู„ุทุชู‡ุŒ ูู‡ุฐุง ู„ุง ูŠุคุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูˆูƒู„.
ar
legal
complex
A, B's agent, induces C to buy goods through misrepresentation.
ูŠู‚ูˆู… (ุฃ)ุŒ ูˆูƒูŠู„ (ุจ)ุŒ ุจุฅู‚ู†ุงุน (ุฌ) ุจุดุฑุงุก ุงู„ุจุถุงุฆุน ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุชุญุฑูŠู.
ar
business
simple
The contract is voidable by C.
ุงู„ุนู‚ุฏ ู‚ุงุจู„ ู„ู„ุฅุจุทุงู„ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ (ุฌ).
ar
legal
simple
A, the captain of B's ship, signs bills of lading without goods.
ูŠูˆู‚ุน (ุฃ)ุŒ ู‚ุจุทุงู† ุณููŠู†ุฉ (ุจ)ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุณู†ุฏุงุช ุงู„ุดุญู† ุฏูˆู† ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจุถุงุฆุน.
ar
business
simple
The bills of lading are void.
ุณู†ุฏุงุช ุงู„ุดุญู† ุจุงุทู„ุฉ.
ar
legal
simple
An agent cannot personally enforce contracts on behalf of the principal.
ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ุฃู† ูŠู†ูุฐ ุดุฎุตูŠู‹ุง ุงู„ุนู‚ูˆุฏ ู†ูŠุงุจุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ูˆูƒู„.
ar
legal
moderate
The agent is not personally bound by the contracts.
ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ู„ุฒู… ุดุฎุตูŠู‹ุง ุจุงู„ุนู‚ูˆุฏ.
ar
legal
simple
The term 'agreement to sell' is defined in Section 4(3) of the Sale of Goods Act, 1930.
ูŠูุนุฑูŽู‘ู ู…ุตุทู„ุญ 'ุงุชูุงู‚ ุงู„ุจูŠุน' ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ 4 (3) ู…ู† ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุจูŠุน ุงู„ุจุถุงุฆุน ู„ุนุงู… 1930.
ar
technical
moderate
Whether a contract of sale of goods is an absolute sale or an agreement to sell depends on the immediate transfer of goods.
ูŠุนุชู…ุฏ ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุนู‚ุฏ ุจูŠุน ุงู„ุจุถุงุฆุน ุจูŠุนู‹ุง ู…ุทู„ู‚ู‹ุง ุฃู… ุงุชูุงู‚ู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจูŠุน ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ู„ ุงู„ููˆุฑูŠ ู„ู„ุจุถุงุฆุน.
ar
technical
moderate
X agrees with Y on 10th October, 2022 that he will sell his car to Y on 10th November, 2022.
ูŠุชูู‚ X ู…ุน Y ููŠ 10 ุฃูƒุชูˆุจุฑ 2022 ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ุณูŠุจูŠุน ุณูŠุงุฑุชู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ Y ููŠ 10 ู†ูˆูู…ุจุฑ 2022.
ar
technical
simple
This is an agreement to sell, not an immediate sale.
ู‡ุฐุง ุงุชูุงู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจูŠุนุŒ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุจูŠุนู‹ุง ููˆุฑูŠู‹ุง.
ar
technical
simple
An agreement to sell becomes a sale when the conditions are fulfilled.
ูŠุตุจุญ ุงุชูุงู‚ ุงู„ุจูŠุน ุจูŠุนู‹ุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชู… ุงุณุชูŠูุงุก ุงู„ุดุฑูˆุท.
ar
technical
simple
A contract of sale of goods requires at least two parties: a seller and a buyer.
ูŠุชุทู„ุจ ุนู‚ุฏ ุจูŠุน ุงู„ุจุถุงุฆุน ุทุฑููŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„: ุจุงุฆุน ูˆู…ุดุชุฑูŠ.
ar
technical
simple
The subject matter of the contract must be goods, which are movable property.
ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ุนู‚ุฏ ุจุถุงุฆุนุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ู…ุชู„ูƒุงุช ู…ู†ู‚ูˆู„ุฉ.
ar
technical
moderate
A price in money should be paid or promised for the goods.
ูŠุฌุจ ุฏูุน ุฃูˆ ุงู„ูˆุนุฏ ุจุณุนุฑ ู†ู‚ุฏูŠ ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ุงู„ุจุถุงุฆุน.
ar
technical
simple
There must be a transfer of property in goods from seller to buyer.
ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู†ู‚ู„ ู„ู„ู…ู„ูƒูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุถุงุฆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุงุฆุน ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูŠ.
ar
technical
simple
A contract of sale may be absolute or conditional.
ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุจูŠุน ู…ุทู„ู‚ู‹ุง ุฃูˆ ู…ุดุฑูˆุทู‹ุง.
ar
technical
simple
All essential elements of a valid contract must be present.
ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุนู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ.
ar
technical
simple
In a sale, the property in the goods passes to the buyer immediately.
ููŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุนุŒ ุชู†ุชู‚ู„ ุงู„ู…ู„ูƒูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุถุงุฆุน ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ููˆุฑ.
ar
technical
simple
In an agreement to sell, property passes on a future date or upon fulfillment of a condition.
ููŠ ุงุชูุงู‚ ุงู„ุจูŠุนุŒ ุชู†ุชู‚ู„ ุงู„ู…ู„ูƒูŠุฉ ููŠ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ูŠ ุฃูˆ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆูุงุก ุจุดุฑุท.
ar
technical
moderate
The seller can sue the buyer for the price of the goods in a sale.
ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ุจุงุฆุน ู…ู‚ุงุถุงุฉ ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูŠ ู„ู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุนุฑ ุงู„ุจุถุงุฆุน ููŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุน.
ar
technical
simple
The aggrieved party can sue for damages only in an agreement to sell.
ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ุทุฑู ุงู„ู…ุชุถุฑุฑ ุฃู† ูŠู‚ุงุถูŠ ู„ู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุนูˆูŠุถุงุช ูู‚ุท ููŠ ุงุชูุงู‚ ุงู„ุจูŠุน.
ar
technical
simple
Subsequent loss of the goods is the liability of the buyer in a sale.
ุงู„ุฎุณุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู„ุงุญู‚ุฉ ู„ู„ุจุถุงุฆุน ู‡ูŠ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุน.
ar
technical
simple
The risk of loss is that of the seller in an agreement to sell.
ูŠุชุญู…ู„ ุงู„ุจุงุฆุน ุฎุทุฑ ุงู„ุฎุณุงุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงุชูุงู‚ ุงู„ุจูŠุน.
ar
technical
simple
A sale creates a right against the whole world (Jus in rem).
ูŠุฎู„ู‚ ุงู„ุจูŠุน ุญู‚ู‹ุง ุถุฏ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุจุฃุณุฑู‡ (ุงู„ุญู‚ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ูŠ).
ar
technical
moderate
The seller cannot resell the goods in a sale.
ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ุจุงุฆุน ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุจูŠุน ุงู„ุจุถุงุฆุน ููŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุน.
ar
technical
simple
The official assignee will acquire control over the goods in case of the seller's insolvency in an agreement to sell.
ุณูŠุญุตู„ ุงู„ู…ุฎุตุต ุงู„ุฑุณู…ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณูŠุทุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจุถุงุฆุน ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุฅุนุณุงุฑ ุงู„ุจุงุฆุน ููŠ ุงุชูุงู‚ ุงู„ุจูŠุน.
ar
technical
complex
If the goods are exchanged for goods, it will not be called a sale.
ุฅุฐุง ุชู… ุชุจุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุณู„ุน ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ุณู„ุนุŒ ูู„ู† ูŠุทู„ู‚ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุจูŠุน.
ar
business
simple
It will be considered as barter.
ุณูˆู ุชุนุชุจุฑ ู…ู‚ุงูŠุถุฉ.
ar
business
simple
However, a contract for transfer of movable property for a definite price payable partly in goods and partly in cash is held to be a contract of Sale of Goods.
ูˆู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุงู„ุนู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจู†ู‚ู„ ุงู„ู…ู…ุชู„ูƒุงุช ุงู„ู…ู†ู‚ูˆู„ุฉ ุจุณุนุฑ ู…ุญุฏุฏ ูŠุฏูุน ุฌุฒุฆูŠุงู‹ ุจุงู„ุณู„ุน ูˆุฌุฒุฆูŠุงู‹ ู†ู‚ุฏุงู‹ ุจู…ุซุงุจุฉ ุนู‚ุฏ ุจูŠุน ุจุถุงุฆุน.
ar
business
moderate
So, in this case, it is a valid contract of sale under the Sales of Goods Act, 1930.
ู„ุฐุงุŒ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉุŒ ู‡ูˆ ุนู‚ุฏ ุจูŠุน ุตุญูŠุญ ุจู…ูˆุฌุจ ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุจูŠุน ุงู„ุจุถุงุฆุน ู„ุนุงู… 1930.
ar
business
moderate
In this case, B, the buyer has no right against A the seller.
ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉุŒ ู„ุง ูŠุญู‚ ู„ู„ู…ุดุชุฑูŠ (ุจ) ุฃูŠ ุญู‚ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุจุงุฆุน (ุฃ).
ar
business
moderate
Section 8 of the Sales of Goods Act, 1930 provides that where there is an agreement to sell specific goods and the goods without any fault of either party perish, damaged or lost, the agreement is thereby avoided.
ูŠู†ุต ุงู„ู‚ุณู… 8 ู…ู† ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุจูŠุน ุงู„ุจุถุงุฆุน ู„ุนุงู… 1930 ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงุชูุงู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุจูŠุน ุณู„ุน ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ูˆุชู„ู ุงู„ุณู„ุน ุฃูˆ ุชู„ูู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ูู‚ุฏู‡ุง ุฏูˆู† ุฃูŠ ุฎุทุฃ ู…ู† ุฃูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุฑููŠู†ุŒ ูŠุชู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุชุฌู†ุจ ุงู„ุงุชูุงู‚.
ar
business
complex
This provision is based on the ground of supervening impossibility of performance which makes a contract void.
ูŠุนุชู…ุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญูƒู… ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุณุงุณ ุงุณุชุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฏุงุก ุงู„ุทุงุฑุฆุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุนู‚ุฏ ุจุงุทู„ุงู‹.
ar
business
complex
Payment of the price by the buyer is an important ingredient of a contract of sale.
ุฏูุน ุงู„ุณุนุฑ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนู†ุตุฑ ู…ู‡ู… ููŠ ุนู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุจูŠุน.
ar
business
moderate
If the parties totally ignore the question of price while making the contract, it would not become an uncertain and invalid agreement.
ุฅุฐุง ุชุฌุงู‡ู„ ุงู„ุทุฑูุงู† ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุง ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุงู„ุณุนุฑ ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุฅุจุฑุงู… ุงู„ุนู‚ุฏุŒ ูู„ู† ูŠุตุจุญ ุงุชูุงู‚ู‹ุง ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุคูƒุฏ ูˆุบูŠุฑ ุตุงู„ุญ.
ar
business
complex
It will rather be a valid contract and the buyer shall pay a reasonable price.
ุจู„ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู‚ุฏู‹ุง ุตุญูŠุญู‹ุง ูˆูŠุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูŠ ุณุนุฑู‹ุง ู…ุนู‚ูˆู„ุงู‹.
ar
business
moderate
In the give case, X and Y have entered into a contract for sale of car but they did not fix the price of the car.
ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุทุงุฉุŒ ุฏุฎู„ X ูˆ Y ููŠ ุนู‚ุฏ ู„ุจูŠุน ุณูŠุงุฑุฉ ู„ูƒู†ู‡ู…ุง ู„ู… ูŠุญุฏุฏุง ุณุนุฑ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุฑุฉ.
ar
business
moderate
X refused to sell the car to Y on this ground.
ุฑูุถ X ุจูŠุน ุงู„ุณูŠุงุฑุฉ ู„ู€ Y ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ.
ar
business
simple
Y can legally demand the car from X and X can recover a reasonable price of the car from Y.
ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู€ Y ุฃู† ูŠุทุงู„ุจ ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ู‹ุง ุจุงู„ุณูŠุงุฑุฉ ู…ู† X ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู€ X ุงุณุชุฑุฏุงุฏ ุณุนุฑ ู…ุนู‚ูˆู„ ู„ู„ุณูŠุงุฑุฉ ู…ู† Y.
ar
business
moderate
A wholesaler of cotton has 100 bales in his godown.
ุชุงุฌุฑ ุงู„ุฌู…ู„ุฉ ู„ู„ู‚ุทู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ 100 ุจุงู„ุฉ ููŠ ู…ุณุชูˆุฏุนู‡.
ar
business
simple
So, the goods are existing goods.
ู„ุฐุงุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุจุถุงุฆุน ู‡ูŠ ุจุถุงุฆุน ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ.
ar
business
simple
He agrees to sell 50 bales and these bales were selected and set aside.
ูŠูˆุงูู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุจูŠุน 50 ุจุงู„ุฉ ูˆุชู… ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจุงู„ุงุช ูˆุชุฎุตูŠุตู‡ุง.
ar
business
moderate
On selection, the goods becomes ascertained.
ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑุŒ ูŠุชู… ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ุจุถุงุฆุน.
ar
business
simple
In this case, the contract is for the sale of ascertained goods, as the cotton bales to be sold are identified and agreed after the formation of the contract.
ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉุŒ ุงู„ุนู‚ุฏ ู‡ูˆ ู„ุจูŠุน ุจุถุงุฆุน ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉุŒ ุญูŠุซ ูŠุชู… ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุจุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุทู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณูŠุชู… ุจูŠุนู‡ุง ูˆุงู„ุงุชูุงู‚ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุจุนุฏ ุชุดูƒูŠู„ ุงู„ุนู‚ุฏ.
ar
business
complex
If A agrees to sell to B one packet of sugar out of the lot of one hundred packets lying in his shop, it is a sale of existing but unascertained goods because it is not known which packet is to be delivered.
ุฅุฐุง ูˆุงูู‚ ุฃ ุนู„ู‰ ุจูŠุน ุนุจูˆุฉ ุณูƒุฑ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู„ู€ ุจ ู…ู† ุจูŠู† ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ู…ุงุฆุฉ ุนุจูˆุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ู…ุชุฌุฑู‡ุŒ ูู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุน ู„ุจุถุงุฆุน ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุนุฑูˆู ุฃูŠ ุนุจูˆุฉ ุณูŠุชู… ุชุณู„ูŠู…ู‡ุง.
ar
business
complex
T agrees to sell to S all the apples which will be produced in his garden this year. It is contract of sale of future goods, amounting to 'an agreement to sell.'
ูŠูˆุงูู‚ T ุนู„ู‰ ุจูŠุน S ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุชูุงุญ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณูŠุชู… ุฅู†ุชุงุฌู‡ ููŠ ุญุฏูŠู‚ุชู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุงู…. ุฅู†ู‡ ุนู‚ุฏ ุจูŠุน ุจุถุงุฆุน ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ูŠุฉุŒ ูŠู…ุซู„ 'ุงุชูุงู‚ู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจูŠุน'.
ar
business
complex
Nalli demanded the amount from P. P refused.
ุทุงู„ุจ ู†ุงู„ูŠ ุจุงู„ู…ุจู„ุบ ู…ู† ุจูŠ. ุฑูุถ ุจูŠ.
ar
business
simple
Nalli filed a suit against P for the said amount.
ุฃู‚ุงู… ู†ุงู„ูŠ ุฏุนูˆู‰ ู‚ุถุงุฆูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุจูŠ ู„ู„ู…ุจู„ุบ ุงู„ู…ุฐูƒูˆุฑ.
ar
business
moderate
Decide in the light of provisions of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, whether Nalli would succeed.
ู‚ุฑุฑ ููŠ ุถูˆุก ุฃุญูƒุงู… ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุนู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏูŠ ู„ุนุงู… 1872 ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู†ุงู„ูŠ ุณูŠู†ุฌุญ.
ar
business
complex
Bhupendra borrowed a sum of ` 3 lacs from Atul.
ุงู‚ุชุฑุถ ุจูˆุจู†ุฏุฑุง ู…ุจู„ุบู‹ุง ู‚ุฏุฑู‡ 3 ู„ุงูƒ ู…ู† ุฃุงุชูˆู„.
ar
business
simple
Bhupendra appointed Atul as his agent to sell his land and authorized him to appropriate the amount of loan out of the sale proceeds.
ุนูŠู† ุจูˆุจู†ุฏุฑุง ุฃุชูˆู„ ูˆูƒูŠู„ุงู‹ ู„ู‡ ู„ุจูŠุน ุฃุฑุถู‡ ูˆุฃุฐู† ู„ู‡ ุจุชุฎุตูŠุต ู…ุจู„ุบ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุถ ู…ู† ุนุงุฆุฏุงุช ุงู„ุจูŠุน.
ar
business
moderate
Afterward, Bhupendra revoked the agency.
ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฃู„ุบู‰ ุจูˆุจู†ุฏุฑุง ุงู„ูˆูƒุงู„ุฉ.
ar
business
simple
Decide under the provisions of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 whether the revocation of the said agency by Bhupendra is lawful.
ู‚ุฑุฑ ุจู…ูˆุฌุจ ุฃุญูƒุงู… ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุนู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏูŠ ู„ุนุงู… 1872 ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุฅู„ุบุงุก ุงู„ูˆูƒุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฐูƒูˆุฑุฉ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุจูˆุจู†ุฏุฑุง ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠู‹ุง.
ar
business
complex
According to the provisions of Section 184 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, as between the principal and a third person, any person, even a minor may become an agent.
ูˆูู‚ู‹ุง ู„ุฃุญูƒุงู… ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ 184 ู…ู† ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุนู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏูŠ ู„ุนุงู… 1872ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ูˆูƒู„ ูˆุดุฎุต ุซุงู„ุซุŒ ูŠุฌูˆุฒ ู„ุฃูŠ ุดุฎุตุŒ ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุงุตุฑุŒ ุฃู† ูŠุตุจุญ ูˆูƒูŠู„ุงู‹.
ar
business
complex
But no person who is not of the age of majority and of sound mind can become an agent, so as to be responsible to his principal.
ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุง ูŠุฌูˆุฒ ู„ุฃูŠ ุดุฎุต ู„ูŠุณ ููŠ ุณู† ุงู„ุฑุดุฏ ูˆุฐูˆ ุนู‚ู„ ุณู„ูŠู… ุฃู† ูŠุตุจุญ ูˆูƒูŠู„ุงู‹ุŒ ุจุญูŠุซ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุณุคูˆู„ุงู‹ ุฃู…ุงู… ู…ูˆูƒู„ู‡.
ar
business
complex
Thus, if a person who is not competent to contract is appointed as an agent, the principal is liable to the third party for the acts of the agent.
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุชู… ุชุนูŠูŠู† ุดุฎุต ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุคู‡ู„ ู„ู„ุชุนุงู‚ุฏ ูƒูˆูƒูŠู„ุŒ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ูˆูƒู„ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ุงู‹ ุฃู…ุงู… ุงู„ุทุฑู ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ ุนู† ุฃูุนุงู„ ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„.
ar
business
complex
Thus, in the given case, D gets a good title to the watch.
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฐูƒูˆุฑุฉุŒ ูŠุญุตู„ D ุนู„ู‰ ุณู†ุฏ ู…ู„ูƒูŠุฉ ุฌูŠุฏ ู„ู„ุณุงุนุฉ.
ar
business
moderate
M is not liable to A for his negligence in the performance of his duties.
M ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ ุฃู…ุงู… A ุนู† ุฅู‡ู…ุงู„ู‡ ููŠ ุฃุฏุงุก ูˆุงุฌุจุงุชู‡.
ar
business
moderate
Section 198 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 provides that for a valid ratification, the person who ratifies the already performed act must be without defect and have clear knowledge of the facts of the case.
ุชู†ุต ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ 198 ู…ู† ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุนู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏูŠ ู„ุนุงู… 1872 ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ุชุตุฏูŠู‚ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญุŒ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุตุฏู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูุนู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชู… ุชู†ููŠุฐู‡ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุฎุงู„ูŠู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุนูŠูˆุจ ูˆู„ุฏูŠู‡ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ุจุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ.
ar
business
complex
If the principalโ€™s knowledge is materially defective, the ratification is not valid and hence no agency.
ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆูƒู„ ู…ุนูŠุจุฉ ุฌูˆู‡ุฑูŠู‹ุงุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุชุตุฏูŠู‚ ุบูŠุฑ ุตุงู„ุญ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู„ุง ุชูˆุฌุฏ ูˆูƒุงู„ุฉ.
ar
business
complex
An agent has authority, in an emergency, to do all such acts for the purpose of protecting his principal from loss as would be done by a person of ordinary prudence, in his own case, under similar circumstances.
ูŠุชู…ุชุน ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ุจุณู„ุทุฉุŒ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุทูˆุงุฑุฆุŒ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฌู…ูŠุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุจุบุฑุถ ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ู…ูˆูƒู„ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุณุงุฑุฉ ูƒู…ุง ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุงู„ุญูƒูŠู… ุงู„ุนุงุฏูŠุŒ ููŠ ู‚ุถูŠุชู‡ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉุŒ ููŠ ุธู„ ุธุฑูˆู ู…ู…ุงุซู„ุฉ.
ar
business
complex
Here, Rahul acts in an emergency as a man of ordinary prudence, so Aswin will not succeed against him for recovering the loss.
ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ูŠุชุตุฑู ุฑุงู‡ูˆู„ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุทูˆุงุฑุฆ ูƒุฑุฌู„ ุญูƒูŠู… ุนุงุฏูŠุŒ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ู† ูŠู†ุฌุญ ุฃุดูˆูŠู† ุถุฏู‡ ููŠ ุงุณุชุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฎุณุงุฑุฉ.
ar
business
complex
The problem in this case, is based on the provisions of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 as contained in Section 215 read with Section 216.
ุชุณุชู†ุฏ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุญูƒุงู… ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุนู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏูŠ ู„ุนุงู… 1872 ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ูˆุงุฑุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ 215 ู…ู‚ุฑูˆุกุฉ ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ 216.
ar
business
complex
The two sections provide that where an agent without the knowledge of the principal, deals in the business of agency on his own account, the principal may: (1) repudiate the transaction, if the case shows, either that the agent has dishonestly concealed any material fact from him, or that the dealings of the agent have...
ูŠู†ุต ุงู„ู‚ุณู…ุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชุนุงู…ู„ ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ุฏูˆู† ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู…ูˆูƒู„ุŒ ููŠ ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ูˆูƒุงู„ุฉ ู„ุญุณุงุจู‡ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุŒ ูŠุฌูˆุฒ ู„ู„ู…ูˆูƒู„: (1) ุฑูุถ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู…ู„ุฉุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุฃุธู‡ุฑุช ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉุŒ ุฅู…ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ู‚ุฏ ุฃุฎูู‰ ุจุฃู…ุงู†ุฉ ุฃูŠ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุงุฏูŠุฉ ุนู†ู‡ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุฃู† ุชุนุงู…ู„ุงุช ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ูƒุงู†ุช ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุงุชูŠุฉ ู„ู‡.
ar
business
complex
Therefore, based on the above provisions, Mr. Ahuja is entitled to recover ` 6 lakhs from Mr. Singh being the amount of profit earned by Mr. Singh out of the transaction.
ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุงุณุชู†ุงุฏู‹ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุญูƒุงู… ุงู„ู…ุฐูƒูˆุฑุฉ ุฃุนู„ุงู‡ุŒ ูŠุญู‚ ู„ู„ุณูŠุฏ ุฃู‡ูˆุฌุง ุงุณุชุฑุฏุงุฏ 6 ู„ุงูƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูŠุฏ ุณูŠู†ุบ ูƒูˆู†ู‡ ู…ุจู„ุบ ุงู„ุฑุจุญ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุณุจู‡ ุงู„ุณูŠุฏ ุณูŠู†ุบ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงู…ู„ุฉ.
ar
business
complex
Normally, a sub-agent is not appointed, since it is a delegation of power by an agent given to him by his principal.
ุนุงุฏุฉุŒ ู„ุง ูŠุชู… ุชุนูŠูŠู† ูˆูƒูŠู„ ูุฑุนูŠุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุชููˆูŠุถ ู„ู„ุณู„ุทุฉ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ูˆูƒูŠู„ ู…ู†ุญู‡ ู„ู‡ ู…ูˆูƒู„ู‡.
ar
business
moderate