Split (3)

train · 3.46k rows

id stringlengths 10 10	question stringlengths 18 294	comment stringlengths 28 6.89k	passages list	presuppositions list	corrections list	labels list	raw_presuppositions list	raw_labels list	raw_corrections list
2018-04497	Why can plasma transfusions be used instead of whole blood transfusions?	You can get plasma instead of blood, it has the clotting factors in it BUT it has no capacity to carry oxygen to cells and by administering it you are lowering the overall number of blood cells per liter and lowering the oxygen carrying capacity so you only use plasma in certain specific situations such as clotting disorders	[ "Collecting the platelets from a single donor also simplifies human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching, which improves the chance of a successful transfusion. Since it is time-consuming to find even a single compatible donor for HLA-matched transfusions, being able to collect a full dose from a single donor is much m...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13877	Difference between mbr and gpt when initializing a new hard drive	Two different schemes. Ignoring technical details, some key details. MBR partition tables can not address beyond 2TB (unless some workarounds like 4K sector sizes are used). Amy space beyond that will be unusable. MBR also has a limitation on the number of partitions that can be created (4, at most one can be an extended partition that can hold additional partitions) Windows typically will refuse to install/boot on a MBR disc if using a UEFI firmware, and the other way around is generally impossible (BIOS can not natively read GPT drives)	[ "BIOS-style booting from MBR-partitioned disks is commonly called \"BIOS-MBR\", regardless of it being performed on UEFI or legacy BIOS-based systems. Furthermore, booting legacy BIOS-based systems from GPT disks is also possible, and such a boot scheme is commonly called \"BIOS-GPT\".\n", "BULLET::::- Memory usa...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02959	Why do electric utility companies (in the US) subsidize the cost of LED light bulbs?	(I work for a private regulated monopoly utility company) So being a monopoly power provider has many obvious benefits. You don't have competition, and basically as long as there are people, you'll have customers. The reason the government sets up these situations is that they believe that it is cheaper to grant monopolies to companies in areas and regulate them heavily, than it is to have competition, considering the infrastructure (power lines) that would be required. This isn't done everywhere, so there can be arguments against it, but it's not a completely unreasonable idea. But there has to be downsides. In many cases the utility companies are actually restricted in how much profit they can make, and they also are limited in how much they can raise prices, in some cases requiring state governmental permissions. Also, they have an obligation to provide enough power for anyone. If apples makes 2 million iPhone X, but 3 million people want them, oh well. Or they can just raise the prices until they line up. Not with power in these cases. Theymust provide power to all our customers, at all our levels. If it gets hot they must provide more power for more air conditioning. If more people move in they must generate enough power for everyone. But opening a new power plant is not normally profitable. So these companies instead spend a little bit of money giving out cheaper light bulbs, which lowers the demand they have. In addition it creates good press, which is helpful if they later have to go to state governments and ask for rates to be increased for whatever reason. So even if you don't think highly of these companies there are good buisness reasons to do this, and also good PR reasons, and customers do benefit from them.	[ "Light emitting diodes (LED) have virtually replaced both incandescent lamps and the occasional fluorescent lamp in traffic signal and crossing sign usage. They are rapidly developing in light output, color rendering, efficiency, and reliability. The cost of LED lighting is still high compared to an incandescent or...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02999	why do some recipes call for melted butter?	Basically, when recipies call for softened butter, they use the creaming method; the sugar and butter are mixed together in such a way that the sugar cuts little air bubbles into the butter. These little bubbles can add some extra puff to the cookies. If you melt the butter first, not only do you not have those air bubbles, but there's water in butter, so you'll end up getting some gluten development when you mix in the flour and make a chewy cookie ... but more importatly, without the fat being (near) solid, the cookie will slump a lot more, and spread out before it cooks (assuming you haven't otherwise adjusted the recipe to compensate). [source]( URL_1 ) [more here]( URL_0 )	[ "Once butter is softened, spices, herbs, or other flavoring agents can be mixed into it, producing what is called a \"compound butter\" or \"composite butter\" (sometimes also called \"composed butter\"). Compound butters can be used as spreads, or cooled, sliced, and placed onto hot food to melt into a sauce. Swee...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-11754	Why is it that things like mouthwash and pill bottles need childproof caps, but things like laundry detergent and alcohol do not?	A child eating a single handful of some medicines will die. This is certainly not true of alcohol, and usually not true of laundry detergent. The safety mechanism is stronger because the danger is stronger.	[ "Child-resistant packaging is now common for medications. There are a variety of methods to secure medications, including caps that must be pinched or pushed down while turning. It may be required by regulation for prescription drugs, for over the counter medications, for pesticides, or for household chemicals wher...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-08034	Does nutritional research vary so much because our species is evolving to counteract our diets or do we just know so little about nutrition?	We know very little about nutrition. It is a remarkably complicated subject with some really advanced chemistry. Almost all of our advice is empirical, people tried it and it worked, they figured out how much of x people needed on average because people were getting sick without it. Evolution takes place over hundreds of thousands of years, and we as humans only started having easy access to food in the last century or two.	[ "Nutritional biodiversity\n\nNutritional biodiversity is a diet that focuses on the diversity of an organism's nutritional consumption or intake. Some believe this diversity directly relates to the overall health and vitality of the organism — human or animal.\n\nNutritional Diversity or Nutritional Biodiversity, i...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01514	Why are some apples crunchy and some sandy?	Apples are like sand castles. Sand castles stay up because they are built with wet sand. The water helps the sand particles stick together. If it dries out, the sand castle becomes crumbly and can easily fall apart. Once you pick an apple from the tree, the apple will start drying out. As the flesh of the apple loses water, the cells won't be able to stick to each other, becoming sandy or mealy when you bite into it. How crisp or crunchy the apple depends on the type of apple. Certain apples get mealy faster than others.	[ "Different types of apples can be used for the production of apple butter. Apples are chosen based on their physical and chemical properties – such as hardness, sweetness, acidity/tartness, etc. Soft apples are often chosen for the production of apple butter because they can be broken down more easily and faster wh...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00180	when a camera zooms into something like the moon, why does nearly all of the atmosphere distortion disappear?	It doesnt disappear. The camera's automatic aperture causes the effect you see. The camera's aperture automatically closes to maintain the image's overall brightness. Because the moon is brighter than the sky, as the moon occupies more of the camera's field of view, the aperture closes, and the surrounding sky appears to become darker.	[ "Speckle imaging recreates the original image through image processing techniques. The key to the technique, found by the American astronomer David L. Fried in 1966, was to take very fast images in which case the atmosphere is effectively \"frozen\" in place. For infrared images, exposure times are on the order of ...	[ "Atmosphere distortion goes away.", "Atmosphere distortion disappears when a camera zooms into something like the moon. " ]	[ "It doesn't go away the camera just corrects for it.", "Atmosphere distortion doesn't disappear when a camera zooms into something like the moon. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Atmosphere distortion goes away.", "Atmosphere distortion disappears when a camera zooms into something like the moon. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "It doesn't go away the camera just corrects for it.", "Atmosphere distortion doesn't disappear when a camera zooms into something like the moon. " ]
2018-13731	What age do we become aware the rest of the world is always happening/lose the "ability" to only think of what we can see?	What you're describing is self awareness. Sounds like the opposite but it really isn't - you have to be aware of yourself to distinguish between yourself and others. Children are born with some self-awareness. It develops further as they age. There's many levels to it, and isn't fully developed until around 4-5 years of age. Here's a good read on the topic: URL_0	[ "One of the original nativist versus empiricist debates was over depth perception. There is some evidence that children less than 72 hours old can perceive such complex things as biological motion. However, it is unclear how visual experience in the first few days contributes to this perception. There are far more ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-17985	How come when we touch something hot, it takes a few seconds to realize its full hotness?	Heat is energy transfer from one object to another. Since it's not instant it takes some time for the energy to transfer. So you can grab something hot and your skin takes a moment to get enough energy or heat for your nerves to start going "TOO HOT"	[ "Many illusions in vision are caused by adaptation, the prolonged exposure to a previous stimulus. In such cases, the perception of a subsequent stimulus is altered. This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as a contingent after-effect. Similarly, adaptation can cause such illusions in the sense of touch.\n\nBULLET...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00220	How come when you look at lights (I.e. phone, pc, tv) before you go to sleep it takes longer for you to fall asleep?	The blue light messes with your melatonin levels and makes your body think it’s daytime and shouldn’t be sleeping- that’s why night-mode on most devices is a red-orange tint, rather than blue	[ "Section::::In circadian rhythms.:Light.\n\nStarting about two hours before an individual's regular bedtime, exposure of the eyes to light will delay the circadian phase, causing later wake-up time and later sleep onset. The delaying effect gets stronger as evening progresses; it is also dependent on the wavelength...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-24280	Why was the OJ Simpson police chase so popular?	You’d have to go back to that time to get the context. It was relatively groundbreaking in that it was caught live, involved a high profile celebrity and was just so bizarre that it captured everyone’s attention. OJ until that time was incredibly well liked, it was hard to process that he’d be capable of such an act. There was also palpable pathos in that schadenfreude sense that he was possibly going to kill himself and we probably don’t want to admit we’d be entertained by seeing that unfold live, the ratings bely a different story.	[ "On June 12, 1994, Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman were found stabbed to death outside Nicole's condo in the Brentwood area of Los Angeles. Simpson was a person of interest in their murders. Simpson did not turn himself in, and on June 17 he became the object of a low-speed pursuit by police while riding as a ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-20383	How can the EU hold American companies like Youtube liable with it's new copyright laws?	When they do business within the eu they are bound by eu law and vice versa. There are also reciprocal agreements wrt copyright laws, such that we agree not to infringe things that have been copyrighted in each other’s territories within our own territory. Edit: When it comes to websites and such, eu laws have no bearing over what is displayed by a non-eu website outside of the eu but they certainly do when a non-eu companies’ website operates within the EU.	[ "It has been rumoured that during the European Council's private vote to approve its negotiating position in March 2018 the ambassadors of Germany, Finland, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Belgium and Hungary either abstained from voting or voted against the proposal. However, MEPs of each of those countries' governing ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00592	How can foods/drugs list "generic" ingredients like "alcohol" when in science "alcohol" could describe any one of thousands of compounds.	In food and beverages, only one kind of alcohol is normally used, so it is understood to mean this kind.	[ "To avoid inquiry and punitive action by the United States Federal Trade Commission, cosmeceuticals which do not intend to be regulated as drugs by the FDA are carefully labeled to avoid making statements which would indicate that the product has drug properties. Any such claims made regarding the product must be s...	[ "Alcohol in an ingredient list could be any of thousands of compounds." ]	[ "Only one kind of alcohol is used in food." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Alcohol in an ingredient list could be any of thousands of compounds." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Only one kind of alcohol is used in food." ]
2018-02501	why can’t we eat dry yeast with a bit of water and as an effective and cheap weight-loss medicine, as it should technically rise and keep you full?	The rising effect of yeast happens because the yeast converts sugars in the food to carbon dioxide (CO2; along with other waste products including alcohol). Without sugar, there is no gas being produced, so you'd have to eat some food along with the yeast. However, the yeast will likely be killed very quickly after it comes into contact with your stomach acid. If you want to have a belly full of CO2, I imagine you'd be better off drinking lots of carbonated beverages. I doubt that this would really make you feel full though. Bloated, probably, but not really satiated. If you are interested in eating active yeast, be very careful. Some strains may be relatively safe to eat, although they can cause stomach pains nonetheless and some people are allergic to it. Other strains might make you ill. Personally, I wouldn't recommend it.	[ "Section::::Uses.:Nutritional supplements.\n\nYeast is used in nutritional supplements, especially those marketed to vegans. It is often referred to as \"nutritional yeast\" when sold as a dietary supplement. Nutritional yeast is a deactivated yeast, usually \"S. cerevisiae\". It is naturally low in fat and sodium...	[ "Consuming dry yeast and water would be an effective way to lose weight due to the yeast allowing one to feel satiated at all times." ]	[ "Yeast converts sugar in foods to CO2, therefore some food would need to be consumed in order to see the effect, to add, the yeast would likely die in ones stomach acid quickly, making it an ineffective tactic." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Consuming dry yeast and water would be an effective way to lose weight due to the yeast allowing one to feel satiated at all times.", "Consuming dry yeast and water would be an effective way to lose weight due to the yeast allowing one to feel satiated at all times." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Yeast converts sugar in foods to CO2, therefore some food would need to be consumed in order to see the effect, to add, the yeast would likely die in ones stomach acid quickly, making it an ineffective tactic.", "Yeast converts sugar in foods to CO2, therefore some food would need to be consumed in order to see ...
2018-11311	How did the spinning red, blue, and white barber pole get synonymous with barber shops?	Barbers way back in the day used to practice bloodletting (cutting to release blood) as a treatment for certain illnesses. The red represents the dripping blood. The pole used to represent that has stayed with the image of being a barber.	[ "During medieval times, barbers performed surgery on customers, as well as tooth extractions. The original pole had a brass wash basin at the top (representing the vessel in which leeches were kept) and bottom (representing the basin that received the blood). The pole itself represents the staff that the patient gr...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-07623	Why are there so many pregnancies death in the past?	Lack of antibiotics and infection control. The uterus is like a big open wound during/after a birth. If infection is introduced via the vagina and there are no antibiotics to treat it, you're probably going to die.	[ "About 213 million pregnancies occurred in 2012, of which, 190 million (89%) were in the developing world and 23 million (11%) were in the developed world. The number of pregnancies in women ages 15 to 44 is 133 per 1,000 women. About 10% to 15% of recognized pregnancies end in miscarriage. In 2016, complications o...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03891	How can you determine the difference in properties (hardness/toughness/ductility etc) of different steel microstructures?	At the 10,000 foot level, basically the smaller the components of the microstructure, the harder, less tough, and less ductile the bulk sample will be. The Hall–Petch relation tells us that smaller grains are associated with increased strength. Toughness and ductility are basically similar parameters, especially when you are talking about a single family of alloys, like steels. And, generally speaking, stronger alloys will be less tough and ductile. The same mechanisms that allow them to resist yield mean that they will break more quickly once they start yielding. Again, this is extremely high level and is not universally true. For various steel microstructures, there is the additional wrinkle that certain microstructures are generally isotropic while some are lamellar. Could you go into more detail about exactly what you aren't getting?	[ "The latest extension to capability involves making full SN Fatigue Curve “pages” (comprising SN curves and details of individual test points) accessible to searchers. The initial content comprises over 130 SN Curve pages, covering a range of Fe-Cu-C grades and based on published information that has been analysed ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-22783	How can DNA lead a researcher to the country and region my ancestors come from?	It’s based on genetic markers so as an oversimplification, imagine that all humans originated in one specific location. Over time they start migrating to different parts of the world. Each part of the world has different climates, plants, animals, etc. after several generations, these different environments create slight mutations. As some groups continue to migrate, this process repeats but those who stay behind don’t get the same mutations that the ones who left get. Millions of years later, we discovered where each of these mutations started so we can see that if you have certain mutations and not others, these are the areas that those mutations are most prevalent. Then subtract the ones that are common to all humans and you have your group of probable ancestry.	[ "Starting on 9 January 2012, Finland's national public-broadcasting company, YLE, aired 15 episodes of the Finnish version, called \"Kuka oikein olet?\", in which local public figures searched for their origins.\n\nA furthering of the concept was developed for American public broadcast TV, called \"Finding Your Roo...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03338	Why does water dry out our hands?	Your skin has a layer of oils which it uses for waterproofing, making it more difficult for water to escape your tissues. However, it's not invincible, so enough washing (particularly with soap, or hot water) can strip this layer. This allows water to escape from your tissues to the air more readily, drying it out, until your body has a chance to replenish the coating.	[ "Section::::Effects unaccounted for.\n\nSection::::Effects unaccounted for.:The hydrophobic effect.\n", "In the third century there are traces of a custom of washing the hands as a preparation for prayer on the part of all Christians; and from the fourth century onwards it appears to have been usual for the minis...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04447	Why do things like the waistband of sweatpants, the edges of fitted sheets, and the upper part of socks have such a hard time getting dry in the dryer?	Essentially, the elastic in those parts bunches the material together. To dry, material needs to have air circulation for the water to evaporate off of (the heat helps). Where these areas are more bunched together they both hold more liquid to begin with and have less surface area for the liquid to evaporate off of. Or at least, that's what I believe to be the case from memory.	[ "The sheet is usually held against the dryers by long felt loops on the top and bottom of each dryer section. The felts greatly improve heat transfer. Dryer felts are made of coarse thread and have a very open weave that is almost see through, It is common to have the first bottom dryer section unfelted to dump bro...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-24222	my parents live near a lake. It's frozen, cause winter in Canada, and it makes this weird low pitched hollow noise. What is it called and what causes it?	If you are talking about a sort of deep irregular cracking noise, I don’t think it has a proper name. What it is though is the ice freezing and expanding, the increased volume of ice increases internal pressure and it ends up cracking itself!	[ "The sound appears to be seasonal, generally reaching peaks in spring and autumn, but it is unclear whether this is due to changes in the source or seasonal changes in the propagation environment. The source can be roughly located at , near the location of inferred volcanic seismicity, but the origin of the sound i...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01851	What makes different cords/blocks charge the same phone better or worse?	For outlet adapters, some adapters are designed to provide a larger current, but this typically increases cost/size. A few standards like USB Power Delivery and Qualcomm QuickCharge, increase the voltage with a compatible device, allowing more power (= current*voltage) to be transmitted. Apple also uses a unique method of communication with devices, while many other devices simply short the two data pins to indicate the source is a charger Many low-cost cables have a higher resistance (often by using thinner wires to save costs), which limits the current provided before the voltage drops to an unacceptable point, and some omit the data pins/wires to save costs.	[ "Most mobile phone chargers are not really chargers, only power adapters that provide a power source for the charging circuitry which is almost always contained within the mobile phone. Older ones are notoriously diverse, having a wide variety of DC connector-styles and voltages, most of which are not compatible wi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-10623	Why do bruises hurt when pressed?	Basically, bruises are internal cuts. If you touch a wound, or cut, it triggers your nerves to register this as pain. Pain is your bodies way of warning you to protect you.	[ "BULLET::::- supraorbital pressure - this is the manual stimulation of the supraorbital nerve by pressing a thumb into the indentation above the eye, near the nose.\n\nBULLET::::- sternal rub - this involves creating a turning pressure (akin to a grinding motion with a pestle and mortar) on the patient's sternum\n"...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03476	Why is it sometimes after napping we feel more exhausted than when we first went to sleep and other times we feel energized?	You reach different levels of sleep. You sleep in cycles. A quick nap will keep you from going too deep into the cycle. When youre in the deepest part of your cycle called REM it is harder to wake up. Now im not sure what exactly makes you reach these different levels...	[ "Power naps restore alertness, performance, and learning ability. A nap may also reverse the hormonal impact of a night of poor sleep or reverse the damage of sleep deprivation. A University of Düsseldorf study found superior memory recall once a person had reached 6 minutes of sleep, suggesting that the onset of s...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-22063	Why is it easier to learn and remember 'unimportant' information without any effort, like names and locations of an entire map in a PC game, but difficult to learn and remember important information like schoolwork even while putting in effort to learn?	Much of it may be repitition. Think of how often you look at the map in a game you play regularly and how many other connections you make to the places while playing. You are immersed in it much more than you realize because it is fun. When trying to study material you really have no interest in, there isnt much else helping you connect everything and you only spend a few hours on any given specific topic usually. It just feels like a lot more because it is work and not fun. You may spend time during the day thinking about the game because it is something you like. Planning your next play session, thinking about tactics, etc. But we usually switch off the boring stuff as soon as we are done studying.	[ "This vulnerability as it relates to low working memory capacity individuals and seductive details within textual information can also be seen as a difference between children and adult learners. Because adults, on average, having a higher working memory capacity than children, adults are less affected by seductive...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00985	How do neurotransmitters express our emotions?	Neurotransmitters don’t express anything. They only inhibit or stimulate certain part of the brain that are responsible for a specific emotion. For example, the amygdala is a part of your brain that controls fear. When put in a scary situation, some of your neurotransmitters will stimulate the neurons in your amygdala, thus creating the feeling of fear.	[ "For example, the emotion of love is proposed to be the expression of paleocircuits of the mammalian brain (specifically, modules of the cingulate gyrus) which facilitate the care, feeding, and grooming of offspring. Paleocircuits are neural platforms for bodily expression configured before the advent of cortical c...	[ "Neurotransmitters express our emotions.", "Neurotransmitters express our emotions" ]	[ "Neurotransmitters don't express anything, they just simulate the part of the brain that is responsible for emotions. ", "Neurotransmitters just stimulate the part of the brain that is responsible for emotions. The neurotransmitters " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Neurotransmitters express our emotions.", "Neurotransmitters express our emotions" ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Neurotransmitters don't express anything, they just simulate the part of the brain that is responsible for emotions. ", "Neurotransmitters just stimulate the part of the brain that is responsible for emotions. The neurotransmitters " ]
2018-04049	How does the skull and jawbone adjust their tooth sockets' locations while having braces?	> The classic theory of tooth movement is called the [Pressure Tension Theory]( URL_0 ) > Every tooth is encompassed by a tooth socket. When a force is applied to a tooth via braces, one wall of the tooth socket is compressed or squeezed (pressure) and the other wall of the tooth socket is relieved or stretched (tension). > Blood flow decreases in the area of pressure and ‘bone-eating’ cells turn up to remove bone in front of the tooth. This is called frontal resorption. Blood flow increases in the area of tension and ‘bone-forming’ cells turn up and deposit bone behind the tooth. Hence the tooth essentially ‘treks’ through the bone creating a path in front of it and covering this path up behind it.	[ "Torquing forces can occur when the pontic lies outside the interabutment axis line as the pontic acts as a lever arm. This is particularly applicable to long span bridges replacing multiple anteriors.\n", "Extreme force upon the teeth can occur during some situations as a protective reflex. When a person senses ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02680	How does the ADHD brain differ from a normal one? Why is medication almost always needed?	To be honest, the US Army helped me retrain my mind better than the meds. All about focus in the moment. Did great in college once I got out. The Schedule I meds are too much of a hassle.	[ "Treatment for adult ADHD may combine medication and behavioral, cognitive, or vocational interventions. Treatment often begins with medication selected to address the symptoms of ADHD, along with any comorbid conditions that may be present. Medication alone, while effective in correcting the physiological symptoms...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02600	How many current US congressional representatives have felony charges and if any, How come felons can’t serve in the US military but can represent the people?	Because the constitution does not say felons cant become congressmen/congressmwomen, while the military has requirements (I presume they don't want felons they want there soldiers to have a high moral character and able to follow orders), although you can get waivers for certain felonies. In fact, you can techinically be a member of congress even if in jail. A felon, however, can be kicked outa congress if voted out by the others (explulsion).	[ "BULLET::::- Four members were sheriffs (Rep. Dave Reichert), one a deputy sheriff, four police officers (including a Capitol policeman), two state troopers (Rep. Kendrick Meek of the Florida Highway Patrol and Rep. Bart Stupak of the Michigan State Police), two probation officers, one FBI special agent, one Border...	[ "If felons can't work in the military, they shouldn't be able to represent people politically." ]	[ "The constitution states that people can't be congressmen or congresswoman." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If felons can't work in the military, they shouldn't be able to represent people politically.", "If felons can't work in the military, they shouldn't be able to represent people politically." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The constitution states that people can't be congressmen or congresswoman.", "The constitution states that people can't be congressmen or congresswoman." ]
2018-13255	Why do some museum ban flash photography when viewing certain exhibits?	Flashs produce very bright light. Light in general can harm some of the pigments used in art. This would fade the image and be very bad. Rather than expect people to know how bright their flash is, it's a lot simpler to just ban all flash photography. Given the number of violators, most people don't even know how to turn the flash off. Increasingly museums are going to "no photos" to deal with the ignorant masses of cell phone photographers.	[ "Flash distracts people, limiting the number of pictures that can be taken without irritating them. Photographing with flash may not be permitted in some museums even after purchasing a permit for taking pictures. Flash equipment may take some time to set up, and like any grip equipment, may need to be carefully se...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02241	Why are IPA beers sold predominantly in 4 packs as opposed to the customary 6?	Most 4 packs I come across in IPA is when they are higher in abv or special release beer from the brewer. Plenty of 6 pack ipa's out there. Even the higher abv Sierra Nevada Torpedo is a 6 pack.	[ "In 2005, the IPA Project was repeated with nine varietal IPAs with nine new hops plus a reformulated Odyssey. The IPA Project celebration poured 12 different IPAs: Rt. 113 IPA, the nine varietals, and both the 2004 and 2005 Odyssey. The day-long event also marked the release of Rt. 113 IPA in 22oz bottles.\n\nIPA ...	[ "IPA beers are sold in 4 packs predominantly." ]	[ "IPA beers are sold in packs of all sizes." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "IPA beers are sold in 4 packs predominantly." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "IPA beers are sold in packs of all sizes." ]
2018-19319	Why do leave change colour in autumn?	Pigments (colored chemicals) in the leaves protect the cells from getting damaged as badly by sunlight. They also help focus some light energy, and even protect against diseases and such. Many of these are red and yellow, purples and other colors. Think of the skin of fruits - very much the same chemicals. So when the leaves die, the green chlorophyll gets broken down, leaving only the red and yellow protective pigments. The brown is essentially the color of the dead cells with all these pigments removed or broken down. Some of the color can also come from certain toxins which the tree pumps into the leaves before they fall. So in summary, once all the green is gone, the other chemicals in the leaf can be seen.	[ "During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll, but in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04260	why does notepad on windows save files with an asterisk?	The asterisk means: "Replace with your own text." Notepad is one of the simplest applications you can get, and is mainly included as the default application for things like viewing readme files, not much more than that. When you save a file in Windows, and you choose a format from the drop-down list, it gives you not just the name of the format, but the extension or extensions that format uses; for example: * Batch file (\.bat; \.cmd; \.nt) Java source file (\.java) All files (\.\) * ...etc. The asterisk is simply used as a placeholder for your own text. Notepad only has the one format in that menu. And, as simple-minded as it is, when you select it in the Save dialogue, it will simply copy the extension into the filename box, placeholder and all. However, it will also highlight that text. You can simply go ahead and type the file name. If you have \*.txt selected, it will automatically save it as a text file and add the file extension without you having to type it (although you can type it if you want).	[ "Section::::Features.\n\nNotepad is a common text-only (plain text) editor. The resulting files—typically saved with the codice_1 extension—have no format tags or styles, making the program suitable for editing system files to use in a DOS environment and, occasionally, source code for later compilation or executio...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-07636	Why does water have a relatively neutral taste?	We probably evolved to not taste it; therefore no one would dislike its taste and choose not to drink it.	[ "Pure water is usually described as tasteless and odorless, although humans have specific sensors that can feel the presence of water in their mouths, and frogs are known to be able to smell it. However, water from ordinary sources (including bottled mineral water) usually has many dissolved substances, that may gi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13616	asking for a friend, can you explain as simple as possible what happens when you sit in a tank and hit a concrete wall that doesn't move.	Well something has to take the energy If you smack a tank into a concrete wall its generally going to crack or crumble, this will absorb a fair amount of energy If the wall is somehow made of adamantium and takes no damage then the tank will come to an abrupt halt and it will absorb the energy. If its going too fast then it'll break the tank.	[ "The hydraulic containment process is accomplished by three major configurations:\n\nBULLET::::- a pumping well alone;\n\nBULLET::::- a subsurface drain combined with a pump well;\n\nBULLET::::- a well within a barrier wall system: The configuration may involve continuous reactive barriers, funnel-and-gate systems,...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01399	Why are stem cells and psilocybin mushroom put as a controlled substance before they were tested medically?	Ooooh, that's a complicated question There are probably more factors to this, but one of the big reasons we don't automatically use every kind of treatment that helps us is because of ethics Namely, is the use of a certain treatment on humans considered ethically permissible. The question is, what does that actually mean? Well, let's look at mushrooms first. They're controlled substances because they were found to be very easily abused. So, many countries decided to prohibit their use in medicine because the harm outweighed the benefits. I'm speaking in vague terms here because I'm not an expert on pharmaceuticals. Stem cells on the other hand I do know more about. And these also came under a lot of ethical fire, and still do to a certain extent. When we say stem cells in a conventional sense, we mean human embryonic stem cells. In order to isolate these cells, they needed to be extracted from human embryonic tissues. And how do we do that? By creating and subsequently destroying a human embryo. You can probably see the ethical dilemma here. It meant that we had to locate a donor who would be willing to give up their eggs, allow it be effectively fertilized and begin to grow, and then be broken to extract the cells. So it's a battle of science versus ethics that stops research being done	[ "In this sense, the U.S. Controlled Substances Act is stricter than the Convention requires. Both have a tightly restricted category of drugs called Schedule I, but the US Act restricts medical use of Schedule I substances to research studies, while the Convention allows broader, but limited, medical use of Schedul...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-11719	how do some drugs make you drowsy?	Diphenhydramine is the active ingredient in Benadryl and many other hay fever medications. One of its effects is blocking a histamine receptor in your brain which also regulates your wakefulness cycles. This results in drowsiness. Notably, diphenhydramine is also the active ingredient in Unisom and other sleep aids for this exact reason. Non-drowsy allergy medications do not inhibit this particular receptor.	[ "The main treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy is central nervous system stimulants such as methylphenidate, amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, modafinil, and armodafinil. In late 2007 an alert for severe adverse skin reactions to modafinil was issued by the FDA.\n\nModafinil and sodium oxybate are ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23023	How do we know that EnChroma glasses actually work if the only people they work for can't see color like the rest of us?	Simple. If a colorblind person looks at two colors and he can't tell them apart, then he puts the glasses on and can tell them apart more easily, then the glasses are doing their job.	[ "In 2018, researchers from the University of Granada studied EnChroma lenses and proved that they merely helped color blind people to see the same colors in a different way since the colored filter altered the way colors appeared in their eyes.\n", "In other research on the effects of wearing EnChroma glasses on ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06805	How come snot is solid when the weather is warm, but becomes fluid when the weather is cold.	It's because the cold weather actually prompts your nose to run more in the first place. The mucous producing glands In your nose are triggered by the change in ambient climate. It's called vasomotor rhinitis. The solidity of your mucous/snot is just a byproduct of how dry or viscous it is. Source: am an ENT	[ "During cold, dry seasons, the mucus lining nasal passages tends to dry out, meaning that mucous membranes must work harder, producing more mucus to keep the cavity lined. As a result, the nasal cavity can fill up with mucus. At the same time, when air is exhaled, water vapor in breath condenses as the warm air mee...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03433	Are lithium-ion batteries, and by extension, electric vehicles, worse for the environment than regular cars/combustion engines?	Yes, mining lithium is pretty damn bad. But, on the contrary, you only have to do it once per a whole lot of batteries due to their recyclability; this, if used to the full potential, can ensure what is basically a closed loop for production. Unfortunately, it is not economically feasible at the moment to recycle li-ion batteries since they can cost up to 5 times to reuse than just buying raw lithium. Due to a rise in the demand of lithium (e.g. due to the increase in electric/hybrid cars), these technologies can and will be used in the future - even now, America and Japan have a few up their sleeve. In terms of the coal plant vs. petrol, even in some of the most coal-dependent states (e.g. Texas) the gasoline car is more than twice as pollutive as the electric (see [this official page]( URL_0 ) for info). The li-ion batteries themselves are actually landfill-safe, so they're not that dangerous even if they're discarded. There's a lot more info about this topic but rest assured that you're ALWAYS better off environmentally buying a high-quality dependable electric car (like Ford's or Tesla's) than a petrol.	[ "In February 2014, the Automotive Science Group (ASG) published the result of a study conducted to assess the life-cycle of over 1,300 automobiles across nine categories sold in North America. The study found that among advanced automotive technologies, the Nissan Leaf holds the smallest life-cycle environmental fo...	[ "Batteries and electric vehicles are worse for the environment than regular cars." ]	[ "Electric cars are better for the environment than regular cars. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Batteries and electric vehicles are worse for the environment than regular cars." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Electric cars are better for the environment than regular cars. " ]
2018-04792	How did cherry get almost exclusively paired with limeade and strawberry with lemonade?	Is this actually a thing? It might only be regional because I've never heard of it before. There was a point in history where lemon and lime flavoured products were the best selling; however, times and tastes are constantly changing, and the demand for those flavours isn't as prevalent as it used to be. A lot of manufacturers are completely phasing out those flavours. For example: green Skittles are now green apple, green Swedish Fish are now pineapple. So the combination of cherry-lime and strawberry-lemon could be a marketing strategy to make the product appeal to a larger audience of people. Why those combinations specifically? I don't know. It could be that the flavours are complementary, they tested well during market research, or that those flavours are a highly grossing product. It would make sense for everyone else to capitalize on the best selling flavours in order to compete in the marketplace. This is why I assume you've seen those combinations where you live and I've never seen them where I live, because they just didn't sell well where I am. Another explanation may be because it's cheaper and easier to manufacture that way. Blue raspberry became popular because manufacturers had loads of blue dye sitting around, and the cheap red dye of the time was outlawed by the FDA because kids were having bad reactions to it.	[ "Section::::History.\n\nSection::::History.:Background and development.\n", "BULLET::::- Cherry cake – a traditional British cake that consists of glacé cherries evenly suspended within a Madeira sponge.\n\nBULLET::::- Cherry ice cream – ice cream flavored with cherries. Cherry juice is also sometimes used in its...	[ "Cherry is almost exclusively paired with limeade and strawberry is almost exclusively paired with lemonade." ]	[ "These combinations sell well in some locations but are not available in others." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cherry is almost exclusively paired with limeade and strawberry is almost exclusively paired with lemonade." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "These combinations sell well in some locations but are not available in others." ]
2018-09943	Why do cars in a funeral procession have their hazard lights on? Is it a tradition or due to a law made specifically for funeral processions?	Al least where I am from funeral processions are not expected to be broken up by stopping at red lights or stop signs. If everyone has their hazard lights on they are marking themselves as being a part of the procession so other drivers know that they will be ignoring stops.	[ "While funeral vehicles may also use amber, more recently, some funeral vehicles in Ontario, and more recently Alberta; have begun using purple lights for identification. Often, as a courtesy, motorists yield to funeral processions. However, they are not required to by law.\n\nBULLET::::- Red and Blue: police; and ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21277	why does your body wait with sweating until you’re done moving sometimes?	It just feels that way. One of the purposes of sweat is to cool you down by evaporating, so as you are moving around and sweat is released and evaporates, it helps cool you down. Once you have stopped moving the evaporation stops and you notice the sweat. How much you are sweating plays a factor as well. if you are sweating a lot, your sweat would overcome the evaporation factor and you might notice it even when you are moving.	[ "Freezing of Gait (FOG) is typically a transient episode – lasting less than a minute, in which gait is halted and the patient complains that his/her feet are glued to the ground. When the patient overcomes the block, walking can be performed relatively smoothly. The most common form of FOG is 'start hesitation' (w...	[ "Sometimes your body waits to sweat until you're done moving.", "The body does not sweat until you're done exerting yourself." ]	[ "When one is moving and sweating, movement is evaporating the sweat making it less noticeable, compared to stopping movement, which slows sweat evaporation. than when one stops moving, and sweat evaporation stops.", "It just feels that way - you do sweat as you move around and the ...	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Sometimes your body waits to sweat until you're done moving.", "The body does not sweat until you're done exerting yourself." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "When one is moving and sweating, movement is evaporating the sweat making it less noticeable, compared to stopping movement, which slows sweat evaporation. than when one stops moving, and sweat evaporation stops.", "It just feels that way - you do sweat as you move around and the ...
2018-04141	Why do movies look smooth at 24 fps but video games look choppy under 60 fps?	A computer frame is a rendering of an exact point in time. A camera frame is a capture of everything over a short period of time (e.g. 1/24th of a second). Lets say a baseball pitcher throws a ball to a catcher. A computer will render the ball as it leaves the pitchers hand, every new frame the ball will appear to "leap" a few feet closer to the catcher leading to a choppy video. A camera will instead capture a white blur a few feet long, and the next frame the blur will be a few feet closer to the catcher. You won't be able to see much detail on the ball but it's motion will appear smoother. Poor MS paint drawing of what I'm talking about: URL_0	[ "25 Hz material, for all practical purposes, looks and feels the same as 24 Hz material. 30 Hz material is in the middle, between 24 and 50 Hz material, in terms of \"fluidity\" of the motion it captures; but, in TV systems, it is handled similarly to 24 Hz material (i.e. displayed at least twice the capture rate)....	[ "If movies look smooth at 24fps, then video games at a higher frame rate should not look choppy. " ]	[ "Computer frames render at an exact point in time, while a camera frame is a capture of everything over a short period of time, making the capture of camera frames appear much smoother." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If movies look smooth at 24fps, then video games at a higher frame rate should not look choppy. ", "If movies look smooth at 24fps, then video games at a higher frame rate should not look choppy. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Computer frames render at an exact point in time, while a camera frame is a capture of everything over a short period of time, making the capture of camera frames appear much smoother.", "Computer frames render at an exact point in time, while a camera frame is a capture of everything over a short period of time...
2018-20333	I've always read on here that the US helped destabilize a few governments in South and Central America. How was this done and how would it benefit the US in any way?	The CIA has a long history of supporting military coups and providing support to dictators that are anti-communist. It was all part of the Cold War doctrine to prevent communist expansion, even if that meant propping up anti-democractic dictators. Having pro-US dictators in South America allowed the US to get trade benefits and natural resources from those nations like Oil, and Copper. But of course this backfired on a variety of occasions. The Shah in Iran was deposed by pro-Muslim forces creating the Iran of today. Saddam Hussein was originally backed by the US and we all know how that ended up. The Mujahedin were given US military aid to fight the USSR and after the USSR pulled out the Taliban took over. South Vietnam was ruled by a ruthless pro-west dictator that marginalized the Buddhist majority of his country. The list goes on...	[ "After World War II, the Organization of American States was established in 1949. However, the U.S. began to shift its focus to aid and rebuilding efforts in Europe and Japan. These U.S. efforts largely neglected the Latin American countries, though U.S. investors and businessmen did have some stake in the nations ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19975	Why is glass transparent / clear?	If you took a pane of glass and tried looking through the end of it to the other end, you'll likely see a lot of green or some other color. It isn't perfectly transparent, it just happens to have really low opacity until you get to an appreciable thickness. As for why it is very transparent, there's just not a lot in the glass that absorbs photons in the visible frequencies, which makes it handy for use as a window. Meanwhile, infrared and some ultraviolet can be blocked by glass. A similar idea is an experiment with a glass of water. The water is transparent (unless we're talking dirty water or deep as a pond or something), right? It doesn't absorb those photons in the visible EM spectrum. But if you put some red food coloring in there, the food coloring does reflect the photons in the red range, making it look red.	[ "Most of the time, it is a combination of the above that happens to the light that hits an object. The states in different materials vary in the range of energy that they can absorb. Most glasses, for example, block ultraviolet (UV) light. What happens is the electrons in the glass absorb the energy of the photons ...	[ "Glass is transparent." ]	[ "Glass is not perfectly transparent, although it does have low opacity until you reach a certain thickness." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Glass is transparent.", "Glass is transparent." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Glass is not perfectly transparent, although it does have low opacity until you reach a certain thickness.", "Glass is not perfectly transparent, although it does have low opacity until you reach a certain thickness." ]
2018-08102	How did people with bad vision deal with their vision before glasses?	They didn't. They did work that didn't require them to have very good vision. There was nothing there could possibly do about it before corrective lenses.	[ "Fick's lens was large and unwieldy, and could be worn only for a couple of hours at a time. August Müller in Kiel, Germany, corrected his own severe myopia with a more convenient blown-glass scleral contact lens of his own manufacture in 1888.\n", "In the middle of the 19th century, doctors tested for optical er...	[ "Before glasses, people with bad vision had some way to deal with their bad vision.", "People with bad vision dealt with their vision before glasses." ]	[ "Before glasses, people with bad vision did work that didn't require them to have good vision.", "They couldn't do anything about it and had to just live with it. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Before glasses, people with bad vision had some way to deal with their bad vision.", "People with bad vision dealt with their vision before glasses." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Before glasses, people with bad vision did work that didn't require them to have good vision.", "They couldn't do anything about it and had to just live with it. " ]
2018-04284	Why/how are bacteria adapting and becoming resistant to antibiotics? What can be done about it?	When bacteria is exposed to antibiotics most die, but some stay alive and continue to reproduce. These "offspring" are more resistant because their progenitors survived so when they get exposed a larger percentage of the population is likely to survive. So on and so forth over many bacterial generations and you have a colony that is almost completely resistant to the antibiotic. The only thing that can be done about it is to limit the use of antibiotic to only when absolutely needed, and to find new antibiotics.	[ "According to World Health Organization, policymakers can help tackle resistance by strengthening resistance-tracking and laboratory capacity and by regulating and promoting the appropriate use of medicines. Policymakers and industry can help tackle resistance by: fostering innovation and research and development o...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-15131	how do fish "breathe"?	TL;DR: A fish's gill is, essentially, an inside-out human lung. If you take a chemical analysis of the air we humans breathe, you'll see that it's mostly nitrogen, but has oxygen and carbon dioxide and some other gases in it too. Inside our human lungs are a tremendous number of little tiny sacs with a thin moist film on their inside. Blood is pumped right next to and around all these sacs. When we breathe in, the oxygen in that air goes right through that moist membrane into our blood that's moving by; meanwhile carbon dioxide goes out in the other direction and exits our lungs when we breathe out. The oxygen then gets tied up in our blood and gets pumped to where it's needed. Now let's look at water. A chemical analysis shows it's almost all fluid... but dissolved in that fluid is oxygen. The fish's gills work almost the same way as our lungs do, except rather than a moist film, the whole volume of water is what carries that direct oxygen into the bloodstream. Fish gills are designed to work in water, not air though - they need a big volume of water passing over them and transferring oxygen to the fish's pumped-through blood, or the gill system doesn't work well enough. That's why most fish die when they're brought into air. In return, we die when our lungs fill with water because the fluid doesn't have the level of oxygen needed to force it into our bloodstream. We're set up to breathe a much less dense substance.	[ "BULLET::::2. Those who think that the major part of the respiratory changes result from the detection of muscle contraction, and that respiration is adapted as a consequence of muscular contraction and oxygen consumption. This would imply that the brain possesses some kind of detection mechanisms that would trigge...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-09426	How does swarm intelligence work? How are ants or bees smarter as a group than an individual?	Each individual has a very short list of rules. For an ant, it might read something like, “When outside, look for food. When you have food, release scent. If you have no food, follow the scent.” For any individual, these instinctive behaviors don’t appear very intelligent. The average ant wanders around at random until he finds food and begins laying a scent trail. But when you have a thousand of them, those individual behaviors add up so that you have a network of ants running back and forth along scent trails. At the micro level it is chaos, but at the macro level it looks almost planned. There is no single individual responsible for making plans or coordinating the activity. They have just learned or inherited a set of behaviors that resemble “If/Then/Else” statements. They are like tiny robots, and each one only makes a very simple decision. Each individual probably has no idea what the overall goal is. They just repeat their programmed behavior and the next generation inherits it. If the behavior was ineffective, they die and that failed strategy does not get passed to the next generation.	[ "Section::::Models of swarm behavior.:Self-propelled particles (Vicsek \"et al\". 1995).\n", "Howard Bloom has discussed mass behavior – collective behavior from the level of quarks to the level of bacterial, plant, animal, and human societies. He stresses the biological adaptations that have turned most of this ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Ants or bees are smarter as a group than as individuals." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Ants or bees are not smarter as a group, their simple individual behaviors add up like a coordinated network." ]
2018-10541	How was the first computer program or software created? Wouldn't you need a program to create software for another program?	Early computer either used physical connectors and switches like ENIAC or used punched card/punched tape. The punched tape system had been used long before electronic computers was introduced first with mechanical looms in the 18th century and later in telegraphy. Punched card as information carrier and for information processing was common in electro mechanical tabulating machine from the late 19th century. So storing and using digital information from information processing is a pre computer invention and was quite common before computers.	[ "Computing as a concept goes back to ancient times, beginning with devices such as the abacus and continuing on through early examples of computing such as the Antikythera mechanism. However, these devices were pure hardware and had no software - their computing powers were directly tied to their specific form and ...	[ "You always need a computer program to create software for another program." ]	[ "As for example in the punched tape system, storing and using digital information from information processing is a pre-computer invention." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "You always need a computer program to create software for another program.", "You always need a computer program to create software for another program." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "As for example in the punched tape system, storing and using digital information from information processing is a pre-computer invention.", "As for example in the punched tape system, storing and using digital information from information processing is a pre-computer invention." ]
2018-08242	Why does nicotine use seem to not be a factor in blood donation and how does the blood affect a non-user recipient?	Depends on what type of blood youre donating $not talking A B O$ if youre donating platelets or red blood cells, smoking is not an issue although when you donate plasma it is recommended not to smoke because that is where the nicotin is. But even if you smoke its most likely fine for a non\-smoker.	[ "Nico-N was treated in the form of chewing gum to 36 healthy male smokers with at least 2 years of smoking history. Urine analysis showed that cotinine concentration of smokers treated with Nico-N increased dose dependently compared to the non-treated control group. Cotinine, a nontoxic metabolite of nicotine, coul...	[ "Nicotine use is not be a factor in blood donation.", "Blood donation of nicotine users should be addressed due to the possibilities of it affecting the recipient negatively. " ]	[ "When donating platelets or red blood cells nicotine is not a factor, but when donating plasma it is recommended not to smoke.", "Nicotine in most cases depending on the type of blood donated (platelets or red blood cells) usually does not cause issues for a non smoking recipient." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Nicotine use is not be a factor in blood donation.", "Blood donation of nicotine users should be addressed due to the possibilities of it affecting the recipient negatively. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "When donating platelets or red blood cells nicotine is not a factor, but when donating plasma it is recommended not to smoke.", "Nicotine in most cases depending on the type of blood donated (platelets or red blood cells) usually does not cause issues for a non smoking recipient." ]
2018-01921	How many generations does it take to be able to reproduce without genetic diseases ? And how can we know if two person are closely related or not ?	There isn't a hard cutoff line or measurable point like that, at least biologically speaking. Many jurisdictions legally define what is and is not considered incest but that doesn't necessarily take biology into account. It's true that we're all distantly related, but after just a few degrees of separation we share so little genetic material in common that it becomes irrelevant. Every degree of separation reduces the chance of genetic disease, so that a child of two first cousins is less likely to have problems than the child of two siblings, but more likely to have problems than the child of two second cousins. It's not guaranteed that any child will be born with ill effects from inbreeding, it's just a lot more likely the more closely related the parents are. As for your example, even 200 years is plenty of time. At that point someone of the same generation as you would be at closest, your eighth cousin, which is practically a stranger. And yes it's super easy to tell if you're related to someone, just get a DNA test.	[ "Studies of genetic disorders are often performed by means of family-based studies. In some instances population based approaches are employed, particularly in the case of so-called founder populations such as those in Finland, French-Canada, Utah, Sardinia, etc. Diagnosis and treatment of genetic disorders are usu...	[ "There is a number of generations it takes to be able to safely reproduce with a relative." ]	[ "There isn't a hard cutoff like that make it safe to reproduce it a spectrum of chance for genetic disease." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "There is a number of generations it takes to be able to safely reproduce with a relative.", "There is a number of generations it takes to be able to safely reproduce with a relative." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "There isn't a hard cutoff like that make it safe to reproduce it a spectrum of chance for genetic disease.", "There isn't a hard cutoff like that make it safe to reproduce it a spectrum of chance for genetic disease. " ]
2018-02595	What happens if someone loses a court case and owes money but isn't able to pay it?	It depends on the circumstances and what the courts decide is appropriate. They can do anything from garnish your wages to sieze and auction your property. There are generally limitations so you can't be completely left high-and-dry, though.	[ "In England and Wales, a Claimant starts a case by issuing a Claim Form. This either states a monetary figure on it, together with fixed costs and court fees; alternatively if the amount cannot be determined, it will be for an amount 'to be assessed'. A Claimant may not wish to recover money at all, in which case t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03626	With today's technology why is it so hard to make counterfeit coins or counterfeit bills?	The same answer - today's technology has been used to make bills much more difficult to counterfeit. High value bills have dozens of countermeasures - from the paper, the ink, the printing techniques, etc. - all designed to make it difficult and expensive to do on your own. This deters most people looking to counterfeit - they don't have the skills or the investment money. For lower value bills/coins, there are fewer countermeasures, but that is because the payoff is so low. No one wants to counterfeit $1 bills or quarters because you have to make a ton for it to be worth your while.	[ "Counterfeiting, the forgery of banknotes, is an inherent challenge in issuing currency. It is countered by anticounterfeiting measures in the printing of banknotes. Fighting the counterfeiting of banknotes and cheques has been a principal driver of security printing methods development in recent centuries.\n\nSect...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04597	Why do you need to put your seat back up for landing?	So the air hostess doesn't have to put every seat upright for take off. Why do your seats have to be upright for take off you ask? It's easier to board a plane when the seats are upright.	[ "The most common cause of gear-up landings is the pilot simply forgetting to extend the landing gear before touchdown. On any retractable gear aircraft, lowering the landing gear is part of the pilot's landing checklist, which also includes items such as setting the flaps, propeller and mixture controls for landing...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00628	Why do they call it a 2x4 if the board is actually 1.5x3.5	> Historically, the nominal dimensions were the size of the green (not dried), rough (unfinished) boards that eventually became smaller finished lumber through drying and planing (to smooth the wood). Today, the standards specify the final finished dimensions and the mill cuts the logs to whatever size it needs to achieve those final dimensions. Typically, that rough cut is smaller than the nominal dimensions because modern technology makes it possible and it uses the logs more efficiently. For example, a "2×4" board historically started out as a green, rough board actually 2 by 4 inches (51 mm × 102 mm). After drying and planing, it would be smaller, by a nonstandard amount. Today, a "2×4" board starts out as something smaller than 2 inches by 4 inches and not specified by standards, and after drying and planing is reliably 1 1⁄2 by 3 1⁄2 inches URL_0	[ "BULLET::::- Board: the distinctive 40-space board (see illustration) was marked on a cotton cloth or a blanket.\n", "Typically there are A or B grade squares made and sold, B grade being perfectly serviceable for most general use where accuracy is required in a workshop situation. A grade squares are typically u...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00086	In Anna Karenina , Oblonsky says "it's all my fault--all my fault, though I'm not to blame". I don't understand this sentence, so whats the explanation and story behind this sentence?	what Oblosnky means is that while the action was committed by him, and in that sense is his fault, it was inevitable as if by a force of nature acting through him. what else was a susceptible man with an unappealing wife supposed to do? He is not to blame because what happened could not NOT have happened. This is an example of Fatalism being used as the excuse: he is denying blame by denying responsibility altogether. (the reader is not necessarily inclined to agree)	[ "Who is to Blame?\n\nWho is to Blame? () is a novel by Alexander Herzen.\n\nSection::::History.\n\n\"Who is to Blame?\" was first published in the journal \"Otechestvennye Zapiski\" (1845-1846), with some cuts by the censor. It was published in book form in 1847. It was the first purely \"social\" novel in Russian ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-05324	Why are variable propelling nozzles seemingly only fitted to jets with afterburners?	Most planes are designed to operate effectively at their cruising speed. They're going to take off, climb quickly to altitude, then spend a few hours cruising at a fixed speed and altitude before they descend. Their engines are optimized for this speed and altitude, and most of their thrust comes from the big fan at the front, not the exhaust from the jet. Aircraft with afterburning turbojets generally operate under different conditions. They need to be able to operate effectively at a wide range of speeds(both subsonic and supersonic), work at a wide range of altitudes, have a huge range of fuel rates depending on if they're cruising or hitting the afterburner, and generally need maximum performance over anything else(weight, money, fuel) The variable nozzle lets the engine operate more efficiently over the wide operating range of the aircraft and can result in increased thrust which is important to a fighter plane but not to jetliner. On an afterburning turbojet, all of the thrust comes from the combustion of fuel in the turbine so it is important to optimize the exhaust.	[ "BULLET::::- On some engines that are equipped with an afterburner the nozzle area is also varied during non-afterburning or dry thrust conditions. Typically the nozzle is fully open for starting and at idle. It may then close down as the thrust lever is advanced reaching its minimum area before or at the Military ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-16802	Why does mostly the top of our feet hurt when our feet land on something hard?	If you look at a human skeleton, you will see that there are long bones at the top of our feet. Those are called metatarsal bones. The force of the impact of landing hard on your feet will travel through those bones, which is painful.	[ "BULLET::::- The tendon of fibularis longus similarly passes behind the lateral malleolus into the sole.\n\nSection::::Structure.:Nerve supply.\n\nThe soles of the feet are extremely sensitive to touch due to a high concentration of nerve endings, with as many as 200,000 per sole. This makes them sensitive to surfa...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03839	How do Search and Rescue teams looking for lost hikers ensure they don't get lost themselves?	One could argue that perhaps search and rescue teams are little bit more prepared than some lost people are. What with radios, maps, gps, compasses, and an entire support team of people who are aware of and being updated regularly by the SAR team.	[ "In 2008, two lost hikers on Mount Hood, Oregon, after spending the night in a snow cave, stumbled across a geocache and were able to phone this information out to rescuers, resulting in their timely rescue.\n", "In some cases avalanche victims are not located until spring thaw melts the snow, or even years later...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04745	Why is the blonde & brunette female duo so common in live action tv?	Some prefer blondes some prefer brunettes. The cast must be in such a way you at least like someone.	[ "French magazine \"Le Monde\" believes that the rivalry is more prevalent in the United States. In a 2012 article, \"Le Monde\" argued that American TV has almost, without exception, characterized blonde women as having the positive values of purity, goodness, and sincerity, frequently at the expense of their brune...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02301	How do thermometers differentiate the actual temperature from the “feels like” temperature (and how is that measured)?	They can't. A thermometers can detect the temperature, but human can't do that. What human can do is feel the rate of energy transfer between your skin and your environment. That's why water feel a lot colder than the same temperature in the air. Since water absorb energy faster than air, the water will absorb heat from your body faster, which ''feel'' colder to us. Something similar happen with wind. Without wind, your body heat a layer of air around your body, which slow down the lost of heat. But wind will blow out that layer of air, making sure you are constantly in contact with cold air so you will lose heat faster. There is several factors that will affect how fast you lose heat.	[ "BULLET::::- Comparison calibrations: is commonly used with secondary SPRTs and industrial RTDs. The thermometers being calibrated are compared to calibrated thermometers by means of a bath whose temperature is uniformly stable. Unlike fixed-point calibrations, comparisons can be made at any temperature between −10...	[ "Thermometers can detect a difference in the actual temperature and a \"feels like\" temperature.", "Thermometers differentiate the actual temperature from the feels like temperature." ]	[ "Thermometers do no detect a difference. The feels like temperature is a calculated temperature based on models of how the human body absorbs heat. ", "Thermometers most definitely can't differentiate the actual temperature from the feels like temperature." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Thermometers can detect a difference in the actual temperature and a \"feels like\" temperature.", "Thermometers differentiate the actual temperature from the feels like temperature." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Thermometers do no detect a difference. The feels like temperature is a calculated temperature based on models of how the human body absorbs heat. ", "Thermometers most definitely can't differentiate the actual temperature from the feels like temperature." ]
2018-01743	Why do bottles shatter when you hit the top of the bottle with your hand?	Basically it has to do with the momentum of the liquid and the spring efficiency of a vacuum. When the bottle is hit from the top it pushes the sides and bottom down very quickly. It does this so quickly in fact that the liquid in the bottle doesn't immediately follow along, leaving a gap of partial vacuum between the bottom of the bottle and the liquid. Air pressure above the liquid along with gravity quickly accelerates the liquid down to meet the bottom of the bottle at which point its new speed needs to be shed. The sharp impact of the liquid against the bottom of the bottle breaks the glass around its edges.	[ "Once made, bottles may suffer from internal stresses as a result of unequal, or too rapid cooling. An annealing oven, or 'lehr' is used to cool glass containers slowly to prevent stress and make the bottle stronger. When a glass bottle filled with liquid is dropped or subjected to shock, the water hammer effect ma...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-17944	Why people are so paranoid about being spied on through their web cam?	Because it actually happens, its not the government though, there are multiple spyware programs out there that, if they get on your pc, can access your webcam	[ "Section::::Camera traps.:Privacy concerns.\n", "In a study conducted by Fife, Nelson, and Bayles of focus groups from a Southeastern liberal arts university, five themes were ascertained regarding Facebook use and expectancy violations:\n\nBULLET::::- \"\"\"Don't stalk' – and when you do, don't talk about it\"\"...	[ "The concept of being spied on through a web cam is simply paranoia.", "People are too paranoid about being spied on through their web cam." ]	[ "Being spied on through a web cam actually does happen, through the installation of certain types of malware.", "There are multiple spyware programs that can access your webcam." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The concept of being spied on through a web cam is simply paranoia.", "People are too paranoid about being spied on through their web cam." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Being spied on through a web cam actually does happen, through the installation of certain types of malware.", "There are multiple spyware programs that can access your webcam." ]
2018-09111	If breathing is an involuntary action but can be controlled voluntarily, why can't things like the heart and esophagus be controlled voluntarily as well?	There are lots of cases where you might want to pause your breathing. There are zero cases where you might want to pause your heartbeat.	[ "Ventilation is normally unconscious and automatic, but can be overridden by conscious alternative patterns. Thus the emotions can cause yawning, laughing, sighing (etc.), social communication causes speech, song and whistling, while entirely voluntary overrides are used to blow out candles, and breath holding (to ...	[ "Being able to voluntarily control the heart would be beneficial. " ]	[ "Humans do not want to pause a heart a heartbeat because doing so is not beneficial. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Being able to voluntarily control the heart would be beneficial. ", "Being able to voluntarily control the heart would be beneficial. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Humans do not want to pause a heart a heartbeat because doing so is not beneficial. ", "Humans do not want to pause a heart a heartbeat because doing so is not beneficial. " ]
2018-04079	Why do rhymes sound so pleasant to human ear ?	I think it is safe to say that the human brain revolves around pattern recognition. It is a stimulating experience that releases chemicals in your brain. Rhymes, poems, and songs are very common forms of patterns. Perhaps one of the most useful is mathematics.	[ "And be prosperous, though we live dangerous\n\nCops could just arrest me, blamin’ us, we’re held like hostages\n\n/poem\n\nSection::::Imperfect rhyme.:Unconventional exceptions.\n\nChildren's nursery rhyme This Little Piggy displays an unconventional case of slant rhyme. \"Home\" is rhymed with \"none\".\n\npoem\n...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03139	Why do soda bottles "glug" when you empty them?	The need for air to fill the space recently emptied inside your bottle. It rushes past your mouth and into the bottle creating those waves, and the glugging. Think of it this way, if the liquid is leaving the bottle, something has to be replacing it right? Otherwise the bottle becomes a vacuum.	[ "The Codd-neck bottle was designed and manufactured with thick glass to withstand internal pressure, and a chamber to enclose a marble and a rubber washer in the neck. The bottles are filled upside down, and pressure of the gas in the bottle forced the marble against the washer, sealing in the carbonation. The bott...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06333	Why do men suffer from natural balding much more than women do?	Androgenic alopecia (which is what causes balding) is a condition that increases activity of androgen receptors in the hair follicles. An example of those androgens is dihydrotestosterone, which is a by-product of testosterone. So because men have much higher levels of testosterone, they are more prone to balding.	[ "Although men grow hair faster than women, baldness is much more common in males than in females. The main cause for this is \"male pattern baldness\" or androgenic alopecia. Male pattern baldness is a condition where hair starts to get lost in a typical pattern of receding hairline and hair thinning on the crown, ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-24021	Why is it that we are unable to take good photos of the moon using a cellphone camera?	It's exposing for an average of the frame, which is very dark, so the moon which is bright overexposes to white. If you have an exposure slider you can drop it way negative and potentially expose for the moon correctly. Or get a zoom so you can make the moon more than 50% of the frame so it exposes correctly.	[ "Images are recorded on many types of media and imaging devices including single-lens reflex cameras, 35 mm film, digital single-lens reflex cameras, simple amateur-level and professional-level commercially manufactured astronomical CCD cameras, video cameras, and even off-the-shelf webcams adapted for long-exposur...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03137	why is nvidia trying to stop miners from buying their GPUs selling 10 GPUs to a miner is better for them profit wise then selling 1 to a gamer?	Primarily, its a PR play first. Nvidia's target audience for their brand and products have been gamers since its start. That is their customer, and their brand. Games. They don't want to lose that association and push gamers to their competitor AMD. Now on the economics side, there are two factors. The first, they seriously don't care who buys it, sales are sales, them asking not to sell to miners is just something their marketing department dreamed up to help combat bad PR and mad gamers that they can't get the cards and the prices are too high. Second, there is a pretty solid chance nvidia think these mining setups are not a good long-term business for them. Gamers are long term, mining may not last. They are looking to the future.	[ "The GeForce Partner Program was first announced by Nvidia in a blog post on March 1, 2018. On March 8, 2018, technology website HardOCP released an article which stated that Kyle Bennett (author of the article and editor-in-chief of HardOCP) had interviewed several people and companies who all said that they thoug...	[ "Nvidia is trying to stop miners from buying cards" ]	[ "Nvidia doesn't care who buys their cards they just have to publicly \"fight the miners and scalpers\" to keep their customer base happy." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Nvidia is trying to stop miners from buying cards" ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Nvidia doesn't care who buys their cards they just have to publicly \"fight the miners and scalpers\" to keep their customer base happy." ]
2018-00247	Referencing the "swatting" case, can two people be charged with the same murder? Ignoring personal thoughts on guilt, Legally, can cop and caller both be charged with murder?	More than one person can be charged with murder if more than one committed the act. However, in this case the caller is probably guilty of a different crime.	[ "Warren and Taliaferro heard Douglas' screams from the floor below. Warren called 9-1-1 and told the dispatcher that the house was being burglarized, and requested immediate assistance. The department employee told her to remain quiet and assured her that police assistance would be dispatched promptly.\n", "Warre...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00347	if you can't film CRT TVs properly because the screen refresh rate is out of synch with the camera's shutter speed, how to filmmakers create shots with CRT TVs playing normally?	> if you can't film CRT TVs properly because the screen refresh rate is out of synch with the camera's shutter speed, how to filmmakers create shots with CRT TVs playing normally? There are two good ways: You could synchronize the shutter speed with the refresh rate of the CRT, or you could have it show a blue or green screen and edit in whatever you wanted after filming. The former was probably easier early on, and the latter probably became more popular considering the flexibility it offers.	[ "The Fox show \"Arrested Development\" used an elaborate post-production process to adjust colors and brightness levels to match those of film stock.\n", "\"For Us, the Living\" also depicts an early example of homesourcing in fiction. The character of Diana, a nationally renowned dancer, is shown performing in h...	[ "Filmmakers make shots with real CRT TVs playing footage." ]	[ "The filmmakers put a CRT with a green screen and later edit what is on the screen. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Filmmakers make shots with real CRT TVs playing footage." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The filmmakers put a CRT with a green screen and later edit what is on the screen. " ]
2018-00801	Why is it easier to bend strings on guitars with shorter scale lengths?	The pitch of notes on a guitar string is altered in one of two ways. Increasing the string tension, as in a bend, is one way to raise the pitch because it pulls the string tighter and causes it to vibrate faster and emit a higher frequency. The other method is to change the length of the string by fretting notes along the neck, effectively changing the length between the bridge and where the note is fretted, or between the bridge and nut in the case of an open string. The longer or lower tension the string is, the slower it vibrates and the lower the note that is produced. Likewise a shorter or tighter string will vibrate faster and produce a higher note. Because scale length is set into the design of a guitar, if all were tuned to equal tension then different scale length guitars would not be in tune with one another. The short scale guitars would always be tuned sharper in relation to a long scale guitar. The only alternative to make them equal is to increase the string tension on the longer scale length guitars and tune by pitch instead so that the strings vibrate at the same frequencies as what a shorter scale guitar would produce. It's this increased tension to achieve correct tuning on a longer scale guitar that makes bending the strings slightly more difficult. Therefore, bending strings on a short scale guitar is relatively easier.	[ "The steel-string acoustic guitar typically has a scale slightly shorter than the classical instrument, the most common scales ranging between \"short scale\" : 24 inches (610 mm) and \"long scale\": 25.5 inches (648 mm). Small travel guitars and guitars specifically designed for children can have even shorter scal...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-17519	Why does old injuries hurt when there's bad weather?	There's a similar question here from last week. Tl;dr (or ELI5) is that lower barometric pressure during bad weather makes body internal pressure go up, pressing on nerves, muscles, tendons, ligaments, etc. This is microscopic, but sufficiently cumulative to be noticeable and painful. Source... I had major rotator cuff repair and a lumbar fusion. I know whence I speak about pain in bad weather. lol	[ "The first publication of documented changes in pain perception associated with the weather was in the \"American Journal of the Medical Sciences\" in 1887. This case report described a person with phantom limb pain who concluded that \"approaching storms, dropping barometric pressure and rain were associated with ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00497	Why do emojis look different across platforms and why do they look especially bad in web browsers?	Emojis are Unicode characters just like the letters and numbers in the text around them. Character number 65 is "Latin capital letter A", and number 128512 is "Grinning face". When I type 😀, your device just gets that number, and it's up to your device to provide a font with a symbol to represent the character.	[ "The second problem relates to technology and branding. When an author of a message picks an emoji from a list, it is normally encoded in a non-graphical manner during the transmission, and if the author and the reader do not use the same software or operating system for their devices, the reader's device may visua...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-06903	Why do SSDs have a read/write limit? What causes them to stop functioning after a certain number of read/write cycles?	SSDs can be read as many times as you want, but they have a limited number of write/erase cycles SSDs are made using Flash memory which is constructed using floating gate transistors. On a normal FET transistor there is a channel with a thin insulator on top and a gate on top of that, the behavior of the transistor is controlled by the gate. On floating gate transistors there is the channel with a thin insulator, a gate, another thin insulator, and another gate. The gate in the middle isn't wired to anything and is electrically "floating" The bits are stored by charging and discharging this "floating" gate, but it has insulators on both sides of it. The only way to get charges on or off of the floating gate is to blast them through the insulators. This harms the insulator and it breaks down a bit, but you can do this for a few thousand cycles before it breaks down enough to start misbehaving To read the memory, you turn on the correct non-floating gates and can see if a line is pulled low or not, that gives you the status of each bit. This doesn't involve blasting charges through insulators so you can do this as many times as you want, it is also generally a fair bit quicker than writing	[ "SSDs have very different failure modes than traditional magnetic hard drives. Because of their design, some kinds of failure are inapplicable (motors or magnetic heads cannot fail, because they are not needed in an SSD). Instead, other kinds of failure are possible (for example, incomplete or failed writes due to ...	[ "SSDs have a read limit.", "SSDs have a read limit." ]	[ "SSDs have no read limit, thus can be read as many times as one wishes.", "SSDs only have a write limit but an unlimited read limit." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "SSDs have a read limit.", "SSDs have a read limit." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "SSDs have no read limit, thus can be read as many times as one wishes.", "SSDs only have a write limit but an unlimited read limit." ]
2018-02367	When your car stalls, what causes it to shake so violently?	The engine does not just stop, some cylinders are firing and others aren’t for a few seconds. The unbalanced firing shakes the engine and thus the car until all cylinders stop firing. Much of what makes a modern car drive smoothly is the design that goes into a balanced firing of the cylinders in the engine where the shock wave from each cylinder is balanced by another.	[ "BULLET::::- High-powered sports cars offer the feeling of being pressed into the cushioning, but this is the force of the acceleration. Jerk occurs only in the very first moments, when the torque of the engine starts at zero and grows with the rotational speed, causing a remarkable of the acceleration. A slight wh...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "A car is in a stalled state even when it is shaking." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal", "normal" ]	[ "A car is not completely stalled until the unbalanced firing of cylinders shakes the engine and stops firing." ]
2018-04082	How does the government catch people who use or make counterfeit money?	Governments puts certain special signatures into their money that are hard to duplicate exactly (e.g. watermarks, holograms, etc.). This means eventually any counterfeit bill is going to be discovered whether by a bank or by a store, and then it’s just about tracking the source of who tried to use that bill.	[ "BULLET::::- Peter Alston, was the late 18th Century and early 19th Century counterfeiter and river pirate, who is believed to be Little Harpe's associate and partner in the murder of notorious outlaw leader Samuel Mason in 1803\n\nBULLET::::- Philip Alston, was an 18th-century counterfeiter both before and after t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-11722	Aside from HIV, where do STD/STI’s originate from? And where did the first case of it show up?	There's nothing inherently special about STIs. Like all infectious diseases, they evolved as organisms that either mutated to be able to infect humans from other animal populations, or became pathogenic in humans at some point. There have probably been STIs for as long as sexual reproduction has existed in life on Earth. With the exception of HIV, STIs have been around for a very long time, even if we didn't necessarily identify them as such or know what caused them. Many were know in medieval times and even in antiquity, and there were certainly STIs that affected the very first prehistoric humans as well. There's really no way to know when or how the first person got any of these specific STIs. HIV is the outlier because it made the jump to humans so recently.	[ "There are six additional known HIV-2 groups, each having been found in just one person. They all seem to derive from independent transmissions from sooty mangabeys to humans. Groups C and D have been found in two people from Liberia, groups E and F have been discovered in two people from Sierra Leone, and groups G...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01681	Why hasn't Harvey Weinstein been arrested?	He has been accused of sexual harrassment and abuse but that doesn't lead to an arrest until criminal charges have been brought against him. He was not caught by law enforcement in the act of committing a crime. From the New Yorker: > His behavior has been an open secret to many in Hollywood and beyond, but previous attempts by many publications, including The New Yorker, to investigate and publish the story over the years fell short of the demands of journalistic evidence. Or of police evidence. So no charges, and no arrests.	[ "On May 25, 2018, Weinstein was charged by New York police with \"rape, criminal sex act, sex abuse and sexual misconduct for incidents involving two separate women\". On that day, he was arrested after surrendering to police.\n\nWeinstein was later released after $1 million bail was posted on his behalf. He later ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13445	How does your eye react to small things that you can't see and close on its own.	Your brain reacts to a threat it "sees" before it processes what it has seen. That combined with your body naturally also getting on high alert in this situation help it to respond quicker than what we can physically see. Theres always a slight delay between what is happen and what our brain processes because the nerve impulses have a finite speed; it is very fast, but still not instantaneous. So when faced with a threat, the body first sends a single to make sure the eyes closed, which (at this moment) is more important than knowing what exactly was headed our way.	[ "Section::::Basic biology.:Defense mechanisms.\n", "Section::::Immune responses of the Cornea.\n\n\"Innate immune responses\" defend against pathogens and toxin in a non-discriminatory manner. They provide an inherent barrier against corneal infection while also serving as a primary mode of defense that is presen...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "An eye closes on its own in reaction to small things." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The brain reacts to the small things and tells the eye to close." ]
2018-02836	Are the ski slopes used for the Olympic downhill event existing slopes that are otherwise open to the public during the season and just modified for the Games, or are they purpose-built and repurposed afterwards?	Depends. Answer are both. Modify existing facilities, create new run and resort or use existing runs. Read the history of past Olympics. Removed	[ "A German provider that guarantees year round skiing is Mr. Snow. The company does not only produce dry slopes for downhill skiing, snowboarding and cross country skiing but also provides tubing tracks and rental opportunities for events. The material of Mr. Snow is claimed to have very good sliding capacities, is ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04061	Why do the first few sips of a beer or alcoholic beverage make me feel more drunk than the entire rest of the drink does?	They don't. That's not how alcohol works. What you might experience is the satisfaction level of the first few sips being greater than the ones that follow. The simple fact is that the more alcohol you ingest, the more inebriated you come.	[ "Section::::Responsiveness to changes in concentration.\n", "Section::::Sensory modes.:Smell.\n", "Section::::Neural evidence.\n", "Several other studies have shown that students who were told they were consuming alcoholic beverages (which in fact were non-alcoholic) perceived themselves as being \"drunk\", e...	[ "You feel more drunk after a few sips of beer than when you drink the rest.", "The first few sips of alcohol cause more intoxication than the remainder of the drink." ]	[ "The more alcohol you ingest, the more inebriated you become.", "The more alcohol you drink, the more intoxicated you will be, therefore it is not possible to be more intoxicated from your beginning drinks instead of your last. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "You feel more drunk after a few sips of beer than when you drink the rest.", "The first few sips of alcohol cause more intoxication than the remainder of the drink." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The more alcohol you ingest, the more inebriated you become.", "The more alcohol you drink, the more intoxicated you will be, therefore it is not possible to be more intoxicated from your beginning drinks instead of your last. " ]
2018-03337	Why don’t we ever hear about common medical conditions (like asthma or diabetes) when reading about history? Are these modem maladies or did they just have different names?	The first recorded instance of asthma is in China in 2600 BC. The first recorded instance of diabetes is in Egypt in 1500 BC. People did die from both, but /u/taylorschneider is correct that more likely , you would from something else sooner. Or, you could die from both as an infant, and that would just be chalked up to the infancy mortality rate of the times.	[ "A notable and well-documented case in the 19th century was that of young Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919). At that time there was no effective treatment. Roosevelt's youth was in large part shaped by his poor health partly related to his asthma. He experienced recurring nighttime asthma attacks that caused the exper...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "We don't ever hear about common medical conditions (like asthma or diabetes) when reading about history? " ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "There are recorded instances in history of asthma and diabetes." ]
2018-06022	Why Netflix and Amazon aren't buying the rights to stream sports	Amazon is buying sports rights. Actually last NFL season, the package they bought for Thursday night football was bought at a hilariously bad rate of at least 2x-3x the next bidder. That’s horrifyingly bad. They got had. Netflix has explicitly said they are not going to buy sports rights and are not a sports service. They have their reasons but won’t say why, as they are notorious for secrecy. We can speculate. But that’s not for this sub.	[ "The \"Thursday Night Football\" contract, uniquely among the league's television packages, has a separate digital contract allowing games to be carried freely to all Internet devices since 2016. Twitter carried the 2016 season before being outbid in 2017 by Amazon, who has held the rights since. For the 2017 seaso...	[ "Amazon doesn't buy rights to stream sports.", "Amazon isn't buying the rights to stream sports." ]	[ "Amazon bought rights to air NFL Thursday Night Football.", "Amazon has bought the rights to stream sports." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Amazon doesn't buy rights to stream sports.", "Amazon isn't buying the rights to stream sports." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Amazon bought rights to air NFL Thursday Night Football.", "Amazon has bought the rights to stream sports." ]
2018-21000	How is milk make without lactose and why do the different brands seem to taste wildly different?	"Lactose free" milk has the same amount of lactose as normal milk. All they do is put in an enzyme that people with lactose intolerance lack. The enzyme helps you digest it.	[ "BULLET::::- Australia: NASAA Organic Standard\n\nBULLET::::- Canada:\n\nBULLET::::- European Union: EU-Eco-regulation\n\nBULLET::::- Sweden: KRAV\n\nBULLET::::- United Kingdom: DEFRA\n\nBULLET::::- Norway: Debio Organic certification\n\nBULLET::::- India: NPOP, (National Program for Organic Production)\n\nBULLET::...	[ "Lactose-free milk is made without lactose.", "Milk can be made without lactose. " ]	[ "\"Lactose free\" milk has the same amount of lactose as normal milk, with an enzyme added that people with lactose intolerance lack.", "All milk is created with lactose, the milk brands that claims they are lactose free have an enzyme planted in it to help those lactose intolerant digest lactose." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Lactose-free milk is made without lactose.", "Milk can be made without lactose. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "\"Lactose free\" milk has the same amount of lactose as normal milk, with an enzyme added that people with lactose intolerance lack.", "All milk is created with lactose, the milk brands that claims they are lactose free have an enzyme planted in it to help those lactose intolerant digest lactose." ]
2018-22461	Does dehydration cause nosebleeds? If so, how?	Inside your nose is the mucous membrane - a slimy layer with little blood vessels going all through it. It has to be slimy to catch the dust and bad particles in the air you breathe, and keep them out of your lungs. When you are dehydrated, this slimy layer dries up (there's not enough water in your body to keep it moist), and the blood vessels in it get damaged.	[ "Most causes of nose bleeding are self-limiting and do not require medical attention. However, If nosebleeds are recurrent or do not respond to home therapies, an underlying cause may need to be investigated. Some rarer causes of recurrent or prolonged epistaxis are categorized and listed below:\n\nCoagulopathy:\n\...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-14694	Why is it there are seldom daughters named after mothers, but sons named after fathers (Jr.) are fairly common?	I mean, I’m no expert here but I imagine for the same reason that women historically have taken husband’s names, sons have been more important in a family than daughters, etc... families have historically been patriarchal in much of the world. Dads and sons represented and were breadwinners of the family, while mothers and daughters took care of the dads and sons. It mattered that a son carried on the family legacy, i.e. the father’s name.	[ "Gender name usage also plays a role in the way parents view names. It is not uncommon for American parents to give girls names that have traditionally been used for boys. Boys, on the other hand, are almost never given feminine names. Names like Ashley, Sidney, Aubrey, and Avery originated as boys' names. Traditio...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02036	How can one infinity be "larger" than another if they're both infinite?	Mathematicians say that a set has equal size to another set when you can pair each element of one set with one element of the other set and vice versa. For example the sets {1,2,3} and {4,5,6} have equal size because one can pair 1 < --- > 4 2 < --- > 5 3 < --- > 6. Similarly the natural numbers {0,1,2,3,4,...} and the whole numbers {...,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,...} are of equal size because one can pair 0 < --- > 0 -1 < --- > 1 1 < ---- > 2 -2 < --- > 3 2 < --- > 4 . . . and so on. So you always pair every naturual number n with 2 * n and every negative number -m with 2*m-1. So you always have a pair. This does, however, not always work. For example the set of all real numbers (numbers with infinitely many decimal places) cannot be paired up in this way with the natural numbers. One can show that in every possible pairing which uses up all natural numbers there are still unpaired real numbers. Because there are always left over real numbers mathematicians say that the set of real numbers is lager than the set of natural numbers. EDIT: If you are intersted in the argument why we cannot pair the real and the natural numbers check out /u/40oz_coffee's comment about Cantor's diagonal argument.	[ "We now generalize this situation and \"define\" two sets as of the same size if (and only if) there is a bijection between them. For all finite sets this gives us the usual definition of \"the same size\". What does it tell us about the size of infinite sets?\n", "If fractions now are considered there are an inf...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-12450	Audio jack makes different noises depending on who is holding it. Why?	So no expert at all, but, of you were grounded in some way it would complete a bigger circuit. Also because electronics conduct well through moisture (water). If you're hands were alot sweater it may also have this effect. Also your friends may not have touched it as hard or the same way.	[ "Less commonly, some jacks are provided with normally open (NO) or change-over contacts, and/or the switch contacts may be isolated from the connector.\n", "3-pin XLR connectors and quarter-inch (¼\" or 6.35 mm) TRS phone connectors are commonly used for balanced audio signals. Many jacks are now designed to take...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02049	How Are Radioactive Rocks Formed?	Do you mean the kind of rocks that we can determine an absolute age for using radiometric dating methods? They naturally contain certain isotopes (isotopes are the name given to atoms of the same element that differ in mass due to varying numbers of neutrons in their nucleus) which are radioactive, and we can exploit this in certain cases to calculate how long since those isotopes were sealed off in a 'closed system' ie. how long since the mineral they are in cooled off enough to stop exchanging any atoms with melt or solid rock (solid state diffusion is a thing - slow, but exchange of atoms between two solids is perfectly possible). Anyway, like I said some isotopes just happen to be unstable, which means they will radioactively decay into certain other elements. We can measure the difference between the amount of parent isotope left and the amount of daughter isotope present and use it to back calculate a date. As well as being based on fundamental physics and mathematics, what can really make such calculated ages so reliable (within the error bars given), is that you can often run this sort of test on the same rock unit or even the same mineral within a rock for more than one different radiogenic system - there are many, and no, carbon-14 is pretty useless to geologists as that's barely scratching the surface in terms of how far back it can be used for. The gold standards are pretty much te different uranium-lead decay systems or the potassium-argon decay system for certain samples. To bring this back a bit, the point is that our planet has a certain set of ingredients in the form of the different chemical elements, and a certain proportion of them happen to exist in a variety of isotopes, some of which are radioactive. Let's take potassium (K) as an example as it is a relatively common element on Earth, particularly in the crust, and therefore it's in all the surface rocks and environments we know and love. Most potassium consists of the stable isotope ³⁹K, but about 0.01% of it today is the radioactive isotope ⁴⁰K which has one more neutron than ³⁹K, and whose decay to argon is much used in radiometric dating. It has a half life of ~1.2 billion years, which is quite handy for geologists who study the whole of Earth's 4.6 billion year history. Note that we can make calculations based on several half-lives, so that we are not just limited to 1.2 billion years (about 7 or 8 half-lives is the limit before measurements start getting unreliable). Radioactivity is a natural aspect of life on Earth then, and we have evolved to live with a certain amount of background radiation. I'm sure you've also heard that bananas are a source of potassium, so every time you eat a banana, a very small percentage of the potassium being consumed will be those radioactive isotopes.	[ "Lead is perhaps the best example of a partly radiogenic substance, as all four of its stable isotopes (Pb, Pb, Pb, and Pb) are present primordially, in known and fixed ratios. However, Pb is only present primordially, while the other three isotopes may also occur as radiogenic decay products of uranium and thorium...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00848	Why sometimes objects fall on their own?	There are always forces around. Tiny air currents, vibrations, and movement of items. It's possible that apparently stable piles are actually sliding tiny amounts, until the lack of balance overcomes the bulk of the static friction. Friction on a microscopic scale is complex. Others would know better, but I'm pretty sure we wouldn't need to go below microscopic scale to explain it, though. Or maybe it's poltergeists. :-)	[ "Aristotle held that there were four kinds of answers to \"why\" questions (in \"Physics\" II, 3, and \"Metaphysics\" V, 2):\n\nBULLET::::- Matter: a change or movement's material cause, is the aspect of the change or movement which is determined by the material that composes the moving or changing things. For a ta...	[ "Objects fall on their own." ]	[ "Objects only fall when exposed to a force. It is possible the force was not directly visible." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Objects fall on their own." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Objects only fall when exposed to a force. It is possible the force was not directly visible." ]
2018-02283	Can smartphone companies make a better phone than what they release? Do they really make the best phone they can make or do they not give it their all so they have something new to release the year after?	In any project or manufacturing situation, you can always make a "better" product. However, it will likely cost more, and/or take longer to make. Your goal is not to make a "better" product, its to make a product that is the right quality, right goodness, right price, and right time for release.	[ "BULLET::::- N7x - 7 series is the balanced, least expensive Nseries range with fewer features\n\nBULLET::::- N8x - 8 series is the higher range Nseries range w/ cameras (ex. N82, N85 and N86 8MP)\n\nBULLET::::- N9x - 9 series is the highest end and the most expensive Nseries ran, e models\n\nThere are exceptions t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Smartphone companies make the best phone they can make." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Making a better phone is a tradeoff of time and cost so they balance that with other things to arrive at the final product." ]
2018-04093	How are the b52s physically flying with how airline aircraft can only have so many Cabin pressurizations due to micro-fracturing of the metal before they're retired?	Actual flying hours isn't as important to aircraft life as take-offs and landing cycles because that's what stresses the airframe. The jolt of landing, and the pressurization and De-presurization of the aircraft. Take a pop bottle and suck out all the air, then fill it again, then bang it against the desk. Notice how it returns to its original shape, but somewhat deformed. The more you do that, the more damage to the bottle. Eventually it will crack and break. This is also why C-47's and WW2 aircraft are still in service today, because they aren't pressurized and therefore don't deal with the same airframe stresses. As for the B-52'2, the B-52 fleet is very large and has very few missions, hours+cycles compared to commercial airliners. Individual bombers aren't doing 2-3 take offs and landings a day. Also the US air force is willing to pay huge sums of money to retrofit, repair and overhaul the fleet to keep them in service. Airliners don't bother because it's too expensive. The reason for this is that if you have a 737 that's past it's life, it's cheaper to just buy a newer 737 because they still make them. B-52's haven't been made in decades so it's cheaper to refurbish them than to develop a new bomber. TLDR: The US air force has a lot of them, and they don't fly that often.	[ "By then, however, it had been sold to Basler Turbo Conversions of Oshkosh, Wisconsin, to be converted into a BT-67, one of four the company makes from the old DC-3s every year, a process which leaves only 30% of the original craft and scraps the rest. The owner had flown it to Wittman Regional Airport, where Basle...	[ "B52s should have a lot of cracks and not be able to fly after a while." ]	[ "The cracks come from pressurization and de pressurization which B52s do not go through. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "B52s should have a lot of cracks and not be able to fly after a while." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The cracks come from pressurization and de pressurization which B52s do not go through. " ]
2018-00140	Why does milk in the US taste different than milk in Canada?	It's all in the cows diet. I've had milk from a cow that got into an onion patch... It definitely tasted like onion and was disgusting.	[ "Milk comes in a variety of containers with local variants:\n\nBULLET::::- Argentina\n\nBULLET::::- Australia and New Zealand\n\nBULLET::::- Brazil\n\nBULLET::::- Canada\n\nBULLET::::- Chile\n\nBULLET::::- China\n\nBULLET::::- Colombia\n\nBULLET::::- Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro\n\nBULLET::::...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03113	Why do some CD-ROM Discs Warn you about NOT playing track one in your CD Player?	The warning isn't about breaking anything. It's just that some CD players will try to play the data as music and make awful noises.	[ "CDS discs contain an initial audio session, similar to that of an unprotected disc. In addition the disc contains a second (data) session and a software player configured for auto-play with a lower-quality, compressed version of the audio for it to play.\n\nThe second session on the disc causes some CD/DVD players...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04977	How do phones and cell-towers deal with the Doppler effect?	It doesn't matter The Radio waves are moving at 3x10^8 m/s, thats 300,000,000 m/s. If you travel towards a cell tower at Mach 10 you'll be moving 3,430 m/s and change the wavelength by 3,430/300,000,000 or 0.0011%. You're not traveling anywhere close to Mach 10 so the impact is truly insignificant	[ "Fast moving satellites can have a Doppler shift of dozens of kilohertz relative to a ground station. The speed, thus magnitude of Doppler effect, changes due to earth curvature. Dynamic Doppler compensation, where the frequency of a signal is changed progressively during transmission, is used so the satellite rece...	[ "Cell towers deal with the doppler effect." ]	[ "The doppler effect is actually insignificant and can be ignored. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cell towers deal with the doppler effect." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The doppler effect is actually insignificant and can be ignored. " ]
2018-00803	What do zoos do with random local wildlife like pigeons, seagulls, rats, squirrels and raccoons?	While I can't answer for all zoos, the National Zoo in Washington, DC has a pretty good solution. In the winter months, a lot of bird from Canada winter in the bird area. They have been coming there for years. The zoo employees feed them, just like the rest of the birds. Also, there was a time when the squirrels in Washington had been all kills (for food or as pests). The city asked the zoo for help, so they turned loose 8 mating pairs. Now, there are squirrels all over the city.	[ "BULLET::::- Blue-capped cordon-bleu\n\nBULLET::::- Blue-gray tanager\n\nBULLET::::- Blue-necked tanager\n\nBULLET::::- Chestnut munia\n\nBULLET::::- Collared finch-billed bulbul\n\nBULLET::::- Crested quail-dove\n\nBULLET::::- Crested wood partridge\n\nBULLET::::- Elliot's laughingthrush\n\nBULLET::::- Emerald sta...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]

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