Split (3)

train · 3.46k rows

id stringlengths 10 10	question stringlengths 18 294	comment stringlengths 28 6.89k	passages list	presuppositions list	corrections list	labels list	raw_presuppositions list	raw_labels list	raw_corrections list
2018-20583	Why does Latin America have mestizos while places like the US/Canada don't have much? Why haven't white settlers in other places intermixed heavily with the natives like Latin America?	It’s due to the ‘one drop rule’... originally practiced in the United States. (Can’t comment on Canada). While the Spaniards who colonized Mexico, Central and South America had the casta system which categorized different races and the races of their offspring by different combinations of mothers and fathers (races). While the casta system was clearly racist, it did provide a way for those in the so-called ‘lesser’ races to ‘improve’ their standing in the casta system. Even allowing for respected citizens although physically of obvious mestizo or other combinations of races to ‘improve ‘ or alter their place in the casta system through ability/good works/social standing. Meanwhile in the United States slavery was going on and having even one black grandparent or a great great grandparent or the like would brand you as black. That’s the one drop rule in a nut shell. A system that led to white US citizens today having very low levels of native or African American genetics while Mexicans have around 40% Native American DNA.	[ "This group does \"not\" include Métis people of the United States (usually with Anglo-Indigenous mixed ancestry) or Métis people of Canada (usually with Franco-Indigenous or Scottish-Indigenous mixed ancestry) residing in the US, nor does it include Tejanos, Nuevomexicanos, nor Multiracial Americans, whose ethnic ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23724	Why is x=y a diagonal line on a graph?	If x = 1, then y also = 1. In a graph, that would be the point (1,1). If x = 2, then y also = 2. In a graph, that would be the point (2,2) If x = 3, then y also = 3. In a graph, that would be the point (3,3) Follow this logic, and draw a line between these points, and you will quickly see that it is a straight, diagonal line.	[ "By analogy, the subset of the Cartesian product \"X\"×\"X\" of any set \"X\" with itself, consisting of all pairs (x,x), is called the diagonal, and is the graph of the equality relation on \"X\" or equivalently the graph of the identity function from \"X\" to \"x\". This plays an important part in geometry; for e...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00717	What exactly washing kitchen utensils after preparing meat does? It won't remove 100% of bacteria. And if there were any organisms present there would still be some transfer through water tap, etc. I know it helps, but will it really PREVENT an illness if there were harmful bacteria present?	For most bacteria/viruses, the number is very important. For others (noro virus for example) it is pretty much 1 and you are infected. Washing does quite a few things, it removed the food that bacteria can feed on and multiply from consuming. It removed some of the bacteria, and if you are washing in hot water with soap, it will kill most of them. A dish washer with a heated dry cycle for example gets the utensils up to ~200 F, which will kill almost every single bacteria that is infectious to people.	[ "Diagnosis of trichinosis is confirmed by a combination of exposure history, clinical diagnosis, and laboratory testing.\n\nSection::::Diagnosis.:Exposure history.\n\nAn epidemiological investigation can be done to determine a patient's exposure to raw infected meat. Often, an infection arises from home-preparation...	[ "Washing kitchen utensils won't prevent illness because it won't remove 100% of bacteria." ]	[ "Washing kitchen utensils removes most bacteria, and for many viruses, you need a large number of viruses to become infected." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Washing kitchen utensils won't prevent illness because it won't remove 100% of bacteria." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Washing kitchen utensils removes most bacteria, and for many viruses, you need a large number of viruses to become infected." ]
2018-03630	What's the origin of the hand shake?	It was a sign of peace. The handshake showed you that the other person didn't have a weapon in their hands.	[ "The cocktail shaker can be traced to 7000 BCE in prehispanic Mexico and South America, where the jar gourd was used as a closed container. In 1520, Cortés wrote to King Charles V of Spain of a drink made from cacao, served to Montezuma with much reverence, frothy and foaming from a golden cylinder. Egyptians as lo...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06728	How does birth control that you stick in your arm work?	It slowly releases the hormone Progestin into the implanted person's system. Progestin thickens cervix mucus (stops sperm) and prevents eggs from being released. It's basically the same thing as taking any Progestin based birth control pill, except the implant does it on its own without the user having to remember to do anything.	[ "Nexplanon/Implanon consists of a single rod made of ethylene vinylacetate copolymer that is 4 cm long and 2mm in diameter. It is similar to a matchstick in size. The rod contains 68 mg of etonogestrel (sometimes called 3-keto-destrogestrel), a type of progestin. Peak serum etonogestrel concentrations have been fou...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-24035	How does slang create itself and become popularized in a society?	I would go with Mob mentality/proximity on this one. If someone you hang out with often used the word "rad" all the time, it's very likely you'll start using it too. Slang is no different.	[ "Slang terms are often known only within a clique or ingroup. For example, Leet (\"Leetspeak\" or \"1337\") was originally popular only among certain Internet subcultures, such as software crackers and online video gamers. During the 1990s, and into the early 21st century, however, Leet became increasingly more com...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00540	How do things catch fire without flame I.e just from heat?	> How do things catch fire without flame I.e just from heat? The only reason a flame can set other things on fire is because of the heat it generates. So the reality is that the only way to catch things on fire (ignoring unusual chemical reactions) is from heat, and other flames just happen to be one way to provide the necessary heat. Also, ask your wife how you can light a match by striking it on a matchbook if it takes a flame to set things on fire.	[ "In combustion engines, various steps are taken to eliminate a flame. The method depends mainly on whether the fuel is oil, wood, or a high-energy fuel such as jet fuel.\n\nSection::::Physical properties.:Flame temperatures.\n\nSection::::Physical properties.:Flame temperatures.:Temperatures of flames by appearance...	[ "Flame is what causes things to catch fire.", "Things can catch on fire without flames. " ]	[ "Flame isn't required to start a fire. Fire can start spotaneously due to heat.", "Things can catch on fire with flames." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Flame is what causes things to catch fire.", "Things can catch on fire without flames. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Flame isn't required to start a fire. Fire can start spotaneously due to heat.", "Things can catch on fire with flames." ]
2018-11950	What causes the image to show a stretching/warped effect in video when the camera tilts (example in link)?	The camera used to make that video is crap. Crappy cameras don't make accurate recordings of reality. Inaccurate recordings typically involve visual distortion either in size, shape, color, pattern, or movement. As to the specific cause for that camera, I can't say for sure. Keep in mind that this video is also stabilized which throws another variable into the problem. I don't think your question has an objective answer because it represents a perfect storm of bad or broken technology, an abysmal camera operator, post-shot image stabilization, and potential compression/jpeg-ification/issues.	[ "When the camera back is parallel to a planar subject (such as the front of a building), all points in the subject are at the same distance from the camera, and are recorded at the same magnification. The shape of the subject is recorded without distortion. When the image plane is not parallel to the subject, as wh...	[ "When a camera tilts during a recording, an image shows a warped effect as seen in the provided video." ]	[ "The video provided was recorded with a bad quality camera, this is the cause of the warped effect and it wouldn't replicate with a good quality camera." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "When a camera tilts during a recording, an image shows a warped effect as seen in the provided video.", "When a camera tilts during a recording, an image shows a warped effect as seen in the provided video." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "The video provided was recorded with a bad quality camera, this is the cause of the warped effect and it wouldn't replicate with a good quality camera.", "The video provided was recorded with a bad quality camera, this is the cause of the warped effect and it wouldn't replicate with a good quality camera." ]
2018-23365	What exactly causes our skin to "crawl" when we see something disturbing or unexpected?	That's your hair standing on end. Its caused by a hormone released in response to certain stresses. Its the same thing that makes a cats fur puff out when scared, and done for the same reason. Of course in cats and animals this makes them look bigger, to scare away threats. But we don't have nearly as much hair, having lost it over the course of several ancestor species that would eventually result in humans, so we're left with just the crawling sensation or goosebumps.	[ "BULLET::::- During a fire, crawling may be used because the air near the ground is easier to breathe\n\nSection::::In infants.\n", "Because of its unusual appearance, bridgewalking has been used in several horror films to suggest the demonic possession of a character. These have included \"The Exorcist\" and \"T...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-07840	Why is it that after batteries die, If I wait like a day the machine still has more power than it did before dying again?	batteries don't store electricity, they're tiny chemical power plants. once the battery dies and you turn off the device, the reaction continues. it's slow, but given some time it can be enough to power the device again.	[ "As a mixed string of new and old batteries is depleted, the string voltage will drop, and when the old batteries are exhausted the new batteries still have charge available. The newer cells may continue to discharge through the rest of the string, but due to the low voltage this energy flow may not be useful, and ...	[ "Batteries run out of energy.", "Once a battery dies, it stops producing power." ]	[ "Batteries do not store energy and a small electrical reaction continues to occur when a device is turned off. ", "Once a battery dies and a device is turned off, the battery, which is a tiny chemical power plant, continues it's reaction slowly." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Batteries run out of energy.", "Once a battery dies, it stops producing power." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Batteries do not store energy and a small electrical reaction continues to occur when a device is turned off. ", "Once a battery dies and a device is turned off, the battery, which is a tiny chemical power plant, continues it's reaction slowly." ]
2018-02706	Why does hot water (Shower/hot tub) hurt at 1st, then feel totally wonderful after "you get used to it"?	Because your skin doesn't feel temperature, it feels temperature change. So when your cold skin touches hot water there is a big temperature difference which feels really hot, eventually your skin warms up and the temperature difference is much smaller so it doesn't give any burning sensation. I am not sure exactly why it feels good once the skin is warmed. I assume it's something about the heat getting into your muscles and relaxing them.	[ "BULLET::::- In \"central sensitization,\" nociceptive neurons in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord become sensitized by peripheral tissue damage or inflammation. This type of sensitization has been suggested as a possible causal mechanism for chronic pain conditions. The changes of central sensitization occur af...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21066	Is it theoretically possible to make an object that burns melt instead?	sure, things burn usually by combining with oxygen. so heat something up in an environment without oxygen, and you have a decent chance of getting it to melt eventually.	[ "Tests by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, which is experimenting with the technique to make some difficult-to-fabricate parts from nickel alloys for the J-2X and RS-25 rocket engines, show that difficult to make parts made with the technique are somewhat weaker than forged and milled parts but often avoid the ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-20602	Why Did the SR-71 Replace the A-12?	The mission of the A-12 was deemed too dangerous because a U2 had been shot down and made clear that due to recent advances in missile technology the Soviet Union could track and shoot at the A-12 before it even made it's first flight over the Soviet union. The project was cancelled due to budget concerns which included possible fighter and bomber variants, but by that point the SR-71 had already been ordered. The SR-71 had 2 seats and a higher fuel load making it better suited to the role for which the A-12 had been intended. So they used them for the role instead. The CIA soon proved that the aircraft was exceptional in the role and the value of it's reconnaissance convinced the White House to keep them in service for decades to come. With a fleet of SR-71's available the A-12 simply didn't have a role to play anymore so they put the highly classified aircraft into storage. It's not like the US military has ever been known for saving money...	[ "In late 1991, McDonnell Douglas made a move to separate its civil and military divisions in a bid to raise the estimated $4 billion development costs needed to develop the MD-12X trijet. Separating the costly military C-17 airlifter development, which had been a drain on the company's resources, from the profit-ma...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23325	Why can't we breathe with one lung and exhale with the other to maximize effectivity?	1. Both vent through the trachea. Inhaling exhaled gases wouldn't provide enough oxygenation over time. 2. The diaphragm spans the entire chest cavity and is incapable of contracting on only one side at a time.	[ "One of the reasons we can breathe is because of the elasticity of the lungs. The internal surface of the lungs on average in a non-emphysemic person is normally 63m2 and can hold about 5lts of air volume. Both lungs together have the same amount of surface area as half of a tennis court. Disease such as, emphysema...	[ "Humans should be able to inhale through on lung and exhale through the other." ]	[ "Inhaling the same gas you exhale wouldn't provide enough oxygen, and the diaphragm expands the entire chest which means it cannot contract one side at a time." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Humans should be able to inhale through on lung and exhale through the other.", "Humans should be able to inhale through on lung and exhale through the other." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Inhaling the same gas you exhale wouldn't provide enough oxygen, and the diaphragm expands the entire chest which means it cannot contract one side at a time.", "Inhaling the same gas you exhale wouldn't provide enough oxygen, and the diaphragm expands the entire chest which means it cannot contract one side at ...
2018-02933	How come stalagmites and stalactites both occur in caves, but only ice stalagmites (AKA icicles) appear when it snows?	It's actually not that uncommon to see ice stalagmites (by the way you've got your icicles backwards, easy way to remember it is C is for ceiling) if you live a cold climate. My shed gets them and it eventually forms an ice wall if we've got a bad winter. Need some dripping water + consistently freezing temps though.	[ "A common stalactite found seasonally or year round in many caves is the ice stalactite, commonly referred to as icicles, especially on the surface. Water seepage from the surface will penetrate into a cave and if temperatures are below freezing the water will form stalactites. Creation may also be done by the free...	[ "Only stalagmites appear when it snows.", "If stalagmites and stalactites both occur in caves, then it shouldn't need to snow to see icicles or stalagmites outdoors. " ]	[ "Both appear when it snows depending on the climate and amount of snow.", "Seeing icicles outdoors without snow is uncommon, icicles are also not called stalagmites, they are called stalactites. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Only stalagmites appear when it snows.", "If stalagmites and stalactites both occur in caves, then it shouldn't need to snow to see icicles or stalagmites outdoors. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Both appear when it snows depending on the climate and amount of snow.", "Seeing icicles outdoors without snow is uncommon, icicles are also not called stalagmites, they are called stalactites. " ]
2018-07351	Why have illnesses adapted to be harmful ?	They haven't. They're just trying to be fruitful and multiply. Any illness brought to man or beast is simply happenstance, an unintended consequence of infection and proliferation. Besides that, most bacteria are generally harmless unless they grow out of control. Take Escherichia coli, for example (“E. coli” for short). It lives in the human intestine, and it's only a problem when other bacteria (“gut flora” is a technical term) aren't around to keep it in check. Other bacteria are downright helpful, such as Staphylococcus epidermidis. You might recognize its cousin S. aureus as the cause of “staph infections,” but S. epidermidis is harmless and can even help protect against skin cancer.	[ "According to the core message of the biodiversity hypothesis, it is essential to the development of our immune system that we are sufficiently exposed to diverse natural environments and especially to the microbes in them. The microbes in our surroundings influence our own microbiota which is further connected to ...	[ "Illnesses adapted specifically to be harmful.", "Illnesses have adapted to be harmful. " ]	[ "They did not evolve to be like that, they just need to reproduce. Some bacteria are not harmful and are helpful.", "Illnesses have not adapted to be harmful, they just multiply. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Illnesses adapted specifically to be harmful.", "Illnesses have adapted to be harmful. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "They did not evolve to be like that, they just need to reproduce. Some bacteria are not harmful and are helpful.", "Illnesses have not adapted to be harmful, they just multiply. " ]
2018-22362	Could I repeat mythbusters truck cannon experiment on the ISS?	1) Basically yes. The velocity relative to the surface would be 0, but as the object starts to fall and the earth rotates under it it would probably gain a small amount of surface-relative velocity. Especially once it hits the atmosphere and wind becomes a strong factor. 2) I don't know if it's exactly a Coriolis force, but the ball would have some surface-relative velocity. 3) Only if you have some very clever idea for how to launch an object from the ISS at 7.2 km/s. That's faster than even most railgun prototypes, and the stuff you're planning to drop probably is a lot more delicate than a railgun slug. 4) It would be exactly as through the ISS had fired its boosters; rocket engines work by throwing something out the back of the rocket at high speed, which is just what you're doing here. Lauching an object of nontrivial mass at that much speed would add significant energy to the ISS's orbit, which would probably raise its perigee some and make the orbit more eliptical.	[ "List of rocket experiments on Zingst\n\nSection::::Rocket Experiments.\n", "The Foot Controlled Maneuvering Unit was tested within Skylab. The purpose of it was to free the astronaut's hands. It was propelled by cold, high-pressured nitrogen gas located in a tank on the back. It was tested both suited and unsuit...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-15288	Why is televangelist Jim Bakker allowed to solicit donations on TV after going to jail for fraudulently soliciting donations on TV?	Because he served his time. And you do get a bucket of freeze dried food. If you get what you paid for (prayer, food buckets, etc.) it’s not fraud. What he got in trouble for was selling real estate that he couldn’t deliver because he was siphoning off the money.	[ "A confidential 1985 Internal Revenue Service report found that $1.3 million in ministry funds were used for the Bakkers' personal benefit from 1980 to 1983. The report recommended that PTL be stripped of its tax-exempt status but no action was taken until the Jessica Hahn scandal in 1987. Art Harris and Michael Is...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01101	How do restaurants with trackers know where you sit with pinpoint precision?	There is another device attached to the table that can tell it the table number through short range wireless (RFID). The system associates a tracker's ID with the order number. When the tracker is places on the table, it reads the table number from the RFID tags under the table and sends it to main device, along with the tracker's ID.	[ "Systems that use locating technologies that do not go through walls, such as infrared or ultrasound, tend to be more accurate in an indoor environment because only tags and receivers that have line of sight (or near line of sight) can communicate.\n\nSection::::Applications.\n\nRTLS can be used numerous logistical...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00964	how can they continue to discover more chambers in the pyramids year after year	Several reasons: * Better technology. Many chambers were detected by sonar or radar. They would send a signal through the stones and listen for irregular echoes. Today's sonar and radar imaging techniques are better than they were in the past. The equipment is more sensitive, uses different frequencies, and with digital signal processing, they can construct a better, 3D map. Robots can crawl through tinier spaces than ever before. * Different technology. IR and UV cameras that weren't available to the public several years ago are now consumer off-the-shelf technology. Drones can carry cameras to vantage points that were inaccessible before. * Different permissions. You have to get permission from the Government of Egypt to do scientific studies of the pyramids. Over time, the types and locations of research have changed.	[ "The newly revealed shaft descends some five metres. At the bottom of this pit stands a 1.5 metre tall door made of stone blocks. Behind this door, in which the team originally opened up a small window for the 10 February 2006 event, stands the single chamber.\n", "In May 2008, Zahi Hawass announced that an Egypt...	[ "It should not be possible to discover more chambers in pyramids each and every year." ]	[ "Technology advances have allowed people to discover more chambers in pyramids every year. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It should not be possible to discover more chambers in pyramids each and every year.", "It should not be possible to discover more chambers in pyramids each and every year." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Technology advances have allowed people to discover more chambers in pyramids every year. ", "Technology advances have allowed people to discover more chambers in pyramids every year. " ]
2018-13530	How come we can store data on a CD? How does CD works	The reflective side of a CD is covered in tiny "dents" left by the disc burner. An LED laser is shot at the reflective part of the CD and then is reflected back at what is known as a "photodiode" which is a small device that produces a small charge when light hits it. The "dents" on the reflective side represent "0"s while the lack of a dent can represent a "1" and these effect the values received by the photodiode that can then be read as binary code.	[ "History of optical storage media\n\nAlthough research into optical data storage has been ongoing for many decades, the first popular system was the Compact Disc, introduced in 1982, adapted from audio (CD-DA) to data storage (the CD-ROM format) with the 1985 \"Yellow Book\", and re-adapted as the first mass market...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-15257	What happens to someone when he or she consumes too much antibiotics and grows a resistance against it?	It's more accurate to say that the bacteria you're trying to treat will grow resistant to the antibiotic, not that the person becomes resistant to the drug. If bacteria grows resistant to antibiotics, it will develop into a strain that can't be treated with medication any more - which means that any symptoms that that bacteria cause in you will get worse and will no longer be fixed by prescriptions. One of the biggest and more immediate problems with taking too many antibiotics is that it kills all the good bacteria in your gut that helps you process food, however. This makes it really difficult to have normal digestion, which can cause really bad (and sometimes fatal) cases of diarrhea. Sometimes when this happens, that good bacteria will then eventually become resistant to the antibiotic and will come back in a form that's no longer helpful to you and begins to hurt you as much as bad bacteria would.	[ "Factors within the intensive care unit setting such as mechanical ventilation and multiple underlying diseases also appear to contribute to bacterial resistance. Poor hand hygiene by hospital staff has been associated with the spread of resistant organisms.\n\nCounterfeit medications may contain sub-therapeutic co...	[ "When someone consumes too much antibiotics they grow a resistance against it." ]	[ "Bacteria can grow resistant to an antibiotic; a person does not becomes resistant to an antibiotic." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "When someone consumes too much antibiotics they grow a resistance against it." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Bacteria can grow resistant to an antibiotic; a person does not becomes resistant to an antibiotic." ]
2018-04272	Why are green bell peppers always cheaper than their red, yellow, and orange counterparts?	Quicker and easier to grow. Green peppers are the youngest of the four, and are therefore picked sooner and can be replanted quicker. Less resources are used, so they're cheaper.	[ "Section::::Colors.\n\nThe most common colors of bell peppers are green, yellow, orange and red. More rarely, brown, white, lavender, and dark purple peppers can be seen, depending on the variety. Most typically, unripe fruits are green or, less commonly, pale yellow or purple. Red bell peppers are simply ripened g...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05272	Why do our limbs/appendages feel tingly and weird when the circulation starts flowing after they were “asleep”?	A limb being asleep is not caused by having the circulation cut off. Loss of circulation is a legit medical emergency, and can result in the death of the tissue not getting blood. A limb falling asleep is caused by compression of the nerve that sends the sense of touch from that limb to the brain. When the pressure is removed, the nerve kind of fires randomly as its chemical gradients get back to normal, and that's what we perceive as the "pins and needles" feeling.	[ "The most familiar kind of paresthesia is the sensation known as \"pins and needles\" or of a limb \"falling asleep\". A less well-known and uncommon but important paresthesia is formication, the sensation of bugs crawling underneath the skin.\n\nSection::::Causes.\n\nSection::::Causes.:Transient.\n", "\"The trea...	[ "Lack of circulation causes tingly sensations in the limbs after they have \"fallen asleep\".", "A limb and/or appendgade falls asleep due to a lack of circulation." ]	[ "A limb being \"asleep\" is caused by compression of sensory nerves and when the pressure is removed the sensation returns to normal.", "A limb falling asleep is caused by compression of the nerve that sends sense of touch from the nerve to the brain." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Lack of circulation causes tingly sensations in the limbs after they have \"fallen asleep\".", "A limb and/or appendgade falls asleep due to a lack of circulation." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "A limb being \"asleep\" is caused by compression of sensory nerves and when the pressure is removed the sensation returns to normal.", "A limb falling asleep is caused by compression of the nerve that sends sense of touch from the nerve to the brain." ]
2018-02869	Why does mouthwash burn when you swish?	it's not the alcohol itself that's burning your throat. Instead, the ethanol in the liquid is making your throat's VR1 heat receptors more sensitive, prompting them to perceive your own body temperature as hot. Chillies work in a similar fashion.	[ "Section::::Ingredients.:Sodium lauryl sulfate (foaming agent).\n\nSodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is used as a foaming agent in many oral hygiene products including many mouthwashes. Some may suggest that it is probably advisable to use mouthwash at least an hour after brushing with toothpaste when the toothpaste cont...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00339	Why does it start to feel like you’re looking at someone else when you stare at yourself in a mirror for too long?	Urban legend says it's because you are seeing the faces of yourself in past lives. Most likely it is really because you are focusing on your eyes so intensely that your brain puts the rest of your face in your peripheral vision from what you remember it to be and not necessarily what it is.	[ "Alexander McQueen later described his thoughts on the idea used during VOSS of forcing his audience to stare at their own reflection in the mirrored walls for over an hour:\n\n\"Ha! I was really pleased about that. I was looking at it on the monitor, everyone trying not to look at themselves. It was a great thing ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-17665	How fast does heat transfer between two objects? Does more heat cause it to transfer faster?	The rate of transfer is proportional to the difference in temperatures, and inversely proportional to the resistance to heat flow (basically, insulating property) of the materials.	[ "Rate of heat flow = - (heat transfer coefficient) * (area of the body) * (variation of the temperature) / (length of the material)\n\nThe formula for the rate of heat flow is:\n\nformula_2 is the net heat (energy) transfer,\n\nformula_3 is the time taken,\n\nformula_4 is the difference in temperature between the c...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-24447	when baking, why do you only incorporate one egg at a time?	So they can properly incorporate. Butter (like all fat) doesn’t like mixing with liquid so you add the eggs one at a time to help the fat gradually emulsify (basically breaking the fat down into smaller particles so it bonds better to the liquid)	[ "Separating eggs\n\nSeparating eggs is a process, generally used in cooking, in which the egg yolk is removed from the egg white. This allows one part of the egg to be used without the other part, or each part to be treated in different ways. Recipes for custard call for egg yolks, for example. The most common reas...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-22401	why do things look so much further away in pictures?	Because the photo you took and what you're using to view that photo is physically smaller than the span your eyes saw those mountains with in person. If I draw a picture of a mountain on a piece of 8.5x11" paper, the mountain is going to be and look smaller than the real thing.	[ "in a close-up photograph of a miniature scene, the DoF is limited, and it often is impossible to have everything appear sharp even at the lens's smallest aperture. Consequently, the foreground and background are often blurred, with the blur increasing with distance above or below the center of the image. In a phot...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03069	Do red lasers consume less power than blue lasers if they are perceived as equally bright.	Well, it's got a couple of factors. First, the eye has three types of sense cells, that respond to different, overlapping parts of the [spectrum of light]( URL_1 ). Added together, the [eye is most sensitive to yellow and green light]( URL_0 ). Red and blue are much less sensitive, with blue about 2/3 the sensitivity of red. That's why green laser pointers are so awesome! However, it's far from clear that the 0.5W parameter is actually a precise measure of the photon power output. Unless we're talking about a piece of scientific equipment, it's at best an upper power limit based on extrapolation from the input electrical power. If it's not a typo, it's likely 0.5W because that's the limit above which you're a Class IV laser subject to all sorts of safety and regulatory requirements. Most laser pointers are Class IIIR, less than 0.5mW. You're talking about a Class IIIB laser, which in itself is not eye-safe and should never be "perceived" by human eyes - but since you're saying battery powered and IIIB battery powered devices are super-exotic I'm going to presume you meant 0.5mW. Either way, red pump diodes have an efficiency of about 22-32%. That means you get less than 1/3 the electrical energy you put in. For blue it's more like 15-20%. If you use the same batteries and provide the same current you might get half as many photons out of the blue laser pointer. Perceived brightness is also a function of collimation, how small the spot is, and that's another whole perception vs reality discussion.	[ "Highest powers and wavelength tunability can be reached when the frequency doubling process is resonator enhanced, resulting in Watt-class sources spanning across the visible wavelength range. For instance, in 2.6 W of output power around 400 nm were demonstrated.\n\nSection::::History.:Diode-pumped solid state la...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-24575	Why do the tips of our toe and finger nails turn white?	Isn’t it because it extends over your skin so they’re no longer “attached” directly to your skin?	[ "Protein is a building material for new nails; therefore, low dietary protein intake may cause anemia and the resultant reduced hemoglobin in the blood filling the capillaries of the nail bed reflects varying amounts of light incident on the nail matrix resulting in lighter shades of pink ultimately resulting in wh...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02665	Why is failure oftentimes followed by depression ?	Mainly because of society. A failure is a step you have to take before success. It allows you to grow and learn in order to get better. Also, success wouldn’t be as important if it wasn’t for failures.. but we only hear about the successes and never the failures when it comes to other people so we see it as a bad thing and it leads to depression. Hello fellow Frenchie btw!	[ "Failure\n\nFailure is the state or condition of not meeting a desirable or intended objective, and may be viewed as the opposite of success. Product failure ranges from failure to sell the product to fracture of the product, in the worst cases leading to personal injury, the province of forensic engineering.\n\nSe...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00355	Why can we sometimes "feel" sometimes presence when someone is looking at you?	> Why can we sometimes "feel" sometimes presence when someone is looking at you? You can't. Really, you can't. There have been studies done, there is no such sense. What does happen is people tend to somewhat regularly scan their environment visually, looking for attention from other humans. If they don't find anything they tend to forget about even looking, but if someone is looking it is a memorable event. And considering all the times other people are scanning the room checking people's sight lines it isn't astonishing that sometimes they sync up. So what you imagine is some mystical sense is a combination of normal human behavior and cognitive error.	[ "Writing after another skin conductance test in 2004 showed a negative result, Lobach & Bierman concluded that \"the staring paradigm is not the easily replicable paradigm that it is claimed to be\".\n\nSection::::Gaze detection.\n", "\"“I was in bed and about to fall asleep when I had the distinct impression tha...	[ "You can feel when someone is looking at you." ]	[ "You cannot feel when someone is looking at you." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "You can feel when someone is looking at you." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "You cannot feel when someone is looking at you." ]
2018-13339	How does salt improve plant growth?	Salt, as in table salt (sodium chloride) is not good for plants as it draws water away from them. However, minerals that help plant growth can come in the form of mineral salts, like epsom salt (magnesium sulfate). So really, it all depends what type if 'salt' you add to the soil	[ "Salt Tolerance and Disease Resistance: The genes for salt tolerance and disease resistance are also naturally found in L. mollis. In addition, this species has large spikes, strong rhizomes, and experiences vigorous growth in environments ranging from Siberia to Canada and Iceland and the northern parts of Japan.\...	[ "All salts improve plant growth.", "All salt improves plant growth." ]	[ "While table salt is not good for plants, epsom salt can aid plant growth.", "Some salt like table salt is dangerous for plants, other salt like epsom salt is good for plants." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "All salts improve plant growth.", "All salt improves plant growth." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "While table salt is not good for plants, epsom salt can aid plant growth.", "Some salt like table salt is dangerous for plants, other salt like epsom salt is good for plants." ]
2018-00352	Why are prepackaged cold cuts folded in a way that makes it difficult to remove slices?	I think they are folded to make the product volume appear larger by introducing air pockets. The breaking apart problem OP describes becomes a side effect.	[ "Section::::Benefits and limitations.\n\nWhen investigating mammalian CNS activity, slice preparation has several advantages and disadvantages when compared to in vivo study.\n", "A knife folder works by striking the paper with a knife between two rollers. This knife is not sharp enough to cut through the paper a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13173	How is it possible that my car keys unlock only my car and not all the others? Is it theoretically possible that my key could unlock a second car somewhere on the world (given I'm close by)?	Most modern cars have 3 layers of security when it comes to keys. Remote Identification, Physical Identification, and Encryption Identification. Remote identification is your keyless entry. It’s like when you yell for your mommy outside a locked room, if she recognizes your voice, she will respond and unlock the door to let you in. Voices can be similar, so if in the rare case some other kid sounds like you, she could be confused and let the wrong kid in. Physical Identification is the cut key itself, or in the case of Push Button start, the physical proximity of the key. When your mom opens the door, she would make sure you look like her child. You have a unique face but doppelgängers or your twin brother could fool her into thinking another kid is you. Encrypted Identification is the RFID chip inside the key that the immobilizer has to sense to allow the car to run. Even if you can duplicate the remote entry or physical key, the RFID reader will still need to read the encrypted code programmed to each key matches to the Immobilizer before the car is allowed to remain running for more than a few seconds. This is extremely difficult to duplicate and very short range, so the real key would need to be within a few inches of the ignition to work. It’s like your mom verifying your fingerprint or DNA to make sure you are you, even if you look and sound like her child.	[ "BULLET::::- \"\"Congratulate all the female comrades for International Day of the Woman.\"\" (Probably a simple greeting for International Women's Day on 8 March)\n\nThe moderator of an e-mail list for global numbers station hobbyists claimed that \"Someone on the Spooks list had already cracked the code for a rep...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "A car key could open multiple cars. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Multiple layers of security prevent the wrong key from opening a car. " ]
2018-03259	why when someone gets the all clear that they are cancer free they still have a high chance to get it back?	Because we're never totally sure that every cancerous cell is out of your body and that another tumor won't form.	[ "Western conceptions of patients' rights for people with cancer include a duty to fully disclose the medical situation to the person, and the right to engage in shared decision-making in a way that respects the person's own values. In other cultures, other rights and values are preferred. For example, most African ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-14565	How can a particle have non-integer spin? (e.g. electrons) I thought quantamization refereed to possibility of only whole numbers value possible.	Quantization doesn't necessarily mean whole numbers for everything. It means that everything goes in discrete steps, in other words, quantized properties are like rungs on a ladder, and you have to be on a rung. Now if we start labeling where those rungs are, there's nothing to stop us from labeling them with half numbers. This works out nicely with electron spins. They don't ever have a spin of 0, rather they always have an angular momentum. So if we use +1/2 and -1/2, there is a step between those two possible spins of 1.	[ "where is the Planck constant and is the reduced Planck constant. In contrast, orbital angular momentum can only take on integer values of ; i.e., even-numbered values of .\n\nSection::::Quantum number.:Fermions and bosons.\n", "BULLET::::- The Â genus of a spin manifold is an integer, and is an even integer if i...	[ "Quantization refers to only whole numbers. ", "Quantamization refers to the possibility of only whole number values being possible." ]	[ "Quantization refers to discrete steps, not only whole numbers.", "Quantization doesn't necessarily mean whole numbers for everything." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Quantization refers to only whole numbers. ", "Quantamization refers to the possibility of only whole number values being possible." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Quantization refers to discrete steps, not only whole numbers.", "Quantization doesn't necessarily mean whole numbers for everything." ]
2018-24130	Biological difference of a smart person	Intelligence research is able to draw some pretty solid conclusions about the neural bases of intelligence. With MRI testing, it has been established that intelligence is highly correlated with the amount of frontal grey matter. The lateral prefrontal cortex is consistently activated during intelligence testing. Frontal and parietal brain regions, the memory centers, are also activated under test conditions. The ability to (1) recall facts and (2) connect facts to draw new inferences? That's a big part of intelligence.	[ "BULLET::::- Bacon remarks that with respect to philosophy and science, there are two radically different types of minds. These manifest \"idola specus\" in different ways, but both suffer from it. Some \"steady and acute\" minds are \"stronger and apter to mark the differences of things\", fixing upon \"the subtle...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03639	With gold prices relatively much higher now than in the past compared to the cost of living, why are there very few individual gold panning/mining operations in e.g. California like the gold rush in the past?	Because humans have been extracting gold from the crust of the Earth for a very long time. That doesn't mean it is all gone, but it does mean that what is left is the stuff that was hardest to get to. Since it is harder to get to, on average it costs a good deal more per ounce to mine it. So unless a site is particularly rich in gold, it isn't really worthwhile.	[ "With the advent of cyanide heap leaching—a method of extracting gold from what was previously considered very low-grade ore—the next boom was on. Many companies processed the massive piles of \"overburden\" that had been removed from copper mines, or expanded the existing open-pit mines to extract the gold ore. Go...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01209	Why after a long day you're tired but feel "okay" and go to sleep for 3 hours and then feel way worse than you did when you originally went to sleep? Why does your body not build off that already "okay" feeling and feel more rested?	When you sleep your brain goes through different brain wave cycles. When you wake up, your brain might still be on deep sleep brain waves, ever woken up and been totally paralyzed? That's because you're brain is still in deep sleep. This is also why when an alarm or something wakes us up, we usually don't feel refreshed straight away. But if we wake up when we feel like we usually do feel good. So basically, your brain needs sleep and it will feel better when you wake up but it might take a few minutes.	[ "Sleep is known to be cumulative. This means that the fatigue and sleep one lost as a result, for example, staying awake all night, would be carried over to the following day. Not getting enough sleep a couple days cumulatively builds up a deficiency and that's when all the symptoms of sleep deprivation come in. Wh...	[ "Should feel better after a few hours of rest.", "If you feel fine before sleeping and sleep for a short period of time, you should never feel worse if you already felt fine." ]	[ "Body sleeps in cycles and you need to complete a full cycle to feel rested otherwise you will feel tired. ", "It is possible for the brain to still be in a deep sleep cycle, when waking up prematurely it can cause irritation, it's best to sleep again to feel better. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Should feel better after a few hours of rest.", "If you feel fine before sleeping and sleep for a short period of time, you should never feel worse if you already felt fine." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Body sleeps in cycles and you need to complete a full cycle to feel rested otherwise you will feel tired. ", "It is possible for the brain to still be in a deep sleep cycle, when waking up prematurely it can cause irritation, it's best to sleep again to feel better. " ]
2018-03715	How do engineers get different amounts of horsepower out of engines that have the same number of cylinders without adding turbochargers etc?	The cylinder count isn't what defines the power, the displacement has a far large effect on power than cylinder count does. There are a bunch of knobs that can be turned to dial in the performance of an engine. Cylinder aspect ratio, engine displacement, cylinder count, piston weight, and valve timing all have significant impacts. An engine with 6 small skinny cylinders with light weight pistons can get up to extremely high RPMs and generate a ton of power as seen in F1 engines. Its going to be stupid expensive and short lived but it'll do it An engine with 8 big fatter cylinders with heavier pistons is going to be a much larger engine and can't put out as much power as the super fast one, but will put out good numbers while having good longevity as seen in many V8s out there.	[ "Section::::Wickström engine production.\n", "The quantity of power unit components a driver may use during the season was reduced from four complete power units during the entire season in 2017 to a new system where each of the power unit components is considered separately. Therefore, in 2018, each driver is pe...	[ "Engines with the same number of cylinders should have the same amount of horsepower." ]	[ "The displacement is more important for power than the number of cylinders." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Engines with the same number of cylinders should have the same amount of horsepower." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The displacement is more important for power than the number of cylinders." ]
2018-06166	Why does Earth's armosphere glow blue in pictures taken from space?	It is the same reson that the sky is blue from the ground. The atmosphere scatter the blue light more then the other colors so it looks blue. The amount of scattering depend on the wavelength of light. Blue scatter most and red on the others side of the spectrum scatter the least. Is is the same reason that a sun set looks looks red/orange. The light passes trough more atmosphere when it is low so more light is scattered. The result is that the light that reaches you is primary red/orange..	[ "BULLET::::- Blue: At yet lower altitudes, atomic oxygen is uncommon, and molecular nitrogen and ionized molecular nitrogen take over in producing visible light emission, radiating at a large number of wavelengths in both red and blue parts of the spectrum, with 428 nm (blue) being dominant. Blue and purple emissio...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Sky glows blue when photographed from out space." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Sky is blue due to scattering of blue light." ]
2018-07133	How plastic from TidePods dissolves in the wash	The plastic is a specific polymer that dissolves easily in water called poly$vinyl alcohol$. It's covered in alcohol groups $an oxygen atom bound to a hydrogen atom$ that look a lot like water, and help the polymer dissolve. In the pod, the polymer chains are stuck together in a plastic mass. When they are exposed to water, the polymer would rather interact with the water. As the polymer chain gets surrounded by more and more water molecules, it get separated from the plastic mass around the pod and dissolves into the wash. This polymer loves water so much that you should be sure your hands are very dry before handling the pods, or you could soften the pod so much they develop holes or stick together.	[ "Waterlogging commonly occurs over a long period of time in polystyrene foams that are constantly exposed to high humidity or are continuously immersed in water, such as in hot tub covers, in floating docks, as supplemental flotation under boat seats, and for below-grade exterior building insulation constantly expo...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00544	If there is a finite amount of water on Earth, would the Biblical global flood be possible?	No, not given the current water supply and the current rough terrain of the land. Even if all the ice in the world melted, and all the rain fell, the seas would not rise enough to cover nearly all the land.	[ "Though the vapor-canopy theory has fallen into disfavour among most creationists, Dillow in 1981 and Vardiman in 2003 attempted to defend the idea. Among its more vocal adherents, controversial Young Earth Creationist Kent Hovind uses it as the basis for his eponymous \"Hovind Theory\". Jehovah's Witnesses propose...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03163	Why are you supposed to pump your brakes when you are going to jump start a dead car?	Nothing fancy -- you just want to make sure the brakes are on so the car doesn't move when the engine starts. And with no vacuum pressure from the engine, it's harder to set the brakes on.	[ "A vehicle with a manual transmission may be push started. This requires caution while pushing the vehicle and may require the assistance of several persons or another vehicle. If the vehicle battery cannot provide power to the ignition system, push starting may be ineffective. Most vehicles with automatic transmis...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03429	why are mens feelings and mental health not taken more seriously in an abortion scenario?	I've always looked at it like this. Of course a man's wishes should be heard. But that gives you a democracy of two. That creates an obvious problem. How to break ties when each wants something different. Since it is the woman's body being affected she has more stake in the matter so she breaks the tie. Well if you break down the decision tree then, if both are in agreement the woman gets her wish, if both are not in agreement, the woman still gets her wish. So you might as well just say the woman gets her wish.	[ "Current evidence finds no relationship between most induced abortions and mental-health problems other than those expected for any unwanted pregnancy. A report by the American Psychological Association concluded that a woman's first abortion is not a threat to mental health when carried out in the first trimester,...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-16774	How do whales not die of dehydration? Do they drink salt water?	Whales and dolphins don't usually drink water. They can get enough water from breaking down body fat (metabolic water) or through the food they eat. Marine mammals in general do have kidneys that can extract salt much better than ours. Seals/sea lions for example can have urine that is many times more salty than seawater, allowing them to hydrate by drinking sea water. However, like I said before, marine mammals tend to get a lot fo their water through their food and fat.	[ "Baleen whales have a small, yet functional, vomeronasal organ. This allows baleen whales to detect chemicals and pheromones released by their prey. It is thought that 'tasting' the water is important for finding prey and tracking down other whales. They are believed to have an impaired sense of smell due to the la...	[ "Whales might lack enough hydration because their environment is salt water." ]	[ "Whales don't usually drink water and can get enough water from breaking down body fat or through food." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Whales might lack enough hydration because their environment is salt water.", "Whales might lack enough hydration because their environment is salt water." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Whales don't usually drink water and can get enough water from breaking down body fat or through food.", "Whales don't usually drink water and can get enough water from breaking down body fat or through food." ]
2018-04464	Why can't endangered mammal species like the giant panda be artificially inseminated like cattle and other livestock?	Artificial insemination is used all the time, but you get one chance per female panda per year and that's it. If the female panda does not become pregnant, you have to wait an entire year for her 24 hour fertility window to roll back around. Panda fetuses are so small and panda moms are such pregnancy ninjas that it is very hard to tell if a panda is pregnant. Sometimes you don't know until a baby panda appears, and then they die at a rate of about 30%. tldr; Pandas make poor candidates for Handmaid's-Tale-style breeding programs.	[ "Section::::New technologies.:Interspecific pregnancy.\n\nA potential technique for aiding in reproduction of endangered species is interspecific pregnancy, implanting embryos of an endangered species into the womb of a female of a related species, carrying it to term. It has been used for the Spanish Ibex and Houb...	[ "Can't artificially inseminate endangered animals to increase numbers." ]	[ "You can, it just doesn't work well for those situations." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Can't artificially inseminate endangered animals to increase numbers." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "You can, it just doesn't work well for those situations." ]
2018-04053	How do countries loan money to other countries?	Most of it is done through bonds. In your example, Canada would announce there are issuing bonds, each one will be worth $1000 CAD in 20 years. There would then auction them off. Anyone, countries, corporations, individuals, would bid on them, and they would sell for maybe $500, give them a yield of about 3.5% a year. Note that Canada is not borrowing money from anyone in particular. They are offering a few million bonds, and whoever buys them, they are the lender.	[ "The recipient government is also then left with the original payment in its domestic currency. These payments are amalgamated into a fund that is used to further fund development. This can take the form of investments in infrastructure or industry, paying down the debt or deficit, or stabilizing the currency. The ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-10317	What does it mean when we say the universe is expanding?	First you need to understand that space is a thing that exist, it's not just vacuum. Human usually understand concept that they can relate to an experience they have in the world we exist, but what space really is, is outside of the human experience, so it's hard for some people to understand it. It's too abstract. But basically, space is where matter exist. So you have gravity that pull matter toward each other. But there is also another force that we call Dark Energy, that is not really well known, but the effect of that Dark Energy is that it stretch space, expending it. And the expanding space, drag matter along with it. The stretching is really small, and the closer two point in space are, the smaller the stretching. At the same time, the closer two mass are from each other the stronger the gravity between them is stronger. So at the scale of the universe the distance between star in a galaxy and even the distance between the two galaxies that are close by, the gravity is far more stronger, than the stretching of space. But in long distance in the scale of the universe like the distance between far away galaxy add up and become stronger than the gravity between those galaxies, which make them go further away from each other. We can only observe a portion of the Universe, beyond that we don't know. Is space infinite, but continue to expand even more. Does it expand inside of something else? What would be that something? We can only make hypothesis about that, because we can't observe it and maybe we will never be able to observe it.	[ "Based on large quantities of experimental observation and theoretical work, the scientific consensus is that \"space itself is expanding\", and that it expanded very rapidly within the first fraction of a second after the Big Bang. This kind of expansion is known as \"metric expansion\". In mathematics and physics...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03980	With plastic being known as one of the worst things for the environment, why has Snapple begun proudly advertising their new "glass" bottles as really being plastic?	Unfortunately, environmentalism is complex. It could be made easier if we simply accounted for Carbon directly with a carbon tax. Glass is a very efficiently recycled material. It is also easy to reuse. However, it most often ends up in landfills and is much heavier and required much more material than plastic. Plastic is actually recycled more often than glass and can be freighted without using as much fuel owing to the lower weight.	[ "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Despite its positioning as a mature market product, glass does enjoy a high level of consumer acceptance and is perceived as a \"premium\" quality packaging format.\n\nSection::::Glass container production.:Lifecycle impact.\n\nGlass containers are wholly recyclable and the glass industri...	[ "Plastic is the worst thing for the environment.", "If plastic is considered one of the worst things for the environment, Snapple should not be using plastic bottles, instead of plastic. " ]	[ "It is more complex than plastic is worse than glass. The process of how it gets reused is important. Also how it gets transported. Plastic can be transported using less fuel. ", "While plastic is bad for the environment, it is more effecient to use and are easily reused, compared to glass. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Plastic is the worst thing for the environment.", "If plastic is considered one of the worst things for the environment, Snapple should not be using plastic bottles, instead of plastic. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "It is more complex than plastic is worse than glass. The process of how it gets reused is important. Also how it gets transported. Plastic can be transported using less fuel. ", "While plastic is bad for the environment, it is more effecient to use and are easily reused, compared to glass. " ]
2018-04966	How do linguists figure out how ancient languages sounded like, and by extension, how languages are related?	They consider the sound shifts between related languages and extrapolate backwards in time, using the calculated rates and patterns of sound changes over time. Vocabulary in hypothesized proto-languages is denoted by * before the word. You'll see more * words than non-* words. Proto-languages are really only hypothesized based on this historical comparison. There's a limit on how far back a language family can be reconstructed because of the rate of change. So far afaik reconstruction can only go back about 6,000 years. That's why Nostratic, Proto-World/Proto-Human and other more ancient proto-languages can't be reconstructed.	[ "Section::::Demonstrating genetic relationship.:Origin and development of the method.\n\nLanguages have been compared since antiquity. For example, in the 1st century BC the Romans were aware of the similarities between Greek and Latin, which they explained mythologically, as the result of Rome being a Greek colony...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21432	Why can foreign car companies like Honda (Japanese), Volkswagen (German), and Hyundai (South Korean) make successful sedan-type cars in the United States, but domestic companies GM and Ford struggle to make good-selling sedans.	There's a columnist in Bloomberg [who argues]( URL_0 ) that during the oil embargo in the 1970s Americans turned to fuel efficient sedans like Hondas, and were impressed with how infrequently they broke down. When the Big Three in the US tried to catch up, their sedans were trash. They got better, but : > The Big Three have never been able to convince the reviewers — or, more importantly, the car-buying public — that their sedans were as good as their Japanese competition. To put it another way, the American car companies have never been able to shed the reputation they gained in the 1970s for making lousy sedans. I experienced this bias when I was buying a new car after driving American my whole life. Choice between the Chevy Cobalt and a Honda Civic, and I went with No 2 because of the reputation for longevity and gas mileage. 14 years later, the old beast is still with me, and I believe I may die before it does.	[ "Others, such as the Honda Fit, Honda S2000, Acura TSX, and Acura RL, were imported from Japan. Some vehicles, such as the older CR-V (in the eastern United States) and the Civic SI hatchback, were imported from the UK. Some Accord passenger cars were imported from Mexico and starting from 2008 all CR-V's sold in t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23456	why does our brain hear lanny or Yaurel based on what we see that is written and how does it work ?	I believe the frequency is different for both voices and your age/hearing ability affects which one you hear. Laurel if you’re on the older side of things. Like how older people cannot here a mosquito device used to deter teens	[ "Sounds that are found in words are called embedded sounds and these sounds are the causation of auditory illusions. These sounds can be recreated simply by changing how you form your mouth while saying the word; same word yet someone could hear two different sounds. For example, if someone is looking at two differ...	[ "Humans hear lanny or Yaurel based off of what we see that is written." ]	[ "Not every human hears the same, age and hearing ability will determine what is heard." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Humans hear lanny or Yaurel based off of what we see that is written.", "Humans hear lanny or Yaurel based off of what we see that is written." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Not every human hears the same, age and hearing ability will determine what is heard.", "Not every human hears the same, age and hearing ability will determine what is heard." ]
2018-00814	How do apps such as Hq Trivia earn profit from giving away money everyday? Where are they getting this money from?	They don't make ANY money... yet. HQ is run by the same people that founded Vine. They're burning through venture capital money right now in an attempt to get as many users as possible. This is similar to the business model used by Venmo, by the way. Once they have a ton of users, they'll figure out a way to make money off of them. But they're not spending money that quickly, and they're getting tons of users. Eventually, they'll start running ads, like other internet companies.	[ "HQ Trivia has partnered with Nike, Wendy's, Warner Bros. and other organisations to promote products and movies such as \"Rampage\", \"\" and \"The Lego Movie 2\". Special modes of game-play have included formats such as \"Winner Takes All\" and \"The 100\".\n", "On May 31, 2018, HQ introduced HQ Sports, a spino...	[ "HQ Trivia is making money.", "The business HQ Trivia is profitable, despite them giving away money. " ]	[ "They are not making money.", "HQ Trivia is not a profitable business and they are indeed currently losing money. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "HQ Trivia is making money.", "The business HQ Trivia is profitable, despite them giving away money. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "They are not making money.", "HQ Trivia is not a profitable business and they are indeed currently losing money. " ]
2018-24331	Did Native Americans not have plagues?	There wasn't an American plague that was given to the Europeans. Plagues like the ones that decimated the Native Americans. This comes from a few facts, but the really basic thing that stands out is that the germs that cause deadly plagues are a result of an accidental mutation in a disease that normally inhabits another species of animal; this hop is rare, but the chances go way up if you expose a whole lot of animals to a whole lot of people. This happened in Europe because Europe, out of everywhere in the world, won the domesticated animals contest. In North America specifically, there simply weren't a lot of animals that could be domesticated (there are reasons that out of the millions of species of animals that exist, we've domesticated maybe 13 if you really stretch, across the whole of human existence: Cow, pig, sheep, chicken, dog, cat, ~~ox~~ donkey, horse, llama, camel, yak, honey bee, silk worm. That's about it, at least for the colonial era; As we've gotten more technology, we can domesticate tougher-to-domesticate animals (like just in the last couple decades we can finally start domesticating buffalo/bison). The fact that we Europeans could domesticate pigs and sheep and cows and goats, meant they could settle in one place rather than nomadically hunt for food, which made planting crops desirable, which leads to more food, which leads to more people, and more domestication, then more food, then more food, and boom, a city. Another part of plagues is that they need to spread quickly to kill quickly, and old European cities were fertile breeding grounds of horrible sanitation and open meat markets before refrigeration. [This video]( URL_0 ) goes into more depth and explains it in a more complete way, and there's a follow-up that goes into why animals in America were less helpful in domestication. EDIT: TIL that an ox is just a male (sterilized) cow. For whatever reason I thought they were like an offshoot of yaks.	[ "In the first half of the 17th century, the Great Plague of Milan claimed some 1.7 million victims in Italy, or about 14% of the population. In 1656, the plague killed about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants. More than 1.25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century Spain. The pl...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03994	How do companies finance the purchasing of other companies?	Generally they buy them in in a combination of stock and cash. That means the owners of the company getting bought get some cold hard cash, plus some shares of the new company. In your example, Disney bought Lucas films for about $4B. It was about half in Disney stock and half cash. The mixture of stock and cash can vary heavily in a purchase. Sometimes its a full cash purchase, sometimes its a full stock purchase, other times, as in the example above, its a combination. In another cool Disney example, when Disney bought Pixar, it was all stock. Disney bought Pixar for about $7B in stock. The largest shareholder of Pixar, Steve Jobs (yes that Steve Jobs), since there was so much stock being exchanged, immediately became one of the largest private shareholders of Disney, owning close to 10% of the company (actually I believe he was the largest shareholder, and stayed that way until after his passing, his wife lowered their stake below 5%)	[ "Payment in the form of the acquiring company's stock, issued to the shareholders of the acquired company at a given ratio proportional to the valuation of the latter. They receive stock in the company that is purchasing the smaller subsidiary.\n\nSection::::Financing.:Financing options.\n", "Purchase price alloc...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01068	How does the electric company measure how much electricity you are using during different times of the day. (peak vs non peak hours) If they only read it once a month.	If they're billing you for power you're using at different times of day then they are either reading it multiple times per day or they have a smart meter that is storing the data and being read out once a month Old power meters were dumb, they were just a dial that spun up quicker the more power you used. Modern power meters have communication built in. Some communicate via 4G and cell towers, others communicate over the powerlines using a system like TWACS. If they read your meter at the beginning and end of peak hours then they know how much you used during peak. If they use 4G to send back hourly readings then they can give you a graph of how much power you used each hour. The alternative solution is a smart meter that records the data and then someone plugs into once a month, but systems like TWACS and 4G are preferred because you no longer need a dude driving around in a truck just to read meters.	[ "Larger local authorities tend to trade their unmetered energy on a half-hourly basis. To do so, they employ a meter administrator who will use daily data from a photo-electric control unit (PECU) array which is then used to calculate the energy consumption. A PECU array is a device that holds a representative numb...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-16637	I've read the wiki, but still need it dubbed down. What does "right to work" mean? I'm from Kansas, which is a right to work state, but I still don't understand it.	Workers unions work best when most or all of the workers at any particular business have joined the union, because this allows all of the workers to negotiate with the business as one group, which tends to result in better outcomes for those workers, like better pay, better benefits, better pensions, and more protections. One of the best ways a union can enforce that is by negotiating a contract with the business where it's agreed that the business will only hire people who join the union. These "right to work" laws do not actually create any substantial right to work or pay, but they do make those sorts of contracts illegal. It's just called a "right to work" because that sounds a lot better than banning union security agreements.	[ "Right to work\n\nThe right to work is the concept that people have a human right to work, or engage in productive employment, and may not be prevented from doing so. The right to work is enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law through its inclusion in...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-15862	Why exactly does the toilet bowl get dirty over time (like the ring around the water)	Not all of the line at the edge of the water is bacteria. In the water the city provides there are metals and other things that actually give the water a certain taste. (Distilled water tastes different than tap) the lining on the edge of the water is a combination of bacteria and leftover stuff from the water evaporating. If your house gets it's water from a well that's rich in iron, you'll see a slightly rust colored ring at the edge	[ "Tired of being bossed around by his brother (Gobble), who is extremely overweight and spends his whole time lying in bed watching TV and eating junk food, while he just spends the whole day working, a young man runs away from home; when he stops at a toilet block, he gets locked in. The messages in the graffiti wr...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-08136	why are humans seemingly the only species that appreciate/understand music and more specifically, rhythm?	There was a study done on shelter dogs - they slept longer and barked less when classical music played, compared to no music. Also, some guys composed music specifically so cats would like it. The same guys did music for monkeys too. Cows produce more milk when music is played consistently at milking time. Elephants can keep a drum beat better than an average person. Also birds. Just, in general.	[ "Snowden and Teie created species-specific music and tested it on cotton-top tamarins, \"Saguinus oedipus\" at the University of Wisconsin. The results of this study, indicated that species-specific music was the most effective music to elicit a response. There have also been cases where composers have performed wi...	[ "Humans are the only species that appreciate/understand music and more specifically, rhythm.", "Only humans enjoy music." ]	[ "Humans are not the only species that appreciate/understand music and more specifically, rhythm; dogs, cats, monkeys, cows, elephants and birds also appreciate music.", "Other animals such as dogs, cats, cows, and elephants have shown positive reactions to music." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Humans are the only species that appreciate/understand music and more specifically, rhythm.", "Only humans enjoy music." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Humans are not the only species that appreciate/understand music and more specifically, rhythm; dogs, cats, monkeys, cows, elephants and birds also appreciate music.", "Other animals such as dogs, cats, cows, and elephants have shown positive reactions to music." ]
2018-03221	how does fusion of atoms cause a huge explosion in a nuclear weapon?	There are two kinds of nuclear weapons fission and fusion bombs. Fission bombs work by taking a mass of a super-heavy element like Uranium or Plutonium and putting it in a super critical state. Basically you shoot a lump of uranium into another (the gun method) or more commonly detonate explosives to suddenly compress the Uranium uniformly. This causes an out of control reaction where the atoms break apart become lighter elements. The released free neutrons smash into other atoms smashing them as well in a process called a chain-reaction. As atoms break apart they release energy. The famous equation E=MC^2 defines that the amount of energy released from matter in this reaction is equal to its Mass x the speed of light Squared. Which is a HUGE amount of energy. Fusion bombs work by fusing small amount of Hydrogen gas into Helium. They typical work but putting a small amount of hydrogen at the core of a Fission bomb to trigger the nuclear fusion. As lighter elements like hydrogen fuse energy is released E=MC^2. This is the mechanism that our sun operates by. The key difference is that lighter elements release energy when they fuse, while heavier elements like Uranium require more energy inputed into them to cause fusion than they release. And the opposite is true. Uranium releases energy as it breaks down, while Helium for instance would require the input of energy to be broken down. The tipping point for this on the Periodic Table is Iron. Iron is the lightest element that requires more energy to cause fusion than it releases. Once a star starts to make Iron at it's core it dies because it can no longer produce enough energy to counter it's own gravity. The largest stars explode as a result of this, causing a super nova. The release of energy during a super nova is what creates elements heavier than iron. URL_0	[ "BULLET::::2. Energy released in the primary stage is transferred to the secondary (or fusion) stage. The exact mechanism whereby this happens is highly classified. This energy compresses the fusion fuel and sparkplug; the compressed sparkplug becomes critical and undergoes a fission chain reaction, further heating...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04218	Does washing hands with hot water really get them any cleaner than washing with warm/cold water?	After a quick google search, I have found that there have been many studies about this, and all of them have concluded that washing with cold water is just as effective as washing with hot water.	[ "Hot water that is comfortable for washing hands is not hot enough to kill bacteria. Bacteria grow much faster at body temperature (37 C). However, warm, soapy water is more effective than cold, soapy water at removing natural oils which hold soils and bacteria. Contrary to popular belief however, scientific studie...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-16579	How and why do certain cities/states impose stricter gun laws than others?	The Bill of Rights isnt absolute, there are limits. For example, shouting "Fire!" in a theater isnt protected Free Speech. Also, the US was set up to try and retain as much local control over the government as possible, so the courts were giving the right to interpret laws. So, the Founders knew that just because people in one region were OK with something other regions may not.	[ "Examples of local laws: NYC, for example, limits the color of all guns and bans all BB guns, paintball guns and pellet guns. Yonkers requires a handgun license before one may ask for a license to own a BB or pellet handgun.\n", "BULLET::::- Some states have state preemption for some or all gun laws, which means ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03807	Why can’t certain pets of the same species be housed together without being aggressive towards each other? How can these animals safely breed if they can’t be housed together as pets?	Hamsters live in parts of the world where they have to roam a relatively large area to find enough food, desert-like areas. In the wild hamsters can't afford to live together in numbers because there isn't enough food nearby to support them all. Aggression towards each other is their way of ensuring they space out. That said, males and females treat each other differently than groups of females or males. A male and female as pets would get along great together... a little too great. In the wild, a typical social structure for hamsters would be females each living in small territories that don't, or slightly, overlap, and males guarding a larger territory against other males, covering the territory of several females.	[ "Commonly affected breeds include:\n\nBULLET::::- Alaskan Klee Kai\n\nBULLET::::- Boxer\n\nBULLET::::- Chihuahua\n\nBULLET::::- Dachshund (miniature)\n\nBULLET::::- Bulldog\n\nBULLET::::- Maltese\n\nBULLET::::- Miniature Schnauzer\n\nBULLET::::- Pekingese\n\nBULLET::::- Pomeranian\n\nBULLET::::- Poodle (toy and min...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Pets of same species cannot be housed together." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "They canbe housed together. They will likely mate. In the wile it is different because they haveto protect their food territory. " ]
2018-22266	How do people Smooth out ice in Downhill Ice Skating?	The same way they make bobsled and luge runs. The ice isn't very thick, and you apply it with a mister or similar slow application method. Each layer freezes before you put the next one on, and freezes so quickly it doesn't have time to slide downhill. Zambonis do that as well, but since the rink is flat and horizontal they can put more water down and rely on the water's ability to self-level.	[ "Because the offsets are relatively small in slalom, ski racers take a fairly direct line and often knock the poles out of the way as they pass, which is known as blocking. (The main blocking technique in modern slalom is cross-blocking, in which the skier takes such a tight line and angulates so strongly that he o...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04797	Why do "rolling stretches" (ie rolling a lacrosse ball under your foot) hurt so good?	This practice results in a “myofascial release”. Fascia is a thin layer of tissue that surrounds muscles, you may have come across a film-like substance around a chicken breast —not the skin. Muscles that are tight or contracted may be relieved through rolling on a lacrosse ball or stretching as you mention, increasing blood flow and relaxing contracted muscles by stretching the fascia. The reason it hurts initially is because the muscles are being forced to extend/flex more than they are accustomed to.	[ "While necessary for sports and ordinary motions, this protective reaction is counterproductive for stretching, i.e., lengthening muscles.\n\nSection::::A history of active stretching.\n\nBULLET::::1. Sir Charles Sherrington conceptualized the principle of reciprocal innervation circa 1904 and demonstrated it circa...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-20392	Why do wild fires like the one in California start and how are they controlled?	Because it is too dry in the summer. You need dry conditions. There is no rain in the summer. Towards the end of the summer, the temperature drops. Differences in temperature = differences in air pressure. The atmosphere attempts to balance the air pressure. This causes wind. It allows fires to spread extremely quickly. The differences in temperature create moisture, like condensation too. This moisture is enough to cause a spark on a power line. It's been dry for months. Spark start fire. Wind fuels it and spreads it so fast that by the time some counties are aware of the fire, it's too late and they just need to get out.	[ "Bush fires, forest fires, and mine fires are generally started by lightning, but also by human negligence or arson. They can burn thousands of square kilometers. If a fire intensifies enough to produce its own winds and \"weather\", it will form into a firestorm. A good example of a mine fire is the one near Centr...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00029	Why does the speed of sound vary at different temperatures?	Sound is created by vibrations in the air. The warmer that air is, the less dense it is, and thus the slower it can pass sounds, because the molecules are farther apart and take longer to bounce off each other to pass along the sound. Other factors: altitude and gas composition(though that really varies very little throughout the globe)	[ "In the Earth's atmosphere, the chief factor affecting the speed of sound is the temperature. For a given ideal gas with constant heat capacity and composition, the speed of sound is dependent \"solely\" upon temperature; see Details below. In such an ideal case, the effects of decreased density and decreased press...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04480	Why are certain words put inside brackets when someone is being quoted?	the speaker didn’t say those words, the writer added them in so you would know what they meant. for example if i’m being interviewed & say “he scored 30 points”, the reader isn’t going to know who i’m talking about, so the article might say “[Lebron] scored 30 points”	[ "When quoted material is in any way altered, the alterations are enclosed in square brackets within the quotation. For example: Plaintiff asserts his cause is just, stating, \"[m]y causes is just.\" Although in the original quoted sentence the word \"my\" was capitalized, it has been modified in the quotation and ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13586	How do certain medications cause people to gain weight?	Often it simply slows down the person's metabolism (rate at which the person uses energy), which means that food that is eaten is more likely to be stored as excess weight.	[ "BULLET::::- Interference with the body's ability to absorb specific nutrients in food. For example, Orlistat (also known as Xenical and Alli) blocks fat breakdown and thereby prevents fat absorption. The OTC fiber supplements glucomannan and guar gum have been used for the purpose of inhibiting digestion and lower...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00606	is it healthier to eat an entire pizza at once, or spread out over several meals? Or is it the same?	It's a bit worse all at once, because you will get a sugar rush followed by an insulin crash. This is the sort of thing that can contribute to Type II diabetes. Also it gets you in the habit of not stopping when full.	[ "Frequent pizza eaters in Italy have been found to have a relatively low incidence of cardiovascular disease and digestive tract cancers relative to infrequent pizza eaters, although the nature of the correlation between pizza and such perceived benefits is unclear. Pizza consumption in Italy might only indicate ad...	[ "Healthier to eat entire pizza at once." ]	[ "It is less healthy to eat a whole pizza at once. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Healthier to eat entire pizza at once." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It is less healthy to eat a whole pizza at once. " ]
2018-09602	If fish are cold-blooded how do they move so quickly in ice-cold water?	There are different methods depending on the fish species. Some are adapted to the colder water, their body's proteins most efficient at the lower temperature. They can idly swim and save energy for short bursts of speed when needed. Combine that with colder water often holding more oxygen and it can be quite the system. Some fish, such as tuna and some sharks, have a form of warm-bloodedness. They use the heat created from moving their muscles to raise their body temperature above the surrounding water. The fastest fish in the world use this method. It's also why tuna steaks are such a deep red.	[ "Further studies on animals that were traditionally assumed to be cold-blooded have shown that most creatures incorporate different variations of the three terms defined above, along with their counterparts (ectothermy, poikilothermy, and bradymetabolism), thus creating a broad spectrum of body temperature types. S...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04410	Plastic, glass, or can? What is the most eco-friendly material to sell drinks in?	Can. Metal is the most easily recyclable material. Plastics degrade over time and can only be recycled a limited number of times, as well as mixing types can weaken products or produce unwanted qualities Glass is more easily recycled, but mixed colored glass can be a challenge Metals, especially aluminum, can be easily sorted and melted down without much processing	[ "BULLET::::- All gifts and prizes are in keeping with the \"green\" theme - practical gift certificates, durable items made from recycled materials, donations to environmental organizations, unbleached cotton T-shirts or shopping bags, books etc..\n\nSection::::General office practices.:Checklist of food and bevera...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13673	why are there words in the English language containing silence letter(s), what is the purpose of these silence letter (s)?	A lot of them represent the way we used to say things. Spoken language and pronunciation has evolved but spelling hasn't.	[ "There are two silences. One when no word is spoken. The other when perhaps a torrent of language is being employed. This speech is speaking of a language locked beneath it. That is its continual reference. The speech we hear is an indication of that which we don't hear. It is a necessary avoidance, a violent, sly,...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-14949	Why does your ear ache when your tooth/teeth are in pain?	The body isn't like super well designed, so the nerve fibres that sense pain from your teeth will travel up towards your brain and connect with nerve fibres that come from your ear. Sometimes when you get tooth pain, the pain is 'referred' to the ear, meaning the brain gets tricked into thinking that the pain also comes from the ear, so it radiates there.	[ "Many different nerves provide sensation to the various parts of the ear, including cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), and the great auricular nerve (cervical nerves C2-C3). These nerves also supply other parts of the body, from the mouth to the chest and abdomen. Irr...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04254	Why do certain high end products require you to call them for pricing?	Because if you saw the price you’d be turned off to it. If you call they can sell you on it and make you feel good about spending lots of money on something you probably don’t need.	[ "Value-based pricing have many effects on the business and consumer of the product. Value-based pricing is a fundamental business activity and is the process of developing product strategies and pricing them properly to establish the product within the market. This is a key concept for a relatively new product with...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-18918	What is the difference between City Court, High Court, and Supreme Court, and how is it decided which trials are held where?	There are different courts that hold jurisdiction over different cases. City Court holds jurisdiction over anything within the city limits. A county magistrate would hold jurisdiction over misdemeanors within that county. A general sessions court (in assuming that's what you mean by high Court) handles felonies within that county. The Supreme Court of the state you are in is the highest appellate court in that state. Appellate courts do not hear criminal cases in the manner that other courts do. They best appeals from lower courts and trial courts and rule on whether or not the lower court or trial ruled correctly in the case in question as it pertains to matters of law. Edit: the names of the courts will vary depending on the state but that is the basic structure for the US.	[ "The Supreme Court of the State of New York is radically different from similarly named courts in nearly all other states. It is the trial court of general jurisdiction, not the highest court in the state. In New York City, there are five venues for Supreme Court, one in each of New York City's five counties, which...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-11320	Why do digital copies of books or games cost the same as physical copies when we're helping them avoid the cost of production / shipping / warehousing?	Because the cost isn't an indication of how much it costs to produce. It's dictated by how much you're willing to pay based on how much entertainment it brings you.	[ "Within the electronic book path, the publishing house's role remains almost identical. The process of preparing a book for e-book publication is exactly the same as print publication, with only minor variations in the process to account for the different mediums of publishing. While some costs, such as the discoun...	[ "Digital copies of content should be cheaper than physical copies because there is no production and shipping involved.", "Digital copies of content should be cheaper than physical copies because there is no production and shipping involved." ]	[ "The value of content is set by the content creator and can be influenced by how much they think the consumer will pay.", "The value of content is set by the content creator and can be influenced by how much they think the consumer will pay." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Digital copies of content should be cheaper than physical copies because there is no production and shipping involved.", "Digital copies of content should be cheaper than physical copies because there is no production and shipping involved.", "Digital copies of content should be cheaper than physical copies be...	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The value of content is set by the content creator and can be influenced by how much they think the consumer will pay.", "The value of content is set by the content creator and can be influenced by how much they think the consumer will pay.", "The value of content is set by the content creator and can be influ...
2018-02991	How does acid stay in a person’s stomach after death and not begin to immediately eat away at the body?	Technically it does start eating away at the body when you die. It always does, which is why our stomach lining is constantly replenishing itself. However, stomach acid and bile aren't so potent that they'd burn a hole right through you, so our thick stomach walls get eaten away slowly in time with normal anaerobic decay and such.	[ "If these operations are performed in order, isolation is maintained, although T must wait. Consider what happens if T fails halfway through. The database eliminates T's effects, and T sees only valid data.\n\nBy interleaving the transactions, the actual order of actions might be:\n\nBULLET::::1. T subtracts 10 fro...	[ "Acid stays in the stomach." ]	[ "It actually begins to eat away at your body. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Acid stays in the stomach." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It actually begins to eat away at your body. " ]
2018-18584	Why are tires filled with air instead of being solid rubber?	Pneumatic tires come with several benefits. The first is cost. The materials are more expensive than the manufacture. Weight. It is incredibly fuel inefficient to get wheels that heavy - as solid rubber tires, rotating. It's even harder to get that much weight to stop. And the steel wheel would have to be thicker, the breaks larger, or we'd have to go back to drum brakes on cars, which are themselves more expensive and dissipate heat less. All that weight puts additional strain on the drivetrain and breaking system. Traction. Since the tire is solid rubber, the face can't deflect - flatten out to increase surface area contact. This reduces traction. Wear. Such large and heavy masses, rotating at high speed, I'm not sure the tire could even hold itself together. Even if it can, what do you do once you wear off the tread? Do you put new tread on top? Do you cut new tread into the existing rubber, and wear the thing down to a nub like an eraser? Do you replace the whole wheel and recycle the materials? & #x200B; Pneumatic tires are also part of the suspension, since they act like a spring. The whole point of the suspension is to keep the rubber on the road, and make the ride comfortable. A solid rubber wheel, you would feel every rock, every crack, every \leaf\. And pneumatic tires can deflect around small surface imperfections.	[ "The problem can be partially solved by replacing Cb with silica, because it enables the production of \"green\" tires that display both improved wet grip properties as well as a smaller rolling resistance.\n", "Section::::Hazards.:Loss of traction.\n\nBULLET::::- \"Melting rubber\"—As tire rubber compounds heat,...	[ "All tires are filled with air instead of being solid rubber." ]	[ "Some tires, called pneumatic tires, are made of solid rubber." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "All tires are filled with air instead of being solid rubber.", "All tires are filled with air instead of being solid rubber." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Some tires, called pneumatic tires, are made of solid rubber.", "Some tires, called pneumatic tires, are made of solid rubber." ]
2018-05087	How do fruits continue to ripen after they are harvested?	Because the fruit is still alive. Cells continue to grow, and the fruit responds to hormones and releases enzymes. In particular many fruits release ethylene which promotes ripening, and we can artificially add ethylene to ripen fruit on schedule	[ "This is an incomplete list of fruits that are ripening and non-ripening after picking.\n\nSection::::Ripening regulation.\n", "Section::::Factors influencing when ripeness occurs.\n", "Ripening\n\nRipening is a process in fruits that causes them to become more palatable. In general, fruit becomes sweeter, less...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03248	How do book authors know for sure that the story for the book they're writing hasn't already been written?	They don't. Typically, a particular writer's idea for a story is going to be unique simply because of all of the variables involved and that writer's own imagination. There are many stories that share similar themes, plots, or character names, but not usually all of those things at once, and even if they are surprisingly similar, the writing styles of the authors in question might still make the books feel completely different.	[ "Screenwriter and game designer Antoine Bauza states: \"\"While it can’t replace the reading of the sacrosanct tome \"Writing Drama\", Constructing a Story is a gold mine in its own right (and an excellent complement) for writers. It gave me precious advice as well as a solid dose of motivation.\"\"\n\nFor film age...	[ "Authors are certain the story they are writing has not been written before." ]	[ "Authors are not sure of this, however their work will have their unique ideas that will still make the story different. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Authors are certain the story they are writing has not been written before." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Authors are not sure of this, however their work will have their unique ideas that will still make the story different. " ]
2018-03728	Why do hurricanes spin?	It's because of the [Coriolis force]( URL_0 ). "For an intuitive explanation of the origin of the Coriolis force, consider an object moving northward in the northern hemisphere. Viewed from outer space, the object does not appear to go due north, but has an eastward motion (it rotates around toward the right along with the surface of the Earth). The further north you go, the smaller the "horizontal diameter" of the Earth, and so the slower the eastward motion of its surface. As the object moves north, to higher latitudes, it has a tendency to maintain the eastward speed it started with (rather than slowing down to match the reduced eastward speed of local objects on the Earth's surface), so it veers east (i.e. to the right of its initial motion). Though not obvious from this example, which considers northward motion, the horizontal deflection occurs equally for objects moving east or west (or any other direction)." The center of a hurricane has very low pressure, so the high pressure air surrounding it is pushed toward it. But the air from the north is moving south, so it gets deflected west. The air from the south is moving north, so it gets deflected east. The air from the east is moving west, so it gets deflected north, and the air from the west is moving east, so it get deflected south. So it makes a spiral pattern.	[ "In the Gulf of Mexico, the deepest areas of warm water are associated with the Loop Current and the rings of current that have separated from the Loop Current are commonly called Loop Current eddies. The warm waters of the Loop Current and its associated eddies provide more energy to hurricanes and allow them to i...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-13463	Why can men (traditionally) grow beards but females can’t? What is it’s function?	I'm pretty sure that beards and male pattern baldness are linked to high testosterone. If that's the case, the "function" would be signifying this to mates.	[ "A relatively small number of women are able to grow enough facial hair to have a distinct beard. It is usually the result of a fairly common condition: polycystic ovary syndrome, which causes excess testosterone, and also an over-sensitivity to testosterone, and thus (to a greater or lesser extent) results in male...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-11954	What determines how loud a human can yell?	Either the size of the needle or the size of the vocal cords😉 The more pressure you apply on the vocal cords, the more they vibrate. The bigger the vocal cords are, the louder the yell will be.	[ "Sound is generated in the larynx, and that is where pitch and volume are manipulated. The strength of expiration from the lungs also contributes to loudness.\n", "Section::::Intelligibility with different types of speech.:Lombard speech.\n\nThe human brain automatically changes speech made in noise through a pro...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02855	How does a calculator compute the square root of a number?	You start with a guess as to what the square root actually is, and then you check. Then you improve your guess over time. So let's say the number is 55, and I guess 10. 55 / 10 is 5.5, which isn't equal to 10. The answer has to be between 5.5 and 10. My next guess will be the average between them: (5.5 + 10) / 2 = 7.75. Let's plug that in. 55 / 7.75 is 7.096 and change, so again, the true answer is somewhere in between. Our next guess is 7.423. Repeat that same thing again, and we get 7.416. 55 / 7.416 is...well, it's about .00039 off from 7.416, but we're only looking at the first three digits after the decimal place, so that's good enough. If we needed more accuracy, we could repeat this process as much as we want. Each time around, we get about twice as many correct digits.	[ "Most pocket calculators have a square root key. Computer spreadsheets and other software are also frequently used to calculate square roots. Pocket calculators typically implement efficient routines, such as the Newton's method (frequently with an initial guess of 1), to compute the square root of a positive real ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01005	Why does black text on printer paper fade into red and green?	When wet? - A water droplet (or moisture) can absorb the ink in the paper. It then soaks into the paper (through capillary action) and as it travels the heavier larger in colors absorbed in the water get left behind and the smaller ink molecules make it further down the paper filter. This is called paper chromatography. Each color mixed into the black ink is a different size molecule. When in sunlight - On an office inkjet printer, black ink is made by combining a bunch of colors together. Certain colors require absorbing more energy from a photon - who h leads to them breaking down first. The remaining colors are what you might see.	[ "Most printers overlap the black dots slightly so there is not an exact one-to-one relationship to dot frequency (in dots per unit area) and lightness. Tone scale linearization may be applied to the source image to get the printed image to look correct.\n\nSection::::Algorithm description.:Edge enhancement versus l...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-24519	Why does British words have ‘u’ in it like colours, flavour, etc while American English don’t?	The British-English language has always been that way. When the Americans declared independence they wanted to distance themselves from British rule and so decided that simplifying the English language was a good way to go about it, making many words spelt how they sounded rather than the standard of spelling already in place by the British.	[ "American usage, in most cases, keeps the \"u\" in the word \"glamour\", which comes from Scots, not Latin or French. ' is sometimes used in imitation of the spelling reform of other \"-our\" words to \"-or\". Nevertheless, the adjective \"glamorous\" often drops the first \"u\". ' is a somewhat common variant of '...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02830	how do radio stations know how many people are listening in on them?	Same way it works for broadcast TV. A small number of people are chosen to be the statistical sample and those people are given special receivers to record their listening habits.	[ "The numbers can show who is listening to a particular station, the most popular times of day for listeners in that group, and the percentage of the total listening audience that can be reached with a particular schedule of advertisements. The numbers also show exactly how many people are listening at each hour of ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-09698	How does crude oil price affect the world economy so much?	It is one of the primary sources of energy for humans. It is part of the cost of manufacturing and transporting just about everything, so the price of oil affects the cost to manufacture and transport things.	[ "The tight oil (shale oil) boom in the USA starting in the early 2000s through 2010s (as well as increased production capacity in many other countries) greatly limited OPEC's ability to control oil prices. Consequently, due to a drastic fall in Nymex crude oil price to as low as $35.35 dollars per barrel in 2015, m...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00567	Why do humans smile to convey happiness?	I can't tell you why they happen, but I can tell you where they come from. Smiling and laughing are actually deeply evolutionary. Smiling comes from the silent bared-teeth display, which is this thing that primates do to symbolize submission and affiliation. Laughter comes from the play face, which is this face that many primates make when they're...playing. It's kind of like laughing, but without any sound. Laughter is so evolutionary, in fact, that you can tickle different apes and they'll make a play face with some "laughing" sounds. It turns out that you can record these laughs and make a sort of phylogetic tree.	[ "Primatologist Signe Preuschoft traces the smile back over 30 million years of evolution to a \"fear grin\" stemming from monkeys and apes who often used barely clenched teeth to portray to predators that they were harmless, or to signal submission to more dominant group members. The smile may have evolved differen...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-14215	if you make something float over a magnet you hold, do you feel its weight?	You do! Since the magnet is pushing upwards on the object above it, then that means the object is also pushing down on the magnet (via gravity) Since the magnet isnt moving (you are holding it) that means that you have to hold up the magnet with enough force so that the force of the object pushing down is equal to you pushing it upwards to hold it in place. Imagine the magnetic feild holding the object up as invisible pillars.	[ "If we subtract the force measured on the empty bottle from this (or tare the balance before making the water measurement) we obtain.\n\nwhere the subscript n indicated that this force is net of the force of the empty bottle. The bottle is now emptied, thoroughly dried and refilled with the sample. The force, net o...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03451	Why are the tropics home to so many weird and gruesome diseases compared to more temperate climates?	Firstly, there are just a greater variety of diseases in the tropics because of the increased biodiversity. There are more nasty diseases and more harmless diseases. Secondly, population density is greater in the tropics, which allows for dangerous diseases to spread before killing their host. If some highly deadly disease appeared in a sparsely populated area, very few people would be infected and the disease will die with the victims. Thirdly, economic factors affect the country’s ability to combat disease. Tropical areas tend to have less access to sanitation. Cholera is a terrible disease which is virtually extinct in the developed world thanks to proper sanitation.	[ "The so-called \"exotic\" diseases in the tropics have long been noted both by travelers, explorers, etc., as well as by physicians. One obvious reason is that the hot climate present during all the year and the larger volume of rains directly affect the formation of breeding grounds, the larger number and variety ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-11466	How come hangovers become worse when you get older?	As you get older your body gets slower to repair damage to it, damage like from consuming alcohol.	[ "BULLET::::- Age: some people experience hangovers as getting worse as one ages. This is thought to be caused by declining supplies of alcohol dehydrogenase, the enzyme involved in metabolizing alcohol. Although it is actually unknown whether hangover symptoms and severity change with age, research shows that drink...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04139	How to compare living cost between city/country?	Simple, add up all the factors that make up, cost of living. You have your food (not big macs, cmon dude...) housing. taxes healthcare transportation luxuries. If you look at all these individual factors you get a general picture. For more specific information you need to go a bit deeper into cultural differences. E.g. Japan has quite expensive housing so people live in much smaler houses. I'm no expert, but this is just my 2cents	[ "The most recent survey was published in March 2017. Singapore remains the most expensive city in the world for the fourth year running, in a rare occurrence where the entire top five most expensive cities were unchanged from the year prior. Sydney and Melbourne have both cemented their positions as top-ten staples...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23613	why do you start feeling lightheaded when you start breathing in and out too fast?	That would be the effect of oversaturating your blood with oxygen. The first person to create chemically pure O2 gas noticed the same effect when he accidentally inhaled some of it. It's useful if you're doing something where you won't be able to breathe for a bit, as it will give you a few extra seconds before you need to breathe again. That said, it isn't actually "better" for you. Oxygen is, surprise surprise, an oxidizer, and oxidizers actually don't play very well with complex biological machinery. There was a period on Earth called the Great Oxygen Catastrophe, where plant-like organisms had covered the planet and no oxygen-consuming animal-like organisms existed yet. It would have wiped out all life if oxygen-consumers hadn't evolved. Along the same lines, too much oxygen in your body can actually cause damage to a ton of systems, including the nervous system and the DNA of individual cells. In fact, in strokes and cardiac arrests, EMS is instructed to get the patient's O2 sat to about 93% these days, rather than trying to get it to the 97-100% it usually sits at, because too much oxygen will accelerate the neurological damage and kill the patient faster. Don't be afraid of hyperventilating, though. If you could really die that way, we wouldn't be able to do it.	[ "BULLET::::- A decreased respiratory drive can also be the result of metabolic alkalosis, a state of decreased carbon dioxide in the blood\n\nBULLET::::- Central sleep apnea. During sleep, the breathing centers of the brain can pause their activity, leading to prolonged periods of apnea with potentially serious con...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-15142	Can anyone explain the Navient lawsuit and how it can affect borrowers?	Can't figure out too much yet - [here's a Forbes story with a basic summary]( URL_0 ). Essentially they are being accused of making it more difficult to understand what your payments are, made it far more difficult than it should have to make changes to your account, didn't handle payments correctly, and in the process of all of the above made borrowers pay more. I can tell you how this affected me personally. My loan rate went down by a full point for continually making payments on time for five years in a row. After a year of lower rates, they very quietly change my interest rate back to the higher rate. I didn't notice it for a few months because my payment was the same, just more went to interest and less to principle. When I called they claimed I was late on a payment (due on the 5th, late on the 10th) even though all of my records showed on time payments. I finally gave up calling afterdozens of calls trying to talk to a higher up with literally many hours on the phone. They never provided any proof that my payments were late, just claimed their records showed it. Basically they're stealing from us, hopefully this suit will make them fix it.	[ "On January 18, 2017 the CFPB, along with the Attorneys General of Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Washington, filed a complaint against Navient in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania alleging violations of the Fair Credit Reporting Act and Fair Debt Collection Act. It alleged that ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03958	Why when humans have a fever do they feel freezing cold	When we have a fever our internal thermostat runs a lot higher than normal to kill off the virus. Our brains try to help our bodies fight it off by becoming as warm as possible, so our minds get tricked into feeling cold or shivering to promote even more heat to the body.	[ "BULLET::::- HEAT repeat domain, a solenoid protein domain found in a number of cytoplasmic proteins\n\nBULLET::::- Heat vs. cold, the sensation of temperatures above and below body temperature in Thermoception\n\nSection::::Science.:Healthcare.\n\nBULLET::::- Fever, also known as pyrexia and febrile response, is d...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]

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