Split (3)

train · 3.46k rows

id stringlengths 10 10	question stringlengths 18 294	comment stringlengths 28 6.89k	passages list	presuppositions list	corrections list	labels list	raw_presuppositions list	raw_labels list	raw_corrections list
2018-24132	In American football, a popular adage is the defense is “getting tired out there” the longer they stay on the field, which will make them play poorly. Why is this not true for the offense as well, where production drops the longer they are on the field?	The offense knows where the play is going and acts, the defence has to react to where the play goes and this means that they do more running around and get tired quicker.	[ "BULLET::::- Multiple defenses from one look. Kiffin-style defenses try to use the same personnel (or the same kind of personnel) at all times, so that the offense cannot adjust its play call based on the alignment of the defensive personnel.\n", "Professional teams may not have enough defensive backs on the rost...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21381	Why does it seem like the recent synagogue shooting is being treated more seriously than the other frequent school and church shootings that happen so often?	Because it was racially motivated, against a group that has faced discrimination for as long as they've been showing up in recorded history. A school shooting is monstrous, but it's victims are not generally targeted because of their ethnicity/gender/religion. They're just classmates. These people were killed because they are Jews.	[ "On December 16, 2012, two days after the shooting, Showtime put up a warning before the start of both the season finales of both Homeland (Season 2) and Dexter (Season 7), that read: \"In Light of the tragedy that has occurred in Connecticut, the following program contains images that may be disturbing. Viewer dis...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-22284	How do businesses create sales forecasts/projections?	If you collect enough data you can project it forward. Like if you sold 10 items every March every year but this year you sold 11 and every june you sold 5 items you could project sales of 5 or 6. The amount of data you have move the projection closer to 5 or 6. Often times it's just what you would like so last years figures with 15% growth added on.	[ "Sales forecasting uses past sales figures to predict the short-term or long-term future performance to enable sound financial planning. Historical sales and/or economic data is often used to improve the forecast of sales.\n\nFor shops and stores, market research may yield the following indicators for deriving init...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01028	How exactly does the skin healing ointment heal the cracks in the skin?	Ointments can work in a variety of ways depending on the ingredients and what you are trying to heal. The most common ingredient is one derived from a type of oil, usually petrolatum. This can vary and some are wax based such as certain lip balms but they all provide the same purpose which is serving as a moisture barrier. It keeps the crack or break in the skin wet. In the case of cracked skin this is usually enough as the cracks are typically caused by overly dry air in the winter. The second is to provide a barrier to foreign particles. Think of it like plastic wrap for food. It can keep dirt and dust out as well as bacteria. This keeps the crack or wound from getting infected so your body doesn't have to use energy to fight a bacteria off and devote more to healing. Lastly are the specialized things that go in there. In burn creams usually its different substances which can cool or soothe the area. In first aid ointment it can be anti-bacterial agents. In the case of cracks usually its just some vitamins or other things that may or may not actually provide any real benefit.	[ "Section::::Secondary healing.:Remodelling.\n", "In extrinsic systems, the healing chemistries are separated from the surrounding polymer in microcapsules or vascular networks, which after material damage/cracking release their content into the crack plane, reacting and allowing the restoration of material functi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21019	Why is it thay when you move at high speeds and look to your side things seem to go by at a certain speed, but when you look forward, things come at you (in what appears to be) a lower speed?	Its basically a combination of our binocular vision, as well as our brains processing the incoming information at different rates. Your eyes want to focus on something. Where that kicks in is when something moves half its width in 100 milliseconds. When an object is far away, its motion relative to your fixed perspective seems slower. When you pass it, it seems super fast, causing the blur. As it gets further away, it slows down to our perspective. It's much easier to focus on a single point further away than a rapidly moving point close to us. The blur effect has been theorized as our brains making up for the fact that binocular vision is better for long distance and stationary targets, not close fast moving ones. This would have been a very useful adaptation for early man/cro magnon to help with being attacked.	[ "Effect of target speed on motion perception in TD\n", "Section::::Smooth-pursuit deficits.:Autism.\n\nAutistic patients show a plethora of visual deficits. One such deficit is to smooth pursuit. Children with autism show reduced velocity of smooth pursuit compared to controls during ongoing tracking. However, th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02903	How do people in sky scrapers evacuate during a fire?	They use the stairs. Every multi story building has stairwells for both emergency evacuation and to use in case the elevators break.	[ "Section::::Emergency voice alarm communication systems.\n\nBULLET::::- Some fire alarm systems utilize emergency voice alarm communication systems (EVAC) to provide pre-recorded and manual voice messages. Voice alarm systems are typically used in high-rise buildings, arenas and other large \"defend-in-place\" occu...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13078	If the Hindu trinity consists of Vishnu, Brahma, and Shiva, why are the major traditions Vaishnavism and Shaivism, but none for Brahma?	Well, primarily because Brahma had one of his heads chopped off and was cursed by Shiva that he wouldn't be worshipped. Let me explain why it all went wrong for Brahma. Ok, so, Brahma's the creator of the universe, and along with the universe, Brahma created a female deity, Shatarupa: Someone who can have a hundred forms. At this point of time, Brahma was normal and had one head. But Shatarupa was hot and Brahma became infatuated with her and stared at her wherever he went. So much so that he sprouted 3 more heads to have 4 heads to look at her in all directions(I know, I know, he was a creep). And nobody likes your creator fawning over you (smells like incest). Shatarupa even jumped high in the sky to escape his sight, but he sprouted another head on top of all of them to look at her even there. Brahma was getting attached to material things and flexing his powers for the wrong goals: to manifest control over his creations. These are qualities of a lower Jiva(life form), not a divine being Shiva was having none of it. He was like five is a crowd, but four is good, and chopped off the top facing head of Brahma. And due to Brahma becoming attached to the material objects and ignoring the permanent soul, Shiva cursed Brahma that he would not be worshipped. TL; DR: Brahma was pervy. Created hot female diety and couldn't stop staring at her everywhere she went. Grew four more heads to always follow her in any direction; even in the air. Shiva punished Brahma by cutting off one head, and cursing him that he wouldn't be worshipped because he has become more materialistic than spiritual, and for lusting after his own material creation Edit: There could be other legends as to why Brahma is not allowed to be worshipped. This is the one I was taught.	[ "Reverential inclusion of Shaiva ideas and iconography are very common in major Vaishnava temples, such as Dakshinamurti symbolism of Shaiva thought is often enshrined on the southern wall of the main temple of major Vaishnava temples in peninsular India. Harihara temples in and outside the Indian subcontinent have...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06024	How are songs from concerts recorded, considering the sheer amount of background noise from the crowd?	The audio is recorded straight from the source. So the mic's, guitars etc all go straight to the sound board and are recorded from there.	[ "For digital production, the band sometimes used an reFX QuadraSid emulator and Native Instruments Reaktor. Commenting on the production of their third album, \"Haha Sound\", Keenan said: \"You know when it feels overworked. We used more of a minimalist approach on this album: There has been less emphasis on decora...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00310	What's the explanation behind ancient relics (dead saints) and their "preservation" .	Pre-Christian religions believed that elements of a dead person's body might carry over magical powers if that person had any. In some regions, these ideas were carried over into Christian observances.	[ "Magnificent Corpses\n\nMagnificent Corpses: Searching Through Europe for St. Peter's Head, St. Claire's Heart, St. Stephen's Hand, and Other Saintly Relics (1999) is a book written by Anneli Rufus, concerning relics enshrined in Europe's churches and cathedrals. Rufus relates the stories behind the saints memorial...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06908	why do most cleaning products kill 99.9% of bacteria instead of 100%	It’s a marketing gimmick where they ensure that they can’t get sued on grounds of someone falling sick even after using their product.	[ "BULLET::::- Thick Bleach – \"with a variety of fragrances\" – rebranded as \"Domestos 24HR\", with a reformulation to give \"24hr protection from flying germs.\" – rebranded again as \"Domestos Extended Germ-Kill\".\n\nBULLET::::- Domestos 5x – \"a bleach which lasts 5x longer than any other bleach or toilet clean...	[ "No cleaning products clean 100% of bacteria. " ]	[ "Most companies just state that cleaning products clean 99.9% of bacteria when in reality this is just stated in order to avoid law suits if a person happens to become sick after using their advertised cleaning product." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "No cleaning products clean 100% of bacteria. ", "No cleaning products clean 100% of bacteria. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Most companies just state that cleaning products clean 99.9% of bacteria when in reality this is just stated in order to avoid law suits if a person happens to become sick after using their advertised cleaning product.", "Most companies just state that cleaning products clean 99.9% of bacteria when in reality th...
2018-23503	Why are we using kg/cm² as a measuring unit for pressure when it implies mass per unit area not force per unit area?	Where are you seeing that unit used for pressure? The SI unit for pressure is the pascal, which is N/m^2 as you'd expect.	[ "Many other hybrid units are used such as mmHg/cm or grams-force/cm (sometimes as kg/cm without properly identifying the force units). Using the names kilogram, gram, kilogram-force, or gram-force (or their symbols) as a unit of force is prohibited in SI; the unit of force in SI is the newton (N).\n\nSection::::Sta...	[ "We use kg/cm^2 as a unit for pressure.", "kg/cm² is used as a measuring unit for pressure." ]	[ "We use N/m^2 for pressure.", "N/m^2 is used as a measuring unit for pressure." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "We use kg/cm^2 as a unit for pressure.", "kg/cm² is used as a measuring unit for pressure." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "We use N/m^2 for pressure.", "N/m^2 is used as a measuring unit for pressure." ]
2018-00829	If water is able to smooth rocks into pebbles over centuries, how come sand at a beach is still rough in shape?	Sand is different all over the world, some is smoother than others. Some is fragments of coral and always building up so you get new bits of sand all the time and the buried bits never have a chance to get "polished".	[ "Anecdotal reports of certain beach placers which are forming in modern times suggest that the greatest enrichment of the sands tends to occur in storm events which are energetic enough to remove most of the beaches sediment load—a process favoring the lighter minerals. The resultant 'clinker' sands which were left...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-15077	Why is there no current flow when connecting the negative terminal of one battery to the positive terminal of another, given the difference in potential?	Potential is not absolute, but relative. Think of those batteries as 'voltage pumps'. They take whatever voltage they're at and 'pump' it up a bit more. So when you have a 6 volt battery and connect another in series, the first pumps voltage from your arbitrarily defined '0 volts' to 6 volts. The second pumps it from 6 volts to 12 volts.	[ "However, a real cell is more complicated, having permeabilities to many ions, each of which contributes to the resting potential. To understand better, consider a cell with only two permeant ions, potassium, and sodium. Consider a case where these two ions have equal concentration gradients directed in opposite di...	[ "Batteries have an absolute potential.", "The difference in potential of a negative and positive battery terminal is absolute." ]	[ "A batteries' potential is relative, not absolute.", "The difference in potential of a negative and positive battery terminal is relative." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Batteries have an absolute potential.", "The difference in potential of a negative and positive battery terminal is absolute." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "A batteries' potential is relative, not absolute.", "The difference in potential of a negative and positive battery terminal is relative." ]
2018-18583	Why do new cars show up so early? 2019 models are being shown and it's not 2019 yet.	Marketing technique. It's so you can sell a car that was actually build and produced in 2018 to people in late 2019 for it to seem still brand new. Even though that 2019 car was already finished and being sold in October (for example), it will seem nice that you're getting a 2019 in 2019. Essentially all 2019 cars are actually 2018 cars, and 2018 cars are actually 2017 cars, and so on.	[ "In the United States, for regulation purposes (such as VIN numbering and EPA emissions certification), government authorities allow cars of a given model year to be sold starting on January 1 of the previous calendar year. For example, this means that a 2019 model year vehicle can legally go on sale on January 1, ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-09135	Why does XBox and PS4 charge for multiplayer but pc does not?	Xbox and Playstation are closed ecosystems -- the manufacturers control what can and can't connect to it, so they are in a position to charge for multiplayer access. A PC is an open system -- there's no one company that controls your access to other systems. So, while you may pay for multiplayer games, you'd be paying the company that makes the software and maintains the servers and not a single company that controls access to everything.	[ "After the official announcement of Games for Windows – Live, many PC gamers were upset with Microsoft's move to charge PC gamers a fee of $49.99 to use the service. Many PC gamers felt this move was unfair, as playing online and many of the other services GFWL offered has, for the most part, always been free on th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-17269	If computers only read 1s and 0s, then isn't downloading anything online just creating instructions? Like isn't everything a computer can do already inside of it?	Yes you are downloading instructions. Extremely complex instructions. Mind bogglingly complex instructions.	[ "Beginning in March 2011, Slice discussed his idea with other community members, resulting in the development of a bootloader that can do both: emulate an EFI firmware of one's choice or use a Real UEFI firmware to boot Mac OS X.\n\nSection::::Hacking approaches.:Live DVD.\n\nIn March 2007, the OSx86 community made...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-07347	Why are Capybaras so well liked, even by other animals?	I dont know much about capys but it’s my favorite animal by far, i’d assume it’s because they are so chill most of the time and have relaxed body language. Also they are herbivores. they usually don’t really mind other non threatning animals being near them or even sitting on top of them.	[ "Like its relative the guinea pig, the capybara does not have the capacity to synthesize vitamin C, and capybaras not supplemented with vitamin C in captivity have been reported to develop gum disease as a sign of scurvy.\n\nThey can have a lifespan of 8–10 years, but live less than four years in the wild, because ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03253	Why does warm air rise?	Density. Warm air has more energy in each particle which means it expands in volume. Equal mass but a higher volume means lower density. Hence,, they rise. Similarly, cold air has less energy per particle and tend to stick closer to each another. Equal mass with lower volume means high density.	[ "If the adiabatic lapse rate is \"lower\" than the ambient lapse rate, an air mass displaced upward cools \"less\" rapidly than the air in which it is moving. Hence, such an air mass becomes \"warmer\" relative to the atmosphere. As warmer air is less dense, such an air mass would tend to continue to rise.\n", "M...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-22908	Why does earth spin around its axis specially towards the east, and do other planets in our system spin the same direction?	In our solar system all planets turn counter clockwise (above north pole looking down towards south pole, really dependant on your viewing angle) except for venus and uranus, they turn the opposite way. Venus is a little tricky however, it takes roughly 1.2 venus years to make a full rotation. For why we all rotate that way; well more kinda like chance, we were originally moving that from the start. URL_0	[ "Superior planets, dwarf planets and asteroids undergo a different cycle. After conjunction, such an object's elongation continues to increase until it approaches a maximum value larger than 90° (impossible with inferior planets) and typically very near 180°, which is known as \"opposition\" and corresponds to a he...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01448	Why do creole languages always use phonetic spelling?	They use phonetic spelling because there isn't time for irregularities to arise. If you look at the complexities in English spelling, for example, most of them are either remnants of older English (e.g. "knight" was originally pronounced as it was spelt) or copied from other languages. Tracing back far enough, almost all irregularities arise this way (though the occasional mistake is present). They are retained due to the influence of tradition and sense of social status they provided to the writing "elite" in times of lower literacy. In a creole, by contrast, these forces are not generally present. Given that most creoles emerged only in the past few centuries, pronounciation has not shifted sufficiently to override "phonetic spelling". Compounding this is the fact that any such shifts would largely have been smoothed over- any "social status" to be sourced from writing is generally expressed through writing in the parent language(s) of the creole.	[ "Creoles are contact languages usually spoken in rather isolated colonies, the vocabulary of which is mainly taken from a European language (the lexifier). Creoles generally have no initial or final consonant clusters but have a simple syllable structure which consists of alternating consonants and vowels (e.g. \"C...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02801	What makes the Venezuelan national debt of 60 billion so much worse than the US national debt of 20 trillion?	The inability of the Venezuelan government to pay interest on that debt, and keep their own government functional. In the same way that $1M in debt by Microsoft wouldn't really impact anything, but $1M in debt by me would be crippling.	[ "In November 2017, \"The Economist\" estimated Venezuela's debt at US$105 billion and its reserves at US$10 billion. In 2018, Venezuela's debt grew to US$156 billion and as of March 2019, its reserves had dropped to US$8 billion.\n\nWith the exception of PDVSA's 2020 bonds, as of January 2019, all of Venezuela's bo...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00312	How do TV shows and movie series keep the same feel and style while having multiple directors over the course of their run?	Shows that use multiple directors (which are most) have positions such as producer and showrunner whose jobs entail keeping the themes and feel of the show consistent.	[ "Each ten-episode season of \"Game of Thrones\" has four to six directors, who usually direct back-to-back episodes. Alan Taylor has directed seven episodes, the most episodes of the series. Alex Graves, David Nutter, Mark Mylod, and Jeremy Podeswa have directed six each. Daniel Minahan directed five episodes, and ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01463	Pressure=force/area. Stress formula tells us that σ=(Force or Pressure)/Area thus, don't these formula contradict each other?	Stress is force/area. Or N/m2. Same as pressure. You might have been confused because most of the times in the formula for stress, they use 'P' to denote the force. In this case P is not pressure.	[ "where P is the applied load, and Ao is the original cross-sectional area.\n\nIn some other cases, e.g., elastomers and plastic materials, the change in cross-sectional area is significant. For the case of materials where the volume is conserved (i.e. Poisson's ratio = 0.5), if the \"true stress\" is desired, it mu...	[ "P in the formula for stress stands for pressure. " ]	[ "P in the formula for stress stands for stress, not pressure. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "P in the formula for stress stands for pressure. ", "P in the formula for stress stands for pressure. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "P in the formula for stress stands for stress, not pressure. ", "P in the formula for stress stands for stress, not pressure. " ]
2018-18176	Why can fully cooked (crisp) bacon be safely left out at room temperature all day in restaurants?	Bacon is a cured food. It was designed to be preserved via salt curing. This salt content kills most bacteria and fungi and means that proper bacon is safe to store uncooked at room temperature for a significant period of time. (not safe to consume raw though). Cooked bacon has almost no water content left it it. Particularly if it is properly crisp. Any harmful things in it have been killed so we are looking at harmful things that can fall onto it. As such it can last for days at room temp without posing any real issue and does not have "the window" other cooked foods have.	[ "Section::::Bacon wrapped dishes.:Bacon Explosion.\n", "Research has also found that bacon is treated with a chemical called sodium nitrite. This chemical preserves the red colour of the meat, keeping it looking fresh as opposed to turning grey. However, this chemical has been thought to lead to a number of healt...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04219	why do devices perform poorly when they're working with an unstable internet connection?	TL;DR: Devices, particularly ones with badly designed programs, are often doing multiple things that require a single communication request with your network to be fully answered before they can finish, and when that doesn't happen due to a bad connection it can clog things up. - - - Imagine you need to have a long complex conversation with someone with a very serious stutter and is very nervous. The matter is important but you have nothing to write stuff down, so you're limited to asking and answering questions verbally. So you ask your question and, try as they might, they try to answer it, but a combination of their speech challenges and the complexity makes it really difficult to get all the answers, and their anxiety makes it worse. Eventually the communication may become so frustrating at some point that things start getting forgotten or it just gets stuck. The more patience you both have, the better it goes, but even then things can jam up and you're both left hanging. And the more things you have to talk about, the worse it gets. Well, that's kind of how a bad internet connection can work. Internet connections are designed to compensate for such burps and fits and starts. The data that's transferred between your local device, you home's internet router, the equipment and communications lines out there in the internet, and your destination all send information with error-checking and error-correcting stuff built right into them. But that isn't perfect, and the more time the programs on your local device spend error-checking, the less time they spend actually trading information. In some cases, particularly with badly designed programs or ones that rely on other programs, it can be so bad that an unexpected condition can happen and it just plugs up the local device. Sometimes this is because one thing that it's trying to do ends up blocking another thing it's trying to do, and sometimes it's because something completely unpredictable "breaks" the program that's trying to handle the communication. So that program "freezes" and leaves one of those conversations hanging... while preventing all of the others from finishing too. And then you curse and take the battery out or reboot the router.	[ "Sometimes, circuit tolerances can make erratic behaviour difficult to trace; for example, a weak driver transistor, a higher series resistance and the capacitance of the gate of the subsequent transistor may be within tolerance but can significantly increase signal propagation delay. These can manifest only at spe...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-14077	How/Why does loud or prolonged screaming hurt your vocal chords?	Yelling/screaming causes a temporary strain and localized irritation to the vocal cords. It's recommended to rest your voice, drink lots of water, stay well hydrated and try to avoid a repeat insult (like yelling) until all symptoms such as hoarseness and throat pain resolve. But repeat offences can lead to persistent irritation and can cause more chronic, permanent damage. By not allowing the vocal cords to recover properly, serious changes such as vocal cord nodules and polyps can develop. Nodules and polyps are growths on the vocal cords caused by vocal abuse. Nodules are small and callous-like, while polyps are similar to a blister. Both cause the voice to be hoarse, low and breathy and may require surgery. If someone remains hoarse beyond a reasonable period of time, such as one week, he or she should consult an otolaryngologist, also known as an ear, nose and throat (ENT) physician, for further evaluation and treatment.	[ "Section::::Risk factors.\n\nThe following increase an individual's chances for acquiring VCD:\n\nBULLET::::- Upper airway inflammation (allergic or non-allergic rhinitis, chronic sinusitis, recurrent upper respiratory infections)\n\nBULLET::::- Gastroesophageal reflux disease\n\nBULLET::::- Past traumatic event th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04443	Why does putting a slice of bread in a jar of cookies make them soft.	Doesn't really make them soft but keeps them from drying out and going hard. it's all down to the moisture in the bread and the jar being a sort of closed environment, when you put the bread in the jar with the cookies the moisture is drawn out of the bread rather than the cookies	[ "When rolling fondant, a silicone mat or parchment will eliminate the need for dusting the rolling surface with powdered sugar, and this will make it easier to lift and transfer the cut pieces to the cookies.\n", "A general theory of cookies may be formulated this way. Despite its descent from cakes and other swe...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00154	if human skin cells reproduce and you essentially have different skin than you did 5 years ago, why do scars never disappear?	From what I understand scars are made of collagen fibres, and when the layers of skin move from the deeper layers to the surface to eventually be shed it simply moves around this different structure of collagen fibres (the scar) instead of eventually shedding the scar as well	[ "Analysis using microarrays has also shown that gene expression profiles greatly differ between scar free fetal wounds and postnatal wounds with scar formation. In scarlesss wound healing there is a significant up-regulation in genes associated with cell growth and proliferation, thought to be a major contributing ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-10040	If oxidation causes cancer, do people living at high altitudes have a lower risk of developing cancerous mutations?	No. The short answer is that both hypoxia (not enough oxygen in cells) & and hyperoxia (too much oxygen in cells) are linked to oxidative and reductive stress on cells, which can lead to apoptosis (cell induced cell death) and the activation of many different transcription factors, some of which promote inflammation & neglect anti-inflammatory genes, & thus can lead to cancer. Source: bio degree	[ "There are many factors that can make a person more susceptible to developing HAPE, including genetic factors, but detailed understanding is lacking and currently under investigation. HAPE remains the major cause of death related to high-altitude exposure, with a high mortality rate in the absence of adequate emerg...	[ "Because oxidation is the cause of cancer, living in areas with less oxygen will lower the chances of developing cancer.", "Because oxidation causes cancer, people who live in high altitude areas where there is less oxygen are less susceptible to developing cancer. " ]	[ "Both a lack or an excess of oxygen within cells can cause a form of cancer.", "Both a lack or an excess of oxygen can cause a human to develop cancer, therefore those living in high altitude areas are not less likely to develop cancer. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Because oxidation is the cause of cancer, living in areas with less oxygen will lower the chances of developing cancer.", "Because oxidation causes cancer, people who live in high altitude areas where there is less oxygen are less susceptible to developing cancer. ", "Living in a lower oxygen atmosphere will r...	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Both a lack or an excess of oxygen within cells can cause a form of cancer.", "Both a lack or an excess of oxygen can cause a human to develop cancer, therefore those living in high altitude areas are not less likely to develop cancer. ", "Not enough oxygen in cells and too much oxygen in cells are both linked...
2018-06552	is it possible for companies like 23 & me and ancestry DNA to keep your dna on file and potentially test on it?	[They will share it with legal authorities if requested]( URL_0 )	[ "However In May 2019, GEDmatch required people who had uploaded their DNA to its site to specifically opt in to allow law enforcement agencies to access their information. This change in privacy policy was forecast to make it much more difficult in future for law enforcement agencies to solve cold cases using genet...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02125	How are mice cloned?	There are two theoretical categories of cloned animals: cellular clone and genetic clone (not technical terms). A 'cellular' clone would be taking some cells from an animal and growing a new one from it. No one knows how to do that (stem cells seem like a good start), although we've been doing it with plants for centuries, even millenia. The way animals are actually cloned is by making a child animal with both the mother and father being the same creature. You take an egg cell from some member of the species (it could be from the cloned animal but it doesn't matter). You the take some cells from the animal you're cloning and remove the nucleus (this has the instructions for making the animal inside). The nucleus in the doner egg is also removed. The nucleus of the cloned animal's cell is then inserted into the egg and the egg is put back into the doner's womb (or an artificial one). If everything goes well the egg, now with a full genome inside it (by default eggs only have half of the instructions needed to make a creature, and the other half come from sperm. The nucleus from the cloned animals cells have a whole set of instructions) will start dividing into an embryo and before you know it you have a fully grown potentially healthy genetic clone of the original animal.	[ "There are several variations to the procedure of producing knockout mice; the following is a typical example.\n", "BULLET::::- Doogie mice, with enhanced NMDA receptor function, resulting in improved memory and learning\n\nBULLET::::- Knockout mice, where a specific gene was made inoperable by a technique known ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-16224	Why are erections harder the second time around?	Penises get hard when the body releases a special molecule into the bloodstream called a vasodilator. These special molecules travel to the penis and cause it to get hard. To do this, they let blood to move from the bloodstream into the tissue of the penis. Filling it up the penis like a water balloon. Now to keep the penis hard, the body prevents too much blood from leaving the penis by blocking its drains. After orgasm, the body opens the drains and the blood escapes back into the bloodstream and the penis deflates. However, the part of the penis (the tissue) that was filled up by the blood is all stretched out. So when blood starts to flow back in, it already has had a warm up! Also, some of the special molecules (the vasodilators) are still around after an hour and help open up passages between the bloodstream and penis even more.	[ "Bulls have a fibro-elastic penis. Given the small amount of erectile tissue, there is little enlargement after erection. The penis is quite rigid when non-erect, and becomes even more rigid during erection. Protrusion is not affected much by erection, but more by relaxation of the retractor penis muscle and straig...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-22987	How are Rats and other smaller Mammals with tiny limbs capable of moving so fast?	Fast may not be the correct term here. They are quick. Most small prey can accelerate and change directions very quickly, but can't run all that fast in a straight line. They look fast, but if you put them in an open area, a coyote or something similar could easily run them down. & #x200B;	[ "Examples:\n\nBULLET::::- The MIT cheetah cub is an electrically powered quadruped robot with passive compliant legs capable of self-stabilizing in large range of speeds.\n\nBULLET::::- The Tekken II is a small quadruped designed to walk on irregular terrains adaptively.\n\nSection::::Types of locomotion.:Metachron...	[ "Rats and other smaller mammals with tiny limbs are capable of moving fast.", "Small mammals are capable of moving very fast." ]	[ "While most small prey can accelerate and change directions quickly, they can't run very quickly in one direction.", "They are not going very fast they just make small quick movements." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Rats and other smaller mammals with tiny limbs are capable of moving fast.", "Small mammals are capable of moving very fast." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "While most small prey can accelerate and change directions quickly, they can't run very quickly in one direction.", "They are not going very fast they just make small quick movements." ]
2018-17156	Why do graphics drivers push out updates so frequently? I don't notice anything different after an update, so what's happening under the hood?	About 95% of the time, they are fixing bugs that they didn't find before because their testing is generally inadequate. The key thing they are striving for is getting a product to market as quickly as possible, and quality is not job #1. They want the quality to be just good enough that they don't get a bunch of bad reviews or too many returns. The rest of the time they are adding minor features that may not be noticeable, or even applicable to what you are doing. Source: I worked at nVidia for a while.	[ "In June 2012 AMD announced that they would stop monthly driver-updates and release new drivers \"when it makes sense\".\n\nThe original Catalyst consisted of these elements:\n\nBULLET::::1. a new, unified driver for ATI Radeon graphics-cards\n\nBULLET::::2. Hydravision, ATI's proprietary desktop-management softwar...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21342	How does menthol (like cough sweets) unblock your nose and clear your throat?	According to some studies menthol doesn’t have decongestant properties but ends up tricking your brain’s perception of increased nasal patency. Source: [this study]( URL_0 )	[ "This menthol and eucalyptus combination is widely used in medicated sweets to clear the head and nasal passages and to reduce the symptoms of nasal congestions and colds.\n", "A study conducted in 1994 suggests menthol and camphor are effective cough suppressants for guinea pigs. It has been suggested that thymo...	[ "Menthol products like cough drops unclogs your nose and throat." ]	[ "Menthol doesn't actually have decongestant properties, it just tricks your brain into increasing nasal patency." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Menthol products like cough drops unclogs your nose and throat.", "Menthol products like cough drops unclogs your nose and throat." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Menthol doesn't actually have decongestant properties, it just tricks your brain into increasing nasal patency.", "Menthol doesn't actually have decongestant properties, it just tricks your brain into increasing nasal patency." ]
2018-03602	Why is a recent (less than a year) prescription required to order replacement contact lenses or glasses when it's OK to wear existing lenses or glasses for over a year?	I get my eyes checked every year and because of my health insurance, I only pay a small copay for new glasses/contacts. You should be wearing the best corrective lenses for your eyes so if you have not gone to see your ophthalmologist in over a year, you should. Its not really OK to wear existing ones if your eyes have changed in that time as they can lead to headaches and damaging your eyesight even more. Which is why you should make it a point to get your eyes checked at least once a year.	[ "In the U.S., laws at the federal and state level govern the provision and effective dates of prescriptions for contact lenses and eyeglasses. Federal law requires that eyeglass and contact lens prescriptions be given to every consumer, and that the prescriptions be for a minimum of one year. (FTC Section 456.2 “Se...	[ "It's ok to wear existing lenses or glasses for over a year." ]	[ "It is not really ok to do that because it can cause more damage to your eyes as your eyes have changed during that time." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It's ok to wear existing lenses or glasses for over a year." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It is not really ok to do that because it can cause more damage to your eyes as your eyes have changed during that time." ]
2018-03787	How does your body increase your temperature when you are ill?	This is something regulated hypothalamus it increases body temp till kill off bacteria and viruses that are attacking the body a fever of 105 will kill off most invaders	[ "In many respects, the hypothalamus works like a thermostat. When the set point is raised, the body increases its temperature through both active generation of heat and retention of heat. Peripheral vasoconstriction both reduces heat loss through the skin and causes the person to feel cold. Norepinephrine increases...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-15017	If you are on a boat (which is moving) and you jump straight up. Will you stay in the same place of the boat or will you move. Please explain why!	If a boat is moving 50mph and you are on it, then you are also moving 50mph. When you jump you start to lose speed as the force from the boat's engine is not being applied to you anymore. So you will land slightly further toward the back of the boat when you land.	[ "In the novel \"The Forever Man\" (1984) by Gordon R. Dickson, starships use a jump-drive that makes the vehicle omnipresent for an instant before repositioning the ship in a pre-determined location. Several jumps are needed, because farther triangulations require more time to calculate, therefore a journey across ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00119	Why do some jackets have double zippers?	If you want to sit down while continuing to wear the garment you can just undo the bottom zipper a little and it'll stretch the coat out less and be more comfortable while you are seated. That's probably one of the more practical reasons.	[ "These zippers are very common where airtight or watertight seals are needed, such as on scuba diving dry suits, ocean survival suits, and hazmat suits.\n", "BULLET::::- Two way open-ended zippers Instead of having an insertion pin and pin box at the bottom, a two way open-ended zipper has a puller on each end of...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01255	Why does a vehicle 15 mph faster than you appear to gain a much greater distance from you depending on your own speed?	Because when sitting still, you have all of your environment in the same relation to the moving car as you. However when you are moving 70mph, the only reference point you have is your car and the other car to judge the speed difference.	[ "Our cars do not seem to be bigger even if we are approaching them, their form do not become more distorted, their colour does not change even if we apply artificial lighting. This phenomenon is called perceptual constancy.\n\nThe most studied constancy is the size constancy, or the phenomenon as when we perceive t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01670	What's the difference between a router firewall and your computer's personal firewall?	The one on your pc is typically simple to bypass if on a network with others, a network firewall typically shields your from online automated scanners and blocking ports that may be accessible internally but you dont want to share externally to the internet. Think of a castle with 4 towers, and a moat, each of the towers has a door with a lock (your pc firewall) then think of the moat as your routers firewall, it protects all 4 towers and only permits one entrance via the drawbridge.	[ "A personal firewall differs from a conventional firewall in terms of scale. A personal firewall will usually protect only the computer on which it is installed, as compared to a conventional firewall which is normally installed on a designated interface between two or more networks, such as a router or proxy serve...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04304	How/Why did the world decide on a universal mathematics language but made hundreds of communicative languages?	It didn't, remember when XVIII was a number? All of these "communication languages" have representation of the numbers, and they are all different. Some math concepts, like the idea of a matrix, have been translated, but there are many representations. Each math book defines it's own conventions, even when they are written in English.	[ "Mathematics can communicate a range of meanings that is as wide as (although different from) that of a natural language. As English mathematician R.L.E. Schwarzenberger says:\n\nSection::::Alternative views.\n\nSome definitions of language, such as early versions of Charles Hockett's \"design features\" definition...	[ "Math is a universal language and there is only one way to write it." ]	[ "Math is conveyed differently in different languages just like words but the meaning is still the same. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Math is a universal language and there is only one way to write it." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Math is conveyed differently in different languages just like words but the meaning is still the same. " ]
2018-01557	Why do the colors on your computer screen become distorted when you apply pressure to the screen? And what determines what color these distorted pixels turn to?	You're using a liquid crystal display. This means that there's a sheet of liquid crystals in between a bunch of other screens and filters, and behind all of that is a light. When you apply an electrical charge to liquid crystals you can change their shape, and when that happens the direction and color of the light as it passes through can be changed. But you can also change the shape by pressing on them through the filters. Because this is much less precise than you can get with an electric current, it sort of warps into a blob of colors instead of a coherent image. When you remove pressure, the electrical current takes back control and forces the liquid crystals into the correct shape again. Its hard to predict the colors since you have to take into account the previous configuration of the liquid crystals, the amount of pressure you're putting on them, the location of the pressure, and the type of light and filters used in the display. So it usually just creates a strange gray sort of color.	[ "The vulnerability was specific to the monitors’ on-screen-display (OSD) controllers, which are used to control and adjust viewing options on the screen, such as brightness, contrast or horizontal/vertical positioning. However, as Cui, Kataria and Charbonneau noted in their talk abstract for the 2016 REcon security...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-24095	Why can’t normal airplanes go to space?	Consider, why can't a swimmer swim into the sky? Because there is no water in the sky, and the water is what supports the swimmer. Airplanes "swim" through the air. The air is what supports them. So they can't fly somewhere without air.	[ "The concept of a \"space ship\" (or \"rocket ship\") was further developed in twentieth century science fiction such as \"Flash Gordon\", as a self-contained, presumably rocket-powered, unitized vehicle capable of reaching an extraterrestrial destination keeping its structure intact, and requiring only refueling, ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03147	why do fractions become smaller when multiplied by itself?	Cause it's a fraction of a fraction. Convert it to decimals or percentages if it's easier. 1/2 × 1/2 = .5 × .5 = 50% × 50% It's half of a half, or 1/4	[ "To explain the process, consider one third of one quarter. Using the example of a cake, if three small slices of equal size make up a quarter, and four quarters make up a whole, twelve of these small, equal slices make up a whole. Therefore, a third of a quarter is a twelfth. Now consider the numerators. The first...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04345	Why aren't we able to stream content anywhere in the world? Is there an actual technical reason for it or is it just discrimination?	It's most commonly a legal rather than technical issue. In the early days of media, it was really expensive and complicated to do anything internationally. If an American company wanted to show an American movie in Japan, they had to either print a bunch of reels of film in the United States and then ship them to people in Japan and have them somehow get to various theaters, or they had to ship a set of master reels to Japan and have a local film duplication company duplicate them and then send those reels to theaters. All of that had to be done when nobody in the company had ever been to Japan, almost nobody spoke Japanese, nobody knew what kinds of movies the local market wanted, nobody knew the local media and censorship laws, etc. And then that process had to be repeated for every country they wanted to distribute their media in. The result of that was that instead of having the company that created the media try to figure all that out, what they'd do is sell an exclusive license to a distributor in those countries, and then it was up to the distributor to figure out what the right way to deal with everything was. Sometimes those agreements were one-offs, but sometimes relationships were built up with distributors and they'd just routinely sell them licenses for everything they made, maybe for a share of the profits or maybe for a fixed rate, whatever deal they hammered out. This worked out really well then, but nowadays these agreements end up making things complicated. If American Movies Corp. has an agreement with Japanese Movies Ltd. to be their exclusive distributor in Japan, then they can't distribute their own movies to Japanese people. And Japanese Movies Ltd is going to sue American Movies Corp. if they sell a license to Netflix that makes those movies available in Japan. So now, when American Movies Corp. is talking to Netflix about distributing their movies on the Internet, they have to tell them that the license they're giving them doesn't apply to Japan, or the UK, or France, or 17 other countries where they sold off their rights to a local distributor. That means when you ask Netflix to play an American Movies Corp. movie while in Japan, it won't come up, because they don't have a license to play it there. This is partly why it's so much easier for companies like Netflix or Amazon creating original content. They don't have these existing distribution arrangements, they still have global rights to everything they make, so they can just distribute it globally and everyone is happy.	[ "Broadcasting rights vary from country to country and even within provinces of countries. These rights govern the distribution of copyrighted content and media and allow the sole distribution of that content at any one time. An example of content only being aired in certain countries is BBC iPlayer. The BBC checks ...	[ "There is a technical or discriminatory reason that content can't be streamed everywhere." ]	[ "It is mostly legal or copyright licensing issues that prevent things from being streamed." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "There is a technical or discriminatory reason that content can't be streamed everywhere." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It is mostly legal or copyright licensing issues that prevent things from being streamed." ]
2018-04962	why are you constantly thirsty when having Diabetes Type I?	Glucose is an osmotic, which means it pulls water out of your tissue and puts it into your circulation, which increases your urine output. So increased glucose in your blood causes more water to be pulled into your blood which causes more water loss (and glucose) in your toilet bowl. This increase in water loss will ultimately trigger your thirst drive to balance things out again. So diabetes makes you pee, which makes you thirs..ty.	[ "Electrolyte and volume homeostasis is a complex mechanism that balances the body's requirements for blood pressure and the main electrolytes sodium and potassium. In general, electrolyte regulation precedes volume regulation. When the volume is severely depleted, however, the body will retain water at the expense ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06198	Where do flies go in the winter?	They survive in warmer places like houses or geothermal locations like some caves or vents.	[ "Since the fly has been found to be a warm-weather fly, it is typically found in areas with temperatures between and . Specifically, \"Lucilia silvarum\" is found in the countries: China, Denmark, United States, Finland, southern Norway, North Africa, Russia, and Canada.\n\nSection::::Life cycle.\n", "Section::::...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03125	When watching subtitled shows, how does the brain function in a way that we are still able to "watch" the show while reading subtitles?	You can read relatively fast and your brain is very good at making disconnected events that you think are continious one connected event. Normally you read the subtitles, look at the film (As there is almost never enough text so you would need to focus on reading all the time), and your brain connects it all.	[ "The most extensively studied mode of multimedia translation, subtitling is the linguistic practice showing written text on a screen that conveys \"a target language version of the source speech.\" Consisting of many sub-types, the one most commonly used is interlinguistic subtitling, which is usually displayed in ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13289	Why is it that transplanted organs only have a short life span once transplanted?	I know it’s impacted by the quality of the organ being transplanted, plus all the anti rejection drugs does have a pretty severe impact on the transplant itself. Sorry to hear you’ve had to go through that stress twice in such a short amount of time - I’ve had close family have transplants, it’s a difficult time. Glad they’ve gone well.	[ "While lung transplants carry certain associated risks, they can also extend life expectancy and enhance the quality of life for end-stage pulmonary patients.\n", "Transplantation is the final therapeutic option and only for patients with poor prognosis and quality of life. Timing and appropriateness of transplan...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00349	Why do soda 12-packs come in a 2x6 can box and beer 12-packs seem to always come in 3x4 can boxes	A long time ago, soda 12-pack boxes were sold in 3x4. But soda manufacturers realized that if they made the long box, that you could put the [box in your fridge and use it as a soda can dispenser]( URL_0 ). This must have lead to an increase in sales of 12 packs, because easier access to cold beverages likely increases consumption. Why beer manufacturers have not adopted this strategy, who knows. Note, the volume of the 2x6 configuration is larger than the volume of the 3x4 configuration because they leave extra space to ensure the top cans push the bottom cans out - so bottlers consume more volume to ship 2x6 format than 3x4, meaning less product is shipped.	[ "World War II temporarily stopped this innovation until 1952. By this point, most breweries were using flat top cans instead. From the 1950s to the 1960s, all beer can were composed from three pieces of metal. Two-piece cans hit the market in 1974. Throughout the years, innovative ideas and development slowly chang...	[ "Soda packs don't come in 3x4 boxes." ]	[ "During one period of time, soda boxes did come in 3x4 boxes. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Soda packs don't come in 3x4 boxes.", "Soda packs don't come in 3x4 boxes." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "During one period of time, soda boxes did come in 3x4 boxes. ", "During one period of time, soda boxes did come in 3x4 boxes. " ]
2018-02750	Where does that weird sadness come from after some orgasms?	Your brain has a finite amount of chemicals that make you feel good called "neurotransmitters" such as dopamine and serotonin. When you orgasm your brain gets flooded with a few different types and when you're done you have less of the chemicals available. They replete over time unless you've abused some really hard drugs and killed the neurons that produce them. Common antidepressants that work by altering these chemicals such as SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) have many sexual side effects such as the inability to orgasm, genital numbness, and impotence. Edit: Many people suffer from this condition to some degree but it can be minimized by exercising more and adopting a diet that provides more of the amino acid precursors that allow your brain to produce these neurotransmitters. Tyrosine is the amino acid precursor to dopamine and is found in foods like bananas and walnuts. Tryptophan is the precursor to serotonin and can be found in foods like eggs and fish. There is also a rare condition known as "post orgasm illness syndrome" which some believe to be rooted in the brain. Other believe it to be an allergic reaction to one's own semen.	[ "The phenomenon is first mentioned by the Greek doctor Galen, who wrote that \"Every animal is sad after coitus except the human female and the rooster.\" The philosopher Baruch Spinoza, in his \"Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione\", wrote: \"For as far as sensual pleasure is concerned, the mind is so caught up i...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-05180	What makes a degree from MIT or Harvard different from the same degree at any other college?	You get to network with other people who went to Harvard and MIT. College is not about what you learn, it's about who you meet.	[ "BULLET::::- In the novel \"Split Second\" by Douglas E. Richards, the character Edgar Knight says, \"Long story short, the head of Black Ops R&D got wind of my abilities and plucked me right up after I graduated MIT\".\n\nBULLET::::- Elena Janev (also known as Sally Bins née Sally Petracova), in the novel \"3:34 a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04209	Why can't developers easily make their program run on all OSs?	Each OS has its own hardware architecture. This means system calls are handled differently. Also language support. eg Windows and Mac apps are written in different languages (often) as are iOS and Android applications. Think of each OS as a species, and the application as the organs. Now imagine doing an organ transplant across species. Might be possible but its not at all easy, with a low success rate as each system is different. Get the idea?	[ "Dependence on a PIGUI can lead to project difficulties since fewer people know how to code any specific PIGUI than do a platform-specific GUI, limiting the number of people who can give advanced help, and if the vendor goes out of business there may be no further support, including future OS enhancements, though a...	[ "Programs should be able to run on all OS. " ]	[ "Every hardware has different architecture, which means they are written in different languages, making them incompatible with one another." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Programs should be able to run on all OS. ", "Programs should be able to run on all OS. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Every hardware has different architecture, which means they are written in different languages, making them incompatible with one another.", "Every hardware has different architecture, which means they are written in different languages, making them incompatible with one another." ]
2018-24026	why do women always seem to be considerably colder than men?	Their body temperatures are usually higher. So their normal 'warm' is warmer than men's generally.	[ "Male skin is more prone to reddening and oilier than female skin. Females have a thicker layer of fat under the skin and female skin constricts blood vessels near the surface (vasoconstriction) in reaction to cold to a greater extent than men's skin, both of which help women to stay warm and survive lower temperat...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Women and men have the same body temperature." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Women's body temperatures are usually higher than men's." ]
2018-04801	How does expelling diplomats hurt Russia?	It doesn't really, it is more a symbolic gesture. Economic sanctions are what really hurt, but kicking a bunch of diplomats (many of whom are actually intelligence agents) out of the country gets the idea across that we aren't happy.	[ "President Donald Trump ordered the expulsion of 60 Russian intelligence and diplomatic staff from the United States following the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal. The closure of the consulate in Seattle, Washington was also ordered, based on the belief of US intelligence officials that the consulate was serv...	[ "Expelling diplomats hurts Russia.", "Expelling democrats causes harm to Russia. " ]	[ "It doesn't hurt Russia, it is a symbolic gesture.", "Expelling democrats doesn't really hurt Russia." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Expelling diplomats hurts Russia.", "Expelling democrats causes harm to Russia. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "It doesn't hurt Russia, it is a symbolic gesture.", "Expelling democrats doesn't really hurt Russia." ]
2018-13728	If carbon dioxide is toxic, how come breathing in and out of a bag doesn't kill us?	Excessive carbon dioxide will slowly kill you. However what you breathe out is not pure carbon dioxide. You also breathe out plenty of oxygen. This is why you can give someone mouth-to-mouth without killing them.	[ "A hypoxic, carbon dioxide free metabolically inert gas is provided for inhalation by confining the gas supply and the head in an impermeable bag which prevents contamination with oxygen from the surrounding air, minimising the amount of gas required. (The same effect could be reached by flooding any enclosed space...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01856	Why is most software no longer sold as a one-time purchase but instead with monthly (or so) payments?	Ask yourself which is likely to make a company more money, someone paying $100 for software they can use forever, or someone paying $8/month for as long as they use the software?	[ "This is in contrast to many one-time transactions, when customers are forced to make significant commitments through high software prices. Some feel that historically, the \"one-time-purchase\" model does not give sellers incentive to maintain relationships with their customers (after all, why should they care onc...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-11113	What happens to your brain when you are listening to something with headphones while performing another task?	Think of your brain having "slots" of working memory. Most people have about four. When you are listening to something, more slots are taken the more you concentrate on it. So doing math and listening to a podcast? Probably not the best idea. But doing dishes while listening to that same podcast. Definitely doable.	[ "If another person's ears were substituted, the individual would not immediately be able to localize sound, as the patterns of enhancement and cancellation would be different from those patterns the person's auditory system is used to. However, after some weeks, the auditory system would adapt to the new head-relat...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03017	Why do plastic bottle labels say, “do not refill?”	Good responses here, but I feel the need to step in and say that plastic degrading or breaking off into your drink is rare to impossible. The plastic of ordinary beverage containers still takes near eternity to degrade or release anything harmful. Reports have exaggerated this concept when the actual effects occur over a matter of decades. Keep reusing that bottle as long as you keep it clean. Infinitely better even than recycling.	[ "Refillable bottles are used extensively in many European countries; for example in Denmark, 98% of bottles are refillable, and 98% of those are returned by consumers. These systems are typically supported by deposit laws and other regulations.\n", "Energy drinks\n\nConsideration for the Environment\n\nBULLET::::...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04595	Why is bass stronger when you put the subwoofer in the corner of a room.	Many of the lower frequencies that make up the spectrum we identify as bass collect in corners. These frequencies resonate in 360 degrees from the source. They go everywhere! Higher frequencies in upper mids and treble diffuse rather quickly as they are much more focused. You could view upper frequencies like increasingly sharp waves of light, whereas bass frequencies you could view more like a thick slime or ooze. You can see how the concentration of lower frequencies that do not diffuse quickly could build up in a shape like a corner, where the bass will be bouncing around and off eachother and up and down the wall at twice the rate since there are at least 2 surfaces to a corner.	[ "A DBA just requires two opposing walls, so it is possible to have one array on the floor and the other on the ceiling, or one on the left wall and the other on the right. However, low frequencies become localizable at a specific frequency, so in most cases it's probably a good idea to use the walls with the lower ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04586	What is the function of a fever when we are sick, and how do anti-fever medications reduce it?	Fever is stimulated by a part of your brain (your hypothalamus) that is in direct contact with the bloodstream, unlike most of the brain. Certain molecules floating in the blood will trigger the fever response. These can be external things--proteins on the surface of bacteria, for example--or special signaling molecules produced by our own immune system. Once this part of the brain is triggered by these "pyrogens" (literally "heat-makers" in greek), it produces a bunch of other signaling molecules called prostaglandins that carry the signal to another close part of the brain, which actually recalibrates the body's main temperature sensors to a higher level. The increased body temperature does a few things: * It moves the body temperature outside the optimal reproductive range for many bacteria * It makes many naturally-produced antibiotic substances more chemically effective * It may make cells of your immune system more active NSAIDs, including aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil/Motrin), stop the body from producing prostaglandins, blocking the fever signal. Prostaglandins are also involved in inflammation and pain, which is why those drugs work for that. Acetaminophen/paracetamol (Tylenol) also reduces fever, but we don't actually know how, weirdly enough. It might work similarly to NSAIDs, but ¯\_(ツ)_/¯	[ "There is some debate over the appropriate use of such medications, as fever is part of the body's immune response to infection. A study published by the Royal Society claims fever suppression causes at least 1% or more influenza cases of death in the United States, which results in at least 700 extra deaths per ye...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02039	Can somebody explain the Semi-Conservative Mechanism of DNA Replication?	So dna is a double stranded structure, right? When it replicates, a special enzymes splits the two strands apart, so instead of 1 double stranded helix you just have 2 single lines of dna. Think of it like a zipper. When it's closed you have 1 structure made up of two strands. When you unzip it you have two strands split apart. Next, each line of dna uses special enzymes to make a second, matching strand of dna. So now you have 2 double stranded structures. The method is called semi conservative because both of the new dna helixes still have one straight d from the original dna helix it replicated from	[ "DNA is made up of a double helix of two complementary strands. During replication, these strands are separated. Each strand of the original DNA molecule then serves as a template for the production of its counterpart, a process referred to as semiconservative replication. As a result of semi-conservative replicati...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00665	When cooking risotto, the bouillon has to be added in parts, why?	With Risotto you are wanting to add a very specific range of liquid and that can vary based on humidity, temp cooking, type of rice you use, age of the rice, etc. So you add in parts and observe the consistency of the rice as it absorbs so that should you need to add less than normal you can.	[ "Tortello amaro di Castel Goffredo\n\nThe Tortello amaro di Castel Goffredo (\"Castel Goffredo's bitter tortello\") is a type of stuffed pasta like ravioli and recognized traditional food product of the Lombardy region, typical of the Castel Goffredo in the province of Mantua.\n", "Like many Italian dishes, mines...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-11180	Why is the Roman Empire considered so important that we teach it to this day?	TL;DR: the Roman Empire was massive, lasted for ages, and covered much of Western Europe, so it’s no surprise it is so important to Europeans and their offshoot nations. (And I assume to many others, in North Africa, the Middle East, etc., but I can’t speak for them.) At its height, the Roman Empire was one of the largest empires in world history. It lasted, in some form, for almost 1500 years. Within its borders it often provided a level of peace, stability and organisation that was unprecedented, and perhaps unmatched in Western Europe for another thousand years (that’s a very debatable point). It undertook amazing feats of civil engineering, many of which are still visible and impressive today, or are even still in use (especially in the east). The Roman Empire also produced a great deal of literature, from comedies to philosophy to engineering. Many of these were core texts until the modern era, and some are still very relevant today. It was the birthplace of Christianity, and the empire officially adopting Christianity was a turning point for the religion. The home of the Catholic Church is, of course, still Rome, and its language Latin. After the fall of the empire in the West, rulers and intellectuals looked to the Roman Empire as a model to aspire to. From their fragmented, troubled kingdoms the Roman Empire was a lost giant. In many ways, this admiration has continued up to the present day, with Rome viewed, for better or worse, as the greatest empire. Edit: The Roman Empire, and its rise and fall, has also been turned into many powerful stories and lessons. Its rise, its peak and fall can be used as political and moral lessons (which may or may not reflect the actual history).	[ "The emergence of the United States of America as effectively the only superpower in the world after the fall of the Soviet Union in the late 20th century led to a renewed interest in empires and their study. For instance, the Roman Empire has occasionally been held up as a model for American dominance. The United ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-17879	We are taught that plants grow through photosynthesis. Why, then, can pull all the leaves off a weed, leaving only a root and it grows back?	The stem does photosynthesis too, but in the case of most weeds, they develop large starchy roots that serve as an energy reserve that lets them grow back. If you pick them small before they develop these, they won't grow back.	[ "There is little theory on how plants induce themselves to senesce, although it is reasonably widely accepted that some of it is done hormonally. Plant scientists generally concentrate on ethylene and abscisic acid as culprits in senescence, but neglect gibberellin and brassinosteroid which inhibits root growth if ...	[ "Plants only get energy through photosynthesis in the leaves. ", "A plant gets all its energy from photosynthesis in leaves." ]	[ "Photosynthesis occurs in stems or leaves, and roots provide stored energy. ", "Plant stems can also do photosynthesis, and plants can also get energy from their roots." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Plants only get energy through photosynthesis in the leaves. ", "A plant gets all its energy from photosynthesis in leaves." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Photosynthesis occurs in stems or leaves, and roots provide stored energy. ", "Plant stems can also do photosynthesis, and plants can also get energy from their roots." ]
2018-23161	Why does light leave a trail in pictures with moving light sources?	The light travels to the camera and it leaves an imprint, but it does not happen in an instant. There is this thing called shutter speed, which I think means how long the camera receives the picture. This is a nice example (from Hungarian Wikipedia): [ URL_0 ]( URL_1 ) So, I think it leaves a trail because picture taking is not instantaneous? Hopefully someone will come along and explain it a bit better.	[ "Light trails is another photographic effect where motion blur is used. Photographs of the lines of light visible in long exposure photos of roads at night are one example of effect. This is caused by the cars moving along the road during the exposure. The same principle is used to create star trail photographs.\n"...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-12174	why does heat make us sweat if it makes us dehydrated?	Having the water won't do you a damn bit of good if you brain cooks to death inside your skull. It's better to sweat and reduce the body temperature than to keep the water.	[ "In warm or humid weather or during heavy exertion, water loss can increase markedly, because humans have a large and widely variable capacity for the active secretion of sweat. Whole-body sweat losses in men can exceed 2 L/h during competitive sport, with rates of 3–4 L/h observed during short-duration, high-inten...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01834	Maximum amounts of watt an appliance can utilize at home?	It depends on how deep you want to dive into the question. Here, in Sweden, the nominal voltage is 400V/230V. Most houses have a 3-phase feed, and quite a lot of flats have a three phase feed too because stoves, ovens and such tend to be two- or three-phased. An ordinary Schuko wall socket is one-phased (230V) and is fused at max 10A. The Perilex socket used for stoves is three-phased (400V) and is fused at max 3x16A. If you have something else three-phased that you need to connect, like...say...a welder, you'll make use of CEE sockets instead (400V), those are three-phased TN-S (that is, the socket provides three phases, Neutral and Protective Earth) and come in literally any size you need them in from 16A up to 250A. This means, if you want to be blunt about it, that any house has at the very least 400V 3x16A as the main feed. I have two-phased electrical heating as well, so my feed is 400V 3x25A. You might have noticed a pattern here. Fuses. A fuse is a safety device. It's there literally to ensure that the cables are not overloaded to the point where they overheat and catch fire. But it's also a damn simple limiter. You can't (alright, you can. but only during a shorter time span) extract more from the power line than the fuse allows, so it's literally the fuse that is the point of the equation that matters. So. Back to the one-phased 230V Schuko with a 10A fuse. It's pretty likely that more than one socket share the same fuse. In fact, often a whole bedroom has only one fuse for all the lights and all the sockets. But if you assume that you only use one socket, it's pretty simple. The max load on a socket is 230V * 10A = 2300W. If you look at the stove, it has 230V * 3x10A = 3x3680W available. Most stoves are a bunch of 1-phased loads that you can turn on and off so you can simplify the calculations and count as if the loads where on a one-phase feed, but in reality you are supposed to complicate the equation with phase offset and whatnot. So, the CEE's, then? They are 400V. But, 400V is extracted between two phases. So when you calculate the load you are supposed to add * √3 to the equation (that part takes into account the offset between the phases, If I remember correctly) but in reality you often have a load that is so even over the phases that you can just calculate the phases separately anyway. I got one of those in my garage, it's a 25A CEE, which means that I got 230V * 3x25A = 3x5750W available there. EDIT: Actually. I'm kind of stupid. 400/230 = √3. √3 is the nominal current increase if you combine two phases that are 120degrees apart.	[ "In July 2007 California's 2005 appliance standards came into effect, limiting external power supply standby power to 0.5 watts.\n", "In the U.S., the state of California was a pioneer in the introduction of MEPS. In order to reduce the growth in electricity use, the California Energy Commission (CEC) was given u...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01315	What really happens to make us feel 'refreshed' after a shower?	Besides the water temp, it's the water drying on you. It absorbs your skin heat in the process. As your skin gets colder, you feel the refreshing sensation.	[ "BULLET::::- The Center for Sustainability and Associated Student Government have teamed up for \"60 Seconds Less\", a creative campaign that encourages campus affiliates to cut 60 seconds or more off their time in the shower. Using community-based marketing and incentives, student government designed a pledge, edu...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21031	How do we discover new planets thousands of light years away and be able to understand their properties such as their mass, radius, temperature from such a great distance?	We don't see them at all. They are just too far away. This image is a few years old and is, as far as I am aware, the ONLY direct image of an extrasolar planet ever taken: [ URL_0 ]( URL_1 ) That tiny dot that they had to zoom in on. That's it. That's the best detail we can get. When scientists detect extrasolar planets they have to detect them indirectly, and there's really 2 main ways you can do that: 1. You can look for a "wobble" in the star. As the planet orbits the star, the star's gravity pulls on the planet which is what keeps it in orbit but the planet's gravity also pulls, slightly, on the star. So if you stare at a star long enough and measure it with some really sensitive equipment you can spot the little "sway" in the star, and that's how you know it has at least 1 planet going around it. 2. The other method is the one used by Kepler (the space telescope launched by NASA) where you look for the star to "blink". If the planet passes in front of the star, as in passes between it and the Earth, you get an eclipse, just like here on Earth. Obviously it's not going to be as spectacular, but what Kepler does is monitor about 150,000 stars constantly and it watches out for a star to go slightly dimmer for a while. This isn't something you can actually see, we're talking about 0.01% dimmer, but Kepler can spot it, once it happens a few times you know you've got a planet. Using the data gathered from these methods scientists can make some educated estimates about some of the basic stats on these planets like how far away from the star they are (so what their surface temperatures would be), how big they are, what they are probably made of (rocky like the Earth or gas giants like Jupiter). The next step for NASA is getting a better idea what they are made of. I think there is a plan to launch a satellite in the next few years that will be able to do spectroscopy on the atmospheres of these planets which would give us a much better idea of how Earth-like they are in terms of their chemistry, and perhaps even give us the first hints of an alien biosphere.	[ "The main advantage of the transit method is that the size of the planet can be determined from the lightcurve. When combined with the radial-velocity method (which determines the planet's mass), one can determine the density of the planet, and hence learn something about the planet's physical structure. The planet...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00274	Why are clouds greyish white, and why do they turn dark grey when they're about to start raining?	Clouds are normally white because light is scattered while passing through them, the same way frosted glass or a foggy area looks white. When they are about to rain, the clouds are getting denser and so less light is able to penetrate, making it look darker	[ "The whiteness or darkness of clouds is a function of their depth. Small, fluffy white clouds in summer look white because the sunlight is being scattered by the tiny water droplets they contain, and that white light comes to the viewer's eye. However, as clouds become larger and thicker, the white light cannot pen...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03645	So in the original Planet of the Apes film, were audiences legitimately lead to believe that the whole movie was taking place on another planet, only to have the ending reveal it was in fact Earth? Or was it that they knew it was Earth, but the characters in the film didn't?	It was suppose to be that the audiences didn't know it was earth until that statue of liberty scene. Everything else was suppose to draw you away from thinking it was earth. For alot of people it worked like me when I was a kid, but some people I know kinda figured it was earth all along	[ "In the first movie, Zira meets American astronaut George Taylor, who was shot in the throat when he was captured by gorillas, and cannot speak, as the native humans of her world cannot. She tends to his throat wound, discovers Taylor has intelligence beyond any human she's seen, and pairs him with Nova, also intel...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02523	How do scientists calculate the approximate surface area, mass, and weight of planets?	Well, mass and weight are related. In order to determine the mass of a planet, we simply need to see how much gravity the planet generates (gravity is proportional to mass and inversely proportional distance squared). We can observe this by observing the moons orbiting them - how far away they are and how fast they complete one revolution around the planet. For size/surface area, if we know how far a planet is from us, and the angular size of the planet in our telescopes, we can determine the size of the planet using SOHCAHTOA. Tangent(angle) = size of the planet / distance from Earth to the planet.	[ "BULLET::::- Also, numerous other methods can give reasonable approximations. For instance, Varuna, a potential dwarf planet, rotates very quickly upon its axis, as does the dwarf planet Haumea. Haumea has to have a very high density in order not to be ripped apart by centrifugal forces. Through some calculations, ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01887	If a person jumped into a hole that began on one side of the globe and stretched to the other side would they fly into the air while exiting the hole or would they land safely on their feet? (Assuming no obstructions in the hole)	Neither. Assuming that you ignore the fact that the temperature and pressure in the middle of the earth would kill them, they'd make it most of the way to the other side, but then start falling back down the way they came. They'd get even less close to the entrance where they jumped in, and switch directions again. They'd oscillate back and forth like that for a while before eventually settling into the center of the earth, weightless, and unable to escape without climbing the walls. This is because friction with the air will slow them down during their fall and subsequent ascent.	[ "‘Kruse was having an incredibly difficult time simply trying to dress himself. He put his climbing harness on inside out, threaded it through the fly of his wind suit, and failed to fasten the buckle; fortunately, Fisher and Neal Beidleman noticed the screwup before Kruse started to descend. \"If he'd tried to rap...	[ "A person who jumped through a hole in earth would eitehr fly through the air or land safely on their feet on the other side.", "If a person fell in a hole that was double ended on both sides that lead to the other side of earth, they would either land safely on their feet or fly out the other side." ]	[ "The person will lose energy and slowly go back and forth through the center before eventually getting stuck there. ", "The person would neither land safely or fly out the other side because they would likely be killed due to the heat within the center of the Earth." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "A person who jumped through a hole in earth would eitehr fly through the air or land safely on their feet on the other side.", "If a person fell in a hole that was double ended on both sides that lead to the other side of earth, they would either land safely on their feet or fly out the other side." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The person will lose energy and slowly go back and forth through the center before eventually getting stuck there. ", "The person would neither land safely or fly out the other side because they would likely be killed due to the heat within the center of the Earth." ]
2018-18244	How does ‘sharpening’ a knife/razor on leather make it sharper?	I believe the word your looking for is "Strop". Check out the link, it mostly answers your question I think. URL_0	[ "The word \"honing\" is ambiguous, and may refer to either fine sharpening (step 1.2) or straightening (step 2).\n\nThe finest level of sharpening is done most frequently, while the coarser levels are done progressively more rarely, and sharpening methods differ between blades and applications.\n\nFor example, a st...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21107	How exactly did the North Sentinelese migrate to their island from Africa?	At one point a group of modern H. sapiens walked out of Africa and headed eastward to what we call the Indian subcontinent. From their they presumably rafted their way to the islands and found the area sufficient for their needs. Humans have a tendency to wander and the ability to come up with new ways to wander when otherwise prevented from doing so by terrain.	[ "The first recorded visit to the island by a colonial officer was by Jeremiah Homfray in 1867. He recorded seeing naked islanders catching fish with bows and arrows, and was informed by the Great Andamanese that they were Jarawas.\n", "Temple also recorded a case where a Sentinelese apparently drifted off to the ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02967	Why do smartphones have more cores than computers?	Core count in a phone can get a bit funny, particularly with chips that use the big.LITTLE layout. In a big.LITTLE configuration there will be two cores per core but only one is active at a time. When the workload is light, it is taken care of by a weak but power sipping Little core to preserve battery life, the big core is completely powered down during this. When the workload increases the Little core will get powered down and the big core will take over. Sitting around doing nothing, the big core will consume significantly more power than the little core so having the Little one significantly improves battery life in standby mode. Your computer isn't super concerned about battery life, the sleep states of the CPU are usually good enough and it needs to be designed to handle a single task really well so having a few strong cores is significantly better for it than having a bunch of weak cores. Your phone is choosing between one moderately strong core and a few moderately weak cores, its not going to be performing any massive single threaded operation, there is always a fair amount going on on the background(compared to the intensity of the main task) that those extra cores have things to do A chip with 4 big cores vs one with 2 big cores may not show any significant performance boost, but that's really hard to benchmark on phones since we can't come close to keeping everything else equivalent	[ "The desktop market has been in a transition towards quad-core CPUs since Intel's Core 2 Quad was released and are now common, although dual-core CPUs are still more prevalent. Older or mobile computers are less likely to have more than two cores than newer desktops. Not all software is optimised for multi-core CPU...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21739	Why are hot foods impossible for us to hold onto for long but if we put it in our mouths it doesn't feel as hot?	I think it may have something to do with the saliva, since saliva is 98% water. Water has a high-specific heat, which basically means that it takes a lot of energy to get it to change temperature. A wet environment (such as your mouth) experiences less dramatic temperature changes than a dry environment (such as your bare hands).	[ "This particular sensation, called chemesthesis, is not a taste in the technical sense, because the sensation does not arise from taste buds, and a different set of nerve fibers carry it to the brain. Foods like chili peppers activate nerve fibers directly; the sensation interpreted as \"hot\" results from the stim...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06685	why it’s good for your heart to get pumping while exercising but it’s not good when your heart beats fast from anxiety or stress.	It IS good when your heart beats faster from anxiety or stress. That is your body’s way of trying to help you prepare for and respond to stressful situations. Now PROLONGED stress and anxiety can have negative effects on all sorts of body functions (I.e. causing high blood pressure). An interesting topic related to this is adverse childhood experiences (aces) which kinda dives into the long term effects of a consistent fight or flight response on the body. I linked to the ted talk about it below. URL_0	[ "Bradycardia is not necessarily problematic. People who regularly practice sports may have sinus bradycardia, because their trained hearts can pump enough blood in each contraction to allow a low resting heart rate. Sinus bradycardia can also be an adaptive advantage; for example, diving seals may have a heart rate...	[ "It is not good when your heart beats fast from anxiety or stress.", "It’s not good when your heart beats fast from anxiety or stress." ]	[ "It is good when your heart beats fast from anxiety or stress, however prolonged stress is bad.", "An increased heart rate triggered by stress helps the body to prepare for and respond to stressful situations." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It is not good when your heart beats fast from anxiety or stress.", "It’s not good when your heart beats fast from anxiety or stress." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "It is good when your heart beats fast from anxiety or stress, however prolonged stress is bad.", "An increased heart rate triggered by stress helps the body to prepare for and respond to stressful situations." ]
2018-04094	what’s in a doggy treat that makes it so much more desirable than normal food? Why not make doggy food the same way?	My vet described it in more human terms. Pet treats rarely have any nutritional value. They are usually super concentrated flavor balls. Assuming you feed your dog a high grade food, imagine it like giving candy to a child to reward good behavior. You make them to eat veggies at every meal, but they go crazy for candy. The same is how you can grade brands of dog food. The good stuff is usually lean protein mixed with grains and veggie matter. Lower grades are usually corn based and drenched in animal fat and meat by-products. The fat makes the food smell/taste good, but doesn't give the same nutrients.	[ "Doggy style (disambiguation)\n\nDoggy style is any sex position in which a person bends over, crouches on all fours, or lies on their stomach, for sexual activity.\n\nDoggy style or doggystyle may also refer to:\n\nBULLET::::- \"Doggystyle\", the 1993 debut studio album from American rapper Snoop Dogg\n\nBULLET:::...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-20521	how swallowing cough syrup (digestive system) has an almost immediate effect on the lungs (respiratory system)	If it’s immediate you probably just needed water. But remember that the esophagus (digestive) and trachea (respiratory) are the same tube higher up above the vocal cords in the back of your throat. Cough is usually from secretions dripping back in your throat (post-nasal drip) - it stimulates a forceful burst of air out to avoid getting them into your lungs. A lot of cough syrups decrease secretions and cough sensitivity, but the thick liquid also helps with secretions in the moment. This is why in pediatrics we recommend a teaspoon of honey instead (as long as it’s not an infant under 1). This has actually been studied too and shown to be just as effective and safer.	[ "BULLET::::- The abdominal muscles contract to accentuate the action of the relaxing diaphragm; simultaneously, the other expiratory muscles contract. These actions increase the pressure of air within the lungs.\n\nBULLET::::- The vocal cords relax and the glottis opens, releasing air at over 100 mph.\n\nBULLET::::...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Cough syrup works alost immediately on the lungs." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The immediate relief you feel is more because you needed water." ]
2018-00714	Why does zeta(0) = 1/2?	This is more ELIKnowCalculus, but takes away all the overly technical parts to show a little more clearly what's going on. To figure out what many nonstandard values of the Riemann Zeta Function are, you need to use the [Functional Equation]( URL_0 ). This relates the analytically continued values of Zeta(s) for s < 0 to the values for s > 1, which converge and can compute using the traditional Riemann Zeta formula. The Functional Equation is as follows: * Zeta(s) = 2^(s) \* pi^(s-1) \* sin(s\pi/2) \ Gamma(1-s) \* Zeta(1-s) If s < 0, then 1-s > 1, and we can compute everything else easily, so this is a formula to compute other zeta values. For instance, if s=-1, then if you know that Zeta(2)=pi^(2)/6 and Gamma(2) = 1, then you can plug in everything else to get Zeta(-1)=-1/12. Note that we want to compute Zeta(s) at s=0, but the functional equation only helps us if s < 0. But we do know that Zeta(s) is continuous everywhere (except s=1), so we are free to compute Zeta(0) by computing the limit of Zeta(s) as s- > 0 from the left, ie using the values of the Zeta Function that are accessible through the Functional Equation. But we also run into an issue when trying to directly compute these limits, because if we plug in s=0 to the right-hand side of the Functional Equation we get that Zeta(1-0) is infinite, so there's a little more work than just plugging stuff in. The key is that, even though Zeta(1-s) goes to infinity at s=0, sin(s\pi/2) goes to zero at s=0, and so they'll balance each other out. In particular, we find that we get the limit: lim(s- > 0^(-)) Zeta(1-s)\sin(s\ pi/2) = -pi/2 So computing Zeta(0), we use the functional equation to get (with the fact that Gamma(1)=1 in mind, and all limits being from the left) Zeta(0) = lim(s- > 0) Zeta(s) = lim(s- > 0) 2^(s) pi^(s-1) sin(s pi/2) Gamma(1-s) Zeta(1-s) = 2^(0) pi^(-1) Gamma(1) lim(s- > 0) Zeta(1-s)sin(s pi/2) = (1/pi) (-\pi /2) = -1/2 (Yes, it should be negative.)	[ "To take something more interesting, let \"V\" be the projective line over \"F\". If \"F\" has \"q\" elements, then this has \"q\" + 1 points, including as we must the one point at infinity. Therefore, we shall have\n\nand\n\nfor \|\"t\"\| small enough.\n\nIn this case we have\n", "According to the generalized Riem...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-08000	Why do younger people use emojis backwards?	I am in my early 20's and never use emojis backwards... never seen it even (maybe a couple of times...)	[ "Until 2016, mobile phone vendors HTC and LG deployed variants of NotoColorEmoji.ttf with custom glyphs; Samsung still does. Some Japanese mobile carriers used to equip branded Android devices with emoji glyphs that were closer to the original ones, but apparently have stopped updating these circa 2015.\n\nSection:...	[ "Younger people use emojis backwards.", "Younger people use emojis backwards." ]	[ "Have rarely seen emojis used backward.", "Not every young person uses emojis backwards. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Younger people use emojis backwards.", "Younger people use emojis backwards." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Have rarely seen emojis used backward.", "Not every young person uses emojis backwards. " ]
2018-01987	How are Mormons able to learn a language so quickly before their missions?	Most missionaries spend a few weeks to a few months at one of several training centers, and for those learning a language, that's a big part of their time. I think it comes down to a few principles: Motivation: they know that they'll be thrown into the deep end soon enough, so they're giving it everything they've got. Also, most of them are deeply committed to their mission assignments and a trying to do their best regardless. Focus: They learn how to communicate within a pretty narrow band of topics. They're good at them, but far from fluent if the topic leaves religion. Most continue getting better as time goes on, but the focus on one set of topics and related "communication objectives" both helps them learn faster, and lets them seem a bit more fluent than they actually are. Dedication: in the training center, they're in class, either being instructed or studying nearly 12 hours a day most days. It's very intense, and there are ZERO distractions. No visitors, regimented schedules, etc. It's a very intense experience. Source: was a missionary, and taught at a training center.	[ "Smith stated in a letter to the editor of \"Times and Seasons\", \"there was no Greek or Latin upon the plates from which I, through the grace of the Lord, translated the Book of Mormon.\" Brian D. Stubbs has stated that though the language of the Mulekites isn't put forward in the Book of Mormon, it could have co...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-18161	Why are dark themes better for the eyes? it is true?	Usually dark themes are used at night where the environment is much darker and your brain is used to process much less visual information. Using dark themes during a bright day is similarly uncomfortable to having brighter themes at night. Essentially, your brain got used to processing an amount of information, dark themes provide less information as the darker/black colors are recognized as a void (during the night) so your brain doesn't think much of it and focuses on what is brighter. During the day, your brain is used to balance the information from different sources, that's why you have to brighten your screen to your environment so your brain doesn't strain your body into deciphering the information that is being blurred out by much stronger sources. It's a matter of balancing the different sources of information so your brain doesn't become cluttered on one single point.	[ "\"The Darker Image\" calendar became a small part of the cultural zeitgeist of the time, particularly in the urban world, with the calendar prominently featured in John Singleton’s movie \"Higher Learning\", and The Hollywood Reporter writing: “‘Phat Beach,’ the first Hollywood beach blanket-type movie featuring b...	[ "Dark themes are better for the eyes." ]	[ "Using dark themes during the day can be just as uncomfortable as using bright themes during the night." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Dark themes are better for the eyes." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Using dark themes during the day can be just as uncomfortable as using bright themes during the night." ]
2018-02455	why is it so quiet when it snows?	Sound is how you perceive waves of pressure in the air. Those waves can bounce off hard surfaces, like when you hear an echo, or travel in a different medium, like when you hear sound underwater. If the medium is more dense, like solid metal, sounds travel faster but die out more quickly. When it's snowing, the snow on all the surfaces and in the air dampens all of the waves, so that sound doesn't travel as far and everything around you is quieter.	[ "Real Quiet later stood at Taylor Made Stallions in Kentucky and Pin Oak Lane Farm, then Penn Ridge, both in Pennsylvania.\n\nHe also shuttled to Australia and Uruguay, taking advantage of the reversed breeding season observed in the southern hemisphere.\n", "Section::::History.\n\nSection::::History.:Background ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04114	What exactly is predestination? Why do followers like Calvinists believe it? Why do they ideally try to be good people?	It is the belief that God controls all thing to such a minute detail that there is no free will. Those that God decides will go to heaven will always go to heaven and everyone else will go to hell. It does not matter how bad you are as a chosen person, and it does not matter how good you are as an unchosen you cannot change your destiny.	[ "Calvinists believe that God picked those who he will save and bring with him to Heaven before the world was created. They also believe that those people God does not save will go to Hell. John Calvin thought people who were saved could never lose their salvation and the \"elect\" (those God saved) would know they ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02264	What actually makes certain people more charismatic than others?	Body language and a wide scope of interests helps a lot, not to mention confidence. Smiling, lots of eye contact, knowledge about something they like (or willingness to learn, and a confident demeanor are all things people generally like and consider in evaluating charisma.	[ "George D. Chryssides asserts that not all new religious movements have charismatic leaders, and that there are differences in the hegemonic styles among those movements that do.\n\nSection::::Narcissism.\n", "Section::::Application of Weber's theories.:New religious movements.\n\nEileen Barker discusses the tend...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00619	how is metal made and formed? How do we create things like steel and iron?	We don't really "create" iron; it, and most other metals, exist in nature. You (typically) dig it up out of the ground and run it through a smelter, which melts the metal (allowing you to concentrate and purify it), and (by adding carbon) removes oxygen that has already reacted with the metal. Steel is different, though, as it's an alloy that mankind sort of accidentally stumbled on; putting in the right amount of carbon results in a metal that is much harder and stronger than just plain old iron. Eventually, people figured out how to reliably make steel in large quantities immediately prior to and during the Industrial Revolution.	[ "The history of metals is thought to begin with the use of copper about 11,000 years ago. Gold, silver, iron (as meteoric iron), lead, and brass were likewise in use before the first known appearance of bronze in the 5th millennium BCE. Subsequent developments include the production of early forms of steel; the dis...	[ "Metal is created.", "Iron and some metals are created. " ]	[ "Metal is usually dug up from the ground and refined into a more pure product. ", "Iron and other metals aren't actually created, they already exist in nature, and are found and dug up. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Metal is created.", "Iron and some metals are created. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Metal is usually dug up from the ground and refined into a more pure product. ", "Iron and other metals aren't actually created, they already exist in nature, and are found and dug up. " ]
2018-01212	Why are some mammals born with their eyes closed, and only open them after a certain amount of time has passed?	They're born before their eyesight is fully developed. It's a tradeoff that leaves the litter essentially helpless but the mother can recover from the pregnancy faster and sooner return to a state where she's more fit to hunt and defend her young. Evolution isn't intelligent design, it's 'whatever works works and if something works better it'll outdo the competition eventually', so being born a little prematurely seems to work better than longer pregnancies in some species.	[ "Statements that certain species of mammals are \"born blind\" refer to them being born with their eyes closed and their eyelids fused together; the eyes open later. One example is the rabbit. In humans the eyelids are fused for a while before birth, but open again before the normal birth time, but very premature b...	[ "Mammals should be born with their eyes open." ]	[ "Evolution isn't always logical, it just favors what works. In this case it is more favorable for young to be born sooner so the mother can quickly defend them. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Mammals should be born with their eyes open." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Evolution isn't always logical, it just favors what works. In this case it is more favorable for young to be born sooner so the mother can quickly defend them. " ]
2018-09948	What are freckles and why are some parts of the body seemingly more prone to getting them?	Freckles are simply parts of the epidermis a.k.a the outermost layer of the skin that contain concentrated amounts of skin pigment i.e melanin. Susceptibility to freckles could depend on genetics or areas that are frequently exposed to UV light that will cause the formation of more freckles.	[ "Section::::Types.\n\n\"Ephelides\" describes a freckle which is flat and light brown or red and fades with reduction of sun exposure. Ephelides are more common in those with light complexions, although they are found on people with a variety of skin tones. The regular use of sunblock can inhibit their development....	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01327	How do massive college campuses (especially ones in major cities) provide wifi accross such a large area	This is part of what I do and the short answer is a lot of access points. The slightly longer answer is that we use special wireless access points that are meant for high density campus use. These access points have several differences to the one you probably have at home. They are only access points, for starters, and not routers. They are centrally managed, meaning that at our Network Operations Center, our technicians are able to see and monitor in real-time the status and performance of every access point at every location on every campus in our state-wide system. All the settings of the access points (channels, transmitter strength, etc.) can be remotely changed. There’s even software that dynamically monitors and adjusts those settings to try to optimize the performance. It’s very complicated, as you can imagine, and very expensive, especially once you factor in the training and salaries of the on-site technicians and the initial set up, which usually includes outside specialist engineers. And that’s why your tuition is so high.	[ "Many traditional university campuses in the developed world provide at least partial Wi-Fi coverage. Carnegie Mellon University built the first campus-wide wireless Internet network, called Wireless Andrew, at its Pittsburgh campus in 1993 before Wi-Fi branding originated. By February 1997, the CMU Wi-Fi zone was ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-17510	Why can someone have a lung transplant if they have for example, cystic fibrosis, but it's unheard of with a lung disease like COPD?	Transplants are done with the survival rate in mind. People with COPD tend to have a similar life span after a transplant that they would continuing with their standard treatments. Someone with s Cystic Fibrosis will get many years added to their life with a transplant. So I guess the real answer is organ availability. If we had endless donations we'd transplant COPD patients more for the improved quality of life. Edit: I have a family member who received a double lung and heart transplant who has Cystic Fibrosis. The above is the information we were given when he was first put on the list over a decade ago. I know in Canada we do transplants for COPD patients who meet transplant requirements. However, your place on the list is figured through an algorithm that looks at age, survival rate, rejection rate, quality of life before and after, current health, current habits (ie smoking), and many other details to try to help the best candidates who will gain the most benefit. So the more organs available, the more people who can be helped. Maybe the default should be to have your organs donated and to sign a card if you chose not to.	[ "The incidence varies depending on which definition is used, but definitions by \"Anthonisen et al.\" the typical COPD patient averages two to three AECB episodes per year. With a COPD prevalence of more than 12 million (possibly 24 million including undiagnosed ones) in the United States, there are at least 30 mil...	[ "Lung transplant is unheard of for a lung disease like COPD." ]	[ "There are places where lung transplants for COPD are done, for example in Canada." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Lung transplant is unheard of for a lung disease like COPD.", "Lung transplant is unheard of for a lung disease like COPD." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "There are places where lung transplants for COPD are done, for example in Canada.", "There are places where lung transplants for COPD are done, for example in Canada." ]
2018-02969	Why ships are shaped like a V and not square	Yes. And many slow or towed floating platforms, like barges, have exactly that configuration. But if you want a vessel to be able to move through the water with any sort of speed, then a V shape is best for reducing drag. A ship with a square keel requires vastly more energy to push through the water than one with a V shape.	[ "Section::::Design.:Square-rigged caravel.\n\nTowards the end of the 15th century, the Portuguese developed a larger version of the caravel, bearing a forecastle and sterncastle – though not as high as those carracks, which would have made it unweatherly – but most distinguishable for its square-rigged foremast, an...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05587	Why does glass look green/ opaque if you look at it through its edge? Why does occur when multiple panes of glass overlap too?	Glass is green, ever so slightly. Vsauce did something similar with mirrors which green shifted light as it got reflected over and over. The more glass the light goes through the greener it becomes	[ "Perceptual transparency\n\nPerceptual transparency is the phenomenon of seeing one surface behind another.\n\nIn our everyday life, we often experience the view of objects through transparent surfaces.\n\nPhysically transparent surfaces allow the transmission of a certain amount of light rays\n\nthrough them. Some...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02528	Do you have a higher chance of winning the lottery if you place your bets based on the last 60 years of drawn numbers?	I think most people here are forgetting that lotteries are not pure mathematical constructs. It is a game built by, and manipulated by people. Yes, the Gambler's Fallacy suggests that all thing are equal in an equal game, but the game is rarely equal. Firstly, saying that the odds are the same assumes that each lottery ball is built evenly. It is very possible some balls weigh more than others, changing how likely they are of being picked. In this example, it is possible that the No.3 ball is the lightest ball, and more likely to fly to top and be picked. Also, it's possible that when they put the balls in the machine, they do so numerical order. This might make lower numbers more likely to surface than the higher numbers. Secondly, some lotteries are fixed. Intentionally using balls of different weights and sizes make more numbers more likely to appear. In some draws, people heat the key balls up so that someone picked them by hand could identify them. For whatever reason, No. 3 could intentionally chosen more often, maybe because the mob boss' son was born in March. The classic example of the Gambler's fallacy took place in Monte Carlo when the ball landed on black 26 times in a row. A lot people lost money because they kept betting on red, think falsely that there is no way that a ball would land on the same spot for as long as it did. Myself, I would have bet on black, because at that point, I would suspect that the mechanism helping the ball land on black was jammed or something, causing the ball the land on black over and over again. For those that doubt me, [something like this happened in a casino in Montreal]( URL_0 ). To summarize, the casino reset their Keno machines every morning, so their sequence of numbers repeated each day. Somebody figured this out and won $600,000	[ "Here also we have no reason to suppose that the element of interest was taken into consideration; and the assumption, that between the ages of 40 and 50 each addition of a year to the nominee's age diminishes the value of the annuity by one year's purchase, is equivalent to assuming that there is no probability of...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Logical math solutions should lead to higher chances of winning the lottery." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "The lottery can and is manipulated by people to reduce the chances of winning. " ]
2018-03603	Why does a loose banana turn brown quicker than when it’s attached to other bananas?	"loose banana" Anyways I'm pretty sure that it is because exposed banana is created when a banana is loosened, and this make bacterial infection much easier.	[ "Section::::Farming activities.:Exporting.\n\nAt the boxing plant, the bananas selected are hung on a conveyor and removed by hand from the stalk. They are then placed in tanks of water for at least four minutes to wash off the latex and other impurities. Every precautionary method must be taken against damage to t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03223	Why are my muscles sore after jumping in cold water?	From what I understand, our bodies defenses against hypothermia is to shiver. This involves involuntary muscle contractions to generate heat. These muscles contractions still can cause muscle soreness just like working out.	[ "Blood flow to the muscles is lower in cold water, but exercise keeps the muscle warm and flow elevated even when the skin is chilled. Blood flow to fat normally increases during exercise, but this is inhibited by immersion in cold water. Adaptation to cold reduces the extreme vasoconstriction which usually occurs ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-17525	Why do animals tend to copy their owner's behaviour and personality?	I don't know how much merit that theory holds. Most animals tend to learn from associations and rewards. They pick up through routines: what we want them to do and what we don't. So if you think they act like their owners it might be because they're simply following routines but outside of that they're like human children in the aspect of learning, but they're not like human children in the sense that we talk to our children and teach them complex ideas that shape their behaviors to be like ours. There are more basic behaviors that a simple pet like a dog might seemingly mimic. A lazy person will most likely have a lazy dog. An abusive person will lead the dog to be scared but eventually aggressive. These are more cause and effect things however. A lazy dog has no choice but to be lazy, and an aggressive dog has to be aggressive for its own protection. Essentially, human animal bonds are largely based on operant conditioning, animals repeat routines humans teach them with the use of treats and other associations such as command or time. They can give us compassion but the fact that they aren't out species limits them from being able to copy us further (I doubt my dog would have the same political views as me).	[ "Animals as pets have a large sense of loyalty to humans. Famous cases include Greyfriars Bobby, a Skye terrier who attended his master's grave for fourteen years; Hachiko, a dog who returned to the place he used to meet his master every day for nine years after his death; and Foxie, the spaniel belonging to Charle...	[ "Animals tend to copy their owner's behavior and personality.", "Animals tend to copy their owner's behaviour and personality." ]	[ "Animals don't copy their owner's behavior and personality, they learn from associations and rewards.", "That theory may not hold merit; animals repeat routines humans teach them with the use of treats and other associations such as commands." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Animals tend to copy their owner's behavior and personality.", "Animals tend to copy their owner's behaviour and personality." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Animals don't copy their owner's behavior and personality, they learn from associations and rewards.", "That theory may not hold merit; animals repeat routines humans teach them with the use of treats and other associations such as commands." ]

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