Split (3)

train · 3.46k rows

id stringlengths 10 10	question stringlengths 18 294	comment stringlengths 28 6.89k	passages list	presuppositions list	corrections list	labels list	raw_presuppositions list	raw_labels list	raw_corrections list
2018-04680	How do CPUs switch between the states of 1 and 0?	1 = on, has power 0=off, does not have power They are literally switches that are either in place and on or popped out and off.	[ "Moore/Mealy machines, are DFAs that have also output at any tick of the clock. Modern CPUs, computers, cell phones, digital clocks and basic electronic devices/machines have some kind of finite state machine to control it.\n\nSimple software systems, particularly ones that can be represented using regular expressi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02816	Why are Arabs not black? Since arabia is the most sun-intensive area of earth it would make sense to have dark skin for protection.	You need to understand how the [human skin color]( URL_0 ) evolved. Second You need to understand where did [Arabs]( URL_1 ) come from. But here's the short answer you can deduce from both articles: An estimated time of about 10,000 to 20,000 years is enough for human populations to achieve optimal skin pigmentation in a particular geographic area. Modern Arabs descended from some civilization that lived in the Levant about 3000 years ago (and these originated from a whiteish background), and as a result of being white, they chose to use better clothing instead of waiting for evolution. Also there was "Ancient Arabs", they were tribes that had vanished or been destroyed, such as ʿĀad and Thamud, and we can't know if these are white or black. I hope my answer is correct as i simplified it to the max, if you read the articles and the "further information" links in them, you'll eventually get to your answer	[ "Section::::Geographic distribution.:New Guinea.\n\nThe indigenous Papuan people of New Guinea have dark skin pigmentation and have inhabited the island for at least 40,000 years. Due to their similar phenotype and the location of New Guinea being in the migration route taken by Indigenous Australians, it was gener...	[ "Since arabs are in arabia they should have very dark skin." ]	[ "Skin color doesn't change evolutionarily for tens of thousands of years. The people there decended from people in locations with light skin color. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Since arabs are in arabia they should have very dark skin." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Skin color doesn't change evolutionarily for tens of thousands of years. The people there decended from people in locations with light skin color. " ]
2018-02479	What properties do cooking oils contain that make them beneficial for cooking?	They should be cheap to produce in large quantities. They need to withstand high temperatures without burning (despite what some other user said). They must be non-toxic, not including any carcinogenic compounds they form when they're used.	[ "The following oils are suitable for high-temperature frying due to their high smoke point above :\n\nBULLET::::- Avocado oil\n\nBULLET::::- Mustard oil\n\nBULLET::::- Palm oil\n\nBULLET::::- Peanut oil (marketed as \"groundnut oil\" in the UK and India)\n\nBULLET::::- Rice bran oil\n\nBULLET::::- Safflower oil\n\n...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-20802	When a large retail corporation like Toys R Us goes out of business, what happens in practicality?	The remaining stores will try to find a buyer for merchandise at the best price they can quickly move goods for, this often involves sharp discounts on store shelves, or another business buying out merchandise, or sometimes it may be simply donated to a charity if nobody will buy it. Employees may be given a short notice, but many bankruptcy cases are something that any casual employee is likely to for see well in advance (store closings, layoffs, poor sales volumes, etc). Sometimes the rights to use the company name are sold off, sometimes to create a new online retailler with the same name.	[ "Sears Holdings filed for bankruptcy protection in October 2018 and plans to close about 142 of its 700 stores by the end of 2018.\n\nToys \"R\" Us filed for bankruptcy, and closed all its US stores in June 2018. In late 2018, the brand name was pulled out of bankruptcy protection; there are currently plans for it ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03185	How does fever work as a self-regulatory mechanism of the body?	At high temperatures the DNA and proteins of many Bacteria and Viruses that are affecting your body and making you sick will denature, preventing them from being able to reproduce. Now a fever becomes dangerously high at 39°C so you should probably contact a Doctor.	[ "Temperature is ultimately regulated in the hypothalamus. A trigger of the fever, called a pyrogen, causes release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). PGE2 in turn acts on the hypothalamus, which creates a systemic response in the body, causing heat-generating effects to match a new higher temperature set point.\n", "One...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00065	How is my phone able to share it's internet with my pc though usb tethering?	USB is just a conduit for data signals. If software on both the phone and your pc know how to use that communication channel, then they can talk to each other about anything they want, including internet traffic. There is no difference between your phone transferring pictures to your pc via the USB cable, and your phone transferring the HTML and image files needed to load a web page.	[ "Many mobile devices are equipped with software to offer tethered Internet access. Windows Mobile 6.5, Windows Phone 7, Android (starting from version 2.2), and iOS 3.0 (or later) offer tethering over a Bluetooth PAN or a USB connection. Tethering over Wi-Fi, also known as Personal Hotspot, is available on iOS star...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04294	Why is it that despite how much CGI has improved in the last 20 years it is always possible to tell when human faces are digitally rendered?	The term is “uncanny valley.” And yes it is much harder to make something real look realistic. Our brain is much better at finding something strange about things that we are used to.	[ "BULLET::::- In 2010 Walt Disney Pictures released a sci-fi sequel entitled \"\" with a digitally rejuvenated digital look-alike of actor Jeff Bridges playing the antagonist CLU.\n\nBULLET::::- In SIGGGRAPH 2013 Activision and USC presented a real time \"Digital Ira\" a digital face look-alike of Ari Shapiro, an IC...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-09908	Why are things like jewelry and precise measuring instruments kept in velvet lined cases? Is it just because it’s fancier, or does the velvet serve a purpose?	It is soft. It prevents scratching and movement during transit. Thus it avoids damaging the valuable and often fragile thing inside.	[ "In recent times they are mostly receptacles for trinkets and jewels, but in earlier periods, when other types of container were rarer, and the amount of documents held by the typical person far fewer, they were used for keeping important documents and many other purposes. It may take a very modest form, covered in...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-17404	Prisoners being sentenced to "five consecutive life sentences plus 20 years" etc, why is it not just always referred to as life without parole? That is as long as anyone can spend in Prison.	It's better keeping it as seperate charges, if one of the charges falls through for any reason (failed trial or something) then the other charges still stand and they wont be let out	[ "Parole is an option for most prisoners. However, parole is not guaranteed, particularly for prisoners serving life or indeterminate sentences. In cases of first-degree murder, one can apply for parole after 25 years if convicted of a single murder. However, if convicted of multiple murder (either first or second-d...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-22793	Why do most conventional education systems test memory and not actual intelligence ?	It's hard to test for actual intelligence and not memory, especially when it's the same curriculum taught every year. I believe most university programs try to overload people with work to the point where their memory is full and they need to rely on understanding/intelligence.	[ "Some researchers question whether the results of training are long lasting and transferable, especially when these techniques are used by healthy children and adults without cognitive deficiencies. A meta-analytical review conducted by researchers from the University of Oslo in 2012 concluded that \"memory trainin...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Most education relies on testing memory not intelligence." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Most university programs try to overload people with work the the point where their memory is full and they need to rely on understanding. " ]
2018-03651	How does a Moscow Mule stay so cold?!?	The copper cup is a gimmick. It's not getting colder, you think it is because the mug is getting colder to the touch. That's just your perception. The whole system is coming to thermal equilibrium as it sits there.	[ "The Moscow mule is popularly served in a copper mug, which takes on the cold temperature of the liquid. Some public health advisories recommended the mugs be plated with nickel or stainless steel on the inside and the lip, but it has been disputed whether the time and acidity involved in the drinking of a Moscow m...	[ "Moscow Mule stays cold.", "The Moscow mule should not be able to stay very cold." ]	[ "It is not staying cold, it is a gimmick and it is coming to thermal equilibrium.", "The concept is actually a gimmick and it is not getting colder at all, it just feels that it is due to human perception." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Moscow Mule stays cold.", "The Moscow mule should not be able to stay very cold." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "It is not staying cold, it is a gimmick and it is coming to thermal equilibrium.", "The concept is actually a gimmick and it is not getting colder at all, it just feels that it is due to human perception." ]
2018-22186	How does breast milk actually work nutritionwise, does it filter or do only select nutriants make it up?	Breast milk has the perfect combination of proteins, fats and vitamins that every baby needs. It consist of basic formula that every baby needs for mental and physical development and your body always 'monitors' the baby to change the nutrient levels according to the baby needs if they differ from the norm. It also consist of some hormones, antibodies and nutrients that cannot be added to the baby formula that could be bought in the store. As the baby cannot have any solid food this is the best option for the baby.	[ "Most women that do not breastfeed use infant formula, but breast milk donated by volunteers to human milk banks can be obtained by prescription in some countries. In addition, research has shown that women who rely on infant formula could minimize the gap between the level of immunity protection and cognitive abil...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00834	why sometimes projects encourage you to check several checksums instead of just one?	It is possible, through some very meticulous manipulation, to create something that looks extremely similar to the original product, but has something malicious injected, and some extra stuff just to make the MD5 value match. In theory, you can also do the same for a SHA1 hash. Making something that can break both of those simultaneously? That would be incredibly tricky.	[ "Check digits and parity bits are special cases of checksums, appropriate for small blocks of data (such as Social Security numbers, bank account numbers, computer words, single bytes, etc.). Some error-correcting codes are based on special checksums which not only detect common errors but also allow the original d...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-14849	How does a body that's extremely out shape adapt to higher amounts of cardio?	There are metabolic changes that start when you exercise regularly. One of the first things that happens is that the number of mitochondria in your cells increases. Your body literally makes more of them per cell. And we all know what they do....	[ "Understanding the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and other categories of conditioning requires a review of changes that occur with increased aerobic, or anaerobic capacity. As aerobic/anaerobic capacity increases, general metabolism rises, muscle metabolism is enhanced, haemoglobin rises, buffers i...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00212	Why do humans float on water?	The amount of water your body displaces weighs more than your body therefor you float. Essentially a human body is less dense than water	[ "Section::::Physiology.:Buoyancy.\n", "Section::::Related academic and independent research.:Wading and bipedalism.\n\nAAH proponent Algis Kuliukas, performed experiments to measure the comparative energy used when lacking orthograde posture with using fully upright posture. Although it is harder to walk upright ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01838	How is milk turned into cheese?	1. Add acid to milk to make it sour. 2. Add rennet (enzymes from the stomachs of certain mammals like cows). 3. This separates the milk into solid curds (solidified milk proteins) and liquid whey (mainly sugars) 4. The curd is then processed. The specifics depend on the cheese being made. Some are ready as is. Some are dried out. Some are heated. Some are stretched. Some are washed. 5. Ripening. The cheese is left to ripen for days to years, allowing microbes and enzymes to perform chemical reactions which change the tasted and texture of the cheese. Some have additional bacteria and molds introduced to enhance this process.	[ "Cheese consists of proteins and fat from milk, usually the milk of cows, buffalo, goats, or sheep. It is produced by coagulation that is caused by destabilization of the casein micelle, which begins the processes of fractionation and selective concentration. Typically, the milk is acidified and then coagulated by ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-12772	Where does the light gain so much energy to travel at it's speed?	Photon (light particle) is massless, so it doesn't need to use energy to reach light speed. Photon becomes an energy pocket, it can transfer it but it doesn't use it. An electron in an atom has a natural orbit that it occupies, but if you energize an atom, you can move its electrons to higher orbitals. A photon is produced whenever an electron in a higher-than-normal orbit falls back to its normal orbit. During the fall from high energy to normal energy, the electron emits a photon -- a packet of energy -- with very specific characteristics. The photon has a frequency, or color, that exactly matches the distance the electron falls.	[ "Light that travels through transparent matter does so at a lower speed than \"c\", the speed of light in a vacuum. For example, photons engage in so many collisions on the way from the core of the sun that radiant energy can take about a million years to reach the surface; however, once in open space, a photon tak...	[ "Light gains energy to travel at it's speed." ]	[ "Photons (light particles) are massless, so they do not require the use of energy to reach light speed. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Light gains energy to travel at it's speed." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Photons (light particles) are massless, so they do not require the use of energy to reach light speed. " ]
2018-22785	Why do colors in a TV screen change when looked at at a certain angle?	From different perspectives, some of the colours in each pixel (red green blue) would be more visible than others, changing the general colour of the picture. This of course doesn't happen when facing the front of the screen because every pixel and colour is equally exposed	[ "TN displays suffer from limited viewing angles, especially in the vertical direction. Colors will shift when viewed off-perpendicular. In the vertical direction, colors will shift so much that they will invert past a certain angle.\n", "In television sets and computer monitors, the entire front area of the tube ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02018	How do mantis shrimp see more colors than us? Is it possible to even imagine what these colors would look like?	We have two types of cells on our eyes: rods allow us to see light, cones allow us to see colors. dogs has two different types of cones, humans have three and mantis shrimp have sixteen, that's the reason they see so many colors. You can learn more in [this infography]( URL_0 ) by the oatmeal.	[ "Some species have at least 16 photoreceptor types, which are divided into four classes (their spectral sensitivity is further tuned by colour filters in the retinas), 12 for colour analysis in the different wavelengths (including six which are sensitive to ultraviolet light) and four for analysing polarised light....	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-13924	why can you set system clocks to before the hardware was released?	Most computers reckon time by counting the seconds from some fixed date far in the past. Unix based OSs count from 1970, Windows from 1980. You put in 441763200 and your computer will automatically understand that is 1984 or 1994. Also, while it might seem silly to set your clock to a time that far back, it is important for your computer to be able to understand dates in the past. If you want to track the mortgage you got in 1998, it is useful for the computer to use one system to track all dates.	[ "BULLET::::- In 1994 Apogee Software released the video game \"Rise of the Triad\" for the DOS operating system. If the internal clock of the player's computer indicated that the date was 25 December, the game's background music was replaced with an up-beat arrangement of \"God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen,\" by Lee J...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04362	How does the ohms resistance in coaxial cable effect the data flow?	> RG59 coaxial cable provides 75 ohms of resistance The 75 Ohm figure for RG59 is the characteristic impedance of the cable, not its resistance. The characteristic impedance of a transmission line is not the same thing as its resistance. There's some good info [here]( URL_0 ). The resistance of the transmission line determines the attenuation of the signal being sent through it.	[ "BULLET::::- Peak Voltage. The peak voltage is set by the breakdown voltage of the insulator. One website gives:\n\nSection::::Important parameters.:Choice of impedance.\n", "In many cases, the same single coax cable carries power in the opposite direction, to the antenna, to power the low-noise amplifier.\n\nIn ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-22833	How can photons infinitely move forward if perpetual motion is considered impossible?	A perpetual motion machine is not possible. A system only has so much energy to give so nothing that does any work or emits energy can move forever. Photons don't do any work until they hit something and are destroyed, so the travel time and distance are somewhat irrelevant.	[ "This can be made clearer by writing the propagator in the following form for a massless photon,\n\nThis is the usual definition but normalised by a factor of formula_40. Then the rule is that one only takes the limit formula_41 at the end of a calculation.\n\nOne sees that \n\nand\n\nHence this means a single phot...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Perpetual motion is considered impossible." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "A perpetual motion machine is not possible, however photons can keep continue moving forever, at least until they hit something and are destroyed." ]
2018-01609	Why does the air after a lightning storm feel fresher?	When lightning passes through the air, it ionises oxygen gas (O2). As the oxygen ions cool down, some of them will rejoin into groups of three ozone instead of the two they were in before, forming ozone (O3). It is this ozone that is apparently the "fresh smell" observed.	[ "The Loo ends in late summer, with the arrival of the Indian monsoon. In some areas of North India and Pakistan, there are brief, but violent, dust storms known as Kali Andhi (or \"black Storm\") before the monsoon sets in. The arrival of monsoon clouds in any location is frequently accompanied with cloudbursts, an...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03912	It is said that zinc has quantifiable effects on the cold virus, regardless of strain; as people who intake zinc during the early stages of cold reduce the symptoms by one day or so. What's the reason behind this?	The evidence for zinc's effects on colds are limited, at best. From the [Mayo Clinic website]( URL_0 ): > Recently an analysis of several studies showed that zinc lozenges or syrup reduced the length of a cold by one day, especially when taken within 24 hours of the first signs and symptoms of a cold. > But the recent analysis stopped short of recommending zinc. None of the studies analyzed had enough participants to meet a high standard of proof. Also, the studies used different zinc dosages and preparations (lozenges or syrup) for different lengths of time. As a result, it's not clear what the effective dose and treatment schedule would be. > Zinc — especially in lozenge form — also has side effects, including nausea or a bad taste in the mouth. Many people who used zinc nasal sprays suffered a permanent loss of smell. For this reason, Mayo Clinic doctors caution against using such sprays. The mechanisms through which zinc may work are murky: > Zinc may work by preventing the rhinovirus from multiplying. It may also stop the rhinovirus from lodging in the mucous membranes of the throat and nose.	[ "A 2013 review found that zinc supplementation at doses in excess of 75 mg/day within 24 hours of the onset of cold symptoms reduced the average duration of symptoms by 1 day. It also found that the likelihood of experiencing cold symptoms 1 week after the onset of symptoms was lower in individuals who used supplem...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-11807	In theory, what would happen if a woman consumed an entire 24-day pack of birth control pills at once?	It would not work like a morning after pill/ emergency contraceptive pill. Someone more qualified can answer precisely what would happen but if that's where your line of thought is going please go to a pharmacy. The woman could get very ill. An overdose could result in large blood pressure changes, huge headaches, bleeding, and screwing up your hormonal cycle, as well as lots of other effects I've not thought of.. Tldr: I don't know other than the general side effects x100 but it doesn't equal emergency contraceptive and could make you very ill.	[ "The herbal preparation of St John's wort and some enzyme-inducing drugs (e.g. anticonvulsants or rifampicin) may reduce the effectiveness of ECP, and a larger dose may be required, especially in women who weigh more than 165 lbs.\n\nSection::::Intrauterine device.\n", "BULLET::::- In March 1978, a \"FDA Drug Bul...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05453	Why is it easier to remember a quote or words to a song if someone says the first few words?	it's a very complicated process that is very highly debated. That being said, a popular theory how the brain stores and remembers memory hopefully should be enough to answer it, keep in mind i'm not an expert by any means. so keep the grains of salt at the ready. Our brains are not like a hard drive where there is a location at x,y,z where that bit of data is stored. instead we store and remember memories based on a patterned sequence of neurons firing. so when i first experience that quote my neurons fired in a very specific pattern, 1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 5. Whenever i hear it again my neurons fires in the same order 1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 5 plus an additional pattern for the new memory itself. so when you hear the start of the quote your brain starts firing that pattern 1 > 2 > , and like googles autofill for it's searches, it fills in the rest of the quote, > 3 > 4 > 5. However if someone starts the quote in the middle, you'r brain has a hard time recognizing the pattern. it'll find it familiar but it's having to work backwards to find the start of the pattern and that's incredibly hard for it. The bright side to all this is that the more you deal with the same piece of information, whatever it is, your neurons gets more used to the pattern and can recall it faster and faster, and the neurons in the pattern get closer together to facilitate it. thats why they say practice makes perfect. the more you do something the better you brain can solve the pattern needed for the activity. edit: grammer	[ "Experiments in memory span have found that the more familiar a person is with the type of subject matter presented to them, the more they will remember it in a novel setting. For example, a person will better remember a sequence in their first-language than their second-language; a person will also remember a sequ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02630	Why does a buffet style streaming service work for Spotify, but not for audiobook streaming services like Audible?	You should check out Amazon Prime, which has something like what you are describing for a lot of books (though not all books). You'll notice that the majority are not big name authors but rather small timers self publishing. Books and music are on fundamentally different scales. A song lasts 3-4 minutes and the average user might listen to the same song many times. A book can take many hours or days to read and most people won't return to a book they've read unless they really enjoyed it. This creates a problem in paying the content creator. Songs work well under a "pay when played" method where every time the song is played the owner gets a few cents. Since songs may be played many times by the same user and songs are relatively short it makes sense to offer a flat monthly fee. By comparison, books are significantly bigger time investments, and don't have high "re-use" value of songs, so the content owner is going to demand a bigger fee up front. From that angle, it makes more sense to charge you per book and an extra fee for the access to the service.	[ "The service uses proprietary cloudmark synchronization technology that enables users to mark their place in an audiobook on one device and continue listening from the same spot when they switch to a different listening device, without needing a browser plug-in or special application.\n\nAs of February 2012, the co...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04370	If we have explored less than five percent of the world’s oceans, how can we label the bottom of the Mariana Trench as the deepest point of the oceans?	We have not thoroughly explored the world's oceans. But that doesn't mean we haven't found out QUITE a lot about them. Scientists can argue, however, there there is so much MORE to know. We're just recently finding out about a major underwater current near Iceland that we hadn't even been factoring in for weather models. This is a big deal. So have we learned much? Sure. Do we need to know a zillion more things? Yes. As to depths: we have done sonar readings all over the globe at this point. Long ago we did "soundings" involving dropping something down and there was a way to measure depth efficiently doing this (that I won't get into). This was time consuming. Now we send sound down, in a pulse, and measure how long it takes for it to hit the bottom and bounce back up to the people listening with instruments up top. Sonar. In this manner we have been able to put together what we are pretty darn sure is a complete record of the ocean depths, with Mariana topping the list as to big baddass deep dark place.	[ "In 1951, \"Challenger II\" surveyed the trench using echo sounding, a much more precise and vastly easier way to measure depth than the sounding equipment and drag lines used in the original expedition. During this survey, the deepest part of the trench was recorded when the \"Challenger II\" measured a depth of a...	[ "We have explored less than five percent of the world’s oceans" ]	[ "While we have not thoroughly explored the world's oceans, we have found out quite a lot about them." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "We have explored less than five percent of the world’s oceans" ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "While we have not thoroughly explored the world's oceans, we have found out quite a lot about them." ]
2018-04307	Why is not participating in the thread when coming from, say, r/bestof, important?	If you come about a thread organically, or as part as a normal subscriber to a community, there is no issue. But sometimes when some threads from one community are crosslinked to another, that can result in a group of people from the latter suddenly flooding to the former when they: A) are not otherwise involved in that conversation and B) are not otherwise part of that community. The nature of the second sub that the first was linked to can bias how those people view it. For example, if you are a member of r/worstof, you expect to see examples of horrible behavior or horrible opinions. So anything posted there you are going to read in that light. You may walk away from that conversation with a very different viewpoint than someone who was part of that conversation from the beginning in the context of the original sub it was supposed to. There is also the issue of brigading. It is against the site rules for you to round up a bunch of people just to go to a sub to downvote or upvote a post or comment. Yet that is a natural tendacy when you take a post or comment and link it to subs like r/bestof, r/subredditdrama, etc. To prevent brigading, most of these types of subs have rules against participating in or voting on the linked conversations and that is why "no participation" mode exists.	[ "On the other hand, in some situations, any trimming or editing of the original message may be inappropriate. For example, if the reply is being copied to a third person who did not see the original message, it may be advisable to quote it in full; otherwise the trimmed message may be misinterpreted by the new reci...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-19478	Who in Luxury branded clothing companies determine the price of their items? And what is the process like?	Depends on the company. If it's very small - just a few people - then it's just an executive decision by whoever is running things. But in large companies, pricing is approached as its own discipline. Studies are done to analyze how people will respond to various price points; get your product in front of 1,000 people and offer it at varying prices, see how many people show interest. Then prospecti are written up - a detailed report which predicts what profits will look like at various prices, who will be buying the item, what it looks like long-term and short-term. When a decision gets made, it is probably done by committee with several levels of approval - but again, this differs from company to company.	[ "Based on how much consumers are willing to pay, buyers can determine the optimum cost price which they should expect to pay. Suppliers take a different approach to the optimum cost price. The suppliers determine the price based on how much it will cost to produce the garment. The manufacturer's salespeople are typ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-12764	How do paleontologists figure out how long a fossil has been underground and the time frame of its existence ?	Its called carbon dating and when underground carbon the element decays at a certain rate and given this every half life( half of all the molecules in the substance of carbon) have decayed, there are less molecules so in a sample paleontiligists cab look at that amount that haven't decayed to see how long it has been underground -- there is much online called carbon dating	[ "BULLET::::4. The fourth assumption is that volume change is proportional to thickness and density. This states that the loss of soil volume, and the degree of compaction during burial, are related to their density or thickness change. Although common sense suggests that volume and density are three dimensional, an...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01532	How does a seed "know" which way is down or up to grow?	Plants can sense gravity due to special containers (organelles) that store starch in a plant cell. The starch is rather dense compared to the rest of the cell so that the container will be affected by gravity. The containers are entangled in a mesh (actin) which can sense the direction they are moving. Based on these signals a special hormone (auxin) is distributed in the shoot to indicate the growth direction. This is only one of many possible mechanisms.	[ "A later and not so widely accepted indicator is the orientation of the seed, which should be pointing vertically by an etrog, except if it was strained by its neighbors; in lemons and hybrids, the seeds are positioned horizontally even when there is enough space.\n", "Section::::Aspects of perception.:Gravity.\n...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-16825	How do stores get paid for winning lottery tickets? I won 20 dollars on a 5 dollar ticket, and the guy ripped it up and threw it away and gave me 20 from the register.	It's computer based. Scan in the winning code and it gets credited to them. We threw them away a decade ago to. I always expected them to be kept for auditing, but I guess not. The rest, I can't answer.	[ "There have also been several cases of cashiers at lottery retailers who have attempted to scam customers out of their winnings. Some locations require the patron to hand the lottery ticket to the cashier to determine how much they have won, or if they have won at all, the cashier then scans the ticket to determine...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02229	why do penises not get fat cells like stomachs	Fat cells belong to a certain class of tissue called the mesoderm. This tissue goes on to make up all of our connective tissues including our musculoskeletal system. Fat cells can be distributed anywhere within this tissue classification from the medullary cavity (middle part) of your long bones to in between your muscle cells. Fat cells are NOT distributed within the ectoderm or the endoderm layers of the body. These are the other 2 primordial germ cell layers that distribute from that original tiny cluster of cells in mama's uterus. Now, have a look at the [cross section of a penis]( URL_0 ). The bulk of the penis is made up by the corpus cavernosum, which is the chamber that fills with blood to make penile erection possible. Of that tissue, the majority is endothelial cells. In between the endothelial cells is scant connective tissue, but not enough for fat cell deposition. The outer tissue is similarly "space challenged" for fat cell deposition, as it's primarily outer keratinized epithelium, vessels and nerves. I'm happy to explain any of the terminology I used. :) Feel free to ask if you have any questions. *EDIT: So there's some questions about fingers, heads, ears, nose, etc.* Let's start with fat's normal purpose. So there's 2 kinds of adipose (that's the fancy word for fat) deposition: physiological (normal and/or healthy) and pathological (as a result of a disease state). Fat cells are present for energy storage as well as for structural support. The distribution of said cells is determined largely by our DNA (as well as our eating habits :)). There are strategic depositions of fat in areas that need cushioning, areas with higher metabolic demands and in areas with excess space that needs to be filled (nature abhors a vacuum as they say). There is variation in our individual coding that results in physiologic differences. For instance, some women have large prominent (natural) breasts. This is a result of biological selection for increased adipose in the breast tissue to give the impression of fertility. This is independent of their ability to generate milk as the mammary gland tissue (the part that actually makes milk) is wholly dependent upon reproductive hormones. However, this is all normal variation. Obesity from over-conditioning (over-eating) lies somewhere in between a physiological and pathological state. There are areas in the body that are specifically prone for fat deposition (abdominal wall, thighs, upper arms). What do all these things have in common? They're the areas of the body with the largest amount of stroma. Stroma is the connective tissue that holds all your bits together. Think of it like tissue glue. The more stroma you have, the more adipose precursor cells you already have there, lying dormant in your tissues and waiting to be filled up with those juicy little morsels of fatty acids circulating in your bloodstream. Once those adipose cells start to plump up, they send signals for more adipose cells to be generated. The amount of fat deposition in various parts of the body are directly proportional to the amount of stroma already present in that body part. Additionally, some areas are more anatomically convenient for stretching and therefore can "create" more room for more stroma and more fat storage. The stroma around your nose, your ears and the top of your head is thin with relatively little room for stretching because A) there is little to no muscling of these parts and B) the structure under the skin is either bone or cartiledge, neither one of which is prone to fat deposits outside of a pathological setting. There are some diseases that can cause fat deposition in organs or in arteries. That's a slightly different topic.	[ "The non-motile spermatozoa are transported to the epididymis in \"testicular fluid\" secreted by the Sertoli cells with the aid of peristaltic contraction. While in the epididymis the spermatozoa gain motility and become capable of fertilization. However, transport of the mature spermatozoa through the remainder o...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03866	How could an electric aircraft hope to achieve the thrust of a kerosene jet?	A portion of a turbojet's power does come from the heated gases creating extra exhaust pressure, but a good portion comes from the mouth of the engine being very wide and sucking a lot of air in, which is then compressed by the engine and shot out the back at higher speeds. Theoretically, electrical motors can provide enough power to move the air through similarly to the kerosene engine, and if you look at cars, electrical motors are smaller than engines yet can provide the same power. So the issue wouldn't be with electrical motors instead of the kerosene turbine, it would be with creating and supplying the required watts of electricity TO the electrical motor(s). 90,000 horsepower = 67,000 kilowatts, which is the output of a couple small hydro power plants (dam on a small river).	[ "Section::::Applications.:Airplanes.\n\nBoeing researchers and industry partners throughout Europe conducted experimental flight tests in February 2008 of a manned airplane powered only by a fuel cell and lightweight batteries. The Fuel Cell Demonstrator Airplane, as it was called, used a Proton Exchange Membrane (...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ " electric aircraft cannot achieve the thrust of a kerosene jet" ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Electrical motors can provide the same power. It just requires a lot of power constantly. " ]
2018-10027	How does "3 in 1" shampoo/conditioner/body wash work?	They don't work well. Shampoos and Body Wash are both variants of soap. They are both designed to strip dirt and oils from the hair and body, though body washes will also normally have an exfoliant in them to help remove dead skin as well. These mixed products tend to have fewer oil removing agents and no exfoliating agents so they do the job of shampoo and body wash more poorly than they would otherwise do. Conditioner is designed to add back some of the oils removed from the hair by the shampoo, reduce static as the hair dries, and the like. It does not work at all in the combined products because the shampoo agents just remove anything the conditioner was applying.	[ "BULLET::::1. dilution, in case the product comes in contact with eyes after running off the top of the head with minimal further dilution\n\nBULLET::::2. adjusting pH to that of non-stress tears, approximately 7, which may be a higher pH than that of shampoos which are pH adjusted for skin or hair effects, and low...	[ "3 in 1 shampoo/conditioner/body wash works." ]	[ "3 in 1 shampoo/conditioner/body wash does not work at all in the combined products." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "3 in 1 shampoo/conditioner/body wash works.", "\"3 in 1\" shampoo/conditioner/body wash works." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "3 in 1 shampoo/conditioner/body wash does not work at all in the combined products.", "\"3 in 1\" shampoo/conditioner/body wash does not work well." ]
2018-04234	Why some cities with horrible rush hour traffic have no traffic on the weekends and others are congested all the time?	Overpopulated areas. Basically, too many people travelling in the same direction and not enough road surface area	[ "Efforts to manage transportation demand during rush hour periods vary by state and by metropolitan area. In some states, freeways have designated lanes that become HOV (High-Occupancy Vehicle, aka car-pooling) only during rush hours, while open to all vehicles at other times. In others, such as the Massachusetts p...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04855	How are scientists able to determine the age of the universe?	So they can see how far apart certain things are. They can measure how fast things are moving apart and how much they are accelerating. The formula for figuring this out shows they can predict it accurately. So this also means they can roll it backwards. If something has gone x distance and is going f(t) speed then you can figure out how long it has been traveling. So if something starts at 1 mph and every hour it accelerates an additional 1 mph then if it has gone 10 miles it has traveled for 4 hours. Hour 1 - 1 mph 1 mile Hour 2 2 mph 2 miles +1=3 Hour 3 3 mph 1+2+3 miles =6 Hour 4. 4 mph 1+2+3+4 miles =10 Now work that backwards. Start at 10 miles and 4 mph and lose 1 mph every hour. You end up with 4 hours. Sorry I’m on mobile so....	[ "The discovery of microwave cosmic background radiation announced in 1965 finally brought an effective end to the remaining scientific uncertainty over the expanding universe. It was a chance result from work by two teams less than 60 miles apart. In 1964, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson were trying to detect radio ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21886	I just saw the results of a survey on the news. They had an error margin of "3.3 percentage points, 19 times out of 20." What's the error margin the remaining 1 time out of 20?	The other one time out of twenty, the margin of error is more than 3.3 percentage points. Let's say the result of the survey was 50% yes. This means that half of the respondents said yes to the survey. Now what does that say about all the people who didn't answer the survey? If only two people were asked, it doesn't say a lot. But if a lot of people were asked, the survey is very likely to be a good reflection of the general population (barring problems with the way survey respondents were selected, which is pretty common). So saying there is a margin of error of 3.3 percentage points 19 times out of 20 means that there is a 95% chance (19/20) that if you asked every single person, 46.7%-53.3% of the population would say yes to the survey question.	[ "In cases where the sampling fraction exceeds 5%, analysts can adjust the margin of error using a \"finite population correction\" (FPC), to account for the added precision gained by sampling close to a larger percentage of the population. FPC can be calculated using the formula:\n", "An example from the 2004 U.S...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13590	What is the difference between using Venmo and using an online banking app to transfer money?	You didn't used to be able to transfer money from all banking apps. Some were free, some charged a free, some didn't permit it at all. For those that did support it it was a multi step process where you either needed their account and routing number or it sent them an email to claim their money Many banking apps have added Zelle over the last year for person to person transfers. Zelle only came into being in 2017 and they've been pushing it this year to compete against venmo. Even with Zelle it's a multi step process for them to actually get their money where they get a text and then have to get it into their account Venmo makes it super easy to send money to the same person again. There's no confirmation on their side, no getting their money. It's streamlined which is the most important feature for mainstream adoption	[ "In addition, the service offers a reload function, which, when enabled, takes money from a user's linked checking account in $10 increments if their Venmo balance drops too low to cover a purchase. Customers could be subject to fees or other consequences from their bank if they overdraft that account. Card purchas...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00394	Why does a smaller diameter air duct produce more drag?	More of the air is rubbing against the duct's lining, which isn't moving forward at all. That's drag. Less of the air is just happily surrounded by other moving air.	[ "Thus, the entry length in turbulent flow is much shorter as compared to laminar one. In most practical engineering applications, this entrance effect becomes insignificant beyond a pipe length of 10 times the diameter and hence it is approximated to be :\n\nformula_8\n\nOther authors give much longer entrance leng...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04414	Why does hand sanitizer do a better job at removing temporary tattoos than soap and water?	Because it contains mostly alcohol, which is a solvent that dissolves the thin base material that temporary tattoos are made of. Soap and water just scrapes it off, that's why it always balls up on hairs if you only use soap.	[ "Permanent Makeup is typically done with some form of tattoo machine. There are machines now that are needle-less which should result in less painful procedures. These needle-free devices are considered safer and more sterile to use than traditional tattoo machines. They are designed to create a more comforting exp...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00028	Why does touching a room temperature object stop pain from a brunch?	So after you burn your skin, the burned spot and surrounding tissue remains hotter even after you have removed it from the heat source. This will result in the burn being larger than just the spot that contacted the hot surface. First aid for a 1st/2nd degree burn is always to cool the area as quickly as possible. Running the effected area under cold tap water for > 10 minutes helps to cool the surrounding skin and reduce additional damage, as well as reduce pain. Pressing it against the cooler table probably had an similar effect, my guess is that a room temperature metal table would have had an even greater effect as it would have pulled heat out of the blister even faster. Keep the cold water trick in mind for the future, it will reduce the size of the blister and allow you to heal more quickly. (just don't use ice as this can cause further damage to already injured skin)	[ "BULLET::::- When touching paradoxical objects, one can feel a hole when actually touching a bump. These \"illusory\" objects can be used to create tactile \"virtual objects\".\n\nBULLET::::- The thermal grill illusion occurs when one touches the hand down on an interlaced grid of warm and cool bars and experiences...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03871	How do movie studios actually get paid for their movies in theaters? Do movie theaters send them a check every month or something?	Movie theaters and studios have a revenue share deal. That is the studio gets a portion of the ticket sales, and the movie theater gets a portion ticket sales. It starts by favoring the studio. For example, week 1 it may be 90/10 (90% to the studio, 10% to the theater). Week 2, may be 80/20, and so on. The theaters get all the money from concessions though, where their margin is much bigger. > Do movie theaters send them a check every month or something? Not an individual theater, but the company that owns a theater (and most theaters are owned by giant companies with 100s+ of theaters) will add up all they owe each studio at the end of the month and send them a check or wire transfer. So for all the example here. Regal Theaters (who own 500 theaters) finance department at their HQ in Tennessee will add up all their ticket sales for the month, figure out how much share goes to the studios, and cut them a check.	[ "At one time, Hollywood Video was headquartered in Beaverton, Oregon, in an office building. In 1996, Hollywood moved its employees out of the building two years into its five-year lease. In 1996, Poorman-Douglas Corp agreed to occupy all of the space in the Beaverton building, relieving Hollywood of extra rent pay...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Movie theaters send studios a check every month." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "The company that owns the theater does the finances for all the theaters and makes the payment to the studio." ]
2018-03870	how does a semi-truck/tractor trailer run into an overpass due to height issues?	What happens is that each time the road is repaved, the gap between the road and the bridge gets a few inches smaller. But the city/state/whoever in charge of the road rarely replaces the bridge height sign & city maps to reflect the new lower clearance. Semi drivers usually do know the exact height of their truck & load, and they commonly look up the bridge heights along their path to make sure they will clear before they head out. But when the posted height isn’t the actual height, that doesn’t do them any good.	[ "On July 22, 2019, at approximately 1:15 pm, a 2005 Peterbilt tractor trailer driven by Michael Dodds and loaded with dry beans attempted to cross over the restricted-weight bridge. The bridge collapsed, and the trailer became hung up on the west abutment. The bridge was rated for gross weight, with restrictions ma...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00890	Why do bone fractures create massive amounts of pain? Shouldn't we still go on like nothing ever happened?	Bones are living tissue. They have blood running through them. They have nerves and pain receptors in them. Not only that, but if they get broken, they may have sharp fragments that will poke through softer tissues like muscle and skin. Why wouldn't that be painful?	[ "In normal bone, fractures occur when there is significant force applied, or repetitive trauma over a long time. Fractures can also occur when a bone is weakened, such as with osteoporosis, or when there is a structural problem, such as when the bone remodels excessively (such as Paget's disease) or is the site of ...	[ "Breaking a bone should cause no pain at all." ]	[ "Bones have nerves and blood vessels and are living things. When they break the nerve endings are damaged and you feel all of that as pain. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Breaking a bone should cause no pain at all." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Bones have nerves and blood vessels and are living things. When they break the nerve endings are damaged and you feel all of that as pain. " ]
2018-02028	How men and women are born in almost equal ratio on this planet?	1. Suppose male births are less common than female. 2. A newborn male then has better mating prospects than a newborn female, and therefore can expect to have more offspring. 3. Therefore parents genetically disposed to produce males tend to have more than average numbers of grandchildren born to them. 4. Therefore the genes for male-producing tendencies spread, and male births become more common. 5. As the 1:1 sex ratio is approached, the advantage associated with producing males dies away. 6. The same reasoning holds if females are substituted for males throughout. Therefore 1:1 is the equilibrium ratio. URL_0	[ "Males typically produce billions of sperm each month, many of which are capable of fertilization. Females typically produce one ovum a month that can be fertilized into an embryo. Thus during a lifetime males are able to father a significantly greater number of children than females can give birth to. The most fer...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04549	Why do animals have such nice teeth and humans always need to brush and/or get braces?	We eat a lot more acidic and sugary foods and they don't care about how aesthetically pleasing their smile is. Anyone with a dog knows how bad their breath can be, I'm sure other animals are the same.	[ "Most species are omnivorous, but fruit is the preferred food among all but some human groups. Chimpanzees and orangutans primarily eat fruit. When gorillas run short of fruit at certain times of the year or in certain regions, they resort to eating shoots and leaves, often of bamboo, a type of grass. Gorillas have...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06618	How did a comet hit the earth and only kill the dinosaurs?	It's estimated that the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event eliminated 75% of all species of plants and animals on Earth, far more than just the dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are just the highest-profile ones and so tend to be talked about more, because people like dinosaurs. Not a lot of ammonite fans out there, even though they went extinct as well, among many others.	[ "The collision of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 with Jupiter in 1994 demonstrated that gravitational interactions can fragment a comet, giving rise to many impacts over a period of a few days if the comet should collide with a planet. Comets undergo gravitational interactions with the gas giants, and similar disruptions a...	[ "A comet hitting the earth only killed the dinosaurs.", "Dinosaurs were the only animals that went extinct after the comet hit." ]	[ "The extinction event also eliminated 75% of all species of plants and animals.", "Other animals went extinct too like the ammonite but they aren't as famous." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "A comet hitting the earth only killed the dinosaurs.", "Dinosaurs were the only animals that went extinct after the comet hit." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The extinction event also eliminated 75% of all species of plants and animals.", "Other animals went extinct too like the ammonite but they aren't as famous." ]
2018-19339	sometimes i find "4k" version of a movie that has smaller size than a 1080p version movie.	What you are seeing is compression. Compression is basically using math to figure out what parts of an image can be thrown away and calculated again later, instead of sending every pixel. There are many different kinds of compression, some are lossless, meaning the full image can be rebuilt perfectly pixel for pixel. Others have some loss, but they can get even smaller. JPEG is an example of compression with loss, you can see JPEG start to get fuzzy, because the compression is allowed to make small mistakes to get the image to be smaller. Which one is better? It is hard to say without knowing what kind of compression they went through. The FHD could be basically uncompressed while the 4k image is compressed with a lossless method. This would mean that the 4k is better even if it is smaller. Once again, I don't know what you are looking at or how they were compressed, so I don't know for sure.	[ "BULLET::::- 40962160 (full frame, 256135 or ≈1.901 aspect ratio)\n\nBULLET::::- 39962160 (flat crop, 1.851 aspect ratio)\n\nBULLET::::- 40961716 (CinemaScope crop, ≈2.391 aspect ratio)\n\n2K distributions can have a frame rate of either 24 or 48FPS, while 4K distributions must have a frame rate of 24FPS.\n", "BU...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-07584	What does it mean when a cough “moves into your chest”? Was it somewhere else before?	People generally say that in references to colds.A “cold” is a blanket term for any viral infection of the nose and throat. In the early stages of a cold, your body is fighting the cold directly and most of the symptoms are in your sinuses, nose, and throat. After a few days the virus is pretty much dead and the nose starts to feel better, but at that point so much mucus has drained down your throat that you start coughing to clear it out. So it feels like the cold has moved from your nose into your chest, when in reality the chest symptoms are your body cleaning up after the cold.	[ "Coughing is a mechanism of the body that is essential to normal physiological function of clearing the throat which involves a reflex of the afferent sensory limb, central processing centre of the brain and the efferent limb. In conjunction to the components of the body that are involved, sensory receptors are als...	[ "A cough can move into your chest." ]	[ "Initial common cold symptoms occur in the sinuses, nose, and throat; subsequently mucus drains down the throat, causing one to cough to clear it out, which can give the sensation that the cold has moved to the chest." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "A cough can move into your chest.", "A cough can move into your chest." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Initial common cold symptoms occur in the sinuses, nose, and throat; subsequently mucus drains down the throat, causing one to cough to clear it out, which can give the sensation that the cold has moved to the chest.", "Initial common cold symptoms occur in the sinuses, nose, and throat; subsequently mucus drain...
2018-00063	Why is liver cancer a big problem, considering it can regenerate? Couldn't you just have the afflicted portion removed?	Surgery is the only curative treatment for liver cancer. The problem is that it's only effective at early stages, before the cancer has spread through the liver or before it's spread to other organs. The liver has an excellent blood supply, so metastases (spread) are common. Most liver cancers are not found at early stage; only ~30% are. In patients you can't chop the cancer out but it hasn't spread to other organs, transplantation is an option. Selection of patients transplant is most likely to be successful for is controversial. In addition, liver cancer usually arises from sustained severe liver damage (most frequently in cirrhosis caused by alcohol, hepatitis C and fatty liver disease in the West), and this damage impairs liver regeneration and makes surgery much more dangerous and less likely to be successful. This [review]( URL_0 ) is a bit old now but still good and hopefully relatively easy to understand.	[ "Primary liver cancer, or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer, responsible for about 90% of the primary malignant liver tumours in adults. Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. More than 600,000 cas...	[ "Liver cancer can be treated by surgery and regeneration.", "Liver cancer can be addressed easily by removing the afflicted area." ]	[ "Liver cancer can be treated by surgery only in the early stages.", "The issue with removing liver cancer is it needs to be removed quite early before it spreads accross the liver and other organs, due to the liver having an excellent blood supply, it spreads quite quickly." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Liver cancer can be treated by surgery and regeneration.", "Liver cancer can be addressed easily by removing the afflicted area." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Liver cancer can be treated by surgery only in the early stages.", "The issue with removing liver cancer is it needs to be removed quite early before it spreads accross the liver and other organs, due to the liver having an excellent blood supply, it spreads quite quickly." ]
2018-08813	How did very early Homo Sapiens survive during the end of the latest ice age - before the current Holocene epoch?	Humans had already mastered fire and fur clothing by then, and they lived in small enough numbers and hunted megafauna like Mammoths so that they wouldn't starve. Many of them also had access to fish.	[ "and it is unlikely that there was a land bridge during the Pleistocene.\n\nSection::::Causes for dispersal.\n\nSection::::Causes for dispersal.:Climate change and hominin flexibility.\n\nFor a given species in a given environment, available resources will limit the number of individuals that can survive indefinite...	[ "It is improbable that early homo sapiens could've survived the latest ice age." ]	[ "Homosapiens had mastered fire by then, they also knew of many other survival tactics allowing them to survive." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It is improbable that early homo sapiens could've survived the latest ice age.", "It is improbable that early homo sapiens could've survived the latest ice age." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Homosapiens had mastered fire by then, they also knew of many other survival tactics allowing them to survive.", "Homosapiens had mastered fire by then, they also knew of many other survival tactics allowing them to survive." ]
2018-18616	why isn't libertarianism well received in politics?	Libertarianism (in the right-wing North American sense) has often been compatible with the Republican Party (US) or the larger right wing parties in Canada (the modern Conservative Party is a merger between the old Progressive Conservatives and the Alliance Party, who were actually the Official Opposition for a while back when they were called the Reform Party). It tends to be easier for rightwing ideologies to find common ground, despite their differences, than Left-wing ones (as a leftist, my least favourite thing about leftism is the tendency towards ideological infighting). Not many people know this, but the first people to call themselves "libertarians" were French socialists in the 1850s... it wasn't until the 1950s that laissez-faire capitalists started calling themselves that. The most well known "Lib-soc" in the modern day is probably Noam Chomsky. URL_0	[ "As was true historically, there are far more libertarians in the United States than those who belong to the party touting that name. In the United States, libertarians may emphasize economic and constitutional rather than religious and personal policies, or personal and international rather than economic policies ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01159	Once scratched, why are Teflon pots unusable?	The coating is not good for you, and can stay in your body for a while. Once it starts to chip or gets scratched it all starts to come off like paint when it begins to peel off. Use wood , plastic or silicone utensils to not scratch it.	[ "During regular usage, small pieces of insulation can become stuck inside the 110 block contacts; this renders that given pair unreliable or unusable, until the pieces are removed. A tool known as a spudger can be used to remove excess insulation pieces. The wire hook which comes on many punch down tools can also b...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-18071	If the Russians kept beating the US in the early space race, what kept them from reaching the moon first?	The US saw it as matter of national pride. They were worried that if Russia beat them to the moon (the last "easy" space challenge), they'd forever claim superiority. So America pulled out its chequebook. It spent $25bn on the Apollo programme (a massive amount for the time). It managed to mobilise resources and expertise faster than the Russians at this.	[ "Section::::Reaction to Apollo.:Launch schedules.\n\nAs of 1967, the L1/L3 launch schedules were:\n\nUR-500K(Proton)/L1(Zond) program\n\nN1/L3 program\n\nKorolev's death in 1966, along with various technical and administrative reasons, as well as a lack of financial support, resulted in both programs being delayed....	[ "If Russia accomplished more space accomplishments than the USA, then the USA should have never made it to the moon before Russia. " ]	[ "Due to the USA losing in terms of space accomplishments to Russia, they chose to spend billions of dollars to make it to the moon before Russia." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If Russia accomplished more space accomplishments than the USA, then the USA should have never made it to the moon before Russia. ", "If Russia accomplished more space accomplishments than the USA, then the USA should have never made it to the moon before Russia. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Due to the USA losing in terms of space accomplishments to Russia, they chose to spend billions of dollars to make it to the moon before Russia.", "Due to the USA losing in terms of space accomplishments to Russia, they chose to spend billions of dollars to make it to the moon before Russia." ]
2018-10858	Why aren't mailmen called post officers?	Because they're not officers. They're merely employees of the postal service. The "post office" is not the whole postal service. It's merely the office where you post letters and pick up letters posted to you.	[ "Until 1993, active letter carriers were barred from taking any significant volunteer role for any political campaigns. The primary sentiment behind the law was to protect federal employees from being strong-armed and intimidated into helping their bosses run for reelection.\n", "This series of events in turn has...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21805	How do we naturally wake up if we are not disturbed by noise or other stuff	You have sleep cycles approximately 90 minutes each. At the end you basically "wake up" but you don't remember it, your brain erases that information just like a dream. The moment you wake up "naturally" is the perfect combination of you being at the end of a sleep cycle AND you had enough sleep cycles.	[ "In the early morning, light activates the \"cry\" gene and its protein CRY causes the breakdown of TIM. Thus PER/TIM dimer dissociates, and the unbound PER becomes unstable. PER undergoes progressive phosphorylation and ultimately degradation. Absence of PER and TIM allows activation of \"clk\" and \"cyc\" genes. ...	[ "Nothing causes natural wake up. " ]	[ "Having enough sleep cycles causes natural wake up. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Nothing causes natural wake up. ", "Nothing causes natural wake up. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Having enough sleep cycles causes natural wake up. ", "Having enough sleep cycles causes natural wake up. " ]
2018-20434	Why are colours on a screen extremely weird when you look at the screen from an angle?	Because the structure that makes up the screen if you imagine it in giant form, isn't completely flat. Imagine you're looking down on city, full of skyscrapers. If you look directly down, you can see the roads fine, but if you look across at an angle, the roads become more and more obscured and difficult to see until eventually you can't see anything other than the buildings and their sides, but no road because it's hidden by the buildings. The same effect happens on an LCD screen. Looking straight at it, all is well, look at an angle and the tiny structure of the screen starts getting in the way of the light that's being sent out, sending the colours all out of whack, because some colours get obscured before others do.	[ "TN displays suffer from limited viewing angles, especially in the vertical direction. Colors will shift when viewed off-perpendicular. In the vertical direction, colors will shift so much that they will invert past a certain angle.\n", "When different screens are combined, a number of distracting visual effects ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-09115	Could a body be far enough away from a fired bullet that it does not pierce flesh but maybe bounces off.	Would be dependent on bullet shape, bullet initial muzzle energy, angle of impact to skin, skin toughness, etcetc. Human skin is not as tough as hog skin or rhino skin. For most bullets, the answer is never. Quote from wiki: Firearms expert Julian Hatcher studied falling bullets in the 1920s and calculated that .30 caliber rounds reach terminal velocities of 90 m/s (300 feet per second or 204 miles per hour). A bullet traveling at only 61 m/s (200 feet per second) to 100 m/s (330 feet per second) can penetrate human skin.	[ "Goodfellow examined Billy and found that two buckshot grains had penetrated Billy's thick Mexican felt hat band embroidered with silver wire, penetrating his head and flattened against the posterior wall of the skull. Another of the grains had passed through two heavy wool shirts and a blanket-lined canvas coat an...	[ "That there may be a circumstance when a bullet will not pierce human skin if person if far enough away." ]	[ "For most bullets, the answer is \"never\"." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "That there may be a circumstance when a bullet will not pierce human skin if person if far enough away." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "For most bullets, the answer is \"never\"." ]
2018-05251	Why can’t lightning occur in a vacuum?	There's no air to ionise, therefore no possible physical path for the electrical charge to take.	[ "Atmospheric pressure discharge\n\nAn atmospheric pressure discharge is an electrical discharge in air at atmospheric pressure.\n\nAn electrical discharge is a plasma, which is an ionized gas. Plasmas are sustained if there is a continuous source of energy to maintain the required degree of ionization and overcome ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01317	Why is your voice deeper when you wake up?	Your vocal cords arent stretched. Think of it like a rubber band that isnt completely taut and you pluck it - it will be a lower pitch. Now stretch the rubber band out and pluck it and it will be of a much higher pitch	[ "Preferences for voice pitch change across the cycle. When seeking a short term mating partner, women may prefer a male with a low voice pitch, particularly during the fertile phase. During the late follicular phase, it is common for women demonstrate a preference for mates with a masculine, deep voice. Research ha...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03670	Why are cars seldom offered with diesel-hybrid powertrains?	There's a few reasons at play here. I think first and foremost is the fact that both diesel motors and electric motors both give lots of bottom end torque, as opposed to a petrol engine that gives top end torque. Normally with a petrol hyrbid you will have the electric motor dealing with the low end power, then the petrol engine kicks. With a diesel hybrid you would end up with lots of bottom end torque, but nothing at the top end. There's also the problem that diesel engines are usually more expensive to manufacture. Now bolt a few thousand pound elecric motor onto it and you're making a much more expensive car. The fuel savings will have to be much greater to now account for the increase in purchase price. Petrol cars also have the benefit of having much lower emissions to begin with, which can be made even lower with the addition of an electric motor. A diesel engine with an electric motor may only be brought down to the emission levels of a very good petrol engine. There are a few diesel hybrids I know of offered here in the UK. Mercedes offer a Bluetec hybrid, and Citroen offer their e-HDI engines which are a diesel hybrid which I know is used on the DS5, maybe others as well.	[ "Diesel-electric HEVs use a diesel engine for power generation. Diesels have advantages when delivering constant power for long periods of time, suffering less wear while operating at higher efficiency. The diesel engine's high torque, combined with hybrid technology, may offer substantially improved mileage. Most ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02362	Why do magnets repel water?	Well, yes and no. Water is slighly diamagnetic. Wikipedia article about diamagnetism: URL_1 Video experiment about magnets repelling water: URL_0	[ "There are related non-chemical devices based on a variety of physical phenomena which have been marketed for over 50 years with similar claims of scale inhibition. Whilst some are effective, such as electrolytic devices, most do not work.\n\nBULLET::::- Electrolysis: \"Electrolytic scale inhibitors\" - two metals ...	[ "Magnets repel water. " ]	[ "Magnets don't always repel water. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Magnets repel water. ", "Magnets repel water. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Magnets don't always repel water. ", "Magnets don't always repel water. " ]
2018-15654	After seeing a cross section of tree rings, I’m wondering how trees produce new layers outward from the center?	The living part is the outer layer under the bark. Think of it like one layer that grows larger leaving "dead" layers behind as it expands outward.	[ "Ground layering or mound layering is the typical propagation technique for the popular Malling-Merton series of clonal apple rootstocks, in which the original plants are set in the ground with the stem nearly horizontal, which forces side buds to grow upward. After these are started, the original stem is buried up...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-14141	why does the body only produce vit D from the sun and not from another light sources like candles or lamps?	Vitamin D3 photosynthesis requires UV light. Since UV light is harmful to humans most lamps are either designed not to emit it or come equipped with filters, and candles don't get hot enough to emit a significant amount of UV. In other words, it doesn't work with other sources of light because those sources don't have the right light.	[ "When the skin is exposed to UV-B light, cholesterol in the skin is transformed into vitamin D3. In general the skin does not need much UV-B energy to generate vitamin D3, and 15 minutes of strong sunshine every day is usually considered enough.\n\nIn Northern European countries especially in the winter when sunlig...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13572	Why in a lot of movies that contain aliens, humanity is always weaker, but then they (normally) end up defeating them?	ENDER'S GAME decent movie, book was better, humans are stronger than the aliens in it. It bugs me too when a clearly weaker force gets to win when there's no way throwing a few extra jets at something should defeat invading aliens. Usually humans get lucky and find one little loophole or weak point and exploit it and that's how we win. Realistically we would be completely wiped out in most movie scenarios.	[ "The film crew teams up with the Welsh Williams brothers to fight off the aliens, with a great deal of blood and gore. One highlight features Ricky running down some aliens in a combine harvester, to the tune of \"Combine Harvester (Brand New Key)\" by The Wurzels.\n", "The president of Fox's marketing department...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00169	Topology of a hollow sphere? Can I deform to a disc?	That pinhole does in fact count as changing the object's shape -- this is the whole premise of topology. In topology, we distinguish between objects entirely by the way their faces and edges connect, in a manner similar to graph theory, but for continuous surfaces. So, yes, if you poke a hole in the sphere, it is no longer the same topological shape. Even if it still _looks_ like a sphere, it's technically just a distorted disc as soon as you poke the hole in it.	[ "Sometimes we drop the condition that \"S\" be compressible. If \"D\" were to bound a disk inside \"S\" (which is always the case if \"S\" is incompressible, for example), then compressing \"S\" along \"D\" would result in a disjoint union of a sphere and a surface homeomorphic to \"S\". The resulting surface with ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "A hollow sphere with a hole in it is still a sphere." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "A hollow sphere with a hole in it is no longer a sphere." ]
2018-03502	if tattoo’s fade because white blood cells are constantly eating the ink, then how do tattoo’s not weaken the immune system if so many WBC’s are focused on ink rather than infections?	Weakened is a relative term, and areas of the body are "soft segmented" (they interact, but have points of cell-origin). Since all your bone marrow (but some more than others) produce your blood cells, you have sort of have a "great-wall of defense" beside every bone, reinforced by nearbone garrisons. Your WBC near the tattoo are seeing conflict, but not all of them, and not all of your body will immediately respond (it knows from evolution that WBC's are needed all over - to move the entire army to one area would really weaken the system). White blood cells react to little (chemical) messages dropped by invaders (from their movement or metabolism), and so tattoos result in the dermis (skin) cells messages dropped near the WBCs (which is less motile than a pathogen). This means there is a range in which WBC will react to the messages, and it is quite a great distance in the WBC point of view. So ultimately, the tattoo doesn't attract and cause enough damage to cause a complete meltdown. Your immune system may be attacking it, but it attacks a lot of things all the time without you knowing, so its not much different anyway.	[ "In amateur tattooing, such as that practiced in prisons, however, there is an elevated risk of infection. Infections that can theoretically be transmitted by the use of unsterilized tattoo equipment or contaminated ink include surface infections of the skin, fungal infections, some forms of hepatitis, herpes simpl...	[ "WBCs are focused on attacking the tattoo." ]	[ "WBCs are only weakly attacking the tattoo and are always in some sort of action state so it is not noticed. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "WBCs are focused on attacking the tattoo." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "WBCs are only weakly attacking the tattoo and are always in some sort of action state so it is not noticed. " ]
2018-04843	Why do some sounds (e.g chewing) sound louder with earphones plugged in	Bone conduction is sound being conducted to the inner ear through the skull. Tapping on your head, chewing, things like that. When you block your ears, you effectively block out everything else and only hear what is conducted through the bones.	[ "Some users have noted that ambient noise can be a problem. The built-in microphone on the pen can pick up small amounts of noise from writing on paper, and adjacent ambient noise is often louder than a far away speaker. However, the included headphones have embedded microphones that reduce this ambient noise. (Hea...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-19548	How do escalators maintain the same speed regardless of how many people are on them?	Whenever electricity is involved it can't be truly ELI5 but I'll try by skipping over the details. I'm a winder electrician, which means I build motors and motor systems. They are driven by induction motors that always turn at a constant speed linked to the 60Hz frequency of the electric lines. Every time the electricity changes polarity, the motor moves on to the next magnetic pole (simplified). Typical speeds are 1200/1800/3600RPM for 6/4/2 pole motors respectively. As the load increases the motor will draw more power up until it stalls. Until then it won't slow down much. Real speeds are actually a bit lower due to "slip" of the rotor but true synchronous motors do exist and are used as generators and in heavy industry. The only motors that vary in speed greatly due to load are the brushed sort usually found in tools and small appliances. For reasons I won't go into, they are not linked to the frequency of the power, and can often run on both AC or DC power.	[ "Many public transport systems handle a high directional flow of passengers— often traveling to work in a city in the morning rush hour and away from the said city in the late afternoon. To increase the passenger throughput, many systems can be reconfigured to change the direction of the optimized flow. A common ex...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04169	Why sometimes when you hit your head it either hurts like hell or you don't feel a thing	It depends on where you hit your head. It's kind of like anywhere else, it won't hurt if someone hit your hand for example, but if you accidentally hit your "funny bone" on something, it'll hurt hard af. It's same on the head. The frontal lobe, which is like responsible for thinking, logic, judgment, etc etc is what's most vulnerable in the brain and injuries there are extremely sensitive and dangerous.	[ "Contusions are identified with two forms of diagnosis: acceleration of the brain and direct trauma. A direct trauma injury is much more severe than an acceleration injury (in most cases) and requires much more intensive diagnosis and testing. The full extent of the injury may not be known until testing done in a h...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05067	If the big 3 religions and their denominations all worship the same God, how can there be so much violence and disagreement between them (and even within them between denominations)? Considering that they have the biggest part in common (the deity), can't they agree to disagree on other stuff?	The Abrahamic religions only worship the same god insofar as they all believe in the Old Testament, but they have drastically different views on what was divinely revealed after that. The Christians believe Jesus came down and was the son of God and thus that God is a trinity and that you need to worship Jesus, while the Muslims believe that Jesus was just a prophet and actually Muhammad was the final prophet and you need to follow him, and that God is not a trinity, which is to say that they don't really have the same idea of God. And the Jews don't believe any of that is legitimate. Aside from this they all have substantially different religious practices, hierarchies, and attitudes toward evangelism. Because each religion takes its own doctrines so seriously, they all view each other as false religions, and also have internal fighting over specific doctrines. To top it off, they have a long history of fighting over the same lands, especially in the Middle East and Europe, and thus tend to see each other as enemy factions.	[ "BULLET::::- Reuven Firestone, a Jewish Rabbi writes about the \"tension\" between the \"particularity\" of one's \"own religious experience\" and the \"universality of the divine reality\" that as expressed in history has led to verbal and violent conflict. So, although this tension may never be \"fully resolved,\...	[ "Because the three main religions worship the same God, they should be able to put the other differences aside. " ]	[ "The three main religions are unable to put their differences aside because they are very large contradictions within the beliefs of the three religions, ones that cannot be overlooked." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Because the three main religions worship the same God, they should be able to put the other differences aside. ", "Because the three main religions worship the same God, they should be able to put the other differences aside. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The three main religions are unable to put their differences aside because they are very large contradictions within the beliefs of the three religions, ones that cannot be overlooked.", "The three main religions are unable to put their differences aside because they are very large contradictions within the beli...
2018-01879	How storage companies like Dropbox keep files safe if all of your files are stored in one gigantic cluster that other users use	Imagine Dropbox is a giant storage facility, like the ones where you can rent a storage locker and put all of the things from your attic. To prevent people from trying to break into others' storage units, customers don't actually get to enter. If you want to store stuff you just walk up to the front gate and hand them a box, along with your ID, and they store it for you. Later when you want to access it, you give them your ID and ask for the box by its name, and they retrieve it for you. With this model, they don't really need separate storage lockers for every user. They just need to do a really good job of keeping track of who owns which box, and never give a box to someone who isn't authorized to open it. The boxes could be in one giant room, organized alphabetically by name. All that matters is that the boxes are tagged with names and owner IDs. In this analogy, Amazon is simply leasing them the land where they bought the storage lockers. That has no effect on their security.	[ "BULLET::::- Dropbox : By default, Dropbox saves a history of all deleted and earlier versions of files for 30 days for all Dropbox accounts.\n\nBULLET::::- Dropmysite : Provides incremental backups with the ability to download every snapshot.\n\nBULLET::::- ElephantDrive : Any number of versions can be kept for an...	[ "Files are not safe if they are all stored in one spot." ]	[ "Files can be organized and only given to authorized people regardless of where it is stored." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Files are not safe if they are all stored in one spot." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Files can be organized and only given to authorized people regardless of where it is stored." ]
2018-03986	Why does animal breath not stink as bad as humans if we don't brush our teeth?	A modern diet, with cooked food, high protein/carb content, and much less roughage than we'd get eating raw food, isn't the diet that our teeth/mouth/saliva developed to cope with. The flip side of radically better nutrition via cooking is that it's hard on our teeth. Other animals, on the other hand, are eating exactly what they've developed to eat.	[ "Dental disease or mouth ulcers can produce rotten smelling breath (halitosis). Dental calculus harbors numerous bacteria which produce odor and foul breath. Dental disease can also lead to excessive drooling, and the skin around the mouth can become infected, leading to more odor production. Dogs can also acquire ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21617	What determines if a virus goes airborne? Why are some immediately airborne?	There are four modes of viral transmission: direct contact, fomite, respiratory, and water-borne. Direct contact is self explanatory. Fomite is when an infected person touches an object (like a doorknob) and then an uninflected person touches that same object. Respiratory is what you’re looking for - when an infected person, say, coughs in the vicinity of uninflected people. And water-borne is when bodies of water (like a well) are shared between people and one person contaminates it. Source: currently taking a Virology course	[ "For example, secondary person-to-person spread may occur after a common source exposure or an environmental vectors may spread a zoonotic diseases agent.\n\nSection::::Transmission.\n\nBULLET::::- Airborne transmission: Airborne transmission is the spread of infection by droplet nuclei or dust in the air. Without ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01304	How are vape juice flavors extracted	When you drink a Coke, or eat a donut, or an apple, or anything else for that matter, you are tasting combinations of different chemicals that make something taste a certain way. Some flavorings (such as a citrus oil) may be extracted from a natural source, or some may be made up of a chemical or combinations of chemicals that are combined to replicate a certain flavor. An example of this is ethyl maltol, which tastes faintly of cotton candy. For a better idea of what I'm talking about, take a look at [this page]( URL_0 ) and click on "list" next to one of those flavorings. A lot of people hear "chemicals" and freak out, but virtually everything in the universe is made of chemicals. Companies that make flavorings have vast amounts of experience in designing things to taste a certain way. If you vape, you've surely heard of all the controversy surrounding ingredients like diacetyl, acetyl propionyl, and acetoin. These are/were common ingredients in many flavorings, particularly ones which are intended to have a rich, creamy or buttery flavor. Alternatives to these ingredients exist, but they simply do not produce the same results. It's also worth pointing out that e-liquids are not necessarily always created out of a single "glazed donut" (or whatever else) flavoring. While this may be the case sometimes, other times flavors are made from a combination of many different flavorings. To add to that, many flavorings which companies make available for use in e-liquids are simply combinations of already existing flavorings.	[ "BULLET::::- oranges, 0.5–3.5%\n\nBULLET::::- carrots 1.4%\n\nBULLET::::- citrus peels, 30%\n\nThe main raw materials for pectin production are dried citrus peels or apple pomace, both by-products of juice production. Pomace from sugar beets is also used to a small extent.\n", "Liquid brem is made from fermented ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04227	How does anesthesia work and is a person rendered asleep or unconscious?	The person is unconscious not asleep. Asleep is a pattern in neurons firing rate, direction and cycle in specific regions off the brain, like the ascending reticular system. Anesthesia uses 3 bases, unconscious, analgesia and muscle paralysis. For gas anesthesia, we actually don’t know how it works in molecular levels. In total venous anesthesia we do know. For this kind of anesthesia the most common drugs are Propofol for Unconsciousness and it works on chlorine channels in neurons making them hard to fire upon a stimulus, like auditory or visual stimulation. For analgesia we use remifentanil working on opioid receptors to make the neurons hard to fire on noxious, pain, stimulus. And for muscle relaxation we use rocuronium that blocks the sinapses between neurons and muscles connecting in the receptors in the muscle end on the sinapses The gas anesthesia with sevoflurane we really don’t know how the gas block the pain, give unconsciousness and some muscle relaxation. Several theories speculate that it modify the neurons in some way that make it hard to fire on stimulus. There are a beautiful example destroying this theory on YouTube when scientists uses gases to numb a plant that contract its leaves on touch. Since plants don’t have neurons, how it works remains a big mystery I’m an anesthesiologist	[ "Section::::Anaesthesia.:Obstetric anaesthesia.\n", "Section::::Techniques.:General anesthesia.:Monitoring.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tumescent anesthesia\": a large amount of very dilute local anesthetics are injected into the subcutaneous tissues during liposuction.\n\nBULLET::::- \"Systemic local anesthetics\": loc...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-12328	When it comes to bullet calibers what do the numbers indicate? E.g 7.62x39mm, 5.56x45mm, 9x19.	Example: 5.56x45mm 5.56 means the diameter of the bullet 45 means the length of the casing	[ "BULLET::::- was a United States Navy \"Admirable\"-class minesweeper during World War II\n\nBULLET::::- was a United States Navy during World War II\n\nBULLET::::- was a United States Navy \"Edsall\"-class destroyer escort during World War II\n\nBULLET::::- was a United States Navy \"General G. O. Squier\"-class t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-12315	While in America, do non US citizens have the right to free speech?	Yes, foreign nationals still have free speech in the US. The principle is that free speech includes the spread of ideas, and the government does not have the power to regulate these regardless of who is saying them. You probably don't have the right to free speech with respect to immigration. For example if you just landed at the airport and you spend all your time at passport control saying "The USA is evil, and every person in your government is going right to hell," you may be denied entry. This is not considered a punishment, but merely border control.	[ "In the United States, freedom of expression is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, and by precedents set in various legal cases. There are several common-law exceptions, including\n", "The following list is partially composed of the respective countries' government claims and does...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02290	How do trees, which are full of moisture, burn down?	forest fires are extremely hot. Look-up "flash point" and it may help you understand. A wet log will need a hot fire to burn, which if you are starting a fire or have a small fire in the fireplace a wet log wont burn well because the fire simply isn't hot enough. The fact that a forest fire can get so hot is the reason why wet trees burn.	[ "BULLET::::- Wetting (\"hygriscence\")\n\nBULLET::::- Warming by the sun (\"soliscence\")\n\nBULLET::::- Drying atmospheric conditions (\"xyriscence\")\n\nBULLET::::- Fire (\"pyriscence\") — this is the most common and best studied case, and the term \"serotiny\" is often used where \"pyriscence\" is intended.\n\nB...	[ "Things that are wet cannot burn.", "Because trees are full of moisture, they shouldn't be able to burn down. " ]	[ "Things that are wet can burn from a hot enough fire.", "Forest fires are extremely hot, and actually hot enough to burn the trees down completely despite them being full of moisture." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Things that are wet cannot burn.", "Because trees are full of moisture, they shouldn't be able to burn down. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Things that are wet can burn from a hot enough fire.", "Forest fires are extremely hot, and actually hot enough to burn the trees down completely despite them being full of moisture." ]
2018-04944	Why is it so easy to eat or drink when you are hungry of thirsty, but so hard when you are full or hydrated?	Psychological. Your body is hungry or thirsty and so the brain imparts that desire you feel to eat or drink to get you to actually. It’s sorta why stuff you might not even like tastes good when you’re hungry/thirsty. It’s an incentive from the brain.	[ "Section::::Detection.:Decreased volume.:Renin-angiotensin system.\n", "Section::::Detection.:Decreased volume.\n", "However, this theory has been questioned, since it implies synapsids were necessarily less advantaged in water retention, that synapsid decline coincides with climate changes or archosaur diversi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-15503	Why does bacon cook to a brown/red while other pork cuts cook to white?	It's the [Maillard reaction]( URL_0 ) that gives bacon it's brown/red hue. This is caused by a reaction between the amino acids (proteins) mixing with the sugars found in bacon. Regardless of the presence of nitrates, any bacon cooked in hot temperatures will experience this effect. This reaction can be elicited by searing most, if not all, meats. For instance, take a steak and place it into a hot cast iron pan. Flip it after a few minutes, and you'll notice this same brown/red crust formed where meat met pan.	[ "The bacon used for the meal can vary somewhat depending on individual preference. Usually back bacon is used for the recipe, but other cuts of bacon are sometimes preferred. However, the bacon used is almost always cured. The traditional curing process is a long process which involves storing the bacon in salt, ho...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-22991	How can the “value of the dollar” drop? like how can the value of currencies change?	The value of products increases making it cost more money meaning people need to get paid more money and as such the value of money has decreased. Population increasing at the rate it is probably contributed more than anything because the demand for everything increases	[ "Both the 1930s episode and the outbreak of competitive devaluation that began in 2009 occurred during global economic downturns. An important difference with the 2010s period is that international traders are much better able to hedge their exposures to exchange rate volatility due to more sophisticated financial ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-15817	How does water boarding work? Why is it so traumatic? Are you actually being deprived of oxygen? If you know they don’t want to kill you, could you just wait it out?	Go in your shower. Wet your washcloth fully. Place it over your face. Try to breathe. Make worse by 100x. It’s horrifying.	[ "Recommended equipment common to these tables includes:\n\nBULLET::::- a means of securely holding the casualty at a measured depth, such as a harness and 20 metre lazy shot line with a 20 kg lead weight at the bottom and a buoy at the top of at least 40 litres buoyancy\n\nBULLET::::- a means of allowing the casual...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-07018	Why do buildings only show the elevators' locations when you're on the ground floor but not when you're on other floors?	The floor indicator adds to cost, so they just put it at the most heavily used location -- the lobby.	[ "There are some cases, especially in shopping malls in the Philippines, that the floor numbering in the elevator does not align with the floor numbering that is created by the management. However, in order to avoid confusion from mall visitors, the usage of the management's floor numbering in advertising is more pr...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01560	How do semitruck drivers know what route to take to avoid overpasses that are too low for the truck?	Interstates must have a clearance no less than 16 feet. In cities it can be 14 feet, but some route through it must still be 16. States generally also have these standards, or something very close, and the handful of exceptions to them on state routes are available online, in atlases, and on truck GPS systems. So if you've got a normal semi, and you use the highways and observe signs about truck restrictions, you're good to go. If you've got something taller than this, or an oversize load of any kind, it's a special case, and you've probably worked this out in advance before you start driving. If there's an accident or something that forces you to detour, you just be really careful.	[ "There is no federal height limit, and states may set their own limits which range from (mostly on the east coast) to (west coast)., As a result, the majority of trucks are somewhere between and high. Truck drivers are responsible for checking bridge height clearances (usually indicated by a warning sign) before pa...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04915	Why do hot and cold water make different noises when travelling through a pipe?	Water has different densities and viscosities at different temperatures, so the fluid dynamics are slightly different, causing different noises.	[ "Heat pipes must be tuned to particular cooling conditions. The choice of pipe material, size, and coolant all have an effect on the optimal temperatures at which heat pipes work.\n", "The result is that the top pipe which received hot water, now has cold water leaving it at 20 °C, while the bottom pipe which rec...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-20833	How does a gas fridge keep things cold by making heat?	Gas-powered refrigerators are [absorption refrigerators]( URL_0 ), which as actually an older design than the compression refrigerators powered by electricity which we're used to. The single-pressure variant uses three different refrigerants (water, ammonia, and hydrogen) and depends on somewhat complex changes of the partial pressures between these in different parts of the system. But the main idea is that the heat from burning the gas (usually propane) is used to heat up an ammonia-water mixture to extract the ammonia. This goes through a heat exchanger, dumping its heat to the outside and codensing. The now liquid ammonia can be used to cool down the inside of the fridge, after which it is absorbed by water. Then it returns to the gas-powered boiler.	[ "Section::::Principle of operation.\n\nFigure 1 represents the Stirling-type single-orifice Pulse-Tube Refrigerator (PTR), which is filled with a gas, typically helium at a pressure varying from 10 to 30 bar. From left to right the components are:\n\nBULLET::::- a compressor, with a piston moving back and forth at ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-12020	Do taller people have a slower reaction time than short or average height people due to longer nerves?	Yes, technically they do, but it is so small that it would not be remotely relevant to anything humans do.	[ "Section::::Weightlifting.\n\nIn weightlifting shorter levers are advantageous and taller than average competitors usually compete in the + group. Short people also have a lower consumption of ATP and glycogen than a tall person to make the same proportional effort. So at professional level, it is more advantageous...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03359	Why does spit get stringy after using mouthwash?	I think it's because mouthwash has alcohols in it that start to degrade the proteins in your saliva. Because denatured proteins are long chains or organic matter they start associating with each other and clump together as opposed to being more discrete identities beforehand.	[ "However, mouthing may also be iconic, as in the word for (of food or drink) in ASL, UtCbf\", where the mouthing suggests something hot in the mouth and does not correspond to the English word \"hot\".\n\nMouthing is an essential element of cued speech and simultaneous sign and speech, both for the direct instructi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06820	Why does breathing into a paper bag help people who are hyperventilating?	Breathing in a bag helps you recycle the carbon dioxide in your breath. This lowers the pH of your blood, which has gotten too alkaline. That causes you to resume breathing normally. It also changes brain chemistry, reducing feelings of panic.	[ "The respiratory centers try to maintain an arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg. With intentional hyperventilation, the content of arterial blood may be lowered to 10–20 mm Hg (the oxygen content of the blood is little affected), and the respiratory drive is diminished. This is why one can hold one's breath longer after ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03780	How do you figure out what percentage a battery is at?	The voltage of a battery cell decreases slightly as it drains. The phone/device can measure this, and based on how it drained in the past, calculate how much charge is left given the current voltage.	[ "A BMS may monitor the state of the battery as represented by various items, such as:\n\nBULLET::::- Voltage: total voltage, voltages of individual cells, minimum and maximum cell voltage or voltage of periodic taps\n\nBULLET::::- Temperature: average temperature, coolant intake temperature, coolant output temperat...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-09933	Shouldn't the earth's core cool down over time?	This was actually a major discrepancy when the first calculations of earth’s age were made in the 1800s. Lord Kelvin (a pioneer in thermodynamics) based it off of how long it would take for a molten ball of rock to cool and came up with under a billion years. It wasn’t until 1898 when Marie Curie discovered radioactive decay that the issue with his calculations were discovered. Radioactive decay produces heat. This keeps the molten ball churning for a while longer than it should have.	[ "Earth's internal heat powers most geological processes and drives plate tectonics. Despite its geological significance, this heat energy coming from Earth's interior is actually only 0.03% of Earth's total energy budget at the surface, which is dominated by 173,000 TW of incoming solar radiation. The insolation th...	[ "The earth's core should cool down over time." ]	[ "Radioactive decay produces heat and keeps the earth's core hot." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "The earth's core should cool down over time.", "The earth's core should cool down over time." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Radioactive decay produces heat and keeps the earth's core hot.", "Radioactive decay produces heat and keeps the earth's core hot." ]
2018-00518	What prevents some parasites from infecting us, while other animals get infected?	Hygiene. Humans get lots of parasites. Worms, lice, bedbugs, ticks, leech and whatnot. What keeps them away is hygiene like not drink from puddles, not eat sand, clean clothes etc. etc. Also many parasites such as lice are highly specializes sub-species that only infect one particular animal (this is also the case with some worms, but for example not ticks since they just wait for warm-blooded animals). The lice your dog gets can't survive on you. Humans have 2 lice species, the ones that infect your head and the other ones that -ahem- infects you in the genital region. Genetics have showed that these two species once emerged from one and the same and were closely related to the lice species that is specific to other primates. When humans in evolution lost big parts of their body hair, the lice could no longer move from the lower part to the upper part of the body, slowly evolving into two different sub-species that are now perfectly adapted to the different living conditions.	[ "Other risks that can lead people to acquire parasites are walking with barefeet, inadequate disposal of feces, lack of hygiene, close contact with someone carrying specific parasites, and eating undercooked foods, unwashed fruits and vegetables or foods from contaminated regions.\n\nParasites can also be transferr...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-17592	when animals feel pain (e.g. when lobsters are put in a boiling pot of water), is it the mental equivalent of how humans feel pain?	They feel pain via their nervous system, but it's supposedly not connected to an emotional response, like us.	[ "Continuing into the 1990s, discussions were further developed on the roles that philosophy and science had in understanding animal cognition and mentality. In subsequent years, it was argued there was strong support for the suggestion that some animals (most likely amniotes) have at least simple conscious thoughts...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00158	Why do rates of growth use exponents and rates of decay use Euler's number?	They both actually use the same formula: N = a(1 + r)^t where a = initial value, r = growth rate (negative for decay), t = time However, this formula assumes discrete growth/decay, like interest compounded monthly. When you have a bacterial culture, the bacteria don't wait until the end of each hour to divide, they are doing so continuously. You can try to simulate this by expressing the rate over increasingly smaller intervals of time. Let's say each hour, 10% of the bacteria in your culture will reproduce, and you want to know how much it will grow over the 10 hours. We could use an interval of 10 hours, naively multiplying the growth rate by 10: (1 + 10 * 0.1)^1 = 1.1 This assumes the bacteria wait until the end of the 10 hours and 10% divide, which of course is wrong. They are dividing continuously, and some of the new ones will produce new ones, compounding our growth. So let's try 1 hour instead: (1 + 1 * 0.1)^10 = 2.59 That's a lot more. Better, but they don't wait until the end of the hour, either, so let's try minutes: (1 + 1/60 * 0.1)^(10 * 60) = 2.716 And seconds: (1 + 1/3600 * 0.1)^(10 * 3600) = 2.7182 Is that number starting to look familiar? Of course it does, it is e, Euler's constant. In fact, this is one of the ways e is defined, as the limit of (1 + 1/n)^n as n approaches infinity. This gives us our formula for continuous exponential growth as: N = e^rt TL;DR It isn't about growth vs. decay, it is discrete vs. continuous.	[ "Since there may also be voltage dependence in other factors in a Fowler-Nordheim-type equation, in particular in the notional emission area \"A\" and in the local work-function, it is not necessarily expected that \"κ\" for CFE from a metal of local work-function 4.5 eV should have the value \"κ\" = 1.23, but ther...	[ "Rates of growth and rates of decay are calculated using different methods.", "Growth uses exponents and decay uses Eulers number?" ]	[ "They both use the same formula.", "Exponents are used in approximations where the compounding is discrete instead of continuous. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Rates of growth and rates of decay are calculated using different methods.", "Growth uses exponents and decay uses Eulers number?" ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "They both use the same formula.", "Exponents are used in approximations where the compounding is discrete instead of continuous. " ]
2018-08394	why did egyptians worship the eye and the ability to pay attention?	They did not really worship the eye or the ability to pay attention. The eye symbol in Egypt was a representation of "The Eye of Horus" which was the symbol of Horus who was the God of the Sky. Horus was also the primary enemy of Set who was the God of the Desert, violence, and disorder. Horus was also the Patron God of the Pharaohs and his symbol was also a sign of royal authority. URL_0	[ "Likewise, cobra goddesses often represented the Eye. Among them was Wadjet, a tutelary deity of Lower Egypt who was closely associated with royal crowns and the protection of the king. Other Eye-associated cobra goddesses include the fertility deity Renenutet, the magician goddess Weret-hekau, and Meretseger, the ...	[ "Egyptians worshipped the eye.", "Egyptians worshipped the eye." ]	[ "While \"The eye of Horus\" was an Egyptian symbol denoting the God of the Sky; Egyptians did not worship the eye itself.", "Egyptians didn't worship the eye, they worshipped \"The Eye of Horus\", Horus was a God." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Egyptians worshipped the eye.", "Egyptians worshipped the eye." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "While \"The eye of Horus\" was an Egyptian symbol denoting the God of the Sky; Egyptians did not worship the eye itself.", "Egyptians didn't worship the eye, they worshipped \"The Eye of Horus\", Horus was a God." ]
2018-00172	Why is the contents of iron supplements so much higher than the recommended daily allowance?	Iron supplementation may need to be higher than the general populations requirements if someone needs iron stores replacing if they require more iron due to ongoing medical problems. Additionally not all iron may get absorbed anyway (this is what commonly causes dark stools in those taking iron supplements).	[ "Many other substances decrease the rate of non-heme iron absorption. Examples are tannins from foods, such as tea and saw palmetto, phytic acid, and roughage. Vegetarians and especially vegans are at increased risk of iron deficiency due to the combination of limited amounts of iron in the diet in a form that is p...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-10659	Why are static and kinetic coefficients of friction different? Is it possible for a kinetic coefficient to be higher, and what about the materials involved makes the difference?	The most common explanation is that objects not in motion begin to form chemical bonds with the surface they are resting on. Thus you need a larger force to start moving something and the coefficient of static friction is larger than the kinetic. That’s only a first year physics explanation however, I’m sure someone with more knowledge will have a better answer.	[ "Usually, the value of both coefficients does not exceed the unit and can be considered constant only within certain ranges of forces and velocities, outside of which there are extreme conditions that modify these coefficients.\n\nThe following table shows the values of the static and dynamic friction coefficients ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]

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