Split (3)

train · 3.46k rows

id stringlengths 10 10	question stringlengths 18 294	comment stringlengths 28 6.89k	passages list	presuppositions list	corrections list	labels list	raw_presuppositions list	raw_labels list	raw_corrections list
2018-20653	What happens to our brain when we concentrate?	Think of your brain like a room full of kids with ideas. Each wants to do something and they're just shouting over each other. "Concentrate!" Is the teacher shouting to get their attention. She takes their ideas one at a time and decides what the whole class should focus on.	[ "Section::::Attention regulation.\n\nAttention regulation is the task of focusing attention on an object, acknowledging any distractions, and then returning your focus back to the object. Some evidence for mechanisms responsible for attention regulation during mindfulness meditation are shown below.\n\nBULLET::::- ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02252	How did the word "bots" become applied to live, paid, human trolls?	Shifts in meaning like this usually occur when a new user of a jargon term simply misunderstood the meaning upon learning it.	[ "Bot farms are known to be used in online app stores, like the Apple App Store and Google Play, to manipulate positions or to increase positive ratings/reviews.\n", "A rapidly growing, benign, form of internet bot is the chatbot. From 2016, when Facebook Messenger allowed developers to place chatbots on their pla...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-07125	What makes bolt action rifles more suitable than semi autos/full autos to fire more powerful ammo?	It is simpler to make a bolt action system with high strength, ruggedness, reliability and accuracy compared to other system and the weight will be lower and they are cheaper to produce. The disadvantage is rate of fire. But for many application like hunting, target shooting and precision shooting that is not a a huge disadvantage compare to the advantages. Large powerful calibrates are primary used at long range where accuracy it one of the most important factor. For man portable military systems weight is important both for the weapon and for the ammunition. So you either have sniper rifles that can be move quite easy that are light and often bolt action to increase accuracy and reduce weight and ammunition use. Or you have heavy machinguns that are hard to transport and use a lot of ammunition so you like to use them on vehicles where you even have heavier cannon system both smaller full automatic and larger that you load manually or some semi automatic.	[ "Furthermore, there are many subtle issues involving the provenance of a rifle and its ammunition. Many calibres have dual civilian/military uses but are not \"completely\" identical – e.g. the .308 Winchester/7.62mm NATO and .223 Remington/5.56mm NATO have very slight differences in chamber sizes. Military ammunit...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00884	what makes some boats able to cross larger masses of water than others?	Fuel capacity, size/ability to deal with larger waves, ability to operate the engine(s) continually for long enough to reach your destination, etc.	[ "Although ships are typically larger than boats, the distinction between those two categories is not one of size per se.\n\nBULLET::::- Ships are typically large ocean-going vessels; whereas boats are smaller, and typically travel most often on inland or coastal waters.\n\nBULLET::::- A rule of thumb says \"a boat ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-16773	Why does a hot shower make a hangover feel more bearable, and why does it kick right back in when you step out of it?	Hot water causes your blood vessels to dialate (open) which decreases the blood pressure which makes your hangover less. Most of a hangover is the dehydration and withdrawal symptoms, one of which is a constricting of blood vessels. So the two cancel out. When you step out of the shower you are no longer getting the heat to cause your blood vessels to relax and they constrict back and bam.... hangover.	[ "The effects of dousing are usually more intense and longer-lasting than just a cold shower. Ending a shower with cold water is an old naturopathic tradition. There are those who believe that this fever is helpful in killing harmful bacteria and leaving the hardier beneficial bacteria in the body.\n\nSection::::Nat...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00020	How can a single USB port can handle information from many devices?	The computer basically takes turns speaking to each device plugged into the hub. So if there are 3 devices, the computer will turn to device A and send and receive any relevant information from A. Then the computer will turn to device B and trade information. Finally it will turn to device C to do similarly and then start over again from A.	[ "When a device is plugged into the USB bus, the master device, or host, sets up communications with the device and handles service provisioning (the host's software enables or does the needed data-handling such as file managing or other desired kind of data communication or function). That allows the devices to be ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02437	We produce enough food to feed everyone. Why do ~25,000 people die of hunger each day?	Hunger problems are mostly problems with food distribution. Specifically, most starving people live in countries with poor transportation systems, or countries suffering from civil war or other internal problems that disrupt food distribution.	[ "The United States produces far more food than it needs for domestic consumption—hunger within the U.S. is caused by some Americans having insufficient money to buy food for themselves or their families. Additional causes of hunger and food insecurity include neighborhood deprivation and agricultural policy. Hunger...	[ "If enough food is available to feed everyone, there should not be 25,000 people dying of hunger everyday." ]	[ "Although there is enough food for everyone, it is not distributed equally, therefore many people go hungry. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If enough food is available to feed everyone, there should not be 25,000 people dying of hunger everyday.", "If enough food is available to feed everyone, there should not be 25,000 people dying of hunger everyday." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Although there is enough food for everyone, it is not distributed equally, therefore many people go hungry. ", "Although there is enough food for everyone, it is not distributed equally, therefore many people go hungry. " ]
2018-24102	When I’m driving, the wind can blow my car all over the road. When I’m parked, the wind can’t move my car one inch. Why?	But it does move your car. If you're driving down the road and a gust of wind hits the side of your car it's going to push it off to the side until you correct it. That's because your car is already in motion but it's shifted slightly to the side during that motion. However while it's parked that same gust of wind will cause it to rock back and forth a bit. The only difference is that it doesn't feel as extreme because you're not in motion.	[ "Because the boundary between parking space and driving area is not always well-defined, the length of a parking space is more difficult to establish. However, most angled and perpendicular spaces are considered to be between in length. In the United States, due to vehicles being larger on average than some other c...	[ "A parked car is not moved by wind gusts.", "When parked the wind cannot move a car." ]	[ "Wind gusts cause a parked car to move in a rocking back and forth motion.", "The wind does move a car when parked, it's just that you don't experience the movement as much as when the car is in motion." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "A parked car is not moved by wind gusts.", "When parked the wind cannot move a car." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Wind gusts cause a parked car to move in a rocking back and forth motion.", "The wind does move a car when parked, it's just that you don't experience the movement as much as when the car is in motion." ]
2018-10338	Why does lightning striking the ground affect people in a pool or body of water?	When lighting strikes, it's not really "completing the circuit" in the same way as a light switch. It's more like dumping a massive amount of charge from where it was previously taken. In a simple picture, each rain drop carries a small amount of charge from the cloud to the ground. This happens for billions of rain drops over a wide area. Eventually, the charge difference between the cloud and the ground is enough to cause a spark - lightning - that brings it back towards even. But remember that the rain falls over a large area, whereas the lightning strikes a single point. Imagine collecting rain on a large sheet, and storing it in a bucket. When the bucket's full, you pour it on the ground. Then your feet are wetter than if you'd just been standing in the rain. The charge from the lightning strike needs to spread out and dissipate. If the ground's sodden, it'll go through the top layers of surface, shocking things as it goes. I was aware of this happening - [here's a single strike that killed 323 deer]( URL_0 ) - but didn't know it could reach so far! Scary stuff!	[ "Bonding is particularly important for bathrooms, swimming pools and fountains. In pools and fountains, any metallic object (other than conductors of the power circuit) over a certain size must be bonded to assure that all conductors are at the same potential. Since it is buried in the ground, a pool can be a bette...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01273	why does it seem that for all the animals that eat bamboo, bamboo is the majority of its diet?	Eating bamboo is hard, e.g. it requires a highly adapted digestive system to get energy out of it. Animals that eat bamboo have that, so they adapted to eat bamboo, yet the downside is that their digestive system doesn't work too well with other things.	[ "Section::::Behavior.:Diet.\n\nThe Amazon bamboo rat is a small folivore. It consumes only plants that are easily digested, in order to conserve energy. The bamboo rat primarily consumes young leaves, stems, and petioles. Because of its limited diet of bamboo and local vines, it is more abundant in regions of Latin...	[ "Animals that eat bamboo should eat other things to." ]	[ "Animals that eat bamboo have a specilized digestive system that doesn't work well for other food items. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Animals that eat bamboo should eat other things to." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Animals that eat bamboo have a specilized digestive system that doesn't work well for other food items. " ]
2018-02880	Do stretching still hurt when you're flexible?	I'm not as limber as I used to be, but when I was in my best shape I was very flexible (took lots of traditional Asian martial arts and speed and flexibility was stressed over strength when training, generally); the short answer is yes; after I got to the point that I could do the splits, after a while it wasn't as drastic of a stretch and it didn't hurt to go into the splits. It could hurt if I did it really fast because I didn't get to Jean Claude Van Damme levels of splits, but the basic function of stretching (kicking higher) was met so that wasn't a big deal. But if it isn't pulling, then as a general rule, you should be stretching deeper, because if it isn't pulling then you aren't getting anything out of it.	[ "However, both of these types of stretching have been shown to have a positive impact on flexibility over time by increasing muscle and joint elasticity, thus increasing the depth and range of motion an athlete is able to reach. This is evident in the experiment \"Acute effects of duration on sprint performance of ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00778	how does n+1 blankets keep you warmer than n blankets?	Insulation. Your body heat is what warms the area under the blanket Warmth leaves the blanket from the air cooling the surface of the blanket, so when you add another blanket there is more air and blanket to trap heat.	[ "Much like heating pads, electric blankets use an insulated wire or heating element inserted into a fabric that heats when it is plugged in. The temperature control unit, located between the blanket and the electrical outlet, manages the amount of current entering into the heat elements in the blanket.\n", "Elect...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-20339	Why didn't the US govt release the picture of dead Osama Bin Laden despite releasing dead pictures of his other members?	They didn't want to make him more of a martyr than he already was. No grave. No memorial site. No pictures of him dead. Also, if I recall correctly, he got shot in the face. The pictures might be too much for standard publication.	[ "A debate on whether the military photos should be released to the public took place. Those supporting the release argued that the photos should be considered public records, that they are necessary to complete the journalistic record, and that they would prove bin Laden's death and therefore prevent conspiracy the...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-10512	why do soccer players fake injuries so frequently AND dramatically?	If you can get another player ejected for "hurting" you, your team gets an advantage. The consequences for flopping aren't severe enough to discourage this, so players do it constantly. In the NBA egregious flopping can earn a technical foul, but even this isn't much of a deterrent and it's become common. In the NHL "embellishment" is a penalty that can leave your team a man down, which is usually significant enough to keep the flopping to a fake-high-sticking minimum.	[ "Other offenses can result in technical fouls, such as:\n\nBULLET::::- Allowing players to lock arms in order to restrict the movement of an opponent (usually a team technical)\n\nBULLET::::- Baiting or taunting an opponent\n\nBULLET::::- Disrespectfully addressing or contacting an official or gesturing in such a m...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-20055	If the Earth's average temperature is rising, why has winter gotten colder in some places?	The average temperature rises. But global climate is more complex then hot and cold. It's the change of climate zones. Some places get more rain than ever. Others get draughts where you never had one. That's why the term global warming was changed with climate change. For Europe for example the warm stream from the gulf of Mexico is essentially for bringing warm weather in winter. With the stream getting weaker and carrying less warmth the winters here get stronger plus longer.	[ "Warmer winter temperatures cause a decrease in snowpack, which can result in diminished water resources during summer. This is especially important at mid-latitudes and in mountain regions that depend on glacial runoff to replenish their river systems and groundwater supplies, making these areas increasingly vulne...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Earth's temperatures rising should mean that winters are warmer." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Global climate is more complex than that." ]
2018-04733	How can peanut butter be turned into diamonds?	Don't know where you got this idea, but: Diamonds are made out of compressed carbon. Peanut butter contains carbon. Remove everything except the carbon and compress to 20,000 atmospheres. Simple.	[ "Section::::Manufacture.\n\nThe isotopes of carbon can be separated in the form of carbon dioxide gas by cascaded chemical exchange reactions with amine carbamate. Such CO can be converted to methane and from there to isotopically pure synthetic diamonds. Isotopically enriched diamonds have been synthesized by appl...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-14315	if someone knows how to play the piano, and sat down at a organ, would they be able to play the organ without any practice?	Have played both piano (for many years) and organ (just 1 or 2 yrs) so I have first hand experience. First, the obvious difference is that the organ has a pedalboard so you play the bass notes with your feet. Completely unique skill that you must learn from scratch. Secondly, the organ has stops (the knobs to the side used to change the sound). These aren't a huge difference because a lot of times you might just set the stops at the beginning of a piece and leave it. Thirdly, the organ has multiple keyboards, each of which can have its stops set separately, so each keyboard can have a different sound. But organs and pianos both have a keyboard, so if you didn't need the pedals or stops, playing the organ is just like the piano, right? Wrong. The action (how the keys respond) of the keyboard is different. The piano is velocity- sensitive and the keys have a weightier response. The organ keyboard feels more like a non-weighted digital keyboard. There is also no sustain pedal on the organ so if you want a note to hold, you must keep your finger on the key. With the piano you can cheat a bit using the pedal. So your fingering technique on the organ involves more finger substitution (where you switch which finger is on a key without lifting the key) and sometimes awkward reaches. On the piano a bigger part of the technique is how you strike each key, because that's where your expressiveness comes from. So, yes, someone who plays the piano could play the organ simply, but to be good at each instrument requires somewhat separate skill sets and ample practice on each.	[ "Ellis began organ studies in the 6th grade, and at 15 began studying with R. Gary Deavel at Manchester University in North Manchester, Indiana.\n", "In the Netherlands there is a wealth of historical organs. For the preservation and maintenance of this cultural legacy, it is important to encourage a continuing f...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05605	Why is giving birth seemingly so much more painful for humans than any other animal?	We evolved a tough combination of traits: big heads to hold our overdeveloped brains, and slim, bony hips to allow us to walk upright. Those ended up being two of our biggest advantages, and those helped us advance beyond our early cave-dwelling, scavenger days.... but put them together and you're trying to push a big head through a small hole, and it causes a lot of problems.	[ "Compared with other species, human childbirth is dangerous. Painful labors lasting 24 hours or more are not uncommon and sometimes lead to the death of the mother, the child or both. This is because of both the relatively large fetal head circumference and the mother's relatively narrow pelvis. The chances of a su...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01708	I’m lying on the couch and staring at the ceiling right now. Why is the ceiling bumpy as if there were tiny rocks embedded in the paint? How do they get the paint to be so bumpy like that? Is there a benefit from having it like this.	For multiple reasons. For one, it's cheaper - you can do it more quickly and with less labor. Also, it hides any imperfections, so you can also spend less time working on ceiling seems. And last, it was said to give some acoustic benefits.	[ "The reason for this is that invariably when a ceiling is being worked on plaster will fall and splash onto the walls. However a texture mix doesn't need to be smoothed out when it starts to set:\n\nBULLET::::- thus a retardant such as \"Cream of tartar\" or sugar can be used to prolong the setting time, and is eas...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-22824	What causes the switch process in bipolar disorder?	Mainly hormones and the amount your body produces or gives you - or doesn't because something stops/slows down the production of hormones that make you happy. (Serotonine and Dopamine) If some points in your body get close to them - you get happy. This is manic BPD. Works also the other way around some bodies produce more of the 'feel good/euphoric' hormones but less 'feel bad' ones with the opposite effect. This is depressive BPD. This is caused by neurological problems. Your brain can't control this right and you can't control your brain when it comes to this . Imagine pulling off all cables on a machine with no Idea how to reattach them. Feels like sitting on the back of a bike with no driver and just sometimes you can take the wheel yourself. Edit: ELI5 : Your brain doesn't produce the needed amount of 'happy' and 'sad' hormones or can't distribute them right. So they wait until they can 'come through' which leads to fast mood swings.	[ "Some of the brain components which have been proposed to play a role are the mitochondria and a sodium ATPase pump. Circadian rhythms and regulation of the hormone melatonin also seem to be altered.\n\nSection::::Mechanism.:Neurochemical.\n", "Section::::Causes.:Neurological.\n\nLess commonly, bipolar disorder o...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23195	How do babies/toddlers run on their knees like it's no problem but adults can't?	I think it has to do with the fact that the bones of a baby don't really solidify into hard bones until they are older. So going on their knees isn't too bad. Also as a baby the have at what 15lbs of weight on their knees and are usually somewhat chubby (thinks more padding) Adults are a lot heavier with more wear and tear on their joints already. But I could be wrong.	[ "Children until the age of 3 to 4 have a degree of genu varum. The child sits with the soles of the feet facing one another; the tibia and femur are curved outwards; and, if the limbs are extended, although the ankles are in contact, there is a distinct space between the knee-joints. During the first year of life, ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21625	why does the US have such a large economy?	A legal structure that encourages innovation and offers secure property rights, a large population, access to a wide variety of resources within its borders. In the contemporary US, those are in order of importance.	[ "As of 2014, China passed the U.S. as the largest economy in GDP terms, measured at purchasing power parity conversion rates. The U.S. was the largest economy for more than a century prior to that milestone; China has more than tripled the U.S. growth rate for each of the past 40 years. As of 2017, the European Uni...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05393	Why do probiotic supplements need to be taken daily?	Your gut is a class that has a session everyday. Your native flora are the students that show up to class each day.; they all have their preferred seats, and they won’t give them up without an argument. The probiotics are the new kid; in order for him to earn a spot he has to be consistent. He has to show up at the right time and sit in the right place, maybe taking a seat from someone who has been slacking on attendance. Your gut flora is well established, taking advantage of every niche. In order for a new species to take hold it has to ~~overpower~~ slide in next to the present bacteria, and that won’t happen with just one day’s dose of probiotic	[ "Probiotics decrease the risk of diarrhea in those taking antibiotics.\n\nSection::::Management.\n", "Probiotics do not appear to change the risk of infection in older people.\n\nSection::::Research.:Inflammatory bowel disease.\n\nProbiotics are being studied for their potential to influence inflammatory bowel di...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-17238	Why does JELLO pudding mix only work with dairy milk?	They make ones that will work with non dairy milks. The proteins and fats and sugars in milk are pretty unique which is why they can make cheese. You cant make almond cheese or coconut cheese, and you cant make dairy pudding with them either. Maybe someone can explain the science behind the interactions with the casein(or whatever milk enzyme it is) that makes it work specifically	[ "Typical recipes from the early 20th century included exotic fruits like figs, dates and bananas, or lemon flavored jello paired with maraschino cherries and other ingredients like marshmallows and almonds. One sweet gelatin-based fruit dessert called only \"Good Salad\" includes vanilla pudding, tapioca pudding, p...	[ "JELLO pudding mix only works with dairy milk." ]	[ "JELLO makes pudding mix that will work with non-dairy milks." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "JELLO pudding mix only works with dairy milk." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "JELLO makes pudding mix that will work with non-dairy milks." ]
2018-20927	DNA decides how life is made, but what decides how DNA is made?	DNA that fails to replicate "dies out." DNA will naturally mutate when it's copied (a standard process for cells). Sometimes these mutations are beneficial and lead to an organism having better odds at reproducing. Consider two mice. One of them has a mutation which allows it to run 10% faster. Sometime later, the two mice are running from a cat. The cat catches the slower one, so the mouse with a mutation to run faster passes that beneficial mutation to the next generation.	[ "All the cells of an organism originate from a single cell, so they are expected to have identical genomes; however, in some cases, differences arise. Both the process of copying DNA during cell division and exposure to environmental mutagens can result in mutations in somatic cells. In some cases, such mutations l...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01198	How do you get enough information from peer reviewed journal articles to reproduce the experiment or review their conclusions if the journal articles are so short?	At minimum you can email the corresponding author and ask. More and more journals are requiring inclusion of their data these days. For example, Plos One. This would all allow you to check that their data and analyses are accurate. It would have minimal effect on reproducibility as that's a result of interpreting random results as significant (Type I error). To check that you would need to collect your own data using identical methods.	[ "BULLET::::- Research reports are published when authors do experiments to help support their topics. Reports are generally a formal type of publications, but it depends on the author. Some authors simply publish research findings, without any detailed explanations or formal papers. Other authors will write up full...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "You get all the info you need from a short article about an experiment." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "You would actually get more info by contacting the original author and asking about it. " ]
2018-18131	How is it possible for soccer players to “bend” shots?	It's called the Magnus effect. A bend shot has a lot of spin. The spinning motion combines with the linear movement. The speed of the inside of the curve is less than the speed on the outside of the curve. So the ball moves into the direction of the spin. Edit: As many have pointed out, the way the spinning ball interfaces with the relatively still air creates the curving movement. This is affected by the speed of the ball, the surface characteristics of the ball, the rotation and direction of spin, and other characteristics of the ball. This can be seen in soccer, basketball, golf, tennis, table tennis, and other round ball sports. Bowling and curling are slightly different because the ball or rock is interfacing with a solid (wood lanes or ice) instead of a fluid (air).	[ "BULLET::::- Bend: skill attribute in which players strike the ball in a manner that applies spin, resulting in the flight of the ball curving, or bending, in mid-air. Players who are especially adept at achieving this will often be their team's designated free kick taker, as they are able to bend the ball around w...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02132	why is it that when we put cold feet in hot water it feels like it's burning more, but when we put hot feet in cold water it's relieving?	The direction of heat transfer. When you're putting your cold feet in hot water, the hot water is transferring its heat to your feet and trying to reach equilibrium. There's a huge difference in temperature between your feet and the water so a lot of heat is transferred, so it feels extra hot. The opposite is true when you put hot feet in cold water. The heat in your feet is being dissipated through the cold water.	[ "BULLET::::- Water has a very high specific heat capacity (4.184 J g K), whereas embers have a very low one. Therefore, the foot's temperature tends to change less than the coal's.\n\nBULLET::::- Water also has a high thermal conductivity, and on top of that, the rich blood flow in the foot will carry away the heat...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-17284	Why does your skin turn red when pressure is applied for long periods of time?	In short periods of pressure your restricting blood flow causing your skin to turn pale/white. Once pressure is relieved you get a rush of blood flow making the area look flush/red. This is called reactive hyperaemia. In longer periods of unrelieved pressure you get non blanchable erythema I.e persistent redness despite relieving pressure. The prolonged lack of blood flow and oxygen results in blood vessel damage and other cellular processes. As a result your blood vessels remain dilated and even leak blood into surrounding tissues. This causes that persistent redness. Tissue will recover if pressure is completely relieved, if not it can result in a pressure ulcer!	[ "An electrode is inserted into the muscle of interest, which is then stimulated using surface current. Chronaxie values increase resulting from hyperventilation can be ascribed to a change in skin impedance, the physiological factors responsible for this change being under the influence of the autonomic nervous sys...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03318	How does the NBA draft system, trades, picks, and transfers work?	Every year there is a draft where teams gets to pick from a pool of eligible young players. Every team is has two picks, one in round 1 and one in round 2. The order in which teams pick is determined roughly by how the standings finished the season prior, with the worst teams receiving the top picks. There is a bit of randomness thrown into this order by a lottery system, but for the most part, bad teams get top picks, good teams get later picks. Any young players in the draft pool who do not get picked after the two rounds are completed are free to sign with any team that offers them a contract. The picks themselves can be traded between teams. For instance right now Team A could trade Player X + their 2021 first round pick for Player Y from Team B, assuming Player Y is deemed more valuable than Player X. When 2021 came around, Team B would have two first round picks and Team A would have none. First round picks can be highly valuable, second round picks not so much. Trading players basically means just moving the player's existing contract from one team to another. The players themselves do not have to consent for this to take place. You can trade player for player, player for pick(s), or multiple players and picks going both ways. As long as both teams can afford the players contracts under the salary cap, you can basically trade any combination. You can even have a three or four team trade, as long as all teams agree on what they are giving up and taking on.	[ "In the event a lottery pick is traded to another team, the record of the original team (whose pick it was before the trade) still determines eligibility for the lottery, and assignment of chances.\n\nSection::::Process.:2005.\n\nSince 2005, with 30 NBA teams, 16 qualify for the playoffs and the remaining 14 teams ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04826	why do so many different ancient myths base their understanding of Gods on the planets and stars?	The things in the sky were among the greatest mysteries to ancient people, because they could be constantly be seen yet never touched, and because they had the power of light which was mysterious, and because the movement of the stars clearly went along with the seasons which controlled a lot of life.	[ "Babylonian astronomy from early times associates stars with deities, but the heavens as the residence of an anthropomorphic pantheon, and later of monotheistic God and his retinue of angels, is a later development, gradually replacing the notion of the pantheon residing or convening on the summit of high mountains...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04152	When stars reach critical mass for nuclear fusion do they ignite immediately or is it a slower process?	Think of it this way: To start fusion, the star has to reach critical mass and critical density. Start as a cloud, gravity between atoms attract each other and condense. When you condense stuff, there's higher pressure, and compression causes the cloud to heat up. This goes on for a while, slowly heating up and increasing pressure. Eventually, it hits that critical density, temperature and mass. Remember nuclear fusion is a self-sustaining reaction, so it just goes boom. So the answer to your question is it heats up slowly without fusion, and ignite immediately. At least according to my understanding of star birth.	[ "In nature, stars reach ignition at temperatures similar to that of the Sun, around 27 million degrees. Stars are so large that the fusion products will almost always interact with the plasma before it can be lost to the environment at the outside of the star. In comparison, man-made reactors are far less dense and...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03339	how can we prevent the mentally ill from possessing guns when health records are protected information?	It really varies state to state, but [most states]( URL_0 ) require one of two events: - The court found you to have a mental issue severe enough to warrant actions - You were involuntarily committed to a mental institution Neither of those are private events covered by HIPAA - they are matters of public record. Now, for states that have stricter rules, you can still have the doctor pass along disqualifying information without disclosing your specific health information. Having them send a "disqualify" flag doesn't speak to the specific health information.	[ "In 2019, an RMPBS \"Insight with John Ferrugia\" investigation into unlimited access to firearms by mentally ill persons entitled “Imminent Danger” was honored with the duPont-Columbia Award for public service journalism. Elements of the investigation were aired by the PBS Newshour and shown in a Colorado legislat...	[ "All health records are protected information." ]	[ "Some health records, including involuntary commitment to a mental institution, are not protected and are in fact public records. This would allow a state to prevent that person from legally purchasing a gun using publically available information." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "All health records are protected information." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Some health records, including involuntary commitment to a mental institution, are not protected and are in fact public records. This would allow a state to prevent that person from legally purchasing a gun using publically available information." ]
2018-02024	what's the purpose of electronically signing on a credit purchase especially when most signatures are not the person's actual signature or lazy scribble that doesn't resemble letters and In what ways are they used?	There is zero security in a signature. No one checks them, and only a very few are able to detect what is a genuine signature and what isn't. The best they can do is provide evidence if the holder of a card who did a transaction tries to charge it back. Then the recording of the signature can be verified by real experts, or, more importantly, video of them signing for the transaction produced in court to support a fraud charge. Similarly, the record of a fraudulent signature will be an extra fraud charge if they catch someone who uses someone else's card.	[ "Electronic signature may also refer to electronic forms of processing or verifying identity through use of biometric \"signatures\" or biologically identifying qualities of an individual. Such signatures use the approach of attaching some biometric measurement, or hash of said measurement, to a document as evidenc...	[ "There is a security benefit to signatures.", "Electronic signatures have value for credit purchases. " ]	[ "There is no security benefit to signatures. ", "Electronic signatures themselves are not valuable, but electronic signatures are evidence of the card holders purchase. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "There is a security benefit to signatures.", "Electronic signatures have value for credit purchases. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "There is no security benefit to signatures. ", "Electronic signatures themselves are not valuable, but electronic signatures are evidence of the card holders purchase. " ]
2018-03401	Where do last names come from?	Someone who majored in something incredibly specific like Historical Genealogical Nomenclature is sure to roll along at any second and correct me on this, but I'll do my best. Names started a lot of different ways in a lot of different places. Most often, it started simply and slowly evolved. Andrew the farmer was sort of known as that - no, not Andrew the guard, Andrew the farmer. Maybe Andrew had a son, and raised him to be a farmer, so now there's Jim the farmer as well. Eventually, Farmer becomes a more formal last name. Alternately, maybe Andrew's from somewhere else in the world. In Scandinavia, the tradition was typically to identify by the father. So if our farmer, Andrew, had a son, his son might be Jim Anderson - literally Andrew's son. Some also were deliberately changed. Immigrants at Ellis Island. Maybe a Polish immigrant with the last name Rosenczek (I made that up) came through Ellis Island, and the customs agent wasn't sure how to spell that. Rather than deal with the guy with the heavy accent trying to spell his name, he just shortened it to Rosen and called it a day. Similarly, during slavery in America, slaves weren't treated all that well (you may have heard). Owners often didn't care too much about the slave's name, as long as they could work. Some owners either gave slaves their own last name, or give them a generic one like Johnson or Smith, which is a big part of why we see those names so often.	[ "Section::::Polish.:People's names.\n\nA universal placeholder name for a man is \"Jan Kowalski\" (kowal meaning smith, blacksmith); for a woman, \"Janina Kowalska\" is used less often, sometimes with a different first name. A second unspecified person would be called \"Nowak\" (\"Newman\"), choice of first name be...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-14050	When the sun was first formed, did it explode first? Or did it just light up and start going?	No, it formed from an accretion disk comprised of gas and other materials. Once the disk was moving fast enough and became denser and denser nuclear fusion started and our star was born. Bit of a quick answer sorry!	[ "The Sun formed about 4.6 billion years ago from the collapse of part of a giant molecular cloud that consisted mostly of hydrogen and helium and that probably gave birth to many other stars. This age is estimated using computer models of stellar evolution and through nucleocosmochronology. The result is consistent...	[ "The sun formed either by exploding first or lighting up and just kept going.", "The sun's formation was possibly due to explosion or spontaneous appearance." ]	[ "The sun formed from an accretion disk comprised of gas and other materials.", "Neither - it formed from an aggregation of gas and other materials and once this was moving fast enough, nuclear fusion finished the job." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The sun formed either by exploding first or lighting up and just kept going.", "The sun's formation was possibly due to explosion or spontaneous appearance." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The sun formed from an accretion disk comprised of gas and other materials.", "Neither - it formed from an aggregation of gas and other materials and once this was moving fast enough, nuclear fusion finished the job." ]
2018-01693	How do animals develop relationships with their human carers? Animals are giving hugs to their owners and what goes on in an animals brain?	Most of these animals are herd/pack/family animals. They interact socially based on trust, affection and mutual benefit, same as humans. A human carer provides an animal with activity, food, treatment, training, and leadership. Pack animals have a need for all of this, same as humans. We don't really know what goes on in their brains, but it is probably something similar as to what happens in our own. Trust, physical connection and relationships are deeply ingrained instincts in many animals and most mammals, we humans are not special in that regard.	[ "The commensal pathway was traveled by animals that fed on refuse around human habitats or by animals that preyed on other animals drawn to human camps. Those animals established a commensal relationship with humans in which the animals benefited but the humans received little benefit or harm. Those animals that we...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21871	why do airplane staff insist on passengers turning phones off (or airplane mode or whatever) during flight?	It's because they don't want any radio signals being sent or received during takeoff that could cause interference. Your phone has not been proven not to interfere with important signals or devices and there is no feasible way to test every phone in every airplane in every configuration.	[ "A 2003 study involved three months of testing with RF spectrum analyzers and other instruments aboard regular commercial flights, and one passage reads:\n\nA 2000 study by the British Civil Aviation Authority found that a mobile phone, when used near the cockpit or other avionics equipment location, will exceed sa...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02275	how come bears and other hibernating animals don’t succumb to muscular atrophy?	Bears in particular don't truly hibernate: it's not a winter's worth of staying still. They toss and turn, and even get up and stir in their dens, throughout the winter. Their "hibernation" is more like some really screwed up sleep patterns. What bears do is more properly termed "torpor". That said, they still lose less muscle mass for their size than a human that was confined to bedrest for that long, and it's not totally known why. Theories include that they can synthesize protein during it with the help of stored nitrogen in urea (bears don't pee all winter), or that muscle contractions (shivering... it's still cold in that den!) compensate. Animals that really REALLY hibernate, like frogs, have bodies that truly slow down to a crawl when they're down for the winter. They don't atrophy because all their bodily processes are slowed down, including those that would cause muscle wasting to happen.	[ "Bears are an exception to this rule; species in the family Ursidae are famous for their ability to survive unfavorable environmental conditions of low temperatures and limited nutrition availability during winter by means of hibernation. During that time, bears go through a series of physiological, morphological, ...	[ "Bears are hibernating animals." ]	[ "Bears do not hibernate, they torpor, an example of a true hibernating animal is the frog." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Bears are hibernating animals.", "Bears are hibernating animals." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Bears do not hibernate, they torpor, an example of a true hibernating animal is the frog.", "Bears do not hibernate, they torpor, an example of a true hibernating animal is the frog." ]
2018-02002	Why does it take longer to cook 2 burritos in the oven than it takes to cook 1? How does heat distribution work?	This is usually true in a microwave oven. The machine converts electricity into microwave energy, which is absorbed by the food and turns into heat. The more food you're heating, the more heat energy it takes to reach a certain temperature. It's actually true in a conventional oven too, but conventional ovens waste so much energy that the effect is harder to notice.	[ "BULLET::::- Carl and Dana prefer x to w to z to y.\n\nThe agents have equal rights so we apply PS with equal and uniform eating speed of 1 unit per minute.\n\nInitially, Alice and Bob go to w and Carl and Dana go to x. Each pair eats their item simultaneously. After 1/2 minute, Alice and Bob each have 1/2 of w, wh...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04736	What stops cells from producing too many cells	Correct me if I’m wrong but isn’t that cancer? Or tumors?	[ "There are several checkpoints to ensure that damaged or incomplete DNA is not passed on to daughter cells. Three main checkpoints exist: the G/S checkpoint, the G/M checkpoint and the metaphase (mitotic) checkpoint.\n\nG/S transition is a rate-limiting step in the cell cycle and is also known as restriction point....	[ "Cells are always stopped from reproducing into to many cells." ]	[ "This isn't always true. Cancer is the runaway of cell reproduction into to many cells. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cells are always stopped from reproducing into to many cells." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "This isn't always true. Cancer is the runaway of cell reproduction into to many cells. " ]
2018-04184	Why do men bald, but women don’t?	Women do go bald, but we don't notice it as much. Women most often go bald by losing hair from all over their heads, while in men it usually starts at the crown or at the hairline.	[ "Although men grow hair faster than women, baldness is much more common in males than in females. The main cause for this is \"male pattern baldness\" or androgenic alopecia. Male pattern baldness is a condition where hair starts to get lost in a typical pattern of receding hairline and hair thinning on the crown, ...	[ "Women don't go bald.", "Men bald, but women do not. " ]	[ "Women do bald over time.", "Both men and women go bald. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Women don't go bald.", "Men bald, but women do not. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Women do bald over time.", "Both men and women go bald. " ]
2018-04457	why motion sensors don't react to sudden light changes and shadows?	Motion sensors use a PIR sensor. PIR stands for Passive InfraRed, which is basically a 1- or 2-pixel thermal camera. Since it's only looking at changes in infrared light (which is emitted by mammals and other warm things), it's not going to notice actual visible light changes.	[ "More complex algorithms are necessary to detect motion when the camera itself is moving, or when the motion of a specific object must be detected in a field containing other movement which can be ignored. An example might be a painting surrounded by visitors in an art gallery. For the case of a moving camera, mode...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-14852	How come electric car batteries, aren't recharged by the keneitc energy of the wheels moving?	They sometimes are; it's called regenerative braking. It's only used for braking, because it slows that car down as the kinetic energy is converted to electrical and then to chemical energy.	[ "Researchers from Singapore have 2014 developed a battery that can be recharged after 2 minutes to 70 percent. The batteries rely on lithium-ion technology. However, the anode and the negative pole in the battery is no longer made of graphite, but a titanium dioxide gel. The gel accelerates the chemical reaction si...	[ "Wheels do not recharge the batteries of electric cars. ", "Electric car batteries are not charged by the wheels. " ]	[ "Wheels do recharge the batteries of electric cars through regenerative breaking.", "Some electric cars are charged by the wheels moving. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Wheels do not recharge the batteries of electric cars. ", "Electric car batteries are not charged by the wheels. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Wheels do recharge the batteries of electric cars through regenerative breaking.", "Some electric cars are charged by the wheels moving. " ]
2018-00058	How and where does acid in our stomach come from?	Sure, we start out as a mass of cells, but that doesn't really say much. Cells are capable of a variety of tasks. Detecting light, moving the body, pumping blood, firing electrical impulses, creating new cells. Producing acid isn't especially unique as a 'cool thing cells can do,' cells do all kinds of crazy things including synthesizing lots of chemicals. Our stomach itself has gastric glands, with cells called parietal cells. These cells produce the hydrochloric acid we use in our stomachs, by combining hydrogen ions (derived from a combination of water and carbon dioxide we have taken in) and chloride ions (which we have also taken in, for instance in salts). This is secreted along with potassium chloride and sodium chloride to form the stew we call stomach acid. This process occurs continuously, to replenish our stomach acid as it is depleted.	[ "BULLET::::- Gastrin: This is an important hormone produced by the \"G cells\" of the stomach. G cells produce gastrin in response to stomach stretching occurring after food enters it, and also after stomach exposure to protein. Gastrin is an endocrine hormone and therefore enters the bloodstream and eventually ret...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-12401	If seahorse males carry the baby, why are they considered males?	They don't lay the eggs, they pick them up and hold them afterwards until they hatch. They're male because they produce sperm and don't lay eggs. The female produces the eggs.	[ "Section::::Male pregnancy.\n\nThe male fishes of seahorses, pipefishes, weedy and leafy sea dragons (Syngnathidae) are unusual as the male, rather than the female, incubates the eggs before releasing live fry into the surrounding water. To achieve this, male seahorses protect eggs in a specialized brood pouch, mal...	[ "Carrying seahorse babies makes a seahorse female." ]	[ "Producing and laying eggs makes a seahorse female, not carrying the seahorse babies." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Carrying seahorse babies makes a seahorse female.", "seahorse males carry the baby." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Producing and laying eggs makes a seahorse female, not carrying the seahorse babies.", "seahorse males don't make the eggs they still make sperm but they pick up they egg from the female after it is made and hold it from then till birth." ]
2018-03788	Who decided that the standards were 4:3 16:9 21:9 for aspect ratio?	It's because 4:3 is closest to our vision and is best to relay information, 21:9 was already the standard of cinema and is best to describe scenery. 16:9 is just the compromise between those two. And for where those numbers came from, there's only 1 word: compromise. The artist, engineers, and the market all fought with eachother with their own aspect ratios. Those that survive are the ones we use today. Example: there now exist mobile phones with 17:9 and 18:9 resolutions, due to how applications are layed out on the screen (vertical scrolling). Only time can tell if they survive and become the new standards.	[ "Section::::Still photography.:5:4.\n\nCommon in large and medium format photography, and still in common use for prints from digital cameras in the 8\"×10\" size.\n\nSection::::Still photography.:4:3.\n\nIs used by most digital point-and-shoot cameras, Four Thirds system, Micro Four Thirds system cameras and mediu...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Those aspect ratios are the de facto standard to be used." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Those are just current industry standards. They may change and evolve over time including smartphones at 18:9 or 17:9." ]
2018-00878	Why are there still around 20 cases of Polio per year? Why not zero, or thousands?	There are not thousands because the vaccine is cheap, safe, effective, and widespread. There are not zero because there are some parents who do not vaccinate their children. This is especially a problem in areas where the poliovirus is endemic.	[ "Polio is one of only two diseases currently the subject of a global eradication program, the other being Guinea worm disease. So far, the only diseases completely eradicated by humankind are smallpox, declared so, in 1980, and rinderpest, likewise, in 2011.\n\nA number of eradication milestones have already been r...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02196	why does it seem like flies move slower at night?	They’re cold blooded and how warm they are translates to how much energy they have. They DO move slower at night.	[ "However, it has been found that large LNv working with other circadian neurons is sufficient to rescue the morning anticipation behavior and startle response in s-LNv-ablated flies. Thus, PDF's role in setting the free-running rhythm and the timing of light-dark cycles comes from both types of lateral ventral neur...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-06695	Why do knifes go blunt in the dishwasher but not when you wash them by hand.	Dishwasher detergents are much more abrasive than regular dish soap. Over time, the soap will actually wear down the knife's edge.	[ "BULLET::::- Plastic handles are more easily cared for than wooden handles and do not absorb microorganisms. However, plastics may also be less resistant to ultraviolet damage and may become brittle over time, resulting in cracking. Some plastics are also slippery in the hand. The material is lighter than most othe...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-08238	how come we are told that flat shoes or ballet pumps in women causes foot problems, but it doesn't seem to in men?	Women's "flats" are really flat. They tend to not have much cushion in the sole and not much in the way of arch support. This is what causes foot problems. Men's dress shoes may not be the most comfortable in the world, but they are more cushioned and have more arch support (and a wider toe box, which I'm jealous of). In addition, they tend to be the type of shoes that one wears with socks, which may not be the case for women's shoes.	[ "This leaves humans more vulnerable to medical problems that are caused by poor leg and foot alignments. Also, the wearing of shoes, sneakers and boots can impede proper alignment and movement within the ankle and foot. For example, High-heeled footwear are known to throw off the natural weight balance (this can al...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Men's shoes are completely flat." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Men's shoes are more cushioned and have more arch support." ]
2018-01386	Why is it hard to speak when we are emotional?	Emotions are caused by chemicals being released in the brain. These chemicals can cause love, panic, fear, nostalgia, etc. When surprising information hits your brain, it can get flooded by these chemicals and can hinder other non essential brain operations.	[ "Section::::Validity.\n\nSome studies show that there is no link between expressed emotion and first episode psychosis, illness severity, age of onset, and illness length.\n\nThere is also literature that links EE to the course and outcome of numerous major childhood psychiatric disorders. One study showed that one...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-14146	How does a pull-start motor operate such that it sometimes needs many pulls to start it?	The smaller the engine, the more exact the balance has to be between the air, fuel and spark. Also, bigger engines have electric starters that spin the motor faster and longer allowing for the mixture to hit the right combo to explode. Modern car engines have the elements computer controlled so a multicylinder car engine will fire right away--all things equal. I've been a mechanic my whole life, but small engines, like mowers and weed trimmers are always a pain. Brand new, they should fire in 2 or 3 pulls, once the gas gets flowing. But, after a while, dust gets in the carb, the gas gets watered down due to condensation, or the gas goes bad because its got ethanol in it ( worse idea Congress ever had, less power, less mpg, and erosion of the internal fuel delivery system). Also, on a 2 cycle engine like a weed trimmer, gas has to be mixed with 2 cycle oil in a specific ratio to combust and to keep the engine from overheating. A small engine may fire once but until it gets a constant consistent delivery of fuel air and spark, it won't keep running. Each of those elements have a myriad of problems that can arise. On your 27th pull, everything finally mixed to create an explosion every 2nd rpm (2 cycle) or every 4th (4cycle) rpm. And, the engine has to go through enough cycles to get everything functioning before it can keep running on its own. Always use fresh fuel, drain the fuel before storing for more than a month (if using car gasoline) and replace the air filter as needed. The nice thing is that the carburetors are usually cheap enough on eBay, that it's easier and more effective to simply replace the carb, than to clean it or rebuild it. Feeling your frustration....	[ "DOL starting is sometimes used to start small water pumps, compressors, fans and conveyor belts. In the case of an asynchronous motor, such as the 3-phase squirrel-cage motor, the motor will draw a high starting current until it has run up to full speed. This starting current is typically 6-7 times greater than th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23098	How can we make an educated guess about the time it is when we wake up without seeing a clock?	Light through the window puts you in the ballpark. But also take into consideration the times you’ve been out by a mile. I’m a shift worker but on days for a project and after 2 weeks my body now wakes me up 5-10 minutes before the alarm goes off, every flipping day, even on weekends.	[ "Section::::Case studies.:\"Maison\" study.\n", "The English word \"clock\" comes from an Old French word for \"bell,\" for the striking feature of early clocks was a greater concern than their dials. Shakespeare's Sonnet XII begins, \"When I do count the clock that tells the time.\" Even after the introduction o...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-09941	Who owns the right to a show that's cancelled on a network and are then being shopped around for a new home?	There is no real universal answer. Could be the studio, could be some network, or the producer. Individual rights could be owned by different people/companies like one could own broadcast, streaming, or DVD.	[ "Occasionally, a show may be \"revived\", or brought back into production after being previously cancelled. Such was the case with \"Unforgettable\", a CBS crime drama that was canceled in 2012, but was revived in the summer of 2013. Sometimes, one network may decide to air a series previously cancelled by another ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04300	How did Ancient Greek fountains work?	Gravity my friend, the water was taken from an elevation above the fountain, most likely in a water tank. They would use pipes to transfer the water from a tank down to the elevation of the fountain, the pipes were narrow so that the pressure increased in the pipes. Water is then forced through the pipes into the fountain which gives it enough pressure to create a stream and thus you have a fountain. Not sure what they did with the water afterwards, or how they made the pipes / what they were made of. The system is still in use today, and i've even heard theorys that the egyptians used a similar system to hoist the blocks for the pyrimids.	[ "Greek fountains were made of stone or marble, with water flowing through bronze pipes and emerging from the mouth of a sculpted mask that represented the head of a lion or the muzzle of an animal. Most Greek fountains flowed by simple gravity, but they also discovered how to use principle of a siphon to make water...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00608	Why is it that certain weapons, like poisonous gasses, are banned from use in warfare by the Geneva convention, yet countries and governments can still use them against their own population, such as tear gas to control riots?	Geneva convention is largely a gentlemen agreement. No one wants their soldiers getting gassed or having to patch up wounds from hollow points. Its easier to just say no one gets chemical weapons and fight with conventional weapons, then it is to say "there are no rules" and everyone have them. Its already illegal for citizens to use tear gas on cops, so there is no objective reason to outlaw it for law enforcement. The question of its something is humane or not doesnt really tend to stand in the way of most governments.	[ "International humanitarian law now includes several treaties that outlaw specific weapons. These conventions were created largely because these weapons cause deaths and injuries long after conflicts have ended. Unexploded land mines have caused up to 7,000 deaths a year; unexploded bombs, particularly from cluster...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-08004	What causes the physical sensation of having knots in your back/muscles/etc?	The physical sensation is a nerve impulse from within your muscle from a sensitive spot called a trigger point. Okay so imaginal you have a box of spaghetti, you spread the strands of spaghetti so that they are all aligned the same way. Than you take a few strands (with the help of olive oil) and wrap them into bundles of cheese, you do this until you get a few bundles (than dip them in oil of course). That you take all your bundles of spaghetti and wrap them all together in some mozzarella again. So you have a large cheese roll of spaghetti mozzarella bundles all align in the same direction. Now what happens when you stretch into your cheese roll? Youve got mozzarella adhering to other bundles and going into different directions, spaghetti is sticking to spaghetti theres no oils being flowed, its just a big mess. Sorry about the food analogy I am hungry. So the spaghetti is like your muscle fibers. Now spaghetti isn't just spaghetti its has stuff in it. Muscle fibers have muscles spindles, golgi tendon organs and other receptors which relay the information to our brain about what are muscles are doing, when or when to contract etc. The bundles would be the fascicle (our cheese), and when a bunch of fascicles group together, you get a skeletal muscle which moves or stabilizes a joint. So say your sitting at a computer desk, your neck is stretched in a prolonged position that is not ideal. The muscle fibers become taut and contract. This contraction squeezes the nerves around it, than the whole fascicle becomes inflamed. The fascicle irritates the connective tissue around it. This irritates more nerves (referred pain), than you get spasms etc. There is limited evidence really on a myofasical release; theories suggest that the mechanoceptors (pressure) reduce signals which produce the contraction or a gating effect which relieves the pain. HOPE that is ELI5.	[ "Erector spinae muscles\n\nThe erector spinae ( ) or spinal erectors is a set of muscles that straighten and rotate the back.\n\nSection::::Structure.\n", "A peer-reviewed 2007 study with Schechter, Smith and Stanley Azen, Professor and Co-Director of Biostatistics in the Department of Preventative Medicine at th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01300	Why are upload speeds significantly lower than download speeds?	In short, because ISPs (Internet Service Providers) prioritize download speeds rather than upload speeds. This is because they assume most people are downloading than uploading.	[ "The higher data rate dial-up modems and many broadband services are \"asymmetric\"—supporting much higher data rates for download (toward the user) than for upload (toward the Internet).\n", "Upstream (networking)\n\nIn computer networking, upstream refers to the direction in which data can be transferred from t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13038	How does your router upload data on a fiber connection?	Each side of a fiber optic connection has an optical transmitter and an optical receiver. How they are implemented will vary depending on the technology. Most fiber applications use a dedicated fiber for sending light in the A- > Z direction and another dedicated fiber for the Z- > A direction. However, some systems have been designed to use a single fiber in both directions. In these cases, one direction will use a particular color (think "red") and the other direction will use a notably different color ("green"). These optics are generally referred to as bidirectional optics.	[ "BULLET::::1. A special \"Route Request\" (RREQ) messages is broadcast through the MANET. Each RREQ keeps an ordered list of all nodes it passed through, so every host receiving an RREQ message can immediately record a route back to the origin of this message.\n", "Data mules have been used to offer internet conn...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06162	Why are Kings/Queens from Europe countries rich when their country is facing serious economy issues?	There are only 12 Monarchies left in Europe. Andorra, Belgium, Denmark, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, UK, and the Vatican. Of these nations only Spain (to my knowledge) is really facing major economic issues. But that said, the wealth of the monarchy is inherited, and depending on the country also collected via taxes or incomes from the lands that they own. For example: The UK Monarch gets a stipend that supports them from the UK government, which makes it look like they are living off of taxes. But in reality they are not. The Monarch is the owner of all of the Crown Estate lands and are therefore entitled to the rents, and income produced from said land. A former Monarch centuries ago ran out of money so made a deal with Parliament to forfeit the operation and incomes from the Crown Estates (not the ownership) in exchange for his current debts being erased and his future income being a stipend. Every Monarch since has kept the deal, and as of 2011 their stipend is set to 15% of the incomes produced by the Crown Estates. So they are not living off of the taxes of their people, they are taxed at 85% of their income. What that example shows you is that Monarchs own a lot of property and goods, sometimes the entirety of a country and so have a lot of income even if parts of their nations economy is suffering. They have also had it for a long time so that wealth builds up.	[ "BULLET::::- In republics, pension costs of former heads of state are higher, although the figures don't say so;\n\nBULLET::::- The existence of subsidies to family members of the heads of state in some monarchies increases their expenses.\n", "In 2016, Dutch newspaper \"de Volkskrant\" published an overview of t...	[ "Monarchs are rich while their countires are facing economic issues." ]	[ "Only 1 country with monarchs is facing economic issues. The rest are doing well. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Monarchs are rich while their countires are facing economic issues." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Only 1 country with monarchs is facing economic issues. The rest are doing well. " ]
2018-10125	Why do flat mirrors make words backwards, but not upside-down?	Just imagine the light as literal lines going from you to the mirror. The lines on your left hit the mirror’s right, because its facing you, and the right hits the mirrors left. The same is not true of top and bottom, the easiest proof is again to just imagine the lines. Do it physically with string if you like.	[ "If the calculator is instead rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise from upright to create a vertical display, a different, but less useful, set of letters can be reproduced, including:\n\nIf the calculator is instead rotated 90 degrees clockwise from upright to create a vertical display, \"still\" a different, but s...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-16652	If surface area has no effect on fricton, why are some wheels so wide	While the friction is the same, the composition of the tires can be made differently for a tire with a larger contact patch (wider tire). A small narrow tire has to carry the weight of the car on a very small contact patch, which means the tire has to be stiffer and harder and must be run at a higher pressure to avoid wheel damage, and won't deal with the imperfections of the asphalt very well. A wide soft tire can carry the same load on a much larger area, allowing it to be of a softer composition and to be run at lower tire pressures without risk of damage or rollover. Therefore the tire will conform to the road or track much better than will a harder tire at higher pressures, and the larger contact patch will ensure good contact with the asphalt.	[ "Several factors affect these stiffnesses to varying degrees. These include wheel radius, rim bending and torsional stiffness, number of spokes, spoke gauge, lacing pattern, hub stiffness, hub flange spacing, hub radius. In general lateral and radial stiffness decreases with the number of spoke crossings and torsio...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01371	How does the animal kingdom deal with “mistakes” or accidents where an animal blunders and accidentally harms another animal? Can animals comprehend sorrow or forgiveness in relation to such an event?	When rough play goes too far, cats and dogs that are affectionate will often start licking the one who they hurt. Many people see that as 'apologetic' behavior.	[ "In addition to research in primates, biologists are beginning to explore reconciliation in other animals. Until recently, the literature dealing with reconciliation in non-primates has consisted of anecdotal observations and very little quantitative data. Although peaceful post-conflict behavior had been documente...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-07457	these 2 questions. How does/did dial up internet work? Why and how did making a phone call affect the internet connection?	It was literally like making a phone call. One computer to another. The sender would convert 1’s and 0’s into ‘analogue noise’ as if talking and the computer at the other end would covert them back into 1’s and 0’s again. You can only make one phone call at a time. If you picked up the phone while an internet call was in place. The background noise from the phone mic added to conversation. Therefore this would confuse a computer when listening as it failed to understand the extra noise. So it would freak out and disconnect. History: the first modems; you had to place a phone handset onto a ‘mic and speaker’ and manually dial a phone number on the phone for the computer.	[ "The signal is sent from the telco's central office as an Ethernet style signal and is demuxed at the customer's premises by a POTS/Ethernet splitter. The box itself contains all the circuitry needed to split the data and voice channels. An Ethernet cable is run directly to the customer's PC or router, and the POTS...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02370	Why is hot food described as "piping hot"?	From the [Online Etymology Dictionary:]( URL_0 ) > Piping hot is in Chaucer, a reference to hissing of food in a frying pan; to pipe up (early 15c.)	[ "It is often thought that the \"hot pot\" referred to is a pottery dish used to cook casseroles in British cuisine. However, it is more likely to refer to the idea of a jumble or hodge podge of ingredients in the filling. Sir Kenelm Digby's 1677 \"The Closet Opened\" contains a recipe for the \"Queen Mothers Hotchp...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-17698	Why is the default tattoo color that awful dull blue?	It's just black ink that has faded. Some inks will fade and turn blue more than others, while some stay quite black. It all depends on the ink manufacturer. It also depends on how the person takes care of their ink. Exposure to the sun will fade tattoos and give black ink that dull blue appearance.	[ "Studies of various tattoo pigments have shown that a number of pigments (most containing iron oxide or titanium dioxide) change color when irradiated with Q-switched laser energy. Some tattoo colors including flesh tones, light red, white, peach and light brown containing pigments as well as some green and blue ta...	[ "Tattooists use dull blue as a default tattoo color.", "The most common tattoo ink color is a dull blue." ]	[ "The blue seen on tattoos is actually black ink that has faded, not blue ink.", "The tattoo ink is actually black that has faded over time." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Tattooists use dull blue as a default tattoo color.", "The most common tattoo ink color is a dull blue." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The blue seen on tattoos is actually black ink that has faded, not blue ink.", "The tattoo ink is actually black that has faded over time." ]
2018-02872	Why does your ring finger bend at the same time when you bend your pinky?	Imagine if your hand was a guitar. The tendons are the strings. Just like how a string when moved creates a sound a tendons moves a finger when moved. The problem is: The tendons are connected to each other. Like if there were small strings between the strings of the guitar. Instead of: \| \| \| \|, Your hand is like: \|--\|--\|--\|. Now when one string moves, the ones next to it do too. Edit: Changed muscles to tendons	[ "The presence of an additional tendon may result in a condition called fourth compartment syndrome. Supernumerary tendons are common in the fourth extensor tendon compartment. Supernumerary tendons can refer to the additional tendons of normal structures or tendons of rare anatomical variants such as the extensor m...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01986	Why is it when we go outside when it is bright out and go back inside, you see everything in a yellow or blue "filter?"	Just like a camera, your brain has a "white balance" too, adjusting the colors your eyes are seeing so that it's neutral. When you go inside, the change in light color is drastic so your eyes have to adjust to the new colors, and that takes a couple of minutes.	[ "In general, filters are used so that each dye is imaged separately (for example, a blue filter is used to image Hoechst, then rapidly switched to a green filter to image GFP). For consumption, the images are often displayed in false color by showing each channel in a different color, but these may not even be rela...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01955	why does your voice crack when you are upset or nervous?	When you get stressed, the muscles in your body get tighter, and more rigid. Your vocal cord muscles tighten too, and make your voice higher pitched, this is not a natural state for them. Likewise your throat and jaw can tighten too. This all combines to cause fluctuations in the voice or "cracking" as it is described.	[ "BULLET::::- \"air humidity\" - dry air is thought to increase the stress experienced in the vocal folds, however, this has not been proven\n\nBULLET::::- \"hydration\" - dehydration may increase effects of stress inflicted on the vocal folds\n\nBULLET::::- \"background noise\" - people tend to speak louder when ba...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Your voice cracks when you are upset or nervous." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Not all voices crack when they are upset or nervous." ]
2018-01545	Why do our joints and bones hurt when the wearther is changing?	Changes in weather are accompanied, and in fact usually preceded, by changes in atmospheric pressure. Changes in atmospheric pressure affect the fluid pressure in your joints. Changes in fluid pressure in your joints hurts.	[ "BULLET::::- Law 1 – The mass involved in wear is proportional to the distance traveled in the rubbing between the surfaces.\n\nBULLET::::- Law 2 – The mass involved in wear is proportional to the applied load.\n\nBULLET::::- Law 3 – The mass involved in wear is inversely proportional to the hardness of the less ha...	[ "Changing weather causes joints and bones to hurt. " ]	[ "Changes in atmospheric pressure due to changing weather is what causes bones and joints to hurt. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Changing weather causes joints and bones to hurt. ", "Changing weather causes joints and bones to hurt. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Changes in atmospheric pressure due to changing weather is what causes bones and joints to hurt. ", "Changes in atmospheric pressure due to changing weather is what causes bones and joints to hurt. " ]
2018-08199	Why is coolant (antifreeze) added to a car’s radiator?	It's not just anti-freeze, even though that's what we call it. The additives also act as an anti-corrosive, and can make the mixture more thermally conductive than just water. Modern engines are built using a variety of different metals and alloys, and they don't always get along that well when they become electrically conductive with each other.	[ "Before World War II, engine coolant was usually plain water. Antifreeze was used solely to control freezing, and this was often only done in cold weather.\n\nDevelopment in high-performance aircraft engines required improved coolants with higher boiling points, leading to the adoption of glycol or water-glycol mix...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01092	Why do calories matter when losing weight but the weight of the food doesn't?	A large portion of foods weight can be made up of dietary neutral things like fibre and and water. So weighing food tells you nothing about how much energy is in it.	[ "Considering energy foods as adequate nutrition was first scientifically demonstrated to be false by François Magendie by experiments on dogs and described in his \"Précis élémentaire de Physiologie\". He showed that eating only sugar, olive oil, or butter, each led to the death of his test animals in 30 to 40 days...	[ "The weight of food should play a role in how a human gains or loses weight." ]	[ "Many foods weight can be made up of lots of water and fibers which has very low caloric content, therefore weight can't determine how many calories are within a food." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The weight of food should play a role in how a human gains or loses weight.", "The weight of food should play a role in how a human gains or loses weight." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Many foods weight can be made up of lots of water and fibers which has very low caloric content, therefore weight can't determine how many calories are within a food.", "Many foods weight can be made up of lots of water and fibers which has very low caloric content, therefore weight can't determine how many calo...
2018-01875	why did older bikes have one large wheel in the front and a smaller one in the back	Before derailleur drive chains and geared hubs that allowed a varying ratio between the rider's legs' rotation and the wheel's rotation became common, the only way to change that ratio was to use a different sized wheel (a larger wheel requires a greater effort to turn, but moves more per turn). (Such a setup like you describe could also me manufactured relatively simply, as the cranks were fixed to the wheel: no ratcheting mechanisms or chains needed).	[ "The first bicycles with two wheels of equal size were called \"safety bicycles\" because they were easier to handle than the then-dominant style that had one large wheel and one small wheel, which then became known as an \"ordinary\" bicycle. Since the end of the 19th century, most bicycles have been expected to h...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04012	Why does breath smell bad after not eating anything for a while, even after using mints/gum/etc?	Even if you haven't ate in a while the bacteria in your mouth continue to multiply and the more bacteria the stronger the odor. Mints and gum only mask the smell.	[ "BULLET::::- Type 4 (blood-borne)\n\nBULLET::::- Type 5 (subjective)\n\nAny halitosis symptom is potentially the sum of these types in any combination, superimposed on the physiologic odor present in all healthy individuals.\n\nSection::::Management.\n\nEfforts may include physical or chemical means to decrease the...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02098	How does a wireless access point work? If I buy a second one can I use it as a sort of secondary router to connect devices via a ethernet cable?	If you already have wireless and need to connect a wired device to the network via the wireless, you need a bridge, not a router or access point. They’re often called wireless gaming adaptors because they were often used to connect gaming consoles to wireless before the consoles came standard with wireless.	[ "BULLET::::- A wireless access point is required for connecting wireless devices to a network. Most home networks rely on a wireless router, which has a built in wireless access point, to fill this role.\n\nBULLET::::- A home automation controller enables low-power wireless communications with simple, non-data-inte...	[ "Can buy a secondary router to connect devices to an ethernet cable.", "One might possibly need two wireless access points in order to connect devices via ethernet cable." ]	[ "You need a network bridge not a router. ", "Having a secondary router is not necessary to connect a wireless access point to a wired device, a bridge is necessary." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Can buy a secondary router to connect devices to an ethernet cable.", "One might possibly need two wireless access points in order to connect devices via ethernet cable." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "You need a network bridge not a router. ", "Having a secondary router is not necessary to connect a wireless access point to a wired device, a bridge is necessary." ]
2018-08117	How do fish survive tall waterfalls?	Couple things contribute. Fish are fairly small so they don't gather much kinetic energy. They're also shaped much more streamlined than most animals so they enter water much more smoothly and gracefully. The surface tension of the water, which is usually what would kill, say, a human, is broken by the water tumbling down onto the pool underneath. That "impact" is more or less gone as long as the fish can reach the water "inside" the stream of the waterfall. Usually there's also enough depth underneath for them to decelerate without dangerously impacting rocks. That being said, it's not always a given that a fish will survive a fall. Whenever one of these conditions no longer exist, such as if the fish leaves the stream of falling water into falling through the air, there's a good chance of the fish being killed or at least stunned on impact. In fact, they can be stunned even when all of those conditions are favorable, simply if the fall is big enough.	[ "BULLET::::- John Horgan, Premier of British Columbia, worked at the Oceans Falls pulp mill as a university student\n\nBULLET::::- Ralph Hutton, silver medalist at the 1968 Olympics in swimming\n", "Fisherman Matt Boyd is fishing in Lake Victoria when a small earthquake hits, splitting the lake floor and causing ...	[ "Fish survive tall waterfalls." ]	[ "Usually fish will survive impacts of waterfalls due to having low kinetic energy upon falling, but in some circumstances fishes can be killed. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Fish survive tall waterfalls.", "All fish survive tall waterfalls." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Usually fish will survive impacts of waterfalls due to having low kinetic energy upon falling, but in some circumstances fishes can be killed. ", "When fish go over a waterfall, it is possible for a fish to leave the safety of the stream of water, and be killed upon impact." ]
2018-01852	How do stock traders determine how the price of a stock would fluctuate in the course of a day?	I’m gonna give you a honest answer... a lot of the time it’s a hunch. Of course it’s based on the stocks history, what’s going on currently in the company... things like that. But a lot of it is a guess based on a gut decision.	[ "Price discovery as it relates to equities is the process in which a security’s market value is determined by way of buyers and sellers agreeing on a price suitable enough for a transaction to take place. On the New York Stock Exchange alone, it is not uncommon for over $1.5 trillion of stocks to be traded in a sin...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-07142	How did the legend of El Dorado start?.	It almost certainly came from the Europeans. The early Spanish and Portuguese explorers were able to find lightly defended cities with heaps of gold just laying around. The Spanish had a whole system of treasure fleets to convoy valuables back from the New World. Every subsequent explorer was hoping to find new, untapped cities full of riches. Legends about a city made of gold is a very natural extension of this.	[ "El Dorado is applied to a legendary story in which precious stones were found in fabulous abundance along with gold coins. The concept of El Dorado underwent several transformations, and eventually accounts of the previous myth were also combined with those of a legendary lost city. The resulting El Dorado myth en...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-12767	Why can’t a clothes dryer dry a very wet object more efficiently than air drying?	No. A dryer is designed to evaporate off the trace amounts of moisture left after a wash/spin cycle. By hanging it outside not only do you have evaporation but most of the water probably just dripped off.	[ "Below 5 °C, drying times significantly increase.\n\nAs with condensation dryers, the heat exchanger will not dry the internal air to as low a level of humidity as the typical ambient air. With respect to ambient air, the higher humidity of the air used to dry the clothes has the effect of increasing drying times; ...	[ "Clothes dryers are built to dry very wet objects." ]	[ "Clothes dryers are only built to remove trace moisture." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Clothes dryers are built to dry very wet objects.", "Clothes dryers are built to dry very wet objects. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Clothes dryers are only built to remove trace moisture.", "Clothes dryers are only built to remove trace moisture. " ]
2018-00134	Clean coal. Is coal ever a clean energy source?	No. Clean coal is not a thing. "Clean coal" is really "marginally less dirty coal," and the "marginally less dirty" part comes from regulations being placed on coal companies.	[ "Before being adopted in this fashion, historically \"clean coal\" was used to refer to clean-burning coal with low levels of impurities, though this term faded after rates of domestic coal usage dropped. The term appeared in a speech to mine workers in 1918, in context indicating coal that was \"free of dirt and i...	[ "Clean coal can be a positive energy source. " ]	[ "Clean coal does not exist, therefore clean coal cannot be an energy source." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Clean coal can be a positive energy source. ", "Clean coal can be a positive energy source. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Clean coal does not exist, therefore clean coal cannot be an energy source.", "Clean coal does not exist, therefore clean coal cannot be an energy source." ]
2018-05051	Why do humans eyes roll up into our head when something feels good?	Your eyes are relaxing. The brain is getting a signal that something feels good and it attempts to 'savour' the feeling by not really bothering to look at stuff. When your eyes relax and aren't attempting to take in information, they might close, roll upward, or just glaze over.	[ "Section::::In society.\n", "Normally, one's eyes need to instinctively blink at around 6-10 times per minute, but merely looking at a person or object the viewer finds \"attractive\" can slow this rate down. “can be a good indicator that a person is attracted to the person they're talking to, and is for this rea...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-16987	What happened at the Library of Alexandria?	Caesar burned it to the ground, and humans lost an innumerable amount of knowledge stored within.	[ "In 272 AD, the emperor Aurelian fought to recapture the city of Alexandria from the forces of the Palmyrene queen Zenobia. During the course of the fighting, Aurelian's forces destroyed the Broucheion quarter of the city in which the main library was located. If the Mouseion and Library still existed at this time,...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02238	How does the power grid differentiate what customer is using what suppliers power, when it's all going through the same transmission lines?	It does not. All of the producers submit power to the same grid, and all of the customers get power form the same grid. Even in countries where the power production market is a free market, the distribution grid is managed by a single company as it is considered a natural monopoly. Every producer sells power to the grid at a certain price, then the grid sells that power to the customers. The thing is that in the case of little private customers, instead of buying from the grid they have a contract with an wholesale company that buys power from the grid and ensures the power supply for its customers.	[ "Section::::Wholesale electricity market.:Bid-based, security-constrained, economic dispatch with nodal prices.\n\nThe system price in the day-ahead market is, in principle, determined by matching offers from generators to bids from consumers at each node to develop a classic supply and demand equilibrium price, us...	[ "Power grid differentiates between different customers using power." ]	[ "The power grid does not do this tracking. This is done by power companies that directly service the customer. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Power grid differentiates between different customers using power." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The power grid does not do this tracking. This is done by power companies that directly service the customer. " ]
2018-07420	Do genetics change by each generation?	The answer to your question is yes and no. You actually have two copies of every gene, one you inherit from your mother and one you inherit from your father. These copies are called alleles. The genetics for weight are complicated. There is no one single gene responsible for it and it is strongly influenced by environment (both external things like stress and internal things like what you eat and how much you exercise). The set of alleles you have regarding propensity for weight are not going to be identical to you mother, because you have the contribution from your father, as well. So the exact combination of alleles you inherit from each parent will determine the genetic (but not environmental) contribution to your weight. In that regard, the genetics does change from one generation to the next. As I already mentioned, though, weight is not just genetic. It is strongly influenced by diet and exercise. If you maintain a healthy weight through doing those things, then even if both of your parents are heavy set, you might not be. That being said, you are not affecting your genetics. You may affect how your genes are expressed to some degree, but you cannot actually change your genes through diet and exercise.	[ "Section::::Allele and genotype frequencies.:Genetic drift.:Extensive binomial sampling – is panmixia restored?\n", "BULLET::::- The discovery of additional deep rooting mutations in known lineages could lead to a rearrangement of the family tree.\n\nBULLET::::- Revision of the Y-chromosome mutation rate (see bel...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02326	Why do humans associate the color red with danger?	It's the color of blood. When you discover blood on yourself you immediately look for the source.	[ "Several studies have indicated that red carries the strongest reaction of all the colors, with the level of reaction decreasing gradually with the colors orange, yellow, and white, respectively. For this reason, red is generally used as the highest level of warning, such as threat level of terrorist attack in the ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-15310	How do genes know where to express themselves? (For example a mole, why does a child have the mole that's placed pretty much on the same spot as the parent's?)	I’ve never heard of your example being a common thing. Genes tend to express themselves under the right conditions and with the correct environmental activators. This is then usually limited by the telomeres. Because of the assumptions in the question, I’m unsure how to ELI5 this one any further than that.	[ "During embryonic development, neural crest cells from each neuromere prompt the development of the nerves and arteries, helping to support the development of craniofacial tissues. If gene expression goes wrong, it can have severe effects on the developing embryo, causing abnormalities like craniofacial clefts, als...	[ "Genes know to express themselves in the same way in children as in parents.", "Children having moles in the same place as a parent is common. " ]	[ "It isn't common for genes to express themselves identically in parents and children; they're activated by environmental activators under the right conditions.", "Children having moles in the same spot as a parent is not common. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Genes know to express themselves in the same way in children as in parents.", "Children having moles in the same place as a parent is common. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "It isn't common for genes to express themselves identically in parents and children; they're activated by environmental activators under the right conditions.", "Children having moles in the same spot as a parent is not common. " ]
2018-04708	When an athlete goes for surgery during season due to an injury, what exactly are the surgeons doing?	Cutting out cartilage or getting it sewn up, what they call a meniscectomy, I’ve so heard a medial ligament damage can be repaired quite quickly if partially torn. These injuries are probably the most common in soccer players. You can walk after a couple of weeks then rehab and strength training prior to retuning to ‘normal duties eg first team practice.	[ "This is the last phase of the recovery rehabilitation. Phase V includes returning to sports after being cleared by therapist or surgeon. In order for this to happen the patient must have full range of motion, continue maintaining strength and endurance, and be able to increase proprioception with agility drills. P...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-08531	Why does the arm get hairy while/after wearing an arm cast?	While your arm is in a cast it's pretty isolated from the world. There's no friction from brushing up against things like your sleeves to cause hairs to break off. There's also no sunlight lightening your hairs. So that combination gives you thicker and darker hair. It goes back to normal pretty quick after taking off the cast.	[ "Terminal hair growth on arms is a secondary sexual characteristic in boys and appears in the last stages of puberty. Vellus arm hair is usually concentrated on the elbow end of the forearm and often ends on the lower part of the upper arm. This type of intense arm vellus hair growth sometimes occurs in young women...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03050	Why sometimes when in resting my eyes start to like cry?	When we yawn, the facial muscles surrounding our eyes pull tight. This may put pressure on our lacrimal glands (the glands that are neatly tucked away deep beneath our upper eyelids just below our eyebrow bones.) These glands produce the watery component to our eyes’ own natural tears. They are working to produce and release tears slowly throughout the day to coat the surface of our eyes at all times, not just when we cry (think about it, that is why our eyes always look so glossy.) When the facial muscles tighten during a yawn, the lacrimal glands may get “squeezed” causing them to release a small amount of tears that they were storing to release later. Should be related though I believe that emotional effects on the brain from sleepiness might be related. I hope this was helpful!	[ "BULLET::::18. \"In the ing there is weeping\". (Occasion or theme: Sorrow followed by Joy.) 19 June 1869, at the Hotel Jungfraublick, Interlaken. \"It rained all day, except a very bright interval before dinner. Curious long soft white clouds went slowly creeping along the Schynige Platte; I wrote \"Evening Tears ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-14316	Why does some lightning not strike the ground?	Differences in charges generate higher up in the clouds as well as lower where lightning is close enough to strike the ground. The ground can dissipate a build up of electricity. But a discharge or flow of electric current can occur higher up as long as there is a sufficient difference between positive and negative charges and a conductive path for the electricity to travel.	[ "Section::::Lightning protection systems.\n\nLightning protection systems are designed to mitigate the effects of lightning through connection to extensive grounding systems that provide a large surface area connection to earth. The large area is required to dissipate the high current of a lightning strike without ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03424	Do victims of terror attacks have to pay medical bills?	Just because you're injured beyond your control (stabbed, shot, etc.) doesn't mean you don't have to pay for treatment. Saving lives is a for profit business after all. Not sure if any states have laws that are different but in Maryland, if your hurt/injured as a result of a crime, the state covers a portion but not the entire thing. You can go after the person who injured you through legal action but let's face it, they are already broke so it's pointless to do so.	[ "The New York Times reports that in Baghdad personal terrorism insurance is available. One company offers such insurance for $90, and if the customer is a victim of terrorism in the next year, it pays the heirs $3,500.\n\nSection::::By country.:United Kingdom.\n", "The model includes both the direct and indirect ...	[ "If you're a victim of a terror attack, you can possibly evade paying medical bills. " ]	[ "Just because you suffered an unfortunate event, doesn't mean you don't have to pay for treatment." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If you're a victim of a terror attack, you can possibly evade paying medical bills. ", "If you're a victim of a terror attack, you can possibly evade paying medical bills. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Just because you suffered an unfortunate event, doesn't mean you don't have to pay for treatment.", "Just because you suffered an unfortunate event, doesn't mean you don't have to pay for treatment." ]
2018-00747	How do people develop different laughs?	I definitely won't provide the scientific answer you may be looking for, but a personal experience. Growing up I HATED my laugh, it was obnoxious and made people uncomfortable. Over time I would practice what I wanted my laugh to sound like. Training myself, at first, by myself just watching tv/movies that made me laugh. Eventually around close friends and... Well I can't place an exact pinpoint on when the full 'transformation' occurred but it felt like maybe over a year later. I had my desired laugh down to muscle memory. The only time the original laugh slips out is when I'm right there on the fence of blacking out drunk. By that point though I don't care and this doesn't occur enough to cause concern.	[ "Section::::Development.:Normal aging.\n", "There are a few main regions of the human brain associated with humor and laughter. The production of laughter involves two primary brain pathways, one for involuntary and one for voluntary laughter (i.e., Duchenne and non-Duchenne laughter). Involuntary laughter is usu...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-15212	What are the major challenges in creating synthetic or lab grown cartilage to help treat arthritis and back problems?	The first major challenge is making the cartilage itself. You could grow human cartilage in a lab, but the cost would be astronomical. The far easier route would be a synthetic alternative, which probably wouldn't be exceptionally difficult as far as these things go, though I imagine animal cartilage would be even easier. The bigger challenge and the fundamental flaw in this approach is actually getting the cartilage where it needs to be. It would require extremely invasive surgery to separate the bones somehow attach new cartilage in each joint where arthritis is present. I don't know if that would be even possible, but undoubtedly the solution, in this case, would be much worse than the problem	[ "Section::::Future work.\n\nIn terms of future work, there is still a lot to be done in this field. Artificial cartilage is a new research topic and much is still unknown. There is a lot of unknown factors involving ASCPs and more studies need to be conducted to make a more supported conclusion about the regenerati...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04398	Why does Steam Burn but Not Smoke?	Smoke is what’s left after the hot reaction (fire), Steam is water so hot it started to jump out of the pot. A little more in depth... the steam is a physical phase change of water from being sticky to being gassy, while fire is an chemical reaction that just so happens to also produce heat while it’s doing so. The flame itself would be more analogous to steam.	[ "As early as the 15th century Leonardo da Vinci commented at length on the difficulty of assessing smoke, and distinguished between black smoke (carbonized particles) and white 'smoke' which is not a smoke at all but merely a suspension of harmless water particulates.\n\nSmoke from heating appliances is commonly me...	[ "Steam and smoke are similar and comparable. " ]	[ "Steam and smoke are not comparable because steam is physical change, and smoke is what is left over after a chemical reaction. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Steam and smoke are similar and comparable. ", "Steam and smoke are similar and comparable. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Steam and smoke are not comparable because steam is physical change, and smoke is what is left over after a chemical reaction. ", "Steam and smoke are not comparable because steam is physical change, and smoke is what is left over after a chemical reaction. " ]
2018-06269	What are the consequences of Sinclair Broadcasting Group controlling so many stations?	Democracy only works if the electorate is informed. If all sources of information are actually a single source, that source could be corrupted and it would be very difficult to actually have an informed electorate. The freedom of the press is an illusion if all of our "trusted, local" news sources are actually the tentacles of a national or multinational media conglomerate.	[ "Section::::Political views.:\"Stolen Honor\" documentary.\n", "Sinclair's stations have been known for featuring news content and programming that promote conservative political positions, and have been involved in various controversies surrounding politically-motivated programming decisions, such as news covera...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-19756	Why do leftovers taste different than freshly cooked food?	Foods as they heat and cool change structurally and chemically. They continue to break down over time. Things that are higher in acidity more quickly. Sometimes this is a good thing, as flavors meld and sugars are released (its why spaghetti is always better the second day).	[ "The ultimate use of leftovers depends on where the meal was eaten, preferences of the diner, and the prevailing social culture. People often save home cooking leftovers to eat later. This is facilitated by the private environment and convenience of airtight containers and refrigeration. People may eat some leftove...	[ "Leftovers should taste the same as freshly cooked food." ]	[ "Food changes taste as it heats and cools." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Leftovers should taste the same as freshly cooked food.", "Leftovers should taste the same as freshly cooked food." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Food changes taste as it heats and cools.", "Food changes taste as it heats and cools." ]
2018-01692	How does Spotify continue to operate if they continue to have net loss every year?	They're not publicly owned yet, and they still have enough money invested to continue. Sorta like if I had $1,000 and you asked me how I can continue to operate even though I lost $100 the last couple years... I still have $800 left. As Spotify grows, their gross margin increases (they get more $$$ back per dollar put in), and their losses decrease yearly. Their hope is to be profitable soon if these trends continue. Keep in mind they're losing a few hundred million out of many billions of dollars taken in. If they can squeeze just a little more margin out, and bring in enough new customers, they'll become profitable quickly.	[ "After going live on the New York Stock Exchange on 3 April 2018, CNBC reported that Spotify opened at $165.90, more than 25 per cent above its reference price of $132.\n\nSection::::History.:Other developments.:Acquisitions.\n", "With the release of Fido's new Pulse plans, FidoDOLLARS are no longer accumulated b...	[ "A company should not be able to operate if they have net losses every year." ]	[ "A company can operate even if it has net losses because they have enough money invested to continue." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "A company should not be able to operate if they have net losses every year." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "A company can operate even if it has net losses because they have enough money invested to continue." ]
2018-11449	Why are a series of numbers printed on the first page of a book?	Depends on the context and age of the book, but sequential numbers generally indicate the printing of the book. Look at the lowest number. If you see "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8" then it's the first printing. On subsequent printings, they don't have to typeset a new page to indicate it, they would just cut off (or cover up) the lowest number, so that for the second printing you'd see "2 3 4 5 6 7 8" and know it was the second printing. This was far more common in the past than it is today, as it took more effort to generate a new page in years past.	[ "In some contexts, numbers and letters are used not so much as a basis for establishing an ordering, but as a means of labeling items that are already ordered. For example, pages, sections, chapters, and the like, as well as the items of lists, are frequently \"numbered\" in this way. Labeling series that may be us...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-08411	How do police trace bullets back to the gun they were shot from?	You're getting some good explanations as to the theory, but keep one thing in mind; it doesn't always work as well as the theory suggests. Wear and tear from normal use of a firearm changes the patterns left on cartridge pieces that might be used to identify the firearm. The firing pin could leave different marks after another 1000 rounds have been fired, likewise with marks on the bullet from the barrel. Also, markings on casings or bullets aren't like DNA. There is no actual proof that they are always 100% unique. It comes down to degrees of probability. Two models of the exact same pistol for instance, only one number apart in their serial number, meaning they were manufactured one after another, could very well have extremely similar imperfections on the moving surfaces. If they are purchased around the same time, have roughly the same number of rounds through them, and both use the most popular brands of ammunition, there is a good chance the markings on the barrel or firing pin will be pretty similar. Is it similar enough to rule out a different gun? How likely is it that the person who bought the very next gun off the assemble line committed the crime you're accused of with the same gun you own? Well that's for the attorneys to argue about and for the jury to decide. But it's not a perfect science, and it's far from absolute proof.	[ "Section::::ATF firearms databases.\n\nThe ATF Firearms Tracing System (FTS) contains firearm tracing information from millions of traces performed since 1989, and consists of several databases:\n\nSection::::Firearm data sources.\n\nFor newer firearms not yet entered into the tracing system, ATF contacts the manuf...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.