Split (3)

train · 3.46k rows

id stringlengths 10 10	question stringlengths 18 294	comment stringlengths 28 6.89k	passages list	presuppositions list	corrections list	labels list	raw_presuppositions list	raw_labels list	raw_corrections list
2018-02588	Why does hitting the gates so hard in ski racing not slow them down too much?	It is a careful balance. On one hand hitting the gates will slow you down a bit, but on the other hand a tighter line may put you in contact with the gates. When they are making contact it is because the path is more efficient despite the gate contact.	[ "Because the offsets are relatively small in slalom, ski racers take a fairly direct line and often knock the poles out of the way as they pass, which is known as blocking. (The main blocking technique in modern slalom is cross-blocking, in which the skier takes such a tight line and angulates so strongly that he o...	[ "Hitting gates doesn't slow down skiers that much." ]	[ "It does slow them down it is just a balnce between that and a more efficient route. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Hitting gates doesn't slow down skiers that much." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It does slow them down it is just a balnce between that and a more efficient route. " ]
2018-04833	Why do so many Islamic countries have the moon and a star in their flag?	The crescent moon and star have a long history in the Middle East that actually predates Islam by a few centuries. The iconography was used by the Byzantines, for instance. It was used as a symbol by the Ottoman Empire, and it lives on in the flags of a number of former Ottoman Empire countries, like the ones you listed.	[ "BULLET::::- The flag of Turkey, which is very similar to the last flag of the old Ottoman Empire, has been an inspiration for the flag designs of many other Muslim nations. During the time of the Ottomans the crescent began to be associated with Islam and this is reflected on the flags of Algeria, Azerbaijan, Como...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-18492	How does a body-weight scale calculate my body fat %?	The scale has two contacts, one under each foot. A current is run through your body between the contacts and the scale measures the voltage needed to get to that current, which tells you the resistance of the body. Different types of tissue that make up your body have different resistances - muscle tissue is a pretty good conductor since it has a high water content, while fat is a bad conductor because it doesn't have any water. Based on the measured resistance, the scale estimates how much fat is in the body versus nonfat, which gets you to the total amount of water in the body, which gets you to the fat-free mass of the body, and then comparing the mass to the measured body weight gets the body fat percentage. There are a lot of points in there where the scale can make mistakes, so it's not a super accurate measurement. For example, if you're a little dehydrated, that'll throw off the measurement. So I'd take it with a grain of salt.	[ "Section::::Measurement techniques.:Anthropometric methods.:Skinfold methods.\n", "Section::::Measurement techniques.:Anthropometric methods.:Ultrasound.\n", "Body fat can be estimated from body mass index (BMI), a person's mass in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters; if weight is measured i...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-18795	how do we know that we see like the same colors?	It’s actually assumed that we are different variants. We probably don’t see the same red but they are probably closely related, it’s not your red is my blue, more like your red is my burnt orange.	[ "Section::::Physiology of color perception.:Cone cells in the human eye.\n\nA range of wavelengths of light stimulates each of these receptor types to varying degrees. The brain combines the information from each type of receptor to give rise to different perceptions of different wavelengths of light.\n", "The ch...	[ "We know we see the same colors.", "We see the same colors as other people," ]	[ "We assume the colors we see are slight variants. ", "We probably see close variations of colors to other people. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "We know we see the same colors.", "We see the same colors as other people," ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "We assume the colors we see are slight variants. ", "We probably see close variations of colors to other people. " ]
2018-03111	Why do Executioners sterilize needles used for lethal injections?	In case there’s a last minute decision not to execute that person that day. If they already stabbed the person with a dirty needle and then the execution is called off at the very last second, and that person gets a blood born illness as a result of the dirty needle there could be legal trouble.	[ "The arm of the condemned person is swabbed with alcohol before the cannula is inserted. The needles and equipment used are sterilized. Questions have been raised about why these precautions against infection are performed despite the purpose of the injection being death. The several explanations include: cannulae ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-16602	Why does heavy rain come down in "sheets"?	The sheets of rain are following the pattern of the guessing wind. As a gust passes through, it will move around the droplets of rain falling - blowing some ahead of it, and slowing down the fall of some by blowing them upwards into the air again. Once the first has passed the rain 'caught' by it will then all fall at once in a slightly heavier sheet.	[ "Section::::Singles.\n\nSection::::Singles.:\"30 Sexy\".\n", "Section::::In \"Heavy Rain\".\n", "When the Lighthouse Family released \"Raincloud\", they reached to #6 in the UK Singles Chart in October 1997. This meant that this was their second Top 10 hit and their first from their album \"Postcards From Heave...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01071	How are pre-cooked, non-frozen, TV dinners stay unspoiled without refridgeration or preservatives?	They're cooked and packed in a clean environment. Then they are sealed in a pack that does two things: Protect them from any bacteria getting in to spoil the food. Prevent air from entering so any bacteria not killed by the cooking can't grow and spoil the food.	[ "Following this, the dinners are either covered with aluminum foil or paper, and the product is tightly packed with a partial vacuum created to ensure no evaporation takes place that can cause the food to dry out. Then the packaged dinners are placed in a refrigerated storage facility, transported by refrigerated t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-22552	How do linguists research pre-written languages like Proto-Indo European without any evidence?	tl;dr: It's a (very carefully-thought-out) educated guess. A little background first: Languages change over time, usually very slowly and in subtle ways. For example, some sounds are so similar that when someone is talking fast, you might not hear the difference and learn the "wrong" version. If enough people hear the other thing and teach their kids, the word changes in that village. Twenty miles away, they're still saying that word the way they always have, but they've changed some other word that your village didn't. Stick some wolves in the forest so no one travels that way, and eventually, with the two village never talking to each other, they start talking differently. The teenagers make up cool new slang. They start hearing an "accent" when they meet someone from the other village. The accent gets stronger as they keep changing without each other. Then, one day, their kids can't understand each other. They speak different languages. Now, to answer your question: Let's say they all start writing at the same time. So you know how they talk at that point. It hasn't been that long since village A and B were talking the same, but you can see some differences. If they both have the same word for something, they probably had the same word when they were together. If the word is different, but it's still pretty close, then you do have to guess at what it used to be. BUT we can make pretty good guesses. It's fairly likely that only one of them changed. Say village A says the word "fifth" and village B has the easier-to-say word "fith". Do you think village A added an extra sound to "fith" to make it harder to say? Or that village B simplified the word over time? Both are possible, but one answer makes a lot more sense, and matches what we see modern languages doing. Researchers do this with grammar too, not just words, and they have a lot more than just two languages/dialects to work with, all at different stages of "time spent apart".	[ "The comparative method follows the Neogrammarian rule: the Indo-European sound laws apply without exception. The method compares languages and uses the sound laws to find a common ancestor. For example, compare the pairs of words in Italian and English: \"piede\" and \"foot\", \"padre\" and \"father\", \"pesce\" a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-22655	Why do burnt things turn black?	Everything has carbon in it. The process of burning something creates energy. What's left behind is unburnt carbon and unburnt carbon is black.	[ "Section::::Electroconductive carbon black production.\n\nCarbon black begins as a byproduct of what is referred to as partial oxidation, a process during which crude oil residues, such as vacuum residues from crude oil distillation or residues from the thermic cracking process, split due to the effects of the mixt...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02924	What is the origin of bands like KISS dressing the way they did?	Because in 1971 there were a zillion good bands trying to make it big in the rock and roll game. Not everyone could have enough raw talent to get noticed, so a little gimmick and stage presence went a long way to being memorable.	[ "Willmer \"Little Ax\" Broadnax was a lead singer in several important gospel quartets, most famously the Spirit of Memphis Quartet. When he died in 1994, it was discovered that he was female bodied.\n\nOther contemporary cross-dressing artists include J. S. G. Boggs.\n\nSection::::By country.:France.\n", "BULLET...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04493	I've seen dates expressed as both B.C/A.D and B.C.E/C.E, if A.D is the year Jesus was born, what year B.C or A.D did B.C.E switch to C.E?	The year of the switch is the same in both naming conventions. It is just a shifting from a religious connotation with "Anno Domini" to a secular connotation with "Common Era".	[ "For example, Cunningham and Starr (1998) write that \"B.C.E./C.E. …do not presuppose faith in Christ and hence are more appropriate for interfaith dialog than the conventional B.C./A.D.\" Upon its foundation, the Republic of China adopted the Minguo Era, but used the Western calendar for international purposes. Th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00780	Why does an OS like Windows run on practically any hardware just by installing a universal image, but Android needs lots of porting and device specific changes to run?	Android is a very, very, very stripped down version of Linux. It's designed to run pretty much only on mobile devices, and includes the bare minimum of software required to run there. (They even tried removing the ext3 driver, but backed down after a massive outcry). So comparing Android to Windows is like comparing a handiman's tool bet to a full stocked carpetner's workshop. EDIT: For the curious, here is the bin directory on my phone, which is running Android 5.1.1: > 1\|u0_a202@kminilteatt:/ $ ls /system/bin ATFWD-daemon IPSecService PktRspTest StoreKeybox adb adsprpcd am androidshmservice apaservice app_process app_process32 applypatch appops appwidget at_distributor atrace audiod auditd bcc bintvoutservice blkid bmgr bootanimation bootchecker brctl bridgemgrd btnvtool bu bugreport cat ccm_gen_cert charger_monitor charon chcon chmod chown clatd clear cmp connfwexe content cp cplay cs curl dalvikvm dalvikvm32 date dd ddexe debuggerd dex2oat df dhcpcd diag_callback_client diag_dci_sample diag_klog diag_mdlog diag_qshrink4_daemon diag_socket_log diag_uart_log dmesg dnsmasq dpm drmdiagapp drmserver drsd du dumpstate dumpsys dun-server e2fsck ebtables edmaudit epmlogd fm_qsoc_patches fmconfig fmfactorytest fmfactorytestserver fsck.exfat fsck_msdos ftmdaemon getenforce getevent getprop getsebool grep gzip hci_qcomm_init hd hostapd hostapd_cli hvdcp icd id idmap ifconfig iftop ime immvibed ims_rtp_daemon imscmservice imsdatadaemon imsqmidaemon input insmod URL_1 installd insthk ioctl ionice ip ip6tables iptables irsc_util isdbtmmtest jackd jackservice keymaster_test keystore kill linker lmkd ln load_policy loc_launcher log logcat logd logwrapper lpm ls lsmod lsof macloader make_ext4fs mcDriverDaemon mcStarter md5 mdnsd media mediaserver mfgloader mkdir mkfs.exfat mknod mkswap mm-jpeg-dec-test mm-jpeg-enc-test mm-pp-daemon mm-qcamera-daemon mm-qjpeg-dec-test mm-qjpeg-enc-test mm-qomx-idec-test mm-qomx-ienc-test mm-vdec-omx-test mm-venc-omx-test720p mm-vidc-omx-test mm-video-driver-test mm-video-encdrv-test monkey mount mpdecision mtpd mv n_smux nandread ndc netcfg netd netmgrd netstat newfs_msdos nl_listener nohup notify npsmobex oatdump olsrd otp_server patchoat perfd ping ping6 pm port-bridge pppd prepare_param.sh printenv prlimit ps ptt_socket_app qmiproxy qmuxd qseecom_sample_client qseecom_security_test qseecomd racoon radish readlink reboot renice requestsync resetreason resize2fs restorecon rfs_access rild rm rmdir rmmod rmnetcli rmt_storage route run-as runcon samsungpowersoundplay sapd schedtest schedtop screencap screenrecord scs sdcard sdp_cryptod secure_storage_daemon URL_0 sendevent sensors.qcom sensorservice service servicemanager setenforce setprop setsebool settings setup_fs sh sleep smd smdexe ss_conn_daemon ssr_diag ssr_setup start stop subsystem_ramdump surfaceflinger svc swapoff swapon sync tc test_diag thermal-engine tima_dump_log time_daemon tinycap tinymix tinypcminfo tinyplay tlc_server toolbox top touch uiautomator umount uncrypt uptime usb_uicc_client usbhub usbhub_init vcsFPService vdc vmstat vold vpnclientd watchprops wcnss_service wdsdaemon wipe wlandutservice wm wpa_supplicant wvkprov	[ "Most of the drivers for mobile devices running the Android operating system are shipped in binary and are linked against a specific version of the Linux kernel. This makes it very hard to upgrade a kernel version because it may require reverse-engineering, reimplementing the proprietary device drivers as free soft...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03856	Why does spit/saliva get stickier at times?	It is mostly to do with hydration, or in this case dehydration. For example when you exercise, the water loss in your body causes less available water for making spit. Same reason why if you don't hydrate yourself enough during/before sex, your semen is chunky or your vaginal lubrication is less	[ "Saliva consists of proteins (for example; mucins) that lubricate and protect both the soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity. Mucins are the principal organic constituents of mucus, the slimy visco-elastic material that coats all mucosal surfaces.\n\nBULLET::::- Buffering\n\nIn general, the higher the saliva flo...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01859	When frozen water cracks the bottle that was holding it > did the ice do work and if so where does the energy come from?	The energy comes from the formation of the crystal structure. Yes it did work. minuscule work, but work. That energy comes about thermodynamic ally from these particles rearranging themselves Ice is also weird in that it is an expansion of its liquid state, for almost all other materials the solid form is smaller.	[ "Some applications use the thermal capacity of water or ice as cold storage; others use it as heat storage. It can serve either application; ice can be melted to store heat then refrozen to warm an environment which is below freezing (putting liquid water at 0°C in such an environment warms it much more than the sa...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-12825	Why does it take over a decade to become a U.S. citizen?	As an immigration lawyer, there's a few different things that go into this. As a matter of law, you can apply to become a citizen 5 years after you get your green card (or 3 years if you got your green card through marriage to a U.S. citizen). The current processing times for a citizenship application are roughly 8-12 months, so the quickest possible path to citizenship would take around 4 years, while for most people it would take around 6 years since they got the green card. However, there are some requirements for citizenship which make applying for citizenship not something that people always want to do. First, it's expensive. Currently, the cost of a citizenship application (N-400) is $725. Some people are eligible for fee waivers if they don't earn enough money, but many people don't know about the existence of those fee waivers. $725 is a lot of money to a working class immigrant. Second, and most importantly, you have to (1) learn English well enough to pass an English test, and (2) study American history and politics well enough to pass a fairly basic civics test. For many low-income immigrants, they simply do not have the free time to take English classes or to study for the civics. These people may learn English organically over the course of a decade or more, and only then decide to try to apply for citizenship. Third, sometimes there are weird hurdles that may arise because of a previous arrest or something minor that would not jeopardize the green card but could prevent citizenship. Those people may have to wait longer, or may not be able to apply for citizenship at all. Sometimes applications also just fall through the cracks and are essentially lost at USCIS, and people may have to wait 2-3 years or even file a lawsuit in order to get the government to process their application. Fourth, many people who say that the "citizenship process" took them more than a decade are not actually talking about the citizenship process; they're talking about the whole time it took them to immigrate to the United States in the first place all the way to becoming a citizen. But the United States has two different processes; immigrating to the United States and becoming a permanent resident (getting your green card) and becoming a citizen. The former can take years and years. The latter generally takes the time I described above (counting processing time, four years for those who got a green card through a marriage to a US citizen and six years for everyone else). Finally, many people with green cards view becoming U.S. citizens as something they are particularly interested in taking a lot of time to do. They have almost all the same rights as citizens, but they may plan to return to their home country later in life and don't care about being a citizen. Or they may be from a country where you can't be a dual citizen, so they don't want to give up their original nationality. And never underestimate the power of inertia, procrastination, or laziness. So many people say "Yeah, I'll file the paperwork next year" and then ten years go by. Tl;dr version: It can take less than 4 years in the shortest period of time, takes 6 years for most people, but many immigrants either can't afford to file for citizenship, don't want to, or end up with some bureaucratic problem that causes a huge delay.	[ "Section::::Naturalized citizenship.:Strong demand.\n", "As a practical matter, renunciation of U.S. citizenship became markedly more difficult in 2014, meaning that even accidental Americans who were aware of their U.S. citizenship status and wanted to rid themselves of it faced obstacles: in addition to the cos...	[ "The United States citizenship process takes over a decade.", "It takes over a decade to become a US citizen." ]	[ "When people say decade they actually mean the whole time it takes them to immigrate from start to finish.", "The actual process of becoming a US citizen doesn't actually take 10 years, in most cases it takes 6 years. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The United States citizenship process takes over a decade.", "It takes over a decade to become a US citizen." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "When people say decade they actually mean the whole time it takes them to immigrate from start to finish.", "The actual process of becoming a US citizen doesn't actually take 10 years, in most cases it takes 6 years. " ]
2018-10253	Why when people get older they get this blue circle around their pupils?	It's not around their pupils. It's in the cornea, which is the first thing your finger touches if you decide to poke yourself right in the middle of your eye. It's called arcus senilus. It's above the iris, which surrounds the pupils. Over the course of your life, your body likes to put cholesterol in all sorts of places its not meant to go. It's just a fact of life. It occurs slowly over time. In your eyes, as you age it's thought that the blood vessels become more leaky over time, and these special carrier vessels full of cholesterol called "Low density lipoprotein" will exit and get stuck in the cornea, usually in the very bottom or very top layer. These deposits can be found elsewhere in the eye as well. Because your sight is through your pupil, the small hole in the middle of the iris, this halo/ring won't affect your eyesight. Low density lipoproteins or LDLs are also involved in another disease that takes a long time to happen called cardiovascular disease. It's what causes the majority of heart attacks. It's when LDL/cholesterol gets stuck in the walls of your arteries and can't get back out again. In both arcus senilus and cardiovascular disease, being young and having very high LDL, less specifically cholesterol, can cause the ring and heart attacks.	[ "Arcus senilis\n\nArcus senilis is an old age syndrome where there is a white, grey, or blue opaque ring in the corneal margin (peripheral corneal opacity), or white ring in front of the periphery of the iris. It is present at birth but then fades; however, it is quite commonly present in the elderly. It can also a...	[ "People get a blue circle around their pupils when they get older.", "People get a blue circle around their pupil as they get older." ]	[ "People get a blue circle around their corneas when they get older.", "The circle is around their cornea." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "People get a blue circle around their pupils when they get older.", "People get a blue circle around their pupil as they get older." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "People get a blue circle around their corneas when they get older.", "The circle is around their cornea." ]
2018-22244	Why is ice often associated with slowness in games?	I'm guessing you've never been somewhere cold. Yes, becoming cold can make you lethargic. Your body is using energy to try and heat itself so you can become exhausted just trying to walk while very cold. Not to mention colds impact on circulation which can make it hard to use your limbs and slow you. The effects of hypothermia on the mind as well, making thinking difficult and, once more, slowing you down.	[ "The game levels alternate between large ice blocks and little ice pieces. The levels with the little pieces are actually easier, since one can walk left or right over them without falling in the water.\n", "Despite the name, ice appears only in a fraction of the game's levels, and cannot be broken by any means. ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03689	When you’re sick with the cough, do you cough in your sleep or does it completely stop?	It typically stops completely. We undergo a thing called sleep paralysis in which our bodies are typically incapable of moving in response to stimuli, which prevents the irritants that cause coughing from working.	[ "While there are many causes of chronic cough, it is generally not essential for an extensive evaluation of multiple causes of cough to be made since the clinical pattern is usually sufficiently apparent that the diagnosis can be made by the clinical presentation, i.e., a repetitive harsh barking cough that is abse...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01263	When you make chocolate chip cookies, how do the chocolate chips manage to keep shape rather than just melting into the dough?	They do melt. Chocolate for cooking generally has more cocoa butter so it's thicker and doesn't flow as well when it's melted. On top of that, the dough around the chocolate keeps fairly close to the original shape. There is some intermixing of the chocolate and the dough; that's why you can't pull them out without some cookie coming with it.	[ "To decorate a cookie with glaze, an outline is piped just inside the edge of the cookie. Then the design is filled by piping a line of glaze back and forth across the cookie, while staying within the boundaries of the outline.\n\nThe glaze must be applied quickly because royal icing crusts quickly, but it needs to...	[ "Chocolate chips don't melt.", "Chocolate chips within chocolate chip cookies don't melt and hold their shape." ]	[ "They do melt. They just hold their shape because it is thick.", "Chocolate chips inside of chocolate chip cookies do melt and for the most part don't hold their shape, which is why when cookies are broken apart, the chocolate chips break with the cookies." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Chocolate chips don't melt.", "Chocolate chips within chocolate chip cookies don't melt and hold their shape." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "They do melt. They just hold their shape because it is thick.", "Chocolate chips inside of chocolate chip cookies do melt and for the most part don't hold their shape, which is why when cookies are broken apart, the chocolate chips break with the cookies." ]
2018-08960	why, even though in a class all kids get the same amount of gym time, is it enough for some kids to stay in shape while not enough for others?	Gym time alone isn't enough for anyone. Genetics, nutrition, and exercise outside of class all play a big factor. Most kids these days are lucky to have one of those three in their favor.	[ "Ontario, Canada has a similar procedure in place. On October 6, 2005 the Ontario Ministry of Education (OME) implemented a Daily Physical Activity policy in elementary schools, grades 1–8. It requires that all students in grades 1 to 8, including those with special needs, be provided with opportunities to particip...	[ "Gym time in school is enough to ensure that a student stays in shape." ]	[ "There are other factors that determine a student physique outside of school such as their genetics, nutrition and physical activity outside of school." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Gym time in school is enough to ensure that a student stays in shape." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "There are other factors that determine a student physique outside of school such as their genetics, nutrition and physical activity outside of school." ]
2018-21563	Why do plants etiolate with lack of sunlight?	most plants also have some extra energy stored up somewhere so they can do that, even if they don’t have sunlight at the moment.	[ "Many of the genes involved in this process are conserved across all the plants studied. Sometimes though, despite genetic conservation, the mechanism of action turns out to be different. For example, rice is a short-day plant, while \"Arabidopsis thaliana\" is a long-day plant. Both plants have the proteins \"CO\"...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03668	for people who work with image manipulation: Why the color red produces the most JPEG artifact when compressing? And how to avoid it?	It's probably not the color, but the type of data being compressed. JPEG doesn't do so well with text or solid blocks of color because it's really easy to notice the artifacts in areas that are supposed to be very clean. It's fundamentally a lossy type of compression, so you should only really use it for the types of images where you won't notice the artifacts(high visual noise images). These days you should probably just use PNG instead.	[ "Many JPEG files embed an ICC color profile (color space). Commonly used color profiles include sRGB and Adobe RGB. Because these color spaces use a non-linear transformation, the dynamic range of an 8-bit JPEG file is about 11 stops; see gamma curve.\n\nSection::::Syntax and structure.\n", "Many of the options i...	[ "Red produces the most artifacts during JPEG image compression.", "Certain color produces the most artifacts in a JPEG." ]	[ "Text or solid blocks of colors produces the most artifacts, not a specific type of color.", "JPEG doesn't do well in general and will always have some artifacts. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Red produces the most artifacts during JPEG image compression.", "Certain color produces the most artifacts in a JPEG." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Text or solid blocks of colors produces the most artifacts, not a specific type of color.", "JPEG doesn't do well in general and will always have some artifacts. " ]
2018-04482	How do GPS apps like Google Maps know so accurately what traffic is like and where road work is happening?	Google location tracking. More than a couple of people on a road, stationary, and it's a reasonable bet that the traffic is stationary. Google's location service is on so many phones nowadays it can be used to reliably track traffic information.	[ "BULLET::::- INRIX uses its network of over 175 million vehicles and devices to gather speed data from mobile phones, trucks, delivery vans, and other fleet vehicles equipped with GPS locator devices including smart phones and Ford SYNC and Toyota Entune and much of Europe, South America, and Africa.\n\nBULLET::::-...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-07050	Why is it a natural human instinct to flail your arms and legs around when jumping freely from a distance, such as a diving board or cliff diving?	By rotating your arms you push your body the opposite direction, serving to try to keep your body upright. Note that people instinctively rotate their arms in the direction their torso is tilting as they fall, it isn't random flailing.	[ "The tilting is done by the arms, which are outstretched to the sides just before the twist. When one arm is moved up and the other is moved down (like turning a big steering wheel), the body reacts by tilting to the side, which then begins the twisting rotation. At the completion of the required number of twist ro...	[ "It is a natural human instinct to flail your arms and legs around when jumping freely from a distance, such as a diving board or cliff diving.", "A human instinct is to flail the arms and legs around when jumping off a high point." ]	[ "When falling, people instinctively rotate their arms in the direction their torso is tilting as they fall, it is not random flailing.", "The instinct is not to randomly flail - the instinct is to rotate the arms in the direction the torso is tilting to keep the body upright." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It is a natural human instinct to flail your arms and legs around when jumping freely from a distance, such as a diving board or cliff diving.", "A human instinct is to flail the arms and legs around when jumping off a high point." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "When falling, people instinctively rotate their arms in the direction their torso is tilting as they fall, it is not random flailing.", "The instinct is not to randomly flail - the instinct is to rotate the arms in the direction the torso is tilting to keep the body upright." ]
2018-00743	How do humans maintains constant body temperature of 98.6°F when we have no fur and such thin skin compared to other Mammals?	Imagine your body is a car, the car has a combustion engine that burns its gas to produce Kinetic Energy to move the car's wheels among other thing. The thing about burning fuel is that it produces this other thing besides Kinetic Energy. Namely heat, sound and light. This causes the car to heat up. You eat food, your body turns that into energy, which in turn also creates heat. Your body likes to stay at 98.6 because it evolved to work best at that Internal Temperature. If it gets below that, it burns more food, if it gets higher it burns less. Hair in general is a form of insulation. But humans are such active creatures that we naturally lost the need to have a form of insulation. Its because our bodies burn so quickly. Some other mammals don't have this feature though so they require this insulation to maintain the needed body temperature. You will notice that the smaller a mammal is the less thick a coat it seems to have. Compare a Hamster to a Water Buffalo to see what I mean.	[ "The environment can have major influences on human physiology. Environmental effects on human physiology are numerous; one of the most carefully studied effects is the alterations in thermoregulation in the body due to outside stresses. This is necessary because in order for enzymes to function, blood to flow, and...	[ "Humans need fur or thin skin to maintain constant body temperatures of approximately 98 degrees. " ]	[ "The human body is able to burn the food it consumes and convert that into the energy it needs to maintain constant body temperature." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Humans need fur or thin skin to maintain constant body temperatures of approximately 98 degrees. ", "Humans need fur or thin skin to maintain constant body temperatures of approximately 98 degrees. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The human body is able to burn the food it consumes and convert that into the energy it needs to maintain constant body temperature.", "The human body is able to burn the food it consumes and convert that into the energy it needs to maintain constant body temperature." ]
2018-15935	why do our mouths water so much before we vomit?	Vomiting is a deliberate response by the body that evolved as a purging mechanism to remove toxins or foreign bodies from the stomach and oesophagus. Since stomach contents are highly acidic, vomiting can be quite harmful for the throat, mouth and teeth and salivating helps to reduce this by diluting and rinsing. Saliva is also weakly alkaline, which helps to neutralise acid. [source]( URL_0 ) Basically saliva helps prevent your throat from burning because of stomach acid	[ "BULLET::::- Intrathoracic pressure lowers (by inspiration against a closed glottis), coupled with an increase in abdominal pressure as the abdominal muscles contract, propels stomach contents into the esophagus as the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes. The stomach itself does not contract in the process of vomiti...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02099	Why must roller coaster loops be clothoid and not circular?	When you're falling, you accelerate towards the ground at ~~32~~ 9.8 meters per second squared. Those loops make you feel weightless, but to do that they need to counter your acceleration. It needs to accelerate upward. When you travel up one of those loops, as you reach the top the radius of the loop gets larger. That means you accelerate upward just fast enough to counteract the acceleration from gravity. Gravity pulls you down, the loop pushes you up. They cancel each other out and you feel weightless. If it was a circle, you wouldn't accelerate at the right speed. When you go down the loop, the same thing happens in reverse	[ "Most roller coaster loops are not circular in shape. A commonly used shape is the clothoid loop, which resembles an inverted tear drop and allows for less intense G-forces throughout the element for the rider. The use of this shape was pioneered in 1976 on The New Revolution at Six Flags Magic Mountain, by Werner ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-15569	What is the rest 69g of banana's mass if there is 8g of protein, 7g of fat and 16 of carbohydrates in 100g?	Seriously, most of the rest of the mass is water and other metabolic products that don't amount to much mass in comparison. Most of EVERYTHING living is water. Cells are basically bags of water with some stuff dissolved in it.	[ "Section::::Nutrition.\n\nRaw bananas (not including the peel) are 75% water, 23% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and contain negligible fat. A 100-gram reference serving supplies 89 Calories, 31% of the US recommended Daily Value (DV) of vitamin B, and moderate amounts of vitamin C, manganese and dietary fiber, with no...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13242	Why do some say that systemd is against the "Unix philosophy"?	In an ELI5 sense, the Unix Philosophy can be summed up by the idea that a piece of software should do one thing and do it well. systemd does lots of things and some argue it does some of them poorly. It's a single piece of software that is meant to be a replacement for many smaller pieces of software and some argue that it's the wrong approach for a system that was based on Unix.	[ "In an August 2014 article published in \"InfoWorld\", Paul Venezia wrote about the systemd controversy and attributed the controversy to violation of the Unix philosophy, and to \"enormous egos who firmly believe they can do no wrong\". The article also characterizes the architecture of systemd as similar to that ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-22571	Why protein interact with other protein ?	More or less, they don’t. They float around until they collide with something that fits. In the phosphorylation of serine it’s almost certainly a two step process. First the protein would randomly bind a serine molecule, then it would randomly bind with an ATP molecule and phosphorylate the serine.	[ "In cases of known protein–protein interactions, other questions arise. Genetic diseases (e.g., cystic fibrosis) are known to be caused by misfolded or mutated proteins, and there is a desire to understand what, if any, anomalous protein–protein interactions a given mutation can cause. In the distant future, protei...	[ "proteins incteract wth other proteins.", "Protein can interact with other proteins." ]	[ "They don't interact with other proteins.", "Protein does not interact with other proteins." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "proteins incteract wth other proteins.", "Protein can interact with other proteins." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "They don't interact with other proteins.", "Protein does not interact with other proteins." ]
2018-21081	are viruses alive? all viruses inherently carry diseases?	Viruses are not quite alive. They don’t reproduce on their own (that is, outside of a host cell), and they don’t have their own metabolisms (the systems that process nutrients and turn them into chemicals the virus can use). Everything comes from the host cell. But once a virus gets in a host cell, it can start replicating and making more viruses. So viruses are kind of like seeds. Keep them out of the dirt and nothing happens. But they have the potential for life and growth if you put them in the ground and give them some water and nutrients from the soil. Viruses don’t carry disease; they cause it. Diseases are the body’s reaction to having a virus come in and start using your cells as virus-making factories. Not all viruses make our bodies freak out and attack them though. Some viruses have evolved along with humans to use our bodies as breeding grounds without causing any damage to us and we coexist peacefully and don’t even know we’re carrying all those little viruses around inside us. And there are some viruses that cause disease in animals but not humans and vice versa.	[ "BULLET::::- \"White clover mosaic virus\"\n\nBULLET::::- \"White spot syndrome virus\"\n\nBULLET::::- \"White sucker hepatitis B virus\"\n\nBULLET::::- \"White-eye coronavirus HKU16\"\n\nBULLET::::- \"White-tufted-ear marmoset simian foamy virus\"\n\nBULLET::::- \"Whitefly associated Guatemala alphasatellite 1\"\n...	[ "Viruses inherently carry disease." ]	[ "Viruses don't carry disease, they cause it." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Viruses inherently carry disease." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Viruses don't carry disease, they cause it." ]
2018-00861	Why do people snore when they're sleeping but not while they're awake?	My uneducated guess would be that it probably has something to do with the relaxation of facial/throat muscles while sleeping, the breathing pattern changing, and the different postures people sleep in as opposed to waking time	[ "Set point of ventilation is different in wakefulness and sleep. pCO2 is higher and ventilation is lower in sleep. Sleep onset in normal subjects is not immediate, but oscillates between arousal, stage I and II sleep before steady NREM sleep is obtained. So falling asleep results in decreased ventilation and a high...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01684	How do our bodies acclimate to hot/cold temperatures?	Our brains have a "thermostat" (this is one of the jobs of the hypothalamus) to maintain a constant body temperature. It controls heating/cooling functions like sweating, shivering, and keeping blood circulation closer to our core to conserve heat or circulating it to our extremities to cool off by dissipating heat. As other posters have mentioned, humans can generate some heat by increasing metabolism in specialized fat cells (brown adipose tissue), but it is not the main way we adult humans regulate our body temperature (part of the reason the paper u/Salted_One linked to is a big deal is that we didn't know adult humans used that mechanism until recently – we thought it was just lots of non-human animals and human infants). This thermostat's set point can be changed. It's most obvious when you have a fever and shiver even though your temperature is high.	[ "Section::::Controls of variables.\n\nSection::::Controls of variables.:Core temperature.\n\nMammals regulate their core temperature using input from thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus, brain, spinal cord, internal organs, and great veins. Apart from the internal regulation of temperature, a process called allosta...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-10723	How do cordyceps supplements work?	> How exactly is my body responding to them? Most likely by being slightly poorer. Unless a doctor says you need very specific supplements because your body has a hard time absorbing or creating certain nutrients, or because your lifestyle or location make it difficult to acquire them, you get all the nutrients you need through a balanced diet, and the supplements just wind up in your urine as excess. It's especially curious that they are referred to as cordyceps "supplements", as opposed to say, fungi-based vitamin whatever supplements, or simply medicinal fungi. To call them cordyceps supplements is just odd, as I'd be very surprised to learn that these parasitic fungi are a class of nutrient that we can have a shortage of. It may not be doing you any harm, but it's probably not doing you enough good to justify the cost either. You are very likely being suckered.	[ "The latex also contains a number of chemicals, including taspine. Oligomeric proanthocyanidins, another kind of chemical contained in the latex, have been investigated for the treatment of HIV-associated diarrhea under the name crofelemer. In January 2013, crofelemer, under the trade name Mytesi, was approved by t...	[ "Cordyceps supplements work for the bodies benefit. ", "Cordyceps supplements work." ]	[ "Cordyceps supplements probably do not work for the bodies benefit. ", "Cordyceps supplements do nothing if you are eating a balanced diet because you get the nutrition you need. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cordyceps supplements work for the bodies benefit. ", "Cordyceps supplements work." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cordyceps supplements probably do not work for the bodies benefit. ", "Cordyceps supplements do nothing if you are eating a balanced diet because you get the nutrition you need. " ]
2018-00831	Does Diet Coke still have the ability to make you put on weight?	The comments here belie a general misunderstanding (very common on reddit) of why people put on weight. Background: Humans are naturally predisposed to obesity because, as a species, we evolved to put on weight in times of plenty. Well, there's plenty around us all the time now, in terms of cheap and freely available delicious calories that require no physical effort to attain. How do we put on weight? Appetite and satiety (how hungry you are and to what degree a meal suppresses that hunger) are the primary drivers of excess weight gain. This is why, for instance, all of the genetic associations we've documented with obesity are linked to genes related to appetite and/or satiety signalling. Do genetic factors alter calories in/calories out from a thermodynamic perspective? No. Do they alter calories in/calories out from a behavioural perspective - that is, increasing the number of calories going in by making you desire more food at every meal? Yes. People like to think they exercise absolute free will in terms of food choices. The reality is that every decision we make is the product of a [huge number of interacting internal (ie, biological) and external (ie, environmental) factors]( URL_0 ), of which the degree of appetite and satiety are primary components. Think how hard it would be to maintain weight if the 1000kcal meal you ate every night only provided an equivalent of 500kcal of satiation. These 'indirect effects' that promote weight gain can't be discarded because they are indirect; they are extremely powerful. For instance, people on reddit often like to excuse obese people who have 'medical causes' of obesity. How does a medical cause of obesity, like Prader-Willi syndrome, result in obesity? Because it makes the patient extremely hungry, not because it somehow disrupts human thermodynamics. To answer your question: There is [evidence]( URL_1 ) that artificial sweeteners reduce satiety and thus promote higher calorie intake through a number of mechanisms, including direct modulation of hypothalamic signalling and indirect effects on the gut microbiota and the brain-gut axis. Do they themselves contain calories? No. Do they promote intake of more calories (relative to water)? Probably. Are they worse than sugar-sweetened drinks? Not sure; probably equally as bad. Drink anything sweetened (sugar or not) in moderation. Source: PhD in molecular mechanisms underpinning obesity risk and related metabolic comorbidities. Edit: structure, spelling and bits	[ "The widespread, though not universal, agreement that the newest formulations taste much more \"normal\" (sugar-like) than the older diet soft drinks have prompted some producers, such as Jones Soda, to abandon the \"diet\" label entirely in favor of \"sugar-free\", implying that the taste is good enough to drink e...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04643	The difference between straw and hay	Hay is food for animals. It's grasses/grains that have their seeds and stuff on them. Straw is just plant stocks that has no meaningful nutritional value that's used for bedding. It's the leftovers from collecting grain.	[ "Oat, barley, and wheat plant materials are occasionally cut green and made into hay for animal fodder; however they are more usually used in the form of straw, a harvest byproduct where the stems and dead leaves are baled after the grain has been harvested and threshed. Straw is used mainly for animal bedding. Alt...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-22045	How would an employer or school be able to see what I do on my webcam?	At some point you installed or they installed stuff into your computer. Often this is “to manage” or “to secure” or something. This software can also turn on your web cam and send the video and audio back to them. On many computers they can do this without any visible way for you to tell it’s going on. This happens because they setup the software with lots of “privileges” like it was the boss. So all the other software in your computer lets it do whatever it wants. They’re all like “secret security service software, let us through” and suddenly they can access everything. A post it note or sticker over the webcam can make it so they can’t see you. Best to assume that they can always hear you.	[ "Webcams may be installed at places such as childcare centres, offices, shops and private areas to monitor security and general activity.\n\nSection::::Uses.:Commerce.\n\nWebcams have been used for augmented reality experiences online. One such function has the webcam act as a \"magic mirror\" to allow an online sh...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04102	Why is it easier to whistle with wet lips than when your lips are dry?	When your lips are moist they are more more flexible. You need flexible surfaces in order to make noise.	[ "It also prominently features in the score of the movie \"Twisted Nerve\", composed by Bernard Herrmann, which was later used in Quentin Tarantino's \"Kill Bill\".\n", "Many expert musical palatal whistlers will substantially alter the position of the tongue to ensure a good quality tone. Venetian gondoliers are ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-09961	How do psychiatrists decide what antidepressants to prescribe?	A LOT of medicine is trial and error. But the initial choices can be influenced by things like age and what other meds a patient is already on.	[ "The risk factors for treatment resistant depression are: the duration of the episode of depression, severity of the episode, if bipolar, lack of improvement in symptoms within the first couple of treatment weeks, anxious or avoidant and borderline comorbidity and old age. Treatment resistant depression is best han...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03956	Does an elevated heart rate from playing intense video games count as cardio?	Elevating your heart rate by itself isn't necessarily helpful. It's in conjunction with other aspects of exercise that it benefits you. Simply raising the heart rate alone puts stress upon the heart. Similarly, simply raising the heart rate via medications is not necessarily beneficial but can even be counterproductive. As an example, as muscles consume ATP during exercise, they release adenosine, which relaxes arteries. Without the exercise, those arteries don't relax, and your heart has to work harder just to do the same amount of work, without an improvement in efficiency.	[ "According to an article on interactive video games in physical education, many of these types of games are not just animated exercise. Many have different assessments and scores based on performance of skills. Some have heart rate monitors and estimate caloric expenditure. Others are designed with enhancing motor ...	[ "Elevating your heart rate alone is cardio.", "Raising the heart rate by playing video games is enough to be considered cardio. " ]	[ "Cardio is more than just an elevated heart rate. The excercise has many more effects than just increasing your heart rate that contribute to the benefits that cardio provides.", "Raising the heart rate is simply not enough to count as cardio. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Elevating your heart rate alone is cardio.", "Raising the heart rate by playing video games is enough to be considered cardio. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cardio is more than just an elevated heart rate. The excercise has many more effects than just increasing your heart rate that contribute to the benefits that cardio provides.", "Raising the heart rate is simply not enough to count as cardio. " ]
2018-18645	What makes volcanoes erupt and explode so violently?	TL;DR: It's not 'lava flowing up' that does it. It's gas, under tremendous pressure due to crazy amounts of heat and pressure from below. [The (original) Mythbusters makes an excellent analogy with their hot water heater experiments]( URL_0 ). They basically disable all of the safeties on a standard water heater and pump up its temperature to the boiling point until the pressure builds and builds as the water converts from liquid to gas. Then the water heater erupts in absolutely spectacular fashion. (Skip to 1:30 to see it) They figured out 335 pounds per square inch is the magic pressure point for the heater to blow. Now, translate this to a volcano under certain circumstances and pretend you have a MASSIVE plug of solid rock above this gigantic bubble of gas that's created within this special type of explosive volcano. Basalt - volcanic rock - weighs a pound for roughly every fourteen inch by one inch by one inch block. So jam a chimney that's a couple thousand feet thick above this bubble of crazy pressure gas, and you have way more than the pressure that this water heater gets in the video. Keep adding more and more gas pressure over time as the area continues to heat up from the lava that's below it and it gets hotter and hotter... ...and when it fails, it's going to fail. Incredibly, gigantically and horribly, lifting all that rock in a truly gigantic explosion. Not all volcanoes produce gas like this, and not all of them have giant plugs that prevent the pressure from being released more gradually. Explosive ones are rare... but by golly when they go, they REALLY go.	[ "Magmatic eruptions produce juvenile clasts during explosive decompression from gas release. They range in intensity from the relatively small lava fountains on Hawaii to catastrophic Ultra-Plinian eruption columns more than high, bigger than the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 that buried Pompeii.\n\nSection::::M...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-14769	How do they come up with thousands of puzzles for puzzle games?	Usually by finding a theme that can be varied a bit in multiple ways and then building suites of related puzzles, which also lets them implement difficulty curves. Also, there have been countless puzzles already invented, some very classic. You can get a lot of your work done by researching.	[ "The game has no pause feature or motion controls, and there is no formal tutorial. Hidden between the puzzles are a few ciphers—incomprehensible text to be decoded through substitution cipher and other methods. The endless mode unlocks when the 100 puzzles are complete, and features a series of randomly generated ...	[ "Puzzle games only use new puzzles. " ]	[ "Puzzle games use puzzles that have already been invented as well as new puzzles. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Puzzle games only use new puzzles. ", "Puzzle games only use new puzzles. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Puzzle games use puzzles that have already been invented as well as new puzzles. ", "Puzzle games use puzzles that have already been invented as well as new puzzles. " ]
2018-04766	Since cuts and abrasions are easily infected, why do many military's require that men stay clean-shaven?	It was originally meant to make sure your gas-mask had an airtight seal on your face, or so I was told in the military.	[ "Armies may also require males to maintain clean-shaven faces as facial hair can prevent an air-tight seal between the face and breathing or safety equipment, such as a pilot's oxygen mask, a diver's mask, or a soldier's gas mask.\n\nSection::::Other reasons.:In sport.\n", "Those with skin conditions such as pseu...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-11554	If things expand when they're hot, than why does water expand when frozen?	Water also expands as it get hotter. However, due to an odd quirk of physics, the liquid form of water at 0 C takes up less space than the solid form. This is not true for most substances, water is one of the few exceptions.	[ "Absorption or desorption of water (or other solvents) can change the size of many common materials; many organic materials change size much more due to this effect than due to thermal expansion. Common plastics exposed to water can, in the long term, expand by many percent.\n\nSection::::Coefficient of thermal exp...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-05469	Are tea and coffee metabolized the same way water and dry herbs/beans would be separately? Does the water undergo a chemical change when it steeps/brews? About what percent of the initial water is metabolized by the body normally?	Tea and coffee are not metabolized in the same way that the dry herbs or beans would be because only some of the substances in the herbs/beans are leeched out into the water. The water doesn't undergo a chemical change but rather dissolves chemicals from within the brewed substance. The body doesn't really metabolize water, it metabolizes the substances carried within the water.	[ "Tea also contains theanine and the stimulant caffeine at about 3% of its dry weight, translating to between 30 mg and 90 mg per 8 oz (250 ml) cup depending on type, brand and brewing method. Tea also contains small amounts of theobromine and theophylline. Dry tea has more caffeine by weight than dry coffee; nevert...	[ "Water is metabolized by the body." ]	[ "Water is not metabolized by the body, it metabolizes the substances within the water." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Water is metabolized by the body." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Water is not metabolized by the body, it metabolizes the substances within the water." ]
2018-00035	Why do printers make the paper warm?	Laser printers work by charging certain areas of an image drum so that toner sticks to them. > After the toner sticks to the paper, it goes through a heating element which melts the toner particles and fuses them to the paper. ~~The laser used to charge the drum also heats it up. When the paper rolls over the drum, some of the heat transfers to it.~~	[ "There are several types of thermal printers, among them and marketed at present time as \"Tattoo transfer copiers\", there are two main types made by different manufactures: Thermo-head type and Heat lamp type\n\nSection::::Thermo-head type.\n\nThe black parts on the original sheet, once scanned, make the copier a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13405	Airbnb and New York city legal issues?	Un-hosted short-term rentals are flatly illegal in NYC. Violations can very quickly accrue thousands of dollars in fines. You can legally rent on AirBnB in NYC only if you remain in the unit with your guests.	[ "In an effort to crack down on illegal hotel operators, Rivera introduced a bill in June 2018 to require short-term rental companies such as Airbnb to report host data to the city. The bill passed the Council 45–0 and was signed into law by Mayor Bill de Blasio on August 6, 2018. Airbnb is suing to block the legisl...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-11025	How do fibre optic cables bend?	Same reason a piece of paper can flop around but a tree trunk can't. The thinner you draw a material, the less stress you concentrate on a bend radius. For a thick material to bend, the outside must expand while the inside compresses. Thicker cross sections require more intense expansion/compression to achieve the same radius. In optical fiber, the glass has been drawn to just a few hundred micrometers or less, dramatically reducing that stress. The bulk of the cable is polymer jacketing material to protect the glass.	[ "Fiber cable can be very flexible, but traditional fiber's loss increases greatly if the fiber is bent with a radius smaller than around 30 mm. This creates a problem when the cable is bent around corners or wound around a spool, making FTTX installations more complicated. \"Bendable fibers\", targeted towards easi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04462	Why are Smartphones vertically oriented screens by default and design, yet all other forms of screens and displays are all designed horizontal?	Have you ever tried holding your phone horizontally with one hand to use it?	[ "In 2017, several manufacturers began to release smartphones with displays taller than the conventional 16:9 aspect ratio used by the majority of devices, and diagonal screen sizes often around 6 inches. However, in these cases, the sizes of the devices are more compact than 16:9 aspect ratio devices with equivalen...	[ "Smartphones should be oriented horizontally like other screens." ]	[ "It is harder to use a horizontally oriented screen so phones go with vertical. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Smartphones should be oriented horizontally like other screens." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It is harder to use a horizontally oriented screen so phones go with vertical. " ]
2018-04186	If an oven and bulb are connected in parallel, why is that the oven get more current?	If it had higher resistance it would get less current. It has lower resistance so it gets more current.	[ "When the bulb's filament is heated white-hot, electrons are boiled off its surface and into the vacuum inside the bulb. If the extra electrode (also called a \"plate\" or \"anode\") is made more positive than the hot filament, a direct current flows through the vacuum. And since the extra electrode is cold and the...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-05313	When I’m at work, at a pool. I look into the water and the black lines that mark the lanes will have what appears to be a blue halo on one side and an orange halo on the other, why does this happen?	I suspect this is a kind of chromatic aberration. Water can act like a lens, and lenses bend short wavelength light (blue) more than long wavelength light (red/orange). My guess as to why this only shows up near the black lines is that everywhere else in the pool is pretty uniform, so these effects cancel out. The black lines aren't reflecting much light, so the distortion near them is evident.	[ "Speckle patterns typically occur in diffuse reflections of monochromatic light such as laser light. Such reflections may occur on materials such as paper, white paint, rough surfaces, or in media with a large number of scattering particles in space, such as airborne dust or in cloudy liquids.\n\nSection::::Explana...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-15932	why are plastics straws worse than plastic cups?	Straws are small and thin. Because or their shape they might not be able to be handled by some recycling facilities as they'd clog the machines. So some facilities just sort out all the straws and send them to the dump. They are also small enough to be eaten by various animals, which of course causes issues.	[ "BULLET::::- Polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable plastic, require 68% fewer fossil fuel resources to produce than plastic and are compostable but require very specific conditions to break down fully\n\nBULLET::::- Wheat stem drink straws are made from the stem of the wheat plant. They are typically 3-5 mm in dia...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01464	Purple dye for fabrics used to be extremely rare, to the point that it was mostly worn only by royalty. Why didn't people just mix red and blue dye?	Because blue was rare as well, how often do you see a blue flower?	[ "In the Middle Ages, those who dyed blue fabric and red fabric were members of different guilds, and were forbidden to dye any other colors than those of their own guild. Most purple fabric was made by the dyers who worked with red, and who used dye from madder or cochineal, so Medieval violet colors were inclined ...	[ "Red and blue dyes were commonly available in the past." ]	[ "Blue dyes were rare in the past." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Red and blue dyes were commonly available in the past." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Blue dyes were rare in the past." ]
2018-02385	How are psychiatric medications developed, if their mechanisms of action is often unknown?	A lot of the time they are discovered by accident. In other words they don’t usually intend to create psychiatric medicine, but find that certain other drugs just so happen to have beneficial effects for mental health.	[ "In 1989, the U.S Department of Defense was directed to create the Psychopharmacology Demonstration Project (PDP). By 1997, ten psychologists were trained in psychopharmacology and granted the ability to prescribe psychiatric medications.\n", "Psychiatric medications are prescription medications, requiring a pres...	[ "Psychiatric drugs are developed on purpose. " ]	[ "Psychiatric drugs are not developed, but psychiatric drugs are often other drugs that are later found to work for mental health." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Psychiatric drugs are developed on purpose. ", "Psychiatric drugs are developed on purpose. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Psychiatric drugs are not developed, but psychiatric drugs are often other drugs that are later found to work for mental health.", "Psychiatric drugs are not developed, but psychiatric drugs are often other drugs that are later found to work for mental health." ]
2018-00892	how did language begin?	Nobody knows. There are conjectures, with ridiculous names (like the "dingdong theory" and the "bow-wow theory"), but they're complete guesses and are probably almost as ridiculous as their names. We do know how languages develop and change over time, so we can actually trace it back through earlier versions and even try to reconstruct long-dead languages: for example, English must have descended from a language that linguists call "Proto-Germanic" (a language which also gave us modern German, Dutch and the Scandinavian languages), and Proto-Germanic must itself have descended from a language we call "Proto-Indo-European" (which is the common ancestor of nearly all European languages and several languages spoken in India). We think Proto-Indo-European must have been spoken around 6,000 to 4,000 years ago somewhere in the region around the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. And there the trail goes cold: we have no idea where Proto-Indo-European comes from. And PIE was a fully-developed language, just as sophisticated and as expressive as modern English is. Some linguists have made guesses as to how, in general, a complete grammar (the rules governing how individual words can be combined to mean something) might have developed -- this is far too complex, but if you're interested in languages, I can recommend The Unfolding of Language by Guy Deutscher. But Deutscher says in his book that he has to start with a rudimentary language consisting of words for things (i.e. nouns) and words for actions (verbs). How we got from grunts to nouns and verbs, he can't say. It's tempting to suggest that we just pointed to a thing, made a sound, and that was the word for it. But is that really how it happened? Not a clue, but it's unlikely: languages aren't designed, they evolve, and without a language how can you communicate the idea: "Whatever sound I make when I point to something, that's its name"? Vervet monkey are an example of a species that use different calls for different things: specifically, different alarm calls for different types of predator, so that other vervets know whether they should climb a tree or take cover under something. But while that's a language in the sense of a system of communication, it's still nothing like human language: it has no grammar, and vervets can't combine the calls in innovative ways to communicate new ideas. Presumably simply calls evolved into words, but... we don't know how. TL;DR: Nobody has the faintest idea, but please let us know if you invent a time machine because this is one question we'd love to have answered.	[ "History contains a number of anecdotes about people who attempted to discover the origin of language by experiment. The first such tale was told by Herodotus (\"Histories\" 2.2). He relates that Pharaoh Psammetichus (probably Psammetichus I, 7th century BC) had two children raised by a shepherd, with the instructi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-12685	what causes throbbing pain?	The injury caused damage the body responds to damage by sending more blood which causes swelling the swelling stretches everything and that puts more pressure on the nerve endings that detected pressure. Under normal conditions your pulse pushes outward on your body as it travels. Because the area is already stretched from the inflammation the nerve endings that normally wouldn’t detect the slight expansion from your pulse are now being triggered after every beat of your heart	[ "Response to motor-level stimulation is often not immediately but its effect is long-lasting. Due to the lack of immediate effect, treatment times are typically longer and are conducted for 45 minutes or longer. The mechanism of action may be attributed to the production of rhythmic motor contractions that activate...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04188	How does the body determine if a sickness you have is worth making a fever or not?	Your brain has something called the Hypothalamus and that thing has a region called regio preaoptica. This region gets all the temperature information of your body, 30% of the Neurons/Nerves there are sensing heat, 5% do the same with cold. The rest is not attached to registering either (insensitive). The normal body temperature regarding the periphery and the central body are now calculated by comparing these cold/heat sensors to the insensitive ones which means a misbalance here would result either in a state of frosting or a rise in temperature (fever) — > Pyrogenes are misbalancing our normal body temperature by effecting our regio praeoptica in a complex process. Pyrogenes can be Bacteria, Virus, mushrooms.	[ "Consider a village where all villagers are either healthy or have a fever and only the village doctor can determine whether each has a fever. The doctor diagnoses fever by asking patients how they feel. The villagers may only answer that they feel normal, dizzy, or cold.\n", "Despite all this, diagnosis may only...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-21196	How does a massive site like flickr transfer everything to new owners?	Usually you'd expect the infrastructure to be part of the buyout, i.e. flickr servers become smugmug servers. Its quite possible that the servers (and storage) are rented, rather than owned, in which case the new company takes over the bills and the access to the servers.	[ "On May 7, 2015, Yahoo! overhauled the site, adding a revamped Camera Roll, a new way to upload photos and upgraded the site's apps. The new Uploadr application was made available for Macs, Windows and mobile devices.\n\nIn early May 2019, SmugMug announced the migration of Flickr data - 100+ million accounts and b...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21726	What causes everyone to have different fingerprints? Is it from DNA only or some outside reason? If it is from DNA, would a kids fingerprints resemble that of the parents at all since they partially share DNA.	People don't all have different fingerprints, at least to the limit of our ability to distinguish them. They just are likely to be rare enough that only one person in about 100,000 or so will share a print, meaning it is strong supporting evidence in a trial. It is not however absolute evidence identifying someone 100%.	[ "Section::::Fingerprint verification.:Patterns.\n\nThe three basic patterns of fingerprint ridges are the arch, loop, and whorl:\n\nBULLET::::- arch: The ridges enter from one side of the finger, rise in the center forming an arc, and then exit the other side of the finger.\n\nBULLET::::- loop: The ridges enter fro...	[ "Everyone has different fingerprints.", "Everyone has a different fingerprint." ]	[ "Everyone does not have different fingerprints; however a person's fingerprints are so rare that only approximately one person in about 100,000 will share a print.", "Not everyone has a different fingerprint, identical fingerprints just tend to be very rare. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Everyone has different fingerprints.", "Everyone has a different fingerprint." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Everyone does not have different fingerprints; however a person's fingerprints are so rare that only approximately one person in about 100,000 will share a print.", "Not everyone has a different fingerprint, identical fingerprints just tend to be very rare. " ]
2018-05965	How does the condition of a company affect its stock price?	The stock price reflects investors' beliefs in the company's future ability to turn a profit. If it's doing great, this increases. If it's a disaster, this decreases.	[ "BULLET::::- \"A Dichotomy between Ownership and Management\". The company’s shares are listed on stock exchanges, and their performance is scrutinized by the financial community. Postponement of a single important shipment can affect a quarterly result. In the small and mid-sized companies the owners typically are...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13091	Why is our address arranged as is whereas to get to an address you have to read it backwards as you go along?	Because by the time it's almost at the point of delivery and in the posties hand, it's the top part of the address that's most relevant.	[ "Similar to Belgium and most other European countries, the address starts with the most specific information (addressee individual identification) and ends with the most general information (postcode and town for domestic mail or country for cross border (international) mail.)\n\nSpatial information of a physical a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-24525	Why does liquid stick to the glass you’re pouring from, instead of pouring out directly?	Not all liquids do this, but liquids like water are what we call polar substances. This means that the actual molecules have a positively charged end and a negatively charged end. When one of these ends comes in contact with the side of the container it induces the opposite charge in the container which causes the liquid to stick to the container. This is the same reason surface tension exists. It can also depend on the viscosity of the liquid. Liquids thinner than water generally won't do this, but it's easier for the liquid to cling to the container than it does to form water droplets and a system will always seek the easiest option according to the Principle of Minimum Energy, a restatement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.	[ "The addition of even a few percent of ethanol to water sharply reduces the surface tension of water. This property partially explains the \"tears of wine\" phenomenon. When wine is swirled in a glass, ethanol evaporates quickly from the thin film of wine on the wall of the glass. As the wine's ethanol content decr...	[ "Liquids stick to the container you pour from instead of pouring out directly." ]	[ "Not all liquids do this." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Liquids stick to the container you pour from instead of pouring out directly." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Not all liquids do this." ]
2018-07288	All about Modern Deserts- How did they form? Why are they so prevalent? Should we fear their expansion?	Deserts are a result of weather patterns. When there is no moisture in the air, it seldom rains. Where there are large chunks of land where the prevailing winds are not over oceans, deserts form.	[ "The world's most noted deserts have been formed by natural processes interacting over long intervals of time. During most of these times, deserts have grown and shrunk independent of human activities. Paleodeserts are large sand seas now inactive because they are stabilized by vegetation, some extending beyond the...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-24381	How is water ( H2O ) able to dissapate heat so quickly and efficiently?	Heat is quickly transferred through contact, water is a liquid and gets in small spaces that solids otherwise wouldn’t. It then evaporates away from the heated object which works in the same way as sweat, and takes heat with it, cooling the object.	[ "Section::::Theory and process.\n\nIn the method used by CWT, the water improves the heating process and contributes hydrogen to the reactions.\n", "Section::::Physical properties.:Water, ice, and vapor.:Heat capacity and heats of vaporization and fusion.\n\nWater has a very high specific heat capacity of 4.1814 ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-09470	Why do tinted windows almost look like a grid when you wear sunglasses?	Polarization. Simply put: Sunglasses with polarized lenses align the light in one direction. The tint is an imperfect film that has certain polarizing effects on light as well. When you have the shades on, you’re able to see the alignment of the tinted application. Try this with cheap shades. You won’t see anything. Any sunglasses with polarized lenses will show off other polarized items. Even the aftermarket screen protectors on some phones are polarized, you’ll see the pattern as well.	[ "BULLET::::- Reflected Color under an Angle - as a reflected light source is reflected from the glazing under a shallow angle, some anti-reflective coatings may cause the reflected color to shift. Therefore, in picture framing, a stable color under a wide viewing angle is desirable.\n", "BULLET::::- Malta— The Ma...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03264	How do astronomers find planets beyond our solar system and so far away?	There are a few ways: One way to make sense of the gravitational interaction between a planet and a star is to imagine a game of tug-of-war. On one side, you have the star - a massive object with a really powerful gravitational field. On the other side, you have the planet, much smaller, with a whole lot less gravity. We know who wins this game - the star. That's why planets orbit stars and not the other way around. But even though the planet is small, it still has some gravitational force. It still has an effect on its host star, even if that effect is much less pronounced than the one the star has on the planet. The planet's gravity causes the star to 'wobble'�around a little bit. As you might imagine, the bigger the planet, the bigger the effect it has on its star. Small planets, like Earth, make their stars only wobble a tiny bit. Bigger planets, like Jupiter, have a much stronger effect. DIGGING INTO THE DOPPLER DATA Wobbling stars are great for finding exoplanets, but how do we see the wobbling stars? The method used is one called 'Doppler shift'�. It's named after the physicist who figured it out about 150 years ago. Energy - sound, radio waves, heat, and light - moves in waves. Those waves can be stretched and squeezed, based on the movement of the object that's producing them. You may not know it, but you've probably experienced the Doppler effect before. Have you ever noticed how the sound of an ambulance passing you on the street gets higher in pitch as it gets close to you, and then lower in pitch as it speeds away? The reason is because when an object that emits energy (like an ambulance speaker or a massive, burning star) moves closer to you, the waves bunch up and squish together. And when the object is moving away, the waves stretch out. Those changes in the wavelength change how we perceive the energy that we're seeing or listening to. As sound waves scrunch together, they sound higher in pitch. And when visible light waves scrunch together, they look more blue in color. When sound waves stretch out, they sound lower in pitch. And when visible light waves stretch out, they make an object look more reddish. This change in color is called 'redshift', and scientists can use it to see if an object in the sky is moving towards us or farther away.	[ "Lemonick describes the diverse methods with which astronomers work to try to find Earth-like planets. Some evaluate images of clumps of stars, tens of thousands of them together, in order to pick up slight reductions in brightness caused by planets passing in front of their host stars, some examine individual star...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01411	How can freezing have a "burning" effect?	From a feeling point of view, they both set off nerves and can be intense enough to not be able to tell the difference. From a damage point of view they both damage cells and can cause similar looking injuries even though the cause is different. Under a microscope burnt and frozen cells look different but at the scale the human eye can see, a patch if destroyed cells can look the same as an entirely different patch of destroyed cells.	[ "The form of injury is freezing of the skin, a type of frostbite. It is highly advised for those who suffer from frostbite to seek medical attention.\n\nIn rare cases aerosol-induced burns can be severe enough to necessitate skin grafting.\n\nSection::::Signs and symptoms.\n", "Freezer burn\n\nFreezer burn is a c...	[ "Freeing and burning has the same effect on skin cells. " ]	[ "Freeing and burning look the same to the human eye, but under a microscope frozen cells and burned cells look different " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Freeing and burning has the same effect on skin cells. ", "Freeing and burning has the same effect on skin cells. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Freeing and burning look the same to the human eye, but under a microscope frozen cells and burned cells look different ", "Freeing and burning look the same to the human eye, but under a microscope frozen cells and burned cells look different " ]
2018-16686	Why can't phone numbers be blocked by specific geographic region?	yes, the technology exists, but the government won't let telecoms use it. & #x200B; Notice how you rarely get spam text messages? That's because the government allows telecom companies to filter those, based on both content and sender address. The law says, however, that telecom companies must deliver all voice calls as dialed, even if we KNOW they are spam.	[ "BULLET::::- In area codes where service providers are required to participate in thousands-block number pooling, the carrier is to return any blocks of 1,000 numbers which are more than 90% empty; an exemption applies for one block per rate center which the carrier must keep as an initial block or footprint block....	[ "Phone numbers cannot be blocked by specific geographic region." ]	[ "Phone numbers can indeed be blocked by specific geographic region, however the government does not allow telecoms to use it." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Phone numbers cannot be blocked by specific geographic region." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Phone numbers can indeed be blocked by specific geographic region, however the government does not allow telecoms to use it." ]
2018-01855	Why does testosterone make you stronger?	Testosterone is type of hormone (androgen) that leads to the development secondary sexual characteristics in men by being converted to 5a-dihydrotestosterone and binding to testosterone receptors. These include increased muscle and bone mass as well as increased sex drive. In terms of how it works, hormones work as a signalling mechanism to tell cells what to do - think of it as a cell sending instructions to another cell. Testosterone is a chemical signal to develop the above characteristics.	[ "Testosterone is significantly discussed in relation to aggression and competitive behavior. There are two theories on the role of testosterone in aggression and competition. The first one is the challenge hypothesis which states that testosterone would increase during puberty, thus facilitating reproductive and co...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23512	How does wind actually work? I mean, I know about how the cold and warm mix and stuff but really, how does it work?	Heat has an expansionary pressure, and hot things won't be compelled to go towards something that's equally hot or hotter, it moves away. & #x200B; As such, heat in the atmosphere is constantly trying to move away from the center of the heat, which pushes less-hot things away. & #x200B; But, since pressure across the environment is so grossly inconsistent due to large bodies of water, evaporation, mountain ranges, and the earth's motion, the atmosphere is basically a big jumbled soup of hot air trying to equalize itself. Since all this hot air is moving very fast, it creates wind.	[ "Section::::Usage.:Recreation.\n", "Section::::Local examples.\n\nRegionally, these winds are known by many different names. These include:\n\nBULLET::::- in Africa\n\nBULLET::::- Bergwind in South Africa\n\nBULLET::::- in the Americas\n\nBULLET::::- The Brookings Effect on the southwestern coast of Oregon, also ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-11318	why a word like "live" has different meanings based on pronunciation even though it's spelt one way.	This is how the English language works. There is no rule. Just like READ is the past tense of READ. I am intrigued if there's any scholars who can explain more.	[ "Alphabetic orthographies often have features that are morphophonemic rather than purely phonemic. This means that the spelling reflects to some extent the underlying morphological structure of the words, not only their pronunciation. Hence different forms of a morpheme (minimum meaningful unit of language) are oft...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03691	How is a vending machine able to know the differences of how much a bill is? (like 1's, 5's, etc)?	I actually know quite a bit about this. My best friend writes the code for the optics that go into machines lime this and a ATM's. Basically what happens is the US bills have water marks and other identifying features on them for safety. When you use a specific light they light up brightly. A photosensor is able to identify the image and thus the bill it is. A 1 has no mark. A 5 I think has Lincoln on it, a 10 is Hamilton and so on. So the computer matches it up with a portrait like a game of guess who and then identifies the bill that way. This is only one way. Some higher tech machines have more sophisticated means. Some include identifying the specific ink that's on the bill, identifying micro print and so on. It'll depend on the level of security required by the customer as to which programs get put where. For instance vending machines the risk of loss is relatively small. So a less advanced identifying algorithm is used. An ATM involves a high level of risk so an advanced algorithm would be used. So on and so forth. Edited ATM	[ "A full-line vending company may set up several types of vending machines that sell a wide range of products. Products may include candy, cookies, chips, fresh fruit, milk, cold food, coffee and other hot drinks, bottles, cans of soda, and even frozen products like ice cream. These products can be sold from machine...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02193	What happens when you pass out from something like shock and how is it different from being knocked unconscious due to trauma?	Shock is typically Hypovolemic shock, meaning extreme loss of blood. When this happens your body shuts down. It can no longer get oxygen, has a build up of waste, and you pass out and shortly thereafter die. Getting TKO'd results in either misfiring of your neurons or again a quick lack of oxygen. Your brain loses oxygen, or your neurons fire wrong, and you pass out. But shortly thereafter recover, and usually don't die.	[ "Section::::Effects on unconsciousness.\n\nGenerally, there are six abnormal states of consciousness that can result from a TBI: \n\nBULLET::::- Stupor is a state of partial or near complete unconsciousness in which the patient is lethargic, immobile, and has a reduced response to stimuli.\n\nBULLET::::- Coma is a ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04280	Why does Amazon Prime offer 20% off new Physical Video Games but has no discount on Digital games?	Physical copies take space in the hangar. You pay for leasing space. In 3-5-7 years media of physical game (dvd, cd) will be outdated and of no use at all. Digital game takes no space in hangar. Internet will not be outdated any time soon.	[ "Video games sold at retail are typically subject to the first-sale doctrine, giving the consumer the right to sell the game at any price and without the publisher/distributor seeing any part of that price. On the other hand, digital games are generally sold as a license to the game; players generally cannot transf...	[ "If a physical game and a digital game offer the same value to the customer, there should be no reason that Amazon offers a discount only on physical copies." ]	[ "Physical copies take space within Amazon's inventory, therefore they offer a discount which allows them to free space." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If a physical game and a digital game offer the same value to the customer, there should be no reason that Amazon offers a discount only on physical copies.", "If a physical game and a digital game offer the same value to the customer, there should be no reason that Amazon offers a discount only on physical copi...	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Physical copies take space within Amazon's inventory, therefore they offer a discount which allows them to free space.", "Physical copies take space within Amazon's inventory, therefore they offer a discount which allows them to free space." ]
2018-14415	How do spiders spin that first string of web across a large open space?	They start out in a few ways. Some spiders just start a little thread of webbing and let it dangle in the air until the wind takes it, and it'll eventually stick to something else. Others will attach a little anchor of webbing to whatever they are on, and then jump and let the air/wind take them to whatever they happen to land on.	[ "Generally, orb-weaving spiders are three-clawed builders of flat webs with sticky spiral capture silk. The building of a web is an engineering feat, begun when the spider floats a line on the wind to another surface. The spider secures the line and then drops another line from the center, making a \"Y\". The rest ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01699	Why do very few but some USA license plates come in the European style?	The ones you are seeing are fake/decorative. USA states do not issues license plates in this shape.	[ "Section::::Usage.\n\nBULLET::::- On Euro-style license plates with the country code in a blue section on the left:\n\nBULLET::::- Germany – introduced in 1995 on Euro license plates only, these are mandatory since 2000\n\nBULLET::::- Bosnia and Herzegovina – in 2009 the new Euro-style license plate design was intr...	[ "USA license plates can come in the European style." ]	[ "Those license plates are just decorative and not like that from the DMV." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "USA license plates can come in the European style." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Those license plates are just decorative and not like that from the DMV." ]
2018-23863	Why did WWI happen?	The assassination is what put the gears in motion that led to the war, but there were a multitude of reasons that the war broke out. This was an era when nationalism was at its height in Europe and when everyone thinks their country is the best they won't shy away from a war. In its simplist form that was WW1. Franz Ferdinand was heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary who ruled land that Serbians thought should go to Serbia. The man that shot him was a Serbian Nationalist.	[ "When the war broke out, much of the fighting was between Western powers, and the immediate \"casus belli\" was an assassination. The victim was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Franz Ferdinand, and he was assassinated on 28 June 1914 by a Yugoslav nationalist named Gavrilo Princip in the city of Sarajevo, ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-16913	Why people have a 'type' that they are (sexually) attracted to	There are two major factors, biological and psychological. Certain things like smell are more certainly evolutionary, they can indicate things such as diverse immune systems, so that your offspring would be better able to survive a wider range of disease. This particularly explains being attracted to people of other races. Psychological factors such as the environment you were raised in, stereotypes promoted by the media, as well as your families preference are more psychological and likely to change.. features likes glasses, hair colour and body weight play more into this in the modern world. Genetic features would not play into effect with things from thousands of years that simply isn't long enough for genetic divergence to occur	[ "Section::::Types.:R associations.\n", "Section::::Sexual preferences and hormones.:Ovulation and female sexual preferences.\n\nThere is evidence that women's mate preferences differ across the ovarian cycle. A meta analysis, investigating 50 studies about whether women's mate preferences for good gene-related ma...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01145	How the bowl audio capture things on football sidelines work?	The bowl is a parabolic reflector, much like a satellite dish but for sound waves. URL_0 It concentrates a large amount of sound, by reflecting it all toward a microphone protruding in the middle.	[ "BULLET::::- Due to the low video quality, sound effects are added to identify game events. A \"ringing\" sound (meant to simulate a whistle) indicates a tackle, incomplete pass, or unsuccessful kick; a high melody indicates a completion, a lower melody (in minor key, a variation of the theme from \"Dragnet\") indi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-20697	What makes cyanide so lethal?	TL:DR it stops your cells using oxygen and you die from massive systemic failure. Ok, so you take a deep breath and all this air rushes into your lungs. Then, a few seconds later you breathe out and the process repeats. you can't stop doing that for very long at all. The thing is though, that process of exchanging O2 for CO2 in your lungs is only the tip of the iceberg. Oxygen is really important to us because we are aerobic organisms. We use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor in the chain of biochemical reactions that generate a molecule called adenosine tri-phosphate or ATP for short. ATP is then used by your cells like fuel. But wait you say, I thought we used glucose as fuel?? That's why we eat! That's correct when you look at the human body as a whole but it's not all that great a model when you look at cells themselves. In cells, you break down glucose to pyruvate via glycolysis (that's just a fancy word that means "splitting glucose"). You then take that pyruvate and feed it into the TCA cycle (TCA stands for trycarboxylic acid which is just a fancy word for acids that have 3 carbon atoms). A good diagram is found [here]( URL_0 ). The TCA cycle splits off hydrogen atoms and a few CO2 molecules (which you then breathe out after they're transported back to your lungs) and then does the most important thing. It turns adenosine di-phosphate (ADP) into ATP. Now the problem is that all of this generates electrons and your body has to get rid of those electrons somehow. It does that by using an enzyme called cytochrome c oxidase to take electrons from cytochrome c with a few H^+ atoms and add them to oxygen. Voila! We now have water. So what the hell does cyanide do? Cyanide inhibits the action of cytochrome c oxidase. It's as simple as that. Um, ELI5. How does this kill you? Every part of the chain involved in making ATP from the energy in glucose depends on re-using parts of the chain. Think of cytochrome c as a transport truck that moves electrons from the work yard to the dump site. Cytochrome c oxidase is like a new dump site that opens up when the truck arrives. If you stop cytochrome c oxidase from working then you can't dump electrons. When you can't dump electrons then you can't make ATP and you can't make the TCA cycle work. Your cell starves, suffocates and backs up with garbage all at once and, when it happens to enough cells, you die. So what exactly kills you? Some cells are working really hard all the time. Those cells are mainly in the brain, heart and gut and they need the most oxygen. When you have cyanide poisoning (the technical term is [histotoxic hypoxia]( URL_1 ) (which is a fancy name for saying low oxygen situation that kills your cells), the cells that use the most oxygen are hit first and hardest. So you get headaches and dizziness (brain), heart palpitations (heart) and nausea (gut). If you are exposed to more cyanide then one or more of those areas fails completely and you have vomiting, heart failure, unconsciousness and then death.	[ "Section::::Toxicity.:Sensitivity.\n\nMinimum risk levels (MRLs) may not protect for delayed health effects or health effects acquired following repeated sublethal exposure, such as hypersensitivity, asthma, or bronchitis. MRLs may be revised after sufficient data accumulates.\n\nSection::::Applications.\n\nSection...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02795	Is a regular audio file with sounds larger than an audio file of the same lengths without sounds?	To a degree, it would depend on the format of the audio file. If it is a file type that allows for compression, then something with no sound would be highly compressible, and have negligible size, whilst the version with audio would be less compressible and so be bigger. If it was a format without compression, then both would be the same size.	[ "The original SoundFont file format was developed in the early 1990s by E-mu Systems and Creative Labs. A specification for this version was never released to the public. The first and only major device to utilize this version was Creative's Sound Blaster AWE32 in 1994. Files in this format conventionally have the ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00932	Why exactly does cold weather dry out skin even when there's a decent level of relative humidity?	Relative humidity is relative to the carrying capacity of the air. Colder air cannot hold as much water vapor as warm air, which is how you get condensation on cold cups carried in warm humid weather - the air next to the cup cools and the water vapor in it precipitates out as liquid. So if relative humidity stays the same percentage, but the air gets significantly colder, there is less water vapor in any given segment of air.	[ "The U.S. National Weather Service defines \"extreme cold\" as with winds less than . In these conditions, the unprotected skin of a healthy adult will develop frostbite in ten to twenty minutes. The Canadian standard includes lower temperatures.\n\nSection::::Principles.\n", "In the original sense it meant the m...	[ "Cold weather should not dry out your skin because there is decent RH.", "If cold air has humidity, it should not be able to dry out skin as much as it does. " ]	[ "Cold weather dries your skin because there is less water in it. ", "Cold air doesn't hold as much water vapor as warmer air, " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cold weather should not dry out your skin because there is decent RH.", "If cold air has humidity, it should not be able to dry out skin as much as it does. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cold weather dries your skin because there is less water in it. ", "Cold air doesn't hold as much water vapor as warmer air, " ]
2018-13879	What is the difference between the specification of a 7” record and a 12” record ( in newer, digital forms of music)	7" would be a single, and 12" would be an album, so they are specifying which version of the track it is - the version released as a single, or the copy which appeared on the album.	[ "As a special release for Record Store Day 2011, Capitol re-released The Beach Boys single \"Good Vibrations\" in the form of a 10-inch 78 rpm record (b/w \"Heroes and Villains\"). More recently, The Reverend Peyton's Big Damn Band has released their tribute to blues guitarist Charley Patton \"Peyton on Patton\" on...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-05244	Where does skin go after a lot of weight is lost?	It doesn’t vanish or retract to the form of your body. It sags, and the only means of really fixing it is to get it removed.	[ "Body contouring is a common procedure in both men and women. The surgery is prominent in those who have undergone significant weight loss resulting in excess sagging skin being present around areas of the body. Patients who have lost a large portion of excess weight may experience issues with elasticity of the ski...	[ "Skin goes somewhere when a lot of weight is lost." ]	[ "When a lot of weight is lost, skin does not vanish nor retract to the form of the body; this excess skin causes sagging." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Skin goes somewhere when a lot of weight is lost.", "Skin goes somewhere when a lot of weight is lost." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "When a lot of weight is lost, skin does not vanish nor retract to the form of the body; this excess skin causes sagging.", "When a lot of weight is lost, skin does not vanish nor retract to the form of the body; this excess skin causes sagging." ]
2018-03237	How do the Bank/Credit card company know someone is using your account/credit card, effectively freezing your card before you even get a chance to call up about a suspicious activity?	They (or more specifically their processing systems) look for oddities in "your" spending habits. Unusual locations. Unusual purchases. Unusual amounts. Known fronts for money laundering. Basically, anything that matches their database of known fraud patterns Phone and internet orders make it a bit more difficult, but they have enough experience watching for fraudulent purchases they can catch a lot of them in the act	[ "In addition to a duress code, there is duress activity. This may include the duressed individual withdrawing cash from an ATM using a specific credit card, instead of using their debit card. Many credit card companies allow for email alerts to be set up when specific activity occurs. There are technical issues tha...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04235	Can leaving a device, such as a smartphone, on a charger after it's reached 100% battery for an extended period of time damage, or have long-term effects on the battery?	Your phone and laptop have battery controller chips that regulate charging and discharging to keep the battery within the allowed current, voltage, temperature, and charge range. When the battery is "full" the controller will stop charging the battery and the phone will run off the incoming power directly rather than sending it through the battery and back out With modern devices the assumption is that the random charger you plug it into will be garbage so they all have their own controller that will protect them. You don't damage your phone by letting it charge overnight	[ "Most modern cell phones, laptops, and most electric vehicles use Lithium-ion batteries. These batteries last longest if the battery is frequently charged; fully discharging the cells will degrade their capacity relatively quickly, but most such batteries are used in equipment which can sense the approach of fill d...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-23498	Why does menthol temporarily relieve coughing?	I'm not a scientist. But menthol has antiseptic and cooling properties. So it helps numb the throat slightly. Coughing is also often triggered by tickling from snot building up. Which the cooling and antiseptic effect of menthol helps clear temporarily. I'm sure someone else can provide a more thorough answer thought.	[ "In another study performed with non-smoking patients, it demonstrates that oral administration of \"Passifora incarnata\" following extubation for patients surgery reduced the patients coughing versus the control group. By administering \"Passiflora incarnata\" orally with the correct dosage, it can result in anti...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04536	In order to save endangered species, like the northern white rhino, why are scientists not cloning the few that are left?	Cloning has some benefits, but also a lot of drawbacks. Among those: 1) It's super hard. Most cloning attempts fail and do not result in a new animal, and even the successes do not necessarily result in a robust animal. 2) It doesn't solve the issue of lacking genetic diversity. You still get the problems associated with inbreeding because your different animals do not introduce different genes. 3) It doesn't solve the extinction issue in the first place. These animals are generally being hunted to extinction, or losing their habitat to human encroachment. If you make more of them, they still get hunted or have no where to live in a sustainable population. So cloning might have a benefit here of surviving past the extinction of the sick male, but it doesn't address why we're down to one male to begin with, and is a losing battle without more done. You might have more success saving sperm and skipping the clone attempts if that's where you are.	[ "It can be possible to save an endangered species from extinction by preserving only \"parts\" of specimens, such as tissues, sperm, eggs, etc. – even after the death of a critically endangered animal, or collected from one found freshly dead, in captivity or from the wild. A new specimen can then be \"resurrected\...	[ "Cloning is a quick and simple solution to endangered species.", "Scientists should resort to cloning endangered species to save them." ]	[ "Cloning is difficult and doesn't work well. There are also new problems that arise like a genetic bottleneck.", "There are many cons to cloning and it also has a low success rate. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cloning is a quick and simple solution to endangered species.", "Scientists should resort to cloning endangered species to save them." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cloning is difficult and doesn't work well. There are also new problems that arise like a genetic bottleneck.", "There are many cons to cloning and it also has a low success rate. " ]
2018-04669	How many generations does it take to train the natural instincts out of a group of animals? Can some instincts never be forgotten?	Of course they tried it in Russia, apparently foxes can become "tame" in about 4-5 generations URL_0	[ "Psychologist Abraham Maslow argued that humans no longer have instincts because we have the ability to override them in certain situations. He felt that what is called instinct is often imprecisely defined, and really amounts to strong \"drives\". For Maslow, an instinct is something which cannot be overridden, an...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-07278	Instead of battery technology, why do Smartphone companies only upgrade cameras, processors, memory, etc yearly?	I will start by saying I am not a scientist or battery specialist. Just a techy and rc enthusiast. Most phones do receive an upgraded battery along with other components. however the components require more power and therefore battery life remains similar. As for pioneering entirely new battery types or using things similar to the RC world, volatility becomes an issue if they’re not handled extremely carefully which is not in the cards for the average cell phone user.	[ "Section::::Hardware.:Battery.\n\nBy the end of 2017, smartphone battery life has become generally adequate; however, earlier smartphone battery life was poor due to the weak batteries that could not handle the significant power requirements of the smartphones' computer systems and color screens.\n", "On December...	[ "Smartphone companies do not upgrade battery technology yearly like they do with memory, cameras, etc.", "Smartphone companies do not upgrade battery technology." ]	[ "Most phones do receive an upgraded battery along with other components.", "Smartphone companies do upgrade battery technology in most smartphones." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Smartphone companies do not upgrade battery technology yearly like they do with memory, cameras, etc.", "Smartphone companies do not upgrade battery technology." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Most phones do receive an upgraded battery along with other components.", "Smartphone companies do upgrade battery technology in most smartphones." ]
2018-03395	What are the main tasks of diplomats? How can I become one?	The U.S. Department of State offers five different career tracks for diplomats. An individual interested in becoming a diplomat must be a U.S. citizen and be between the ages of 20 and 59. A college degree is not necessary; however, possessing a college diploma and having the ability to speak a foreign language improves an individual's chances of being hired. [Source]( URL_0 )	[ "BULLET::::- 2004: \"Towards the Virtual University: Trends and Strategies\"\n\nBULLET::::- 1999: \"Are Diplomats Really Necessary? The Hydra in a Mutating Environment\" Edited with Sir Peter Marshall, University of Westminster Press, 1999\n\nBULLET::::- 1999: \"The Information Explosion: A Challenge for Diplomacy\...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00597	How is it that men outnumber women 101.8 to 100(according to google) in the present day even though millions of men died at wars throughout the history?	The sex ratio as birth isn't exactly 1:1 - there's a slightly higher chance for a baby to be born a boy than a girl, something between 103:100 and 108:100. This offsets men's lower lifespan compared to women's.	[ "Males typically produce billions of sperm each month, many of which are capable of fertilization. Females typically produce one ovum a month that can be fertilized into an embryo. Thus during a lifetime males are able to father a significantly greater number of children than females can give birth to. The most fer...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00674	Why does a baloon explode into many pieces when it is punctured with something sharp, but not do so when the bottom opening is opened?	It's about the amount of strain that is on the point where you create the puncture. If you take a needle and poke a balloon right by the knot, where the pressure is lowest; it won't explode it will just leak. If you create a puncture in the side of the balloon where the stress is very high from all sides, the energy will be released more quickly and will shred some of the rubber under the most tension.	[ "Stress acting on a material when fast fracture occurs is less than the material's yield stress. A very representative example of this is what happens when poking a blown up balloon with a needle, that is, fast fracture of the balloon's material. The energy in the balloon comes from the compressed gas inside it and...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00585	Why isn't winter storm Grayson considered a hurricane?	A hurricane is a tropical cyclone and specifically one that develops in the Atlantic or the north east Pacific. Once it leaves the tropics it becomes a post-tropical cyclone. Cyclones that generate outside the tropics are extratropical cyclones and do not count as hurricanes. They form over cooler regions and won't pick up nearly as much power as a tropical cyclone that travels hundreds of miles over 80 degree water. Cyclones are common, there are a bunch around earth all the time, most of them are weak and outside the tropics so they don't get any fancy names. Only ones inside the tropics can become hurricanes or typhoons because thats how we defined hurricanes and typhoons	[ "The following names were used for named storms that formed in East Pacific in 2004. This is the same list used in the 1998 season. No names were retired by the World Meteorological Organization in the spring of 2005, therefore this list was re-used in the 2010 season.\n\nAlthough Isis did not result in significant...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04223	Why do employers even add the "Attach Resume" button if you're required to enter it all in anyways?	Usually computers have a hard time picking through resume files since there's so many different ways people could tweak the layout of their document. But if they make you type it in separate, they can categorize you automatically on their end (ie they could filter by what education applicants indicate they have) AND still see your resume where you get a chance to say whatever you want. It's still a pile of hot goblin turds and easily my least favorite part of job searching.	[ "This trend has attracted criticism from human resources management professionals, who warn that this may be a passing fad and point out that multimedia-based résumés may be overlooked by recruiters whose workflow is designed only to accommodate a traditional résumé format. \n\nSection::::Résumé evaluation.\n", "...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-13374	Would brushing my teeth five times a day be significantly more hygienic than just twice a day	No. Brushing your teeth 5 times a day will be significantly bad for your teeth. Too much brushing can ware off the protective enamel, leaving them exposed to things that can actually cause them to decay and rot away quicker. It can also damage your gums and cause them to recede, potentially exposing nerves and roots. URL_0	[ "As to the frequency of cleaning, research on this matter is inconclusive. That is, it has \"neither\" been shown that more frequent cleaning leads to better outcomes \"nor\" that it does not. A review of the research literature on the question concluded \"[t]he research evidence is not of sufficient quality to rea...	[ "Brushing my teeth five times a day could be significantly more hygienic than just twice a day." ]	[ "Brushing your teeth 5 times a day will be significantly bad for your teeth, as it can wear off the protective enamel." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Brushing my teeth five times a day could be significantly more hygienic than just twice a day.", "Brushing my teeth five times a day could be significantly more hygienic than just twice a day." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Brushing your teeth 5 times a day will be significantly bad for your teeth, as it can wear off the protective enamel.", "Brushing your teeth 5 times a day will be significantly bad for your teeth, as it can wear off the protective enamel." ]
2018-06374	how can we tell the composition of planets/stars/other celestial bodies just by looking at them?	Spectroscopy. You can take the light from an object, and use a prism to break it up into the rainbow. That rainbow will have different gaps in it, called bands, depending on the different materials that emitted or reflected the light, because they absorb some of the light. Comparing the spectrum from an objects light to known spectrum can tell you what it's made of	[ "Spectra are typically measured with an imaging spectrometer, based on a Focal Plane Array.\n\nSection::::Principles.:Terminology.\n", "Section::::Planets, asteroids, and comets.:Planets.\n\nThe reflected light of a planet contains absorption bands due to minerals in the rocks present for rocky bodies, or due to ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-11562	Why are there fourteen mountains over 8,000m, but none over 9,000m?	It's likely Mt. Everest is near to the largest size mountain earth will support. A larger mountain is more massive, which puts a strain on the material at its base. They deform the plates they sit upon, more mass will further the deformation. And depending on height and climate, can promote glacial development, which it has been theorized to cause vigorous erosion limiting total height.	[ "List of mountains of the Alps (2500–2999 m)\n\nThis page contains a table listing by elevation all 514 mountains of the Alps that are between 2500 and 3000m m high and have a topographic prominence of at least . The list is a continuation of the List of mountains of the Alps above 3000 m, which page contains an in...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23833	Why does pregnancy and birth defects get riskier as women get older? Do their eggs expire, what about the sperm?	Eggs exist in a woman before she is even born. So the genetic material making up the egg gets older and more frail as time goes on, leading to higher risk of genetic malfunction, like downs syndrome. A dude produces sperm every 72 hours or so. It's fresh genetic material. But as he gets older he produces less so his chances of impregnating are lower. The risk of poor genetic material doesn't super increase though, like it does in an egg	[ "All pregnancies can be risky, but there are greater risk for women who are older and are over the age of 40. The older the women the riskier the pregnancy. As women get older, they are more likely to suffer from conditions such as gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia. If older women do conceive over the age of 4...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Sperm and eggs in humans age at the same rate." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Eggs exist before a woman is born, sperm is produced as fresh genetic material every 72 hours." ]
2018-01918	Why is it that some food loses its nutritional value when cooked?	Cooking it breaks down the chemicals in the food. When broken down, these chemicals are no longer nutritious, or are less nutritious. In addition, if the food is boiled, many of the vitamins will dissolve into the water, and thus not be ingested since you don't normally drink all of the cooking water afterwards.	[ "Cooking increases the digestibility of many foods which are inedible or poisonous when raw. For example, raw cereal grains are hard to digest, while kidney beans are toxic when raw or improperly cooked due to the presence of phytohaemagglutinin, which is inactivated by cooking for at least ten minutes at .\n", "...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]

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