Split (3)

train · 3.46k rows

id stringlengths 10 10	question stringlengths 18 294	comment stringlengths 28 6.89k	passages list	presuppositions list	corrections list	labels list	raw_presuppositions list	raw_labels list	raw_corrections list
2018-12577	Why do governments and companies destroy hard drives for security instead of just writing over all of the data 100% and why does it take multiple passes to make sure the data is gone?	It takes a lot of time to overwrite drives like that, this consumes electricity and occupies a computer/employee which could be doing something else. Lastly, it requires that the drive be working properly and that's not a sure bet with old equipment. And why not destroy it? You could get some money by selling it, but then you need to take time (assign a paid employee) to the task of selling those drives in an attempt to make money back. Seems counterproductive. It's sometimes claimed that after a drive is overwritten, the "strength" of the magnetization can be used to find out what was written before. But my understanding is this doesn't work or at least hasn't been demonstrated in practice, and that writing random data (rather than all 0s) more than once would seriously hinder this process, if it was real to begin with. I think the main point is economics, speed, and ease.	[ "BULLET::::- Further analysis by Wright et al. seems to also indicate that one overwrite is all that is generally required.\n\nSection::::E-waste and information security.\n\nE-waste presents a potential security threat to individuals and exporting countries. Hard drives that are not properly erased before the comp...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02787	Unintended holes in airplanes are bad. But people can safely stand in open cargo planes and helicopters?	Pressurization. A hole in a pressurized cabin at 38,000 feet will cause massive damage as the pressure tries to equalize as quick as possible. An aircraft with an open door from the ground remains at the same pressure as the outside throughout the entire flight.	[ "BULLET::::- Underground hangars: Several air forces have used tunnels dug into a mountainside as underground hangars.\n\nSection::::Alternatives.:Sweden - Bas 60 & Bas 90.\n", "Reason's model, commonly referred to as the Swiss cheese model, was based on Reason's approach that all organizations should work togeth...	[ "Holes in airplanes are bad." ]	[ "Holes in airplanes where there is a pressure difference between in the inside and outside are bad." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Holes in airplanes are bad." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Holes in airplanes where there is a pressure difference between in the inside and outside are bad." ]
2018-03964	Why can't astronomers say with certainty if a specific asteroid will or won't strike the earth?	Because of the Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, asteroid belt, Kuiper Belt, and Oort cloud. Most people assume that asteroids go in a straight line. But what many of us forget is that the gravity of nearby planets affect the trajectory of an asteroid. Even a pull of a body as small as the Moon can drastically affect the direction and speed an asteroid is going, even if it's on the other side of the solar system! Also, nearby stars also have a minuscule, but still measurable, gravitational effect. These effects might only pull an asteroid a couple millimeters in another direction, but over time, these changes add up. Humans don't have enough computational power (yet) to try and compute all these different unknowns. Trying to predict the direction of an asteroid is known as the [N-Body problem]( URL_0 ).	[ "For asteroids that are actually on track to hit Earth the predicted probability of impact continues to increase as more observations are made. This initially very similar pattern makes it difficult to quickly differentiate between asteroids which will be millions of kilometres from Earth and those which will actua...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03132	Why does producing more units of a product cost less than producing a small amount of it?	It will cost less per book, not less overall, unless there's something particularly unusual at stake. Basically, there's some amount of work required to print the first book - design, layout, etc. The cost of that is split among all the books printed, since it only needs to happen once. Then each book has its own costs, paper, ink, etc. So the initial costs make up much of the price if the print run is small, but become a smaller and smaller share as it expands.	[ "Economies of scale must be distinguished by economies stemming from an increase in the production of a given plant. When a plant is used below its optimal production capacity, increases of its degree of utilization bring about decreases in the total average cost of production. As noticed, among the others, by Nich...	[ "Producing more units of a product costs less than producing a small amount of product." ]	[ "Producing more units of a product costs less per product than producing a small amount of product." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Producing more units of a product costs less than producing a small amount of product." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Producing more units of a product costs less per product than producing a small amount of product." ]
2018-02611	Why do oil prices fluctuate so much?	Price is determined by supply and demand. So anything in the world that changes either of these things will cause the price to fluctuate. Much of the traditional oil drilling has been done by OPEC nations, that is a bunch of oil reps from a selection of oil-producing countries collaborate to control supply and thus control price. However, technology improvements have allowed non-OPEC nations such as the US and Canada to harvest oil from shale. It's a more expensive process, but if the price of oil goes too high, shale oil becomes profitable too. So you have OPEC nations trying to control their supply to make shale oil unprofitable while shale companies try to improve their technology and techniques to keep going. On the demand side, you have developing nations that are starting to use more oil as their population integrates with more technology. But you also have awareness of climate change as well as a general desire to not be reliant on fossil fuels incentivizing countries to seek alternative solutions, reducing the demand. Augment all of this with things like oil futures where investors speculate what the price of oil will be in the future and buy or sell oil at future prices. So even news of a change that might affect oil could affect the price, even if that change does not come to pass.	[ "Bouchouev argued that traditionally there was always more producer hedging than consumer hedging in oil markets. The oil market now attracts investor money which currently far exceeds the gap between producer and consumer. Contango used to be the 'normal' for the oil market. Since c. 2008-9, investors are hedging ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-07146	What is in Almond Milk that causes it to go bad after 7-10 days?	The same reason milk does. Bacteria and fungi eat the sugars and fats in it and once they build up to a certain level it is spoiled.	[ "The Almond Board of California states: “PPO residue dissipates after treatment.” The U.S. EPA has reported: “Propylene oxide has been detected in fumigated food products; consumption of contaminated food is another possible route of exposure.” PPO is classified as Group 2B (\"possibly carcinogenic to humans\").\n"...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-18021	How did my phone know my friends last name?	Possibly Facebook if you have it linked to your contacts. My iPhone will occasionally say “possibly firstname lastname” when a new contact appears as well ,may be a feature of certain phones messengers.	[ "Examples of emerging companies providing technology to support mobile social address books include: PicDial (which dynamically augments the existing address book with pictures and status from Facebook, MySpace and Twitter, integrates with the call screen so during every call you see the latest picture and status o...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04470	Why different regions have different plug types?	In short, it could be worse. Various groups were formed to agree on standard types. These groups were mostly regional, ie. North American companies agreeing to use one type. British (and British-influenced areas like India) agreeing on different type. Yes, patents were involved. And of course, companies don't like to pay for other peoples' patents, so that was one driving force for compatible standards. And of course, regional groups that decide standards often try to improve on other groups' standards. The UK type is believed to the be safest and much harder to accidentally pull out than the simpler, 2/3 prong US style. (Although in my mind, this comes off as national pride.) You can see the same thing with computer ports. Look back to the 80s and you can see joysticks and drives used all sorts of types. Thank God for USB.	[ "During the first fifty years of commercial use of electric power, standards developed rapidly based on growing experience. Technical, safety, and economic factors influenced the development of all wiring devices and numerous varieties were invented. After the two-prong electric plug was introduced in the 1920s, th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06201	How does a chirp frequency in a radar work, and how does it improve resolution?	Chriping in radar technology works by sending a radar chirp (i.e. a longer pulse with ever changing frequency) and then working some black engineering magic on the receiver for create a single sharp pulse from the chirp (this works if you know for what kind of signal you are looking/filtering for). This improves [range resolution]( URL_1 ) (i.e. objects close together don't appear as one) because the pulses after your magic filtering on the receiving end are much sharper than in a normal radar. Another benefit of transmitting a longer chirp that then gets compressed in the receiver is that it's harder to send a short, very powerful signal than to send a slightly longer, slightly less powerful signal. You get the same energy in you pulse, you just have more time to send that energy. The keyword for the "signal processing black magic" part is [cross correlation]( URL_0 ).	[ "Section::::Signal-to-noise ratio improvements by pulse compression.\n\nThe amplitude of random noise is not changed by the compression process, so the signal to noise ratios of received chirp signals are increased in the process. In the case of a high power search radars, this extends the range performance of the ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05885	why do our hearts not get tired	The heart pumps blood almost directly into itself, and drains blood from its venous circulation directly into the right atrium. This is the main difference. Your other muscle tissues are far away, there is a lot of them relative to the size of the heart, and they receive blood more slowly. This means more delays in getting oxygen to these tissues, and more delay removing metabolic waste products, and just a lot of muscle tissue to supply. When we exercise, the expanse of our skeletal muscles is simply too much for our body to run at peak efficiency indefinitely. Our muscles run out of oxygen, glucose, and build up waste products eventually. The heart, conversely, is first in line for the good stuff from our arterial blood supply. Similarly, it's sized such that more than enough blood can get to it, and feed/remove waste from it, so tat it can run indefinitely at peak efficiency. That said, there are things that can happen which cause the heart to become less effective and have to grow in size to compensate. It isn't getting tired per se, but it's certainly strained in these situations. This is cardiomegaly, and is related to heart failure.	[ "Cardiomyocytes contain T-tubules, pouches of membrane that run from the surface to the cell's interior which help to which improve the efficiency of contraction. The majority of these cells contain only one nucleus (although they may have as many as four), unlike skeletal muscle cells which typically contain many ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-08578	How are humanities academic papers published?	> Since non-humanities (scientific) papers are peer-reviewed, the results are replicable and have tangible outcomes that are quantifiable... Humanities might find it harder to support or reject ideas in objective, tangible ways, but the peer review process doesn't require that. It doesn't attempt to replicate results, that would be a whole project and publication of its own. Peer review is simply respected people in the field going over the paper and giving it a subjective "looks good to me". What you are describing would be follow up research.	[ "Publishing in the humanities is in principle similar to publishing elsewhere in the academy; a range of journals, from general to extremely specialized, are available, and university presses issue many new humanities books every year. The arrival of online publishing opportunities has radically transformed the eco...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-19116	Why do people say "human race" when it is clearly a species?	Because the term "race" has existed for hundreds of years and had various meanings, long before the modern science of taxonomy came about and properly defined species and races.	[ "Human taxonomy\n\nHuman taxonomy is the classification of the human species (systematic name \"Homo sapiens\", Latin: \"knowing man\") within zoological taxonomy. The systematic genus, \"Homo\", is designed to include both anatomically modern humans and extinct varieties of archaic humans. Current humans have been...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "People should refer to humans as a species." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Humans have been referred to as a race for hundreds of years." ]
2018-15853	How does a random number generator randomly generate numbers?	So, I'm not getting into logic gates for an eli5. But the basics are to apply some math based formula to a seed. For example, a super simple one would be to ask the person for a number, then calculate the nth diget of pi, with n being the number given squared Of course, that's not really ransom., Every time I gave 1 I would get 3. To make it more random, you need a fairly complex algorithm. There are several that can be given a seed and produce an impossible to guess answer. But then how random your output is depends on how random your seed is, asking people gets both tiring and isn't very random. But it turns out there are some really random ways to go. Measuring the exact number of bytes currently in use in the ram is a decent start. Or taking the frequency that the microphone is picking up works as well. Almost anything can be a seed, as long as it produces a large enough set of numbers to make the rng seem random (checking if the camera is on or off might be random, but it's only ever gonna produce 2 inputs, so your rng will only ever produce 2 answers). The only truly random seed we use that I am aware of ATM is radioactive decay, but that's expensive, and most people don't want radioactive materials in their computer.	[ "The second method uses computational algorithms that can produce long sequences of apparently random results, which are in fact completely determined by a shorter initial value, known as a seed value or key. As a result, the entire seemingly random sequence can be reproduced if the seed value is known. This type o...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06699	Does removing the appendix make your immune system weaker?	No. Your appendix contains lymphoid tissue, but so does pretty much the entire length of the bowel, so it’s a loss of a very small segment of tissue overall. And if your immune system is weakened by the loss of some lymphoid tissues, you’ll just make more. There’s several organs that are big producers of immune cells (spleen, thymus, bone marrow, intestines, lymph nodes). And if one or more of these are gone, the rest will just pick up the slack. Source: I’m a surgeon who also happens to be living without an appendix.	[ "The standard treatment for acute appendicitis is surgical removal of the appendix. This may be done by an open incision in the abdomen (laparotomy) or through a few smaller incisions with the help of cameras (laparoscopy). Surgery decreases the risk of side effects or death associated with rupture of the appendix....	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-11254	How is paper/cardboard recycled and why are most recycled paper products usually brown and more coarse than virgin paper?	Turn old paper/carboard to mush. Make mush into shape. Dry. Shape again and its recycled paper. Some recycled paper are brown, some are like virgins. Add bleach and color to make virgin.	[ "There are three categories of paper that can be used as feedstocks for making recycled paper: mill broke, pre-consumer waste, and post-consumer waste. Mill broke is paper trimmings and other paper scrap from the manufacture of paper, and is recycled internally in a paper mill. Pre-consumer waste is material that w...	[ "Most recycled paper products are brown.", "recycled paper is brown instead of white like virgin paper." ]	[ "Some recycled paper products are brown and some are like virgin paper.", "recycled paper can be made white by bleaching it." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Most recycled paper products are brown.", "recycled paper is brown instead of white like virgin paper." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Some recycled paper products are brown and some are like virgin paper.", "recycled paper can be made white by bleaching it." ]
2018-00123	Why do cars slightly move up when your foot isn’t touching the gas pedal?	Only ones with automatic transmissions do. A torque converter is between the engine and drive wheels. When the wheels are not turning but the engine is, the torque converter still tries to rotate the wheels.	[ "The older mechanically designed accelerator pedals not only provided a spring return, but the mechanism inherently provided some friction. This friction introduced mechanical hysteresis into the pedal force versus pedal position transfer function. Put more simply, once the pedal was set at a specific position, the...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04047	How long would it take to use 1 GB of data on a cell plan?	That depends on what you view on Reddit. If you end up loading threads with a lot of images/videos that you view/watch, it's going to consume more data than just reading text. Also the frequency of how often you navigate to other pages/threads will affect data usage as well (sitting on one page for 10 minutes is going to take up less data than frequently going back and forth between pages).	[ "BULLET::::- Telecommunications (capacity): The world's effective capacity to exchange information through two-way telecommunication networks was 281 petabytes of information in 1986, 471 petabytes in 1993, 2,200 petabytes in 2000, and 65,000 petabytes in 2007 (this is the informational equivalent to every person e...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04812	How was it discovered that two pieces of the same metal would bond together in a vacuum if they became in contact, and how do astronauts repair stuff in space avoiding this to occur?	I'm not sure about the history of it, but I'd wager that it came up as a theoretical prediction long before anyone tried it. As far as the astronaut stuff: vacuum welding is actually tricky to do. The surfaces must fit together very well, like two finely sanded flat surfaces or something. The surface must also be free of any contamination. Many/most of the parts used in space are prepared in an atmosphere, so the oxygen in the atmosphere will bind to the surface of the metal, creating a thin layer of oxidized metal. This stuff won't vacuum weld unless you were to sand and polish it off in a vacuum.	[ "In 2009 the European Space Agency published a peer-reviewed paper detailing why cold welding is a significant issue that spacecraft designers need to carefully consider. The conclusions of this appropriately titled study can be found on page 25 of \"Assessment of Cold Welding between Separable Contact Surfaces due...	[ "Astronauts need to be careful of vacuum welding of parts in space." ]	[ "Vacuum welding is a difficult process that requires a perfectly polished surface among other things." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Astronauts need to be careful of vacuum welding of parts in space." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Vacuum welding is a difficult process that requires a perfectly polished surface among other things." ]
2018-20531	Why does a pan of sautéing food release a lot of steam as soon as the heat is turned off?	There are two thing that is refers to as steam. On is water in gas phase ie vapor, it is invisible and what is released when you boil water. The other is wet steam that is a white mist that you can see and what we often think of as steam. It is comprised of water vapor that is a gas and small droplets of liquid suspended in the air. It is the liquid droplets that we can see. Mist and fog is the same thing. Clouds is often liquid droplets but can also be solid ice crystals. Sh when you remove it from the heat source it get colder. The result is that some of the released vapor condensate to a liquid you can see or it or it blow droplet away from the surface. So the explanation is that it is colder and you get visible liquid water droplets in the air instead of just invisible vapor.	[ "A cooking technique called flash boiling uses a small amount of water to quicken the process of boiling. For example, this technique can be used to melt a slice of cheese onto a hamburger patty. The cheese slice is placed on top of the meat on a hot surface such as a frying pan, and a small quantity of cold water ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-18636	What do bits and bytes look like and how are they moved around from computer to computer?	A bit is physically stored in a computer in a number of ways. On a hard disk, you have a platter, which is a nickel disk that spins at 7.5k RPM, and an electromagnet can change the pole of a surface region - so a bit is going to be a north or south pole. In an optical disk, like a CD, DVD, or Blueray, it's going to be etches in a magnetic foil in a spiral pattern, there will be several spirals called tracks. The etch can be long or short, like Morse code. It's not the etch that signifies the bit - it's the reflective surface in between. The laser shines on the foil and reflects onto a sensor; the etch deflects the laser into dead-space. Long and short spaces between the etches signify a 0 or 1. On solid state media, like a thumb drive or SSD, you've got these transistor constructions that are able to hold onto electrons, even with the power off, for years. One per bit. This isn't like a capacitor or battery, it works under a different property that's a bit beyond me. Your system memory, RAM, is banks of capacitors, one per bit, their charge or discharge is a 0 or 1. These capacitors have a limited charge, and discharge themselves quickly, so there is a refresh rate where they are checked for their state, and given an additional jolt if they're supposed to be charged. When you read a bit, the capacitor actually has to discharge, and then to keep the value, a feedback loop will cause refresh to charge it again. If you want to set a bit to 0, you have to discharge that capacitor into a sink. Your CPU cache is done by a flip-flop, which is a type of circuit made of transistors. These are loops that either carry current, or don't, and that gets you your bit. They're very fast, which is why they're used on chip, but they're also very big, which is why they're not used in RAM. A bus is just a bunch of wires, whether over a cable or traces etched on a circuit board. Typically, RAM to CPU will have one trace per bit, so when you read a "word", you're reading multiple bits in parallel. A word is going to be the minimum read and write size of your CPU, so if you're only interested in 1 byte, the machine may necessarily read and write 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 bytes at once. Or more. A bus may also be multiplexed. So if you're reading 8 bits, it may go over 1 wire, and those bits are sent as a sequence of electrical pulses in a well defined order. Other busses and channels may rely on more elaborate signaling. USB uses a differential signal - 2 wires carrying sine waves that encode multiple bytes at once (which gets a bit out of scope of what I'm talking about), but the sine waves are opposites. The bits are extracted from the difference between the two signals - how far the peaks and troughs are from one another. This is to account for noise - you see, any conductor is an antenna. That's why crystal radios pick up AM broadcast when you use the kitchen sink as your antenna. So if you have a long-ass ethernet or telephone cable or whatever, it's going to pick up electromagnetic noise from everywhere, which can corrupt the message. It used to be that a signal was encoded some voltage relative to ground - but ground at the source could be a different energy potential than ground at the destination, so you send 5v and they receive 4.3v. With two wires and differentiating the signal, the value is always relative. If you pick up noise, both signals will be affected the same way, the difference remains the same. So to address the end of your question, whether it's a signal over Ethernet, coax, a bus, or Wifi, it's going to be a sine wave, because it's all electromagnetism. And this is the subject of modulation, of which there are many types - you'd be most familiar with AM and FM, but there's more than that.	[ "Section::::Binary number representation.\n\nComputers represent data in sets of binary digits. The representation is composed of bits, which in turn are grouped into larger sets such as bytes.\n\nA \"bit\" is a binary digit that represents one of two states. The concept of a bit can be understood as a value of eit...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19271	Why do people go crazy over gas going up by a couple cents	Because a lot of people, in the United States at least, are really poor and depend on their cars for work, getting food, etc.	[ "The FTC monitors competition in energy markets and released its latest staff report on gasoline prices in September 2011. Leibowitz said the American people need to understand why they often pay so much for gasoline. \"Our report spells out the factors that determine what consumers pay at the pump, and why gas pri...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04663	how do the bacteria in probiotic yogurt survive stomach acid and populate the intestines?	Most of them don't but a few will get through and once they are within the gut they will start multiplying if they can find a niche there. The intestine already has a huge bacterial population and they have a habit of killing their neighbours which is why probiotic* yoghurt etc needs to be taken repeatedly to establish a viable population. * probiotic really refers to certain nutrients that specifically help bacterial growth rather than the bacteria themselves but the term has been co-opted to mean both.	[ "Yogurt is produced using a culture of \"Lactobacillus delbrueckii\" subsp. \"bulgaricus\" and \"Streptococcus thermophilus\" bacteria. In addition, other lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are sometimes added during or after culturing yogurt. Some countries require yogurt to contain a certain amount of colony-forming...	[ "bacteria in yoghurt survives the stomach acid." ]	[ "Most of the bacteria actually doesn't survive. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "bacteria in yoghurt survives the stomach acid." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Most of the bacteria actually doesn't survive. " ]
2018-00868	Why do frozen objects stick to our skin?	Ice adheres to things it freezes on. If you want an example, add a drop of water to a piece of plastic, let it freeze, and then turn the plastic upside down: the ice is stuck to it. When you touch your tongue to something really cold the moisture on your tongue freezes and thus becomes stuck to the cold object. The object needs to be cold enough where your body heat (specifically the warm blood circulating through your tongue) isn't enough to overcome the coldness of the object.	[ "When the two bodies come in contact, surface deformation may occur on both bodies. This deformation may either be plastic or elastic, depending on the material properties and the contact pressure. When a surface undergoes plastic deformation, contact resistance is lowered, since the deformation causes the actual c...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-08583	Why do brain cells die so quickly compared to other cells which can go hours without oxygen/circulation?	Heart tissue also dies really fast. The parts of your body that use a lot of energy die really quick when their energy source is cut off. Your brain uses a massive amount of energy compared to just about everything else in your body. This means your brain runs out of reserves long before your other organs and once out of reserves (with no extra energy arriving) it starts to die off.	[ "As oxygen or glucose becomes depleted in ischemic brain tissue, the production of high energy phosphate compounds such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) fails, leading to failure of energy-dependent processes (such as ion pumping) necessary for tissue cell survival. This sets off a series of interrelated events that...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Brain cells die more quickly than other body cells without oxygen/circulation." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Heart tissue also dies really fast." ]
2018-12255	Why is 1066 and the Norman Invasion so significant?	One of the most obvious changes was the language. Before the Norman Conquest, Old English was the current version of the language. English is a Germanic language, but we also have many Latin-based words, many of which came to us as a result of the Conquest by the Old French-speaking Normans (French is a Romance language, meaning it evolved from Latin origins). This began the period of the language known as Middle English, which eventually gave way to Early Modern English (the language of Shakespeare and the King James Bible) and then to Modern English later still. As you may know, Early Modern English is often very easy for English speakers today to understand. If you've ever read Shakespeare, you will probably have noticed that there are many archaic words and phrases that might lead to some confusion, but the general meaning is pretty easy to figure out. Going a step back, Middle English becomes far more difficult, even though there are a lot of words that are familiar and some sentences might be possible to interpret from context. That all changes once you get to Old English. Aside from the very different grammar, few of the words are intelligible to Modern English speakers. It would probably be easier for you to read a book in Spanish than in Old English, even if you've never studied either language and speak only Modern English. This is partly because of the enormous language shifts that were put into motion following the Conquest; as Spanish is another Romance language, our own language now shares many similarities to it.	[ "Section::::Participation in the Norman Conquest.\n", "BULLET::::- August – William invades Scotland, reaching the River Tay.\n\nBULLET::::- At Abernethy, King Malcolm III of Scotland submits to William.\n\nBULLET::::- Bishop of Lincoln raised to diocesan status. Construction of Lincoln Cathedral begins.\n\nBULLE...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04608	We have two ears, so surely two decent headphone drivers and some good software on the part of the game or film can perfectly replicate surround sound? Why do headphones come out with "virtual surround sound"?	It is possible to have more or less "perfect" surround sound with headphones - it's called binaural recording. But it requires the recording to be made live and in a special way: two microphones are placed inside a dummy head complete with dummy ears to simulate exactly how the sound would reach our eardrums. Binaural recordings also have to be played back on headphones or earbuds - not speakers - for optimal effect. Music and movie soundtracks are engineered for optimal playback on home theater/stereo systems, where some of the sound from each speaker always reaches both ears, but after reflecting around the room and getting "filtered" through your ear structure. Virtual surround sound on headphones simulates this effect to convey the illusion that the sound is actually coming from speakers all around you instead of the typical "inside your head" sound from headphones.	[ "Section::::Implications.\n\nUnderstanding visual capture has the potential to lead to numerous benefits in the future. Beyond solving people’s pain in phantom limb syndrome, there are numerous potential applications for visual capture. Already, there have been surround-sound systems built to provide unique listeni...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-23942	Why is internet speed in underdeveloped/developing nations slower than that of developed nations?	It takes an investment ($$) to build out the infrastructure for high speed internet, like fiber optic cables. Investors don't want to sink a lot of money into developing countries because they don't expect as great a return i.e. profit.	[ "BULLET::::- \"A Nation Online: Entering the Broadband Age\", NTIS, U.S. Department of Commerce, September 2004.\n\nBULLET::::- Rumiany, D. (2007). \"Reducing the Global Digital Divide in Sub-Saharan Africa\". Posted on Global Envision with permission from Development Gateway, January 8, 2007. Retrieved July 17, 20...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00960	How do emergency responders get access to gated communities & other restricted areas.	One of the most common ways is the use of a Knox Box. It's a small metal lock box. The first responder has a key to the box, and the keys to the building are inside. Google Knox Box, and you'll see what they look like, and you'll start seeing them everywhere you go.	[ "Neighbourhoods with \"physical\" or explicit gating with security checkpoints and patrols are extremely rare, being absent in even some of Canada's richest neighbourhoods such as Bridle Path, Toronto. Furthermore, municipal planning laws in many Canadian provinces ban locked gates on public roads as a public healt...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02657	How does some types of weed have the same smell as a skunk?	Humans are incredibly sensitive to a type of molecule called thiols. Think of how sensitive a shark in the ocean is to blood, humans are hundreds of times more sensitive to thiols in the air. We can smell a skunk miles away. thiols aren't exclusive to skunks. They also exist in cannabis.	[ "Skunk refers to cannabis strains that are strong-smelling and have been likened to the smell of the spray from a skunk. These strains of cannabis are believed to have originated in the United States prior to development by Dutch growers. Just as with other strains of cannabis, skunk is commonly grown in controlled...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-13812	how do we know what dinosaurs looked like if all we have is the bones?	We don't for many of them. One of the criticisms is we tend to stretch the skin over the bones. And if we applied the same techniques to modern animal skeletons our results would look almost nothing like it.	[ "Section::::Episodes.\n\nSection::::Episodes.:Episode one: \"Central England\".\n\nBULLET::::- Dr. Philip Wilby of the British Geological Survey in Nottingham examines soft-tissue, preserved by the \"Medusa effect\", from a recently re-excavated Victorian fossil discovery.\n\nBULLET::::- Dr. Phil Manning compares a...	[ "We can determine what dinosaurs look like from their bones." ]	[ "We don't know what many dinosaurs actually looked like from just having their bones." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "We can determine what dinosaurs look like from their bones.", "We can determine what dinosaurs look like from their bones." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "We don't know what many dinosaurs actually looked like from just having their bones.", "We don't know what many dinosaurs actually looked like from just having their bones." ]
2018-02469	What do medals in the Olympics actually do for the winner? Also, what happens if a country wins the most medals?	They don't "do" anything. Medalling is proof that you are among the best in the world at your sport. That can help you get sponsors and endorsements, and it can help you leverage a post-sports career in something like journalism or broadcasting if you play things right. But there are no special privileges or anything that come with having a medal.	[ "Olympic medal\n\nAn Olympic medal is awarded to successful competitors at one of the Olympic Games. There are three classes of medal: gold, awarded to the winner; silver, awarded to the 1st runner-up; and bronze, awarded to the second runner-up. The granting of awards is laid out in detail in the Olympic protocols...	[ "Olypic medals do something for the winnner." ]	[ "The medals don't do anything. It is just an award. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Olypic medals do something for the winnner." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The medals don't do anything. It is just an award. " ]
2018-06247	How come spacecraft are able to take advantage of the rotational speed of Earth, but airplanes aren't?	Spacecraft are going to leave the Earth's atmosphere and enter into orbit. Orbits involve moving around the Earth so fast that you move "sideways" away from the Earth at the same speed that you fall. At that point, your velocity relative to the Earth actually matters. Or, to phrase it another way, a spacecraft needs to orbit with a velocity that is independent of the Earth's rotation. By contrast, a plane is never going to need to leave the frame of reference where the ground is considered stationary. Its velocity is best treated as dependent on the Earth's rotation. That probably didn't make a lot of sense, so let me use an analogy. The setup: You're on a large merry-go-round, and you're wearing roller skates. Scenario 1: You just realized that you're late for dinner, and your mom is going to be super mad if you're not home ASAP. You can either wait until the merry-go-round is moving you toward the direction you need to go, or away from the direction you need to go. What do you do? Clearly you need to wait until you're already moving in the direction you want to go before you jump off, so you get a nice boost. This is because the velocity you need to reach is in a frame of reference where you view the merry-go-round as spinning. Going one direction over another will affect your velocity when you're in the new frame of reference. This is like launching a rocket into orbit. Scenario 2: You're on the merry-go-round, and you realized that you dropped your wallet on a different part of the merry-go-round. Since you're not going to leave the frame of reference where you treat the merry-go-round as stationary, you won't get a boost for going in one direction over another. This is like flying a plane from one city to another.	[ "Newton's second law, applied to rotational rather than linear motion, becomes:\n\nwhere τ is the net torque (or \"moment\") exerted on the vehicle, I is its moment of inertia about the axis of rotation, and α is the angular acceleration vector in radians per second per second. Therefore, the rotational rate in deg...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-24551	Why do salt crystals formed millions of years ago expire in under a year?	Because that's the date the manufacturer printed on the package. That's literally the only reason. Salt does not degrade. As far as why the manufacturer would choose to print a specific date, it's more likely to be used as a tracking number than an expiration date, enabling manufacturers to identify the cause of quality control issues.	[ "Thomas also criticised Humphreys' idea that there is \"not enough sodium in the sea\" for a several billion year old sea, writing, \"Humphreys finds estimates of oceanic salt accumulation and deposition that provide him the data to 'set' an upper limit of 62 million years. But modern geologists do not use erratic ...	[ "salt expires in a year.", "Salt crystals expire within a year." ]	[ "Salt does not degrade, the manufacturer just puts a date on the package.", "Salt expiration dates for quality control and not actual salt decay." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "salt expires in a year.", "Salt crystals expire within a year." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Salt does not degrade, the manufacturer just puts a date on the package.", "Salt expiration dates for quality control and not actual salt decay." ]
2018-06977	A few billion dollars saved Europe after WWII(Marshall Plan).Hundreds of billions of dollars(aid)has no effect in Africa.	* Marshall Plan: ~$110 billion in 2016 US dollars * Annual foreign aid to all of Africa by OECD countries: ~$60 billion per annum in 2016 dollars (at least in recent years, probably much less earlier). Headline: Most people who work on these kinds of problems would argue that it's an issue of institutions. People like Bruce Bueno De Mesquita would argue that many African countries over the last 70 years have had governments that were, in effect, not incentivized to invest in their populace whereas governments in Europe tend to be. People like James Robinson would argue that, specifically, institutions in many African countries are weak and the issue isn't a need of resources alone but a need for a stronger framework (i.e. stronger property rights, rule of law, etc.) More broadly it's important to note: * Africa is much, much bigger than France, Italy, and West Germany, who got pretty much all of the Marshall Fund money. * The story of African development is hugely varied. Some countries have done extremely well over the last 70 years. The story of Africa is definitely not one of stagnation in the vast majority of countries. Most have grown tremendously since 2000, let alone 1940-1960 when many achieved independence.	[ "\"within the framework of FIDES very large sums were granted to French-speaking Africa. In face of the immense needs, however, they seemed quite modest. The aid could in fact have been increased many times without a corresponding tax pressure, had France had the courage politically to decolonize more rapidly. Fort...	[ "A few billion dollars saved Europe after WWII.", "Few billion spent on Europe helped them and hundreds of billions of dollars spent on Africa have no effect." ]	[ "$110 billion in 2016 US dollars saved Europe after WWII.", "Over 100 billion was spent on Europe and only 60 billion is spent on Africa." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "A few billion dollars saved Europe after WWII.", "Few billion spent on Europe helped them and hundreds of billions of dollars spent on Africa have no effect." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "$110 billion in 2016 US dollars saved Europe after WWII.", "Over 100 billion was spent on Europe and only 60 billion is spent on Africa." ]
2018-00345	If our body's natural inclination is homeostasis, then why is there an obesity epidemic?	Good question, some processes in the body lean towards a positive feedback loop, not everything is homeostatic. The issue with obesity is the perputual metabolic adaptations that seem to lean towards fat storage. As a sort of positive feedback. The irony is that regaining lost weight seems to be easier outlining that the body seems to change the default homeostatic tendencies.	[ "According to this new theory, homeostatic imbalance includes the 'Circle of Discontent', a system of feedback loops linking weight gain, body dissatisfaction, negative affect and over-consumption. The theory is consistent with an extensive evidence-base of cross-sectional and prospective studies. A four-armed stra...	[ "The body's natural inclination is homeostasis", "If the body's natural inclination is homeostasis, there should not be an obesity epidemic." ]	[ "Some body processes use a positive feedback loop", "Some body processes lead towards a positive feedback loop, therefore not everything is homeostatic." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The body's natural inclination is homeostasis", "If the body's natural inclination is homeostasis, there should not be an obesity epidemic." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Some body processes use a positive feedback loop", "Some body processes lead towards a positive feedback loop, therefore not everything is homeostatic." ]
2018-02762	What is happening when my Wi-Fi/Internet just stops working for 10 minutes, and then acts like it did nothing wrong after?	There is some connectivity glitch that either self-resolves, or some tech was alerted, and fixed the issue.	[ "The usual symptom of a failed filter is frequent DSL disconnects or slow internet speed. The usual procedure to test for failed filters is to remove all filters and all other devices and extension cables from the telephone line. Then connect the DSL modem or router directly to the main phone line socket and check ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01558	Why do old balloons shrivel up when you touch them?	The oil in your skin. Latex is a semi-liquid oil based elastomer (elastic (stretchy) polymer). When it ages, some of that stretchy property is lost and some of the liquid leaks out. The oil in your skin makes a good lubricating replacement for it. It can rapidly be absorbed by the latex and your skin can rapidly absorb the liquid latex left in the surface of the old baloon. This unevenness in oil content makes the baloon wrinkly.	[ "Even a perfect rubber balloon eventually loses gas to the outside. The process by which a substance or solute migrates from a region of high concentration, through a barrier or membrane, to a region of lower concentration is called diffusion. The inside of balloons can be treated with a special gel (for instance, ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00202	how are nutritional values measured? How do companies obtain the nutritional values that are printed on the packaging?	My English isn't perfect, sorry in advance. For kJ or kcal, they use a bomb calorimeter. Basically a chamber where they burn the food and can measure exactly how much heat this generates. They have done this for almost every food source. Add in the fact that not every food source is 100% digestible (Atwat factor. fats 92%, proteins 94%, carbohydrates 88%) So now there are charts where you can look up how much kJ or kcal everything is. Then you can calculate how much of every ingredient you have in said food source and add up. Other nutritional values such as amount of fat or proteins can be determined trough chemistry (not my area of expertise so just a summary): mash up the food source, extract the proteins/fat/what you want to know with a chemical reaction and calculate. Like kcal, this has been done for a lot of food sources and again you can look it up in charts. Almost every country has a food composition database (I think), for example: for Belgium many dietitians use Nubel, in the US I found [USDA food composition database] ( URL_1 ) How companies obtain the nutritional values may be a bit different, I don't know anything about that. Hope this is a bit clear :) Edit: found this: URL_0	[ "Nutritional rating systems\n\nNutritional rating systems are methods of ranking or rating food products or food categories to communicate the nutritional value of food in a simplified manner to a target audience. Rating systems are developed by governments, nonprofit organizations, or private institutions and comp...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02552	How exactly does the hardware of a computer work?	To explain it would take, like, a college degree’s worth of explaining. At the core of how all the parts work are the flow of electricity, and logic gates. These are little physical bits in those small chips. They take in voltage through two little wires, and have a third leading out. Depending on which kind of gate it is and which current is active, the third will or won’t pass on the current according to rules. These rules correspond with Boolean logic (binary logic) rules, and clever combinations of those gates basically makes a computer. An example is an OR gate: of either or both of the incoming wires has voltage, the gate passes in the voltage. An AND gate would only do so if both incoming wires had voltage. What we think of as addition can be represented with combinations of these gates. Same with every other math operation. Memory and disk storage is just to record data, printers and speakers and monitors just report data to the user, but under all that, it’s lots and lots of little logic gates, and clever programming.	[ "BULLET::::- Supercomputer\n\nBULLET::::- Tablet computer\n\nSection::::Hardware.\n\nThe term \"hardware\" covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible physical objects. Circuits, computer chips, graphic cards, sound cards, memory (RAM), motherboard, displays, power supplies, cables, keyboards, printer...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-09776	How do consultancies like McKinsey & Company determine the value of certain markets?	This is very tricky to do--and usually the numbers are way off from what ends up happening. The basic process is to look at what goods or services comprise the market (in this case it is all sorts of connected devices, and hubs like Alexa). Then, look at how much people are willing to pay for the goods and services at a given price. They then determine how much the goods and services would have to cost for suppliers to make x amount of them. Once you know that, you can do some basic algebra to determine about how many units will be produced and what the price is. If you know how many units will be produced and what the price is, you just multiply price * quantity and this gives you the size of the market. Obviously all this is imprecise	[ "In the United States, there exist a set of merger guidelines—written by the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)—which specify methods for analyzing and defining markets. Since 1980, the DOJ and the FTC have used these guidelines to convince courts to adopt a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06484	What happens when corporations buy back their own stocks? Why is this done?	The stock becomes Treasury stock which means it isn't in circulation. It has the result of undiluting other share holders because that stick basically doesn't exist. It is a way to use cash on hand to increase shareholders value (especially if a company thinks their stock is under valued).	[ "A company may also buy back shares held by or for employees or salaried directors of the company or a related company. This type of buyback, referred to as an \"employee share scheme buyback\", requires an ordinary resolution. A listed company may also buy back its shares in on-market trading on the stock exchange...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "When corporations buy back their own stock, it belongs to the corporation." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "The stock becomes Treasury stock which means it isn't in circulation." ]
2018-22786	How can a baseball travel faster than the directional component of the bat that just hit it, but a toy car (for example) does not travel faster than my hand that just rolled it?	The weight of the bat combined with the speed. That’s why following through on your swing is critical.	[ "The distance covered by a vehicle (for example as recorded by an odometer), person, animal, or object along a curved path from a point \"A\" to a point \"B\" should be distinguished from the straight-line distance from \"A\" to \"B\". For example, whatever the distance covered during a round trip from \"A\" to \"B...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01152	Why are there trees in the mountains, but as soon as the land flattens out the trees disappear and it turns into grass?	Here in Montana this happens when the mountain accumulate more snow through the winter and melt off more slowly through the summer, providing a source of water through the hot dry season. Down in the flatland there's less snow and it melts faster, running off downriver, so there's less late-season water to support trees or broadleaf vegetation. Except right next to rivers and streams, fed from the mountains, so you'll see narrow snakes of forest right along them running through the grasslands.	[ "The herb and grass mixture is invaded by shrub species, such as \"Rhus\" and \"Physocarpus\". Early invasion of shrub is slow, but once a few bushes have become established, birds invade the area and help disperse scrub seeds. This results in dense scrub growth shading the soil and making conditions unfavorable fo...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01044	What's the difference between bananas and plantains?	Bananas are cultivated to taste good raw. Plantains are starchy and cultivated to be eaten cooked. There's a distinction between "cooking plantains"--starchy cultivars of banana--and "true plantains"--a specific group of plants that have genomic differences between them and your average store's banana.	[ "The term \"plantain\" is loosely applied to any banana cultivar that is usually cooked before it is eaten. However, there is no botanical distinction between bananas and plantains. Cooking is also a matter of custom, rather than necessity, for many bananas. In fact, ripe plantains can be eaten raw since their star...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-21152	How do [win X] competitions where the prize is a lifetime supply of the product manage to work?	First of all, there are limits to how much is given for free. Usually "one per visit", "one per day" or "one per week". That keeps the costs from getting too prohibitive. The winner could go into a McDonald's, get an ice cream, and had to come back later, and couldn't just sit in the lobby from open to close and demand a thousand ice cream cones. As for why companies do this, it's great advertising. Even if the person takes advantage a little, the actual cost per cone is pretty cheap, and it would take years for the cost of him eating thousands upon thousands of ice creams to equal a single commercial spot. So, for the cost of two commercials (the one advertising the contest, plus the cost of the ice creams), they get thousands or millions of active participants in a contest, including names, addresses, phone numbers, etc., that they know, for sure, are interested in McDonald's.	[ "BULLET::::- Task: Pick two gadgets and sell them at an over-50s exhibition. The team that makes the most sales wins.\n", "Competitive advantages of hidden champions are rarely because of cost leadership, more because of quality, total cost of ownership, high performance, and consultation close to the customer. T...	[ "Win X competitions should not be able to give a lifetime supply of product." ]	[ "There are limits to how much actual product is given for free, usually things are given in small increments which keeps the costs from being too prohibitive." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Win X competitions should not be able to give a lifetime supply of product.", "Win X competitions should not be able to give a lifetime supply of product." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "There are limits to how much actual product is given for free, usually things are given in small increments which keeps the costs from being too prohibitive.", "There are limits to how much actual product is given for free, usually things are given in small increments which keeps the costs from being too prohibi...
2018-18451	How does mold react when it comes into contact with bleach?	It dies. Bleach is toxic to all life. Essentially what it does is cause the proteins (the small molecular machines that do all the work in your cells) to unfold, in a similar way to what heat does. This means that the cells stop functioning, break apart and die. Bleach would do the same to bacteria, plants, and animals and so is dangerous to all forms of life, the same way heat is.	[ "Section::::Antagonists.:Wandenreich.:V: Gremmy Thoumeaux.\n", "Section::::Antagonists.:Wandenreich.:W: Nianzol Weizol.\n", "Section::::Antagonists.:Wandenreich.:E: Bambietta Basterbine.\n", "Section::::Antagonists.:Wandenreich.:B: Jugram Haschwalth.\n", "Section::::Antagonists.:Wandenreich.:N: Robert Accut...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03532	Why can’t we only eat monosaccharides as a source for energy if that’s what our body breaks down carbs into anyways?	We certainly can eat these as an energy source. But they don't last long, and they don't contain the other nutrients we need -- not just for energy but for construction, such as protein and calcium.	[ "Section::::Storage polysaccharides.:Glycogen.\n\nGlycogen serves as the secondary long-term energy storage in animal and fungal cells, with the primary energy stores being held in adipose tissue. Glycogen is made primarily by the liver and the muscles, but can also be made by glycogenesis within the brain and stom...	[ "We cannot only eat monosaccharides as a source for energy." ]	[ "We can only eat monosaccharides as a source for energy, but monosaccharides don't last long and don't contain other nutrients." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "We cannot only eat monosaccharides as a source for energy." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "We can only eat monosaccharides as a source for energy, but monosaccharides don't last long and don't contain other nutrients." ]
2018-03496	How do deep-sea creatures who live on the ocean floor survive the pressure of the ocean while submarines need airtight seals?	They aren't normal creatures. They live in the pressure, and that pressure is what actually holds them together. It makes learning about them incredibly difficult as pulling from from the ocean floor results in them basically exploding.	[ "Earless seals sleep bihemispherically like most mammals, under water, hanging at the water surface or on land. They hold their breath while sleeping under water, and wake up regularly to surface and breathe. They can also hang with their nostrils above water and in that position have REM sleep, but they do not hav...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00474	How do Artists and Music Producers make sure that their music does not sound like any other song or composition on the planet, and so there are no copyright infringements, since it is not practically possible to listen to every song?	The short answer is: They don't. Musicians generally don't cross-reference an idea or song they've made with others, because of the nature of music being an art form, and a form of self-expression. There's a certain amount of leniency and flexibility when it comes to one song sounding like another. This, of course, raises a lot of issues, especially when it comes to copyright. Ultimately, a copyright infringement is claimed by an artist when they feel another artist has used "too much" of their intellectual property as inspiration, to the point where they've "stolen" it. But there are also cases where the original artist is more or less fine with the excessive similarities in works. A great example is that of Breakbot's "Baby I'm Yours" vs. Bruno Mars' "Treasure." I'd highly recommend reading into it, as it's quite interesting IMO. [There's even whole websites dedicated to songs that sound very similar.]( URL_0 ) , not to mention the whole debate about if music will get to the point where no truly original work can be made. Hope that was more or less what you were looking for. It's a very tough question to properly answer haha :)	[ "The use of copyrighted material to create new content is a hotly debated topic. The emergence of the musical \"mashup\" genre has compounded the issue of creative licensing. A moral conflict is created between those who believe that copyright protects any unauthorized use of content, and those who maintain that sa...	[ "Artists make sure their music is unique.", "Music producers and artists make sure their music doesn't sound like any other song composition." ]	[ "They don't make sure of this. They just make what they want. Sometimes people make similar stuff.", "Music artists and producers don't actually check their music for identical signs." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Artists make sure their music is unique.", "Music producers and artists make sure their music doesn't sound like any other song composition." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "They don't make sure of this. They just make what they want. Sometimes people make similar stuff.", "Music artists and producers don't actually check their music for identical signs." ]
2018-03686	How does an icicle form?	It starts with a one water droplet hanging off of an awning. The droplet is held on to the surface with surface tension, then it gets cold enough for it to freeze. Then a second water-droplet flows down the frozen water-droplet, hangs on to the tip via surface tension, then freezes. Repeat over and over again, eventually it gets bigger and bigger. Ta-dah! Icicle.	[ "Icicle\n\nAn icicle is a spike of ice formed when water dripping or falling from an object freezes.\n\nSection::::Formation and dynamics.\n", "Icicles can form during bright, sunny, but subfreezing weather, when ice or snow melted by sunlight or some other heat source (such as a poorly insulated building), refre...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-16189	After a major stressor/psychological trauma why is there following anxiety symptoms that are hard to shake?	The effects of psychological wounds are similar to physical wounds but are much harder to identify and treat. Imagine the wound on your mind as a large physical wound like an infected boil. Using that area of the body only results in mind-numbing pain so you avoid it. However, that just creates a sense of anxiety that you'll disturb the wound while going through your daily life. However, depending on the location, the wound is hard to ignore. If it's on your foot, every step reminds you of pain. The wound may also get worse the more times you disturb it so healing is difficult. Fixing the wound is very hard. Unlike a physical wound where you can see how large it is, a psychological one requires poking and prodding it to figure out its size. This takes a great deal of willpower to relive those memories and could lead to more trauma. By figuring out the triggers and effects, the trauma can be slowly and gradually treated. Healing is hard if the wound has become part of who you are. If you cover it and ignore it, it can fester and get worse over time and affect other parts of your mind. Even if it heals and becomes a scar, the wound may have been such a constant part of your life that you feel emptier without it. Some may even seek similar wounds in order to "feel" something. These things happens often to people with childhood trauma where the person's brain is not developed to handle these traumas.	[ "Patients suffering from an extreme case of anxiety may seek treatment when all support systems have been exhausted and they are unable to bear the anxiety. Feelings of anxiety may present in different ways from an underlying medical illness or psychiatric disorder, a secondary functional disturbance from another p...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-12823	Why do banana peels seem to get dark faster after they've been peeled?	Because they oxidize. Contact with oxygen makes them change color, like apples and some other fruits do once you peel them.	[ "The nutritional value of banana peel depends on the stage of maturity and the cultivar; for example plantain peels contain less fibre than dessert banana peels, and lignin content increases with ripening (from 7 to 15% dry matter). On average, banana peels contain 6-9% dry matter of protein and 20-30% fibre (measu...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19173	How is skin cancer caused (or assisted) by sun burns if skin cells die and replace themselves relatively quickly? Wouldn’t the damaged skin cells die before they can become cancerous?	The [skin has several layers]( URL_0 ), and only the epidermis layers "die and replace themselves" rapidly. And the way that happens is the cells in the layer divide and push "older" cells up and out, where they eventually harden and flake off. But, cells "replace themselves" and "multiply" by division; one cell copies all of its DNA and splits into two copies. Ultraviolets, x-rays, and gamma radiation are "ionizing" radiation, the photons have enough energy to knock electrons off atoms, and those atoms will immediately go and chemically react with the nearest thing, disrupting the delicate chemistry in a cell. Most of the time cells die from this disruption. However, sometimes what's disrupted is the DNA strands, and the cell doesn't die from that. It just copies the damaged DNA strands when it "divides" and "multiplies". Cancer is actually cells from your own body that have DNA that's damaged in such a way that it doesn't kill off the cell because it can't function, but the DNA doesn't let the cell perform its intended purpose (to function as a skin cell or a liver cell or a heart muscle cell, for example). So cancer is live cells that multiply out of control and don't have a function, they just live, consume, and multiply. So, anyway, sun burn is damaged cells. Most of them are dead / dying. But some of them are OK, but with damaged DNA that can cause them to become cancer, and then multiply as such.	[ "The greatest risk factor is high total exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. Other risks include prior scars, chronic wounds, actinic keratosis, lighter skin, Bowen's disease, arsenic exposure, radiation therapy, poor immune system function, previous basal cell carcinoma, and HPV infection. Risk from UV ...	[ "All skin cells die and replace themselves." ]	[ "The skin cells on the surface of the epidermis are the only skin cells that die and regenerate." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "All skin cells die and replace themselves." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The skin cells on the surface of the epidermis are the only skin cells that die and regenerate." ]
2018-01553	Why is the color that seems the brightest (yellow) towards the middle of the visible spectrum instead of a color at one of the ends?	Perceived brightness relates to how sensitive the human eye is to various colors of light, not to the physics of the light waves.	[ "Section::::Science and nature.:Optics, color printing, and computer screens.\n\nYellow is found between green and orange on the spectrum of visible light. It is the color the human eye sees when it looks at light with a dominant wavelength between 570 and 590 nanometers.\n", "Section::::Science and nature.:Astro...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Brightness has to due with where on the visible spectrum a color is." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Brightness has to do with how sensitive our eyes are to a certain color. " ]
2018-09236	What kind of service or "package" does a Tier 3/Last Mile ISP get from a Tier 1/Infrastructure ISP	Tier 3 providers buy per gigabyte from Tier 1 ISPs and use the Tier 1 ISPs infrastructure. Tier 1's are forced by law to allow a minimum amount of Tier 3's so there aren't as many monopolies (we saw how that turned out). They generally turn it around and sell it at an upcharge and pocket the difference to keep themselves running. It's cheaper because the Tier 3 is guaranteeing they'll buy so many lines from the Tier 1, even if they aren't being used. Bulk discount and all that. They usually were put on the "back burner" of traffic priorities and got slower speeds because of it. I don't know if they have caps or not, since the ISP I work for doesn't implement caps.	[ "Tier 2 network\n\nA Tier 2 network is an Internet service provider which engages in the practice of peering with other networks, but which also purchases IP transit to reach some portion of the Internet.\n\nTier 2 providers are the most common Internet service providers as it is much easier to purchase transit fro...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01667	Why does the dentist make me take antibiotics (Clindamycin) before a cleaning?	You’re exactly right that the dentist is worried about bacterial infection after teeth cleaning. In particular strep viridans is known for being a oral bacteria. It can have some severe complications including heart valve damage. Clindamycin has great oral absorption. Which is probably why your dentist used that particular drug. It works by stopping protein synthesis in bacterial ribosomes.	[ "Antibiotic use in dentistry\n\nThere are many circumstances during dental treatment where antibiotics are prescribed by dentists to prevent further infection (e.g. post-operative infection). The most common antibiotic prescribed by dental practitioners is penicillin in the form of amoxicillin, however many patient...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00720	Why is it that our bodies are 98 degrees Fahrenheit, but 80+ degrees outside is uncomfortable and temperatures of objects around 98 degrees can cause burns on skin?	Everyone else has explained about core temp and heat loss. I just want to say that 98 F is not hot enough to burn you. Hot tubs are set to a water temp between 100-102 F, and people literally lay in them for hours. 98 is not hot enough to burn skin.	[ "Radio frequency (RF) energy at power density levels of 1-10 mW/cm or higher can cause measurable heating of tissues. Typical RF energy levels encountered by the general public are well below the level needed to cause significant heating, but certain workplace environments near high power RF sources may exceed safe...	[ "Temperatures of 98 degrees can cause burns on skin" ]	[ "Temperatures of 98 degrees cannot cause burns on skin." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Temperatures of 98 degrees can cause burns on skin" ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Temperatures of 98 degrees cannot cause burns on skin." ]
2018-00982	Why didn't this bottle of water freeze?	Basically way I understand it is that if the water is too still and in a smooth container (like plastic), ice crystals won't be able to form. As soon as it is disturbed it will "snap freeze" where basically it all freezes at once. You should have filmed it for Reddit karma.	[ "Section::::Observations.:Modern context.\n\nMpemba and Osborne describe placing samples of water in beakers in the ice box of a domestic refrigerator on a sheet of polystyrene foam. They showed the time for \"freezing to start\" was longest with an initial temperature of and that it was much less at around . They ...	[ "Bottle of water didn't freeze." ]	[ "The water is frozen it just hasn't changed state. As soon as it is disturbed it will snap freeze." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Bottle of water didn't freeze." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The water is frozen it just hasn't changed state. As soon as it is disturbed it will snap freeze." ]
2018-02929	Why do engines/motors sometimes have a hard time starting up in colder weather?	1. The gasoline vaporizes considerably slower. 2. The oil is less "warm maple syrup" and more "cold jelly." 3. The battery is cold and you need a new one or block heater if you're somewhere it is very cold.	[ "Cold start (automotive)\n\nA cold start is an attempt to start a vehicle's engine when it is cold, relative to its normal operating temperature, often due to normal cold weather. A cold start situation is commonplace, as weather conditions in most climates will naturally be at a lower temperature than the typical ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-05389	Why does a company care about its stock price after the IPO?	In addition to the other comments, the stockholders become the new ownership. In essence, they are the company, and they care about the stock price because they want to make money off their investment. The officers and executives running the company care, because if they tank the stock price they lose their jobs.	[ "Underwriters and investors and corporations going for an initial public offering (IPO), issuers, are interested in their market value. There is always tension that results since the underwriters want to keep the price low while the companies want a high IPO price.\n", "The danger of overpricing is also an import...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02586	Why does it cost money for a video game developer to have breakable items in maps that they create in a game?	Because people don't work for free, and it takes work to make those breakable pots happen. It's not like the developer just says "let things break" and it just magically happens, people have to go in, write the code for breakable items, debug that code, and you need artists to make the models for the unbroken and broken pots. All of that takes time and effort, and it costs money to pay people for the work required.	[ "Business deals were another new concept to \"SimCity 3000\"; by allowing certain structures, such as a maximum security prison, to be built within the city, the player can receive a substantial amount of funds from them. Business deal structures, however, tend to have negative effects on the city, such as reduced ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02504	Why are brass, copper, and bronze used in pluming?	They're very corrosion resistant, considering the constant exposure to water. They're also very malleable (meaning they're easily shaped into tube and pipe) and not toxic, plus it is easy enough to be bent by hand rather than having to fabricate exact curves and lengths. In addition, the three metals are also resistant to the growth of bacteria and other microbes. Brass, copper, and bronze are all mostly copper. Admiralty brass, the type of brass you'd normally see in plumbing, is only 30% zinc. Bronze is typically no more than 12% tin. Keeping the metal mostly the same also helps limit corrosion. Typically you'll see copper tubing and brass fittings, because pure copper doesn't hold its shape very well under the higher stress at a fitting.	[ "Bronze has also been used in coins; most “copper” coins are actually bronze, with about 4 percent tin and 1 percent zinc.\n", "Section::::Materials.:Came.:Brass and copper.\n\nBrass and copper have been used to bring a copper or golden hue to the works. Generally, though, they were used only for windows between ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05036	Why do some injuries "sting", while others may give a more "dull" pain?	The type of pain is an indication of what kind of injury you have. It's your brain categorizing what's happening. For example if you have a sore muscle it's probably dull because your brain knows it's pain, but it's not an immediate danger pain. Then take stinging pain. Those are meant to warn you of something immediate or major. Like if you step on a broken hanger you have a stinging that says "stop stepping on a hanger you idiot and remove your foot immediately" it's evolutionary to tell you the extent of pain and the severity and immediateness of the injury	[ "Peripheral injuries trigger complex changes in the central nociceptive system which can lead to central sensitization that enhances the sensitivity and responsiveness of the brain regions involved in sensory processing. In some cases, these physiological responses progress to neuropathic centralized pain.\n\nSecti...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-12580	Why does alcohol in mouthwash not make you drunk through your palate? While you use a straw in alcoholic drinks so you get drunk faster because the alcoholic drink goes through your palate?	You aren't ingesting enough alcohol to get drunk. > While you use a straw in alcoholic drinks so you get drunk faster because the alcoholic drink goes through your palate? That's just 100% false. A straw makes no difference, only the amount of alcohol and how much you're ingesting over a certain period of time.	[ "Mouth alcohol can also be created in other ways. Dentures, some have theorized, will trap alcohol, although experiments have shown no difference if the normal 15 minute observation period is observed. Periodontal disease can also create pockets in the gums which will contain the alcohol for longer periods. Also kn...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03528	Why do some screens' colors get distorted when viewed from extreme angles?	The crystals in some types of Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD for short) are carefully aligned in a way that's the best from viewing from the front. That's the "TN" type. If you're viewing from an angle, the light isn't shaped in the way that it should be, and that causes the distortion. There are more modern display types that do not suffer from this issue. EDIT: I suppose I might also add that the crystals are there to act as colored filters. Essentially, the backlight passes through them to get the colors that it actually has to display. The way the crystals do it differs between panels. The way they work in TN makes it suffer the worst from the distortion as a side effect, VA is an improvement, and IPS offers the best viewing angles. Though it is important to consider all other aspects of various panels when purchasing one, not just the viewing angles.	[ "TN displays suffer from limited viewing angles, especially in the vertical direction. Colors will shift when viewed off-perpendicular. In the vertical direction, colors will shift so much that they will invert past a certain angle.\n", "An example of pixel shape affecting \"resolution\" or perceived sharpness: d...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-20372	Why does our appetite disappear when we become sick?	Because you have so much mucus flowing into your stomach you feel full and don't produce the hormones that make you feel hungry.	[ "For example, anorexia of infection is part of the acute phase response (APR) to infection. The APR can be triggered by lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycans from bacterial cell walls, bacterial DNA, and double-stranded viral RNA, and viral glycoproteins, which can trigger production of a variety of proinflammator...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02508	How do planes avoid collisions above the Atlantic where there is no radar?	There are airplane “highways” usually separated by 10 000 ft. East you fly odd (ie 30 000ft) and west you fly even(ie 40 000ft)	[ "Section::::Efforts to prevent collisions.\n\nSection::::Efforts to prevent collisions.:TCAS.\n\nAlmost all modern aircraft are fitted with TCAS, which is designed to try to prevent mid-air collisions. The system, based on the signals from aircraft transponders, alerts pilots if a potential collision with another a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-17242	How do limes reproduce if there are no seeds in them? Why do lemons have so many seeds versus limes that typically have none?	All fruits naturally have seeds in them. However, over thousands of years, humans have discovered mutant trees that produced fruit with no/minimal seeds in them. Plants are special in that if you cut off a branch, replant it and treat it a certain way, it will grow into a fully functioning plant again. It’s like if I chopped off your finger and then it grew into a clone of you. These cloned plants produce the seedless fruit we eat today. We just keep chopping bits off and perpetuating them.	[ "BULLET::::- Australian limes (former \"Microcitrus\" and \"Eremocitrus\")\n\nBULLET::::- Australian desert lime (\"Citrus glauca\")\n\nBULLET::::- Australian finger lime (\"Citrus australasica\")\n\nBULLET::::- Australian lime (\"Citrus australis\")\n\nBULLET::::- Blood lime (red finger lime × (sweet orange × mand...	[ "Seeds are required for a plant to reproduce." ]	[ "Plants can reproduce by having a cut branch planted, not only by planting seeds." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Seeds are required for a plant to reproduce." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Plants can reproduce by having a cut branch planted, not only by planting seeds." ]
2018-01024	How does it work when you sync those buttons in your car to transponders (e.g. garage door openers)?	The garage door opener responds to a particular code. You can set the buttons in your car to produce that code. Push the button and the garage door opens.	[ "A transponder system is a system which is always armed until a device, usually a small RFID transponder, enters the vehicle's transmitter radius. Since the device is carried by the driver, usually in their wallet or pocket, if the driver leaves the immediate vicinity of the vehicle, so will the transponder, causin...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-09418	People still make profit out of a market crisis?	The most basic rule is buy low sell high. A market crisis is the ultimate low. Mostly only work if you didn't loose all you money in the first place. There's also shorts, but is that what you mean by getting against it?	[ "According to this narrative, in recent decades \"economic fundamentals\" were in a poor state; nothing much was done about that, except that workers were beaten down; instead, the economy was artificially pumped up with cheap credit and cheap imports, prompting a housing and spending boom; when the credit bubble p...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02466	Why are we told to breathe in through our nose and out of our mouth while doing sports, meditation etc?	The nose is actually a pretty awesome organ that helps make sure that the air you breathe is prepared as good as possible for your lungs. That includes amongst other things filtering particles out of the air (This pesky nose-hair is actually good for things!), making sure the air gets warmed up when it is cold and moisturizing the air if it is dry. Clean, moist and warm air is making sure that it's easy on the lungs and your breathing is efficient. Additionally breathing through your nose makes sure your air intake is regulated and you aren't prone to hyperventilating. So that explains why breathing in through your nose while doing sports, meditation and... basically in every situation is the best way to breathe in, but why is breathing out through your mouth then advised in sports? It's mostly about the speed of your oxygen intake. Or, to be more precise, about increasing the breathing frequency. As I just wrote the flow through your nose is rather limited. That works in both directions, if you breathe in as hard as you can and breathe out as hard as you can first through your nose then through your mouth you will see that you can breathe a lot faster through your mouth. So if you breathe out of your mouth you will save a little time which means that your intake frequency of oxygen will, overall, be higher. TL:DR: Breathing in through your nose is easier on your lungs and more efficient, breathing out through your mouth has little drawbacks and is faster. Together it's the most efficient you can breathe if you need higher levels of oxygen.	[ "In T'ai chi, aerobic exercise is combined with specific breathing exercises to strengthen the diaphragm muscles, improve posture and make better use of the body's Qi, (energy). Different forms of meditation, and yoga advocate various breathing methods. A form of Buddhist meditation called anapanasati meaning mindf...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00923	Why do a lot of "gaming chairs" have a bucket seat design to them?	My guess is just the fact that bucket seats in a car take you to the "next level" with the same terminology and logic applied to gaming	[ "A gaming chair is one designed specially for the comfort of video game players. The history of the gaming chair originated from racing games such as Need For Speed, FlatOut, Dirt, etc. The original idea was to replicate the feel you have when driving a sporty car. This is why almost all gaming chairs are designed ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23777	How do vinyl records store sound, and how does a needle reproduce that sound?	Records are etched with very tiny physical bumps in the plastic. The needle is very delicate and when it runs over a bump, it vibrates. The bumps on the record are placed and sized very precisely to vibrate the needle at the exact pitch of the recorded sound (like how a vibrating glass makes a specific sound). The vibrating needle is too faint to hear, so the record player sends the vibration up the needle arm to be amplified in a speaker (the exact amplification process is where my knowledge fails). It's basically a very sophisticated music box.	[ "In some ways similar to the laser turntable is the IRENE scanning machine for disc records, which images with microphotography, invented by a team of physicists at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories.\n\nAn offshoot of IRENE, the Confocal Microscope Cylinder Project, can capture a high-resolution three-dimensional imag...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00346	How can large animals exist in environments filled with poisonous and venomous wild life?	Sure, some animals die from bites/stings/infections..etc, but so do humans. Animals obviously know not to eat plants that will kill them, and they avoid venomous animals whenever possible.There aren't armies of venomous snakes and spiders and scorpions going around killing everything in site just for the fun of it. Animals and plants are poisonous or venomous for a reason; it's either a defense mechanism or a way to capture food.	[ "Megafauna – in the sense of the largest mammals and birds – are generally K-strategists, with high longevity, slow population growth rates, low mortality rates, and (at least for the largest) few or no natural predators capable of killing adults. These characteristics, although not exclusive to such megafauna, mak...	[ "Large animals shouldn't be able to exist in areas with venemous wildlife. " ]	[ "There are not a large amount of venemous plants in animals in said areas, therefore not enough exist to cause extinction to the non venemous animals in the area." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Large animals shouldn't be able to exist in areas with venemous wildlife. ", "Large animals shouldn't be able to exist in areas with venemous wildlife. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "There are not a large amount of venemous plants in animals in said areas, therefore not enough exist to cause extinction to the non venemous animals in the area.", "There are not a large amount of venemous plants in animals in said areas, therefore not enough exist to cause extinction to the non venemous animals...
2018-02614	Do planets all orbit the sun on the same plane as models seem to suggest?	Mostly, yes. URL_0 The planets are all within 7 degrees of the ecliptic plane.	[ "Several sets of geocaching caches have been laid out as solar system models.\n\nSection::::A model based on a classroom globe.\n", "BULLET::::- The Kepler Dichotomy among the M Dwarfs: Half of Systems Contain Five or More Coplanar Planets, Sarah Ballard, John Asher Johnson, October 15, 2014\n\nBULLET::::- Exopla...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03812	How do small towns survive?	There is going to be some flow of money in through government things, like teacher salaries, Medicare, Medicaid, social security, and welfare, building grants, education grants, etc. Sometimes people also have jobs in neighboring places or remote jobs, in which case they are basically exporting their labor. However, it is totally possible for small town to "dry up." Often small towns like that did have one main export, be it a factory, a mine, a few farms, etc. And if that employer goes under then it can ripple and slowly squeeze out every job.	[ "Small Towns Initiative\n", "As of 2017, Alberta had 87 villages that had a cumulative population of 37,099 in the 2016 Census of Population. Alberta's largest and smallest villages are Stirling and Gadsby with populations of 1,215 and 40 respectively.\n\nWhen a village's population reaches or exceeds 1,000 peopl...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03987	Why are dead bugs always up side down when you find them?	It's more stable and so it happens more and can't un-happen. Most of the times you see a dead bug it has been poisoned, infected with a parasite, or starved to death. All of these cause a bug to lose coordination as they die. Think of a bug like a car on stilts. It takes coordination on their part to keep upright. It's much more energetically stable upside down. If they get blown over by a wind or fall over, they can right themselves. But if they are dying/poisoned/fighting a parasite, they can't so once they get on their backs, they stay that way.	[ "In the southeastern, central, and southwestern part of the United States, the adult \"C. rufifacies\" is one of the first insects to arrive on a fresh corpse. The adults normally arrive within the first 10 minutes after death. The larvae also have a shorter developmental time than other species, but because of the...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-20359	is blood an irritant to most of our insides when it’s not inside the veins and arteries etc?	Yes, blood in non-vascular spaces causes problems. Blood is a tissue. It flows and gets replaced, but is a tissue. If it stops moving it clogs. If it doesn't circulate then it dies. Putting blood into a space that can't handle it is very dangerous. Bleeding into your brain for instance. Red blood cells will die in those spaces. That released extra potassium and cellular products into the cells around it, which causes the same process. A little bit isn't such a problem usually though. Think of how nasty it looks when you get a bruise. Now, imagine that on the inside of the body where you can't see.	[ "About 23% of patients have a high level of eosinophils in the blood.\n\nSection::::Diagnosis.:Urinary findings.\n\nUrinary findings include:\n\nBULLET::::- Eosinophiluria: Original studies with Methicillin-induced AIN showed sensitivity of 67% and specificity of 83%. The sensitivity is higher in patients with inte...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-11940	How is time effected by gravity?	> However i still don't know if we have found any proof/ observed it or if it is just a very good theory It is a very good theory because we have observed it countless times. A theory is a consistent set of laws and predictions that have been verified over and over again. Time runs slower close to large masses. This has been observed with: * GPS satellites and a couple of other satellites * Various spacecraft traveling through the solar system * Light leaving stars * Radio signals passing close to the Sun * Light moving up/down a few floors in a building * Clocks on mountains vs. clocks at lower altitude * Clocks on airplanes vs. clocks on the ground * Clocks on the same floor at different height (quite recent, requires excellent clocks) * And a couple of other measurements I forgot	[ "A second, similar type of time travel is permitted by general relativity. In this type a distant observer sees time passing more slowly for a clock at the bottom of a deep gravity well, and a clock lowered into a deep gravity well and pulled back up will indicate that less time has passed compared to a stationary ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Time is affected by gravity." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Time being affected by gravity is a theory which has been observed countless times." ]
2018-17379	How is it possible for steel wool to burn?	Burning is combining with oxygen to reach a lower energy state, releasing energy. Hydrogen burns, combines with Oxygen to get H2O (water) Steel is mostly iron. Iron combines with oxygen to make iron oxide (rust). This is happening slowly all the time as say, an old junker car rusts away. Steel wool is very very very thin, lots of surface area and a low volume. so there's lots of surface to react with oxygen and turn into iron oxide. Once you get it hot enough (ignition temperature) then it starts to burn, and it's thin so it reacts quickly (compared to a rusty spoon) and burns up A BIG piece of steel will burn too but you need a LOT of heat to get the whole thing up to ignition temperature.	[ "When steel wool is heated or allowed to rust, it increases in mass due to the combination of oxygen with iron.\n\nThe fine cross-section of steel wool makes it combustible in air. \n\nLight painting, where many sparks are released, is one application.\n\nVery fine steel wool can also be used as tinder in emergency...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00445	You often hear when deleting data, that the erased space isn't really empty, but marked for overwriting. Why isn't it just deleted straight away?	Takes too much time. Erase some pointer values that identify those segments where the data is stored, and overwrite those. You are throwing away the map to the data, which means you cannot find it, which effectively means it’s gone. You have achieved that by overwriting a few data fields rather than erasing all the data, which would take ages. Unnecessary in most cases.	[ "When data is deleted from storage devices, the references to the data are removed from the directory structure. The space can then be used, or overwritten, with data from other files or computer functions. The deleted data itself is not immediately removed from the physical drive and often exists as a number of di...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-10552	How do chest compressions get the heart to start beating if stopped?	Chest compressions don't, generally speaking, get the heart to start beating. Neither do defibrillators, despite what you see on TV. If the heart has stopped beating, there is some serious defect which needs to be corrected, like extreme blood loss. The purpose of chest compressions are to maintain some degree of blood flow (you're manually doing the squeezing the heart is meant to do) until better medical procedures can be put in place, to try to prolong the life of tissues like those in the brain.	[ "The first person saved with this technique was recalled by Jude:\n\n\"She was rather an obese female who … went into cardiac arrest as a result of flurothane anesthetic. This woman had no blood pressure, no pulse, and ordinarily we would have opened up her chest. Instead, since we weren’t in the operating room, we...	[ "Chest compressions get the heart to start beating again.", "Chest compressions get the heart to keep beating if it's stopped. " ]	[ "Chest compressions don't usually get the heart to start beating, they maintain blood flow until better medical treatment is available.", "Chest compressions don't make the heart start beating again, they only manually allowing the affected body to maintain blood pressure. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Chest compressions get the heart to start beating again.", "Chest compressions get the heart to keep beating if it's stopped. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Chest compressions don't usually get the heart to start beating, they maintain blood flow until better medical treatment is available.", "Chest compressions don't make the heart start beating again, they only manually allowing the affected body to maintain blood pressure. " ]
2018-17526	how do birds survive typhoons as for example Mangkhut?	A lot of them don’t survive. But a lot of them are more attuned to pressure fluctuations, and likely leave the area ahead of the arrival of the storm.	[ "BULLET::::- Typhoon Wanda (1962) – Strongest typhoon recorded in Hong Kong\n\nBULLET::::- Typhoon Hope (Ising; 1979) – One of the strongest typhoons that made its final landfall near Hong Kong.\n\nBULLET::::- Typhoon Ellen (Herming; 1983) – A powerful typhoon that took a similar track through the Philippines in Se...	[ "Birds survive typhoons.", "Birds survive typhoons." ]	[ "Many birds don't survive. Those that do are attuned to pressure fluctuations and leave the area ahead of the storm.", "Many birds don't survive typhoons." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Birds survive typhoons.", "Birds survive typhoons." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Many birds don't survive. Those that do are attuned to pressure fluctuations and leave the area ahead of the storm.", "Many birds don't survive typhoons." ]
2018-14222	If wind is caused by pressure differences, why is there no constant updraft due to low pressure the higher you go?	The vertical difference is pressure is only enough to equal the downward force of gravity. They're balanced out.	[ "A widespread misconception in the world of soaring is that the updrafts associated with an incoming thunderstorm are almost always very strong and turbulent,\n\n\"which is most of the time incorrect\". If one believes this myth, then he would consider it safe (from thunderstorms, at least) to fly in an area with p...	[ "Difference in pressure as you go higher will cause a constant updraft.", "Difference in pressure as you go higher will cause a constant updraft." ]	[ "The updraft is balanced out by the force of gravity.", "The updraft is balanced out by the force of gravity." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Difference in pressure as you go higher will cause a constant updraft.", "Difference in pressure as you go higher will cause a constant updraft.", "Difference in pressure as you go higher will cause a constant updraft." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The updraft is balanced out by the force of gravity.", "The updraft is balanced out by the force of gravity.", "The updraft is balanced out by the force of gravity." ]
2018-04772	Why do objects accelerate while falling?	Because a force (gravity) works on them. Whenever a force affects a body with mass, it gets accelerated. If I have a ball and hold it in my hand, it is at rest. The Earth is pulling on it with gravity and my hands must exert some force to keep the ball from moving towards the Earth. When I let go, the ball is still at rest. However, now nothing opposes the gravity force from the Earth and the ball starts to drop. It must accelerate because otherwise it wouldn't move.	[ "When someone wants to jump, he or she exerts additional downward force on the ground ('action'). Simultaneously, the ground exerts upward force on the person ('reaction'). If this upward force is greater than the person's weight, this will result in upward acceleration. When these forces are perpendicular to the g...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05045	Why should I not be terrified when a plane encounters moderate turbulence?	Planes are designed with a factor of safety 2, meaning that they are designed to handle twice the stress they are supposed to. Pilots also undergo rigorous training to handle all sorts of issues. Even if you hit turbulence heavy enough to shake off the engine the plane will be able to fly for 15 miles before the remaining engine fails and the pilot can still put the plane into a high angle of attack and take the plane down safely.	[ "Because aircraft move so quickly, they can experience sudden unexpected accelerations or 'bumps' from turbulence, including CAT - as the aircraft rapidly cross invisible bodies of air which are moving vertically at many different speeds. Although the vast majority of cases of turbulence are harmless, in rare cases...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-18238	How do sinkholes form, why, and how do countries like China deal with fixing them, if at all?	Underground streams or water percolating through rock dissolves or wears away material creating cave systems. In places where the rock doesn't have much strength, repeated roof collapses means that effectively the void moves upwards as rock falls downwards. Eventually there is just a thin crust which can't support the weight above and it opens up to the surface.	[ "Section::::Dissolution of limestone.\n\nSubsidence frequently causes major problems in karst terrains, where dissolution of limestone by fluid flow in the subsurface creates voids (i.e., caves). If the roof of a void becomes too weak, it can collapse and the overlying rock and earth will fall into the space, causi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04202	Why does the US both buy steel from AND sell steel to Canada at the same time?	Two things come to mind: 1) Canada and the US are both large countries. There could be places in the US that are closer to Canadian steel producers than to those in the US and vice versa. 2) There are many different kinds of steel. Not all manufacturers will produce all types.	[ "BULLET::::- Dofasco, Canada's largest steel maker acquired by Luxembourg-based Arcelor, January 2006.\n\nBULLET::::- Noranda (mining company) & Falconbridge Ltd., purchased by Swiss mining company Xstrata in 2006. Noranda had earlier been a target of state-owned China Metals Corp., but had backed out in 2005 amid ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01929	Vehicles have tires, tires wear down... Where does all of the rubber go from tires wearing down?	It peels off in tiny bits. Those are called “marbles” in racing where you can actually see them after a long race when cars lose their rubber at the exact same spots over and over again. In real life you don’t see it of course because road cars don’t lose rubber that much and it constantly gets blown away by wind and washed away by rain.	[ "BULLET::::- Rubber: Biodiesel also affects types of natural rubbers found in some older engine components. Studies have also found that fluorinated elastomers (FKM) cured with peroxide and base-metal oxides can be degraded when biodiesel loses its stability caused by oxidation. Commonly used synthetic rubbers FKM-...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03456	How do figure skaters not get dizzy when spinning 20+ times in a row?	They get dizzy all the time, but they get used to it by practicing.	[ "When performing some types of spin, an elite skater can complete on average six rotations per second, and up to 70 rotations in a single spin. However, this is rarely seen in modern competitions because it would gain no extra points for the spin.\n", "If a skater performs a spin that has no basic position with o...	[ "Figure skaters do not get dizzy." ]	[ "Figure skaters do get dizzy they are just acustomed to it by practicing." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Figure skaters do not get dizzy." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Figure skaters do get dizzy they are just acustomed to it by practicing." ]
2018-00980	How does casinos not having clocks lessen our fatigue?	It’s not so much fatigue as clock watching... such as “oh, it’s already 2am, I’d better get some sleep!” vs. having no idea whether it’s 10pm or 2am.	[ "Shift work or chronic jet lag have profound consequences on circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metabolic genes. In humans, shift work that favors irregular eating times is associated wit...	[ "Lack of clocks lessens fatigue in casino.", "The lack of clocks in casinos lessens one's fatigue." ]	[ "Lack of clock prevents \"clock watching\" to keep track of time. ", "It isn't exactly the lack of clocks that causes fatigue, it's more so one's realization of time that makes one more bound to feel tired." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Lack of clocks lessens fatigue in casino.", "The lack of clocks in casinos lessens one's fatigue." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Lack of clock prevents \"clock watching\" to keep track of time. ", "It isn't exactly the lack of clocks that causes fatigue, it's more so one's realization of time that makes one more bound to feel tired." ]
2018-01907	Why is deer meat described as “gamey”? What does “gamey” mean?	The gamy flavor is a mineraly, musty, musky, dank, flavor that comes from the fat. I don't know what compounds contribute to the flavor, but that's where you're going to find the greatest concentration. Lean venison contains the same compounds but in far, far less concentration and thus is itself delicious. Trim as much fat as you can. If it's too lean for whatever you're cooking, use beef fat or fatback, by weight, if you're grinding it.	[ "Section::::Taxonomy and evolution.\n", "Section::::Food sources.:Land mammals.\n\nTerrestrial mammals or land mammals (\"nunarmiutaq\" \"nunarmiutaat\" in Yup'ik) are game animals and furbearers.\n\nBULLET::::- Game animals (\"pitarkaq\" \"pitarkat\" in Yup'ik and Cup'ik, \"pitarkar\" \"pitarkat\" in Cup'ig). Ca...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-18843	Stigma behind MEDICINAL cannabis use?	A lot of people see it as a backdoor to legalization. You can get a prescription via FaceTime in some states.	[ "Medical cannabis research includes any medical research on using cannabis as a treatment for any medical condition. For reasons including increased popular support of cannabis use, a trend of cannabis legalization, and the perception of medical usefulness, more scientists are doing medical cannabis research. Medic...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-15095	If we see the stars as they were in the past, shouldn't we be able to "see" the Big Bang ?	We are able to see the Big Bang, or at least the first light released after it when the universe became transparent - immediately after the Big Bang matter and light first didn't exist as they do today, and then all the matter was ionized for a few hundred thousand years, absorbing all light from before then. Unfortunately, since it's been billions of years and the universe has been expanding for all of that time, the light that's reaching us now has been redshifted or "stretched out" to wavelengths that the human eye can't see - in fact, it's all the way down in the microwave band, same as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and of course microwave ovens (not exactly the same frequency, but closer to that than visible light). We do still have images of this Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation coloured in so that we can see it, for example [this]( URL_0 ).	[ "An important feature of the Big Bang spacetime is the presence of particle horizons. Since the universe has a finite age, and light travels at a finite speed, there may be events in the past whose light has not had time to reach us. This places a limit or a \"past horizon\" on the most distant objects that can be ...	[ "We are unable to see the \"Big Bang\".", "We are unable to see the Big Bang of the past." ]	[ "We are able to see the first light released immediately after the \"Big Bang\".", "We are able to see the Big Bang of the past." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "We are unable to see the \"Big Bang\".", "We are unable to see the Big Bang of the past." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "We are able to see the first light released immediately after the \"Big Bang\".", "We are able to see the Big Bang of the past." ]
2018-17675	Why is Bluetooth so much less reliable than RF?	What exactly do you refers to as RF devices? Is it Radio Frequency? If that is the case Bluetooth would be included as it is a Radio Communication.	[ "In 2001, researchers at Nokia determined various scenarios that contemporary wireless technologies did not address. The company began developing a wireless technology adapted from the Bluetooth standard which would provide lower power usage and cost while minimizing its differences from Bluetooth technology. The r...	[ "Bluetooth is not the same as Radio Frequency. ", "bluetooth is less reliable than RF." ]	[ "Bluetooth is included in Radio Frequency. ", "Bluetooth is a form of RF." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Bluetooth is not the same as Radio Frequency. ", "bluetooth is less reliable than RF." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Bluetooth is included in Radio Frequency. ", "Bluetooth is a form of RF." ]
2018-02103	How can someone actually feel that they're being watched?	In short, you can't, but your brain is normally paranoid so it thinks people are watching and especially remembers the times that it was right rather than when it was a false alarm. More specifically psychology studies have shown that people tend to overestimate how often people are watching them (especially if they are embarrassed about what they are doing) and that your brain is much more likely to remember the exceptional cases where it is right (you look around and happen to lock eyes with someone) then the times when it was a false alarm (you look around and nothing is there) since being paranoid is generally a good survival trait when you are trying to survive in the wilderness like our ancestors did. The end result is that people tend to think they can tell when other people are watching when they really don't have that ability at all.	[ "Being able to view inmates from the tower is seen almost as ‘God like’. The observer can watch over the cells without the inmates being able to see him in return. “If I can observe the watcher who spies upon me, I can control my surveillance, I can spy in turn, I can learn the watcher’s ways, his weaknesses, I can...	[ "People can feel when someone is watching them." ]	[ "You can't actually feel this it just seems like you can because you remember the times you were correct more than the times that you were incorrect. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "People can feel when someone is watching them." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "You can't actually feel this it just seems like you can because you remember the times you were correct more than the times that you were incorrect. " ]
2018-02071	Why do surgeons need to wash their hands for an extend period of time when normal sanitizer already kill 99.9% of all bacteria	From what I understand, sanitizer kills the organisms, but those dead "corpses" are all still there. The body reacts the same way to a dead virus as it does to a live one. Washing probably cleans all that dead stuff off too.	[ "Sanitizing surfaces is part of nosocomial infection in health care environments. Modern sanitizing methods such as Non-flammable Alcohol Vapor in Carbon Dioxide systems have been effective against gastroenteritis, MRSA, and influenza agents. Use of hydrogen peroxide vapor has been clinically proven to reduce infec...	[ "Normal hand sanitizer will clean surgeons' hands.", "Because hand sanitizer kills 99.9% of bacteria, then surgeons should not have to wash their hands frequently." ]	[ "Hand sanitizer kills the organisms but does not remove them.", "The corpses of the bacteria remain on the hands, and the body reacts to dead bacteria in the same way it does live bacteria, therefore frequently washing hands is necessary." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Normal hand sanitizer will clean surgeons' hands.", "Because hand sanitizer kills 99.9% of bacteria, then surgeons should not have to wash their hands frequently." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Hand sanitizer kills the organisms but does not remove them.", "The corpses of the bacteria remain on the hands, and the body reacts to dead bacteria in the same way it does live bacteria, therefore frequently washing hands is necessary." ]
2018-04020	How can television and radio channels know how many people are watching or listening at a specific time?	Assuming you're talking about Nielsen ratings? They don't know precisely, but they send out surveys for people to fill out and fit the sampling responses into a statistical model. Online television/radio streams do get precise numbers.	[ "In 2005, ACNielsen initiated their MVP (Media Voice Panel) program. Panel members carry an electronic monitor that detects the digital station and program identification codes hidden within the TV and radio broadcasts they are exposed to. At night, members place the monitor in a cradle that sends the collected dat...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "TV stations know how many people are listening or watching." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "They don't actually know they extrapolate based on survey data from a limited sample size. " ]
2018-01936	If human and other mammal babies live off of milk the first few months of their life, why can't adults live off of milk/formula like an all around nutrition supplement?	People are covering a lot of ground here but missing your question. Basically babies are born with a resivawr(sp, autocorrect you have failed me, you have failed yourself, and most of all you have failed the people of Reddit) of nutrients (such as iron) that are not present in mom's breast milk. They are in fact born with enough iron and various other nutrients to survive off it for many months - but for best health you'll want to supplement after the first couple. So the answer is that babies can't survive off it forever either and eventually need to eat food with the missing nutrients. Adults can do roughly the same thing - you can survive (but not thrive) off potatoes and cow's milk and absolutely nothing else.	[ "Section::::Infant formula processing.:Recent and future potential new ingredients.:Prebiotics.\n\nPrebiotics are undigestible carbohydrates that promote the growth of probiotic bacteria in the gut. Human milk contains a variety of oligosaccharides believed to be an important factor in the pattern of microflora col...	[ "Breast milk has enough nutrients to sustain an adult all through life." ]	[ "There are a lot of nutrients that are not in breast milk that the baby has a store of but needs to begin supplementing after a time. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Breast milk has enough nutrients to sustain an adult all through life." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "There are a lot of nutrients that are not in breast milk that the baby has a store of but needs to begin supplementing after a time. " ]
2018-00217	Where I'm from (southern US) trees shed seeds like its raining in the fall and winter. Why, if each seed has the potentiality for a new tree, aren't there sprouts basically everywhere there's grass and dirt?	At every single stage of their development, seeds/seedlings/sprouts, etc. undergo a series of filters. The dynamics change at every stage of development, some factors are more important than other in a given stage. At first, we have seeds not being fully viable, just like a human embryo can die before being born, seed embryos can die for internal reasons. Then we have predation. Lots of animals -mainly insects- and fungi feed on seeds, if they eat a critical area (like the embryo itself) or a critical mass, the seed won't be able to germinate. After that, there's another set of internal causes, seeds are structures made to wait for the right conditions, some of them need several stages of wet/dry seasons, chemical damage, physical damage, some even need fires, like some pine species!! If the conditions aren't met, the seed won't germinate. Now we reach the stage where the seed germinates. Here's another set of filters. The first one is establishing in a good place, that means you will have access to soil, rain, and sunlight. If the seed isn't established in a good place, it will die soon. After that, there's another set of predators that want to feast on their yummy and soft structures. At this stage there's also competition, you and your hundreds of siblings are competing for access to the same resources, the competition is fierce and close. The list goes on and on. From the thousands of seeds a tree produces in its lifetime, only a tiny fraction will make it to adulthood, the competition for resources, predation, and internal factors tell us that not every single seed can make it. In the case of urban and suburban areas, you have to consider that humans are constantly removing any undesired plants.	[ "Seed production in natural plant populations varies widely from year to year in response to weather variables, insects and diseases, and internal cycles within the plants themselves. Over a 20-year period, for example, forests composed of loblolly pine and shortleaf pine produced from 0 to nearly 5 million sound p...	[ "There should be a ton of tree seedlings because of how many seeds there are." ]	[ "Not all seeds will become tree seedlings due to environmental factors like genetics, predation, damage, etc." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "There should be a ton of tree seedlings because of how many seeds there are." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Not all seeds will become tree seedlings due to environmental factors like genetics, predation, damage, etc." ]

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