url stringlengths 19 199 | title stringlengths 0 173 | institution stringclasses 19 values | author listlengths 0 19 | publish_date stringlengths 0 138 ⌀ | category listlengths 0 42 | state stringclasses 6 values | markdown stringlengths 0 366k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/winter-annual-cover-crops | Winter Annual Cover Crops | NC State Extension | [
"Luke Gatiboni",
"Chris Reberg-Horton"
] | null | [
"Soil Conservation",
"Soil Nutrient",
"Crop Rotation",
"Soil",
"Soil Health",
"Cover Crop"
] | NC | ## Winter Annual Cover Crops
SoilFacts
## Introduction
Winter annual cover crops have been used in rotation with summer crops for many years in North Carolina, but now there are some interesting new applications for this practice. Early experiments dating from the 1940s showed several important benefits of planting winter annual cover crops, chief among them erosion control, addition of nitrogen (N) to the soil for use by a subsequent crop, removal of N from the soil to prevent nutrient loading, and buildup of residue that acts as a mulch for water conservation or retention. Increased soil organic matter provided by cover crops has been demonstrated in some regions, but this outcome is less likely in the warm, humid conditions of the southeastern United States. Researchers documented no increase in soil organic matter resulting from cover crops planted in long-term trials (>40 years) from western Tennessee (Jagadamma et al. 2019).
Generally, winter cover crops are planted in early fall and allowed to grow over the winter until early spring, when their growth is terminated by herbicide treatment or plowing. In conservation tillage systems, the residue from the cover crop is not plowed under after the herbicide treatment and remains on the surface as mulch (Figure 1). A newly developed alternative for certified organic farms provides similar residue conservation without herbicides; it achieves cover crop termination using a roller-crimper (Figure 2).
Winter annual cover crops are usually legumes or cereals but can include brassicas. The legumes best adapted to North Carolina soil and climatic conditions are crimson clover, hairy vetch, Austrian winter pea, and Cahaba white vetch. Recent trials have also included lupines, bersceem clover, subterranean clover, and other legumes. Cereals or small grains that are best for North Carolina are rye, wheat, barley, triticale, and oats. Descriptions of many potential cover crop species can be found in the United States Department of Agriculture publication Managing\_Cover Crops Profitably .
## Benefits of Cover Crops
Legume cover crops may contribute N to a subsequent crop, relieving the farmer of some of the cost of buying fertilizer. Legumes can supply much of the N required for many summer crops, from row crops such as corn or grain sorghum to vegetables such as sweet corn, cabbage, squash, and pumpkins. Figure 3 shows that maximum corn yield was attained with both 104 lb fertilizer N/acre (rye and clover cover crops and fallow) and 54 lb fertilizer N/acre (vetch cover crop); thus, vetch appears to supply the equivalent of 50 lb N/acre, whereas rye and clover cover crops and the fallow system required about twice the amount of N fertilizer.
Small grains and other grasses help control erosion caused by wind (Figure 4) or water (Figure 5). Erosion due to wind and water is much greater on bare ground than on a surface protected by a cover crop. Cover crops in a conservation tillage planting system provide erosion control during the winter while the plant is growing (Figure 6) and mulch for the soil surface during the summer in the form of crop residue (Figure 7). This surface mulch enhances summer rainfall infiltration, reduces soil water evaporation, and provides weed control via early shading. All these potential benefits are highly dependent on weather and management factors that should be considered when using cover crops. In contrast to legumes, grass cover crops can immobilize soil N as they decompose. Thus, they can reduce crop growth unless sufficient inorganic N is applied (Figure 3).
Management decisions, such as the date and method of planting and killing a cover crop, influence the amount of cover crop growth and nutrient uptake, as well as the availability of the nutrients released to a following crop through decomposition. Plowing cover crops under early in the spring will increase the decomposition rate of the cover crop, but this early termination also limits cover crop growth, which limits nutrient accumulation and the buildup of soil organic matter from the residue. Allowing the cover crop to grow until later in the spring will improve nutrient accumulation in the cover biomass, but it may reduce the ability of microbes to decompose residues for short-term use. Leaving the cover crop on the surface also reduces its decomposition rate compared to plowing. This extra surface residue accumulation may benefit subsequent crops, but it should be evaluated to determine whether it inhibits crop growth or encourages pests or diseases.
Cover crops in the coastal plain and tidewater regions of eastern North Carolina are used primarily for controlling wind erosion and promoting soil moisture retention. Wind erosion can be severe in cultivated organic and sandy soils of this region (Figure 4). Seedlings are especially vulnerable to damage from sandblasting during cool, dry springs, when growth rates are slow. Many farmers use small grain cover crops to control erosion due to the amount of biomass produced. There are many combinations of cover crops and planting techniques to choose from: using winter wheat or cereal rye; planting flat or on beds (Figure 8); and planting the following crop using no-till, strip-till, or conventional till. Strip plantings of cereal rye can also be used as windsbreaks to protect vegetable crops and tobacco from wind erosion (Figure 9).
The extent of soil erosion control provided by cover crops during the fall, winter, and early spring depends largely on when the crop is established (Figure 10). Timing is particularly important with legumes because late seeding results in small plants with limited root systems. If the legume cover crop is established early enough, adequate growth in the fall can help minimize soil erosion. The nonlegumes rye and triticale provide maximum erosion protection during fall and winter because of their rapid growth rates. Active cover crop growth in the spring, before the summer crop is planted, offers continued erosion control compared to bare ground.
Figure 5. Water erosion on slip-till planted into a winter crop on an Augusta fine sandy
loam soil.
## Legume Cover Crop Establishment
Although crimson clover, hairy vetch, Austrian winter pea, and common vetch are widely adapted to soil and climatic conditions in North Carolina, they have some limitations. Hairy vetch tends to be more winter hardy than the others and generally can be planted later. Crimson clover grows faster in the spring, thereby maturing and obtaining peak dry matter production about three to four weeks ahead of hairy vetch. Hairy vetch is better adapted to more sandy soils and to more poorly drained soils than crimson clover, although crimson clover provides adequate dry matter production on most well-drained sandy loams. The erect growth habit of crimson clover may make it slightly easier to manage than hairy vetch, which has a vinyl nature (Figure 11).
The following general cultural practices are applicable to all legume cover crops.
Planting dates . A wide range of planting dates exists for most legumes (Table 1), although early planting obtains the best results. Early seeding dates are easy to meet with legume cover crops following tobacco, corn silage, spring vegetables or, in eastern North Carolina, grain corn. Unless an early maturing soybean is planted, soybean harvest is usually late enough to make cover crop establishment difficult prior to the onset of winter (unless aerially overseed, which is discussed later). Because Cahaba white vetch is not very winter hardy, it is not adapted to the western regions of the state. Freeze damage has also occurred with Austrian winter pea at high elevations (above 2,500 feet). In general, planting late (late October to November) in the piedmont and mountains will increase the risk of winter kill.
| Region | Crimson Clover | Hairy Vetch | Austrian Winter Pea | Cahaba White Vetch |
|----------------|----------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------|
| Mountains | | August 10 to September 15 | | Not adapted |
| Piedmont | August 25 to October 1 | August 25 to October 15 | August 25 to October 1 | Not adapted |
| Coastal plain | Preferred dates: September 1 to September 30 | Possible dates: September 1 to October 30 | | |
## Seeding rate, depth, and method . Seedling rates and depths vary with legume species (Table
2). Seed crimson clover at 20 to 25 lb/acre broadcast and 15 to 20 lb/acre drilled. For both hairy vetch and Cahaba white vetch, the rates are 20 to 30 lb/acre broadcast and 15 to 20 lb/acre drilled. For Austrian winter pea, the rates are 25 to 35 lb/acre broadcast and 20 to 25 lb/acre drilled.
| Legume | Broadcast | Drilled | Seeding Depth (inches) |
|---------------------|-------------|-----------|--------------------------|
| Crimson clover | 10 - 15 | 5 - 10 | ½ - ½ |
| Hairy vetch | 10 - 15 | 5 - 10 | ½ - 1½ |
| Cahaba white vetch | 20 - 30 | 15 - 20 | ½ - 1½ |
| Austrian winter pea | 25 - 35 | 20 - 25 | ¾ - 1½ |
Use shallow planting depths for finer-textured, clayey soils and deeper depths for coarse-textured, sandy soils. Drilling into a conventional seedbed is the most reliable way to obtain a uniform stand; however, a no-till grain drill also can be used successfully, provided that residue from the previous crop is not excessive and soil moisture is sufficient to allow the drill to penetrate to the desired
planting depth. Seeds may be broadcast if the soil has been disked and partially smoothed. Cultipacking after broadcasting will encourage good seed-to-soil contact. Crimson clover, in particular, can be established easily with this method.
An innovative system that has shown promise in other southeastern states is to allow crimson clover to reseed itself naturally. This method will work in North Carolina where the following crop is midsummer vegetable crops (pumpkins), grain sorghum, or tropical silage corn (late spring establishment). Reseeding usually will not work for crimson clover planted before full-season field corn because crimson clover seed matures after corn planting dates. With careful management, this system can work for full-season, no-till corn if strips of crimson clover are allowed to mature, produce, and disperse seed (as discussed in the economics section).
Aerial overseeding into cotton at defoliation or into soybean prior to leaf drop has been successful in some cases (Figure 12 and Figure 13). Overseeding can prevent the reduced productivity that might result if planting is delayed until after harvest of certain crops (Table 3).
| Prior | Prior | Seeding Date | Seeding Date | Seeding Date | |
|----------------|---------------------|----------------|----------------|------------------|---------------|
| Soybean | Soybean | | | Dry | |
| Maturity Group | Maturity Group | Seeding Method | 2006 | 2007 (ton/acre) | N (lb N/acre) |
| 3 | Drill after harvest | October 12 | October 9 | 1.5 88 | |
| 4 | Aerial overseed | September 8 | August 21 | 1.3 79 | |
| 4 | Drill after harvest | October 12 | October 9 | 1.5 92 | |
| 5 | Aerial overseed | September 8 | September 19 | 1.5 85 | |
| 5 | Drill after harvest | November 19 | November 21 | 0.4* 32* | |
* Dry matter and N accumulation were significantly reduced if planting was delayed until November following harvest of a maturity group 5 soybean (P
Grazing or hay crop . Winter annual legumes can be grazed or cut for hay before the summer crop is planted. However, either of these practices would remove most of the N and mulch from the system because N is concentrated in the top growth. Legumes grow only a limited amount during fall
and winter, which makes them a poor choice for grazing during this period. If grazing continues too long in the spring, growers may find that the rough soil conditions caused by hoof traffic lessen the benefits they expected from spring no-till management.
## Small Grains Cover Crop Establishment
Determine small grain lime and fertilizer needs based on soil test results. On coastal plain soils, supplemental N (25 to 35 lb/acre) may be needed to obtain adequate top growth. Successful establishment of small grain stands generally can be achieved by planting later than those for legumes, even as late as early December in coastal plain regions (Table 4); this allows establishment of the cover crop after a crop such as soybeans is harvested in late fall. Remember that late seeding dates may reduce some soil erosion protection. For sandier coastal plain soils, such as Wagram, Lucy, Kenansville, and Coneto, rye is the preferred small grain cover crop. Seeding rates are 1 to 1½ bushels per acre for rye, triticale, and wheat and 2 bushels per acre for oats. As previously discussed, seeding depth varies from ½ to 1½ inches, depending on soil texture. Planting methods are the same as those described for legumes. Aerial seeding of rye into soybeans just before leaf drop has been marginally successful.
| Location | Rye | Wheat | Barley | Triticale | Oats |
|---------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------|----------|-------------|--------|
| Mountainsto | Preferred dates:August 15 to September 30 Possible dates:August 15 to October 30 | Not adapted | | | |
| Piedmont | Possible dates:September 15 to November 15 | | | | |
| Coastal plain | Preferred dates: September 30 to November 15 | | | | |
Using a small grain cover crop for silage or hay will greatly delay corn planting and thereby increase the risks of drought, heat stress, and pests associated with late planting. In addition, the potential for conserving soil moisture may be reduced if the cover crop is removed for silage, leaving less mulch and reducing the subsequent corn yield (Figure 14).
Growers need to consider timing when planting winter wheat in locations where the Hessian fly is present. If Hessian fly is present in your area, plant wheat after the first frost. If small grain must be planted before frost, consider choosing small grain not inhabited by Hessian fly, which includes rye, tritically, barley, or oats.
## Cover Crop Mixtures: Multiple Benefits
Two or more cover crop species can be combined in a single planting to realize the benefits of each. Generally, a grass species is combined with one or more legume species. For example, when cereal rye and hairy vetch are planted together, the rapid germination and early fall growth of cereal rye help stabilize the soil surface and allow the more fragile hairy vetch seedlings to thrive. The next
spring, the cereal rye plants provide physical support for the climbing hairy vetch stems.
Another example of suitable mixtures would be wheat, triticale, or barley planted with crimson clover. All of these plants have similar heights, so deleterious shading would be minimal compared to coplanting of tall rye and short crimson clover.
In many areas of North Carolina, farmers increasingly must manage nutrients to protect surface waters from nutrient loading. Cereal rye planted early in the fall -- alone or in mixtures -- can greatly reduce available soil N that leaches during the wet winter months.
The strategy of combining grass and legume cover crops attempts to gain the maximal N scavenging and high biomass production of the grass and the biological N fixation and moderated nutrient release of the legume. In practice, since actual benefits vary widely depending on the season, site, and management, it has been difficult to verify consistent benefits of mixtures versus single species cover crops. Depending on the grass and legume cover crops chosen, reduced seeding rate may be appropriate.
Surface residue (from a cover crop or previous crop) helps conserve soil moisture during the spring and summer growing seasons by reducing water evaporation from the soil surface while the production crop is still establishing its full protective canopy. The cover crop also decreases rainfall runoff and increases water infiltration. Corn is highly sensitive to moisture stress at critical stages of development. Using no-till planting and cover residue can increase the reservoir of available soil water and can substantially increase corn yields in droughty years.
Note that a cover crop depletes soil moisture during active growth, and it may be difficult to obtain adequate corn stands during dry spring seasons. Killing a small grain cover crop 7 to 14 days before corn is planted can reduce potential depletion of soil water. If legumes are used, an early burndown is likely to reduce the amount of legume N available to the next crop. To use the beneficial N from legume cover crops and avoid soil moisture depletion, consider planting fields with legume cover crops last and monitor early spring conditions to minimize moisture depletion before corn-planting time. However, do not delay corn planting to allow additional growth of legume cover crops.
If the summer crops are grain sorghum or warm season vegetable crops, planting dates can be more flexible. Killing the cover crop about 10 days before planting no-till sorghum or vegetables can minimize soil water depletion.
Multispecies mixtures: Multispecies mixtures of cover crops generally consist of combinations of several species of grasses, legumes, and brassicas (sometimes buckwheat and other forbs). The diversity of aboveground and belowground plant architecture and chemical composition is expected to provide a more diverse microhabitat for soil biota and other beneficial organisms, as well as providing benefits similar to simpler cover crop plantings. Management is more complicated due to the variation in seed sizes, logistics of planting, and variation in the timing of flowering, seed production, and cover crop termination. Successful combinations are likely to be specific to regional cropping systems. Field test results from several states have noted that productivity does not always rise due to increasing diversity, but it can increase in some cases. A recent study in Tennessee (Chu et al. 2017) found increasing yields of soybean after three years of planting winter cover crop mixtures of two or more species, which was also associated with increased soil moisture and soil inorganic N levels.
## Nitrogen Contribution
A well-established legume cover can potentially supply 50 to 150 lb N/acre, or approximately two thirds of the N required by a corn crop and almost all of what is needed for grain sorghum and some vegetable crops (Figure 3, Figure 15, Table 3, and Table 5). The quantity of N available from legume
cover crops will depend on the legume species, growing conditions, and location in North Carolina. Decomposition of legume residues proceeds rapidly under favorable conditions, and most of the N becomes available before the corn tassels and silks appear or when it is needed by grain sorghum or most short-season vegetable crops. In contrast to legume cover crops, small grain covers can reduce available soil N early in the growing season. Thus, small grain covers may function as a net drain rather than as a contributor of N to the system (Figure 15). To achieve the best results, optimum N management requires a systems approach that considers the N source, rate, timing, and placement.
| Legume | Total N (lb/acre) |
|---------------------|---------------------|
| Crimson clover | 160 |
| Hairy vetch | 150 |
| Austrian winter pea | 130 |
| Cahaba white vetch | 100 |
Several studies comparing conventional and no-till corn in eastern North Carolina have documented the potential contribution of N by legumes. Hairy vetch has consistently performed well in these trials, and crimson clover is also promising on well-drained sites (Figure 3; Table 3). Nevertheless, few, if any, large commercial farmers have adopted legume cover crops to supply N, probably because of cost (see the following section on economics) and management reasons. Most producers who have incorporated legumes into their farm management plans are small growers or farms using organic production methods. Crimson clover productivity has been much lower on poorly drained soils, with N accumulations of less than 25 lb/acre in some recent field trials.
## Legume Nitrogen Economics
Estimated costs associated with a legume cover crop include seed ($55/acre for hairy vetch at 25 lb/acre), inoculation ($2/acre), planting ($8/acre), and burndown herbicide ($10/ acre), for a total of $75/acre. A lower seed cost for crimson clover (about $1/lb) results in a total cost of $45/acre. If a legume cover crop contributes 100 pounds of N/acre, the legume seed cost would be equivalent to a typical inorganic N fertilizer (30% N as UAN solution) priced at $275 to $450/ton for crimson clover and hairy vetch, respectively. As shown in Figure 16, prices can fluctuate dramatically, but current total production cost estimates are $60 to $75/acre/year for hairy vetch, $45 to $60/acre/year for seeded crimson clover,
One way to reduce the costs of establishing cover crops is to manage them for reseeding. In strip tillage systems or with banded herbicide applications, a crimson clover cover crop can be managed so that a proportion of the stand is allowed to continue growing and produce viable seed. This seed is then naturally dispersed and can germinate late in the summer when moisture becomes sufficient. While there is limited experience with this practice on farms, it is a viable option for innovative farmers.
## Pest Concerns
Seed corn insects can be abundant in cover crops used as no-till mulch. Also, early-planted row crops and spring-planted vegetables tend to grow more slowly under mulched conditions because of lower soil temperatures. Therefore, use of a soil insecticide is recommended when planting without tillage into a cover crop. For double-cropped soybeans planted into small grain stubble, insect damage is no greater than with conventional tillage.
Residual weed-control methods for no-till crops planted into a cover crop are similar to those used for conventional planted crops, with the obvious exception of the use of cultivation for weed control. However, situations occur that make weed control very difficult under no-till management. Fields heavily infested with johnsongrass, bermudgrass, or nutsedge should not be planted to cover crops until adequate weed control has been achieved. In contrast, the presence of a cover crop, particularly rye, has had a beneficial effect on weed control by suppressing germination of many large-seeded broadleaf weeds. This alleopathic reaction has been attributed to the release of phytotoxic chemicals from decomposing residue.
Cover crop residue usually does not promote a higher population of nematodes in no-till corn.
However, in a hairy vetch cover crop, increased populations of soybean cyst nematodes have been found. Crop rotation and timely nematode sampling are wise management practices.
## Managing the Cover Crop and a Summer Crop
Cover crop growth can be terminated by tillage, rolling, or herbicides. In a wet growing season, tilling legumes into the soil may produce slightly greater yields in the crop that follows. However, if the legume residue is left on the surface, it will increase water infiltration and conserve soil moisture when dry growing conditions prevail. In general, the procedures for planting without tillage into a cover crop are similar to planting into residues of a previous crop, such as soybeans or corn.
## Cover Crop Burdown
Either paraquat or glyphosate can be used to control existing cover crop vegetation. Use doses on the product label or consult the North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual . Ryew is the easiest small grain cover crop to control with paraquat. In some instances, the effectiveness of both paraquat and glyphosate on actively growing legumes has been enhanced by the addition of 2,4-D amine or dicamba. Legume and small grain cover crops under drought stress are more difficult to control. Addition of a residual herbicide to the burdunnoh herbicide also improves cover crop kill. It is essential that cover crop vegetation be thoroughly and uniformly sprayed for effective control. This means using a spray volume of 20 to 60 gallons of water per acre for paraquat and 10 to 30 gallons of water per acre for glyphosate. High pressure (40 to 45 pounds per square inch) will help the spray penetrate dense vegetation. Spray solutions for paraquat can be water, N solution, or clear fertilizer solutions and must contain a nonionic surfactant. One or more residual herbicides are usually applied at the same time as the knockdown herbicide. Consult the North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual for the appropriate residual herbicide combinations. Proper field scouting will help determine the need for postemergence weed control measures.
## Summer Crop Establishment With NoTill Planting
No-till planting into a cover crop involves minimal soil disturbance - that is, opening only a narrow furrow for the seed. One exception is on coastal plain soils that are responsive to in-row subsoiling. Limited research indicates that these soils respond to subsoliding even with the presence of a cover crop mulch.
The performance of no-till seedling-planting equipment has improved considerably, but the germination rate can be lower than in a conventionally tilled soil. In no-till, it is recommended that seeding rates be 10% to 15% higher than those for conventional tillage. For corn and cotton, the generally lower soil temperature and retained moisture under the cover crop make it imperative to select a variety that demonstrates excellent germination and seedling vigor under cool, wet conditions (the Figure 17 graph shows weekly soil temperatures by cover crop type from May 29 to August 14). Surface residue cools the soil considerably during the spring, with differences in soil temperatures between the cover and bare soil lessening as the corn crop begins to shade the soil. The use of a starter fertilizer on corn will ensure faster initial growth. For corn following a small grain cover crop, special consideration must be given to fertilization, especially with regard to the N source, placement, and timing of application. Other management factors in a no-till system are similar to practices used with conventional tillage.
## References
Chu, M., S. Jagadamma, F.R. Walker, N.S. Eash, M.J. Buschemholle, and L.A. Duncan. 2017. *Effect of Multispecies Cover Crop Mixture on Soil Properties and Crop Yield. " Agriculture and Environmental Letters 2:170030. doi:10.2134/aeI2017.09.0030.
Jagadamma, S., M.E. Essington, S. Xu, and X. Yin. 2019. "Total and Active Soil Organic Carbon from Long-term Agricultural Management Practices in West Tennessee." Agriculture and Environmental Letters 4:180062. doi:10.2134/ael2018.11.0062
## Acknowledgements
This publication is a revision of an earlier version. The authors would like to thank Carl Crozier, Greg Hoyt, and Michael Wagger for their earlier contributions.
## Authors
Luke Gatiboni
Extension Soil Fertility Specialist and Assistant Professor Crop & Soil Sciences
Chris Reberg-Horton
Associate Professor and Extension Organic Clipping Specialist Crop & Soil Sciences
Publication date: Sept. 10, 2021
AG-439-58
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
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https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/microcelldept/2021/08/24/breast-milk-covid-19-antibodies/ | Breast milk of mothers who received COVID-19 vaccine contains antibodies that fight illness | University of Florida | [
"Samantha Murray"
] | 2021-08-24 | [
"Uncategorized"
] | FL | ## Breast milk of mothers who received COVID-19 vaccine contains antibodies that fight illness
- · The breast milk of lactating mothers vaccinated against COVID19 contains a significant supply of antibodies that may help protect nursing infants from the illness, according to new research from the University of Florida.
- · For the study, researchers recruited 21 lactating health care workers and tested antibody levels in their blood and breast milk before and after receiving the Pfizer or Moderna vaccines.
- · Now, the research team will investigate whether breast milk containing these antibodies provides protection for infants who consume it.
GAINESVILLE, Fla. -The breast milk of lactating mothers vaccinated against COVID-19 contains a significant supply of antibodies that may help protect nursing infants from the illness, according to new research from the University of Florida.
"Our findings show that vaccination results in a significant increase in antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 -the virus that causes COVID-19 -in breast milk, suggesting that vaccinated mothers can pass on this immunity to their babies, something we are working to confirm in our ongoing research " said Joseph Larkin III, Ph.D., senior author of the study and an associate professor in the UF/IFAS department of microbiology and cell science.
When babies are born, their immune systems are underdeveloped, making it hard for them to fight infections on their own. They are also often too young to respond adequately to certain types of
vaccines, said Josef Neu, M.D., one of the study's co-authors and a professor in the UF College of Medicine's department of pediatrics, division of neonatology.
During this vulnerable period, breast milk allows nursing mothers to provide infants with "passive immunity," Neu explained.
"Think of breast milk as a toolbox full of all the different tools that help prepare the infant for life. Vaccination adds another tool to the toolbox, one that has the potential to be especially good at preventing COVID-19 illness," Neu said. "The results of our study strongly suggest that vaccines can help protect both mom and baby, another compelling reason for pregnant or lactating women to get vaccinated."
The study was conducted between December 2020 and March 2021, when the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines first became available to health care workers.
For the study, researchers recruited 21 lactating health care workers who had never contracted COVID-19. The research team sampled the mothers' breast milk and blood three times: before vaccination, after the first dose and after the second dose.
'We saw a robust antibody response in blood and breast milk after the second dose - about a hundred-fold increase compared with levels before vaccination,' said Lauren Stafford, a doctoral student in Larkin's lab.
"These levels are also higher than those observed after natural infection with the virus," said Vivian Valcarcel, a resident in the UF College of Medicine's department of pediatrics, division of neonatology. Valcarcel and Stafford share primary authorship of the study's findings.
Vaccinating mothers to protect babies is nothing new, Valcarcel said.
"Typically, expectant mothers are vaccinated against whooping cough and flu because these can be serious illnesses for infants. Babies can also catch COVID-19, so routine vaccination of mothers against the virus could be something we see in the future," Valcarcel said.
With that in mind, the research team is continuing to explore how breast milk containing COVID-19 antibodies gained through vaccination protects babies who consume it.
"We would like to know if infants who consume breast milk containing these antibodies develop their own protection against COVID-19," Larkin said. "In addition, we would also like to know more about the antibodies themselves, such as how long they are present in breast milk and how effective they are at neutralizing the virus."
Neu said his lab is also interested in exploring the potential therapeutic uses of breast milk produced by vaccinated mothers.
Unanswered questions aside, the researchers remain excited and encouraged by their initial results.
'There is still so much we are learning about breast milk and all its benefits, and that's what makes this research so fascinating - not just for us scientists but for non-scientists, too,' said Stafford, who is pursuing a degree in microbiology and cell science in the UE/IFAES College of Agricultural and Life Sciences.
"We are also excited to see many other simultaneous studies conducted around the world that also show antibodies in the breastmilk of vaccinated mothers," Neu said. "That means our study validates a growing body of evidence."
The study is published in the journal Breastfeeding Medicine and was funded by the Children's Miracle Network.
## O
by Samantha Murray
Posted: August 24, 2021
Category: Health & Nutrition, UF/IFAS Research
Tags: Covid-19, Joseph Larkin, Microbiology And Cell Science,
Microcell, News, Vaccination |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/orange-county | Orange County Forestry Impacts | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"James Jeuck",
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"Dennis Hazel",
"Corey Sugerik"
] | null | [
"Forestry",
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] | NC | ## Orange County Forestry Impacts 2012
## Forestry Impacts
Department
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Publication Date
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Authors
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Robert Bardon
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Corey Sugerik |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/white-peach-scale | White Peach Scale Insect | NC State Extension | [
"James Baker"
] | null | [
"Entomology",
"Insect",
"Peach",
"Scale"
] | NC | White peach scale insects, Pseudulacaspis pentagona , are so called because female armor is white; the males secrete a noticeable amount of a white, fluffy residue, and these scales are often found on peach. The armor of females is fairly round with a yellowish spot in the middle (the cast skins of earlier stages). Male armor is narrow, ridged, and snow white. The cast skin of an earlier stage appears at the head end of the male scale. Females lay 80 to 100 eggs under their armor. Male eggs are white and female eggs are orange. The males are tiny gnat-like insects that crawl or fly to find mates or die trying (they have no mouthparts and cannot feed but they do have four eyes!). About 12 days after mating, females lay their eggs and eventually die. The eggs hatch in three or four days in warm weather, and the young scalers wander about for about 12 hours before settling down to feed. White peach scale has at least three generations each year in North Carolina. The crawlers of white peach can be present in low numbers throughout the year, but there are three distinct "peaks" of crawler emergence in early May, mid July, and early September. When populations become dense, females lay mostly male eggs. By then plants appear to have been flocked and the stems may be solid white.
## White Peach Scale Insect
## PDIC Factsheets
## Description and Biology
white; the males secrete a noticeable amount of a white, fluffy residue, and these scales are often found on peach. The armor of females is fairly round with a yellowish spot in the middle (the cast skins of earlier stages). Male armor is narrow, ridged, and snow white. The cast skin of an earlier stage appears at the head end of the male scale. Females lay 80 to 100 eggs under their armor. Male eggs are white and female eggs are orange. The males are tiny gnat-like insects that crawl or fly to find mates or die trying (they have no mouthparts and cannot feed but they do have four eyes!). About 12 days after mating, females lay their eggs and eventually die. The eggs hatch in three or four days in warm weather, and the young scalers wander about for about 12 hours before settling down to feed. White peach scale has at least three generations each year in North Carolina. The crawlers of white peach can be present in low numbers throughout the year, but there are three distinct "peaks" of crawler emergence in early May, mid July, and early September. When populations become dense, females lay mostly male eggs. By then plants appear to have been flocked and the stems may be solid white.
Female white peach scale with a female white peach scale (with white peach scale as well as ilacusts).
Female white peach scale with a female white apple (with white apple scale as well as ilacusts).
Female white peach scale with a female white apple (with white apple scale as well as ilacusts).
Female white peach scale with a female white apple (with white apple scale as well as ilacusts).
Female white peach scale with a female white apple (with white apple scale as well as ilacusts).
Female white peach scale with a female white apple (with white apple scale as well as ilacusts).
Female white peach scale with a female white apple (with white apple scale as well as ilacusts).
Female white peach scale with a female white apple (with white apple scale as well as ilacusts).
Female white peach scale with a female white apple (with white apple scale as well as ilacusts).
Female white peach scale with a female white apple (with white apple scale as well as ilacusts).
Female white peach scale with a female white apple (with white apple scale as well as ilacusts).
Female white peach scale with a female white apple (with white apple scale as well as ilacusts).
Female white peach scale with a female white apple (with white apple scale as well as ilacusts).
Female white peach scale with a female white apple (with white apple scale as well as ilacusts).
Female white peach scale with a female white apple (with white apple scale as well as ilacusts).
Female white peach scale with a female white apple (with white apple scale as well as ilacusts).
Female white peach scale with a female white apple (with white apple scale as well as ilacusts).
and have Safari applied by a licensed landscaper. Such a soil treatment (some formulations of Safari are specifically labeled for armored scale management) should give at least 12 months of control.
## References
- · Armored Scale Identification and Management on Omental Plants . Frank, S. 2010. Entomology Insect Notes, NC State Extension Publications.
- · Common name : white peach scale , scientific name : Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Branscome, D. 2012 (revision). Entomology & Nematology, FDACS/DPI, EDIS.
- · Effect of dormant oil treatments on white peach scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) and its overwintering parasite complex . Meyer, J. R. and C. A. Nalepa. 1991. J. Entomol. Sci. 26 (1): 27-32.
- · Florida Armored Scale Insects . Dekle, G. W. 1965. Arthropods of florida and Neighboring Land Area Vol. 3. Florida Dept. Agr. Div. Plant Industry. 265 pp.
- · Insect and Related Pests of Shrubs . Baker, J. R. ed. 1980. NC Agricultural Extension Service publication AG-189. 199 pp.
- · Extension Plant Pathology Publications and Factsheets
- Horticultural Science Publications
- North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension Center.
This Factsheet has not been peer reviewed.
## Author
James Baker
Professor Emeritus Entomology and Plant Pathology
Publication date: Oct. 17, 2013
Reviewed/Revised: Jan. 7, 2023
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/pss/septic-system-basics-for-realtors-pss-2408.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20160901145332-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | Sergio M. Abit Jr., PhD State Specialist on On-site Septic Systems
## Larry Boyanton
Certified Installer, Plumbing Contractor and Licensed Home Inspector, LB Home Services
Whether in connection to the purchase or sale of a parcel of land or a house, the realiator is the buyers and the seller's main source of information and advice. Information about neighborhood, proximity to good schools, number of rooms, kitchen features, the land area and number of bathrooms are standard talking points between client and realtor. However, household wastewater treatmentfeatures, like septic systems, often are not discussed in great detail.
A house may have the best location and curb appeal, and may have the best features in terms of living space, kitchen and bedrooms, but its septic system has problems or is under stress, then the property would lose some of its value. If the land for sale would require a very expensive septic system (say $10,000) to get a building permit, it is best if the realtor can advise the buyer about this detail so it can be considered in the purchase negotiation.
It is a big plus for all parties involved in the transaction if the realtor can provide information about the septic system that a client needs to consider before deciding to purchase. This Fact Sheet will focus on the following key topics that are useful to realtors when advising clients: 1) septic system basics; 2) important information for land buyers; 3) important information for home buyers; and 4) various permissible systems.
## Septic System Basics
Home sites that are not within reach of municipal sewer lines require on-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTS or septic systems). Some of the simpler systems use gravity for wastewater dispersal and heavily rely on the soil to accomplish treatment. Other systems, particularly those that require electricity and involve mechanical parts driven by complex electronics, cost more and require more upkeep. Components of a septic system include: 1) toilet and drains, 2) household plumbing, 3) the outdoor tanks for wastewater storage and pre-treatment and 4) the soil in the property that performs the final treatment. All of these components should work well to ensure proper treatmentofhouseholdwastewater. Specific details about different OWTS permitted in Oklahoma are discussed later.
There is no one-size-fits-all system. All efforts must be made to make sure that the appropriate type of system be installed for the intended household size and that it is suited
## Septic System Bases for Realtors
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at: http://osufacts.okstate.edu
for the area's soil and site properties and is professionally installed. There is no such thing as an install-and-forget system. All systems require some form of maintenance. To ensure a system stays effective for years, it has to be used as designed and maintained as suggested .Amalfunctioning septic system not only has monetary consequences for clients (both home seller and buyer), but could have health and environmental repercussions as well. Improperly treated wastewatercontains hazardous pollutants (chemicals and microorganisms) that can harm the home occupants and their neighbors.
## Land Buyers' Questions that Realtors Should Address
How do I know if I need a septic system at the home site?
If the area is not within reach of the municipal or city sewer system or if the town does not have a centralized wastewater treatment facility, a septic system is necessary. If unsure, ask the local utilities office.
## Does the lot/area meet minimum requirements for installing a septic system?
The realtor should ascertain if the property has enough space for both the house and the OWTS. At least 10,000 square feet should be allocated for the OWTS in the general intended installation area. Dry areas on the property that are submerged in water at certain times of the year are not included. In addition, the area should be accessible to installers and the equipment needed in earth-working activities related to the installation.
If public water will be used in the house, the minimum size for a residential lot that needs an OWTS is one-half acre. If a drinking water wells need to be installed in the area, then a minimum lot size of three-fourths acre is required.
## Other site-related factors to be considered
- · Slope : Sloping areas could still be used for installation of OWTS. However, installation of OWTS in relatively flat areas is easier for installers and would not require major earth work (meaning, less labor cost). As rule of thumb, areas with a slope greater than 10 percent are undesirable areas for the installation of an OWTS.
## What possible types of septic systems can be installed in the property of interest?
The type of septic system that would be permitted in the area would largely depend on soil and site properties. To get an initial idea of the type of systems that could be installed in the area, one needs to know what type of soil could be found in the area. Information about soils in the area could be accessed at http://websoilsurvey.nms.usda.gov . For details about how to access the necessary soil information, refer to Extension leaflet L-430 , Land Buyers' Septic System Guide for Oklahoma at http://nonagriculturalsoils.okstate.edu/publications .
There are six types of systems that are permitted in the State. The various types of systems permitted in the Oklahoma are discussed later.
## How much money and time needs to be allocated for septic system installation?
Cost for installation varies widely depending upon the type of system, location and site properties. Homebuilders are advised to check with a local installer for the range of installation cost applicable for the area. Table 1 shows the estimated time required for installation of the various OWSTs.
## Who can install septic system?
The services of a State-certified septic system installer is recommended. The homeowner or the installer will need to request a soil profiler to characterize the soil at the area intended for septic system installation. Using the description of site and soil properties provided by the soil profiler, the installer will design the system and file the appropriate permits with the local DEQ office. In some cases, a percolation test (a test measuring the rate of downward water flow through the soil) may need to be done. It should also be noted that many municipalities in Oklahoma require a soil test report before issuing a building permit.
A list of State-certified installers can be found at: www.ocia. s5.com/custom.html or http://www.deq.state.ok.us/ECLSNew/ CertInstallers/certinstallers.htm . The list of licensed soil profil-
| On-site Wastewater Treatment System | Installation Time |
|----------------------------------------------|---------------------|
| Conventional System | 1-2 days |
| Shallow Extended Subsurface Absorption Field | 1-2 days |
| Low Pressure Dosing System | 1-2 days |
| Evapotranspiration/Absorption System | 1-2 days |
| Lagoon System | 2 days |
| Aerobic Treatment System | 1 day |
ers can be accessed at http://www.degate.ok.us/ECLSNew/ On-site/soilprofilers.htm or inquire from the local DEQ office.
## Home Buyers' Questions that Realtors Should Address
## Are there maintenance records of the home's OWSTS?
Possession of a complete maintenance record shows that the owner is taking care of the house and to some degree can vouch that the system should stay effective for some reasonable amount of time after the purchase. Imagine if the reallator, who is expected to know the details of a house, could not answer the simple question of "When was the last time the septic tank was pumped?" or "When was the last time the aerotor was serviced?" This would be equivalent to a used car dealer not being able to answer the question about a car's last oil change. The selling agent should ask the seller to provide this information in case a buyer would ask for it.
## Do I need to update the septic system if I make house expansions?
The septic system is designed for a given home size (number of occupants and bedrooms). If additional bedrooms would be built after the home purchase to accommodate a larger family size, then the OWTS may need to be updated/ modified. It is best to check with the local DEQ office.
## Is the current OWTS covered by installation warranties and service agreements?
The State of Oklahoma has a mandatory two-year maintenance period for aerobic treatments systems (ATS).This rule mandates the installer of an ATS to maintain the system, at no additional cost to the homeowner, for two years following the date of installation. This means it is important the reallor knows when the ATS was installed. It is also helpful if the realtor is aware of any manufacturer warranties and/or whether the OWTS is currently covered by some agreement with a maintenance provider. At the very least, the reallor must know who installed and who is currently maintaining the system so the homebuyers would know who to call should some issues arise.
What if the septic system would have problems?
This is when information about the installer and the service provider would be useful. Somebody who is familiar with the system would be a good person to call when problems arise. Also, it is important to make sure the property has a repair area (discussed earlier). If structures have been built on the site that was originally designated as a repair area, this could be a serious issue.
## What are the maintenance requirements of the existing system?
Maintenance requirements vary with the type of system. If the homebuyers do not have experience with septic systems in a previous home, it is best if the realtor can inform them of simple maintenance tips/requirements. This is important because there could be instances where homebuyers are not willing to deal with the extra "trouble" of maintaining a system. For details about maintenance requirements of various systems, refer to Extension Fact Sheet PSS 2914, Keep your Septic System in Working Order .
Here are a few simple maintenance tips a realtor could share with a homebuyer:
## Work within the daily treatment capacity of the system
There is a maximum limit on the amount of wastewater that a system can treat in a day. An owner should be aware of this limit and should make sure it is not exceeded. In some cases, this would require adjustments concerning major water uses in the house. Examples of adjustments would be to postpone doing the laundry until visitors leave, setting a limit on the number of loads of clothes that are washed per day or to refrain from using the bathtub, clothes washer and dishwasher at around the same time.
## Be familiar with the system
Knowing how the existing OWTS works will provide home buyers some idea of the level of care and expertise needed to maintain the system. For example, if the house has an aerobic treatment system with a spray dispersal system, it is necessary to constantly treat the wastewater with bleach prior to surface-application to the yard.
## Be aware of what NOT to put in the drain
There are materials that if disposed in the drain or toilets, may limit the functioning and the lifespan of the system. Grease and used cooking oils should not be poured into the kitchen sink drain. Solid materials such as sanitary napkins, non-biodegradable wipes, cigarette butts, disposable diapers and plastic wrappers should not be flushed in the toilets. Household chemicals and unused pharmaceuticals, like antibiotics and hormonal treatments, should never be disposed through the toilets or sinks. As much as possible, kitchen refuse should not be disposed through the drain even if the kitchen sink has a garbage disposal.
## Have your septic tanks checked regularly
The most common cause of septic systems problems is the failure of homeowners to pump out (empty) the septic tank. There is a limit on the amount of solids the septic tank can accommodate. Table 2 shows that estimated pumping frequency of septic tanks.
| Number of People Using the System | Number of People Using the System | Number of People Using the System | Number of People Using the System | | |
|-------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|----|----|
| (gallons) | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 |
| 1,000 | 12 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| 1,250 | 16 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| 1,500 | 19 | 9 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
## Maintain the spray field/drain field outside the house
Properly maintaining the drain field starts with knowing where the lines or spray heads in your drain field are. To ensure proper functioning of the soil in the drain field outside the house, homeowners should do the following: a) maintain adequate grass cover over the drain field, b) divert surface waters (runoff and water from gutters) away from drain field and c) keep heavy traffic like automobiles and heavy equipment off the drain field.
## Permissible Systems in Oklahoma
## Conventional System
The conventional system is the most widely-used and least expensive type of on-site wastewater treatment system. It has two main components: 1) the septic tank and 2) the soil treatment area (STA). This is the preferred system in sites with deep, good soils (loamy sands, loam, clay loam, sandy clay) that meet STA size requirements. This system relies on the soil for wastewater treatment and on gravity for the distribution of wastewater throughout the STA. Well-maintained conventional systems could stay effective for more than 20 years.
## Low Pressure Dosing (LPD) System
The low pressure dosing system is similar to the conventional system except that it has a pump tank. It is used in sites with slight limitations related to soil texture, soil thickness and area size. For example, it is used in areas with coarse soils (coarse sand or loamy coarse sand) that do not meet the land area size requirement of a conventional system.
Pressure generated in the pump tank is used to evenly apply the effluent throughout the entire soil treatment area. Because of the even effluent dispersal, the use of the STA is maximized, compensating for soil-and site-related limitations.
## Evapotranspiration/Absorption System (ET/A)
The ET/A system is another option for areas with finetextured soils (high clay content). This system is a particularly good option in areas where evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation. This system requires one acre as the minimum lot size. In Oklahoma, this would be more suited in areas west of Interstate 35 (e.g. the panhandle) than in the southeast.
## Aerobic Treatment System
The aerobic treatment system is currently very popular in Oklahoma. It is used in areas with major limitations regarding soil texture, soil thickness, slope and other site limitations. It
has an aeration tank wherein the wastewater is bubbled with atmospheric air (has about 20 percent oxygen).The introduction of oxygen significantly enhances microbial activity, which in turn, improves wastewater treatment prior to land application. Effluent may be dispersed by subsurface drip lines or may be surface-applied by a spray irrigation system. Surface-applied effluent is pre-treated with bleach. This system will need a lot more maintenance than other systems.
## Treatment Lagoon
Treatment lagoons are good alternatives in areas where evaporation exceeds total precipitation. It relies on evaporation as a mode of disposal of wastewater. This system uses an open pond as the storage/evaporative area and a septic tank
Oklahoma State University, in compliance with Title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order 11246 as amended, and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Higher Education Act), the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other federal and state laws and regulations, does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, genetic information, sax, age, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, disability, or status as a veteran, in any of its policies, practices or procedures. This provision includes, but is not limited to admissions, employment, financial aid, and educational services. The Director of Equal Opportunity, in 408WHIurstou, OSU, Stillwater, OK 74078-1035; Phone 407-44-5371; email: eeo@okstate.edu has been designated to handle inquiries regarding non-discrimination policies: Director of Equal Opportunity. Any person (student, faculty, or staff) who believes that discriminatory practices have been engaged in based on gender may discuss his/her concerns and file informal or formal complaints of possible violations of Title IX with OSU's IDX Coordinator 405-744-915. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, of Arizona Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma State University is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President for Agricultural Programs and has been prepared and distributed at a cost of 20 cents per copy. 816 GH.
for pre-treatment of wastewater. Lagoons are permitted on any type of soil that has a lot size of at least two and a half acres.
## Alternative Systems
There are instances when none of the systems described earlier can be allowed, or is practical. In these instances, an alternative OWTS is needed. For additional information concerning the types of alternative systems available and the application/approval process for alternative systems, please contact your local DEQ office or call 405-702-6100.
For more detailed discussions about the various OWTS permissible in Oklahoma, refer to Extension Fact Sheet PSS2913. On-site Wastewater Treatment Systems Permitted in Oklahoma. | |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/l/lawn-watering-tips-l-444.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20160527093305-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | Lawn Watering Tips
The City of Oklahoma City has partnered with the Oklahoma State University Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service to help promote outdoor water conservation.
For more information about how you can save water outdoors check out these websites: squeezeeverydrop.com thinkwater.okstate.edu sip.mesonet.org
Oklahoma State University, in compliance with Title VI and of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order 11246 as amended, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other federal laws and regulations, does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin gender, age, religion, disability, or status as a veteran in any of its policies, practices or procedures. This includes but is not limited to admissions, employment, financial aid, and educational services.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S Department of Agriculture, Director of Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President, Dean, and Director of the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and has been prepared and distributed at a cost of $1.75 per copy.
## Lawn Watering Tips
how much and when to water. Therefore, it is imperative to learn how to properly take care of our lawns while responsibly using water resources. Listed below are a few tips to help homeowners properly water the landscape.
## To Water or Not to Water?
- · Water according to the weather. Use less water when cooler temperatures, overcast skies, high humidity, or rain are present.
- · Use a screwdriver to check soil moisture before watering, if it goes in easily don't water.
- · Do not water when temperatures are below 40°F, which can cause hazardous conditions such as ice formation on plants, driveways, and sidewalks.
- · Water your lawn before 10 AM. This will reduce evaporative water loss and decreases risk of disease from allowing water to sit on leaves overnight.
- · Check your local weather forecast. You may not need to water if there is a high chance of rain!
- · Do not water during high wind, which causes needless water loss by moving water away from the lawn and onto hardscapes.
## Grow Your Best Lawn
- · Select warm-season grasses that require less water like bermudagrass, zoysiagra, and buffalograss.
- · Do not mow your lawn too short. Grass acts as a natural mulch, retaining soil moisture and shading out weeds. As a rule of thumb, mow bermudagrass and zoysiagra at 2-3 inches and buffalograss and tall fescue at 3-4 inches.
- · Leave grass clippings on lawn.
- · Know your soil type. Sandy soils need lighter, more frequent watering but clayey soils need heavier, less frequent watering. Applying water faster than it can soak into the soil will cause water (and your money) to run off the lawn!
- · Aerate your lawn regularly. This improves water movement through the soil and aides in root development.
- · Use mulch, such as compost or wood chips, to reduce evaporative water loss from the soil surface. Using mulch also reduces the growth of weeds and prevents soil compaction.
- · Control weeds to reduce competition for water and nutrients.
- · To conserve water, do not over-seed warm-season lawns with cool-season grasses. Over-seeded lawns require more irrigation than dormant grass.
## Always Remember
- · Collect and use rainwater when possible.
- · Do not water hardscapes.
- · Check your sprinkler heads. You may need to adjust, repair, or replace them.
- · Overwatering is not only wasteful but harmful to turf, increasing the risk of disease and thatch buildup. | |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/pastured-pork-for-small-farms-in-north-carolina | Pastured Pork For Small Farms in North Carolina | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Gary Bullen",
"Derek Washburn"
] | null | [
"Small Farms",
"Agriculture",
"Pork Production"
] | NC | ## Pastured Pork For Small Farms in North Carolina
Small Farms in North Carolina
Department
Agricultural & Resource Economics
Series
Small Farms in North Carolina
Publication Date
July 13, 2021
Authors
Gary Bullen
Derek Washburn |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/news/2024/12/09/florida-4-h-apple-collaboration-inspires-youth-to-pursue-tech-careers/ | Florida 4-H, Apple collaboration inspires youth to pursue tech careers | University of Florida | [
"Meredith Bauer"
] | 2024-12-09 | [
"4-H & Youth",
"Curriculum",
"UF/IFAS",
"UF/IFAS Extension"
] | FL | ## Florida 4-H, Apple collaboration inspires youth to pursue tech careers
At South Walton Academy in Santa Rosa Beach, Florida, future engineers are at work.
Before beginning her class, many of Misty Williams's students would have said they couldn't even imagine a future career in technology. But today, they're coding robots.
To read more, visit UF News.
1 by Meredith Bauer
Posted: December 9, 2024
Category: 4-H & Youth, Curriculum, UF/IFAS, UF/IFAS, UF/IFAS Extension, UF/IFAS Extension
## More From Blogs.IFAS
Majority of Florida mosquito species are understudied, UF/IFAS survey illustrates
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Study uncovers differences in saliva bacteria of students with recent suicidal thoughts |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/precision-ag-and-soil-fertility/press-papers-publications-and-presentations.html | Press Papers, Publications & Presentations - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2021-11-18 | [] | OK | ## PRESS PAPERS, PUBLICATIONS & PRESENTATIONS
## Press Papers
s (programs/precision-ag-and-soil-fertility/sitefiles/information/docs/magruder--plots-winterwheat-research.pdf)
eat (programs/precision-ag-and-soilleLong-fertility/site-
tations files/information/docs/improving-soilfertility-and-wheat-crop-management.pdf)
rus (programs/precision-ag-and-soilfertility/site-
homa files/information/docs/phosphorus-fertilizerprotects-roots-from-aluminum-toxicity.pdf)
## Ons
all, K.B. Butchee. 2014.
ttps://www.hindawi.com/journals/ija/2014/894196/)
## Contact
Brian (https://experts.okstat Arnall, PhD
## Precision Nutrient Management
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences 368 Ag Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74078 405-744-1722(tel:4057441722) 405-744-5269(tel:4057445269) b.arnall@okstate.edu(mailto:b.arnall@okstate subject=Precision%20A
W.R. Raun. 2014.
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ija/2014/312416/)
6
Ruark, G.E. Varvel, J.B. Solie, M.L. Stone, J.L. Mullock, 3.
//nue.okstate.edu/Index\_Publications/New1335.pdf)
1/agronj2013.0034
utradhar, C. B. Godsey, and H. Zhang. 2012.
ttps://www.hindawi.com/journals/ija/2012/130254/)
and W.R. Raun. 2012.
(https://nue.okstate.edu/Index\_Publications/JCS17- 70.pdf)
. and P. Mao. 2012.
ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/47/3/articlepdf-1830)
## 12. Development of a yield prediction model for midrecommendation in cotton. J. Cotton Sci. (Accepted,
012. Use of CV's for refining mid-season fertilization lant Nut. (In Print)
r.nall. 2012.
,ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/47/1/articledf-1830)
all, R. Taylor, W.R. Raun. 2011. Large scale evaluation rate calculator . J. Crop Prod. doi:10.1094/CM-2011
- D. Arnall, and J. Solie. 2010 Efficiency of pre-plant, nitrogen in winter wheat. J. Plant Nut.
- H. Zhang. 2009. Nitrogen fertilizer timing and 'wheat yield, but application method does not. Crop
k to Pub
- J10. Areviewoflowandhightechnologynitrogen improved nitrogen use efficiency. In David Clay (ed)
Publishing: Chapter 20.
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te Sensing / Imagery in Ag Slide Sets precision-ag-and-soil-fertility/site-'tion/docs/a-down-to-earth-look-at-uavs.pdf') /precision-ag-and-soil-fertility/site-'
lation/docs/using-remote-sensed-data.pdf) programs/precision-ag-and-soil-fertility/site-'es/information/docs/remote-imagery-arnall.pdf)
## 'ker Slide Sets
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https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/peanut-insect-control-in-oklahoma.html | Peanut Insect Control in Oklahoma - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Phillip Mulder",
"Richard Berberet"
] | 2017-01-03 | [] | OK | ## Peanut Insect Control in Oklahoma
Published Mar. 2017 |
Id: CR-7174
By Phillip Mulder, Richard Berbert
Print-friendly PDF sheets/print-publications/cr/peanut-insectcontrol-in-oklahoma-cr-7174.pdf)
JUMP TO: Soil Insect Pests / Foliage Feeding Pests
Descriptions of pest species, their damage, and control recommendations are based on results of research conducted throughout the peanut-growing areas of the southern United States. Pest species included in this fact sheet are those that occur most commonly in Oklahoma. Information regarding each pest is designed to assist producers to identify pests and assess population and/or damage levels before beginning insecticide applications. Treatments should be made only when economically damaging pest populations exist. Unwarranted treatments will reduce profits and will have the detrimental effect of destroying parasites and predators that help control pest species.
Discussion of peanut pests is divided into two categories: (1) those associated with plant structures at or below the soil surface; and (2) foliage-feeding species which damage leaves and terminal buds.
## Lesser Cornstalk Borer (LCB), Elasmopalpus lignosellus
This small, slender larva lives beneath the soil surface in tubes constructed of soil particles woven together with silken material. This insect is bluish-green in color with several brown bands across the body and a dark brown head. The length of the full-grown larva is 3/4 inch. Larvae are easily distinguished from other caterpillars in peanuts by their unique behavior. LCB larvae attempt to escape by a flipping motion of their bodies when disturbed.
The LCB feeds on a variety of plants, including numerous grasses and field crops. The LCB is a major pest in peanuts where larvae feed primarily on subterranean portions of plants. In Oklahoma, most LCB infestations develop during July and August after pegging has begun. Infestation of seedling peanuts is generally restricted to those fields planted after mid-June. In nonirrigated peanuts, infestations are most common and severity of damage is increased during dry years. Infestions may be restricted to areas with sandy well-drained soils unless drought conditions permit build-ups in sandy-loam or loam soils.
Damage in seedling peanuts frequently contributes to stand reduction as plant mortality results from girdling of stems and feeding on roots. Damage includes destruction of pegs as they enter the soil, thus preventing pod formation. Developing pods are scarred by surface feeding and hollowed by tunneling of larvae. Portions of plants may be killed due to tunneling in stems. Damage frequently results in serious yield reductions that are related directly to LCB injury (Figure 1). In addition, damaged portions of plants may become infected by fungal pathogens leading to further reductions in yield and grade of peanuts. High incidence of infestation by pod-rotting fungi in association with LCB damage has also been reported.
Figure 1. Percent infestation by LCB and yield reduction in nonirrigated peanuts. (Solid line = Spanish; dotted line = Florunner).
Control Considerations: Keeping land free of volunteer peanuts and weeds several weeks before planting will help prevent damage from LCB's in seedling peanuts. Producers should begin checking at least five locations in each field in late June and continue weekly checks until September. In larger fields at least one location should be selected in each five-acre area. It is important that samples be taken across the entire field to avoid poor population estimates. As the number of locations per field increases, the more accurate estimates become. A minimum of five plants should be examined at each location by removal from the soil and careful observation of the roots, pegs, and pods for damage and larvae. Soil around the plants should be disturbed minimally and examined for larvae that have been dislodged.
Percent infestation is calculated by dividing the total number of plants examined into the number of plants infested (Table 1). Only plants where live larvae are found should be counted as infested. If two or more larvae are on a plant, it is counted
as one infested plant. In addition, plants are considered infested if live larvae are found in soil where they were growing.
Current control costs and value of harvested peanuts considered along with information in Figure 1 indicate that insecticides may be applied profitably in nonirrigated peanuts when 8-10% of the plants are infested. Somewhat higher infestation levels (15%) may be tolerated in irrigated peanuts before insecticide use is suggested.
| Number of infested plants | Number of plants examined |
|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|
| 25 | 33 50 100 |
| Percent Infestation | |
| 4 | 3 2 1 |
| 8 | 6 4 2 |
| 12 | 9 6 3 |
| 16 | 12 8 4 |
| 20 | 15 10 5 |
| 24 | 18 12 6 |
| 7 | 21 14 7 |
| 8 | 24 16 8 |
| 9 | 18 9 |
| 10 | 20 10 |
11
## Granulate Cutworm, Agrotis subterranea
During daylight hours this larvae is typically found on the soil surface beneath peanut foliage. It has mottled gray and tan coloration with many small, dark granules over the surface of the body. The length of the granulate cutworm is 1-2 inches.
This species seldom damages large acreages of peanuts in Oklahoma, but may reach high population densities in some areas during August and September. It feeds principally during nighttime hours on plant foliage, pegs, and pods. The most serious yield reductions attributable to this pest result from clipping of peas from plants and tunneling into pods.
Control Considerations: Field checks for granulate cutworms can be accomplished at the same time that sampling is conducted for lesser cornstalk borers. At present, it is recommended that general guidelines for controlling cutworms and armyworms be followed for this species (dryland peanuts = 3-5 larvae/row ft.; irrigated peanuts = 6-8 larvae/ row ft.); however, if cutworm feeding is visible and widespread on pegs or pods, treatment should begin if larval numbers exceed two-three per row ft. in both irrigated and dryland peanuts.
## Foliage Feeding Pests
## Thrips
These tiny, slender-bodied insects are found primarily on peanut blooms and between folds of young leaflets in plant terminals. The length of thrips is 1/20 inch. Thrips are common in seedling peanuts in all areas of Oklahoma. They possess rasping-sucking mouthparts which they use in tearing tender leaf surfaces for removal of plant sap. Thrips feeding results in malformation and curling of leaves and causes a condition known as "pouts."
Two thrips species common to Oklahoma are known vectors of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). This virus causes ring spots and oak leaf patterns on peanut leaves. The leaves may also become distorted and the plant may be stunted. Initially, a general yellowing may occur on the plant with little or no additional symptoms. Plants can be killed by the disease.
In 1989 and again in 1991, TSW was reported in Oklahoma. The incidence of TSWV is very low and presently confined to production areas along the Red River. Until TSWV is proven to be a serious threat to Oklahoma peanuts, the stance on thrips control will remain as indicated below.
Control Considerations: Research conducted in several states since 1972 has not shown any yield response controlling thrips populations (up to 50 per plant terminal). It is strongly recommended that insecticide applications be based on actual field populations. Insecticide applications should be restricted to those instances where very high population densities exist and severe damage with destruction of plant terminals occurs in seedling peanuts.
## Leafhoppers
The most common member of this group that infests peanuts in Oklahoma is the potato leafhopper. The length of leafhoppers is 1/4 inch. This tiny, wedge-shaped insect is light green in color and is often located on the undersides of leaves.
Leafhoppers migrate into peanut fields in June and July and populations may persist until September. They feed primarily along leaf veins with piercing-sucking mouthparts and cause yellowing of foliage. Discoloration and death of tissue begins at leaf tips and produces the symptom known as "hopperburn." High leaffhopper population densities may cause extensive discoloration and stunting of plant growth.
Control Considerations: Control of leaff hoppers is not recommended unless heavy populations are present and extensive evidence of "hopperburn" and stunting of growth is noted. Threshold information from Georgia suggests treatment when hopperburn is heavy in 25 percent or more of the field and leaffhoppers are readily seen flying as you walk the field.
## Corn Earworm, Helicoverpa zea and Beet Armyworms, Spodoptera exigua
Coloration of larvae varies from pink to black. The usual color is light green with alternating light and dark bands lengthwise on the body. Their length is 11/2 inches. Small larvae cause ragging of leaves by feeding on leaflets in plant terminals. Larger larvae feed on all foliar portions of plants and may cause extensive defoliation from July through September.
Control Considerations: During much of the growing season, peanuts can tolerate considerable defoliation without serious yield reduction and insecticide applications for foliage feeding caterpillars are not required. It is important to be aware that these species are attacked by a variety of beneficial organisms that provide natural regulation of pest populations. Frequently, serious damage by foliage feeders results from destruction of benefi cials with unwarranted insecticide applications.
The threat of yield reduction due to defoliation exists primarily when plants are from 60 to 90 days old. Producers should check fields frequently during July and August for the
presence of earworms and armyworms and apply insecticides if populations exceed 3-5 larvae/row ft. in dryland or 6-8 larvae/row ft. in irrigated peanuts.
## Rednecked Peanutworm, Stegasta bosqueella
Larvae are light colored with a red band around the first two segments behind the head. This insect feeds almost exclusively in terminal buds. The length of the renecked peanutworm is 1/3 inch. The peanutworm is the most common foliage-feeding larva in Oklahoma peanut fields. Larvae feed within buds and unopened leaflets and produce ragging of leaves as they enlarge. Feeding may extend over a period of several weeks from late June through September with resulting destruction of terminal buds and stunting of plant growth.
Control Considerations: Research results have indicated that peanuts can tolerate considerable feeding by the peanutworm without reduced yields. Unless populations become quite heavy (80 percent to 100 percent terminals infested) or infestations occur in combination with other foliage feeders such as the corn earworm, insecticide applications are unwarranted.
## Spider Mites
These close relatives of insects are very small. Their length is 1/50 inch. Leaves of lightly infested plants become yellow to gray in appearance. When peanuts are heavily infested, foliage turns brown or reddish-brown, and leaves often drop from plants. Severely damaged plants often die. Infestations typically begin in small areas which may be only a few feet in diameter within fields or along field borders. During hot, dry weather, spider mites can complete a generation in 9 to 12 days. Thus, in some years, numbers of mites can become extremely large by late August.
Control Considerations: Naturally occurring beneficial organisms usually provide effective control of spider mites. Unnecessary pesticide applications may promote mite infestations and add to the growing problem of insecticide resistance in mites. Spot treatment of damaged areas should be considered as an alternative to spraying entire fields. When chemical controls are applied for mites, ground-rig applications are preferred where high gallonage and adequate coverage can be assured. The use of drop-nozzles is encouraged to penetrate within the peanut canopy. If aerial application is conducted, 3 to 5 gallons/acre should be utilized. Thorough coverage of plant foliage is essential for control. Fields should be checked within 3 to 5 days of application to determine if further treatment is required. Alternating compounds used in multiple applications will help prevent buildup of resistant populations of mites. Figure 2 . Beneficial species that may be present in peanuts. Top left: Lady beetle adult (1/4) and larva (3/8"). Top right: Big-eyed bug (1/8-1/4"). Bottom left: Spider (size varies with species). Bottom right: Collops beetle (1/8-1/4"). Table 2 . Peanut Insect Control Suggestions.
Insect
Time Most Prevalent
Damage and/or Insect Description
Beet
Summer
Striped-green caterpillar that has a black spot above the second pair of true legs.
See end of section
Time Most Prevalent
damage and/or insect Description
Blast
July-August
3-striped most
Blister beetles
July-August
common in peanuts
Cabbage looper
Summer
green caterpillar with white stripes - tapers toward
head
Looper - large green caterpillar with white stripes - tapers toward head
Looper - large green caterpillar with white stripes - tapers toward head
Cabbage looper
Summer
Sharp-cut top
Insect
Time Most Prevalent
Damage and/or Insect Description
## See thresholds 1
Corn earworm Summer
See thresholds 1
Caterpillars chew holes in foliage
Se see thresholds 1
Insect
Time Most Prevalent
Damage and/or Insect Description
Larvae found at soil surface beneath peanut foliage. Mottled gray and tan with many dark granules over surface of the body.
See thresholds 1
Fall armyworm
Summer
Large striped caterpillar with inverted "y" on front of head.
Insect
## See thresholds 1
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Insect
Time Most Prevalent
Damage and/or Insect Description
Potato Leafhopper
Summer
cause yellowing of foliage and brown leaf tips (called "Hopperburn")
Small hopping or flying wedgeshaped insects -- sap feeders, cause yellowing of foliage and brown leaf tips (called
Insect
Time Most Prevalent
Damage and/or Insect Description
Lesser cornstalk September borer (LCB) Mid-June through
Rednecked peanutworm
May to September with heaviest infestations occurring from mid-summer through September.
Tunnels nuts and
stems, cuts pegs near soil surface. Economic infestation more common from late July on
Blush-green worm; up to 0.66 in long - very active when touched.
Small, greenishwhite worm with crimson necks.
Peanutworm
Insect
Time Most Prevalent
Damage and/or Insect Description
Very small (1/50 inch) damage indicated by reddish brown discoloration of leaves. Mites can be wind or machinery transported to fields. Frequently develop in early summer in weeds, fence/turn rows, and move to peanuts when dry weather hits
Note: See footnote 2 for additional products.
Insect
Time Most Prevalent
This rootworm is the larva of the spotted cucumber beetles. The larva is yellowish-white with a brown head and somewhat wrinkled body. The larva may reach 0.5 inch in length
Southern corn rootworm
Thrips
Insect
Time Most Prevalent
Damage and/or Insect Description
Tiny, slender, insects, most commonly found in terminals -- rasp new leaves causes blotching and deformed terminals. Generally not a problem once bloom begins.
| Insect | Time Most Prevalence | Damage and/or Insect Description |
|---------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|
| Beet armyworm | Damage and/or Insectc Description | Ano per I |
| | Striped-green caterpillar that has a black spot above the second pair of true legs. | Warrior (3) 3.84 c |
| See end of section | Silencer(3) | 3.84 c |
| | Warrior II'(3) | 1.92 o: |
| | Lannate LVr (IA) | 1.25-3 |
| | Baythroid XL'(3) | 2.4-2. |
| | Asana XL' (3) | 5.8-9. |
| | Tracer (5) | 2.0-3. |
| | Damage and/or Insect Description | Insecticide (MOA Group)** | Amo per λ |
|-----------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|---------------|
| Dimilin 2L^{(15)} | 4 -8o: | Prolex$^{(3)}$ | 3.84 c |
| Blister beetles | 3-striped most common in peanuts | Sevin XLR+ (1A) | 0.5-1. |
| Cabbage looper | Leopper - large green caterpillar with white stripes - tapers toward head | Lannate LVr^ (1A) | 1.5-3. |
| See thresholds$^{1}$ | Javelin (11B2) | 0.25~ | 0.25~ |
| | Damage and/or Insect Description | Insecticide (MOA Group)** | Amo per A |
|--------------|--------------------------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| | Orthene97 (1B) | 12-16 | Caterpillars chew holes in foliage and feed on terminal buds |
| Corn earworm | Sevin XLR+ (1A) | 1.0-1. | See thresholds 1 |
| | Onthene 97 (1B) | 12-16 | Danitol' (3) |
| | Baythroid XL'(3) | 1.8-2. | Silencer' (3) |
| | Lannate L Vf (1A) | 0.25- | Nannate SP' (1A) |
| | Warrior' (3) | 2.56-· oz | Tracer (5) |
| | Asana XL' (3) | 1.5-3. | Javelin (1 1B2) |
| | Proaxi' (3) | 0.25-· oz | Javelin (1 1B2) |
| | Prolex' (3) | 1.02-1 oz | Javelin (1 1B2) |
| Insect | Damage and/or Insect Description | Insecticide (MOA Group)** | Amo per / |
|-----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|-----------------|
| Granulate | Larvae found at soil surface beneath peanut foliage. Mottled gray and tan with many dark granules over surface of the body. | Asana XL$^{(3)}$ | 5.8-9. |
| See thresholds$^{1}$ | Silencer$^{(3)}$ | 1.92-3 oz | 1.0-1. |
| | Baythroid XL$^{(3)}$ | 1.0-1. | Nannate |
| | Lennate LV$^{(1A)}$ | 1.5-3. | SP$^{(1A)}$ |
| | Javelin (1B2) | 0.25- | 0.50- |
| | Proaxis$^{(3)}$ | 1.92-3 oz | 0.77-1 |
| | Prolex$^{(3)}$ | oz | Warrior$^{(3)}$ |
| | WarriorI$^{(3)}$ | 1.92-3 oz | 0.96-1 |
| | Sevin XLR+ (1A) | 2.0 qt | 1.0-1. |
| Fall armyworm | Large striped caterpillar with inverted "y" on front of head. | Sevin XLR+ (1A) | 1.0-1. |
| Insect | Damage and/or Insect sect Description | Insecticide (MOA Group)** | Amo per A |
|-------------------|------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|----------------------------------|
| See thresholds 1 | Danitol 1 (3) | 10.6-1 oz | 12.0-1 |
| | Orthene 97 (1B) | 12.0-1 oz | Baythroid XL$^{(3)}$ |
| | Silencer$^{(3)}$ | 2.56- oz | Warriorll$^{(3)}$ |
| | Lannate L Vr (1A) | 0.75- pt | Tracer (5) |
| | Asana XL$^{(3)}$ | 9.6 oz | Prolex$^{(3)}$ |
| | Warrior$^{(3)}$ | 2.56-. oz | Consume foliage Asana XL$^{(3)}$ |
| Grasshoppers | Shi | 2.0 oz | Dimilin 2L$^{(15)}$ |
| shi | Haytbroid XL$^{(3)}$ | 1.8-2.. | Warrior$^{(3)}$ |
| Insect | Damage and/or Insect sect Description | Insecticide (MOA Group)** | Amo per 1 |
|----------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|----------------------|
| | Silencer$^{(3)}$ | 2.56-· oz | Sincer$^{(3)}$ |
| | Warrior II$^{(3)}$ | 1.28-1 | Ir |
| | Orthene 97 (1B) | 4.0-8 | Oz |
| | Proaxis$^{(3)}$ | 2.56- · oz | Z |
| | Prolex$^{(3)}$ | 1.02-1 oz | s |
| | Small hopping or flying wedges- shaped insects -- sap feeders, cause yellowing of foliage and brown leaf tips (called "Hopperburn") | Sevin XLR+ (IA) | 1.0 qt |
| | Orthene 97 (IB) | 12.0-1 oz | Danitol$^{(3)}$ |
| | Warrior$^{(3)}$ | 1.92-· oz | Sincer$^{(3)}$ |
| | Silencer$^{(3)}$ | 1.92-· oz | Baythroid XL$^{(3)}$ |
| Insect | Damage and/or Insect section Description | Insecticide (MOA Group)** | Amo per / |
|----------|--------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|---------------|
| | Warriorll(3) | 0.96-1 oz | Asana XL' (3) |
| | | 2.9-5. | Lannate |
| | | LV* (IA) | pts |
| | | Proaxis' (3) | 1.92-3 oz |
| | | Prolex' (3) | 0.77-1 oz |
| Insect | Damage and/or Insectc Description | Insecticide (MOA Group)** | Amo per l |
|----------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|---------------|
| Lesser | Bluish-green worm; up to 0.66 in long - very active when touched. | Lorsban 15G (1B) | 6.8-13 |
cornstalk borer (LCB)
Tunnels nuts and stems, cuts pegs
near soil surface. Economic infestation more common from late July on
Warrior II(3)
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Silencer$^{(3)}$
3.84 c
Dimilin 2L$^{(15)}$
4-8 o :
Asana XLr (3) (aids in control)
9.6 oz
Proaxis$^{(3)}$
3.84 c
Prolex$^{(3)}$
1.54 o
Small, greenish white worm with crimson necks. Scar and perforate terminals (buds) destroying or deforming the young leaves and stunting growth.
Sevin XLR+ (1A)
1.0 qt
Baythroid XL$^{(3)}$
1.0-1.8
| | Damage and/or Insect Description | Insecticide (MOA Group)** | Amo per λ |
|--------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|------------------|
| | Asana XL$^{(3)}$ | 2.9-5. | Silencer$^{(3)}$ |
| | Warrior II$^{(3)}$ | 0.96-1 oz | Tracer (5) |
| | Proaxis$^{(3)}$ | 1.92-3 oz | Miex |
| | Prolex$^{(3)}$ | 0.77-1 oz | Warrior$^{(3)}$ |
| | Very small (1/50 inch) damage indicated by reddish brown discoloration of leaves. Mites can be wind or machinery | Omite 30W$^{(12C)}$ | mite |
| Spider mites | transported to fields. Frequently develop in early summer in weeds, fence/turn rows, and move to peanuts when dry weather hits | | Omite |
| | Damage and/or Insect Description | Insecticide (MOA Group)** | Amo per l |
|--------|--------------------------------------|------------------------------|---------------|
| Insect | Warrior$^{(3)}$ | 3.84 c | 3.84 |
| Insect | Damage and/or Insect sector Description Silencer (3) Warrior II (3) | Insecticide (MOA Group)** | Amo per A | per |
|----------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------|
| | | | Silencer (3) | 2.56 - oz |
| | | | Thimet' 20G (1B) | 3.87 - £ lb |
| | | | Warrior (3) | 2.56 - oz |
| | | | Proaxis' (3) | 2.56 - oz |
| | | | Prolex' (3) | 1.02 - 1 oz |
| | | | Tiny, slender, insects, most commonly found in terminals -- rasp new leaves causes blotching and deformed terminals. Generally not a problem once bloom begins. | |
| Insect | Damage and/or Insect sect Description | Insecticide (MOA Group)** | Amo per l |
|----------|-----------------------------------------|----------------------------------|------------------|
| | Baythroid XLr(3) Silencer(3) | 2.8 oz | 2.56 - · oz |
| | | Danitol'(3)+ Orthene 97 Tank Mix | 10.6 - 1 + 8.0 · |
| | | Sevin XLR+ (IA) | 1.0 qt |
| | | Proaxis' (3) | 2.56 - · oz |
| | | Prolex' (3) | 1.02 - 1 oz |
| | | Orthene 97 (IB) | 6.0 - 12 |
Insect
Damage
and/or Insect sect Description
"AT PLANT
APPLICATIONS"
Granular
Insecticide Box
applications
Thimet
20G' (IB)
5.5oz ft of r
5.5oz ft of r
Temik 15GF' (IA)
7.0 lb/
' Restricted use Pesticides.
** MOA = Mode of Action Group for rotational purposes
- 1. Thresholds: For foliage feeding pests (e.g., corn earworm and
armyworms)- the threat of yield reduction due to defoliation
exists primarily when plants are from 60 to 90 days old. Check fields frequently during July and August for earworms,
armyworms, etc. and apply insecticides if populations exceed 3 to
5 larvae/row ft. in dryland or 6 to 8 larvae/row ft. in irrigated
peanuts. For granulate cutworms - if feeding on foliage, use the
same guidelines provided above for foliage feeders; however, if
cutworms are feeding on pegs or pods, treatment should begin if
larval numbers exceed 2 to 3 per row ft. in irrigated or dryland
peanuts.
Topics:
Crops /topics/plants-and-animals/crops/)
Grains & Oilseeds /topics/plants-and-animals/crops/grains-and-oilseeds/)
Peanuts /topics/plants-and-animals/crops/grains-and-oilseeds/peanuts/)
## Was this information helpful?
YES
NO |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/plant-id/plant-profiles/cosmos/index.html | Cosmos - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2022-11-01 | [] | OK | ## COSMO S
Common Name
Cosmos
Species Name
Cosmos bipinnatus
Family Name
Asteraceae
Plant Facts
Origin
Mexico & Southern United States
Sun
Full Sun
Preference
Full Sun
Susceptibility
None serious, but check for mildew and pests in very humid conditions
## ID Characteristics
Leaf and Stem Characteristics
+
## Habitat/Ecology
Soil Preference
Well-drained, not too rich
Notes
Used as a ground cover and bedding plant, and in rock gardens or hanging baskets; flowers through the season
Topics: |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/2023-msu-wheat-variety-suggestions | 2023 MSU Wheat Variety Suggestions | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Erick Larson"
] | null | [
"Agriculture",
"Wheat",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications » 2023 MSU Wheat Variety Suggestions
## 2023 MSU Wheat Variety Suggestions
| PUBLICATIONS | PUBLICATIONS | PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Grains, Wheat | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------|
| Publication Number: P4029 | | | | |
| View as PDF: P4029.pdf | | | | |
| Ranked on yield performance in the MSU Wheat and Oat Variety Trials | Ranked on yield performance in the MSU Wheat and Oat Variety Trials | Ranked on yield performance in the MSU Wheat and Oat Variety Trials | Ranked on yield performance in the MSU Wheat and Oat Variety Trials | |
| https://www.mafes.msstate.edu/variety-trials/ | https://www.mafes.msstate.edu/variety-trials/ | https://www.mafes.msstate.edu/variety-trials/ | https://www.mafes.msstate.edu/variety-trials/ | |
| Table 1. Varieties adapted for the Delta. | Table 1. Varieties adapted for the Delta. | Table 1. Varieties adapted for the Delta. | Table 1. Varieties adapted for the Delta. | |
| Variety | Maturity | Straw Strength | Height | Awned Heads |
| AgriMAXX 516 | Late | Med-High | Med-Tall | Yes |
| Delta Grow 1200 | Med-Late | Med-Low | Med-Tall | Yes |
| AgriMAXX 473 | Med-Late | Med-High | Tall | Yes |
| Delta Grow 1000 | Med-Late | Med-High | Tall | Yes |
| Dyna-Gro 9701 | Med-Late | Med-High | Tall | Yes |
| Dyna-Gro 9172 | Late | High | Med-Tall | Yes |
| Progeny #BUSTER | Med-Late | Med-High | Med-Tall | Yes |
| Pioneer 26R41 | Medium | Medium | Short | Yes |
| AgriMAXX 503 | Med-Late | Med-Low | Tall | No |
| Dyna-Gro 9120 | Medium | Med-High | Med-Tall | Yes |
| Variety | Maturity | Straw Strength | Height | Awned Heads |
|----------------|------------|------------------|----------|---------------|
| AgriMAXX 514 | Med-Late | Med-Low | Medium | Yes |
| USG 3472 | Med-Late | Medium | Medium | Yes |
| Dyna-Gro 9811 | Medium | High | Med-Tall | Yes |
| AGS 2055 | Medium | Med-High | Medium | Yes |
| Progeny #TURBO | Medium | High | Medium | No |
| GoWheat 6000 | Early | Low | Medium | Yes |
*Variety maturity is rated specifically for the Delta region relative to other varieties. Later maturing varieties are more likely to avoid spring freeze damage and thus are generally better suited to northernmost regions, particularly if wheat is planted early in the fall. Early-maturing varieties are best suited for relatively late planting dates.
| Variety | Maturity | Straw Strength | Height | Awned Heads |
|-----------------|------------|------------------|------------|---------------|
| REVERE 2169 | Med-Late | Med-High | Medium | Yes |
| Progeny #BUSTER | Med-Late | Med-High | Med-Tall | Yes |
| Progeny #BINGO | Med-Late | Medium | Medium | Yes |
| Progeny #CHAD | Med-Early | Low | Very Short | No |
| AgriMAXX 514 | Med-Late | Med-Low | Med-Tall | Yes |
| Variety | Maturity | Straw Strength | Height | Awned Heads |
|-----------------|------------|------------------|----------|---------------|
| Dyna-Gro 9172 | Late | High | Med-Tall | Yes |
| AgriMAXX 516 | Late | Med-High | Med-Tall | Yes |
| USG 3472 | Med-Late | Medium | Medium | Yes |
| Dyna-Gro 9120 | Medium | Med-High | Med-Tall | Yes |
| Dyna-Gro 9701 | Med-Late | Med-High | Tall | Yes |
| Delta Grow 1000 | Med-Late | Med-High | Tall | Yes |
| AgriMAXX 473 | Med-Late | Med-High | Tall | Yes |
| AgriMAXX 503 | Med-Late | Medium | Tall | No |
| Pioneer 26R41 | Medium | Medium | Short | Yes |
| Dyna-Gro 9811 | Medium | High | Med-Tall | Yes |
| AGS 2055 | Medium | Med-High | Medium | Yes |
* Variety maturity is rated specifically for North Mississippi relative to other varieties. Later maturing varieties are more likely to avoid spring freeze damage and thus are generally better suited to northernmost regions, particularly if wheat is planted early in the fall. Early-maturing varieties are best suited for relatively late planting dates.
| | Table 3. Varieties adapted for South Mississippi. | Table 3. Varieties adapted for South Mississippi. | Table 3. Varieties adapted for South Mississippi. | Table 3. Varieties adapted for South Mississippi. |
|---------|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|
| Variety | Maturity | Straw Strength | Height | Awned Heads |
| Variety | Maturity | Straw Strength | Height | Awned Heads |
|-----------------|------------|------------------|------------|---------------|
| Pioneer 26R41 | Late | Medium | Short | Yes |
| Progeny #BUSTER | Late | Med-High | Med-Tall | Yes |
| Progeny #CHAD | Med-Early | Low | Very Short | No |
| Dyna-Gro 9811 | Med-Late | High | Med-Tall | Yes |
| Progeny #BIGO | Very Late | Medium | Medium | Yes |
| Dyna-Gro 9172 | Very Late | High | Med-Tall | Yes |
| AGS 2055 | Medium | Med-High | Medium | Yes |
| Delta Grow 1000 | Late | Med-High | Tall | Yes |
| Dyna-Gro 9701 | Late | Med-High | Tall | Yes |
| AgriMAXX 473 | Late | Med-High | Tall | Yes |
| REVERE 2169 | Very Late | Med-High | Medium | Yes |
| AgriMAXX 516 | Very Late | Med-High | Med-Tall | Yes |
| Delta Grow 1200 | Very Late | Med-Low | Med-Tall | Yes |
| Progeny #TURBO | Medium | High | Medium | No |
| Variety | Maturity | Straw Strength | Height | Awned Heads |
|-----------------|------------|------------------|-----------|---------------|
| Delta Grow 3500 | Early | Medium | Med-Short | Yes |
*Variety maturity is rated specifically for South Mississippi relative to other varieties. Earlier-maturing varieties are generally best suited for southernmost areas. Later-maturing varieties generally have marginal adaptation in southern regions and may not yield well, or may fail to meet vernalization requirements (cold temperatures) to stimulate reproductive development, particularly if wheat is planted late in the fall.
The information given here is for educational purposes only. References to commercial products, trade names, or suppliers are made with the understanding that no endorsement is implied and that no discrimination against other products or suppliers is intended.
## Publication 4029 (POD-08-24)
By Erick Larson, PhD, Extension/Research Professor, Plant and Soil Sciences.
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webtbeam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
Authors
MSU hosts Row Crop Short Course for growers |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/research-reports/site-files/documents/1985/85-74.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20090305105522-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## EFFECT OF PROTEIN SOURCE ON NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY IN EARLY WEANED PIGS
W. R. Walker$^{1}$, C. V. Maxwell$^{1}$, E. N. Owens$^{2}$ and D. S. Buchanan
## Story in Brief
Practical diets with supplemental protein from either calcium caseinate (CAS), isolated soybean protein (ISP), ethanol extracted soybean protein (ESOY) or soybean meal (SMB) were fed to 72 Yorkshire boar pigs 'weaned at 21 days to determine dry matter (DM), starch, nitrogen (N) and amino acid (AA) digestibility. Diets contained 1.01 to 1.03% lysine on a dry matter basis. Digestibilities were determined from fecal samples collected after 3 weeks of feeding the experimental diets. Digestibilities of DM (P
(Key Words: Swine, Early Weaned Pig, Amino Acid Digestibility)
## Introduction
Performance of young pigs weaned between 1 and 28 days of age is usually better when starter diets contain protein from milk than from soybean meal, soy flour or isolated soybean protein. The reasons for the milk protein superiority have not been determined. Older pigs perform equally well with protein from milk or soybean products, so an age factor must be involved.
Various treatments of SBM (alkali or acid treatment) as well as supplementation of corn-soybean meal rations, with AA and digestive enzymes in an attempt to improve the utilization of soybean protein by the early weaned pig have met with only limited success. Ethanol extraction of soy flour has been shown to prevent intestinal disorders of calves fed milk replacers containing heated soy flour but this has not been tested with early weaned pigs.
Differences observed in the rate and efficiency of gain of early weaned pigs fed either milk or soybean protein diets may be due to differences in the bioavailability of the essential amino acids (EAA) from these protein sources. Several studies have shown that the requirement for lysine (the limiting AA in common grain-SMB diets) for the 11-22 lb pig fed a grain-SMB diet is considerably higher than the .95% currently recommended by NRC (1979). Therefore, diets formulated to meet the minimum requirements for lysine as recommended by NRC (1979) may be deficient in lysine and small differences in the availability of lysine could cause large differences in pig performance. Current information on AA availability for young pigs is limited.
This study was conducted to protein and method of processing of starch digestibility for pigs weaned at 21 days of age.
## Materials and Methods
Seventy-two Yorkshire boar pigs were used to study the effect of dietary protein source on nutrient availability. Twelve pigs in each of 6 replicates were weaned at approximately 21 days of age and randomly allotted within litter to one of the four dietary treatments providing a total of 18 pigs per treatment with a mean initial weight of 12 lb. One milk and 3 soybean protein sources were used to formulate practical diets (Table 1) which met NRC (1979) requirements for the 11-22 lb pig.
Protein sources were calcium caseinate (CAS), isolated soybean protein (ISP), ethanol extracted soybean protein (ESOY) and 44% crude protein solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM). Protein sources were substituted for corn on a lysine basis to provide .95% lysine as fed. All other amino acids exceeded NRC (1979) requirements and crude protein ranged from 17 to 19% among diets. Pigs were housed in individual 2.0 by 3.3 foot metal pens in an environmentally controlled feeding room maintained between 30 and 90 F. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the trial. Pigs remained on trial for 35 days with weights and feed intakes recorded weekly. During the third week of each replicate, chromatic oxide, added to each diet at the rate of .25%, served as an indigestible marker for calculating nutrient digestibility. A fresh fecal sample was collected from each pig on the last day of the 3rd week of each replicate. Samples were lyophilized and ground prior to determination of DM, starch, N and AA content in both feed and feces. Amino acid concentrations were determined from acid hydrolysates by ion exchange chromatography using a Beckman model 121 automatic amino acid analyzer. Acid hydrolysis was conducted under nitrogen reflux in 6N HCl for 24 h.
## Results and Discussion
The protein and amino acid composition of diets is shown in table 2. Crude protein as well as the essential amino acids (EAA) arginine, phenylalanine and threonine were highest in the soybean diets while methionine and valine were highest in the CAS diet. The remainder of the EAA were similar among all diets.
The performance data including feed intake, rate and efficiency of gain have been reported previously (Walker et al., 1984). The apparent digestibility of DM was highest in pigs fed the CAS diet averaging 2.7, 3.4 and 5.2 percentage units higher (P.
Apparent digestibility of N differed among dietary treatments (P
| | Diet a,b | Diet a,b | Diet a,b | |
|------------------|------------|------------|------------|------|
| Item | CAS | ISP | ESOY | SBM |
| Crude protein, % | 17.9 | 19.9 | 19.5 | 19.1 |
| Amino acids, % | | | | |
| Essential | .78 | 1.31 | 1.30 | 1.24 |
| Arginine | .78 | .52 | .51 | .50 |
| Histidine | .78 | .85 | .82 | .80 |
| Isoleucine | 1.87 | 1.90 | 1.85 | 1.77 |
| Lysine | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.01 |
| Methionine | .46 | .37 | .34 | .36 |
| Phenylalanine | .88 | 1.00 | .97 | .94 |
| Threonine | .72 | .75 | .76 | .76 |
| Valine | 1.01 | .95 | .92 | .90 |
| Nonesstential | | | | |
| Alanine | .87 | 1.07 | 1.05 | 1.02 |
| Aspartic acid | 1.28 | 1.96 | 1.94 | 1.91 |
| Cystine | .23 | .40 | 1.42 | .40 |
| Glutamic acid | 3.51 | 3.61 | 3.51 | 3.40 |
| Glycine | .51 | .81 | .81 | .81 |
| Proline | 1.73 | 1.28 | 1.27 | 1.21 |
| Serine | .93 | 1.00 | 1.00 | .97 |
| Tyrosine | .87 | .79 | .77 | .77 |
Isoleucine
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## Nonessential
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| | Dieta | | | | |
|--------------------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|
| Item | CAS | ISP | ESOY | SBM | SE |
| Pigs per treatment, no b | 17.0 | 18.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | |
| Dry matter, % | 87.6 d | 84.9 e | 84.2 ef | 82.4 f | .8 |
| Starch, % c | 99.0 | 98.5 | 98.6 | 98.3 | .3 |
| Nitrogen, % | 83.7 | 80.6 | 80.8 | 76.2 | 1.1 |
| Amino acids, % | Amino acids, % | Amino acids, % | Amino acids, % | Amino acids, % | Amino acids, % |
| Essential | 88.4 | 90.6 | 91.1 | 88.1 | .6 |
| Histidine | 89.7 | 86.8 | 88.4 | 86.0 | .8 |
| Isoleucine | 86.1 | 81.0 | 82.6 | 77.6 | 1.2 |
| Leucine | 88.4 d | 82.2 e | 85.0 | 80.9 | 1.2 |
| Lysine | 86.3 | 82.8 h | 83.8 | 80.1 h | .9 |
| Methionine | 87.79 | 79.6 | 81.0 h | 78.9 | 1.2 |
| Phenylalanine | 86.5 | 82.6 | 83.8 | 78.5 | 1.1 |
| Threonine | 82.4 d | 77.2 | 80.0 | 75.6 f | 1.2 |
| Valine | 85.6 | 78.8 ef | 81.1 | 75.7 f | 1.2 |
| Average | 86.8 | 82.4 | 84.1 | 80.2 | |
| Nonesential | | | | | |
| Alanine | 78.9 | 75.3 | 78.4 | 73.5 | 1.5 |
| Aspartic acid | 81.5 | 85.0 | 86.0 | 82.1 | .9 |
| Cystine | 95.3 | 96.0 | 97.8 | 95.2 | .8 |
| Glutamic acid | 90.4 | 87.7 | 89.1 | 86.0 | .8 |
| Glycine | 75.0 | 78.6 | 80.4 | 75.3 | 1.2 |
| Proline | 93.29 | 87.7 | 88.2 h | 84.2 f | .9 |
| Serine | 87.5 | 84.4 | 85.9 | 81.3 | 1.0 |
| Tyrosine | 88.1 | 82.4 | 83.5 | 79.0 | 1.1 |
| Average | 86.2 | 84.6 | 86.2 | 82.1 | |
For explanation of diet code names, see table 1, footnote b. One pig on the CAS diet died from causes unrelated to dietary treat- ment. One pig was removed from each of the ESOY and SBM diets for prolonged feed refusal. tceatment effect (P.l.).
Results of this study as previously reported (Walker, 1984) indicate that faster growth and a higher gain to feed ratio can be achieved during the first 2 weeks postweaning in pigs weaned at 3 weeks of age when casein is substituted for soybean protein but gain and efficiency was equal for the two protein sources after the 2nd week
postweaning. These differences in performance may be accounted for by the differences observed in nutrient digestibility especially for the EAA lysine and methionine.
## Literature Cited
NRC. 1979. Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals, No. 2. Nutrient Requirements of Sline. Eighth Revised Ed. National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington, DC.
Walker, W. R. et al. 1984. Okla Agr. Exp. Sta. MP 116:310-313.
(x) (y) nares Bock's and het ed at Rf reo one the tlle [s] nesitrona. | |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/bovine-anaplasmosis/ | Bovine Anaplasmosis | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Soren P. Rodning"
] | 2018-09-05 | [
"Beef",
"Livestock",
"Health",
"Farming",
"Livestock Disease"
] | AL | ## Transmission and Incubation
Anaplasma marginale is transmitted from carrier to susceptible cattle by biting flies and ticks (arthropod vector transmission) or via contaminated needles, tattoo instruments, or deforming and castration equipment (iatrogenic transmissions). Ticks are more likely to spread the disease from one herd to another, while horse flies usually require closer proximity of infected and susceptible animals. Stable flies can also transmit the disease but probably not as effectively as horse flies. Iatrogenic spread is sometimes a more efficient route of transmission within a herd than the arthropod vectors. According to one report, a needle used on an infected animal leads to a 60 percent chance of the next animal being infected if the same needle is used.
The incubation period (time from infection to clinical disease) can be from 1 to 8 weeks, depending on the infective dose. In natural infections it is usually 3 to 5 weeks. The organism replicates in red blood cells, which are then removed from circulation, resulting in a progressive anemia. Animals that survive the anemia usually become chronic carriers of A. marginale . Transplacental transmission is reported to occur and could play a role in the maintenance of the disease within herds. Calves that are infected in uterine rarely show clinical signs but become carriers.
The severity of disease is age-related and possibly breedrelate CCOKION NOTICE only show mild signs or remain asymptomatic; cattle up to 2 years of age have acute but rarely fatal disease; and cattle greater than 2 years of age are most likely to have severe? and often:tantly fatal disease.
Bos taurus cattle appear to be more likely to develop severe disease than Bos indicus cattle. The reasons for the age and breed susceptibility differences are not known.
## Clinical Signs
Peracute, acute, chronic and mild forms of anaplasmosis occur. Acute anaplasmosis is most common and usually occurs in summer and fall during peak vector season. If outbreaks occur at other times, iatrogenic transmission should be suspected. Fever, anorexia, rapid loss of body condition, severe decrease in milk production, pale and icteric (yellow) mucous membranes, increased heart and respiratory rates, muscle weakness, and depression are common. Aggression from cerebral hypoxia (low oxygen levels in the brain) is also common, especially in beef cattle. Abortions may occur in females, and temporary infertility may occur in males.
With peracute anaplasmosis, death occurs within hours of the onset of clinical signs, whereas chronic disease occurs in severely affected animals that do not die. Recovery may take weeks to months, during which time production losses can be significant (decreased calf weaning weights, infertility, etc.). In mild cases, abortion and decreased milk production may be the only problems, which may go unnoticed.
## Diagnosis
Acute cases of anaplasmosis are diagnosed microscopically by finding A. marginale bodies at the periphery of red blood cells. However, once the acute stage is advanced, it may be difficult to find the organism. Therefore, late clinical disease or the chronic carrier state has to be diagnosed with serologic tests. In the past, the rapid card agitation and compliment fixation tests were most commonly used. A new competitive ELISA (CELISA) appears to have much better sensitivity. However, the sensitivity of the serologic tests depends on the stage of infection, and early in the incubation phase these tests may be negative.
## Conclusion
In a noninfected herd, the goal is to prevent anaplasmosis. Therefore, have your veterinarian screen herd additions with the cELISA, or purchase animals from test-negative herds. The cELISA is available through your veterinarian at the Alabama Department of Agriculture Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. However, because of the potential for false negatives on the cELISA during the incubation phase, the disease could still sneak into your herd. If you suspect anaplasmosis in your herd, contact your veterinarian for a thorough investigation and advice regarding elimination and future prevention.
## Download this article as a PDF
(https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ANR-0777\_REV\_3.pdf) Bovine Anaplasmosis.ANR-0777 (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ANR-0777\_REV\_3.pdf) |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/digital-diagnostics/insects-and-arthropods/bean-leaf-beetle-cerotoma-trifurcata/index.html | Bean Leaf Beetle - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2021-04-09 | [] | OK | ## BEAN LEAF BEEGLYPHLE
## Scientific Name
## Hosts
The adults feed primarily on legumes. The most common hosts are snap beans, soybeans, and alfalfa in Oklahoma.
## Symptoms
The beetles feed on pods and the underside of bean leaves, and the damage will appear as small, round holes. Damage often occurs as the plants are emerging, and if the beetles are present in large enough numbers, stand reduction can occur. Large populations are also capable of causing extensive defoliation to older stands.
## Life Cycle
Adults overwinter in leaf litter or other vegetation, primarily in wooded areas. They become active in April and move to the earliest host plants available.
They feed for several days and then mate. Each female lays 175 to 250 eggs in clusters of 12 to 24 in the soil at the base of plants. Eggs hatch in one to three weeks, depending on temperature. Larvae find their way to the base of the stem or roots and feed there for three to six weeks. Mature larvae form earthen cells in which the pupae
form. There are two or three overlapping generations, and adults are present almost continuously from April into November.
## Description
Adult bean leaf beetles are about 1/5 to 1/4 inch long and yellow, orange, or red in color with a black head and black spots down the center of the back. Normally, there are six black spots which may run together so that it appears only three spots are present, or they may be completely absent. The triangular black mark at the base of the wing covers is always present. The yellow forms can be mistaken for a small spotted cucumber beetle.
## Control
Please contact your local county extension office for current information. |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/pss/management-strategies-for-double-crop-soybean-pss-2197.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20200625152633-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## EXTENSION
Josh Lofton Cropping System Extension Specialist
Anna Zander Graduate Student
Kody Leonard Former Graduate Student
Chase Harris Agriculturist
## Planting Dates
Double-crop soybean can be one of the most productive systems for Oklahoma producers. It allows growers to take advantage of all the benefits of a wheat production system, including winter grazing and a sustainable winter crop, as well as an additional highly profitable summer crop system. Since soybean in double-crop systems are planted following the harvest of wheat, they are planted 30 to 45 days later than the typical planting period. This delayed planting often results in lower yields of double-crop systems compared to full-seasonproduction; however, under certain environmental conditions or regions of the state, this yield decline may be very minimal. Even though the crop is planted so much later, some of the benefits comes from the crop reaching pod development and seed fill (R3 to R6 growth stage) during late August through early October, which are associated with more frequent rainfall and cooler temperatures compared to that of July or early August that are typical with full-season production.
While double-crop systems do have potential in the state, the later planting can result in a fair amount of stress to the crop. Soybeans are considered to be photoperiod sensitive, meaning maturity is controlled by day-length. Furthermore, soybean are short-day plants; in other words the maturity occurs more rapidly as daylight hour's decrease. With the longest day of the year occurring on June 21st, most doubledrop soybean will have emerged shortly before or following this date. This typically resulted in a shorter vegetative growth period as well as decreased flowering and pod filling periods compared to full-season counterparts. Production inputs must be optimized to minimize the yield loss attributed to the shortened growing season, ensuring adequate production and potential profitability.
Planting practices are some of the most important management considerations in the majority of production systems, with double-crop soybean being no exception. The goal of proper planting is to place the seed in environmental
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at extension.okstate.edu
conditions that will allow for even and rapid germination, emergence and early-season growth. Due to the shortened season, optimizing planting practices in a double-crop system is critical to maintain yields and maximize profitability.
## Planting Populations
Determining the optimum plant population for individual production systems is fairly difficult as it can change quite drastically depending on variety characteristics, row spacing, tillage and fertility. In response to the condensed season and lower vegetative growth achieved compared to full-season production, growers may have to increase plant populations to achieve yield potential. Planting more seed would allow additional plants to provide similar coverage typically maintained in full-season production systems. A recent study at Oklahoma State University documented the difference in yields at various plant populations between full-season and double-crop production systems (Figure 1). This study found that full-season soybean production only needed 96,000 seeds per acre to statistically optimize yields. Similar to previous findings, double-crop soybean systems did require more seeds to achieve similar results. In fact, double-crop seeding rates are similar to those previously found at around 120,000 seed per acre. However, because most universities have recommended decreasing full-season populations, the
percent increase in population is much higher between fullseason and double-crop than previously reported. Therefore, as growers look to decrease seeding rates with earlier planting dates, make there are adequate populations for double-crop production, with this value being 15 to 30% increase more than full-season production.
## Row Spacing
Similar to planting populations, row spacing can greatly affect other production practices. In fact, row spacing will have a significant impact on what plant populations growers should utilize. Wider row spacing will typically warrant a decrease in plant populations due to intra-row competition. This is the case for full-season as well as double-crop production.
For double-crop production systems, any row-spacing can be adequate. However, as the system does produce lower vegetative biomass, a narrower spacing can help cover rows and minimize bare soils. A decrease in bare soil can result in better moisture conservation and potentially fewer weeds later in the season. Lower weed pressure can be very beneficial as several herbicides are considered off-label once soybeans reach flowering. For double-crop systems, can be fairly early in the season. The main difference in row spacing comes with the equipment used to plant. For wider row spacing, planters are commonly used, while air seeders or drills are typically used for more narrow pacing. Since most double-crop systems are planted as no-till and importantly high levels of residue, the main concern is the adequacy of both the drills and the planters for planting into those conditions. Overall, both can achieve satisfactory results in heavy residue conditions; however, planters are typically a better option because they can utilize specialized equipment, such as row cleaners, to help deal with higher residue levels.
## Residue Management
Residue management at planting is one of the most overlooked, but challenging, aspects of double-crop soybean production partially because of the amount of variables that can influence planting and planting management practices. Several factors of the system can dictate how growers should manage the system, including biomass, harvest type and conditions at planting. Wheat systems that produce a higher amount of biomass can be particularly challenging. As mentioned previously, most modern planters should be able to successfully plant onto no-till systems. However, when excessive residue exists, most research classifies this as wheat yields more than 50 bushels per acre, specialized no-till equipment or additional residue management may be required to achieve acceptable soybean stands.
Most double-crop soybean systems are no-till planted immediately or shortly following harvest of the previous small grain. Not having to manage the residue prior to planting allows growers to plan earlier, which can be a major benefit to the system. However, researches from around the soybean production region have shown that soybean in a no-till system, even those in double-crop systems, have slower germination, emergence and early season growth. Furthermore, high amounts of residue can interfere with pre-plant and early season herbicide applications. Growers can manage the residue by tilling or burning the crop residue following harvest but prior to planting. However, these
practices create several different challenges, that often are more difficult to overcome, including soil drying, crusting and the loss of valuable residue. An alternative would be to mow or shred the residue prior to planting. This would better spread the residue across the soil surface and minimize the interference at planting. The shorter residue could lead to greater soil drying, but not as much as the tilled or burned systems. Work being done at OSU has shown no significant differences in soybean yield associated with either no-till or where the residue was mowed prior to planting (Figure 2).
Another aspect of residue management that most do not consider is height of the soybean crop and height of the first node. Due to higher rates of vegetative growth in full-season production system, height to first harvestable node is not a measurement most would consider. Not only is there a set height (typically 4 inches above the soil surface), but most combines should not harvest as close to the soil surface as possible to limit the risk of foreign material being lodged into the system. Height of the residue can greatly influence the height in which soybeans set pods in double-crop systems. Growers want high enough residue to minimize losses but not too high to where the soybean crop can become spindly with weaker stalk strength. Research has indicated that either the mowed or no-till production system will produce the first pod high enough where it can be easily harvested. However, no-till systems produce better results, with findings showing more than 7 inches of clearance of the first pod to the soil surface compared to 4.5 inches for the mowed system. Both burned and tilled plots resulted in initial pod being under the critical height for harvest (Figure 3) and at least one node of pods should be expected to be lost.
Overall, double-crop soybean production can be an extremely profitable and productive system. Planting and management practices associated with plantingcanbesome of the most important actions made throughout the season. As double-crop soybean systems are typically planted one to two months later than full-season production systems, the growing season, particularly vegetative growth period, has been substantially shortened. Therefore, practices should be selected to allow and promote earlier and more timely planting as well as early season growth.
For double-crop soybean, growers should consider:
- · Increase planting populations by 15 to 30%. The differ -ence will depend on full-season planting rates.
- · Implement agronomic procedures that increase rate of canopy closure and vegetative growth. These could be planting rate, row spacing or planting orientation.
- · If equipment is available, maintain residue on the soil surface as this may be the only aspect that saves soybean in hot and dry years.
- o If heavy residue exists and no-till planter options are not available, growers could look into methods that maintain residue and minimize influence, such as mowing.
## The Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service WE ARE OKLAHOMA
The Cooperative Extension Service is the largest, most successful informal educational organization in the world.Itisanationalwidesystemfundedandguided by a partnership of federal, state, and local governments that delivers information to help people help themselves through the land-grant university system.
Extension carries outprogramsinthebroadcategories of agriculture, natural resources and environment; family and consumer sciences; 4-H and other youth; and community resource development. Extension staff members live and work among the people they serve to help stimulate and educate Americans to plan ahead and cope with their problems.
Some characteristics of the Cooperative Extension system are:
- · The federal, state, and local governments cooperatively share in its financial support and program direction.
- · It is administered by the land-grant university as designated by the state legislature through an Extension director.
- · Extension programs are nonpolitical, objective, and research-based information.
- · It provides practical, problem-oriented education
expression, disability, or veteran status with regard to employment, educational programs and activities, and/or admissions. For more information, visit https://eeo.okstate.edu. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Director of Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President for Agricultural Programs and has been prepared and distributed at a cost of 20 cents per copy. June 2020. GH
- for people of all ages. It is designated to take the knowledge of the university to those persons who do not or cannot participate in the formal classroom instruction of the university.
- · It utilizes research from university, government, and other sources to help people make their own decisions.
- · More than a million volunteers help multiply the impact of the Extension professional staff.
- · It dispenses no funds to the public.
- · It is not a regulatory agency, but it does inform people of regulations and oftheir options in meeting them.
- · Local programs are developed and carried out in full recognition of national problems and goals.
- · The Extension staff educates people through personal contacts, meetings, demonstrations, and the mass media.
- · Extension has the built-in flexibility to adjust its programs and subject matter to meet new needs. Activities shift from year to year as citizen groups and Extension workers close to the problems advise changes. | |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/sarasotaco/2024/01/24/meet-a-master-gardener-volunteer-series-shamrock-park-demonstration-garden/ | Meet a Master Gardener Volunteer Series: Shamrock Park Demonstration Garden | University of Florida | [
"Ashley Ellis"
] | 2024-01-24 | [
"Agriculture",
"Community Volunteers",
"Conservation",
"Florida-Friendly Landscaping",
"Home Landscapes",
"Horticulture",
"Natural Resources",
"UF/IFAS",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"Wildlife",
"Work & Life",
"Demonstration Garden",
"Master Gardener Volunteer",
"MeetAnMGV",
"Pgm_HortRes",
"Shamrock Park",
"Volunteer"
] | FL | ## Meet a Master Gardener Volunteer Series: Shamrock Park Demonstration Garden
Welcome to our "Meet a Master Gardener Volunteer" blog series, where we delve into the inspiring stories and impactful contributions of the passionate individuals who form the backbone of our gardening community.These dedicated volunteers bring horticultural expertise, community spirit, and a love for sustainable practices to the forefront of our Master Gardener Volunteer (MGV) program.Through this series,we aim to shine a spotlight on the diverse projects, experiences, and motivations that drive these green-thumbed enthusiasts. Each interview is a window into the rich tapestry of knowledge and community engagement that defines the MGV experience. Join us as we uncover the unique journeys of our volunteers, highlighting the ways they cultivate not just gardens, but thriving and connected communities.
JoAnn Glazewski is a MGV in Sarasota County Florida. JoAnn,who embraced Florida-Friendly landscaping "before graduating as an MGV in 2020, designed a home garden that is "beautiful and comforting to me, requires minimal care, supports wildlife, and minimizes any impact to the adjacent Gulf of Mexico".
Tell us something about yourself,and what sparked your interest in gardening
I grew up in Connecticut with three siblings,in a family led by a mother who was raised during the Depression. We had a huge vegetable garden, which we harvested and preserved, and which
helped feed our family throughout the winter. We were taught how to recognize and utilize plants. Everything was reused and repurposed. Nothing was wasted.
My first culinary specialty was chokeberry pie, which I baked in my Easy Bake Oven. We helped my mom make jellies and wine from chokeberries, dandelions, gooseberries and elderberries.
Jewelweed tea was applied to poison ivy and other skin irritations.
I was always attracted to blooming plants. My personal gardens were filled with mounds of roses and liacacs. Blooming orchids got me through New England's long cold, dark winter months.
We purchased our South Venice home in 2010. I still worked as a registered nurse in Connecticut and would only have long weekends and vacation days to spend in Florida. I didn't want that time to be spent maintaining a yard. My initial goal was to utilize the small space and minimize upkeep.
First, I carved out a weed-free area. I built shell pathways and a shade house for my orchids, which I moved down in suitcases with every visit. I added the largest garden shed available, both for storage and to block weeds. I added shrubs to anchor the garden space and stabilize the terrain.
## Connecting with nature
I spend most of my time in natural areas. As I walk the beach or bike the Legacy Trail, I am aware of our native plants. Every day shows me a new blooming display. I note its preferred habitat and realize how useful it can be in my yard. Natives are adapted to survive without my intervention. I know that a bit of nurturing can make them beautiful. The gardener's mantra is, "I can save this plant."
I am a scuba diver, and dismayed by the oceans' degradation. I have researched what causes pollution. This research heightened my concern because we live near the shore. Planting native and Floridafriendly plants allows me to minimize my chemical footprint.
Shamrock Park A meandering path through demonstration and Nature gardens at Shamrock Park and Nature Center.
The demonstration garden at Shamrock Park and Nature Center has always been an inspiring place for me. Today, most plants in my yard garden are also
found in the Shamrock Park demonstration garden-and both gardens are set in a scrub environment.
Shamrock Park demonstration garden showcases thriving, mature native and Florida-friendly plants. A goal of the Shamrock demonstration garden is to bring as many of our Sarasota County neighbors as possible into our garden and inspire them to adopt positive Florida-Friendly Landscaping™ choices for their landscaping.
To accomplish this goal, MGVs conduct a docent-led once-a-month tour. The Shamrock Park demonstration garden is well-situated to attract most park goers. It is adjacent to Shamrock Park and Venetian Waterway Trail. During the garden tour, bikers, runners, or dogwalkers can stop by for a snack. I hide painted rocks to encourage children to wander in from the playground. It is rare to visit our garden when others are not enjoying it, like the children I see who came from the playground looking for Atala butterflies, neighbors walking dogs and gardeners visiting to get ideas.
In the demonstration garden, a library box is always open to browsers, who can read about the selection and maintenance of the plants there, as well as Florida-Friendly Landscaping™ practices.
## Tell us about the Master
Gardener Volunteer
## Demonstration Garden at
## Shamrock Park and Nature Center
As the Shamrock Park demonstration garden lead, I respected the founding gardeners plant selection and placement, and expanded the variety and number of native and Florida-friendly plants. We have a terrific team of engaged MGLVs committed to the care of our plants. MGVs connect with the community as members of local garden clubs and plant societies, and provide displays at community events.
I hope our garden continues to provide an important contribution to the Shamrock Park and Nature Center.
To learn more about the Sarasota County Master Gardener Volunteer program, visit our website.
The Shamrock Park Master Gardener Volunteers promoting demonstration Florida-Friendly Landscaping™ through garden is one of their gardens and tours at the Shamrock Park Demonstration Gardens.
Volunteers. It is located at across from the Shamrock Park and Nature Center, 3900 Shamrock Drive, Venice. The UF/IFAS Extension Sarasota County Educational Outreach Gardens (EOG), Osprey Trail Junction and Venice Urban Forest are three other locations open to the public.
To learn more about Florida-Friendly Landscaping™ and native plants, visit our Eventbrite page to register for upcoming events, classes and tours.
JoAnn Glazewski co-authored this post, supplying written answers for questions posed by UF/IFAS Extension Sarasota County.
2
by Ashley Ellis
Posted: January 24, 2024
Category: Agriculture, Community Volunteers, Conservation, FloridaFriendly Landscaping, Home Landscapes, Horticulture, Natural Resources, UF/IFAS, UF/IFAS Extension, Wildlife, Work & Life Tags: Demonstration Garden, Master Gardener Volunteer, MeetAnnMGV, Pgm HortRes, Shamrock Park, Volunteer
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Seasonal Sustainability: Wrap Right
- · Fats, Oils, And Grease - Oh, My!
- · COVID-19 Agriculture Updates: July 12th
- · Venice Florida Tours Becomes The Newest Sarasota County Green Business Partner |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/feeding-choosy-eaters.html | Feeding “choosy” eaters - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Deana Hildebrand",
"Christine Walters"
] | 2019-01-06 | [] | OK | ## Feeding 'choosy' eaters
Published Jun. 2019 | Id: L-480
By Deana Hildebrand, Christine Walters
Print-friendly PDF sheets/print- publications/I/feeding-choosy -eaters-l-480.pdf)
JUMP TO: The best advice: relax and be patient! / How you can help a picky eater: / Stay consistent
What seems "choosy" to you may be part of your child's way of
learning to make their own decisions. Eating less may also be a sign they are in a slower growing stage or they are not being
as active as other times. The best way to know if your child is healthy is to make sure they are going to the doctor where their growth can be regularly measured.
## The best advice: relax and be patient!
It can take 10 or more times of tasting a food before a child's taste buds accept a new food. Your job as a parent is to offer a
variety of healthful foods and decide when and where the family eats. Let your child decide which of the foods they want to eat and how much to eat. Don't force your child to eat. If she or he chooses not to eat, she or he will probably be hungry at the next scheduled meal or snack time. Follow this plan and your child won't use food to control you.
## How you can help a picky eater:
- · Encourage your child when they try new foods.
- Think about what your child eats over several days, not just at one meal. With time, most children eat enough different foods to get
## Stay consistent
Remember, it can take more than 10 times of trying a new food to a child before they like it. Stay patient, calm and consistent with offering foods at mealtime with a choosy eater.
Reviewed by: Jenni Kinsey, MS, RD, LD & Hasina Rakotomanana, MS.
## References
American Academy of Pediatrics (2018). 10 Tips for Parents of Picky Eaters. Retrieved from:
https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages- stages/toddler/nutrition/Pages/Picky-Eaters.aspx
USDA. (2017). Nibbles for Health. Retrieved from:
https://www.fns.usda.gov/tn/nibbles-health-nutritionenewsletters-parents-young-children
E. Satter, Feeding with Love and Good Sense, Ellyn Satter Associates, 1995.
Deana Hildebrand(mailto:deana.hildebrand@okstate.edu),
PhD., RD,LD,
Associate Professor & Extension Specialist
Christine Walters(mailto:christine.walters@okstate.edu) , RDN, LD, MS,
Extension Program Assistant
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service
Nutritional Sciences Department, Oklahoma State University
Print-friendly PDF sheets/print- publications/I/feeding-choos eaters-I-480.pdf)
## Topics:
```
Baby & Child Nutrition ( /topics/youth-family-health-and-home/health-nutrition-
and-wellness/nutrition/baby-and-child-nutrition/)
Health, Nutrition & Wellness ( /topics/youth-family-health-and-home/health-
nutrition-and-wellness/)
Nutrition ( /topics/youth-family-health-and-home/health-nutrition-and-
wellness/nutrition/)
```
YES
NO |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/research-reports/site-files/documents/1997/1-gardner.pdf | 1997 Research Report - ESTIMATION OF BEEF CARCASS CUTABILITY USING VIDEO IMAGE ANALYSIS, TOTAL BODY ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OR YIELD GRADE | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20100120105400-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## ESTIMATION OF BEEF CARCASS CUTABILITY USING VIDEO IMAGE ANALYSIS, TOTAL BODY ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OR YIELD GRADE
T. L. Gardner, H. G. Dolezal$^{3}$, B. A. Gardner$^{2}$, J. L. Nelson$^{2}$, B. R. Schutte$^{2}$, J. D. Tatum$^{4}$, G. C. Smith$^{4}$, J. B. Morgan$^{5}$, J. W. Wise$^{6}$ and C. R. Calkins?
## Story in Brief
Beef carcasses (n = 240) were selected from typical daily production in a commercial beef conversion facility to fill a 2 x 6 x 2 matrix of sex-class (steer vs heifer), experts ® Yield grade (EYG: 1, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 4), and weight-class (light = 550 to 749 lb; heavy = 750 to 950 lb). Grade data were collected from stationary carcasses by an expert committee to determine experts ® Yield Grade. Video Image Analysis (VIA) was used to evaluate left sides at the 12 th rib interface. Variables were obtained in motion (M) or at rest (S) for subcutaneous fat thickness (MFT or SFT) and ribeye area (MLA or SLA). Modified beef sides were placed in a ToBEC chamber to obtain peak phase values: HIPEAK, hindquarter + kidney and pelvic fat and H2PEAK, hindquarter - kidney and pelvic fat. Sites were fabricated following progressive HRI guidelines. Subjective and objective measurements were used as independent variables in multiple regression equations developed to predict side percentage of boneless, closely-trimmed boxed beef. Experts ® estimation of Yield Grade factors + hot carcass weight accounted for 85% of the variation in closely-trimmed boxed beef. Substitution of VIA ribeye measurements (MLA or SLA) for experts ® measurements reduced equation accuracy by approximately 6%. Equations substituting ToBEC peak value for experts ® estimation of muscling were similar in accuracy to equations using experts ® measurements. The results of this study indicate that Yield Grade accurately predicts boneless, closely-trimmed boxed beef yield and objective measurements of individual Yield Grade factors can be used to enhance the accuracy of on-line Yield Grade application.
(Key Words: Beef, Cutability, Equation, Image, Meat, Prediction.)
## Introduction
Currently, interest is increasing in the development of cattle marketing systems that assess value on an individual animal basis (value-based marketing). Therefore, a method of identifying individual carcass red meat yield is necessary to aid in determining value. The evaluation technique used to determine yield must be able to function on-line in a commercial setting without disrupting the normal product flow. Two technologies that may satisfy these requirements have been identified in the National Beef Instrument Assessment Plan (National Live Stock Meat Board, 1994): Video Image Analysis (VIA) and Total Body Electrical Conductivity (ToBEC). Video Image Analysis is a non-invasive procedure that utilizes one or more video cameras in unison with image processing software to evaluate carcass characteristics and predict carcass cutability. Wassenberg et al. (1986) evaluated the ability of VIA variables to
predict red meat yield of steer carcasses: total primal lean weight (R$^{2}$ = .96) and percent primal lean (R$^{2 }$= .46). Moreover, Gwartney et al. (1994) indicated that ToBEC scanning could account for 75 or 80% of the variation in percentage lean of steer and heifer sides, respectively.
The objective of this study was to determine, in a commercial beef conversion complex, the accuracy of VIA, ToBEC and Yield Grade in predicting boneless, closely-trimmed boxed beef percentage of steer and heifer sides varying in weight-class and Yield Grade.
## Materials and Methods
Approximately 48 h postmortem, beef carcasses wee presented at chain speeds of 350 to 400 carcasses per hour as a portion of daily plant production and assigned Quality and Yield Grades by a USDA grader. Immediately following grade assignments, carcasses were evaluated by a Video Image Analysis (VIA) system operated by plant personnel. The following VIA motion variables were obtained at the 12 th rib interface at normal chain speed: subcutaneous fat thickness (MFT) and ribeye area (MLA).
Following evaluation by USDA graders and motion VIA, 240 beef carcasses (steers n = 120, heifers n = 120) were selected by university and plant management personnel from normal daily production in a commercial beef conversion facility to fill a 2 x 6 x 2 matrix of sex-class (steer vs heifer), experts' Yield Grade (EYG: 1, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 4), and weight-class (light = 550 to 749 lb; heavy = 750 to 950 lb). Selected carcasses were placed on a stationary rail where university and USDA carcass evaluation experts independently assessed carcass grade characteristics without time constraint and using measuring aids. The averages of the three experts' measurements of adjusted fat thickness (AFT) and ribeye area (REA) were recorded with hot carcass weight (HCW) as actual carcass measurements. Actual kidney/pelvic/heart fat percentage (AKPH) was calculated using actual internal fat weights obtained in subsequent side fabrication. The expert committee evaluated kidney/pelvic/heart fat percentage (KPH) subjectively. Actual Yield Grade was calculated using experts ® measurements of AFT and REA as well as HCW and AKPH. Experts¦ Yield Grade was determined substituting KPH for AKPH. Although USDA Quality Grade factors were evaluated, they were not considered in the carcass selection process. The expert committee examined each carcass for workmanship defects that might influence red meat yield before finalizing selection.
Following selection, left sides of carcasses were evaluated by VIA (stationary) and ToBEC. Stationary VIA measurement of subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) and ribeye area (SLA) were obtained at the 12 th rib interface. Prior to fabrication, left sides were quartered and modified for ToBEC scanning. Hindquarters with kidney and pelvic fat remaining were passed through the ToBEC chamber for initial evaluation (H1PEAK). Kidney and pelvic fat was removed before hindquarters were passed through the ToBEC unit for final evaluation (H2PEAK).
A team of beef fabrication trainers processed each side following grade data collection and instrument evaluations. Trainers processed boneless, closely-trimmed (1/4" residual s. c. fat)
subprimals following progressive HRI specifications as set forth by the packer. Weights of the various lean products, fat trim and bone were recorded individually for each side processed.
As 2 x 6 x 2 matrix of sex-class, experts Yield Grade, and weight-class was utilized. The main effects of sex-class, experts Yield Grade, and weight-class as well as appropriate interactions were tested for significance (P
## Results and Discussion
Least squares means are reported for the main effects of experts Yield Grade, sex-class, and weight-class as tests of main effect interactions were not significant (P > .05), with the expectation of an experts Yield Grade x weight-class interaction for percentage of bone (P
Carcass grade characteristic least squares means stratified by experts Yield Grade, sex-class, and weight-class are presented in Table 1. Hot carcass weight did not differ between experts Yield grade groups; however , steer and heavy carcasses were heavier (P
Marbling scores were highest (P
As expected, fat thickness and adjusted fat thickness increased (P
Ribeye area was largest (P ≤ .05) for EYG 1 and decreased (P ≤ .05) with each increase in experts Yield Grade category. Differences were noted for sex-class and weight-class with steers and lights having smaller (P
When categorized by experts Yield Grade, internal fat percentage (actual and estimated) was greatest (P .05).
By design, experts and actual Yield Grade means increased (P.05) for sex-class or weight-class. Actual Yield Grade was higher (P.05) for weight-class.
Cutability endpoints stratified by experts Yield Grade, sex-class, and weight-class are presented in Table 2. As expected, boxed beef yield decreased (P.05) for sex-class but yields were lowest (P
Equations using USDA Yield Grade factors and VIA measurements to estimate side percentage of boxed beef are presented in Table 3. The most accurate equation (R$^{2}$ = .86; RSD = 1.05) included experts adjusted fat thickness and ribeye area as well as hot carcass weight and actual internal fat percentage. Substitution of experts estimation of KPH for AKPH reduced accuracy by 1.3%. These results indicate that properly measured USDA Yield Grade factors successfully estimate boneless, closely-trimmed boxed beef. However, USDA Yield Grade applied to these carcasses on-line accounted for only 59% of the variation in closely-trimmed boxed beef. Equations that included AFT, KPH, HCW, and VIA measurement of ribeye area (motion or stationary) accounted for 79% of the variation in the cutability endpoint. Removal of KPH from the previous equations reduced accuracy by 6 to 6 by 7 %. VIA measurements of fat thickness (MFT or SFT) and ribeye area (MLA or SLA) combined with KPH and HCW produced equations with reduced accuracy (MFT/MLA, R$^{2 }$= .57; SFT/SLA, R$^{2 }$= .46).
Total Body Electrical Conductivity measures of muscling were used in combination with USDA Yield Grade factors to develop prediction equations (Table 4). Accuracy of ToBEC equations that used hindquarter (kidney and pelvic fat in) peak phase coupled with AFT, KPH, and HCW were similar in accuracy to equations using experts measurements of Yield Grade factors. Substitution of indquarkter (kidney and pelvic fat removed) peak phase increased equation accuracy by 1 to 2.5 %.
## Implications
This study indicates that USDA Yield Grades are successful in predicting boxed beef (1/4" s. c. fat trim) yield when factors are accurately assessed and properly applied; however, at normal chain speeds USDA graders have only 7 to 20 seconds to assess Yield and Quality Grades and apply their stamp. Subsequently, accuracy of on-line Yield Grade application is reduced. Objective measurements of Yield Grade factors can improve predictive accuracy. Although equations using ToBEC variables were most accurate, ToBEC assessment is costly and cannot be completed in the normal product flow. However, VIA variables can be used in conjunction with
subjective estimates to enhance the accuracy of equations predicting boneless, closely-trimmed boxed beef yield.
## Literature Cited
Gwartney, B. L. 1994. J. Anim. Sci. 72:2836. National Live Stock and Meat Board. 1994. The National Beef Instrument Assessment Plan. National Live Stock and Meat Board, Chicago, IL. SAS. 1986. SAS User s Guide: Statistics. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC. Wassenberg, R. L et al. 1986. J. Anim. Sci. 62:1609.
| Group | HWC | MARB | FT | AFT | REA | EKP | AKP | EYG | |
|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------|-------|
| Experts Yield Grade | Experts Yield Grade | Experts Yield Grade | Experts Yield Grade | Experts Yield Grade | Experts Yield Grade | Experts Yield Grade | Experts Yield Grade | Experts Yield Grade | |
| | 1 | 747.2 | 376.0 e | .26 c | .31 c | 15.7 e | 2.1 c | 2.7 c | |
| | 2 A | 752.0 | 393.8 c | .35 d | .41 d | 14.2 d | 2.2 cd | 2.8 c | |
| | 2 B | 740.5 | 394.4 c | .39 d | .50 e | 13.5 e | 2.3 d | 3.1 de | 2.7 e |
| | 3 A | 745.1 | 429.6 d | .56 e | .63 f | 12.9 f | 2.3 d | 2.9 cd | 3.2 f |
| | 3 B | 755.4 | 433.9 d | .60 e | .69 g | 12.2 g | 2.7 e | 3.4 e | 3.78 |
| | 4 | 748.8 | 457.7 d | .85 f | .91 h | 11.4 h | 2.6 e | 3.4 e | 4.4 h |
| Sex-class | Sex-class | Sex-class | Sex-class | Sex-class | Sex-class | Sex-class | Sex-class | Sex-class | |
| | Steer | 757.4 d | 394.2 c | .46 c | .53 c | 13.1 c | 2.3 c | 2.8 c | 2.9 c |
| | Heifer | 738.9 c | 434.2 d | .55 d | .62 d | 13.5 d | 2.5 d | 3.3 d | 3.0 c |
| | Light ( | 401.1 c | .49$^{e}$ | .56$^{e}$ | 12.5$^{e}$ | 2.3$^{c}$ | 3.0$^{e}$ | 2.9$^{e}$ | 3 | |
|---------------|-----------|-----------|-------------|-------------|--------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|-----|----|
| Heavy ( ≥ 750 | 807.1 d | 427.3d | .52$^{d}$ | .59$^{d}$ | 14.2$^{d}$ | 2.5$^{d}$ | 3.1$^{e}$ | 3.0$^{e}$ | 3 | |
a Experts Yield Grade was computed using experts adjusted fat thickness, experts ribeye area, experts estimated internal fat percentage, and actual hot carcass weight.
- b CWT=hot carcass weight, lb; MARB=marbling score (300 to 399 corresponds to "Slight" degree of marbling; 400 to 499 corresponds to "Small" degree of marbling); FT=fat thickness, in.; AFT=adjusted fat thickness, in.; REA=ribeye area, in. $^{z}$; EKP=experts estimated internal fat, %; AKP=actual internal fat, %; EYG=experts yield grade; AYG=actual yield grade calculated substituting AKP for EKP.
c.de.f.g.h Means in the same column and group with a common superscript letter are not different (P>.05).
| | | Cutability endpoint | Cutability endpoint | Cutability endpoint | Cutability endpoint | Cutability endpoint | Cutability endpoint | Cutability endpoint |
|---------------------|----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|
| Group | Boxed Beef | Fat Trim | 80% Lean Trim | 50% Lean Trim | Bone | Cutability endpoint | Cutability endpoint | Cutability endpoint |
| Experts Yield Grade | Expert s Yield Grade | 1 | 54.03 b | 13.02 b | 11.57 b | 6.98 b | 14.39 b | 14.39 b |
| Experts Yield Grade | 2A | 52.37 c | 14.99 e | 11.23 c | 6.96 b | 14.45 b | 14.45 b | 14.12 bc |
| Experts Yield Grade | 2B | 51.22 d | 16.41 d | 11.28 c | 6.96 b | 14.12 bc | 14.12 bc | 13.69 cd |
| Experts Yield Grade | 3A | 49.60 e | 18.27 e | 11.20 c | 7.23 c | 13.69 cd | 13.48 de | 13.48 de |
| Experts Yield Grade | 3B | 48.62 f | 19.61 f | 10.94 d | 7.34 cd | 13.48 de | 13.48 de | 13.08 e |
| Experts Yield Grade | 4 | 46.68 g | 22.01 b | 10.75 d | 7.49 d | 13.08 e | 13.08 e | |
| Sex-class | Sex-class | Sex-class | Sex-class | Sex-class | Sex-class |
|-------------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|
| | Steer | 50.83 b | 16.27 b | 11.28 d | 7.17 |
| | Heifer | 50.02 c | 18.50 e | 11.05 c | 7.15 |
| Weight-class | Weight-class | Weight-class | Weight-class | Weight-class | Weight-class |
| Light ( | 16.93 b | 11.24 d | 7.09 b | 14.10 d | |
| Heavy ( ≥ 750 lb) | 50.21 c | 17.84 c | 11.09 c | 7.23 c | 13.64 c |
a Experts Yield Grade was computed using experts adjusted fat thickness, experts ribeye area, experts estimated internal fat percentage, and actual hot carcass weight. b,c,d,e,f g Means in the same column and group with a common superscript letter are not different (P > .05).
| USDA Yield Grade factors and VIA measures | USDA Yield Grade factors and VIA measures | R2 | RSD (%) |
|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|------------------------|------------------------|
| Experts adjusted fat thickness, in | Expert s | ribye ear area, in 2 | |
| Expert s | Actual kidney/pelvic/heart fat, % | Hot carcass weight, lb | .8635 |
| Expert s | adjusted fat thickness, in | Expert s | ribeye area, in 2 |
| Expert s | Estimated of kidney/pelvic/heart fat, % | Expert s | hot carcass weight, lb |
| Expert s | Adjusted fat thickness, in | Expert s | exterior side |
| VIA, stationary loin area, in$^{2}$ | | |
|----------------------------------------------------|-------|------|
| Experts ® estimation of kidney/pelvic/heart fat, % | .7931 | 1.30 |
| Hot carcass weight, lb | | |
| Experts ® adjusted fat thickness, in | | |
| VIA, motion loin area, in$^{2}$ | | |
| Experts ® estimation of kidney/pelvic/heart fat, % | .7919 | 1.31 |
| Hot carcass weight, lb | | |
| Experts ® adjusted fat thickness, in | | |
| VIA, motion loin area, in$^{2}$ | | |
| Experts ® estimated fat thickness, in | | |
| VIA, stationary loin area, in$^{2}$ | | |
| Hot carcass weight, lb | | |
| VIA, motion fat thickness, in | | |
| VIA, motion loin area, in$^{2}$ | | |
| Experts ® estimation of kidney/pelvic/heart fat, % | .7284 | 1.49 |
| Experts ® adjusted fat thickness, in | | |
| VIA, stationary loin area, in$^{2}$ | | |
| Hot carcass weight, lb | | |
| VIA, motion fat thickness, in | | |
| VIA, motion loin area, in$^{2}$ | | |
| Experts ® estimation of kidney/pelvic/heart fat, % | .5746 | 1.87 |
| VIA, stationary fat thickness, in | | |
| VIA, stationary loin area, in$^{2}$ | | |
| Experts ® estimation of kidney/pelvic/heart fat, % | .4644 | 2.07 |
| Table 4. Prediction of boxed beef yield at ¼ inch s.c. fat trim using USDA Yield Grade factors and Total Body Electrical Conductivity (ToBEC) measurements as independent variables. | |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|
| USDA Yield Grade factors and ToBEC measures | R2 RSD (%) |
| Experts ® adjusted fat thickness, in | |
| Hindquarter peak phase, kidney/pelvic fat out | |
| divided by side weight, lb | |
| Experts ® estimation of kidney/pelvic/heart fat, % | |
| Hot carcass weight, lb | .8807 .98 |
| Expertrs ® adjusted fat thickness, in | |
| Hindquarter peak phase, kidney/pelvic fat out | |
| Expertrs ® estimation of kidney/pelvic/heart fat, % | |
| Hot carcass weight, lb | .8724 1.02 |
| Expertrs ® adjusted fat thickness, in | |
| Hindquarter peak phase, kidney/pelvic fat in | |
| divided by side weight, lb | |
| Expertrs ® estimation of kidney/pelvic/heart fat, % | |
| Hot carcass weight, lb | .8623 1.06 |
Expertrs ® adjusted fat thickness, in
Hindquarter peak phase, kidney/pelvic fat in
divided by side weight, lb
Expertrs ® estimated of kidney/pelvic/heart fat, %
Hot carcass weight, lb
Expertrs ® adjusted fat thickness, in
| | |
|--------------------------------------------------|------|
| Hindquarter peak phase, kidney/pelvic fat in | 8556 |
| Experts estimation of kidney/pelvic/heart fat, % | 1.08 |
| Hot carcass weight, lb | |
1997 Research Report |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/smith-county-retail-profile | Smith County Retail Profile | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
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## Smith County Retail Profile
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https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/bradfordco/2020/11/05/food-safety-tips-for-canning/ | Food Safety Tips for Canning | University of Florida | [
"D'Alicia Straughter"
] | 2020-11-05 | [
"Food Safety",
"Bradford County",
"Canning",
"food",
"food preservation"
] | FL | ## Food Safety Tips for Canning
Food preservation has become the new trend for reducing our food budget and making our food dollars stretch. Preserving our left over produce will cut down on the use of canned foods that are high in sodium, which can lead to health issues in the future. Food preservation can be freezing, canning or even drying. With everyone trying to come up with new ways to save, canning can be a great way if you are taking the necessary food safety precautions to keep your family safe.
When canning, food safety is critical to reduce food borne illnesses. For example, a common food borne illness linked to canning is botulism. According to the Centers for Disease and Control's website there were 210 botulism foodborne outbreaks reported from 1996 to 2014. Out of the 210 botulism outbreaks, 145 of them came from prepared canned foods made at home. To reduce this possible deadly foodborne illness washing, sanitizing and temperature is very important.
There are many resources available to make sure you are properly canning your produce to the correct temperature. Always start with clean, sanitized jars before adding your produce. Washing your produce with a fruit and vegetable scrubber will help minimize the spread of germs. When washing fruits and vegetables do not to use any form of solution such to clean your produce. Cross contamination can happen without you even realizing it. After cleaning your jars put them up until you are ready in a clean space away from food or dirty items.
```
O
by D'Alicia Straughter
Posted: November 5, 2020
```
Category: Food Safety
Tags: Bradford County, Canning, Food, Food Preservation
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- A Tribute To Peanut Butter
- Florida Saves
- Ready, Set, Let's Preserve
- Pasture Management: Importance Of Soil Sampling |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN735 | Pine Webworm, Pococera robustella (Zeller) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) | University of Florida | [
"Albert E. Mayfield",
"III"
] | 2025-02-10 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | Skip to main content
## Pine Webworm, Pocerca robustella (Zeller) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Albert E. Mayfield, III
The Featured Creatures collection provides in-depth profiles of insects, nematodes, arachnids and other organisms relevant to Florida. These profiles are intended for the use of interested laypersons with some knowledge of biology as well as academic audiences.
## Introduction
The pine webworm, Pococera robustella (Zeller), is a common defoliator of pines in the eastern United States. Infestations commonly occur on young (one- to two-year-old) pine seedlings, but larger seedlings and branches of mature pines can also become infested. The conspicuous larval nests of the pine webworm can substantially reduce the aesthetic and commercial value of pines grown as Christmas trees or ornamentals (Wallesz and Benjamin 1960). Although severe defoliation can kill first year pine seedlings (Merkel and Hertel 1976), defoliation in plantations and natural forests rarely results in mortality or significant damage, with impact generally limited to reduced seedling growth on stems less than 0.6 m tall (Hertel and Benjamin 1977, USDA Forest Service 1989).
## Distribution
The pine webworm occurs in southern Canada and throughout most of the eastern half of the United States from New England to Florida and west to Wisconsin and Minnesota (USDA Forest Service 1989; Johnson and Lyon 1991).
## Description
## Adult
The adult is a small gray to brownish moth with a wingspan of 22 to 25 mm (1 in). The basal third of the forewing is dark gray to black (paler at extreme base), with the remainder of the forewing pale gray, and becoming darker gray toward the outer half. The hind wings are brown with darker shading toward the outer margin (Wallesz and Benjamin 1960, USDA Forest Service 1989).
The egg is 1 mm (
## Larva
The larva is 13 to 18 mm (0.5 - 0.7 in) long when mature. The body is light brown with darker longitudinal stripes, while the head is light brown with black pigmented markings.
## Pupa
The pupal case is a flattened ovoid cocoon measuring 12 x 8 mm (0.5 x 0.3 in), covered with packed sand grains and lined with yellow silk.
## Biology
The number of pine webworm generations per year varies from three in northeast Florida (Hertel and Benjamin 1979) to one in the northern part of the insect's range (Wallesz and Benjamin 1960). In Florida, adults can be found from April to October, with peak trap captures in June. Female moths lay small masses of one to 10 overlapping eggs on the flat surface of host needles. Young larvae (1 st through 3 rd instars) mine the needles, whereas older larvae (4 th through 6 th instars, and occasionally 2 nd or 3 rd instars) construct and share a common frass nest on a branch or main stem. Larvae either partially or completely exit the nest to clip needles that they bring back into the nest to consume. Mature larvae eventually move to the ground and spin cocoons in which they pupate (Hertel and Benjamin 1979).
UGA1178100
Hosts
Reported hosts include the following pine species:
- eastern white ( Pinus strobus L.)
- jack (Pinus banksiana Lambl.)
- lobollyl (Pinus taeda L.),
- longleaf (Pinus palustris Mill.,
- pitch (Pinus rigida Mill.),
- red (Pinus resinosa Ait.),
- sand (Pinus clausa (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Vasey ex Sarg.),
- Scotts (Pinus sylvestris L.).
- shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.),
- shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.),
- slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.), and
- Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.)
(Wallesz and Benjamin 1960, Merkel and Hertel 1976).
## Recognition of Damage
pine webworms produce a conspicuous globular mass of brown fecal pellets and needles held together with silk webbing. This frass nest is typically 5 to 15 cm (2 -6 in) long, with its size depending on the number of larvae contributing to its formation. Affected seedlings and shoots may also exhibit missing foliage and stubs of partially eaten needles.
Figure 5. Frass nest of older larvae of the pine webworm, Poccera robustella (Zeller).
Credit: Robert L. Anderson, USDA Forest Service; www.forestryimages.org
## Management
In forests, the pine webworm is not a serious pest and typically does not warrant control. Populations of the pine webworm are regulated in part by its natural enemies, including several species of parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae, Braconidae, Chalcididae, Ichneumonidae), parasitic flies (Diptera: Tachinidae), assassin bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), and birds (Wallesz and Benjamin 1960, Hertel and Benjamin 1979).
Studies examining possible relationships between site preparation intensity and pine webworm infestation levels have been inconclusive (Hertel and Benjamin 1977). Frass nests containing larvae can be hand picked and destroyed. Removing vacated nests may improve aesthetics, but it provides no population control. Pine webworm larvae may be killed by spraying occupied nests with an approved insecticide. If infestation levels are excessive and chemical control is desired, consult your local UF/IFAS Extension office for current insecticide recommendations.
## Selected References
Hertel GD, Benjamin DM. 1977. Intensity of site preparation influences on pine webworm and tip moth infestations on pine seedlings in north-central Florida. Environmental Entomology 6 : 118-122. https://doi.org/10.1093/eee/6.1.118
Hertel GD, Benjamin DM. 1979. Biology of the pine webworm in Florida slash pine plantations. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 72 : 816-819. https://doi.org/10.1093/aea/72.6.816
Johnson WT, Lyon HH. 1991. Insects that Feed on Trees and Shrubs. 2 nd edition, revised. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. 560 pp.
Merkel EP, Hertel GD. 1976. Pine tip moth and pine webworm control with carbofuran in north Florida. USDA Forest Service Research Note SE-236, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC. 6 pp.
USDA Forest Service. 1989. Insects and diseases of trees in the South. Protection Report R&P-16. USDA Forest Service, Southern Region, Atlanta, GA. 98 pp.
Wallesz DP, Benjamin DM. 1960. The biology of the pine webworm, Tetralopha robustella , in Wisconsin. Journal of Economic Entomology 53: 587-589. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeee/53.4.587
## Publication #EENY-408
## Release Date:
February 11, 2025
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises
Contacts: Elena Rhodes
View PDF
## About this Publication
This document is EENY-408 (IN735) (originally published as DPI Entomology Circular 419), one of a series of the Department of Entomology and Nematology, UF/IFAS Extension. Published May 2007. Revised August 2010, March 2021, and August 2024. Visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
About the Authors
Albert E. Mayfield, III, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Forestry.
## Related Pages
Featured Creatures collection
772 Publication(s)
Pyralidae (snout-moths) |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/AE454 | Mini-piezometers for Measuring Groundwater to Surface Water Exchange | University of Florida | [
"Christopher J. Martinez"
] | 2019-08-01 | [
"2. Water Quality, Quantity, and Supply"
] | FL | Skip to main content
## Mini-piezometers for Measuring Groundwater to Surface Water Exchange
Christopher J. Martinez
## Introduction
Mini-piezometers are simple instruments for measuring the direction of water flow between groundwater and a surface water body such as a lake or stream (Figure 1). Often temporarily installed, mini-piezometers are essentially scaled-down versions of piezometers, which are routinely used to make groundwater level measurements. When combined with surface water level measurements they can be used to determine the direction of water flow. Mini-piezometers are particularly useful in situations where many measurements are required, cost is a concern, or access to field sites is limited. While mini - piezometers can be purchased commercially, they are easily built using components readily available from hardware and autoparts stores. This document is intended to aid those who are engaged in surface water -groundwater exchange studies in cost-effective construction, installation and use of mini-piezometers.
## Materials and Tools Required
## Materials
- · 1/2 inch outside diameter (OD) PVC or steel pipe outer casing (or similar diameter)
- Disposable drive point or cap to fit on end of outer casing (described below)
- · 3.8 inch (OD), 1/4 inch inside diameter (ID) or similar clear flexible tubing (vinyl, polyethylene or tygon)
- "T" connector to fit clear tubing
- Filter fabric (to cover screen)
- Small wire-ties
## Tools
- Rubber mallet or sledge hammer and hammer-cap
- Vice grips (optional)
## Construction
Cut a 5-6 foot length of clear tubing and cut small holes or slots along 1-2 inches of one end using the utility knife (lengths of tubing, screening, and casing mentioned here may vary depending on field conditions). This will be the 'screen' of the mini-piezometer shown in Figure 1. Wrap the screen with the filter fabric and secure to the tube using a wire-tie. The filter fabric will prevent clogging of the screen by fine sediment. A section of nylon stocking works well as the filter fabric (Figure 2). Cut any excess length from the wire-tie so it will pass through the outer casing during installation. Next, cut a 3-4 foot length of clear tubing, this section will be used to measure the surface water level (Figure 1). Attach both tubes to opposite ends of the crossbar of the T connector. Cut a 1 foot length of clear tubing and connect to the top of the T connector. Set aside.
The type of sediments of the stream or lake bottom will dictate the best material to use for the outer casing of the mini piezometer. In coarse, sandy sediments a length of schedule 40 PVC pipe may be adequate. In finer, compacted sediments steel pipe will be better suited. In sediments that are extremely difficult to penetrate, the cap can be constructed in a conical shape to make driving the casing into the sediment easier.
To prepare the mini-piezometer for installation, first place the disposable drive point or cap on one end of the outer casing (Figure 3). The drive point should be made of biodegradable and environmentally benign material since it will be left in the stream or lake bed after installation. Some researchers have recommended using metal carriage or lag bolts for this purpose. These are not recommended. A better alternative can be easily constructed from two untreated wood dowels, one of 1/2 inch diameter and the other of 3/4 inch diameter. A I/I ¼ inch slice of the larger dowel can be glued with wood glue to a 1-inch length of the narrower dowel to create a cap that will decompose naturally when left behind in the stream or lake bed (Figure 3).
## Installation
To install the mini-piezometer, drive the outer casing, with cap in place, into the sediment to the desired depth (Figure 4a). Deeper depths typically produce more reliable results but shallower depths may be desired depending on the purpose of the mini-piezometer. Multiple mini-piezometers can be installed at different depths in the same location, depending on the objective of the study. If PVC pipe is used as the outer casing then it may be driven into the sediment using a rubber mallet. If metal pipe is used, and the sediment is difficult to penetrate, then a sledge hammer and hammer cap placed over the outer casing may be used.
Once the outer casing is at the desired depth, thread the clear tubing, screen-end first, down to the bottom of the outer casing (Figure 4b). Remove the tube from the T connector so the casing can be removed. Next, remove the outer casing from the sediment, taking care to hold the tube in place as the casing is removed (Figure 4c). If a metal casing is used, vice grips can be used to pull the casing from the sediment using a twisting motion. Once the outer casing is removed, reconnect the tube to the T connector (Figure 1).
autoparts stores where they are sold as part of a kit for bleeding automobile brake lines. When using a vacuum pump to draw water out of a mini-piezometer, a reservoir can be used to prevent water from entering the vacuum pump (Figure 6). Alternatively, a longer length of clear tubing connected to the vacuum pump can be used. Following development, the water level in the mini-piezometer must be allowed to come back to its natural level, or equilibrate. Equilibration can take as little as a few seconds in coarse textured soils but could take minutes or hours in less conductive, finer soils. Successive measurements of water levels can be used to determine when the water level has come to equilibrium.
## Measuring the Direction of Flow Using the Mini-piezometer
To measure the direction of water flow between groundwater and surface water, submerge the surface water tube, being sure to keep it above the stream or lake bottom (Figure 1). If the groundwater level in the mini-piezometer is above the surface water level then the difference in water levels, or the difference in 'hydraulic head' (Δh in Figure 1) can be determined by simply measuring the height of water in the mini-piezometer tube above the stream or lake water surface. However, more accurate measurements can be made by attaching the hand vacuum pump to the short tube attached to the top of the T connector and applying a vacuum to draw the water levels up both tubes. Draw the water levels up the tubes until the two tubes can be placed side-by-side and the difference in water levels can easily be measured with a tape measure (Figure 7). In situations where the groundwater level is below the water surface of the stream or lake, measurements of the difference in hydraulic head may be difficult. In this case, using the vacuum pump to draw the water levels up will be much more convenient (and will result in more accurate measurements) to measure the difference in hydraulic head.
The difference in hydraulic head, along with the distance across it is measured (Δl in Figure 1) can be used to determine what is called the 'hydraulic gradient':
of Geological Education 27: 6-10.
Winter, T.C., LaBaugh, J.W., and D.O. Rosenberry. 1988. The design and use of a hydraulic potentiometer for direct measurement of differences in hydraulic head between groundwater and surface water. Limnological Oceanography 33(5): 1209-1214.
Lee, D.R. and J.A. Cherry. 1978. A field exercise on groundwater flow using seepage meters and mini-piezometers. Journal
Baxter, C., Hauer, F.R., and W.W. Woessener. 2003. Measuring groundwater-stream water exchange: New techniques for installing mini piezometers and estimating hydraulic conductivity. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 132: 493502.
References
However, in such cases it will be important to know the depth of the mini-piezometer screen since it may change with the movement of stream bed sediments. Also, the surface water tube can be placed in a stalling well (simply a section of slotted pipe securely anchored) in situations where flow is highly turbulent and it is difficult to get accurate measurements of the surface water level. Multiple mini-piezoometers can be deployed for studies of spatial differences in hypheoric exchange of stream water. Due to their simplicity and low cost, mini-piezometers can also be useful for educational field demonstrations in the environmental sciences.
## Some Final Remarks
There are several variants of mini-piezometers, all are functionally the same but slightly different set-ups may be more desirable depending on the situation in the field (see references for different variants of mini-piezometers). For example, solid PVC pipe can be used in place of the flexible tubing for more long-term installation in the stream or lake bed. However, in such cases it will be important to know the depth of the mini-piezometer screen since it may change with the movement of stream bed sediments. Also, the surface water tube can be placed in a stalling well (simplly a section of slotted pipe securely anchored) in situations where flow is highly turbulent and it is difficult to get accurate measurements of the surface water level. Multiple mini-piezoometers can be deployed for studies of spatial differences in hypheoric exchange of stream water. Due to their simplicity and low cost, mini-piezometers can also be useful for educational field demonstrations in the environmental sciences.
Publication #AE454
Release Date:
August 2, 2019
Reviewed At:
January 17, 2023
DOI: 10.32473/edis-ae454-2009
Critical Issue: 2. Water Quality, Quantity, and Supply
Contacts: chrisjm
## About this Publication
This document is AE454, one of a series of the Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date December 2009. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufel.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
About the Authors
Christopher J. Martinez, associate professor, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
## Related Pages
Martinez, Christopher J.
external
University of Florida |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/inspecting-your-new-plantation | Inspecting Your New Plantation | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
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"Stephen Dicke"
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## Inspecting Your New Plantation
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Forestry |
|---------------------------|-------------------------|
| Publication Number: P3143 | |
| View as PDF: P3143.pdf | |
Each year, landowners establish thousands of acres of pine and hardwood plantations across the South. Unfortunately, some of these plantings end in failure. Young pine plantations are considered failures for sawtimber production once survival drops below 300-350 trees per acre (TPA). Hardwood plantations are usually planted at lower densities than those of pine, so hardwood plantations are considered a failure when survival drops below 230 TPA. However, unlike pine plantation silviculture, it is acceptable, and often beneficial, if other species of hardwoods are intermixed in a hardwood plantation. Working knowledge of individual hardwood species and how those species interact with planted species is required to correctly estimate the realistic tree density of most hardwood plantations. Often, volunteer seedlings (stems that arise from external seed sources) are beneficial in planted hardwood mixtures and should be counted toward overall success of the planting.
Landowners often wonder, "How do I know that I have a sufficient number of good seedlings in my new plantation?" This publication will answer that question by providing a simple, easy-to-use sampling technique for evaluating new plantations. Landowners with potential planting failures are encouraged to contact a forester for help.
Many planting efforts fail because owners do not perform post-planting compliance inspections. Plantation evaluations can be extremely useful if you use vendors to plant seedlings. Contracts with vendors specify the number of seedlings to be planted per acre. In addition, most contracts list what constitutes improper planting, including U-, J-, and L-rooting of seedlings, as well as excessive root pruning and incorrectly sealed planting slits. Ideally, landowners or their agents (consulting forester or Mississippi Forestry Commission forester) should check planting density and quality during planting operations. At that point, you can spot errors quickly and correct them before large areas are improperly planted. Also, a quick evaluation lets vendors know they have a satisfied client. Remember, if you encounter any problems during the planting operation, consult the planting manager. Always work through the manager to comply with federal regulations regarding employee/employer relationships. If the planting crew has moved to another job, consult your planting contractor directly to correct planting problems.
Subsequent plantation evaluations in early summer can detect survival problems due to planting shock. This is also the perfect time to evaluate problems with vegetative competition. Seedlings with little competition are called "free-to-grow" and should not need additional help. However, if site preparation treatments were not applied or failed and you discover competition issues, seedlings could be growing under intense competition. Under these pressures, seedlings are likely to die during the first growing season. Once potential seedling losses are estimated, you can make a decision regarding herbicides. Fall evaluations are perfect for measuring actual losses and will help determine if the planting is a failure or if additional seedlings need to be planted.
When evaluating the success of a new plantation, you can't always blame failure on the planting vendor. The planting vendor is only responsible for planting quality. In the event that your plantation fails due to insufficient competition control, flooding, extreme drought, or some other unavoidable environmental factor, the planting vendor is not responsible for replanting costs. Landowners should be aware that there are several reasons tree seedlings die after planting.
Seedling mortality is often a result of improper planting techniques, although it can also result from low-quality seedlings, improper on-site handling, and environmental factors. Pine bare-root (exposed root system) seedlings should have a root system approximately 6-8 inches in length, with a minimum of five first-order lateral roots (Figure 1). In addition, excluding longleaf pine (typically planted as containerized seedlings), pine seedlings should exhibit a balanced root/shoot ratio of close to 2.1, have a stem height of 10-12 inches, and have a root collar diameter of at least 7/32 of an inch. Containerized seedlings can vary greatly in size depending on age at planting and container volume. High-quality hardwood seedlings are somewhat larger, with properly sized root systems ranging between 8 and 10 inches, root collar diameters of at least 3/8 of an inch, and an overall height between 18 and 24 inches.
Seedlings should be planted at, or slightly deeper than, the root collar (Figure 2). Planting seedlings too shallow results in bent roots that are too close to the soil surface ( Figure 3 ). Shallow-rooted seedlings have a much greater chance of dying during drought conditions or in plantings with high levels of herbaceous competition. Root systems should be well packed during planting operations to prevent root desiccation from air pockets (Figure 4 ). If machine planting, make sure not to drive the planting equipment too fast, which could result in seedlings being planted too shallow, exposed roots, and planting slits that do not receive the proper amount of soil packing.
Below are two examples of how shallow planting of bare-root seedlings can result in seedling mortality:
- J-and U-rooting: J- and U-rooting of seedlings occurs when seedlings are planted in a hole or planting slit that is not deep enough to accommodate their root systems. Soil pressure forces the roots upward, forcing root systems to assume a J-or U-shape. These roots will not grow properly, and, the seedlings will eventually die (Figure 5).
L-rooting: In machine planting, typically a coulter or some other tool is used to cut a planting slit before seedlings are placed in the soil. While this reduces occurrence of U- and J-rooting, L-rooting can occur. L-rooting is the result of a planter moving too fast, with seedlings not being planted deeply enough. Root systems form an L-shape behind the seedling from being dragged forward slightly during the planting operation (Figure 5). Often, these seedlings will learn in the direction that the planting equipment moved. In addition, make sure the planter's packing wheels are working properly. If wheels do not spin freely, they may slide along the soil surface during planting. Seedlings may then be pulled from the soil or broken off because of soil accumulation in front of the packing wheels.
With L-rooting, the roots are drug parallelly along the planting trench. J-rooting differs in that the roots are pushed into shallow hole and the roots curve upward.
Excessive root pruning may also cause seedling mortality. Current nursery practices typically produce seedlings with a 6- to 8-inch root system. This means that root pruning, if necessary, has already occurred at the nursery and more pruning is not needed. If root systems consistently exceed the length of your planting tools, you should purchase new planting tools.
Ultimately, mishandling seedlings, using improper planting techniques, not planting at the necessary depth, or using seedlings with insufficient root systems will likely result in plantation failure. Seedlings die when incorrectly oriented roots do not develop properly and when roots desiccate because they are too close to the soil surface. For more information about proper planting techniques, see Mississippi State University Extension Publication 0160 Tree Planting Easy .
## Plantation Measurements
While planting efforts are in process (or very soon afterward), you should randomly select several locations across the planting area to evaluate the quality of the planting job. First, are seedlings tight in the soil (checked using a firm upward tug), and are they planted at or slightly deeper than the root collar? If both of these conditions are met, you should then dig up a few seedlings to ensure proper root orientation. Careful excavation of planted seedlings will help you check for J-, U-, and L-rooting as well as loose- and shallow-planted seedlings.
The simplest method for determining TPA is to measure 1/100th-acre plots throughout the plantation. It is important to distribute these plots across the planting area to ensure an adequate sample. If plots are concentrated in one section of the planting, a non-representative TPA average might be calculated through disproportionate sampling of areas with higher or lower seedling survival. A 1/100th-acre plot has a radius of 11 feet, 9.3 inches. Use a center stake and a piece of string, twine, or rope cut to this length to establish the plot boundary. Establish a starting point to avoid double-counting seedlings, pick a direction in which to count, and count all seedlings within the plot boundary. Avoid moving back and forth within the plot while counting to avoid missing seedlings. Record data from each plot using Table 1 (see the PDF file at the top of this page), which includes form fields to help you with your calculations. Record the number of seedlings in free-to-grow status, those that are live but growing under weeds, and those that are dead. If a seedling is dead, it is important to extract it from the soil and determine the cause of death.
- 1. Determine stocking: count the number of trees in 1/100-acre plot (11 ft, 9.3 in radius)
- 2. Planting quality: evaluate seedlings near plot center (also all dead seedlings)
## Calculations:
Total seedlings per acre = [(A + B + C) / # of plots measured] × 100 = \_\_\_\_\_\_seedlings/acre
Live seedlings per acre = [(A + B) / # of plots measured] × 100 = \_\_\_\_\_\_live seedlings/acre
Free-to-grow seedlings per acre = (A / # of plots measured) × 100 = \_\_\_\_\_\_free-to-grow/acre
Percent survival = [(A + B) / (A + B + CJ)] × 100 = \_\_\_\_\_\_% survival
Percent of plots failing quality test = (D / # of plots measured) × 100 = \_\_\_\_\_% plots failing test
## Evaluating the Data
## Trees per Acre
Targeted plantation density is a decision made based on management objectives. The average suggested pine plantation density has decreased over the past couple of decades due to improved available genetic materials, better silvicultural methods, and decreased demand for pulpwood. While stocking levels as high as 1,000 TPA were recommended in the past, the current suggested stocking levels are between 450 and 600 TPA. Recommended hardwood seedling densities are typically lower than those of pine. Historically, most hardwood plantations (especially those enrolled in cost-share incentive programs) were planted using a density of 302 TPA (12 feet by 12 feet), but recent allowances in these cost-sharing programs have increased permissible planting density to 435 TPA (10 feet by 10 feet).
Seedling spacing for a number of different plantation densities is given in Table 2. These spacing options can be used to formulate a reasonable expectation for seedling numbers and locations within your measurement plots. If the average seedling count is low, more seedlings need to be planted. Pine plots should have at least three live seedlings each (300 TPA), and hardwood plots should have at least two live seedlings each (200 TPA). If the planting is new, plant additional seedlings in low-count areas. If only a low number of residual trees have survived in the planting and have reached a size that will limit survival and growth of replanted seedlings, other contingencies, such as replanting the entire population, may be necessary.
If the plantation is deemed a failure, then replant. If 1-month survival is below 80 percent and seedlings were planted properly, it is likely that they were poorly stored or handled during transportation to or upon arrival at the planting site. Replanting by the vendor may be required. Once the planting job passes inspection, pay the vendor.
| Spacing (ft) | TPA |
|----------------|-------|
| 5 x 10 | 871 |
| 6 x 6 | 1210 |
| 6 x 8 | 908 |
| 6 x 9 | 807 |
| 6 x 10 | 726 |
| 6 x 12 | 605 |
| 7 x 7 | 889 |
| 7 x 8 | 778 |
| 7 x 9 | 691 |
| 7 x 10 | 622 |
| 7 x 12 | 519 |
| 8 x 8 | 681 |
| 8 x 9 | |
| Spacing (ft) | TPA |
|----------------|-------|
| 8 x 10 | 544 |
| 9 x 9 | 538 |
| 9 x 10 | 484 |
| 10 x 10 | 435 |
| 10 x 12 | 363 |
By late spring and at the end of the first growing season, the number of live free-to-grow seedlings should be well over 300 TPA for pines and 230 TPA for hardwoods. If herbaceous competition is severe, a release treatment may be necessary to ensure future seedling survival. If the number of free-to-grow seedlings drops below these levels, landowners have three options:
Do nothing: If your original planting was comprised of pines, accept that you will not have a "pine" plantation in the future. Volunteer hardwood stems will encroach and become an increasingly important component in the stand. While traditionally considered a highly undesirable option, some landowners are starting to explore mixed hardwood-pine management because the pine market in Mississippi has been reduced over the past decade and a half. The mix may offer a diversified product offering at maturity.
If hardwoods were the original planting, many of the same volunteer species are likely to establish as they would in the pine stands described above. This scenario is not entirely undesirable. Depending on the residual density of planted seedlings, as well as that of volunteer stems, overall stand development may improve compared to a pure stand of one hardwood species. Consult a forester to evaluate future potential of the stand.
Rehabilitate plantation: If rehabilitation is to occur within the first year after the initial planting, plant additional seedlings (Figure 6). Use herbaceous weed control if it will control the vegetation present.
Start over: Apply site-preparation herbicides and replant. This may be the best option when existing non-tree vegetation cannot be controlled with herbaceous weed control as mentioned in option 2. It is also the correct option in scenarios where residual seedling numbers are extremely low and the initial plantation is deemed unavalageable.
## Conclusion
Thousands of acres of plantations are established throughout Mississippi each year. Many of these plantations fail because of improper planting. The procedures listed in this publication will help you determine the condition of your plantation. Evaluate the plantation as soon as possible after planting so that you can take corrective action if necessary. If you suspect that you have a plantation failure, contact your consulting forester, a Mississippi Forestry Commission forester, or your local MSU Extension office .
## Additional Reading
Kushla, J., and Ezell, A. W. 2017. Tree planting is easy. Mississippi State University Extension Publication 0160.
Publication 3143 (POD-01-24)
By A. Brady Self , PhD, Associate Extension Professor, and Stephen Dicke, PhD, Professor Emeritus, Forestry.
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
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## Dr. Brady Self
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THE OVERSTORY
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https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/pip-wheat/wheat-research-at-osu-2006-p-1016.pdf | PIP Wheat 2006.indd | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20070122143639-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Wheat Research at OSU 2006
Supported by the
Oklahoma Wheat Commission
and the
Oklahoma Wheat Research Foundation
Oklahoma State University Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service
P-1016
## Wheat Research at OSLU 2006
Supported by the
Oklahoma Wheat Commission
and the
Oklahoma Wheat Research Foundation
Oklahoma State University Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service
## P-1016
The pesticide information presented in this publication was current with federal and state regulations at the time of printing. The user is responsible for determining that the intended use is consistent with the label of the product being used. Use pesticides safely. Read and follow label directions. The information given herein is for educational purposes only. Reference to commercial products or trade names is made with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the Cooperative Extension Service is implied.
Oklahoma State University, in compliance with Title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order 11246 as amended. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1872, Americans with Disabilities of Act 1980, and other federal laws and regulations does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, age, religion, disability, or status as a veteran in any of its policies, practices, or procedures. This includes but is not limited to admissions, employment, financial aid, and educational services.
This report of the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Dean and Director of the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and has been prepared and distributed at a cost of $1,424.46 for 500 copies. 0107 JA/TG.
Partnerships Enhance Wheat Research.................................................ii Food or Fuel...How Arable Acres are Used in the Future
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## Partnerships Enhance Wheat Research
Partners in Progress - Our long-standing partnership with the Oklahoma Wheat Commission and the Oklahoma Wheat Research Foundation is a valuable asset for OSU's wheat research and Extension programs. The partnership not only provides partial funding for our research programs, but it also provides valuable input from producers that helps to keep our research programs focused and relevant. It is truly one of the best examples of the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources working in a cooperative relationship with commodity groups to achieve common goals. Partial funding for our research and Extension programs comes from wheat producers through the check-off program. We have been and continue to be accountable for the use of these funds.
The Partners in Progress Research Report is one of a series of annual reports from DASNR highlighting research results and impacts of funded projects. This information is utilized throughout the year in educational wheat programs and is
distributed to Oklahoma wheat producers to keep them up-to-date on the latest research findings. The research contained in this report has been directed as closely as possible to meet the needs of Oklahoma wheat producers.
At the beginning of each section is a summary of accomplishments for fiscal year 2005-2006. The narrative that follows explains in more detail the progress made during the year.
The long-term continuous support of our wheat research programs from the OWC and the OWRH was allowed our faculty to make significant progress toward the common goal of keeping Oklahoma wheat farmers competitive in regional, national, and international markets. This support makes us truly Partners in Progress .
Clarence Watson, Associate Director Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Oklahoma State University
## Oklahoma State University Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Mission Statement
The Mission of the Oklahoma State University Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources is to discover, develop, disseminate, and preserve knowledge needed to enhance the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of agriculture; conserve and improve natural resources; improve the health and well-being of all segments of our society; and to instill in its students the intellectual curiosity, discernment, knowledge, and skills needed for their individual development and contribution to society.
## Food or Fuel
How Arable Acres are Used in the Future
In past publications
of Partners In Progress
I have discussed this publication, at length changes in agriculture, including how those changes have / will affect how we do business and produce agricultural
that has been discussed with us by our foreign customers.
This brings me to the theme behind this publication. Partners In Progress , it is imperative we work together as an industry to ensure all our needs are met (food and biofuel). This can only be done through communication and investment. I use the term investment because this implies there is, and will be, a return on resources, and indeed there has been and will continue to be. The base of our investment is the breeding program. You are now seeing new releases emerge that have been through more than 10 years of development with a standard focused on providing value to the producer. That value is realized by the producer in multiple facets, not just in yield or grazing potential, but in its value for quality to the end user. After all, if wheat has no end use value the price will be based on its feed value, not food value, a price that would be dramatically lower than today. All the research cited in this
on providing value to the producer. That value is realized by the producer in multiple facets, not just in yield or grazing potential, but in its value for quality to the end user. After all, if wheat has no end use value the price will be based on its feed value, not food value, a price that would be dramatically lower than today. All the research cited in this publication is, directly or indirectly, focused on value to the producer which ultimately involves the end use.
Through the cooperation and research illustrated by this publication, the industry can be confident there is a focus and investment on ensuring the future is secure for all elements of the marketing chain, and it can be defined as Partners In Progress .
Mark Hodges, Executive Director Oklahoma Wheat Commission 800 NE 63rd Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73105 (405)608-4350 Fax (405)848-0372
## Genetic Improvement and Varietal Release of Hard Winter Wheat
Wheat Improvement Team
## 2005-2006 progress made possible through OWRF/OWC support
- · Released a new hard red winter (HRW) wheat variety that provides a substantial upgrade in yielding ability according to regional breeder trials, with Hessian fly resistance and dual-purpose adaptation as featured add-ons (Duster).
- · Released a new HRW wheat variety that truly brings CLEARFIELD® technology to the central core of the Oklahoma wheatbelt (Centerfield).
- · Released a new, improved HRW wheat germplasm line (STARS 0601W) with a high level of genetic resistance to the Russian wheat aphid. STARS is short for Stillwater - ARS (our USDA partners).
- · Achieved a level of preharvest sprouting tolerance in white wheat that may bring in more territory for white wheat to explore. Two such candidates were placed under foundation seed production.
- · Reached a critical turning point in the development of highly unique breeding lines derived from synthetic wheat, such that statewide replicated field testing of the first 23 synthetic derivatives is now underway.
- · Published nine new issues of the Wheat Production Newsletter during the 2005-2006 crop year.
- · Improved Extension materials and websites to increase accessibility, aesthetic appeal, and overall impact, as recognized nationally by the American Society of Agronomy in 2006.
- · Discovered 190 of the 195 breeder lines selected for advancement toward variety development in 2007 are resistant to the wheat soilborne mosaic virus/wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (WSBMV/WSMSV) complex, a complete turn-around from when this screening process was initiated in the early 1980s.
- · Scored reactions to leaf rust and WSBMV/WSSMV complex among 2,000 breeder lines from across the Great Plains, providing the Wheat Improvement Team (WIT) a first-hand look at the availability and status of resistance to these critical diseases. Took additional readings on WIT-bred materials for reaction to powdery mildew, tan spot, and spetoria.
Riding on eight years of coordinated research and Extension programming are seven OSU faculty: Brett Carver, wheat breeding and genetics; Jeff Edwards, information exchange; Bob Hunger and Art Klatt, wheat pathology and development of disease-resistant germplasm; David Porter (USDA-ARS), aphid resistance; Bjorn Martin, stress physiology; Patricia Rays-Duarte, cereal chemistry. Just this past year, the WIT scoured the country for the best molecular geneticist it could find, and we found it. His name is Liuling Yan, and he brings an impressive record in wheat genetics research to our table. In future editions of the Partners in Progress report, you will be learning about new approaches to some old problems - such as using experimentation at the
- · Brought 400 new lines featuring durable resistance to leaf and/or stripe rusts into the variety development pipeline at the point of preliminary yield testing, providing new sources of resistance currently absent in the program.
- · Based on 65 samples from 16 counties, certified that Oklahoma wheat was produced in a state not known to be infected with Karnal bunt, thereby allowing the wheat to move freely into international markets.
After eight years of teamwork, OSU's DNAlevel to better understand genetic Wheat Improvement Team (WIT) has become a true example of what a group of OSU faculty can accomplish when united by a common purpose -in this case, to develop and disseminate winter wheat varieties custom-fit for Oklahoma's wheat industry. Most of the scientists on the WIT have served since day one, which has ensured stability and continuity for the team. Nevertheless, research is a dynamic process, requiring new directions as new challenges and opportunities emerge. Hence, the WIT takes on a bit different appearance today than it has in the past.
Riding on eight years of coordinated research and Extension programming are seven OSU faculty: Brett Carver, wheat breeding and genetics; Jeff Edwards, information exchange; Bob Hunger and Art Klatt, wheat pathology and development of disease-resistant germplasm; David Porter (USDA-ARS), aphid resistance; Bjorn Martin, stress physiology; and Patricia Rays-Duarte, cereal chemistry. Just this past year, the WIT scoured the country for the best molecular geneticist it could find, and we found it. His name is Liuling Yan, and he brings an impressive record in wheat genetics research to our table. In future editions of the Partners in Progress report, you will be learning about new approaches to some old problems -such as using experimentation at the
as Hessian fly resistance and stellar grazing and yield performance, 2) the release of a CLEARFIELD variety with top-notch virus resistance, 3) the release of a germplasm line featuring novel resistance to the new Russianwheat-aphid biotype, 4) the continued transfer of unique leaf rust resistance genes that vary widely in their origin and their effect on the rust pathogen, and 5) development of the first wave of unique breeding lines derived from synthetic wheat for statewide yield testing. Lastyear,wereportedonhowstripes rust movedfromvirtuallya last-place position on our target trait list 10 years ago to a top-level position today. It took out many breeding lines and made
~
the program look a little thin. Though stripe rust was absent in 2005-2006, our emphasis on stripe rust resistance remains unchanged.
## Information Exchange
Jeff Edwards Plant and Soil Sciences
The Wheat Improvement Team's attention to information exchange continued to focus on timely delivery of relevant information to the Oklahoma wheat farmer. This was accomplished through a variety of delivery methods and information outlets. Nine issues of the Wheat Production Newsletter were published during the 2005-2006 wheat production season and the email distribution list for this publication more than doubled from the previous year.
Wheat variety trial results were again published before the due date for Oklahoma Foundation Seed orders, which allowed farmers and seed producers to make well-informed decisions regarding seed purchases. In addition, the look of the wheat variety trial report was updated, reflecting our continuing effort to make OSU Cooperative Extension wheat publications among the best in the nation.
Our presence on the Web was increased via the World of Wheat podcast, and the wheat extension website (www.wheat.okstate.edu) was updated to include new publications and links to additional Extension websites.
## Wheat Pathology Research and Development of Disease Resistant Germplasm
Bob Hunger Entomology and Plant Pathology
Intensive greenhouse and field testing continued in 2005-2006 for reaction to leaf rust and to the wheat soilborne mosaic virus/wheat spindle streak mosaic virus(WSBMV/WSSMV) complex for breeder lines submitted from across the Great Plains. Oklahoma Wheat Research Foundation (OWRF) funds also supported limited testing of Wheat Improvement Team (WIT) materials in the greenhouse for reaction to tan spot, septoria, and powdery mildew, and for testing WIT materials in the field for reaction to stripe rust in southern Texas.
We have a success story to share that literally would not have been possible without the long-term partnership between the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station (OAES) and the OWRF/Oklahoma Wheat Commission (OWC). More than 400 WIT breeding lines were subjected to WSBVM / WSSMV testing last year, and of those, 195 were advanced toward variety development for continued testing in 2007. Of those 195 lines selected, 190 (97%) were found to be resistant to the WSBVM/WSSMV complex. When screening for reaction to these diseases began in the early 1980s, this proportion of resistance to susceptibility was nearly the exact opposite. Again, uninterrupted
support by OWRF/OWC is what sustained the progression from general susceptibility to general resistance.
Starting in 2006-2007, OWRF support will be used to characterize the effects of tan spot and septoria leaf blotch on winter wheat, with an emphasis on the effects of these two diseases on wheat production and incorporating resistance to these diseases into the base germplasm pool. This new research is important because of the increased emphasis on minimum-tillage wheat production, which leaves significantly greater amounts of wheat residue on the soil surface. The fungi that cause tan spot and septoria leaf blotch survive on this residue, so the incidence and severity of these diseases increase dramatically with minimum tillage. Kazi Kader, a doctoral student jointly supported by the OWRF and the OAES, has been planning the research to address these issues.
Funds provided by the OWRF supported the testing of the 2006 Oklahoma wheat crop for the presence of Karnal bunt. The results were used to certify that Oklahoma wheat was produced in areas not known to be infested with Karnal bunt, which allowed Oklahoma wheat to move freely into the export market.
We have reported in the past that isolates of the fungi Rhizoctonia spp. and Sclerotium rolfsii from wheat and peanut were pathogenic to both crops, but the peanut isolates were more virulent than the wheat isolates. We have learned further that the increased virulence was related to production of endopolygalacturonase and oxalic acid, which are compounds that enhance virulence.Thisinformationindicatesthat wheat following peanuts in a rotation is more apt to be damaged by Rhizoctonia
root rot. Vijay Choppakatala, a student partially supported by OWRF funds, received his doctorate based on this research.
## Art Klatt
## Plant and Soil Sciences
While Bob Hunger's research largely monitors pathogen trends and characterizes current genetic variability for pathogen resistance, this program is primarily responsible for creating genetic variability for disease resistance by incorporating and combining novel sources of resistance from outside Oklahoma. Improving leaf and stripe rust resistance for Oklahoma, and especially the durability of resistance is a top priority in this germplasm development program.
On-going efforts include transferring multiple minor genes for leaf and strike rust resistance found in many spring wheatens from CIMMYT into our adapted winter wheats. These genes are called minor, because any one gene by itself has a small incremental effect on resistance, but the combination of several genes produces a desired level of resistance. This type of resistance has survived several race changes in Mexico and in other parts of the world, and is now labeled durable rust resistance. Experimental lines ( n =400 ) featuring different gene combinations from multiple genetic backgrounds were produced in 2006. These currently are being evaluated in preliminary yield trials before moving on to statewide replicated yield trials. This initial round of preliminary testing will provide us with a report card on how this material stands up to diseases in Oklahoma. Of course, they must also pass several
other tests for adaptation (i.e. dualpurpose fitness) and end-use quality. Another major priority of the program is the introduction of synthetics. More than 100 new crosses were made after choosing from several hundred synthetics introduced during the 2005-2006 season. The synthetic
wheats - produced from crosses between cultivated durum varieties (Triticum durum) and selected goatgrass accessions (T. tauschii ) - should provide new genes for rust resistance, as well as enhanced drought tolerance, improved leaf characteristics, and better resistance to many of the minor diseases such as tan spot. CIMMYT recently reported that more than 60 percent of their spring wheat materials developed for semi-arid conditions were derived from crosses to synthetics (i.e. synthetic derivatives). We have produced our own set of synthetic derivatives from a first set of crosses made in 2000. Seven years later, we now have 23 synthetic derivatives in replicated yield trials across the state. The results from these trials in 2006-2007 should give us an idea of their yield and quality potential, drought tolerance, winter-dormancy pattern, and resistance to diseases. To select for leaf and stripe rust resistance, we need a reliable site where relevant races of each pathogen can be found. For that we go to south Texas as a hotspot selection site, where any introduced materials targeted for crossing are precreened. Earlygeneration populations (F.) from those crosses also are evaluated under severe rust pressure in south Texas. Beginning in 2006-2007, any materials that enter preliminary yield testing will be tested in south Texas to confirm their rust resistance. This way we can be certain that the required rust resistance is
presentin the populations and materials that are advanced.
Fouryears ofresearch(in cooperation with CIMMYT) has shown that spectral reflectance can be used as an indirect selection tool for grain yield and total biomass in spring and winter wheat. This technology currently is being evaluated under breeder circumstances in Oklahoma to determine the best way to use it. If successful, spectral reflectance measurements may increase the effectiveness of selection for grain yield when grain yield potential is difficult to assess due to inadequacy of materials.
## Aphid Resistance
Dave Porter USDA-ARS Plant and Soil Sciences
Testing and selecting for Russian wheat aphid (RWA) and greenbug resistance in Wheat Improvement Team (WIT) breeding lines continued this year. Several excellent lines with high levels of resistance were advanced through the variety development process. Singleplant selections from six experimental lines were retested to confirm their resistant reactions to the predominant RWA biotypes (RWA1 and RWAA2). One experimental line (OK03825) with a very high level of resistance to both biotypes was selected for release to the public as a germplasm line under the name of STARS 0601W. This new source of RWA resistance will now be available for use around the U.S. and worldwide. This germplasm line and other RWA-resistant lines with better agronomic traits continue to improve as they proceed through the various phases of the variety-development process.
Widespread integration of greenbug biotype E (the predominant biotype in Oklahoma) resistance genes into WIT breeding lines remains a high priority. During 2005-2006, nine nurseries (total of 300 wheat entries) were tested for reaction to greenbug biotype E feeding damage. While the percentage of all lines with greenbug resistance genes remains low, good progress has been made to move very effective greenbug resistance into lines that are now stable and uniform for resistance. One population of almost 800 plants of Okfield and Centerfield was retested to determine segregation ratios for biotype E resistance and susceptibility (approximately 50:50 ratio).
Plans are being made to accelerate work on incorporating bird cherry oat aphid (BCOA) resistance into WIT breeding lines. These plans include further testing and genetic analysis of populations derived from crosses between WIT breeding lines and good sources of BCOA resistance identified in previous studies. Developing BCOA resistant wheats for Oklahoma is a high priority, and even though this process is more difficult than developing RWA and greenbug resistant wheats, we intend to devote the time and resources necessary to be successful.
## Stress Physiology
Bjorn Martin Plant and Soil Sciences
In the past year, we have extended ongoing research into explaining the role the mtlD gene from E . coli may play in drought resistance when it is transformed into wheat. Expression of the same transgene in several model
expressed in callus tissue and potted greenhouse plants versus in the field. Field validation of tolerance to drought stress is what is needed to advance this research to the next level - introgression of mtlD into new, improved varieties. In the last year we used an increased number of transgenic lines in our work. This is because different lines, although they contain the same transegene, may express the gene differently. This may be because the transgene is incorporated into different locations of the wheat genome in the different transformation events. Also, different transformation events very likely contain different copy numbers of the transgene.
## Cereal Chemistry
Patricia Rayas-Duarte Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Dough strength and extensibility are important properties that contribute to optimum baking performance. Together, they comprise gluten quality. Historically, Oklahoma wheat varieties have been selected for gluten strength, but this would not necessarily guarantee adequate extensibility. A balance of strength and extensibility is desirable for optimum baking performance of yeasted breads.
At the present time, we do not know for certain the specific amounts of strength and extensibility that would produce the most desirable baking functionality. We have focused our efforts to study varieties and elite lines that will help us understand the combination presently available and to build a data base that will suggest which combinations give better baking
performance and which ones we need to avoid. This will allow us to breed future varieties with improved extensibility while maintaining desirable strength. Our long-term objective in this Oklahoma Wheat Research Foundation/Oklahoma Wheat Commission-sponsored research is to compare key functionality parameters among elite lines in the breeding program.
Extensibility is measured by extending in one direction a welldeveloped dough to the point of breaking - or tearing the dough apart. From the information recorded, we obtain the force needed to break the dough (measure of strength) and the distance that the dough can be extended (a measure of its extensibility). Dough with adequate extensibility will be able to expand and hold the gas (mainly carbon dioxide and water vapor) produced during the fermentation and baking steps. This is also translated to acceptable bread volume and external and internal appearance of the baked product.
Figure 1 shows representative extensibility curves of four Oklahoma varieties. The height of the curve (vertical axis) gives an estimation of the strength of the dough; the higher the curve the greater the force needed to extend the sample. The horizontal axis gives an indication of the extensibility of the dough; the more extensible dough will have a larger distance (in mm) before it breaks. OK Bullet produced the strongest dough and Endurance had lower strength, but it was more extensible. Intrada's and Duster's extensibility curves indicate they have intermediate properties with greater balance of strength and extensibility.
## Wheat Breeding and Variety Development
Brett Carver Plant and Soil Sciences
Breeding program at a glance...We reported in the 2005 issue of Partners in Progress that stripe rust did more to trim the overall size of the breeding program than all other traits combined. This was after several years of linear expansion of the program. Though sheer numbers do not always tell the story, the following summary shows how the numbers stacked up for breeding materials during the 2005-2006 crop season (Table 1). This includes all phases of the breeding program, from population development and line development to replicated testing of breeding lines. The program may not have grown in
| Table 1. Summary of numbers for breeding materials during the 2005-2006 crop season. | Hybrid crosses produced (no change from 2005) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 901 | F$_{1}$ populations increased for further selection (up 2%) |
| 713 | Bulk populations screened in grazed and grain-only systems (up 7%) |
| 2,189 | Head rows searched for disease resistance and seed quality (up 4%) |
| 40,287 | 8,000 of these circumvented the GRAZEnGRAIN breeding system (see report by Art Klatt) |
| 1,687 | Preliminary lines evaluated in the Dual-purpose Observation Nursery (up 8%) |
| 398 | Breeding lines tested statewide for agronomic, quality traits (down 1%) |
| 61 of these (15%) were HW wheat | |
| sum it up over the last two years, our breeding materials have been fortified with an extra dose of resistance to stripe rust and drought stress. Despite their curse, we did glean something good out of two very tough years of wheat production in Oklahoma. | no different than a bearded wheat that might be taken to the elevator to produce bread. As a tri-purpose wheat, Deliver is well suited for grain- only production, for dual-purpose production (graze-plus-grain), and for hay production or even graze-out. The beauty of that is producers can make their decision on how to use Deliver after it is planted, not before. |
| Duster, a new hard red winter wheat variety…While the subject is drought stress, this is a good time to bring up one of OSU's next big releases, Duster. | Does not have unusual drought stress tolerance, but it does have an eye-catching ability to germinate and emerge in marginal soil moisture. We have observed this in other years, and the dry fall of 2005 was no exception. |
| Duster, Duster, HW | |
Duster
Endurance
OK Bullet
HBOY756A/Siouxland//2180 WO405/NE78488//W7469C/TX81V6187
Moving on to agronomic and quality traits of economic importance, the differences become even greater (Table 3).
Duster most closely resembles Endurance in agronomic capability, yet offers definite improvement in spindle streak mosaic virus resistance, Hessian fly resistance, test weight, and baking quality. Duster appears also to accumulate fall forage at a greater rate prior to grazing initiation than does Endurance, but Jeff Edwards will report further on fall forage differences as clipping data become available. After the cattle are turned out on the pasture, the forage differences between Endurance and Duster will be hard to detect. Like all varieties, Duster has some imperfections. Those are bolded in the chart.
| Bullet, and Duster. Character First hollow stem Grazing tolerance Acid soil tolerance Lodging resistance Leaf rust Stripe rust Soilborne mosaic | Bullet, and Duster. Character First hollow stem Grazing tolerance Acid soil tolerance Lodging resistance Leaf rust Stripe rust Soilborne mosaic | Endurance Late Very good Very good Good Resistant Resistant | | | | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------|----------------|
| Spindle streak mosaic Powdery mildew | Moderately Susceptible Moderately resistant | Resistant Resistant | Resistant Resistant | Resistant Resistant | Resistant Resistant | Hessian fly |
| Test weight | Moderately | Susceptible | Very good | Good | Moderately | Kernel size |
| Baking quality | Intermediate | Very good | Small | Good | Moderately | Baking quality |
Duster 2005 2006 Rank 1 Mean yield, bu/ac 61.1 1
OK Bullet (OK00514) or
OK Bullet sib (OK01420)
Rank
Mean yield, bu/ac 58.2
Entire nursery
Number of entries
Mean yield, bu/ac 53.0
LSD (0.05)
4.1
4.0
averaged across the region in each year. It exceeded the mean of the nursery ineach year by an average of 13 percent. This level of performance in two consecutive years indicates wide geographic and climatic adaptation of Duster, even in a grain-only management system, plus it shows Duster has consistency. Centerfield vs. Okfield…Duster will
and straw strength (similar to 2174), and moderate tolerance to acidic soils with high aluminum toxicity. Centerfield shows an intermediate reaction to stripe rust, and is moderately too highly resistant to leaf rust. Okfield may have better yield performance west of Alva, whereas Centerfield gains strength to the east. Centerfield's milling and baking quality is unquestionably better, though Okfield will produce a larger berry. Current status on candidate varieties…Read more in Table 5 about
selection decisions made and action taken on candidate HRW and HW varieties in The wheat Improvement Program. Do not be too surprised to see some kernel color differences in the line up for next year. As our export markets continue to call for HW wheat, the WIT remains committed to developing new improved varieties, both red and white. The genetic pipeline is full, and ready to Deliver.
| Selection | Action | Pedigree | Comments | |
|------------------------------|-------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|
| OK93P656H3299- Released 2C04 | W0405D/ NE78488// W7469C/ TX81V6187 | Released as Duster. it will yield. Rapid emergence, high till survival and grazing tolerance, and Hessian fly resistant. Inconsis- tent reaction to stripe rust is main limitation. Moderately lower protein, but good strength. Substitutes for Endurance well, especially in north central Oklahoma. | TOPped the regional trials in 2005 and 2006, so it will yield. Rapid emergence, high till survival and grazing tolerance, and Hessian fly resistant. Inconsis- tent reaction to stripe rust is main limitation. Moderately lower protein, but good strength. Substitutes for Endurance well, especially in north Central Oklahoma. | |
| OK03918C | Released | TAM 110- FS4/2'2174 | Now called Centerfield. An im- proved Okfield, with wheat spindle streak and soilborne mosaic virus resistance. Better test weight and forillar package. Goes where Okfield cannot, in north central Oklahoma. | |
| OK01307 | Terminated | OK94406/ Jagger | Could not compete with Duster for forage capability, though better grain producer in north-central OK. Resistant to stripe rust, and a new, hot race of stem rust, but leaf-rust susceptible. First-hollow-stem ar- rival is too early. | HRW |
| OK00611W | Holding | KS96WGRC39/ Jagger | WH for central Oklahoma with superb sprouting resistance, high test weight. Resistant to WSBMV, stripe rust, and low pH. Must plant late, but it can catch up. Cast from the same mold as OK Bullet. HW | |
OK01307
Terminated
OK94406/
could not compete with Duster for forage capability, though better grain producer in north-central OK. Resistant to stripe rust, and a new, hot race of stem rust, but leaf-rust susceptible. First-hollow-stem ar- rival is too early.
| Table 5. Continued. | Table 5. Continued. | Table 5. Continued. | Table 5. Continued. | |
|-----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| | Selection | Action | Pedigree | Comments |
| OK02522W | Advanced | KS96WGRC39/ Jagger | Another OK Bullet brother, with white bran. Slightly more consistent for yield than OK00611W. Intermediate sprout resistance - better than Intrada and Guymon but not as good as OK00611W. Seed increase lost to hail in 2006; will increase again. | Jagger |
| OK00514W | Advanced | KS96WGRC39/ Jagger | Looks like OK Bullet, performs like OK Bullet, it is OK Bullet, with white bran. Took the 2 percent white out of OK Bullet and this is what we got. Used an electronic eye to breed this one. | HW |
| OK02405 | Terminated | Tonkawa/ GK50 | Stripe rust and leaf rust resistant. Great genetic combination for parents, with Hungarian connection. Thought we had a tri-purpose beardless replacement for Deliver, but threshability is its disability. | HRW |
| OK00310 | Terminated | Custer/Jagger | Passed the test for grain yield out west, but not for quality. Interesting first-hollow-stem pattern - holds winter dormancy well and not fooled by temperature. Actually held it too long in 2006. | HRW |
## Wheat Variety Trials
Jeff Edwards Plant and Soil Sciences
## 2005-2006 progress made possible through OWRF/OWC support
- · Extreme drought in 2006 reduced wheat grain yield and resulted in some research locations being abandoned prior to harvest.
- · Despite the drought, some varieties such as Jagger, Duster, OK Bullet, Jagallene, and Overley performed well at many locations (Table 1 on page 17).
- · Due to abnormally dry conditions, 2006 variety trial results will be most useful when viewed in conjunction with two - and three-year averages.
- · The full wheat variety trial report (Production Technology Report 2006-5) is available at www.wheat.okstate.edu.
The 2005-2006 wheat production season will go down among the driest recorded history for many areas of Oklahoma. There were a few latesummer/early-fall rains that allowed emergence of early September-sown wheat, and some areas of the state benefited from an early-October rainfall. The majority of the state, however, did not see significant rainfall again until April 2006. As a result there were many acres of wheat sown in fall 2005 that did not emerge until spring 2006.
Those who sowed wheat in early September into adequate moisture conditions were pleasantly surprised by their forage production and cattle gains. Production in the wheat forage variety test sites was around 500 lbs/a below average, which was not bad considering the extreme drought conditions. Reports of cattle gains above 3 lbs/hd/day were not uncommon and outstanding gains were probably the result of very few cold days and almost
application rates. With all things considered this generally proved to be the right call, as response to supplemental nitrogen fertilizer was less than normal.
In March, spring freezes injured some wheat in low-lying areas of north central and northeastern Oklahoma. Likewise, temperatures dipped below 32°F in the Panhandle on April 26. Unfortunately, this cold snap caught some fields just at flowering greatly reduced the yield potential of some outstanding irrigated wheat fields.
Harvest proceeded well ahead of schedule in 2006 and the majority of wheat was harvested by mid-June (approximately one to two weeks ahead of schedule). Harvested acreage was much lower than normal, with most acres west of I-35 and south of I-40 being abandoned prior to harvest.
## Pest Problems
Drought certainly reduced yield potential of the 2005-2006 wheat crop, but it did not seem to have a significant effect on insect pests. Some newly emerged wheat fields were lost and many others were sprayed for fall armyworm in September. Hessian fly was a widespread problem in north central Oklahoma, with some fields having infestation levels high enough to result in total crop loss.
Aphid numbers were generally not that high in fall 2005, but barley yellow dwarf virus symptoms were still widespread in spring 2006. In addition, many fields in central and southern Oklahoma had to be sprayed for greenbugs in spring 2006. Other insect
problems included brown wheat mite and wheat head armyworm. Damage from these two insects, however, was not as widespread as that from Hessian fly and greenbugs.
High plains virus and wheat streak mosaic virus were both major problems in the Oklahoma Panhandle. These two viruses resulted in the destruction of several fields of irrigated wheat, and theories about the wheat curl mite over summering in conservation reserve program acres in the corners of pivots have regional producers rethinking management strategies for these viruses.
Dryland root rot caused by the fungus Fusarium was another disease that caused significant losses in certain areas and fields of Oklahoma wheat this past season. In the late fall, fields infected with dryland root rot and common root rot, Bipolaris , were both found. However, the dry and hot conditions through the winter and spring greatly favored dryland root rot, and by early April fields severely infected with dryland root rot were observed across southwestern, central, west central and to a lesser extent, northern Oklahoma. Many of these fields were abandoned or grazed-out.
Foliar diseases were generally not a major yield-limiting factor during the 2005-2006 wheat production season. There was some powdery mildew present on lower leaves of susceptible varieties, but infestations rarely made it up to the flag leaf. Leaf rust could be observed on some varieties later in the season, but disease incidence and severity were generally below economic thresholds for control.
## Development of a Weather-based Model for Predicting First Hollow Stem in Winter Wheat
J.D. Carlson Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
in cooperation with Gene Krenzer* and Jeff Edwards Plant and Soil Sciences
## 2005-2006 progress made possible through OWRF/OWC support
- · Using the optimal soil-temperature based models for first hollow stem (FHS) developed last year, model FHS predictions were compared with independent FHS observations in dryland wheat from 2004 to 2006.
- · The 4-inch (under sod) soil-temperature based models performed poorly in 2006, probably due to the intense drought that was in place. Onset of FHS was delayed by up to 24 days past model predictions.
- · Dropping 2006 from the analysis, model predictions were compared against FHS observations from 2004 and 2005. Altering the start date (for degree-day accumulations) improved model results for the Altus and Goodwell areas; the original start dates worked best for the Stillwater and El Reno areas.
- · Considering all sites, the soil-temperature based FHS models outperformed the calendar-based method (FHS = March 15) for each of the three categories of winter wheat analyzed. As compared to the calendar method, the models reduced the average error in FHS prediction by 10 days for early FHS varieties, by seven days for middle FHS varieties, and by three days for late FHS varieties. The maximum errors were reduced by three days (late varieties) to as much as 12 to 14 days (early and middle varieties).
- · Results from 2004-2005 suggest that, regardless of location within Oklahoma, March 15 is almost always too late for FHS, especially for early and middle varieties, and that soil-temperature based FHS models are more reliable. Special consideration, however, must be given in extreme drought, which in 2006 was the probable mechanism that delayed the onset of FHS by one to three weeks past model predictions, depending on variety.
The purpose of this multi-year project is to develop optimal weatherbased models to predict the occurrence of first hollow stem (FHS) in winter wheat, with a goal of implementing such a model on the Oklahoma Mesonet, the state's automated weather monitoring network of more than 110 stations. Such a product could be used as a management tool for producers who use winter wheat as a dual-purpose crop, as it would provide guidance as to when to remove cattle from grazed fields - not only to avoid wheat yield loss after FHS date, but also to be able to keep cattle on the fields as long as possible (up to FHS date).
The FHS database (dates of first occurrence) used in this project for model development consisted of 10 years of observations from wheat variety trials at Marshall (1994 to 1997 plantings) and Stillwater (1998 to 2003 plantings). For purposes of this study, wheat varieties were grouped into three categories with respect to appearance of FHS (early, middle, and late). Early (E) varieties are represented by Jagger; middle (M) by Custer and OK101; and late (L) by Ike, 2174, and OK102. The goal is to develop an optimal weatherbased model for estimating FHS date for each category of wheat.
Last year, optimal soil-temperature based models to predict FHS date were developed. The models use the Mesonet-measured 4-inch soil temperatures under sod cover and are based on degree-day accumulations from specific start dates and with specific temperature thresholds. Information on these models can be found in last year's wheat research report, Wheat Research at OSU 2005 .
Over the past several years, independent FHS observations on
ungrazed dryland wheat were taken at Alts, Goodwell, El Reno, and Stillwater. Varieties utilized in our analysis were: Altus (2004, 2005) -Jagger, Custer, OK101, 2174, and OK102; Goodwell (2004) -Jagger and Custer; Goodwell (2005) - Jagger, Custer, OK101, 2174, Ike, and OK102; El Reno (2004) -Jagger; El Reno (2005) -Jagger, Custer, OK101, 2174, and OK102; El Reno (2006) - Jagger, Custer, OK101, 2174, and Ok102; and 2174; Stillwater (2005) - Jagger, Custer, OK101, 2174, Ike, and OK102; Stillwater (2006) - Jagger, Custer, OK101, 2174, and Ike. For a given site and year, the observed FHS date was taken as the average of the FHS dates of all those reporting varieties in the same category (E, M, or L).
all those reporting varieties in the same category (E, M, or L).
Using these observed FHS dates from 2004 to 2006 and 4-inch soil temperature data from the Altus, Goodwell, El Reno, and Stillwater Mesonet sites for these years, predictions of FHS dates were made using the optimal soil-temperature based models developed last year. These predictions were compared against the standard calendar-based method, in which March 15 is used as a general date for FHS.
The soil-based models performed poorly in 2006, apparently due to the intense drought that was in place at the time. The winter 2005-2006 (Dec. 2005) -Feb. 2006) ranked as the second driest Oklahoma winter since 1895 (Oklahoma Climatological Survey, Norman, OK). Coupled with lack of moisture, warm temperatures (13 th warmest since 1895) put additional stress on the wheat crop. All areas where FHS was measured in 2006 (Stillwater and El Reno) received less than one inch of moisture for the entire three-month period. Results showed onset of FHS was delayed by 19 to 24 days past model predictions for
early FHS varieties, by 14 to 17 days for middle varieties, and by 9 to 11 days for late varieties. With its historic winter dryness, 2006 was clearly outside the realm of the 10 years used to develop the soil-based models.
Accordingly, focus next shifted to testing the models on 2004 and 2005 FHS data. These winters (2003-2004 and 20042005) were more normal (48 th wettest and 31 st wettest since 1895, respectively) than 2006. Despite this, it became clear that these models do not necessarily perform well in geographical areas outside of those in which the models were developed (Stillwater/Marshall). This was especially the case in the Altus area, where FHS was predicted to arrive 10 to 14 days too early during both years. At Goodwell, the problem was not as bad, but overpredictions (FHS too late) of four to nine days were seen for the middle and late varieties.
It was decided to alter the start dates for soil degree-day accumulations at these two locations. This would correspond to some type of latitude dependent behavior. At Altus, start dates of January 1 and January 8 were tested for early (E) and middle (M) varieties, and January 8 and January 15 for late (L) varieties (representing shifts in start dates of plus one to two weeks). At Goodwell, start dates of December 8 and December 15 were tested for E and M varieties, and December 15 and December 22 for L varieties (representing shifts in start dates of minus one to two weeks). Moving forward the start date at Altus by two weeks and moving back the start date at Goodwell by one week seemed to work best. The temperature thresholds (31°F for E and M varieties, and 34°F for L varieties) and degree-day predictors (763.5 for E, 898.2 for M, and 698.7 for L) remained the same.
Using these altered soil-based models for Altus and Goodwell (and keeping the original models for Stillwater and El Reno), we compared FHS model and calendar-based (March 15) predictions with FHS observations for these two years. The results are shown in Table 1.
The soil-based models in general performed admirably at each site. As compared to the March 15 approach, only at Goodwell did the calendar method seem to do better (by one to three days) and that was because, for these two years, FHS for all reported wheat categories occurred around March 15 and all within a week's time period (March 15 to 16, 2004; March 11 to 19, 2005). It is unlikely that such a scenario would be repeated over multiple years featuring a variety of weather conditions. In-depth observations will be taken at Goodwell in 2007, and it will be interesting to see if model results improve in 2007.
Considering all the FHSobservations from all sites, the soil-based models performed better than the March 15 approach in all statistical categories listed. The average model error (the average number of days the FHS prediction is off from the observed FHS date) ranged from -2 days to +3 days (depending on wheat category), while with the March 15 approach, average model errors ranged from +3 days for late varieties to +10 to 12 days for early and middle varieties. This indicates March 15 is on average too late a date for FHS, especially for E and M varieties. The maximum prediction error is as large as +22 days (too late) for E and M varieties using the calendar approach and +9 days for L varieties. In contrast, the soil-based temperature models have maximum prediction errors ranging from +6 to 10 days,
| | Model Error (days) | Model Error (days) | [Model - Observed FHS Date] | [Model - Observed FHS Date] | |
|--------------------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------|----------------------------------------|
| | Early FHS Varieties | Early FHS Varieties | Middle FHS Varieties | Middle FHS Varieties | Late FHS Varieties |
| | Soil-based Model$^{1}$(March 15) | Calendar Model$^{2}$(March 15) | Soil-based Model$^{3}$(March 15) | Calendar Model$^{4}$(March 15) | Soil-based Model Model$^{5}$(March 15) |
| Altus | Altus | Altus | Altus | Altus | Altus |
| Average | 1.5 | 15 | 4 | 11 | -1.5 |
| Largest Error | 8 | 20 | 10 | 15 | -4 |
| Smallest Error | -5 | 10 | -2 | 7 | 1 |
| El Reno/Stillwater | El Reno/Stillwater | El Reno/Stillwater | El Reno/Stillwater | El Reno/Stillwater | El Reno/Stillwater |
| Average | -1.5 | >17 | 3 | 17 | 0 |
| Largest Error | -6 | >22 | 7 | 22 | 0 |
| Smallest Error | 3 | 14 | -1 | 12 | 0 |
| Goodwell | Goodwell | Goodwell | Goodwell | Goodwell | Goodwell |
| Average | -5.5 | 2 | 1.5 | 1 | 6 |
| Largest Error | -7 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 6 |
| Smallest Error | -4 | 0 | -1 | -1 | 6 |
| All Sites | All Sites | All Sites | All Sites | All Sites | All Sites |
| Average | -1.8 | 12.3 | 2.8 | 9.7 | 0.6 |
| Standard Error | 2.4 | 3.1 | 2 | 3.4 | 1.6 |
| Maximum | 8 | 22 | 10 | 22 | 6 |
| Minimum | -7 | 0 | -2 | -1 | -4 |
| Range | 15 | 22 | 12 | 23 | 10 |
| Standard Deviation | 6 | 8.2 | 5 | 8.4 | 3.6 |
representing improvements of 3 to 14 Using the 2007 data in conjunction with days over the calendar method. Also, 2004 and 2005, the goal for 2007 is the standard error, range, and standard deviations for all three categories are better using the soil-temperature model. could then be later implemented on the approach. Oklahoma Mesonet in real-time using daily soil temperature measurements;
Admittedly, two years represent a small sample set of independent observations on which to test these models. However, more FHS observations will be taken at these sites in 2007 for inclusion in the 2007 analysis.
(for each wheat category) - this date is based on the degree-day accumulation predictor value (763.5 for E varieties, 898.2 for M varieties, and 698.7 for L varieties). In addition to this approach, which gives the average or "best" FHS date estimate for any given year, it might also be useful to predict the earliest possible degree-day based FHS date (based on the lowest FHS degreeday total for a particular wheat category from our observational database). The models could then be used as a scouting tool to indicate the earliest possible day to begin scouting for FHS at any given location and year. This would give producers time to get into the fields to scout for FHS before it actually occurs. To prevent grain yield decline in grazed fields, it is important to monitor FHS before or as it is occurs, rather than after the fact. Since in some years, the average FHS model estimates would result in overpredictions (FHS actually occurring earlier), having an earliest
possible date for FHS would result in not missing FHS if the producer scouts. A similar approach could be taken to predict the latest possible degreeday based FHS date, although as just discussed, such a prediction would not be as useful. To tighten up the range of predicted dates, these approaches could utilize values from the 10 to 90 percent percentile of degree-day totals for observed FHS dates (rather than the 0 to 100 percent range, which would represent the lowest to highest degreeday totals to FHS). The value at the 10 percent level could be used as the "earliest" degree-day based FHS date and that at the 90 percent level as the "latest" FHS date for any given year. This approach would thus be based on 80 percent of past FHS observations, which would fall somewhere between the earliest and latest modeled values for a given wheat category (E, M, or L) in any given year.
## Effects of Rice Root Aphid Infestations on Wheat Forage and Grain Yield in Oklahoma
Kristopher Giles Entomology and Plant Pathology in cooperation with
Clinton Krehbiel, Animal Science; Norm Elliott, USDA-ARS, Stillwater;
Rawlings, M.S. student, Entomology and Plant Pathology
and Matthew Rawlings, M.S. student, Entomology and Plant Pathology
## 2005-2006 progress made possible through OWRF/IOWC support
- · The rice root aphid (RRA) was found throughout the wheat growing counties of Oklahoma.
- · RRA occurs primarily on seedling to early tilling wheat.
- · Over two field seasons, increasing infestations of RRA had no observable effect on plant growth and yield components.
- · Controlled growth chamber studies demonstrated that RRA had little to no effect on wheat forage dry weights.
- · Based on these studies the RRA should not be considered an important pest in Oklahoma winter wheat.
Rhopalosiphum rufabiodomialis Sasaki (rice root aphid, RRA) is a newly encountered species in Oklahoma. Primarily due to a lack of sampling effort below the soil surface and frequent misidentification as Rhopalosiphum padi L. (bird cherry-oat aphid, BCOA), RRA has until recently gone unaccounted for in the Southern Plains. RPA and BCOA can only be properly distinguished from one another by the presence or absence of microscopic hairs on the antennae; it is impossible to separate the two without the aid of a microscope.
An initial greenhouse study (Kindler et al. 2004) in Oklahoma demonstrated that wheat infested with RRA produced less forage and grain. These reductions in plant growth and seed production caused by RRA appeared to be similar to the negative effects caused by the closely related BCOA (Trent 2003). Preliminary field observations near Stillwater revealed that RRA is often the most abundant aphid on emerging early planted wheat (for grazing or dualpurpose). These early infestations were cause for concern because of the great potential for damage on seedling wheat. Because of the potential economic impact of RRA, we documented (1) the distribution of this aphid species, and (2) evaluated the effects of increasing RRA populations on wheat growth and yields.
## Methods
## Distribution
We traveled to several counties in each of the agricultural regions of Oklahoma to sample for RRA on early planted winter wheat. Fields in each county we visited were sampled using a narrow shovel; we collected up to four shovel samples in each field. The samples consisted of 15.24 cm of row and contained the root systems as well as the leafy portion of the plants. Individual shovel samples were placed into a Berlese funnel for seven days and all of the aphids were collected into glass jars filled with a 1:1 solution of antifreeze and water for counting and identification (Kinderl et al. 2004).
## Field Plot Evaluation
Our field study was conducted in Perkins and took place over two wheat
growing seasons. Each year the field was planted with OK101. A completely randomized block design with 10 replications (blocks) was used. In each replication, 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, or 2 pots of RRA infested rye were released (at early tillering) into an outer 1/3 of mesh covered plots (60.96 cm x 91.44 cm) in an effort to establish increasing infestation levels of RRA. Within the plot, the middle third was designated for destructive sampling (described below) whereas the remaining outer third of the plot was treated with insecticide for intra-plot evaluation of infested versus nonfinished subplots. Mesh tents were used to cover each plot for several weeks to assist in the establishment of the aphids in the field.
In each plot, samples were taken two to three times during the fall using a narrow shovel (described above). Each sample was placed into a Berlese funnel for counting and identification (Kindler et al. 2004). Since RRA only occurs during the fall, we were attempting to evaluate the effects of fall infestations on spring yields. In the spring, insecticides were used to prevent spring infestations of aphids. Aphid-days or the cumulative RRA infestation was estimated for each plot.
In each plot, the mature wheat from both outer sub-plots was harvested by hand. The t illers from each yield sample were placed into paper sacs and taken to the lab for threshing. Each tiller was carefully threshed by hand so every seed could be counted. All seeds from each plot were dried in an oven to obtain similar grain moisture levels. The test weight for each plot was estimated by using a test weight funnel and a Seedbur o Model 8800 Computer Grain Scale. Regression analyses were performed to evaluate
the effects of aphid days on yield components. We statistically compared yield measures for infested versus noninfested subplots.
## Environmental Chamber Forage
## Evaluation
A replicated study was conducted in a walk-in environmental chamber (Conviron® CMP 3244) at the Controlled Environmental Research Laboratory (OSU). A range of cultivars important to wheat production systems in the Southern Plains (Jagger, OK101, OK102, TAM105, TAM107, and TAM110) was evaluated. Single seeds of each wheat cultivar were planted in 4 × 20 cm Cone -teainers™ (Stuewe & Sons Inc., Corvallis, Oregon) and covered with 30 cm tall mesh-vented cellulose nitrate tubes. The soil mixture was a 1:1 ratio of Scott's Redi Earth® and Absorb-N-Dry. The outside rim of each Cone-tainer™ was wrapped with four layers of labeling tape to ensure a tight fit and to prevent aphids from entering or escaping after infestation. Cone-tailers™ were organized in a race that stood in a 6 × 32 × 60 cm tray that would allow easy watering. A replication consisted of randomly arranged Cone-tainers™, each with a single cultivar seedling infested with one of four aphid levels (see below). Six to seven replications for each aphid level × cultivar treatment were evaluated during this study. Cone -tainer™ racks were maintained at 64°F with 10 hours of light, and at 52°F with 14 hours of darkness to simulate fall conditions in Oklahoma.
Twenty days after planting, aphids were used to infest the individual wheat seedlings. Individual Cone-tailers™ of each cultivar were infested with aphids; 0, 15, 25, or 35 rice root aphids. Cone-tailers™ were checked daily and
maintained as previously described for an additional 30 days. This length of time was chosen to simulate typical fall infestations of aphids on seedling wheat prior to grazing initiation in wheat forage systems.
Fifty days after planting, the Cone -tainers™ were removed from the environmental chamber and each plant was graded using the Zadok and Feeke's Scale to ensure that each plant was in the same stage of development. Each Container™ was then carefully split down the side with a pair of scissors so that the entire root mass would remain intact and could be removed. Each plant and root mass was then placed individually onto 15.24 cm diameter plastic trays that were set inside Berlese funnels. Plant samples remained inside the funnels up to seven days to ensure that all aphids were removed and the plant material was thoroughly dry. Individual plants were cut at the soil surface and dry forage weights were recorded. Based on initial infestations and total aphids present after 30 days, aphid days were calculated. Relationships between dry forage weights and aphid days were investigated by regression analysis.
## Results
## Distribution
In 2003, the known distribution of the only four orchard counties. Based on the current survey, the rice root aphid is clearly present throughout the wheat growing regions of Oklahoma. A total of 28 of the remaining 73 counties were surveyed; rice root aphids were recovered from 19 of these counties (68% of the counties surveyed) (Figure 2 Rawlings 2006) and all of the agricultural regions (Figure 3 Rawlings 2006).
This survey indicates that the rice root aphid is present among a diverse set of environmental and agricultural habitats having been found in counties that receive less than 20 inches (Texas County) and as much as 52 inches (Choctaw County) of precipitation each year; it was found in counties where up to 380,000 acres of wheat were planted (Garfield County) and where as little as 4,300 acres (Choctaw County) of wheat were planted; it has been found
in regions that are dominated by grainonly (Panhandle Region), forage-only (South Central-East Region), and dualpurpose (Central Region) practices. The apparent distribution pattern coincides with the presence of wheat in nearly every county and covers the entire state. The rice root aphid is clearly an adaptable species that can thrive in all the climatic conditions that exist in Oklahoma.
df = (degree of freedom) indicates the number of observations-1. R 2 = values approaching 1.0 indicate very strong relationships. P = values less than 0.05 indicate significant relationships.
## Field Plot Evaluation
Regression analyses of the field data revealed no significant relationships between aphid infestations and yield measures (Table 1 Modified from Rawlings 2006). The differences in results between these analyses and the study conducted by Kinder et al. (2004) could be attributed to differences between greenhouse and field conditions. During my study, conditions in the field were ideal for growing and moisture was not a limiting factor. Greenhouse studies on plant growth are often constrained by artificial components such as soil characteristics, pot size, and watering schedules. Pot size and soil structure can artificially influence root growth and subsequent colonization by the rice root aphid to levels not observed in field situations.
Compared to other field studies that established quite high aphid levels, we were only able to establish relatively low infestations of the rice root aphid. The highest infestation level observed in my study peaked at 16,604 aphid days per subsection (15.24 cm of row)
| Yield Measure | R 2 | P | | |
|---------------------|---------|--------|--------|--------|
| Tillers | 49 | 0.007 | 0.5527 | |
| Seed Weight | 49 | 0.002 | 0.7386 | |
| Number of Seeds | 49 | 0.007 | 0.5588 | |
| Test Weight | 37 | 0.023 | 0.3674 | |
| Tillers | 47 | 0.002 | 0.7899 | |
| Seed Weight | 47 | 0.061 | 0.0898 | |
| Number of Seeds | 47 | 0.007 | 0.5659 | |
| Year (2003 to 2005) | Tillers | 97 | 0.02 | 0.1707 |
| Seed Weight | 97 | 0 | 0.9394 | |
| Number of Seeds | 97 | 0.022 | 0.1443 | |
| Test Weight | 37 | 0.023 | 0.3674 | |
28
| | Treatment Means | Treatment Means | Treatment Means | Treatment Means | Treatment Means | |
|-----------|-------------------|-------------------|-------------------|-------------------|-------------------|----------|
| | Yield Measure | Aphids | Insecticide | df | t Value | Pr > | t |
| 2003-2004 | Tillers | 139.78 | 130.08 | 98 | 2.26 | 0.0260 |
| 2003-2004 | Sample Weight | 63.6431 | 68.9808 | 98 | -2.20 | 0.0300 |
| 2003-2004 | Seed Weight | 0.03013 | 0.03125 | 98 | -2.62 | 0.0101 |
| 2003-2004 | Number of Seeds | 2121.47 | 2212.71 | 98 | -1.11 | 0.2700 |
| 2003-2004 | Test Weight | 61.5027 | 61.5797 | 80 | -0.40 | 0.6870 |
| 2004-2005 | Tillers | 60.4375 | 57.913 | 92 | 0.67 | 0.5057 |
| 2004-2005 | Sample Weight | 27.9385 | 26.6639 | 92 | 0.61 | 0.5424 |
| 2004-2005 | Seed Weight | 0.02599 | 0.02587 | 92 | 0.32 | 0.7502 |
| 2004-2005 | Number of Seeds | 1067.19 | 1028.06 | 92 | 0.52 | 0.6040 |
dt = indicates the degrees of freedom.
It value = value for the statistical comparison.
Pr > | t| = values less than 0.05 indicate significant differences between infested versus noninfested subplots.
It is possible that the rice root aphid cannot exist at sufficiently high densities in the field to seriously affect wheat growth and yield when adequate rain and moisture are available. However, the 2005-2006 growing season was much drier than the previous two growing seasons and rice root aphid numbers appeared to be much higher (M. Rawlings, personal observations). Kindler et al. (2002) showed that drought conditions exaggerate the effects of greenbungs on wheat grain yield production and it is likely these same environmental conditions enhance the ability of the rice root aphid to do the same. Based on data from this study, rice root aphid, although common and occasionally prevalent on winter wheat in the southern plains, does not appear to be as serious a pest as greenbugs and bird cherry-oat aphids.
## Environmental Chamber Forage Evaluation
No significant linear relationships between aphid days and dry forage weights were detected for RRA (Table 3 Modified from Rawlings 2006). As noted earlier, Kindler et al. (2004) documented reduction in plant height and the number of tillers in rice root aphid infested wheat compared with noninfested controls.
The results from our study suggest the rice root aphid has no impact on wheat seedling development and forage weights. The levels of rice root aphid established for this study may have been low compared to those established by Kindler et al. (2004), however, the soil and growing conditions used in this study are more comparable to natural field conditions. Kindler et al. (2004) used wood chip media, which may have artificially enhanced survival, reproduction, and subsequent impact on wheat.
| Species | Maximum Aphid Days | Cultivar | R$^{2}$ | df | P |
|-------------------|----------------------|------------|-----------|------|--------|
| R. rufiadominalis | 585 | Jagger | 0.0007 | 26 | 0.8991 |
| R. rufiadominalis | 660 | OK101 | 0.0041 | 27 | 0.7458 |
| | 630 | OK102 | 0.04 | 27 | 0.3077 |
| | 780 | TAM1105 | 0.0495 | 26 | 0.2646 |
| | 570 | TAM1107 | 0.013 | 26 | 0.5712 |
| | 825 | TAM110 | 0 | 27 | 0.9869 |
R$^{2 }$= values approaching 1.0 indicate very strong relationships. df = (degree of freedom) indicates the number of observations-1. P = values less than 0.05 indicate significant relationships.
## References
Kindler, S. D., N. C. Elliott, K. L. Giles, T. A. Royer, R. Fuentegrandaos, and F. Tao. 2002. Effect of greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) on yield loss of winter wheat. J. Econ. Entomol. 95: 89-95.
Kindler, S. D., L. Hesler, N. Elliott, T. Royer, and K. Giles. 2004. Seasonal abundance of rice root aphid in wheat and effects on forage and grain yields. Southwest. Entomol. 29: 245-252.
## Going from a Wheat-ryegrass Mix for Grazing Back to Wheat for Grazing Plus Grain
Tom Peeper and Case Medlin Plant and Soil Sciences
## 2005-2006 progress made possible through OWRF/OWC support
- · Current wheat grain prices may warrant the conversion of graze-out fields infested with ryegrass to a grazing plus grain system.
- · Products such as Axial®, Finesse® Grass and Broadleaf, Hoe lon®, Olympus® Flex, and Osprey® can effectively control ryegrass.
- · Timely application of these products relative to ryegrass stage, soil moisture conditions, and cold stress is critical for optimum ryegrass control.
In the past several years, numerous Oklahoma and north Texas farmers have converted part or all of their operations from wheat for grazing plus grain to wheat plus ryegrass for grazing only. Now, the drought has thinned herds, lack of fall rains dimmed the prospects for wheat pasture, and the price of wheat has increased to where the economics of the wheat-cattle mix have quickly shifted back to grazing plus grain. This has prompted questions from growers on how to get the ryegrass out of their fields so that they can combine wheat again.
Fortunately, growers have a choice of new postemergence herbicides available that can effectively take the ryegrass out of wheat to permit harvesting a wheat grain crop. These include Axial®, Finesse® Grass and Broadleaf, Olympus® Flex, and Osprey® Hoelon® also is a highly effective herbicide for ryegrass control in wheat. However, in
areas where ryegrass has been sprayed with Hoelon® for several years, some of the ryegrass has developed resistance to this herbicide. This is why it is critical to rotate herbicide modes of action from year to year when possible.
In fields across Oklahoma where the main target weed is ryegrass, growers should consider Axial®, Finesse® Grass and Broadleaf, Hoelon®, or Osprey® as the first choices. All of these products will perform better if applied in the fall to small (two leaf to three tiller), actively growing ryegrass. If a latespring application is forced, then the herbicides most suited are Axial® and Hoelon® .
Regardless of the herbicide chosen, it is critically important that the ryegrass be actively growing for a few days before the herbicide is applied. Do not apply herbicides when the ryegrass is stressed due to droughtor excessive cold temperatures. Instead give the ryegrass
several days to resume growth after these conditions diminish. A rule-ofthumb that many use for temperature is "at least four consecutive daytime highs of at least 50°F prior to application," however, a better practice is to follow the label directions for each product, as requirements for each herbicide will most likely differ. Axial®, which contains the active ingredient pinoxaden is,a new herbicide from Syngenta. It is highly effective on ryegrass (it is also labeled for wild oat but has not been evaluated by OSU researchers for this weed), but is not active on most other weeds (i.e. broadleaves such as henbit and chickweed). As is the case with most herbicides, optimum control is obtained when it is applied in the fall when the ryegrass has three tllers or less. However, our research with latewinter applications has shown effective ryegrass control. Of course, delaying application until spring reduces wheat yield because the wheat does not have time to recover from the competition in the fall and winter. Axial® has a 50 day grazing restriction, which for many growers means that it will have to be applied after the cattle are pulled in February or early-March. This year will be our first year for commercial use of Axial® in Oklahoma, so check with your chemical dealer early to make sure it is available. Finesse® Grass and Broadleaf, often called FG&B, is a combination of two active ingredients and is labeled for control of ryegrass. The application rate depends on the season and size of the ryegrass. This product had the misfortune of being introduced into the market during a time when dry weather was prevalent. Under those conditions did not work very well and several
growers were disappointed. That does not mean that we should not try it again when growing conditions are favorable. It is the strongest of these herbicides as far as control of broadleaf weeds is concerned, and like Olympus ® Flex, is often a good choice when a grower is not sure if cheat, wild oat, or ryegrass his worst problem.
Osprey® is new, sulfonylurea herbicide from Bayer CropScience that is very effective on ryegrass. Osprey® is one of the two active ingredients in Olympus® Flex. Growers who have ryegrass as their main weed do not need the other active ingredient, so they should apply the straight Osprey® rather than the mixed product Olympus® Flex. If a grower is not sure about what his various weed problems are, then Olympus® Flex is a good shotgun approach for controlling cheat, wild oat, and ryegrass. As is the case with most herbicides, Osprey® works better when applied to smaller ryegrass in the fall. The label says it should be applied to ryegrass with one-leaf to two tillers. Osprey® is also fairly effective on wild oats and suppresses henbit, but is weak on the borne grasses (i.e. cheat). It has a 30 day grazing restriction.
Hoelon® has been around for more than 25 years but was never used much in Oklahoma because it had a full season grazing restriction. The grazing restriction has now been reduced to 28 days, which makes this herbicide much more useful in Oklahoma. It is very strong on ryegrass and wild oats, but does not control any of our other grass or broadleaf weeds. Somewhat like the other herbicides mentioned above, the label says to apply it before the ryegrass passes the two-tiller stage. That is not very practical in Oklahoma, and our research has shown that it can
kill ryegrass that is considerably larger. Liquid fertilizer should not be used as the carrier because it reduces ryegrass control.
With these various options available for controlling ryegrass, the wheat grower's main decision is simply to do something about the ryegrass so that he can capitalize on the current high prices for wheat grain. Once that critical decision is made, it is much easier to make the second decision of |
https://extension.okstate.edu/announcements/grow-gardening-columns/may-21-2023.html | Mulch has an Important Job in the Garden - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2023-10-10 | [] | OK | ## Mulch has an Important Job in the Garden
Sunday, May 21, 2023
Gardening requires a few tools such as a rake, a trowel, loppers or a lawnmower, but keep in mind that mulch is also an important gardening tool.
Mulch has multiple benefits in the garden, including reduced surface evaporation, improved water penetration and air movement, soil temperature fluctuation, preventing weed growth, improved aesthetics and protection from frost/freeze damage.
There are two types of mulch available - organic and inorganic. Organic mulches include things like wood and bark chips, straw, grass clippings and seed hulls. Bark chips are often available in several colors to help blend in with any landscape. Inorganic, also known an inert mulches, include things like polyethylene film, gravel or weed-barrier fabrics. Consider what you want the landscape to look like before choosing a mulch.
When gardeners are looking for a mulch, select one that doesn't compact easily, doesn't interfere with water and air movement into the soil, breaks down easily and isn't a fire hazard. Also look for a mulch that is uniform in color and won't blow away easily in the Oklahoma wind.
How to choose the perfect mulch will depend on its purpose. Sometimes appearance is the most important aspect. In other cases, the goal may be to improve soil conditions. The size of the area needing to be mulched in relationship to the cost should also be factored in. If the garden is 80 square feet and the mulch needs to be 4 inches deep, gardeners will need 1
cubic yard of mulch. That same amount of mulch will cover 100 square feet at 3 inches, 160 square feet at 2 inches and 325 square feet at 1 inch deep.
When should mulch be applied? For those starting with seeds in the ground, wait until the seedlings have emerged. If you're installing plants, spread the mulch after transplanting. If the soil hasn't warmed sufficiently yet, consider delaying mulch application for a while.
Gardeners who plan to use organic material such as straw or grass clippings, keep in mind these materials may harbor rodents. They're still fine to use, but don't place the organic mulch closer than 6 inches to the base of woody plants. If placed closer, rodents may chew the bark on the plants which could result in plant injury or death.
Be careful to not deplete the nitrogen in the soil when using organic mulch. As the material decomposes, the breakdown organisms use some of the soil nitrogen in contact with the mulch. This may result in nitrogen deficiency. Keep an eye out for plant yellowing, particularly on the lower leaves. Adding nitrogen fertilizers can help remedy the issue.
For more information on mulches, see Oklahoma State University Extension fact sheet HLA- 6005 Mulching Garden (/fact-sheets/mulching-gardensoils.html) . |
https://site.extension.uga.edu/greenway/2017/08/08/national-garage-sale-day-august-12/ | National Garage Sale Day – August 12 | University of Georgia | [
"Pamela Turner"
] | 2017-08-08 | [
"Healthy Housing",
"Recycling"
] | GA | ## National Garage Sale Day - August 12
Written by
August 8, 2017
Pamela Turner
A garage sale is a great way to share your treasures with others. You benefit by decluttering your home, and earning a few dollars. Each year the second Saturday in August is designated as National Garage Sale Day. If that weekend doesn't work for you, find another day or participate in a community garage or yard sale, where someone else does a lot of the work.
Below are five tips for a successful garage sale.
- 1. Be knowledgeable. Conduct research to learn the best time to have a garage sale in your community and how to advertise.
- 2. Be wise. Make your treasures look more valuable by cleaning them. The American Cleaning Institute (ACI) provides helpful cleaning tips for a variety of different items, from acrylic knickknacks to mirrors to leather.
- 3. Be organized. Price items in advance and group like items together. When pricing things, generally unused items can be priced at 50% of retail, slightly used at 30% and well-used at 10%. This is just a guide. If you have owned the item for 20+ years and it isn't a collectible, then you should adjust the price accordingly. Clothing tends to sell better when displayed on hangers.
- 4. Be truthful . If it doesn't work or is broken, let shoppers know. Provide an outlet so electronic products can be tested.
- 5. Be generous. Offer specials like a BOGO or have a "free items box." That doesn't mean you shouldn't drive a hard bargain. Everything is negotiable.
Donate the leftovers to a local organization. That way you are not bringing things back into your home. One way to maintain control over the stuff in your home, is to put in place the "one in, one out" rule.
This means that for every item you bring into your home, you need to remove a similar item.
There are many online resources for information on garage sales. Below are a few helpful sources.
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## Have fun!
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/tips-for-preventing-the-spread-of-bedbugs | Tips for Preventing the Spread of Bed Bugs | NC State Extension | [
"Sydney Crawley",
"Christopher C. Hayes"
] | null | [
"Bedbug",
"Insect Pest",
"Household Pest"
] | NC | ## Tips for Preventing the Spread of Bed Bugs
Biting and Stinging Pests
## Introduction
In many cases, bed bug problems start with just one intruder. Typically, a bed bug infestation begins with a lone straggler transported in from somewhere else. These insects can easily make their way inside our homes via a number of routes. For instance, on luggage we take to hotels or rental properties, in second-hand furniture or other goods, from visits to homes of friends or relatives with unknown infestations, or when day to day jobs involve visits to potentially infested areas. In this article, we review some tips to help you avoid taking an unwanted guest (or guests) home with you. In addition, we will cover steps to take when an introduction of bed bugs is suspected.
## Know the Warning Signs
The first step in preventing and combating a pest infestation is to know as much as you can about the enemy in question. In the case of bed bugs, this includes being able to identify: i) potential bites/signs of feeding, ii) places they like to hide (refugia), iii) signs of activity, and iv) things that aren't a bed bug. Let's go over some information that will help you on each of these fronts!
Bed bugs are obligately hematophagous , meaning, they have to consume blood to survive. Their preference? Human blood. Like mosquitoes, they use a long needle-like probes (sucking mouthpart) to pierce human skin. After a bed bug feeds, you may be left with a well similar in appearance to a mosquito bite. In severe cases, hives, wheals, or blisters result. However, many people do not react to bed bug bites at all. For that reason, bites, bite like lesions, or rashes alone are not a reliable sign of a bed bug problem. However, if you have lesions, have been exposed to bed bugs recently, or have traveled and suspect exposure, some bite patterns to look for include:
- · Clusters or lines of bites: Beds primarily feed at night, when potential hosts are asleep and unaware. Multiple bugs may feed a region where skin meets a flat surface (e.g., an arm resting flat against a mattress). When multiple bed bugs feed at this junction, it can result in lines or clusters of bites. Those who are very sensitive may also have reactions from simple probing (when a bed bug touches the prosobsis to the skin, but does not insert). Probing can result in multiple bite reactions in a cluster or line, too. However, you can ignore the "breakfast, lunch, and dinner" premise that you may have read elsewhere. There is no conclusive evidence to support the clustering of three bites or probes (or a combination of the two) at a time.
- · Bites in areas that are exposed: Bed bugs prefer areas of the skin that are exposed. For that reason, you may see more bites on the arms, legs, face, and neck than covered regions. Unlike tick bites, which usually present around the banding of clothing (socks, pants, underwear)-bed bugs will often attack areas unencumbered by clothing or sheets.
While bites from bed bugs will almost certainly occur as a result of infestation and the need of bed bugs to feed, their tangible presence is unreliable at best and at worst (from an identification perspective), completely non-existent. Therefore, we want to reiterate that the presence or
absence of bites, of any kind, should not be used to identify or exclude the possibility of a bed bug infestation. Instead, look for other signs of infestation, including fecal spots (Figure 1), exuviae (sheeds skins that result from bed bug growth) (Figure 2), and obviously, the presence of live bugs.
Bed bugs start as eggs, hatch into what we call "nymphs", go through five nymphal stages, and then become adults. Adult bed bugs are reddish brown, oval, flattened insects before feeding (Figure 3). After a blood meal, they are swollen/engorged and dull red (Figure 4). Immature bed bugs range greatly in size from the first to the final (fifth) instar. First instars are tan to clear and small (they are hard to see), while fifth instars can be almost as large and dark in color as an adult. Nymphs range in color from almost clear (first instar) to a dark, creamy, tan color as fifth instars. All juvenile bed bugs become swollen and bright to dull red after a blood-meal (Figure 1).
Due to their small size, light color (upon hatching), aversion to light, and preference for hiding in small tight spaces, bed bugs can be difficult to spot-especially when they are young. They become especially difficult to see on items like furniture, luggage, backpacks, and other items with zippers, seams, and folds in fabric (Figure 2). They can easily hide in crevices as thin as one sheet of paper. Eggs are only 1/25th of an inch and can be even more difficult to spot when only a few are present. Visual inspection for bed bug activity must be thorough in light of these hurdles. Additionally, it may be easier to look for signs of activity versus live bugs as you begin. For instance, looking for fecal spots (Figure 1), or shed skins (Figure 2) which are often left out in the open and can be easier to find. Once you find signs of activity, live bed bugs are probably close by. For more information about identifying bed bugs, see Bedbugs - Biology and Management .
Finally, you do not want to misdiagnose the problem. Many insects can be confused with bed bugs. German cockroach nymphs (Figure 5), carpet beetles (Figure 6, Figure 7), ticks (Figure 8), and booklice (Figure 9) are mistaken for bed bugs all the time. If you have doubts about what you are dealing with, reach out to a diagnostician. If you are in North Carolina, feel free to send a sample to our Plant Disease and Insect Clinic.
Attribution: Matt Bertone
Attribution: Matt Bertone
## What Can You Do to Avoid an At-Home Infestation?
- · Before you travel, research your destination and avoid hotels or rental properties that have reported, or been associated with, bed bug infestations in the past.
- · Carry some plastic trash bags in your luggage. These can be used to enclose and isolate your clothing and other items during and after your stay.
- · When staying in a hotel, rental property, or any other residence you are unfamiliar with, inspect the room for signs of bed bug infestation prior to unpacking. Do this by pulling back covers and sheets of the bed to look for fecal spotting (Figure 7) or signs of infestation. Inspect the seams of the mattress and box spring, the headboard, bed frame, and any other concealed or tight areas. Start closest to the bed and move outward, as bed bugs tend to preferentially aggregate in areas closest to potential hosts.
- · Many places now use mattress encasements to protect against bed bug infestations. This is a smart, proactive strategy to prevent infestation. It does not mean that there is an active infestation. If your hotel or mental mattress is encased do not open it. They are difficult to reseal. If resealed improperly, the effectiveness is lost. If the encasement becomes torn during your stay, alert management immediately.
- · Do not place luggage on beds or on the floor near beds in residences you are unfamiliar with. Some hotels have fold out luggage stands that can be used to pack and unpack your suitcase(s).These stands are not 'bed bug proof', and you should check them for signs of bed bug activity -particularly where the webbing wraps around the frame. Additionally, you can store luggage in a trash bag (preferably a white or light-colored trash bag so you can see any live insects), or, keep your luggage in the bathtub for even greater protection. These surfaces are not impervious to bed bugs, but it is harder for bed bugs to climb slick, smooth surfaces as opposed to fabrics or textured surfaces.
- · If evidence of bed bug infestation is found, do not spray pesticides in your hotel/vacation room. Remember, you are not the only guest who has used (or will use) the room and many people are sensitive to pesticides. Instead, contact the hotel/vacation rental management
and report the problem. They likely have a pest control program in place and any spraying you do may be hazardous or actually disruptive to their pest control efforts. Also: spraying does not make you any less likely to take a bed bug home.
- · For work-related home or location-based visits, minimize what you bring into the home. Place items on a hard surface, such as a table, rather than on a couch, chair or the floor next to furniture. Items you take inside should be easy to inspect, versus something like a purse or backpack, which could easily conceal wandering bed bugs.
- · If your job takes you into potentially-infested homes, be careful about spraying repellents on your clothing. Although you may not be sensitive to pesticides, the residents of homes that you visit may have a reaction to repellent chemicals. There is limited evidence on the effectiveness of repellents for bed bugs as well, although DEET shows some promise.
- · Take a change of clothes with you on site visits. At the end of the day, change out of your work clothes, place them in a sealed bag, and empty them into a dryer upon returning home. Dry work clothing on high heat for two cycles.
- · For used furniture and other household items: Visually inspect before accepting the item(s). If you are unsure how to perform an inspection on the item, enlist the help of a professional. You can gently breathe into cracks/cevroises to cozy bed bugs into the open (if they are present). Pay close attention to concealed areas where body parts remain unmoving for long periods of time, especially the concealed side of kick-plates and foot rests on couches and recliners. DO NOT bring a used item into the home without ensuring it is free of bed bugs . Used and rental electronics, furniture, and clothing are all prone to harboring bed bugs. Portable heat treatment chambers can be handy for smaller infested items (but are costly). If furniture is infested, it is inadvisable to accept or purchase it , even if it could be treated. Couches, recliners, etc., are much more difficult to certify as "bed bug free" than small items. The potential cost of treating a bed bug infestation is not worth the reduced item cost in those cases.
## What Should You Do If You Find Bed Bugs During Travel?
- · Immediately notify the owner/manager of the property so they can address the problem as quickly as possible. Do not attempt to control or address the problem yourself, especially when it comes to the application of a pesticide. This could result in health problems, worsening the bed bug problem, and potential litigation.
- · If you have already unpacked, place your clothing and other items back into your luggage or into trash bags. If possible, place your luggage into trash bags too (double-bagged) and seal the bags with tape or tie them in knots. If sealing the bags is skipped, it is possible to transfer crawling bugs to your car, or possibly into the luggage of other travelers if flying. Do not spray your clothing or luggage with pesticides.
- · Carefully inspect the clothing you are wearing to make sure that bed bugs did not crawl onto you while you were handling items that you suspect may be infested. Do not apply insecticides to the clothing you are wearing or to your skin or hair. Unlike head lice, bed bugs do not remain on their hosts, so it is unlikely that you will find them in your hair or on your
skin for very long. If after inspection you are still concerned about bed bugs on your body, take a shower using standard body soap and shampoo. Afterwards, simply comb/brush your hair thoroughly.
- · Upon arriving home, avoid opening and unpacking your bags and luggage except where you can contain the contents. For example, open them outdoors, in a garage, or in a bathtub where you can more easily spot any bed bugs.
- o Place washable clothing into a trash bag and then transfer them directly into the dryer. If you have to take your laundry to a laundromat, reseal the bags before carrying them or placing them back into a vehicle.
- o Place items into the dryer for at least two cycles on high heat . GLYPH(cmap:df00)arments that cannot be washed/dried may need to be dry clean. After items have been dried, you can launder them as normal (wash, iron, etc.).
- o Keep clothing in sealed trash bags until you're ready to move them into a dryer. Do not leave piles of unwashed clothing on the floor or on a nearby countertop near clean laundry. It is possible for bed bugs to crawl out and infest these clean items.
- · In some cases you may prefer to discard clothing or other items that are potentially infested. If you do, make sure they are placed into trash bags before you carry them out of your home or else you may spread them indoors. Discard these items directly into a closed trash can, dumpster, or at the landfill. Never donate or leave potentially infested items next to a trash can or dumpster where someone else might pick them up.
- · Backpacks, duffel bags, and similar items can often be placed into a clothes dryer on high heat without damaging them. In the case of larger luggage and other items that can't be dried in a standard clothes dryer, you can use a portable steamer unit or you can treat them lightly with an insecticide. Use a spray containing pyrethrins or any other pesticidal product that is labeled for both bed bugs and for treating fabric. Many populations of bed bugs now exhibit high levels of insecticide resistance, so be sure to confirm that all insects are dead prior to considering treatment completed. If pesticidal products fail, heat treatment is an effective (but at times costly) alternative. Clean all treated surfaces of luggage with soapy water before you reuse it.
- · Placing items in sealed bags in your car (or on your driveway) on a hot day may kill bed bugs, but that really depends on whether the temperature within the bag reaches 12ºF (thermal death point). Bear in mind that clothing and other items bunched inside trash bags inside your car may actually insulate bedbugs and their eggs by creating cool refugia that do not reach the thermal death point. To avoid this, loosely pack items, lay them flat, and do not overfill bags. If you try this method, you may want to keep these items separated from uninfested goods until you are certain the items are uninfested. Be sure to check for live insects upon opening, as eggs may have hatched (if they were present) and newly hatched first instars are difficult to see.
- · It is not necessary to treat your house for bed bugs if you follow these procedures. Importantly, do not try to use a fogger to treat potentially infested items. Although some foggers may be labeled for use against bed bugs, research shows that they are largely ineffective.
## Conclusions
If you have traveled recently or purchased used items, followed all of the recommendations above, but are still worried that you have a bed bug problem-reach out to a professional pest management company. They should be able to perform an inspection and provide treatment, if necessary. However, if all of the above steps are followed with vigilance, it is very possible to i) avoid picking up and spreading bed bugs during travel or day to day activities, and ii) avoid an at-home infestation. For any additional questions, please reach out to our urban and structural entomology extension specialists.
## Acknowledgements
We thank Michael Waldvogel and Patty Alder for generating the previous version of this insect note.
## Authors
Sydney Crawley
Assistant Professor and Extension Specialist (Urban and Structural Pests) Entomology and Plant Pathology
Christopher C. Hayes
Doctoral Candidate and Research Assistant Entomology and Plant Pathology
Publication date: Aug. 1, 2009
Reviewed/Revised: Feb. 7, 2023
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/ipm-farming/high-tunnel-construction/ | High Tunnel Construction | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"James Miles",
"Ayanava Majumdar"
] | 2018-08-08 | [
"Agriculture",
"Pest Management",
"Horticulture"
] | AL | ## High Tunnel Construction
High tunnels are unheated, plastic-covered, structures, usually with passive ventilation through roll-up or roll-down side walls. Height varies from 6 feet to more than 17 feet, depending on the crop grown and the equipment used. Typical high tunnel dimensions range from 10~30" width × 9~12" height × any length (typically 96 feet for 100-foot long rolls of plastic).
When designing a high tunnel, consider equipment height with operator trellis or crop support needs. High tunnels have the following features:
- · frame,
- side walls
- end walls
- cover
While your budget may limit your choice of materials, you may encounter problems if costs are cut significantly.
## Frame
PVC (polyvinylchloride) plastic pipe is an inexpensive material for rib construction. Plans are available for high tunnels using PVC with a construction budget beginning in the neighborhood of $200. However, frames constructed with PVC are weak and vulnerable to wind damage, and PVC tends to degrade rapidly in sunlight.
Most high tunnel framework is not constructed to support crops. Reinforce the frame if you are going to use it as part of your crop support. Planning ahead is the key for a cost-efficient and structurally sound frame.
## End Walls
End walls offer support, access, and ventilation. Hip board running along the ribs can be connected to the end walls to provide additional support. The openings must be wide enough for workers to walk through with tools, supplies, or produce. On one end of the high tunnel, the opening is a regular or enlarged door for workers with tools. The opening on the other end provides access for equipment, such as tractors, rototillers, and vehicles.
## Side Walls
Roll-up or roll-down side walls offer a simple way to manage temperature and promote ventilation. Because high tunnel ventilation is passive (not power- or fandriven), rolling up the sides allows warm air to exit. Temperature can be further manipulated by opening each side wall to varying heights at different times of the day.
Higher side walls are weaker than short side walls or high tunnels without side walls. However, the determining factor for side wall height should be the crop and equipment needs. If a tractor will be used, side walls must be at least the height of the tractor with ROPS (roll over protection structure) in the operating position. High tunnel structures with high side walls should be built strong enough to withstand severe weather.
## Covers
Greenhouse-grade polyethylene, a plastic film, is the most common material used for covering high tunnels. Typical greenhouse grades of 4 to 6 mil polyethylene can be used in a single-layer covering or a double-layer covering. The whole layer is twice as expensive, but the air between two layers will serve as an insulator, will help moderate temperatures, and will reduce moisture dripping from above onto the plants. This option requires a small electrical fan to inflate the plastic and is, therefore, not usually dried up with high tunnels.
The sole covering for a high tunnel. Knowledge of crop light, temperature, and season is necessary to determine shade cloth needs. Shade cloth is purchased by the percentage of light blocked-20 percent to 90 percent cloths are commonly available.
## Insect Netting
Consult the regional Extension agent in your area for updates or thorough consultation before and as you start high tunnel crop production. Extension also offers regional fruit and vegetable production meetings and training field days to help growers stay updated on new crop production technologies. The organic initiative in commercial horticulture provides support to small and low-resource farmers. Producers can apply for grants through the Alabama SARE program at www.southernseare.org/SARE-in-Your-State/Alabama.
## For more information
- · High Tunnel -www.hightunnels.org/
- · How to Build a High Tunnel
www.uky.edu/Ag/NewCrops/hightunnel.pdf
- · American Society of Plasticiculture -
http://plasticity.pusu.edu/?q=node/2
James Miles , former Regional Extension Agent, Mobile County; Ayanava Majumdar, Extension Entomologist, Auburn University
Reviewed August 2023, High Tunnel Construction, ANR-1434
Cookie Notice |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/waste-management/site-files/docs/articles/energy-flows-and-materials-circulate-a.pdf | Energy Flows and Materials Circulate | Oklahoma State University | [
"Dough Hamilton"
] | Error: time data "D:20120917085650-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Energy Flows and Materials Circulate
Doug Hamilton
## Waste Management Specialist Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service
The axiom contained in the title of this article may not be a true physical law, but it helps to explain how the universe operates. The first law of thermodynamics is often paraphrased: Energy is neither created nor destroyed, and energy flows downhill. The analogy of energy flowing like a river helps explain the idea of material circulation. The kinetic energy of the flowing river turns a waterwheel. The waterwheel represents circulating materials. Take the terrestrial carbon cycle illustrated in Figure 1 as an example. Think of an invisible string pulling down on the left hand side of the picture, causing the cycle to spin counter clockwise. This string is energy flowing through the system. Solar energy strikes the earth. Some energy (and today most believe too much energy) is temporarily stored as heat in the earth's crust and atmosphere. Most passes back out into space as long wave radiation.
Nature also stores energy in Carbon. Plants take carbon dioxide from the air, water from the soil, and use solar energy to create plant organic matter. Of course, photosynthesis also releases oxygen into the atmosphere, but what is important for the carbon cycle is that energy is stored in organic matter. A second thing to remember is the carbon cycle wheel has been turning for a long time. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are organic matter that was once sunlight millions of years ago.
Living creatures unlock the energy in organic matter for their own use. When a cow eats grass, she is harvesting the same energy released in a prairie fire. The process is the same for hogs just replace grass with grain and soybeans. Animals put carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere for plants to use. Burning fossil fuels also releases carbon dioxide, and it is being emitted to the
atmosphere faster than plants can absorb. The more carbon dioxide in the air, the more heat is trapped.
Animals release most of their digested organic matter as manure. Soil microorganisms emit carbon as they use the energy in manure to build soil organic matter -- and the wheel keeps spinning. Microbes also release plant nutrients from manure keeping the cycle lubricated.
Aerobic organisms (Many soil microbes, as well as people and pigs, which require oxygen to live) release water and carbon dioxide when they tap into the energy stored in organic matter. Anaerobic organisms (those that don't need oxygen to live) release a mixture of water, carbon dioxide, and methane. Anaerobic digestion is the industrial process of converting manure (or any kind of organic matter) to energy, water, and carbon dioxide and methane.
The down side of methane is it is really good at trapping heat in the atmosphere - somewhere between 20 and 70 times better than carbon dioxide at trapping heat. In other words, the heat trapping ability of methane is 20 to 70 carbon dioxide equivalents (CO$\_{2}$eq). If methane is allowed to escape into the atmosphere, it can accelerate the rate at which planet Earth warms. But, methane is also highly flammable. We can convert methane's energy to heat and release lower heating trapping carbon dioxide in its place.
You undoubtedly have heard that swine production has a smaller "carbon footprint" than most commercial operations. Even though mass of CO$\_{2}$eq released in swine production is relatively small, most is released in two processes - growing crops and handling manure. More than 50% of the CO$\_{2}$eq emitted while finishing hogs for market comes from methane released during manure storage (Figure 2). If we could capture the methane and convert it to carbon dioxide, we would reduce swine production's already small carbon footprint by about one half. Using the energy released by
anaerobic digestion -to run ventilation fans, heat and light barns would further reduce the carbon footprint by replacing the energy that might have otherwise been produced from fossil fuel.
The idea of a "cap and trade" policy to reduce green house gas emissions is a dirty word with many pork producers. Yes, capping fossil fuel emissions could raise the energy costs for everyone.
But, if you have carbon to trade, it could put you into a good negotiating position to lower your costs. The idea is a power company who has its CO$\_{2}$ equivalents capped could pay the pork producer to install an anaerobic digester to reduce methane emissions from his lagoon. The trade would reduce overall CO$\_{2}$eqs emitted.
Maybe renaming the policy "cap and pay the farmer" would get the wheels turning.
| | CO₂ |
|----|--------------------|
| O₂ | Animal Respiration | |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/holidays-and-special-occasions/holiday-decoration-safety/add-a-splash-of-holiday-color-with-poinsettias.html | Add a splash of holiday color with poinsettias - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2021-08-27 | [] | OK | ## ADD A SPLASH OF HOLIDAY COLOR WITH POINSETTIAS
For many people, as soon as Thanksgiving dinner dishes are washed and leftovers are stored in the refrigerator, it is time to break out Christmas decorations - lights, ornaments, garland and maybe even a light-up Christmas village.
One easy way to punctuate the transition with a splash of color is to bring in a few poinsettias, said Mike Schnelle, Oklahoma State University Extension ( /index.html) floriculture specialist.
"Most people are very familiar with the various shades of red poinsettias they find during the holidays. In fact, when the plant made its first appearance in the United States, red was the only color option," Schnelle said. "Today, however, many new varieties - well over 100 - have been developed that are commercially available in a wide range of colors, as well as marbled bracts and variegated foliage.
'These varieties should blend well with the color scheme of your holiday decorations. Dwarf selections and tree-like forms are available, too,' he said.
When shopping for the perfect plant, a few tips will be handy:
- Select the one with the most blooms.
- Look for dark green plants and foliage from the pot's rim up to the showy bracts. The bracts should be well expanded and colorful.
- Avoid plants that show signs of wilting, which may be an indication of root rot or chilling injury.
- Purchase poinsettias from a business that specializes in greenhouse plants.
Once the perfect poinsettias have been chosen, transportation home needs to be considered. Poinsettias are sensitive to extreme temperatures, so be sure to ask for a plant sleeve if the outdoor temperature is below 55 degrees Fahrenheit. An unprotected poinsettia exposed to freezing temperatures - even during a short walk to the car - will wilt and begin to drop its leaves.
Schnellle said once consumers have arrived at their destination, place the plant in bright, natural light.
"Don't place them in direct sunlight because this may cause the bracts to fade. Ideally, the indoor temperature should be about 62-70 degrees Fahrenheit," he said. "Try to avoid placing your poinsettias in areas that are exposed to hot drafts such as heat from appliances, radiators, fireplaces or furnace ducts. Cold drafts from windows and doors also should be avoided. A nice, constant temperature of about 6270 degrees is best."
Proper watering is essential to keep the plants healthy. Most commercial growers use a soilless mix, which weighs less than a soil-based potting mix. The best indicator of the plant needing water is to pick up the pot and judge the weight. If it feels lighter and the potting mix feels dry to the touch, a thorough watering is needed.
A good watering method Schnelle recommends is to remove the decorative wrap from the pot, then set the pot directly in a sink and water until water drains from the holes in the bottom of the pot. Allow the excess water to drain from the pot before returning the plant to the decorative wrap.
'It's important to know poinsettias are very susceptible to root rot,' Schnelle said. 'That's why excess water should be given time to drain off before returning the plant to the decorative wrap. The plant's roots will rot if allowed to sit in standing water.'
Try to fertilize the poinsettia on a weekly basis with a halfstrength liquid houseplant fertilizer. Consumers also can use a slow-release fertilizer when first bringing the plant home.
One old wives' tale that has been around for years is that poinsettias are poisonous to people. This is not true, although the sap from the plant can cause minor skin irritation to a small percentage of individuals.
"However, we do recommend keeping them out of reach of young children and pets," he said. "Poinsettias add such a festive look to holiday decorations, and with proper care, consumers are sure to enjoy them throughout the holiday season and beyond." |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/healthy-soils/soil-biology-cover-crops-and-disease-suppression/ | Healthy Soils | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Audrey Gamble"
] | 2018-07-26 | [
"Healthy Soils",
"Farming",
"Agriculture"
] | AL | <!-- This page is cached by the Hummingbird Performance plugin v3.6.0 - https://wordpress.org/plugins/hummingbird-performance/. --><!DOCTYPE html>
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margin: 0;
padding: .5em;
}
.footable.table>thead>tr>th {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 2px solid #888;
}
tr:last-child {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 1px solid #888;
}
tbody tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
background-color: #c6ebb7 !important;
}
.ninja_button, ninja_button_print {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
line-height: 1.3333333;
padding: 14px 20px !important;
border-radius: 0;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
vertical-align: middle;
touch-action: manipulation;
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
background-image: none;
border: 1px solid #0000;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.screen-reader-text {
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
position: absolute !important;
width: 1px;
word-wrap: normal !important;
}
/* slide show below nav home page */
body.home header#header {
position: relative !important;
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (min-height:770px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 82vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (max-height:769px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 150vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
.dae-headline img {
max-height: 18vh !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 42vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 55% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 6vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth, #rev_slider_24_1_wrapper {
height:42% !important;
max-height:42% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) and (max-width:600px) {
.tp-caption.tp-resizeme {
font-size: 22px!important;
line-height: 22px!important;
}
}
/*slide show text area shadow*/
.rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 35%;
top: 65%;
background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .5), rgba(0, 0, 0, .4), rgba(0, 0, 0, .2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));
}
.category .rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .category .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 100%;
top: 100%;
}
.category .tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 0;
}
/*Topic page slider*/
.Newspaper-Button, tp-caption.Newspaper-Button {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-width: 0 !important;
color: #424242!important;
padding: 13px 18px!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase!important;
letter-spacing: 0 !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;
}
/*GDPR cookie notice*/
#cookie-notice {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
background-color: #fff;
letter-spacing: .5px;
}
/* Remove underline in footer logos */
.logo-wrapper a {
border: none !important;
}
/*MY ACES Add Bookmark*/
.btn-add-bookmark {
display: none;
}
/* after slider padding for lead*/
.lead {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/*header-top*/
.header-top .top-menu-right {
background-color: #f9f9f9cc!important;
}
/*header-top blue link text*/
.header-top .top-menu-right a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
}
/*recent articles*/
.work-entry {
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*recent articles blue link text*/
.work-entry a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*topic page link color (needs to be darker over gray backgorund)*/
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added p {
min-height: inherit;
/*(old)color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #366d21;
}
/*We Grow Alabama cards*/
.sb-value-added {
color:#fff;
background-color: #00000090!important;
}
/*Grow green*/
.green-color {
/*color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #76CF3A;
}
/*we Grow Alabama numbers*/
.sb-value-added h5 {
padding-top:0;
font-size: 1.4em;
}
/*after numbers*/
h5 .small, h5 small {
font-weight: 400;
line-height: 1;
color: #959595 !important;
}
/*calendar band background*/
.event-ticker {
/*(old)background-color: #4f9c2e;*/
background-color: #438528;
}
/*calendar band event name*/
#vertical-ticker li h5.event-name {
/*#fff;
margin: 8px 0 2px;*/
font-size: 1em;
}
body.home header#header {
top: 0;
}
.gform_wrapper ul.gfield_checkbox li label, .gform_wrapper ul.gfield_radio li label {padding-left: 30px !important;}
.anchor {
position: absolute;
padding-top: 36px;
margin-top: -36px;
}
/*Gravity Form submit button*/
.gform_footer .btn-primary {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
}
.post-info-header-category, .post-info-header-logo, .footer-print {
display: none;
}
/*printer icon*/
a.aces-print-article {
cursor:pointer;
text-decoration:underline;
}
li.aces-print i.fa-cloud-download, li.aces-print i.fa-print {
padding-right: 7px !important;
}
/*byline line break for mobile*/
@media (min-width: 991px) {
.byline-mobile-line-break {
display:none;
}
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
.read-time {
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
background: #f9f9f9;
color: #000!important;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 10px 4px 3px;
font-weight: 700!important;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
}
/*About Us card deck*/
.card-margin-top {
margin-top: 1em;
}
/*About Us category text adjustment*/
.category-about-us .subcat-content, .category-aamu .subcat-content {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
padding: 20px 0;
}
/*About Us category remove dateline*/
.category-about-us.post-meta-info-content ul:first-child {
display: none !important;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.cat-4h, .cat-about-4-h, .cat-family-resources-4-h, .cat-volunteer-resources-4-h, .cat-programs-4-h, .cat-animals-4-h, .cat-arts-4-h, .cat-healthy-living-4-h, .cat-leadership-4-h, .cat-outdoor-education-4-h, .cat-science-technology-4-h, .cat-how-to-give-4-h, .cat-support-4-h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.post-format.cat-4h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* Gravity Forms OTHER spacing 2023-05-23 JMH*/
.gform_wrapper input:not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=submit]):not([type=button]):not([type=image]):not([type=file]) {
padding: 5px 2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size for line height is fixed error*/
.topic-list .sb-value-added p {
line-height: 1.2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size adjustment when there is not an image for the topic link. 2019-08-16 RFF & JMH */
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added .service-block-title-large {
margin: 0 !important;
font-size: inherit !important;
}
/* Alert Menu */
.header-alert, .bg-alert {
background: #ee2400;
color: white;
}
.header-alert .navbar-nav>li>a {
text-transform: none;
}
.alert-btn {
background-color: #ee2400;
border-color: #ee2400;
color: white;
margin: 5px;
}
.nav>li>a.alert-link {
display: none;
background-color: #ee2400;
}
/*Ex TV*/
.navbar-nav>li>a.extv-link {
text-transform: none;
}
/*page icon for video pages*/
.page-header .post-format {
background-size: 65%;
}
/*video embed resposive*/
.embed-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%;
}
.embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
/* ExTV dark */
.category-extv .main-wrapper, .category-extv .association, .category-extv .assoc-entry, .category-extv .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv .association h1, .category-extv .association h2, .category-extv .association h3, .category-extv .association h4, .category-extv .association h5, .category-extv .association h6,
.category-extv-dark .main-wrapper, .category-extv-dark .association, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv-dark .association h1, .category-extv-dark .association h2, .category-extv-dark .association h3, .category-extv-dark .association h4, .category-extv-dark .association h5, .category-extv-dark .association h6 {
background: rgb(31, 31, 31);
color: #fff;
}
.category-extv .association .sub-divider-new, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new {
border-color: rgb(31, 31, 31);
}
.category-extv .main-wrapper a, .category-extv .association a, .category-extv .assoc-entry a, .category-extv-dark .main-wrapper a, .category-extv-dark .association a, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry a {
color:white;
}
.category-extv-dark article.assoc-entry::first-child, .category-extv article.assoc-entry::first-child {
visibility:hidden;
}
.post-grid-assoc {
border: 1px solid #454545;
}
.directory-listing, .event-listing, .search-results {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
/*mobile phone inline image fix 07-12-2021 JMH*/
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
margin: 10px !important;
}
}
/*counties*/
.subcat-content {
padding-top: 20px;
}
.county-columns {
columns: 140px 5;
line-height: 3em;
padding: 20px 0 20px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 2em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.7em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.6em;
}
}
/* end counties */
/* Custom Gallery */
.custom-gallery {
margin: auto;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
.custom-gallery img {
border: 2px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* Decision Tree CSS */
.dt_display_title {
color: #1D63AB !important;
font: 700 1.5em Helvetica Nue,sans-serif !important;
font-size: 44px !important;
line-height: 1.2 !important;
}
.dt_display_question {
font-size: 16px !important;
line-height: 1.5 !important;
letter-spacing: .5px !important;
}
.dt_display_subtext {
font-style:italic !important;
padding: 10px 0 !important;
}
.dt_button, .answer-restart {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-color: #f39c12 !important;
color: #424242!important;
font-family: Helvetica Nue, sans-serif !important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
}
/* end Decision Tree CSS */
/* cookie notice container */
#cookie-notice .cookie-notice-container a {
color:#5EA1E4 !important;
}
/* footer bottom left*/
.footer-menu-left {
float: left;
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.footer-menu-left li {
border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.6);
padding: 0 10px;
line-height: 1.2;
}
.footer-menu-left li:first-child {
border-left: none;
padding-left: 0;
}
.footer-bottom-left {
color: #fff;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.footer-bottom .footer-menu {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/* Print Stylesheet - LEAVE AT BOTTOM */
@media print {
*, ::after, ::before {
color: #000!important;
text-shadow: none !important;
background: 0 0 !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, san-serif;
}
body {
--webkit-hyphens: auto;
--moz-hyphens: auto;
hyphens: auto;
}
.row-print {
min-height: 20px;
}
.post-info-header-category {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 13pt;
left: 15px;
max-width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-category h1 {
color: green !important;
display: inline;
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-weight: lighter;
letter-spacing: 2pt;
text-align: left;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.post-info-header-category hr {
position: absolute;
margin-top: 0 !important;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-logo {
display: block;
padding: 0 !important;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 45pt;
width: 190px !important;
text-align: right !important;
}
.main-cat-title, h1 {
font-size: 28pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
.main-cat-title {
margin-bottom: auto;
}
h1 {
font-size: 18pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
h2 {
font-size: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
color: #001a96 !important;
}
p, ul, li {
font-size: 10pt !important;
line-height: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
}
/*p img {
display: none;
}*/
img.wp-image-46702 {
display: block !important;
}
.post-media {
margin: 0 0 10px 0;
padding: 0;
border: none;
}
.image-overlay {
display: inline-block;
}
.header, .page-wrapper, div.container div.row, .forcefullwidth_wrapper_tp_banner, .post-format, .subcat-title, .breadcrumb, .read-time, .post-meta-info-content, .at-below-post, .addthis_tool .alignright, .like-dislike, span.small, .tags, aside.related-posts, .footer-inner, table, .ninja_button_print, .nt_edit_link, .btn {
display: none;
}
table.display-print {display: inline-block !important }
/*remove URL from gallery images*/
.gallery a[href]:after {
content: none;
}
.aces-pub a[href]:after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")" !important;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
.page-header {
border-bottom: none !important;
}
.logo {
margin-top: 0;
}
.subact-title {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.subact-title a {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.content-print {
column-count: 2 !important;
-webkit-column-count: 2 !important;
column-gap: 40px !important;
-webkit-column-gap: 40px !important;
}
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
}
.wp-caption-text {
font-size: 8pt !important;
line-height: 11pt !important;
}
.footer-print {
display: block !important;
}
.footer-print-logo {
max-width: 190px;
padding-bottom: 7pt;
}
.footer-print-content p {
font-family: Times New Roman, serif;
font-size: 7pt !important;
line-height: 6pt !important;
/*letter-spacing: -.1pt;*/
margin: 1pt 0 3pt !important;
}
.footer-print-content h2 {
font-size: 11pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
margin-top: 7px;
}
.footer-print-content hr {
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
h3.table_title:before {
content: 'Print "';
}
h3.table_title:after {
content:'" table from our website.';
}
/*video in print*/
iframe {
display:none;
}
iframe[src]:after {
content: " (" attr(src) ")" !important;
}
#cookie-notice {
display: none !important;
}
.cookie-notice-container {
display: none !important;
}
}
/*end print stylesheet*/
/* siteimprove suggested edits */
/* vendor.min.css:18 */
.form-background, .contact-bar {
background-color: #106522 !important;
}
blockquote {
color: #595959 !important;}
.subcat-content {
font-size: 1.3125em !important;
}
.tribe-events-content ol, .tribe-events-content p, .tribe-events-content ul {
font-size:1.125em !important;
}
/*end siteimprove suggested edits*/
</style>
</head>
<body class="aces_content_piece-template-default single single-aces_content_piece postid-4255 tribe-no-js">
<a class="skip-main" href="#main">Skip to main content</a>
<header id="header" class="header" role="banner" aria-label="site header">
<div class="page-wrapper">
<script>
function closeAlert() {
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=aces.edu; Path=/";
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=acesag.auburn.edu; Path=/";
jQuery("#headerAlert").css("display","none");
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
function showAlertMenu() {
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
</script>
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top header-top-desktop">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-60676759"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <a href="javascript:getLocation()">(Find Nearest)</a> -->
<!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="header-inner" class="header-inner">
<div class="header-middle">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<div class="left-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn btn-primary" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".header-top">
<span class="sr-only" aria-label="search category options">Toggle navigation</span>
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-8 col-xs-offset-0 col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-0 col-md-4 col-md-offset-0">
<div class="logo">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/" aria-label="Select to go to the home page"><img
src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.svg"
height="auto"
class="img-responsive"
style="display:inline-block;"
alt="Alabama Extension"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="right-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn primary-d alignright" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".search-row">
<span class="sr-only">Toggle search</span>
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-2 col-md-2 search-row mobile-collapse collapse"></div><!-- 2019-12-10 RFF -->
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 search-row mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<form id="aces-primary-search" action="https://www.aces.edu">
<div class="input-group search-wrapper" id="header-search" role="search" aria-label="search the site">
<label for="main-search" class="visually-hidden"><!-- Search articles, publications, and events -->Tell me about...</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control search-header" id="aces-primary-search-s" name="s" placeholder="Tell me about..." id="main-search" value="">
<input type="hidden" id="aces-primary-search-q" name="q">
<span class="input-group-btn right-home-search">
<button class="btn primary-d" type="submit">Search</button>
</span>
</div>
<!-- <input type="hidden" name="cat" value=""> -->
</form>
<script>
/** Applies the category selection to form. */
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
/* 2019-12-11 RFF - turned off.
var el = $('.search-category').on('click', function () {
var id = $(this).data('id'),
el = $('form input[name="cat"]');
el.val(id);
el.attr('value', id);
$('form span.cat-name').text($(this).text());
});
*/
/* 2020-04-23 RFF - added */
$('#aces-primary-search').submit(function(event) {
$('#aces-primary-search-q').val($('#aces-primary-search-s').val());
});
});
</script>
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<article id="post-4255" class="post-4255 aces_content_piece type-aces_content_piece status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-healthy-soils category-indicators-of-soil-health category-soil-health-benefits category-what-is-soil tag-alabama-healthy-soils tag-conservation-cropping-systems tag-conservation-practices tag-conservation-systems tag-farm-conservation-practices tag-row-crop-soils tag-soil-conservation tag-soil-conservation-systems tag-soil-health tag-soil-health-benefits first last odd" role="article" aria-label="Soil Biology: Cover Crops and Disease Suppression">
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Soil Biology: Cover Crops and Disease Suppression </div>
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<li>July 26, 2018</li>
<li class="meta-author">Posted by: Audrey Gamble</li>
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<div class="at-above-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/healthy-soils/soil-biology-cover-crops-and-disease-suppression/"></div><p>Cover crops provide a natural soil pest and disease suppression. It can also serve as a mulch to cover and assist in weed suppression.</p>
<p>When considering a cover crop for disease suppression, farmers should consider three factors</p>
<ul>
<li>field history</li>
<li>observed diseases</li>
<li>future crops and their potential pathogens</li>
</ul>
<p>The integration of cover crops into a crop production system often leads to soils that help suppress plant diseases, or have less likelihood for disease development. This may occur when producers till fall-planted cover crops under in the spring as green manure prior to planting. It may also occur when producers chemically terminate the cover crop and the residue is left on soil surfaces as a mulch.</p>
<p>An increase in overall soil activity and diversity of microorganisms that inhabit the soil may suppress soil diseases. Some cover crops impact plant pathogens directly through the release of toxic compounds that are unfavorable to the growth of fungi. These changes may also impact diseases through an increase in fungistasis.</p>
<p>In addition to direct effects on plant pathogens, many cover crops trigger the plant’s immune response. This response protects it from infection—or host defense response. Cover crops may also increase numbers of individual beneficial organisms.</p>
<p>No-till cover crops also provide a physical barrier. This barrier reduces the splash of soil and soil-borne pathogens onto foliage, stems, or fruit.</p>
<h1>More Information</h1>
<p><a href="https://southern.sare.org/resources/soil-biology-cover-crops-and-disease-suppression/?">For additional information concerning cover crops and disease suppression, download a PDF from Southern SARE.</a></p>
<p><i>This product was developed with support from the Southern Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (Southern SARE) program, which is funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture—National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA-NIFA). Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed within do not necessarily reflect the view of the Southern SARE program or the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.</i></p>
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https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/tate-county-covid-19-sales-subject-sales-tax-analysis | Tate County COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis | MSU Extension- Tate County | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | " Publications " Publication s Tate County COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis
## Tate County COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis
PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number: P3480-69
View as PDF: P3480-69.pdf
Department: MSU Extension-Tate County
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
Your Extension Experts
Dr. James Newton Barnes
Extension Professor
Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II
Dr. Devon Patricia Mills
Assistant Professor
Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith
Associate Extension Professor
Related News
OCTOBER 3, 2024
Crosby Arboretum earns Outpost Business recognition
FEBRUARY 1, 2024
Filed Under: Economic Development
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842 Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998 Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374 Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375 Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796 Talking Retail Trade |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/charlotteco/2020/07/27/roses-of-the-desert/ | Roses of the Desert | University of Florida | [
"Ralph Mitchell"
] | 2020-07-27 | [
"Florida-Friendly Landscaping",
"Home Landscapes",
"Allamanda",
"Carissa",
"Desert Rose",
"drought tolerant",
"flowering plant",
"oleander",
"plumeria"
] | FL | ## Roses of the Desert
The very first plant I received when I moved to Charlotte County almost twenty-years ago was a desert rose given to me by Master Gardener volunteers as a welcome gift. It was a plant I had heard of, but never grown before. First in a pot and then in the ground, this flowering plant never disappointed me with its unique appearance and colorful flowers.
Desert roses are very
popular plants, and I
would recommend
them as a gift for the gardener who has everything.
To begin, the desert rose is not a rose at all, but a relative of some more familiar plants including Allamanda, Plumeria, Oleander and Carissa. This drought-tolerant plant is originally from desert regions ranging from Africa to the Arabian Peninsula. Noted for thick stems and a swollen base, desert roses have smooth grayish-green branches and glossy green leaves. Growing upwards to six-feet tall, the base of desert rose is called a caudex which is often noticeably swollen giving the plant an almost bonsai-like quality. The flowers in cultivated desert roses are tubular with flared lips available in colors including red, pink and white - some forms sporting double or even triple petals and fragrance!
Desert roses are good for containers or in the landscape. Containers work well because they offer very good drainage and mobility if winter temperatures or overly rainy weather occur. Use a welldrained (cactus) potting mix and a pot wide enough to
accommodate the expanding swollen stem. If planted in the landscape, select a full sun area in well-drained soil. Soil modifications may be needed to ensure a well-drained area as excess moisture will promote stem and root rots. Raised beds are one idea using loose rubber or rocks with sandy soil to build a flat, eighteen-inch mound. Using a mixture of seventy five percent sand to twenty-five percent to top soil, plant the desert rose at the same depth it was in the pot being careful not to damage the roots. Don't use organic mulch around desert roses as excess moisture retention can encourage rots. Desert roses can take a lot of rain in temperatures above eighty degrees Fas long as the soil is welldrained. However, cool temperatures and moisture will initiate problems. Don't be surprised by significant leaf loss during the winter - this is normal. Temperatures below forty-degrees F can cause branch tip damage and accordingly protection during cold weather may be needed.
While desert roses can attract scale insects and mealy bugs, one of the worst insect problems that I have seen is the oleander caterpillar. Due to its relation to oleander, desert roses can become infested with this defolating insect - sometimes suddenly. While you could use a least-toxic insecticide like Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for control purposes, handpicking may be easier to undertake with quicker results. Frequent monitoring is advised.
In general, desert roses do not need much in the way of pruning. If you conduct any pruning to stimulate bushiness, do it early in the growing season and use disinfected pruners. Also, wear gloves as the sap is considered toxic.
Some named cultivars to look for include 'Singapore' with pink flowers and 'Grumbley's White' with white flowers. Local specialty growers will also have many additional cultivars and forms available. Try these "Roses of the Desert" in your yard today! For more information on all types of plants for your Florida Yard, or to ask a question, please visit https://www.facebook.com/CharlotteMGLYPH(cmap:df00). Ralph E. Mitchell is the Director/Horticulture Agent for the UF/IFAS Charlotte County Extension Service. He can be reached at 941-764-4344 or ralph.mitchell@charlottecountyl.gov.
Don't forget that Florida-Friendly Landscaping™ is a program that our office encourages as it promotes planting the "right plant in the right place", water conservation, common sense pest management, sensible use of fertilizers, composting, etc. that help develop a
sustainable landscape. For more information on this important, over-arching program, please contact Sara Weber, FFL EducationTraining Specialist, at Sara.Weber@charlottecountyl.gov .
## Resources:
UF/IFAS Gardening Solutions (2020) - Desert Rose. University of
Florida Extension Service, IFAS.
McLaughlin, J. & Garafalo, J. (2002) Desert Rose. The University of
Florida Extension Service, IFAS, Miami-Dade County
Landre, C. (2020) Desert Rose - Adenium obesum. South-Florida-
Plant-Guide.com
3
by Ralph Mitchell
Posted: July 27, 2020
Category: Florida-Friendly/Landscaping, Home Landscapes
Tags: Allamanda, Carissa, Desert Rose, Drought-tolerant, Flowering
Plant, Oleander, Plumeria
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Peace...Lily
- · A Copperleaf Of A Different Color
- · 2023 - New Year's Gardening Resolutions
- · Fakahatchee's Little Cousin |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/for-you/sugar-the-sour-truth-about-sweet-drinks/ | The Sour Truth About Sweet Drinks | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Katie Funderburk"
] | 2022-03-22 | [
"Nutrition",
"Health",
"Family and Consumer Sciences"
] | AL | ## The Sour Truth About Sweet Drinks
What you drink is just as important as what you eat. Sugary drinks such as regular soda, energy or sports drinks, fruit drinks, and sweet tea are all just water with added sugar, flavors, and colors. How much sugar is in your water?
- · Fruit Punch: 18 tsp
- Energy Drink: 16 tsp
- Sweet Tea: 14 tbsp
- Sport Drink: 9 tsp
Teaspoons of sugar are based on a 20-ounce serving and are rounded to the nearest whole number.
Rethink Your Drink. All that sugar adds up. It's not just sugar you are drinking, but calories too. It would take an average person almost an entire hour of brisk walking to burn off the calories in a 20-ounce bottle of soda. Choose water!
Katie Funderburk , Family and Consumer Sciences Extension Specialist, Auburn University
Reviewed March 2022, The Sour Truth About Sweet Drinks, FCS-2199
Click here to view the USDA Nondiscrimination Statement (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/live-well-alabama/usda nondiscrimination-statement/)
Download this article as a PDF
[ https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/FCS-2199.pdf ) The Sour Truth About Sweet Drinks,.FCS-2199 (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/FCS-2199.pdf)
Cookie Notice |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/sweetpotato-scurf | Sweetpotato Scurf | NC State Extension | [
"Lina Quesada-Ocampo"
] | null | [
"Plant Pathology",
"Fungus",
"Sweetpotato",
"Vegetable",
"Vegetable Disease",
"Root Crop"
] | NC | ## Sweetpotato Scurf
Vegetable Pathology Factsheets
## Pathogen
Sweetpotato scurf is caused by the ascomycete fungus Monilochaetes infuscans .
## Host Crops and Plants
M. infuscans has a very narrow host range, limited only to sweetpotato and it's close relative the morning glory.
## Identification
The fungus grows only in the skin of the sweetpotato and produces spores on the surface under high humidity conditions, for example during storage. This pathogen is diagnosed by observation of chains of spores on the surface of the lesions that can be seen only with the aid of a hand lens or microscope (Figure 1 and Figure 2). The diseased areas are purple or grayish-brown to black, are only skin-deep, and enlarge very slowly during storage. Usually, only a few scattered lesions are seen on the root (Figure 3), but in severe cases, almost the entire surface of the root can be affected (Figure 4). In the field, the scurf fungus only attacks underground portions of sweetpotatoes.
## Favorable Environmental Conditions for the Disease
Scurf is favored by high humidity and free moisture, and it is usually worse during rainy seasons.
## Disease Transmission
The scurf pathogen survives in soil for only 1-3 years, depending on soil type. Survival in soil is higher in fine-textured soils and is also favored by higher organic matter content. The primary means of transmission is through infested soil that comes into direct contact with wounded plant tissue, which typically occurs when slips are pulled instead of cut at least 1 inch above the soil line or when unsanitized tools are used to cut slips.
Another means of spread of the disease is on planting material. The fungus can grow from an infected seed root up onto the sprouts produced from that root. In the field it then can grow from an infected slip down onto the daughter roots produced by that plant.
Healthy roots may become contaminated with fungus spores from diseased roots, and contaminated crates, baskets, and storage houses. During grading operations, spores from diseased roots are dislodged with soil and distributed by air currents, contaminating containers and other sweetpotatoes.
## General Disease Management
Prevention is the best method of controlling scurf and several steps can be taken to limit scurf outbreaks.
## Set healthy plants:
- · Certified seed is the best source of disease-free plants.
- · Carefully select seed for bedding. Whether certified seed is used or not, every root should be inspected when selected. Welting the roots makes scrun spots easier to see.
- · Treat the seed before bedding. Unseen contaminating spores can be killed by dipping the roots in a fungicide.
- · Use vine cuttings or cut sprouts. Sprouts cut above the soil level, or vine cuttings, of healthy plants will be scurf-free. For fields with history of scurl, the cut sprouts or vines should be dipped to a depth of about 5 inches in a fungicide.
- · Do not contaminate plants by placing them in contaminated containers, holding them in contaminated houses, or hauling on contaminated truck bodies. Disinfest contaminated equipment before using.
## Use land free of scurf:
- · Locate beds in a site known to have been free from sweetpotatoes for three years.
- · Plant in scruff-free soils. Rotate sweetpotatoes with other crops to eliminate scurl. In light soils, such as Norfolk sandy loam, a 2-to 3-year rotation is adequate. In heavier soils or those rich in organic matter use a 3-to 4-year rotation.
- · Harvest and store sweetpotatoes in clean containers and houses.
- · Before harvest, clean and disinfest storage houses, containers, and equipment.
## Disease Control for Conventional Growers
No fungicides are effective at controlling this disease after scurf has become established but products can be used to protect seed and slips. The active ingredient dicloran has shown good efficacy for controlling scurf. For the latest fungicide recommendations for sweetpotato scurf see the Southeastern US Vegetable Crop Handbook . Fungicide labels are legal documents, always read
| Active ingredient | Example product | Fungicide group |
|---------------------|-------------------|-------------------|
| thiabendazole | Mertect 340-F | 1 |
| dicloran | Botran | 14 |
| fludioxonil | Maxim 4FS | 12 |
| azoxystrobin | Dynasty | 11 |
## Useful Resources
- · The NC State Plant Disease and Insect Clinic provides diagnostics and control recommendations
- · The Extension Plant Pathology Portal provides information on crop disease management
- · The Southeastern US Vegetable Crop Handbook provides information on vegetable disease management
- · The USDA Fungus-Host Distributions Database provides information about reported hosts for fungal and oomycete pathogens
## Acknowledgements
This factsheet was prepared by the NC State Vegetable Pathology Lab in 2013.
- · Follow us on Twitter!
## Author
Lina Quesada-Ocampo WNR Distinguished Professor, Plant Pathology (Cucurbits and Sweetpotato) Entomology & Plant Pathology
Publication date: Dec. 16, 2018 Reviewed/Revised: Jan. 9, 2023
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C.A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local NC. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/what-do-we-teach-environmental-education/ | About 4-H | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Molly Gregg"
] | 2018-08-23 | [
"4-H",
"Environmental Education",
"Youth Programs"
] | AL | ## What Do We Teach? Environmental Education
The Alabama 4-H environmental education curriculum grid provides a snapshot of what we teach. Please note, not all programs are available in every county.
Growing Alabama's Future: Alabama 4-H seeks to empower youth with the skills to lead our communities, our state, our nation, and our world. Alabama 4-H will reflect the population demographics, vulnerable populations, diverse needs, and social conditions of the state.
Print "4-H Curriculum-Environmental Education" table from our website.
Environmental Education Events: Classroom in the Forest, Forestry Awareness Week Now (FAWN), State 4-H Forestry Invitational, State 4-H Wildlife Habitat Education Program Contest (WHEP), Water Festival, CED Contest (Freestyle Showcase, Art of Container Gardening), and Senior Achievement: Natural Resources
See National 4-H Curriculum Resources (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about4-h/national-4- hiculum-resources/) for additional information on curriculum resources.
Cookie Notice |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/lincoln-county-economic-well-being-and-poverty | Lincoln County Economic Well-being and Poverty | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith",
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Extension Center for Economic Education and Financial Literacy"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications » Lincoln County Economic Well-being and Poverty
## Lincoln County Economic Well-being and Poverty
Filed Under: Economic Development, Extension Center for Economic Education and Financial Literacy PUBLICATIONS Publication Number: P3267-44
View as PDF: P3267-44.pdf
Publication File:
lincoln\_poverty\_presentation\_profile.pdf
Department: MSU Extension-LincolnCounty.
Print PDF
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
Authors
Dr.Devon Patricia Mills
Assistant Professor
Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor
Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith
Associate Extension Professor
Your Extension Experts
Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor
Dr. Rachael Carter
Extension Specialist II
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842
Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998
Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374
Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375
Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796
Talking Retail Trade
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https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-schools/meet-shining-rainbow/ | In Schools | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Sondra Parmer"
] | 2018-07-17 | [
"Nutrition",
"Health",
"Education"
] | AL | I AM SHINING RAINBOW I LOVE EATING COLORFUL VEGETABLES! www.BodyQuest.aces.edu
Body Quest Warrior Shining Rainbow has the power to look and feel good inside and out because she eats plenty of colorful vegetables. Vegetables not only taste delicious, but are good for keeping you lean and healthy.
Vegetables are basic to good eating and having a healthy life. Be sure to have vegetables at every meal, even in snacks. Shining Rainbow loves snacking on crunchy carrots, yellow or
## Cookie Notice
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php) |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/pinellasco/2023/01/30/new-episode-from-naturally-florida-highlighting-a-keystone-species-the-gopher-tortoise/ | New Episode from Naturally Florida – “Highlighting a Keystone Species: The Gopher Tortoise” | University of Florida | [
"Lara Milligan"
] | 2023-01-30 | [
"Natural Resources",
"gopher tortoise",
"lmilligan",
"naturally florida podcast",
"scarnevale",
"Wildlife"
] | FL | ## New Episode from Naturally Florida - 'Highlighting a Keystone Species: The Gopher Tortoise'
The gopher tortoise is not only a keystone species, but also an endemic species, making it special and important to the overall function of the ecosystems where it is found. In this episode we will explore the life of the gopher tortoise
including some basic identification information, population status, biology, and things you can do help populations in Florida.
## New Episode from Naturally Florida
Naturally Florida (a.podcast about Florida's natural areas and the wild things that live here) recently released a new episode about Florida's gopher tortoises.
Check it out, below on Spotify, or on your favorite podcast platform.
Application error: a client-side exception has occurred (see the browser console for more information).
If you enjoyed this episode about the gopher tortoise, please consider sharing it with a friend.
You can find all the podcast platforms where Naturally Florida is published, submit feedback, or request future topics at www.naturallyfloridapodc ast.com
## Learn more about the Gopher
## Tortoise:
- · Watch our webinar: https://youtu.be/lQhwxObOcb4
- · Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission - Gopher Tortoise Program:
https://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/wildlife/gopher-tortoise/
- · The Gopher Tortoise Council -
https://gophertortoisecouncil.org/gopher-tortoise
## How You Can Help Florida's Gopher Tortoises:
- · Help get them out of the road - Place them on the side of the road in the direction they were heading (Note: Do not place them in water)
- · Avoid disturbing gopher tortoise burrows (this includes pets)
- · Add native forage species to your yard https://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/wildlife/gopher-
tortoise/help/plant-guide/
- · Support prescribed burning in your area to support the ecosystems that support gopher tortoises
- · Support longleaf pine restoration efforts wherever possible
- · Find out what to do if you find a gopher tortoise near you (injured, healthy, or deceased): https://myfwc.com/education/wildlife/gopher - tortoise/tortoise-sightings/
## Sources for this Episode:
- · Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission - Gopher Tortoise Education: https://myfwc.com/education/wildlife/gopher-tortoise/
- · Fire Effects Information System - Species: Gopherus polyphenmus - https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/animals/reptile/gopo/all .html
## Learn about other episodes from Naturally Florida by Clicking Here.
University of Florida IFAS Extension is committed to diversity of people, thought and opinion, to inclusiveness and to equal opportunity.
UF/IFAS Extension is an Equal Opportunity Institution.
O
by Lara Milligan and Shannon Carnevale
Posted: January 30, 2023
Category: Natural Resources
Tags: Gopher Tortoise, Lmilligan, Naturally Florida Podcast,
Scarnevale, Wildlife
More From Blogs.IFAS |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/in-communities/faith-communities-encourage-healthy-eating-active-living/ | Faith Communities Encourage Healthy Eating, Active Living | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Sondra Parmer",
"Alicia Powers"
] | 2018-06-28 | [
"Health",
"Community",
"Nutrition",
"Active Living"
] | AL | extension
## Faith Communities Encourage Healthy Eating, Active Living
Faith communities play a special role in helping their members lead healthy lifestyles. Faith communities care about members' health, offer programs and services to support their members, serve as centers of their communities, and have leaders who are widely respected.
Live Well Alabama partners with faith communities to promote healthy eating and active living of faith community members through direct education, social marketing strategies, and policy, system and environmental change efforts. Using these three complementary and integrated elements creates conditions where people are encouraged to act on their education and awareness, helping ensure the healthy choice is the easy choice.
## Goals of the Live Well Faith Communities:
## Success:
Across Alabama faith communities have made positive nutrition and physical activity changes in policy, system and environment with the support of SNAP-Ed. Some of which include:
- · eliminating fried foods and sweet tea at congregational meals, ensuring water availability at congregational meals
- · encouraging the availability of healthy options for each element of a congregational meal-entrée, sides, dessert, and beverage
- · establishing, reinvigorating, and sustaining edible gardens at the faith community
- · promoting healthy selections through recipe demonstrations, tastings, and informational material given to the faith community members |
https://extension.okstate.edu/articles/2022/hall_of_fame_wagner.html | Cotton County 4-H’er takes top honor at State 4-H Roundup - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2022-08-02 | [] | OK | Zach Wagner, Cotton County 4-H'er, was inducted into the Oklahoma 4-H Hall of Fame during the Honors Night Assembly at State 4-H Roundup. He was unable to attend the awards presentation due to a study abroad opportunity. His family accepted the award on his behalf. Pictured left to right are Leticia Wagner, Julia Wagner, Avery Wagner and Kelsey Wagner. (Photo by Todd Johnson, OSU Agricultural Communications Services)
## Cotton County 4-H'er takes top honor at State 4-H Roundup
Tuesday, August 2, 2022
Media Contact: Trisha Gedon | Communications Specialist | 405-744-3625 | trisha.gedon@okstate.edu(mailto:trisha.gedon@okstate.edu)
## Share
When Zach Wagner was younger, he heard the quote, "The only thing limiting yourself is yourself."
It didn't mean much to him until he started down his
4-H(https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/4h-youth-development/index.html) path.
What a journey that has been, culminating in receiving the highest award a club member can achieve on the state level.
The Cotton County 4-H'er was inducted into the Oklahoma 4-H Hall of Fame at the Honors Night Assembly during the 101st State 4-H Roundup at Oklahoma State University. He received a $5,000 scholarship sponsored by Farm Credit Associations of Oklahoma.
In addition, he received the Ira Hollar Advanced Leadership Scholarship. This $1,200 scholarship is sponsored by the Ira Hollar Endowment. He also received the $1,200 Rule of Law Graduating Senior Scholarship sponsored by the Rule of Law Endowment.
A self-described shy, keeps-to-himself kind of kid, Wagner said his life began to change when he joined 4-H.
"I attended meetings and entered a few items into the county fair, but I wasn't really involved in any 4-H competitions or fun activities," he said. "When my best friend invited me to go to summer camp with him, that's when things really changed. This opened my eyes to 4-H and made me realize that I had only opened one door to an entire world of new activities."
He said he kept trying new things, all while keeping that quote in the back of his mind. While attending the Youth in Action Conference, he discovered he had a certain skill he could use leadership.
'I learned I could use the abilities I was blessed with to teach people, to lead them, to care for them,' he said. 'I became more and more involved and kept stretching my horizons and found a drive to keep doing activities. 4-H changed my life.'
As a high school freshman, Wagner said he needed to put together a state record book. Relying on his memory, he sat down to recall each of his projects. It was during this process he realized he didn't have a lot of leadership activities. He soon became an official Cotton County Teen Leader and he continued to polish his leadership skills.
The Teen Leaders did a variety of activities, including making valentines for veterans. The group crafted dog toys from old t-shirts that were donated to a local animal shelter. They also worked on the gardens at the school and courthouse as part of a beautification project. Wagner has evolved from teaching a workshop at camp to developing his own woodworking day camp.
"It's really exciting to see what starts out as just plain boards become cornhole games, chairs, shelves and dinner trays," he said.
Throughout these activities, Wagner honed his leadership skills and others began taking notice. He was asked to start a new club in Cotton County, and with help from his family, he established a 4-H LEGO robotics club. As a junior 4-H robotics team coach, he mentors younger 4-H'ers on everything from building their robots to measuring distance and calculating that into their program. He is also a member of the senior 4-H LEGO robotics team, which placed second in their first-ever competition.
During COVID, Wagner knew he still wanted to work on his leadership skills and continue to help club members learn about STEM, so he developed videos on a variety of topics, including candle making, borax crystals, water filtration systems, elephant toothpaste and eight ways to say no. His candle making video was picked up by the National 4-H Stay at Home Program.
Wagner has been a great asset to his local 4-H club by being a good role model, said Kimberley Davis,
Cotton County OSU Extension (https://extension.okstate.edu/county/cotton/index.html) 4-H educator.
"Zach works really well with the younger kids and has a lot of fun with them. He did a great job mentoring third graders and helping them learn how to build and program LEGO robotics for the STEM club he started and preparing them for competition," Davis said. "His willingness to help and make our community a better place to live is probably one of the many reasons Zach received this honor. I'm so proud of him and his 4-H career."
Wagner says the skills he's learned in 4-H will stay with him throughout his life.
'I began as any normal 4-Her would when I first began my journey,' he said. 'Today, I'm a leader because I learned the only thing holding me back was myself. 4-H has changed my life for the better, and I can't wait for what this next year will bring.'
A 2022 graduate of the Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics, Wagner plans to attend college at the University of Oklahoma and major in biology with an emphasis on medial research. He is the son of Kelsey and Leticia Wagner.
## Share
```
4-H (https://news.okstate.edu/tags/browse.html?tags=4-H)
OSU Agriculture (https://news.okstate.edu/tags/browse.html?tags=OSU%20Agriculture)
OSU Extension (https://news.okstate.edu/tags/browse.html?tags=OSU%20Extension)
Outreach and Engagement (https://news.okstate.edu/tags/browse.html?tags=Outreach%20and%20Engagement)
``` |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/drug-nutrient-interactions.html | Drug – Nutrient Interactions - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Janice Hermann"
] | 2019-09-10 | [] | OK | Published Oct. 2019 |
Id: T-3120
By Janice Hermann
Print-friendly PDF (/factsheets/print-publications/t/drugnutrient-interactions-t-3120.pdf)
## How Drugs and Nutrients Interact
Both prescription and over-the-counter medications can affect the way your body uses nutrients in food. In addition, certain foods or nutrients in food can affect the action of medications.
A drug-nutrient interaction is the effect of a medication on food or a nutrient in food. Medications interact with foods and nutrients in several ways. Medications can decrease appetite or change the way a nutrient is absorbed, metabolized, or
Share Fact Sheet
excreted.
A food-drug interaction is the effect of food or a nutrient in food on a medication. Dietary nutrients can affect medications by altering their absorption or metabolism. The food you eat could make the medications you take work faster, slower, or even prevent them from working at all.
Such interactions raise concerns that medications may lead to nutritional deficiencies or that your diet may change how a medication works. This does not mean that if you are taking a medication you need to use a vitamin and or mineral supplement. There is little chance that taking a medication for a short time, such as a ten-day treatment, will affect your nutritional status. However, use of some medications for months or years may affect your nutritional health.
Children, older adults, pregnant women, people who are poorly nourished, and people with a chronic disease are at greater risk of medications affecting their nutritional health. Changing the diet to include more foods rich in vitamins and minerals is preferred to taking vitamin or mineral supplements. In fact, vitamin and/or mineral supplements taken in excess can affect how a medication works.
## Drug-Nutrient Interactions
Medications, both prescription and over-the-counter, can affect how the body uses nutrients. For individuals taking medications for long periods of time drug-nutrient interactions may lead to vitamin or mineral deficiencies.
- · Medications can decrease appetite or cause nausea, vomiting, an unpleasant taste, or dry mouth. This can affect nutritional health by causing poor food intake.
Example : Appetite suppressants are medications that directly affect food intake by depressing appetite.
Example : Several cancer medications and treatments may cause nausea, vomiting, sore, or dry mouth resulting in poor food intake.
- · Medications can interfere with the body's ability to metabolize nutrients.
Example : Some anticonvulsants alter the activity of liver enzymes, causing increase metabolism of folate, vitamin D and vitamin K.
- · Medications can increase the loss of a nutrient.
Example : Diuretics remove excess fluid from the body. Some diuretics may also increase loss of potassium along with fluids.
Potassium is very important in proper functioning of the heart and other muscles.
## Food-Drug Interactions
Food and nutrients can also alter a medication's effectiveness in many ways.
Absorbing less than the intended dose may decrease the effect of the drug. Absorbing more than the intended dose increases the chance for an overdose effect.
Example : Dietary calcium can bind to the antibiotic tetracycline.
As a result the body does not absorb the amount of antibiotic intended.
Example : Drugs are absorbed more quickly into the body when the stomach is empty. Having food in the stomach will slow down a medication's absorption. Sometimes a medication should be taken with food. Other medications should be taken on an empty stomach, one hour before or two hours after eating. It is important to read the directions to see if a medication should be taken with or without food.
- · Foods or nutrients may interfere with a drug's metabolism or a drug's action in the body.
Example : Aged and fermented foods contain a chemical called tyramine that interacts with a medication, monoamine oxidase inhibitor. This interaction can result in dangerously high blood pressure.
Example : Vitamin K can decrease the effectiveness of certain anticoagulant medications.
- · Foods or nutrients may be needed for the removal of a medication from the body.
Example : Liver enzymes prepare medications for removal from the body. These enzymes require nutrients to work properly. If required nutrients are not present, medications may stay active in the body longer than they are supposed to.
## Alcohol
Alcohol and medications do not mix well. Alcohol can adversely affect medications as well as nutrients. Alcohol can slow down the body's metabolism. As a result medications can stay active in the body longer than they were supposed to. In
some cases, mixing alcohol and medications can be fatal. A rule of thumb is to avoid alcoholic beverages when taking prescription or over-the-counter medications.
## Nutrient Supplements
Nutrient supplements themselves can result in drug-nutrient interactions. In excessive amounts, vitamins and minerals act like drugs instead of nutrients. Nutrients in excessive amounts may interact with other nutrients or may even be toxic.
Large amounts of zinc can interfere with copper and iron absorption. Similarly, large amounts of iron can interfere with zinc absorption.
## The Importance of Following Directions
It is important to follow the directions on how to take a medication. Many people do not take prescription or over-thecounter medications properly. Following the directions on how to take a medication can affect how or if a medication works.
## How to Lower the Risk of Drug-Nutrient Interactions
- Eat a healthy diet following the recommended servings from the USDA MyPlate Plan.
- Follow directions on how to take medication (prescription and over-the-counter).
- Read warning labels on both prescription and over-the-counter medications.
## Questions to Ask Your Physician When You Get a Prescription
- · What is the medication for? (medication name, medication purpose).
- · How should I take the medication? (how often, how long, storage recommendations, recommendations on consuming food and/or beverages with the medication).
- · What should I expect? (expected outcomes, precautions, side effects).
## References
Whitney, E.N. & Rolfes, S.R.(2015). Understanding Nutrition, 14th ed., Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA.
Bernstein, M., & Munoz, N. (2016). Nutrition for the Older Adult, 2nd ed., Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, MA.
United States Department of Agriculture. ChooseMyPlate.gov.
Accessed at
www.choosemyplate.gov(http://www.choosemyplate.gov)
Janice Hermann, PhD, RD/LD
Nutrition Specialist
## Print-friendly PDF
sheets/print-publications/t/drugnutrient-interactions-t-3120.pdf)
## Topics:
Health, Nutrition & Wellness ( /topics/youth-family-health-and-home/healthnutrition-and-wellness/)
Nutrition ( /topics/youth-family-health-and-home/health-nutrition-andwel ness/nutrition/)
## Was this information helpful?
YES
No |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/metribuzin | Metribuzin Herbicide Injury Factsheets | NC State Extension | [
"Doug Goodale",
"Joe Neal",
"Katie Jennings",
"Wayne Mitchem"
] | null | [
"Herbicide Injury",
"Herbicide"
] | NC | ## Metribuzin
Herbicide Injury Factsheets
## Problem
Herbicide injury caused from metribuzin , a photosystem II (PS II) inhibitor .
## Symptoms
- Older leaf interveinal and marginal chlorosis.
- Older leaf margin curl.
- Older leaf necrosis followed by dieback.
- Motted or interveinal chlorosis develops after necrotic tissues have dropped.
- Necrosis of young, tender stems exposed to the spray.
- No root injury.
## Plant Entry and Symptom Expression
Foliar or root assimilated and translocated up the plant. PS II inhibitor injury symptoms from astriazines first appear as interveinal chlorosis on older leaves within about seven days of application. Sensitive plants receiving high doses will develop necrotic stems. New leaves forming after exposure may develop interveinal or mottled chlorosis.
## Similar Problems
PS II inhibitor injury may be confused with:
- · Urea and other PS II inhibitors such as s-triazines.
- · Fast acting, contact herbicides such as paraquat.
- · Chlorosis of growing points caused by ALS inhibitors such as halosulfuron - differentiated by general chlorosis of new growth rather than interveinal chlorosis caused by PS II inhibitors.
- · Mottled chlorosis between leaf veins may resemble damage from foliar nematodes or micronutrient deficiencies.
- · Ozone may cause interveinal chlorosis, bleaching, and necrosis.
## Herbicide Mode of Action Category
```
WSSA - 5
HRAC - C1
```
## Useful Resources
North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
Southern Region Small Fruit Consortium
Southeastern US Vegetable Crop Handbook
Wolfpack Weeds
Weed Management in Nurseries . Landscapes & Christmas Trees Information Portal
Herbicide Handbook , Weed Science Society of America
Applied Weed Science: Including the Ecology and Management of Invasive Plants (3rd Edition), Merrill Ross & Carol Lembi, pages 167, 176-178, 260-270
## Authors
Doug Goodale
Professor Emeritus Cobleskill Univ.
Joe Neal
Professor of Weed Science, Extension Specialist & Department Extension Leader Horticultural Science
Katie Jennings
Assistant Professor Horticultural Science
Wayne Mitchem
Extension Associate, Horticulture Horticultural Science
Publication date: Dec. 11, 2015
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/hillsboroughco/2024/12/05/understanding-plant-status-native-florida-friendly-and-invasive-species/ | Understanding Plant Status: Native, Florida-Friendly, and Invasive Species | University of Florida | [
"Tia Silvasy"
] | 2024-12-05 | [
"Change Category",
"Conservation",
"Florida-Friendly Landscaping",
"Fruits & Vegetables",
"Home Landscapes",
"Horticulture",
"Invasive Species",
"Lawn",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"Central Florida",
"Florida native plants",
"invasive plants",
"plant status"
] | FL | ## Understanding Plant Status: Native, Florida- Friendly, and Invasive Species
There is a lot of confusion about plant status and it's important to know the plant status so you can make the best decisions about selecting the right plants for your landscape. Let's start with some definitions!
## What is a Florida native plant?
A plant that has been documented to exist in Florida before European contact.
Examples of native plants include:
Black-eyed Susan
Cabbage Palm
Coontie
Coreopsis
Cypress
Firebush
Holly
Oak Trees
Milkweed (some varieties)
Non-native plants are those that do not naturally occur in a specified geographic area, have been introduced intentionally or unintentionally by humans.
## Invasive Plants
An invasive plant is a non-native plant that either does or could harm the environment, economy or human health. A native plant cannot be invasive although a native plant could be considered to be weedy or aggressive.
Examples of invasive plants:
Air potato
Brazilian pepper
Camphor tree
Cogon grass
Coral ardisia
Mexican petunia
Torpedo grass
UF/IFAS
## How to determine plant status?
Search for plant names and status in the following resources. Be sure to check several sources as the plant names and plant status may change over time as new research is available. Make sure you
search for the scientific name of the plant as there are many common names.
Florida-Friendly Landscaping Guide to Plant Selection and Landscape Design
UF/IFAS Assessment of Non-Native Plants website
Atlas of Florida Plants website
Florida Native Plant Society website
Florida Wildflower Foundation Plant Selection Guide
## Follow Us!
We have several ways to connect. Join our UF/IFAS Extension Hillsborough County Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, Eventbrite, Blogs, and Website
If you have any questions, please contact UF/IFAS Extension Hillsborough County at 813-744-5519 or email hillsmg.@mail.ufl.edu.
The University of Florida is an Equal Opportunity Institution.
2
by Tia Silvasy
Posted: December 5, 2024
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Category : , Conservation, Florida-Friendly Landscaping, Fruits & Vegetables, Home Landscapes, Horticulture, Invasive Species, Lawn, UF/IFAS Extension
Tags: Central Florida, Florida Native Plants, Florida-friendly
Landscaping, Invasive Plants, Plant Status
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- Seeing The World With New Tech: 4-H Explores AI, Geomatics, And Beyond
- Guttation And Bees
- Identifying Nutrient Deficiencies
- Contemporary Issues In Urban Forest Management: #4 Tree Canopy A
Human Perspective |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/pesticide-safety-education/practical-workshop-and-re-certification-dates/site-files/documents/2022/january-2022-test-help-tulsa.pdf | The information given herein is for educational purposes only | Oklahoma State University | [
"Kevin Shelton"
] | Error: time data "D:20220103101200-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Location
Date
Tulsa County Extension Office 4116 E. 15 th , Tulsa, OK
Tulsa
January 28 th
Tulsa County Extension Office 4116 E. 15 th , Tulsa, OK
Time: 8:30 am - 2:00 pm
This will be an opportunity to attend a test help class offered by OSU's Pesticide Safety Education Program. If you plan on taking the Core or the Service Technician exams and need assistance in preparation, please consider attending this help session.
## Schedule
| 8:15 | Registration |
|---------------|------------------------------------------------------|
| 8:30 - 10:00 | Laws and Rules |
| 10:00 - 10:15 | Break |
| 10:15 - 11:30 | Math and Calibration Problems |
| 11:30 - 11:40 | Break |
| 11:40 - 12:20 | Pesticide Labels/Weeds |
| 12:20 - 1:30 | Personal Protection Equipment and Pesticide Toxicity |
Speakers:
Charles Luper Extension Associate, PSEP
Kevin Shelton State Pesticide Coordinator
Registration Fee: $50.00 Registration includes 1 copy of Applying Pesticides Correctly (NO REFUNDS)
No mail-in registrations, you must register on-line
Register Online at http://pested.okstate.edu/html/practical.htm
Walk-in registration will be accepted only if space is available.
For information please contact: Agricultural Conferences: Phone: 405-744-6489.
For program information please visit our website: http://pested.okstate.edu
## 2022 Oklahoma Pesticide Applicator Test Help Workshop
REGISTRATION FORM
(TULSA) January 28 th , 2022
Registration Fee:
$50.00
Registration includes 1 copy of Applying Pesticides Correctly
(NO REFUNDS)
Make checks payable to:
Oklahoma State University:
Name:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ e-mail:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Company:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Address:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
City:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_State:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_Zip:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Phone #\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/elm-zigzag-sawfly | Elm Zigzag Sawfly | NC State University | [
"Kelly Oten",
"Matt Bertone",
"Delaney Serpan"
] | null | [] | NC | ## Elm Zigzag Sawfly
Invasive Forest Pests
## Introduction
The elm zigzag sawfly ( Aproceros leucopoda Takeuchi ; Hymenoptera: Argidae) is an invasive insect from East Asia that feeds on and defoliates elm trees ( Ulmus spp.). It was first detected in North America in Québec, Canada in 2020 and has since been confirmed in Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, Vermont, and Massachusetts. It is also considered invasive in Europe, where it was first detected in 2003. Larvae can cause severe defoliation of host trees in areas where it has been introduced.
http://www.youtube.com/embed/iyEIX3sGQJE?rel=0
Attribution: Matt Bertone, NC State University
## Host Plants
Elm zigzag sawfly larvae feed exclusively on the leaves of elm trees ( Ulmus spp.). In North Carolina, hosts in the area where the initial infested occurred include American and winged elm ( U . americana , U. alata , respectively). In Virginia, the most common host is Siberian elm ( U. pumila ), but it has also been recorded infesting Chinese elm ( U. parvifolia ), Ulmus 'Cathhedral' Japanese X Siberian hybrid, and English elm ( U. procera ).
## Damage and Symptoms
Young elm zigzag sawfly larvae create a characteristic (and namesake) zigzag pattern in leaves, while older larvae feed more broadly on leaf tissue, leaving behind only thick leaf veins and often eliminating the zigzag-shaped damage. Larval populations can grow quickly and, though they are small insects, outbreaks can defoliate large elm trees.
There are many unknowns when an invasive insect is detected in a new area. As a relatively new introduction, the impact of elm zigzag sawfly on their hosts in the Southeastern U.S. is unknown. In Europe, outbreaks regularly defoliate urban trees and large tracts of natural forest.
Generally, defoliated trees can recover from a defoliation event. However, if trees are heavily defoliated year after year, they may become weakened or stressed, which predisposes them to other pests or results in tree death.
Attribution: Kelly Oten, NC State University
## Life Cycle
Adults reproduce parthenogenetically, meaning females reproduce without mating. No male elm zigzag sawflies have been observed. Females lay up to 60 eggs singly along the tips of elm leaf sorrations. Within eight days, larvae emerge and begin feeding. Elm zigzag sawfly larvae have six instars and pupate within three weeks of emerging from the egg. Two types of cocoons may be formed: either a loosely-spun, net-like coconut attached to leaves (created during summer months) or a solid-walled cocoon in leaf litter or soil (overwintering generation). In North Carolina, where heavy defoliation was observed in mid-August (2022), the net-like cocoons were attached to other objects (e.g., fence posts) in the absence of leaves, which had been consumed. Adults emerge within 10 days of cocoon creation. Research in Europe, upon which these life stage estimates are based, indicates a full generation can occur in less than a month (24-29 days).
Multiple generations of elm zigzag sawfly can occur per year, but the number varies. For example, in Virginia, two generations were observed in 2021 and one generation in 2022. In North Carolina, at least four generations were observed in 2023. Lab-reel em zigzag sawfly have up to seven generations per year, but field observations in Europe and Russia indicate up to four generations actually occur per year.
## Identification
Elm zigzag sawfly larvae are small, 1.8 mm long and a grayish-white color after first emerging from the egg. Mature larvae are green with a black band on their head and T-shaped brown or black markings above the second and third pair of true legs. They can grow up to 10-11 mm long. Like all hymenopteran larvae, they have six thoracic legs and six or more pairs of fleshy peloiges on their abdomen. In contrast, lepidoptera larvae (butterflies and moths) have five or fewer pairs of fleshy prolegs on the abdomen.
Adult elm zigzag sawfly are small, shiny black, winged insects, reaching 7-8 mm long. There is a white patch on the underside of the thorax and a dark brown 'upper lip'. They have yellow to white legs with white tips and smoky-brown wings.
Attribution: Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute, Bugwood.org.
## Range
Elm zigzag sawfly is native to East Asia, including Japan, eastern Russia, eastern China, and the Korean peninsula. It was first detected in Europe, where it is considered invasive, in 2003. It was first detected in North America in Québec, Canada in 2020 and has since been found in Virginia in
North Carolina, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New York in 2022, and Ohio, Vermont, and Masschucetts in 2023.
Range of elm zigzag sawfly in the US as of January 2024. Red star indicates first confirmation of EZS in Canada in 2020.
Attribution: Kelly Oten, NC State University CC BY-4.0
## Management
Most trees can recover from sporadic or minor defoliation events and therefore, control may not be warranted. As a new invasive species, little is known about effective management for elm zigzag sawfly. In Hungary, control was achieved with deltamethrin and telfenuzurin on the first generation of elm zigzag sawfly (Blank et al. 2010). In Romania, field applications of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauvaria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. resulted in dose-dependent reduction of elm zigzag sawfly populations (Fátu et al. 2020). Bioassays by Del Pozo-Valdivia et al. (2022) in Virginia demonstrated 83% mortality with foliar applications of dinofeturan.
Homeowners may consider managing for elm zigzag sawfly to reduce aesthetic damage. Small populations can be removed by hand. For heavy infestations or large trees, a general-purpose insecticide labeled for use on trees and shrubs can be used. Treatments should occur in the spring as soon as larvae are present.
## References
Blank, S.M., H. Hara, J. Mikulás, G. Csóka, C. Ciornei, R. Constantineanu, I. Constantinneanu, L. Roller, E. Altenhoffer, T. Hufleijt, and G. Vétek. 2010. Aproceros leucopoda (Hymenoptera: Argidae): An East Asian pest of elms ( Ulmus spp.) invading Europe. Eur. J. Entomol. 107(3):357-367.
Del Pozo-Valdivia, A. I., D. Calpo, and M. Sutphin. 2022. Effect of afidopyropen and dinofeturan on
elm zigzag sawfly control. Arthropod. Manag. Tests (in press).
Fâtu, A.-C., G. Cardas, C. Ciornei, and A.-M. Andrei. 2020. Experimental field application of Beauvaria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. for control of the invasive sawfly Aproceros leucopoda Takeuki, 1939 (Hymenoptera: Argidae) in Romania. Acta Zool. Bulg. 72: 661-666.
Martel, V., O. Morin, S. Monckton, C. Eiseman, C. Béliveau, M. Cusson, and S. Blank. 2021. Elm zigzag sawfly, Aproceros leucopoda (Hymenoptera: Argidae), recorded for the first time in North America through community science. Can. Entomol. 154: E1.
Papp, V., M. Ladányi, and G. Vétek. 2018. Temperature-dependent development of Aproceros leucopoda (Hymenoptera: Argidae), an invasive pest of elms in Europe. J. Appl. Entomol. 142:589597.
## Authors
Kelly Ot en Assistant Professor and Extension Specialist Forestry and Environmental Resources
Matt Bertone Director, Plant Disease and Insect Clinic Entomology & Plant Pathology
Delaney Serpan
Graduate Research Assistant Forestry and Environmental Resources
Publication date: Aug. 31, 2022
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/understanding-energy-efficiency-measures-for-heating-and-cooling-systems.html | Understanding Energy Efficiency Measures for Heating and Cooling Systems - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"R. Scott Frazier"
] | 2017-01-03 | [] | OK | ## Understanding Energy Efficiency Measures for Heating and Cooling Systems
Published Mar. 2017 |
Id: BAE-1409
By R. Scott Frazier
```
Print-friendly PDF (/fact-
sheets/print-
publications/bae/understanding-
energy-efficiency-measures-for-
heating-and-cooling-systems-bae-
1409.pdf)
```
```
JUMP TO: Btu:"British Thermal Unit" /
Tons of Cooling/Heating / ENERGY STAR® /
SEER: Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio /
HSPF: Heating Seasonal Performance Factor /
AFUE: Annual Fuel Efficiency Ratio /
EER and COP / EER(Energy-Efficiency Ratio) /
Coefficient of Performance / A Final Note
```
We see the terms "Btu," "SEER," "HSPF" and "AFUE" when describing the efficiency of heating and cooling systems. Contractors and vendors also describe the "tonnage" of the heating and cooling units. Is this describing the weight of the unit? If you are looking for a new heater, air conditioner or heat pump, be familiar with these acronyms. This Fact Sheet discusses the terms along with some other pertinent heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) topics.
## Btu: "British Thermal Unit"
The amount of heating and cooling an air conditioner or heater is capable of providing is listed in "Btu's" (British Thermal Units). This old descriptive scientific unit dates back to the mid-1800s and is still used in North America. Essentially, a Btu is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of water (about a pint) one degree Fahrenheit in one hour. This is also about the amount of energy given off by completely burning a wooden kitchen match. So, one Btu is not very much energy and thousands of Btu's are used to describe heating and cooling equipment.
Why use a heating unit to describe an air conditioner? Because an air conditioner is really just moving heat - not producing "cold." There actually is no such thing as a unit of cold - just units of heat moving out of a space (from the inside of your house on a hot day).
## Tons of Cooling/Heating
Size or Capacity of Air Conditioning, Heating or Refrigeration Equipment
This is another old British scientific unit. It comes from the amount of heat required to melt one ton of ice in 24 hours, starting at 32 F. More importantly, one ton of cooling (or heating) is equivalent to moving 12,000 Btu's per hour.
Therefore, a "three ton" AC unit can move 36,000 Btu's of heat per hour out of a space. Typical home air conditioning units are 3 tons to 7 tons in cooling capacity. This "ton" number is used to describe how much cooling or heating the unit can provide. Obviously the bigger the space, the more tons the unit has to be to move the heat. A window AC unit for a small bedroom might only be half a ton (6,000 Btu's per hour) in size.
The better insulated a building space is, the smaller (fewer tons) the AC or heater needs to be. The appliance "tonnage" is directly related to how much electrical power the unit consumes as well.
## Correct Unit Sizing
The specifics of how a contractor should determine the correct size, or capacity, of a heater or AC unit will not be discussed here. However, itt should be based on some type of calculation of the heat moved in a particular building. Usually this is done with very specialized software that needs details of the building, usage and local climate. Guessing is not an acceptable method of sizing HVAC equipment. Undersized equipment will not meet comfort standards and the problems are obvious. Therefore, when people estimate HVAC equipment size they tend to overestimate. This also has problems. Oversized equipment runs repeatedly for very short periods. This does not allow humidity to be removed from the home, is hard on equipment, is less efficient and the larger equipment has higher initial costs. Once the HVAC equipment is installed at the house, it is very expensive to fix a sizing mistake.
## ENERGY STAR®
This logo can be seen on all sorts of things from computers to entire homes to air conditioners (Figure 1). The mark is part of an energy efficiency rating program developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy. While its main aim is the reduction of greenhouse gases by increased energy efficiency, it has become synonymous with energy efficiency standards for more than 70 product categories. Sometimes utilities or manufacturers offer rebates or other incentives for ENERGY STAR® certified products.
## SEER: Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio
This is the total cooling capacity of an air conditioner or heat pump in Btus during its normal annual usage, divided by the total electric input in watt-hours during the same time period. The higher the SEER number, the more efficiently the unit is at converting electricity into cooling for the home. This is very similar to miles per gallon in cars. In other words, a higher SEER air conditioner will cost less to operate than a similar size unit with a lower SEER. A 13 SEER AC unit is about 23 percent more efficient than a 10 SEER unit. Another way to think of this is that the 13 SEER unit will save about 23 percent of the cost to run the 10 SEER unit during a year (Figure 2). Some efficient equipment can have SEER ratings of more than 20.
$^{ }$
## Figure 2. Energy cost savings due to higher SEER rating versus a SEER 10 unit.
HVAC units in the U.S. make up a significant amount of the national energy consumption. For this reason, the Department of Energy keeps raising the minimum SEER number allowable for new air conditioners and heat pumps sold in the U.S. At present, the minimum standard SEER for newly manufactured air conditioning and heat pump units (other than window units) is 13 SEER. As a buyer, however, even higher SEER units are available, but will initially cost more. High efficiency ENERGY STAR® units must have a SEER of at least 14. One has to weigh the increase in initial cost versus the yearly savings to determine if it is desirable to spend more for a higher SEER unit. Window AC units are exempt from these regulations and their efficiency tends to be around 10 SEER when new.
It should be mentioned that a unit's actual SEER rating will decline over time as coils get dirty, motors and compressors age, and the refrigerant degrades. The SEER rating also declines as the outside temperature rises. If the unit is installed incorrectly or the ductwork is leaky and not well made, the actual overall SEER rating can be much lower as well.
## HSPF: Heating Seasonal Performance Factor
This measure is for heat pumps in the heating mode. This is the total heating output of the heat pump during its normal annual usage divided by the total electric input in watt-hours during the same time period. This rating is similar to the SEER rating, but is for heating and is used only with heat pumps. Like the SEER rating, the higher the HSPF, the more efficient the unit is at heating. And similarly, the higher the HSPF, the
less the unit costs to heat a space during one year (Figure 3).
As of January 23, 2006 the government established minimum standards for newly manufactured heat pumps at 7.7 HSPF. Split system heat pumps that are considered high-efficiency have at least an HSPF of 8.2 (some units currently go as high as 9.35). Ground source heat pumps ("geothermal") tend to have high HSPF's because the heat source (ground temperature) is very stable and predictable, therefore the equipment can be designed very specifically. The consumer pays more for equipment with higher HSPF ratings and, like the AC units, it becomes a decision of initial cost versus yearly savings for new equipment.
## AFUE: Annual Fuel Efficiency Ratio
This measure is for oil or gas (not electric) fired heaters and boilers. Similar to SEER and HSPF, this compares the heater's annual heat (energy) output to its annual energy input in Btu's. The calculation is a bit complicated and includes expected pilot flame losses and heater use during a typical year at an average location in the U.S. The minimum allowed AFUE rating for a non-condensing (typical home heater) fossil-fueled, warm-air furnace is 78 percent; the minimum rating for a fossil-fueled boiler is 80 percent; and the minimum rating for a gas-fueled steam boiler is 75 percent. However, there are some systems capable of very high AFUE's of around 97 percent. Again, these systems will be more expensive and the consumer must weigh the lower fuel use against the higher initial cost (see Table 1).
## EED and COP EER and COP
These two measures are typically used by engineers for large systems and may not be encountered very often by consumers, but are included here for information.
## EER (Energy-Efficiency Ratio)
An air conditioner's EEER, or Energy-Efficiency Ratio, is the ratio of the cooling output in Btu's divided by the unit's power consumption in Watts at a specific temperature (usually 95 degrees Fahrenheit). The higher the EER, the more efficient the model. ENERY STAR's@ minimum EER requirements for a room air conditioner vary, depending upon capacity, enclosure type and whether or not the model has louvered sides. The SEER rating is probably a better indicator of general efficiency for residential units than EER because it looks at the unit's operation through variety of conditions and time.
## Coefficient of Performance
COP, coefficient of performance, is the measurement of how efficiently a heating or cooling system does its job. As with all the measures described here, a higher COP is more efficient and desirable than a lower one.
## A Final Note
Selecting a new heating or cooling unit is a tradeoff between several factors. Initial cost, energy savings, type of fuel, etc. A very important consideration is the quality of system installation including the duct work for air distribution. A 14 SEER system can be brought down to an actual 5 SEER if not installed correctly. Duct work should be insulated and sealed.
Finally, HVAC units are like any other complicated machinery, they need periodic maintenance. The filters need replacing, the coils need to be cleaned on occasion, duct work inspected and thermostat checked. Like a car, the owner must protect the investment through maintenance and periodic inspection.
R. Scott Frazier, PhD, PE, CEM Oklahoma State Energy Specialist
Print-friendly PDF sheets/print- publications/bae/understandingenergy-efficiency-measures-forheating-and-cooling-systems-bae-1409.pdf)
Energy Production /(topics/environment-and-natural-resources/energyproduction/)
YES |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/volusiaco/2020/05/14/walk-in-the-shoes-of-a-florida-farmer/ | Walk in the Shoes of a Florida Farmer | University of Florida | [
"Karen Stauderman"
] | 2020-05-14 | [
"Events",
"Health & Nutrition",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"Work & Life",
"boots",
"farmer",
"foot health",
"podiatrist",
"work shoes"
] | FL | ## Walk in the Shoes of a Florida Farmer
Everyone has heard of farmer's having a green thumb, but have you heard of them having a green toe? Well, with the right foot protection and support, they can avoid this less than appealing trait. Podiatrist Dr. Anthony Merendino, (DPM) a podiatrist from UF Shands Medical Science Center in Gainesville, FL has devoted his research career to helping solve a wide variety of foot and ankle (issues). I reached out to Dr. Merendino to see if he would be able to help me focus these findings on my clients, the farmers, sports turf and landscape professionals. He has agreed to come help in Volusia County.
experiencing. And as expected, the results were diverse. One main concern was that Farmers (like the rest of us) have bad feet and lack the education to improve their foot health. Another
factor is that work shoes/boots are aimed at clientele in temperate climates that often endure harsher conditions (snow, ice, freezing temperatures). Florida farmers are a very underrepresented group when it comes to foot health issues. They often push past any minor injuries to keep serving our community under our harsh, humid conditions.
## Help on the Way
Typical Florida Farmer's foot. Credit: Karen Stauderman
From this preliminary data, I wanted to see if there was a way that we could solve some of these health problems and provide educational outreach with Dr. Anthony's
Merendino we aim to alleviate at least one of the stressors in their busy lives. We hope to track a small sample of clients over a short period to see whether they
Florida Farmer' is an extension program planned this summer
(July 30th) at the UF/IFAS
Extension Volusia County Office.
Growers will need to RSVP in order to attend the event. For more information, contact me for more information (kstauderman@ufl.edu).
Future blogs will share the findings and outcomes of this study. Stay tuned.
o by Karen Stauderman Posted: May 14, 2020
Category: Events, Health & Nutrition, UE/IFEAS Extension, WORK& LIFE
Tags: Boots, Farmer, Foot Health, Podiatrist, Work Shoes
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · The Menace Of Cogongrass (IMPERATA CYLINDRICA): What You Need To Know
- · Water Wednesday Recap - Emergency Water Supplies
- August Is National Water Quality Month
- How To Effectively Disinfect A Private Drinking Well |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/crenshaw-retail-analysis | Crenshaw Retail Analysis | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications » Crenshaw Retail Analysis
## Crenshaw Retail Analysis
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Economic Development |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P2945-63 | |
| View as PDF: P2945-63.pdf | |
| Department: MSU Extension-Panola County | |
| The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. | |
| Select Your County Office | |
| Your Extension Experts | |
| Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor | |
| Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II | |
| Dr. Devon Patricia Mills Assistant Professor | |
| Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor | |
| Related News | |
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842 Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998 Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374 Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375 Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796 Talking Retail Trade |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/flaglerco/2022/08/12/meet-flagler-countys-new-ag-natural-resources-agent/ | Meet Flagler County’s New Ag & Natural Resources Agent | University of Florida | [
"Alex Tays"
] | 2022-08-12 | [
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"Agriculture",
"Flagler County",
"Natural Resources"
] | FL | ## Meet Flagler County's New Ag & Natural Resources Agent
My name is Alex Tays, and I am Flagler County's new Agriculture and Natural Resources Extension Agent. I started my position with UF/IFAS on July 18 and now that I've settled into this role, I would like to take this opportunity to introduce myself.
Born and raised in Jupiter , Florida, most of my upbringing took place in Palm Beach County - you know, the county with the largest value of agricultural products sold within the state of Florida. It is more than just beautiful, blue coastlines and ritzy houses. Sugarcane, sweet corn, and bell peppers are the main agricultural commodities of my home county, and I was fortunate to grow up around it and develop an appreciation for the value of agriculture.
I attended the University of Central Florida, where I studied Chemistry and Microbiology in preparation to become a science teacher. As an undergraduate, I worked for several schools in many different roles. I served as tutor, a mentor, a substitute teacher, and even an AmeriCorps member for the economically challenged schools where I focused my efforts on community engagement by planning, organizing, and executing events designed to provide aid to the less fortunate.
For the last 4 years, I served as an Ag teacher and FFA advisor for Orange County Public Schools. In my role, I taught the fundamentals of agriculture: plant science, animal science, leadership and civic
engagement, business management and entrepreneurship, history and more. I coached students for the parliamentary procedure and tractor driving contests. I even managed our school's shop where I taught students how to operate the machinery. Orange County used to be nothing but citrus farms as far as the eye could see, but unfortunately, due to the devastating effects of the citrus greening disease many Orange County producers have had to diversify their production.
Agriculture education provides students with the skills and teaching necessary to make a positive difference in their home and community. My time working as an FFA advisor has taught me that everyone can benefit from comprehensive agriculture education programs like the FFA and 4-H. While my previous position focused on educating youth, I am now looking forward to expanding my skills to enlighten and engage the farmers with my science background.
In the coming months, I will be traveling around to local farms and businesses to build relationships with residents and producers and to get a better understanding of agriculture in Flagler County. My goal is to provide public education to local agricultural producers and associated businesses to promote sustainable agricultural practices. Anyone in need of a pesticide license? Or maybe help with identifying a new insect pest in your pasture? Which pines to plant in your natural areas? As the new Extension Agent, I am here to help, and I look forward to serving my new community.
## Contact Information
I am excited to have the opportunity to learn alongside the men and women that have farmed here for generations. If you have any questions or just want to reach out, feel free to contact me via email at alexander.tays@ufl.edu or call UF/IFAS Extension Flagler County at (386) 437-7464.
2
by Alex Tays
Posted: August 12, 2022
Category: UF/IFAS Extension, Welcome
Tags: Agriculture, Flagler County, Natural Resources |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/career-exploration-for-teens | Career Exploration for Teens | NC State Extension | [
"Jamie Alexander"
] | null | [
"Career",
"Adolescent Development",
"Teenager",
"Career Pathway"
] | NC | ## Career Exploration for Teens Career Exploration for Teens
"Who am I?" "Where do I fit?' "What is my purpose??" Knowing the answers to these questions becomes increasingly important for teens during their teenage years.
The kinds of careers that appeal to teens is related to their sense of who they are. When teens have explored multiple career options before committing to a career and career pathway, they make better career decisions -- that match their interests, skills, and abilities.
How can parents and caregivers promote teens' awareness of career options? One of the easiest ways of doing this is by being supportive.
- · Give verbal and emotional encouragement as teens 'try on different career hats'. Some teens may be hesitant to try new experiences or consider alternative careers. Others are still developing confidence in their ability to make their own decisions about big things such as choosing a career and career pathway. The more supportive you are, the more engaged your teen will be in exploring which career options might best fit them.
- · Let teens know that they are safe to truly explore careers no matter what. They need to know that you will not be disappointed or pull away your support if they change their career interests or choose a job or career pathway that differs from what you want for them.
- · Share helpful career-relevant resources and assist them in finding opportunities that will let them know if they are heading the right direction. Teens need guidance but they may not know how to ask or know that they should ask for it at all. Don't worry about knowing all of the answers. Instead, focus on showing your teen multiple career options. Helping your teen find the right career is a journey that you will take together!
- · Whatever you do, try not to do things like change their career decisions, push your own ideas about what they ought to do, or be too busy to show that you care -- these things are related to teens' difficulties in making career decisions.
## Career Exploration Resources and Career Planning
Help your teen explore career options by sharing career-relevant resources (see list below). Provide additional support by helping them to make realistic plans for achieving their expressed career interests; teens really do need your help on this. Here are some practical things to consider when making an effective plan for achieving your teen's career goal.
- · Which colleges have the kind of program that will help your teen achieve expressed career goals? Sometimes a specialized program that is not offered at every college is necessary.
- · What are the admission requirements for the colleges that your teen is considering? These may vary across colleges. Common admission requirements include a minimum high school GPA, a personal essay, letters of recommendation, and a minimum SAT/ACT score.
- · What are the deadlines for college and financial aid (including scholarship) applications?
Your teen will need to set aside enough time to prepare and submit all application materials.
| Career Exploration and Planning Resources | Career Exploration and Planning Resources |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Description | Resources |
| · View virtual tours of college campuses across the United States | College and Beyond - United States Department of State · A College Search tool by BigFuture |
| o the college application process (including how to apply for admission using the Common application) o state by state in-state tuition rules | A College Search tool by BigFuture · Six Reasons to Attend a Community College · Community College: EQAQs - BigFuture · What Are College Placement Tests? · Tips on Transferring from a 2-Year to a 4-Year College - BigFuture |
| · Learn about: · community college options · benefits of attending a community college · who should consider attending a community college · why it might be a good option before transferring to a 4-year college | · Career career descriptions · career development Association · College Foundation of NC · CareerOneStop · Road TripNation · O'NET OnLine |
## Career Exploration and Planning Resources
impacted the job market)
- 'What Color is your Parachute? For Teens' by Richard Bolles
- · Apply for financial aid for college
- · Federal Student Aid website
## The Importance of Job Shadowing, Service Learning, Apprenticeships, Externships, & Internships
Researching careers online or taking career exploration tests are great ways for teens to learn about different jobs and what job may fit them; however, they are only part of the whole picture. Job shadowing, service learning, apprenticeships, externships, internships, and volunteering, provide hands-on/interactive opportunities to learn what jobs are really like on a day-to-day basis. The experiences gained from these opportunities help teens to know if they are on the right track to a satisfying career. They also provide space for teens to identify, develop, and apply their skills.
Help your teen find opportunities for hands-on learning in areas your teen has expressed interest in and those that your teen may not have considered. The saying, "you never know until you try" is true.
## How to Find Opportunities for Teens to Learn about Careers
Finding opportunities for teens to learn about careers is something that all families can do! Opportunities for teens to explore careers and test career-fit in real work settings can be found in a variety of ways: online, through your own personal networks, or by asking someone or an organization if they would be willing to create an internship or other experiential learning opportunity for your teen. Here are some suggestions on how to get started:
- · A great starting place in this search is you! Invite your teen to shadow you while at work. If your teen shows great interest in your job, ask your employer about internship opportunities for your teen.
- · What do your friends do? Ask your friends if they would be willing to allow your teen to shadow them at work. Ask your friends about what kinds of opportunities exist or can be created for your teen to learn more about their job if your teen shows great interest in their jobs.
- · Contact your teen's school guidance counselor. Your teen's school guidance counselor may have information on hands-on learning experiences that might be available to students through the school or school-community partnerships.
- · If there is an organization that your teen would like to gain hands-on experience with, just ask!
These online resources may be helpful to your teen's search for internship and apprenticeship opportunities:
- · Internships.|NC Office of Human Resources
- · Apprenticeship Finder
| Types of Experiential Learning Activities | Types of Experiential Learning Activities |
|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Type | Description |
| Job shadowing | Job shadowing involves watching what someone does at their job and usually only lasts a single day. This kind of experience provides teens an idea of what a typical day in that line of work looks like. Teens might also be able to ask the professional being shadowed questions that give them unique perspectives of that particular career.* |
| Service learning | Service-learning opportunities are designed to help both the student and community through projects that center around real and complex issues. These projects allow your teen to learn more about issues, such as homelessness, poverty, and pollution, by playing an active role in solving them. 3 |
| Apprenticeship | Apprenticeships allow teens to try out a job while being supervised by a trained mentor. The length of time that apprenticeships last varies but generally speaking lasts much longer than other kinds of experiential learning opportunities. Individuals who have completed an apprenticeship typically leave with a formal qualification and skills that will allow for them to gain employment in that area. 1,2 |
| Externship | Externships give teens opportunities to learn more about a particular job or field by spending a brief time (up to one week) with professionals while they are working. During externships, teens meet important people and learn about their roles, watch to learn the typical activities associated with that job, attend meetings, and assist with some projects. 2 |
| Internship | Internships provide opportunities to learn about a career while gaining real work experience over an extended period of time. Note that unpaid internships are not only quite common but they are just as valuable as paid internships. Internships provide teens with real hands-on experiences to explore and test career fit before committing to that career or career pathway. |
| Volunteering | Volunteering provides teens with opportunities to engage with others while serving a community. You and/or your teen can volunteer on your own, with an organization, or a group of people. 1 |
| Sources: | Experience Learning - The University of Tennessee, Knoxville |
| 1. | The University of Texas at San Antonio |
| 2. | Types of Experiential Educations - The University of |
## References
- Bryant, B. K., Zvonkovic, A. M., & Reynolds, P. (2006). Parenting in relation to child and adolescent vocational development . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 69, 149-175.
- Dietrich, J., & Kracke, B. (2009). Career-specific parental behaviors in adolescents' development. Journal of Vocational Behavior , 75, 109-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.03.005
- Porfeli, E. J., & Lee, B. (2012). Career development during childhood and adolescence. New Directions for Youth Development , 2012, 11-22. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.20011
## Author
Jamie Alexander Assistant Professor & Human Development and Family Science Extension Specialist Agricultural Education and Human Sciences
Publication date: Feb. 7, 2022
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/head-turned-to-the-side/ | Beef Head Turned to the Side | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Taylor Gwynn",
"Soren Rodning",
"Michelle Elmore",
"Paul Dyce",
"Julie Gard Schnuelle",
"Misty Edmondson",
"Andrew Lovelady",
"B. J. Newcomer",
"Kim Mullenix"
] | 2018-09-20 | [
"Beef",
"Calving",
"Livestock"
] | AL | ## Head Turned to the Side
The first step in providing assistance during calving is assessing the problem. There are several common situations encountered when delivering a calf. Sometimes a calf can have its head turned to the side during delivery. The neck must be straightened out and the head placed on top of the forelegs for delivery to proceed.
When in doubt, call your veterinarian. The outcome is always more favorable if assistance is provided sooner rather than later. Waiting too long unnecessarily risks the life of the cow or heifer and her calf.
Read here to learn more about how to manage a successful calving season.(https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/managing-asuccessful-calving-season/)
Download a PDF of Managing a Successful Calving Season, ANR-1403. (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ANR1403\_ManagingaSuccessfulCalvingSeason\_031618.pdf)
## ■ Read More
Read More
(https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/managing-a-successful-calyving-season/)
Managing a Successful Calving Season (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/managing-a successful-calving-season/)
Sep 19, 2018 |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/mid-season-soybean-molybdenum-deficiency | Mid-Season Soybean Molybdenum (Mo) Deficiency | NC State Extension | [
"Luke Gatiboni",
"Carl Crozier"
] | null | [
"Soil Fertility",
"Soil Nutrient",
"Soybean Production",
"Soybean",
"Molybdenum Deficiency",
"Field Crop"
] | NC | ## Mid-Season Soybean Molybdenum (Mo) Deficiency
Soybean Nutrient Deficiency Information
## Introduction
Three tools are used to evaluate crop nutrient availability: (1) soil analysis, (2) plant analysis, and (3) visual diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies. Soil analysis is used to predict the fertilizer requirement for a certain crop, while plant analysis is used to check the plant's nutritional status. With an understanding of specific plant nutrient deficiency symptomology, the producer may make important visual diagnoses and gain insight on whether plant nutrition is actually involved. When then the three evaluation tools are integrated, it is hoped that soil analysis and the application of appropriate lime and fertilizer rates will reduce nutrient limitations, while plant analysis based on either a routine sampling schedule or a visual problem diagnosis is used to document specific additional nutrient limitations.
Nutrient deficiency occurs when 1 of the 17 essential plant nutrients is not available in sufficient quantity to meet the requirements of a growing plant. Producers, Extension agents, and crop consultants should be able to recognize the main symptoms of nutrient deficiencies. It is important to interpret the scenario correctly to determine if timely intervention can minimize current crop yield loss, or whether it is more effective to wait and resolve the nutritional problem for future crops.
Each nutrient plays a different role in the plant. Lack of a particular nutrient will first impair specific physiological processes that lead to an identifiable visual abnormality. In addition, some nutrients are mobile in the plant, while others have low mobility. When the uptake of a mobile nutrient decreases, it can be translocated from the older to the younger parts of the plant. As a consequence, deficiency symptoms appear first in older leaves for mobile nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), molybdenum (Mo), and chlorine (Cl). For immobile nutrients, symptoms appear first in the young leaves or rapidly forming reproductive tissues (flowers, fruits, and seeds). These immobile nutrients include calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and boron (B).
Although the visual symptoms indicate that something is wrong with the crop, it may be difficult to correctly identify a specific nutritional cause. Diagnosing via visual symptoms includes the following limitations:
- · Deficiency symptoms of different nutrients can appear similar.
- · More than one nutrient can be deficient at the same time, making the identification difficult.
- · Different species (or varieties) can express symptoms differently.
- · Other factors can produce symptoms similar to some plant deficiencies, such as diseases, droughts, insects, herbicide side-effects, and excessive rainfall.
- · Crops can present "hidden hunger," in which the nutrient is below the optimum level but there are no visual symptoms.
- · Deficiency symptoms evolve with time, and the symptoms may appear different than "expected" symptoms.
Due to these limitations, when plants with visual symptoms of nutrient deficiency are found in a field, it is very important to perform soil and tissue testing to correctly identify the problem. Nematode assay may be important too. In this factsheet, we present the main symptoms of Mo deficiency in soybeans and the recommended management for North Carolina soils.
Management recommendations are based on experiments conducted at research stations and commercial farms in North Carolina and other regions. Producers wishing to conduct their own onfarm trials can use resources available through Cooperative Extension agents and the North Carolina Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services (NCDA&CS) Regional Agronomists. They can also rely on precision technology to apply products and monitor crop yields. Such studies are most likely to provide useful information when they follow a few simple guidelines:
- · Fertilizer treatments should be compared to a "control," usually an untreated area.
- · Treatments and controls should be replicated, which avoids the problem of basing conclusions on a single field area that may not be representative.
- · Control and fertilizer treatments should be randomly assigned to field areas.
- · Allow adequate time for rain to wash any foliar fertilizer off the leaf surfaces before taking any plant tissue samples. Otherwise, laboratory results may suggest greater nutrient uptake, even though the nutrients may not have moved into the plant.
## Occurrence
Molybdenum deficiency occurs in highly acidic soils. Molybdenum deficiency affects N-fixing bacteria, resulting in few or ineffective nodules on roots. Thus, Mo deficiency will also cause a soybean N deficiency.
## Symptoms
Symptoms are the same as N deficiency and seen as stunted plants; leaves with light green color (chlorosis) that appears first on lower (older) leaves; and poor nodulation on roots (Figure 1).
Attribution: The Fertilizer Institute
## Management
The visual deficiency diagnosis needs to be confirmed by diagnostic soil and plant analysis. Procedures for diagnostic sampling can be found at NC State Extension's soil fertility webpage. When Mo deficiency is detected in a soybean field during the growing season, Mo can be sprayed as foliar feed. Early diagnosis and treatment are necessary due to the time necessary for biological N fixation to recover. Many inoculants contain adequate Mo, given its importance in N fixation. A local Cooperative Extension agent, NCDA&CS Regional Agronomist, crop consultant, or certified crop advisor (CCA) should be consulted to consider also N feeding.
## Authors
Luke Gatiboni Extension Soil Fertility Specialist and Assistant Professor Crop & Soil Sciences
Carl Crozier Extension Soil Science Specialist Crop & Soil Sciences Publication date: Dec. 4, 2020
AG-897-08
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/holmes-county-census-profile-2010-2020 | Holmes County Census Profile (2010-2020) | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Census",
"Publications",
"Economic Development"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications » Holmes County Census Profile (2010-2020)
## Holmes County Census Profile (2010-2020)
| PUBLICATIONS | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P3716-27 | |
| View as PDF: P3716-27.pdf | |
| Presentation File: | |
| holmes_county_census_presentation.pdf | |
| Department: MSU Extension-Holmes County | |
| The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to | The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to |
| all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. | all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. |
| Select Your County Office | Select Your County Office |
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| Related News | Related News |
| OCTOBER 3, 2024 | OCTOBER 3, 2024 |
| Crosby Arboretum earns Outpost Business recognition | Crosby Arboretum earns Outpost Business recognition |
## Extension provides training for tourism professionals
NOVEMBER 10,2023
MSU Extension specialist receives leadership award
OCTOBER 24,2023
First tourism leadership class graduates recognized
OCTOBER 23,2023
MSU Extension expertise helps boost Mississippi tourism
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ... next > last>
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842
Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998
Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374
Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375
Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796
Talking Retail Trade |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/VM011 | Disease Prevention in Commercial Poultry | University of Florida | [
"Gary D. Butcher",
"Richard D. Miles"
] | 2019-02-19 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | ## Disease Prevention in Commercial Poultry
Gary D. Butcher and Richard D. Miles
Prevention of disease in commercial poultry requires the producer to actively enforce an effective/comprehensive biosecurity program and to maintain an intact and functional immune system in the chicken.
## Biosecurity for Disease Control/Prevention
Biosecurity is a commonly used poultry industry term that can be defined simply as "informed common sense." That is, one develops a basic understanding of the principles of disease transmission and combines this knowledge with good old "common sense". The objective would be to have a program design such that the diseases are not brought onto the poultry farm and poultry are not brought to diseases. An effective biosecurity program allows one to keep diseases off poultry farms; or if disease organisms are present, such a program would eliminate them or at least reduce them to a level of little or no significance.
Poultry veterinarians have been attempting to control diseases by improving biosecurity practices. This emphasis on controlling diseases by biosecurity practices rather than relying on vaccines and/or antibiotics has resulted from changes in the industry itself. As poultry farms became larger and more intensive, disease outbreaks became more costly; as the lifespan of broilers decreased because of improved genetics and feedings, birds did not have sufficient time to recover from diseases and make it to processing.
Veterinarians often find it difficult to convince many farm managers of the importance of biosecurity programs. The lack of support for these disease PREVENTION programs, which many farm managers may see as costly, time consuming, and just more unnecessary work, is probably due to the failure of previous programs. However, the failure of previous efforts was likely due to poor design and improper implementation of the programs. A comprehensive biosecurity program cannot eliminate the possibility of disease, but it can reduce the probability. In addition, often it is not possible to demonstrate direct benefits from a biosecurity program from just one flock. Improved production usually occurs gradually over several flocks.
## Disease Transmission
Understanding how diseases are transmitted is an important factor in developing a biosecurity program. Studies have consistently demonstrated that approximately 90 percent of the time poultry diseases spread from one farm to another by contaminated people, poultry equipment, and farm vehicles. Exceptions to this include direct ovarian transmission (example: Mycoplasma gallisepticum ), eggshell penetration (example: Salmonella) and hatcher contamination (example: Aspergillus sp.). Airborne transmission of poultry diseases is not considered to be an important means of disease transmission. For example, Mycoplasma gallisepticum is horizontally transmitted by direct contact between carriers and susceptible chickens, and by airborne dust or over droplets very short distances (such as between cage rows or pens within a house, but not between houses or farms).
M. gallisepticum is spread from one house to another, or from one farm to another by contaminated equipment, vehicles, and people. Studies with other poultry diseases have further demonstrated that airborne transmission is not a significant means of disease transmission between poultry farms.
## Lifespan of Disease Organisms
Another important factor in developing a biosecurity program is determining the stability of poultry disease organisms in the environment. Table 1 includes the common poultry diseases and the time period for which they remain viable in the poultry house environment following the removal of chickens.
Down time, which includes the period of time between successive flocks when no chickens are present on the premises, has been used as a means to reduce the level of disease organisms in poultry farms. Increasing down time, however, may be of only limited value in reducing/ eliminating specific diseases. As Table 1 illustrates, fragile organisms such as M. gallisepticum or Hemophilus paragalliarium (infectious coryza) remain viable for approximately 3 days outside the chicken. In these cases, a 1-week down period would be very effective in eliminating these diseases prior to bringing new chickens onto the premises.
However, for disease organisms such as infectious bursal disease virus or the coccidia, which are very resistant to environmental factors, increasing down time would be of limited value. In these cases thoroughly cleaning and disinfecting the premises would be necessary to reduce the level of these disease organisms.
## Understanding the Immune System
The objective of any poultry management program should be disease PREVENTION through effective biosecurity practices. If there is a breakdown in biosecurity, and a disease outbreak occurs, be sure the chickens are immunologically competent. This will limit the resulting losses. Poultry producers need to understand the function of the immune system to assure that its integrity is maintained and that full advantage of its protective capability is utilized. The avian immune system is divided into nonspecific and specific immune mechanisms.
## Nonspecific Immune Mechanisms
Nonspecific immune mechanisms include the innate or inherent ways in which the chicken resists disease. This protective system is often not considered when designing a poultry health program. Many programs tend to rely primarily on vaccinations and/or antibiotics to maintain flock health. The importance of nonspecific immune mechanisms should be realized. Examples have been included.
## Examples:
- · Genetic factors -birds may not have complementary receptors to allow many disease organisms to infect them. For example, some strains of chickens are genetically resistant to the lymphoid leukosis virus.
- · Anatomic features-many diseases organisms cannot penetrate intact body coverings (skin and mucous membranes) or are trapped in the mucus secretions. Some nutritional deficiencies (biotin deficiency) or infectious diseases compromise the integrity of the body coverings, allowing penetration of disease organisms.
- · Normal microflora-the skin and gut normally maintain a dense, stable microbial population. This stable microflora prevents invading disease organisms from gaining a foothold. Improper use of antibiotics or poor sanitation can disrupt the balance of the microflora.
- · Respiratory tract cilia-parts of the respiratory system are lined with cilia, which remove disease organisms and debris. If the air in the poultry house is of poor quality due to high levels of dust or ammonia, the ciliary system may be overwhelmed and become ineffective. Other factors involved in innate resistance include nutrition, environment (avoid heat /cold stress), age (young / old animals are more susceptible to disease), inflammatory processes, metabolic factors, complement and interference.
The reason that good management practices are important in maintaining poultry health is better understood when the nonspecific immune mechanisms are defined. For example, poor sanitation or the overuse of antibiotics may lead to a disruption of the normal microl Flora; nor nutrition may lead to deficiencies that allow disease organisms to penetrate the protective body coverings; selection of disease resistant strains of chickens may preclude or lessen the effects of certain diseases.
## Specific Immune Mechanisms
In contrast, specific immune mechanisms (acquired system) are characterized by specificity, heterogeneity and memory. This system is divided into noncellular (humoral) and cellular components.
## Noncellular immune mechanisms
The noncellular components include immunoglobulins (antibodies) and the cells that produce them. Antibodies are specific (specificity) for the foreign matter (antigen) to which they attach. For example, the antibody against Newcastle disease virus will attach only to the Newcastle virus, not to the infectious bronchitis virus (heterogeneity). There are three classes of antibodies that are produced in the chicken after exposure to a disease organism: Ig M, IgG, G and Ig A.
Ig M appears 4 to 5 days following exposure to a disease organism and will disappear in 10 to 12 days. Ig G is detectable 5 days following exposure, peaks at 3 to 3½ weeks and then slowly decreases. Ig G is the important protective antibody in the chicken and is measured by most serologic test systems. Thus, if you are interested in determining antibody titer levels following vaccination, you should collect sera after 3 to 3½ weeks. If sera is evaluated prior to this time, the antibody titer levels are still increasing, which makes interpretation of the vaccination program difficult. Ig A appears 5 days following exposure, peaks at 3 to 3½ weeks, and then slowly decreases. This antibody if found primarily in the mucus secretions of the eyes, gut, and respiratory tract, and provides "local" protection to these tissues.
The cells that produce antibodies are called B-lymphocytes. These cells are produced in the embryonic liver, yolk sac, and bone marrow. The cells move to the bursa of Fabricius (BF) at 15 days incubation and remain there through 10 weeks of age. The BF programs these cells, which then move to the blood, spleen, fecal tonsils, bone marrow, Harderian gland, and thymus. Destruction of the BF at a young age by Gumboro disease virus or Marek's disease virus prevents the programming of B-cells. Thus, the chicken will not be able to respond as effectively to diseases or vaccines by producing antibodies.
When a disease organism enters the body, it is engulfed by a phagocytic-type cell, the macrophage. The macrophage transports the disease organism and exposes it to the B-lymphocytes. The B-cells respond by producing antibodies 5 days following exposure. The lag period occurs because the B-cells must be programmed and undergo clonal expansion to
increase their numbers. If the chicken is exposed a second time to the same disease, the response is quicker, and a much higher level of antibody production occurs (memory). This is the basis for vaccinating.
Antibodies do not have the capability to kill viruses or bacteria directly. Antibodies perform their function by attaching to disease organisms and blocking their receptors. The disease organisms are then prevented from attaching to their target cell receptors in the chicken. For example, an infectious bronchitis virus that has its receptors covered with antibodies will not be able to attach to and penetrate its target cells, the cells lining the trachea. The attached antibodies also immobilize the disease organism that facilitates their destruction by macrophages.
## Cellular Immune mechanisms
The cellular component includes all the cells that react with specificity to antigens, except those associated with antibody production. The cells associated with this system, the T-lymphocytes, begin as the same stem cells as the B-cells. However, the T-lymphocytes are programmed in the thymus rather than the BF.
The T-lymphocytes include a more heterogeneous population than the B-cells. Some T-cells act by producing lymphokines (over 90 different ones have been identified); others directly destroy disease organisms. Some T-cells act to enhance the response of B-cells, macrophages, or other T-cells(helpers); others inhibit the activity of these cells (suppressors). The cellular system was identified when it was shown that chickens with damaged BF could still respond to and eliminate many disease organisms.
## Active Immunity
A chicken may become immune to a disease organism by producing antibodies itself or by obtaining antibodies from another animal. When the chicken produces its own antibodies following exposure to a foreign material, the process is called active immunity. This occurs after the bird is exposed to a vaccine or a disease. Active immunity is harmed by anything that damages the cellular or humoral immune system.
## Passive immunity
When the chick receives pre-made antibodies from the hen through the egg, this is termed passive immunity. These antibodies are not produced by the chick. Maternal antibodies are present in the yolk albumin and fluids of the egg. If the hen has a high antibody titer level to a disease, the chick should also be immune for several weeks. However, since the immune system of the chick is not stimulated, there will be no antibodies produced by the chick and no memory cells.
The flock manager must be aware of the maternal antibody levels in the chicks to schedule vaccinations. If chickens are vaccinated when maternal antibody titer levels are elevated, the vaccine may be buffered excessively, resulting in a reduced response. Conversely, if vaccinations are delayed and maternal titer levels are low, a severe vaccine reaction may result. Chickens may also be susceptible to diseases as maternal titer levels will be low, and approximately 12 days is required following vaccination before minimal protective antibody levels are produced.
In summary, the immune system of the chicken is very helpful in preventing disease and helping to ensuring that maximum productive potential is realized. We must learn how to take advantage of all parts of the system when designing health programs.
## Serology
Routinely, serum samples are submitted to a poultry diagnostic laboratory to determine antibody titer levels as an aid in the diagnosis of disease or as part of a routine monitoring program. However, it is important to keep in mind that the ELISA serologic test system commonly used measures only Ig G levels in the blood. No determination is made of Ig A (local protection), IgG M (early protection), cel-mediated immunity, or the nonspecific immune system. Although serology can be very useful in a poultry health program it is important to understand its limitations. Table 2 lists common poultry diseases and the part of the immune system considered to be the primary protective mechanism in controlling the disease organism.
ELISA serology, commonly used in the poultry industry, has limitations. Some of these include the following:
- · Measures Ig G response only, not Ig A, Ig M, CMI or the nonspecific immune mechanisms.
- Must have paired sera to make determinations (diagnostic).
- · Must have an organized bleeding schedule (monitoring).
- Antigenic specificity may lead to inaccurate results.
- · Serum samples must be properly selected (randomly, sufficient number).
- Selection of birds is critical (representative of the disease problem-diagnostic, or of the flock-monitoring). Lack of consistency of results between laboratories.
## Development of Infectious Disease
The development of an infectious disease depends on three variables: 1) resistance of the chicken; 2) virulence of the disease organism; and 3) dosage of the organism to which birds are exposed. Through effective biosecurity practices, the dosage of the disease organism is reduced or even eliminated. Through proper vaccination practices, the resistance of the bird can be increased. The only factor over which there is little control is the virulence of the disease organism in the field.
| Diseases of chicken and lifespan of disease away from chicken. |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| View Table |
| |
Publication #CIR1079
Release Date:
February 20, 2019
Reviewed At:
March 4, 2025
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises
Contacts: Gary Butcher
About this Publication
This document is CIR1079, one of a series of the Veterinary Medicine-Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date June 1993. Revised May 1996. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
## About the Authors
Gary D. Butcher, professor and poultry veterinarian; and Richard D. Miles, professor and poultry nutritionist, Veterinary Medicine-Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
## Related Pages
Poultry Health
Miles, Richard D.
external
University of Florida
Butcher, Gary D.
Specialist
University of Florida |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ST318 | Jacaranda mimosifolia 'Alba': 'Alba' Jacaranda | University of Florida | [
"Edward F. Gilman",
"Dennis G. Watson",
"Ryan W. Klein",
"Deborah R. Hilbert"
] | 2024-04-08 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | Skip to main content
## Jacaranda mimosifolia 'Alba': 'Alba' Jacaranda
Edward F. Gilman, Dennis G. Watson, Ryan W. Klein, and Deborah R. Hilbert
## Introduction
Soft, delicate, fermilek, deciduous foliage and dense terminal clusters of pure white, lightly fragrant, trumpet-shaped flowers make this large, spreading tree an outstanding specimen planting. The striking blooms can appear any time from April through August (most often May), and are sometimes present before the fresh, new, light green leaves appear in spring. Flowering is reportedly best following a winter with several nights in the upper 30's. Jacaranda may flower best when grown in poor soil. Jacarandas can reach 25 to 40 feet in height with an equal or greater spread, and the bent or arching trunks are covered with light grey bark.
## General Information
Scientific name: Jacaranda mimosifolia
Pronunciation: jack-uh-RAN-duh mih-moe-sih-FOLE-ee-uuh
Common name(s): 'Alba' jacaranda
Family: Bignoniaceae
USDA hardiness zones: 9B through 11 ( Figure 2 )
Origin: not native to North America
Invasive potential: not considered a problem species at this time, may be recommended (North, Central, South)
Uses: parking lot island 100 -200 sq ft; parking lot island > 200 sq ft; street without sidewalk; tree lawn > 6 ft wide; shade; specimen
## Description
Height: 25 to 40 feet
Spread: 45 to 60 feet
Crown uniformity: irregular
Crown shape: vase, spreading
Crown density: open
Growth rate: fast
Texture: fine
## Foliage
Leaf arrangement: alternate (Figure 3)
Leaf type: bipinnately compound, odd-pinnately compound
Leaf margin: entire
Leaf shape: obovate, rhomboid
Leaf venation: unknown
Leaf type and persistence: deciduous
Leaf blade length: less than 2 inches
Leaf color: green
Fall color: no color change
Fall characteristic: not showy
Figure 3. Foliage. Credit: UF/IFAS
## Flower
Flower color: white/cream/gray
Flower characteristics: showy
Fruit
Fruit shape: irregular, pod or pod-like
Fruit length: 1 to 3 inches
Fruit covering: dry or hard
Fruit color: brown
Fruit characteristics: does not attract wildlife; not showy; fruit/leaves a litter problem
## Trunk and Branches
Trunk/bark/branches: branches droop; showy; typically one trunk; thorns
Pruning requirement: needed for strong structure
Breakage: susceptible to breakage
Current year twig color: gray, brown
Current year twig thickness: thick
Wood specific gravity: unknown
Culture
Light requirement: full sun
Soil tolerances: sand; loam; clay; acidic; slightly alkaline; well-drained
Drought tolerance: high
Aerosol salt tolerance: none
## Other
Roots: can form large surface roots
Winter interest: no
Outstanding tree: no
Ozone sensitivity: unknown
Verticillium wilt susceptibility: unknown
Pest resistance: resistant to pests/diseases
## Use and Management
The light, dappled shade makes jacaranda well-suited for cooling patios, but it probably should not be used near pools due to the abundant leaf and flower drop. Jacaranda makes an ideal street tree, creating a spectacular sight when in full bloom. The arching branch habit is ideal for creating a canopy over a street or boulevard. Be sure to plant only those trees which have one central trunk and major limbs well-spaced apart for street tree and other high-use areas. Unpruned trees can become hazardous as they split apart at the crotches. Once properly trained and pruned, jacaranda is fairly strong-wooded and less messy than royal poiniociana.
Small jacaranda trees can tolerate light shade and will grow quickly, but they will have the heaviest flowering when growing in full sun. They thrive in sandy, well-drained soils but should be watered during dry periods. Prune branches so they remain less than half the diameter of the trunk to help keep the plant intact and increase durability.
Propagation is by softwood cuttings or grafting. Seedlings often take a long time to bloom so grafted trees or those rooted from cuttings are preferred.
## Pests
No pests are of major concern.
## Diseases
Mushroom root rot is a problem on poorly-drained soil.
## Literature Cited
University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. 2018. "Assessment of Non-native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas" (https://assessment.ifas.ufl.edu/,#3/2024) Gainesville, FL, 32611-4000, USA.
Publication #ENH477
Release Date:
April 9, 2024
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises
Contacts: Michael Andreu
View PDF
## About this Publication
This document is ENH477, one of a series of the Department of Environmental Horticulture, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date November 1993. Revised March 2024. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
## About the Authors
Edward F. Gilman, professor emeritus; Dennis G. Watson, former associate professor, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering; Ryan W. Klein, assistant professor, arboriculture; and Deborah R. Hilbert, UF/IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center; Department of Environmental Horticulture; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
## Related Pages
Southern Trees Fact Sheets
676 Publication(s)
Jacaranda |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/taylorco/2022/10/19/be-mindful-eating-increases-in-the-fall/ | Be Mindful: Eating Increases in the Fall | University of Florida | [
"Lori Wiggins"
] | 2022-10-19 | [
"Health & Nutrition",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"fall",
"recipe"
] | FL | ## Be Mindful: Eating Increases in the Fall
It is that time of year when it starts to get dark earlier, the days get cooler, football and school is in full swing-in other words, it is the beginning of Fall. And something else happens as well: we start eating more.
People show a marked seasonal rhythm, with increased total caloric consumption, especially from carbohydrates, which is associated with an increase in meal size and a greater rate of eating. Why do we eat more in the Fall? More than likely, it is biological-putting on weight in preparation for the potential winter famine our ancestors faced.
Perhaps we eat more simply because bathing suit season is over, and we can start hiding excess calories beneath our winter clothes. Whatever the reason, it is important to realize that fall foods (soups, stews, breads, sweet potatoes, butternut squash, apples, pumpkins, and all types of greens) can actually be healthier than foods of other seasons. They are packed with great nutrients, such as fiber, protein, beta carotene and vitamin C.
## Here are a few tips to keep the Fall tasty and healthy.
Soups are great if they are not made with cream or cheese. Just watch serving sizes because we tend to eat whatever is in our bowl. Stews can be hearty and also fattening. Use lots of fresh vegetables and go light on the meat and potatoes. TV and Food : Avoid
unconscious eating while watching football and new Fall TV shows.
Never bring the whole bag or bowl of anything to the couch or coffee table; pre-measure it in the kitchen beforehand. When it comesto chips, make sure they are baked, not fried.
Harvest : Celebrate the Fall harvest in other ways, not just by making pies. Apples are low in calories when they are off the tree, not in a pie. Pumpkin: If you must have pie, try making pumpkin pie without the crust or make pumpkin bread with bananas or applesauce instead of oil. Turkey: Turkey is healthy, as long as you keep it lean and white. Time Change : Keep in mind that once we set the clocks
back, it gets darker earlier, so there are fewer outdoor options for physical activities in the evening. Make adjustments by joining a gym, planning evening walks in well-lit areas or becoming an early riser.
Here is a delicious and healthy Taco Soup recipe to try:
## Ingredients:
- .1 tablespoon minced garlic
- .1 small, diced onion
- .1 pound of lean ground turkey or beef (93/7)
- .1 packet taco seasoning
- .1 cup salsa
- .1/2 cup diced green chilies
- .4 cups tomatoes, diced
- .1 cup of spicy or regular tomato juice
- .2 cups chicken broth
- .2 cups kidney beans (15.5 oz can)
- .2 cups black beans (15.5 oz can)
- .4 cups corn, canned or frozen
- .1/2 cup fresh cilantro
## Instructions
- 1. Spray pot with nonstick spray, add onions and garlic and cook 2-3 minutes or until garlic is fragrant and onions are translucent. Stir occasionally.
- .2 Add ground turkey or beef and cook until no longer pink.
- .3 Add chicken stock to meat.
- 4. Then add black and kidney beans and corn (drain all). Add tomato juice then taco seasoning, salsa, tomatoes, and green chillies.
5. Mix everything together and cook on medium heat for about 20 minutes, then turn to a simmer for 10 additional minutes.
- 6. Soup is ready to serve. Sprinkle with cilantro and you can even top with a low-fat sour cream and reduced fat cheese and enjoy!
```
O
by Lori Wiggins
Posted: October 19, 2022
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Category: Health & Nutrition, UF/IFAS Extension
Tags: Fall, Recipe
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
More From Blogs.IFAS
· Simple Ways To Shape Up This Spring
· Creative Kids In The Kitchen
· Derelict Crab Trap Cleanups Continue In 2022
· Benefits Of Stretching And Flexibility Exercises
``` |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ST191 | Cornus kousa: Kousa Dogwood | University of Florida | [
"Edward F. Gilman",
"Dennis G. Watson"
] | 2014-06-12 | [] | FL | ## Cornus kousa: Kousa Dogwood
Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson
## Introduction
Kousa dogwood grows 15 to 20 feet tall and has beautiful exfoliating bark, long lasting flowers, good fall color, and attractive fruit. Branches grow upright when the tree is young, but appear in horizontal layers on mature trees. The crown eventually grows wider than it is tail on many specimens. It would be difficult to use too many Kousa dogwoods. The white, pointed bracts are produced a month later than flowering dogwood and are effective for about a month, sometimes longer. The red fruits are edible and they look like a big round raspberry. Birds devour the fruit quickly. Fall color varies from dull red to maroon.
## General Information
Scientific name: Cornus kousa
Pronunciation: KOR-nus KOO-suh
Common name(s): Kousa dogwood, Chinese dogwood, Japanese dogwood
Family: Cornaceae
USDA hardiness zones: 5A through 8B (Fig. 2)
Origin: not native to North America
Invasive potential: little invasive potential
Uses: specimen; container or planter; deck or patio; screen
Availability: not native to North America
## Description
Height: 15 to 20 feet
Spread: 15 to 20 feet
Crown uniformity: symmetrical
Crown shape: round
Crown density: dense
Growth rate: slow
Texture: medium
## Foliage
Leaf arrangement: opposite/subpopposite (Fig. 3)
Leaf type: simple
Leaf margin: entire
Leaf shape: ovate
Leaf venation: bowed, pinnate
Leaf type and persistence: deciduous
Leaf blade length: 2 to 4 inches
Leaf color: green
Fall color: purple, red
Fall characteristic: showy
Figure 3. Foliage Flower color: white/cream/gray
Flower
Flower characteristics: very showy
## Fruit
```
Fruit shape: oval, round
Fruit length: .5 to 1 inch
Fruit covering: fleshy
Fruit color: red
Fruit characteristics: attracts birds; showy; fruit/leaves not a litter problem
```
Trunk and Branches
Trunk/bark/branches: branches drop; showy; typically multi-trunked; thorns
Pruning requirement: little required
Breakage: resistant
Current year twig color: brown, green
Current year twig thickness: medium
Wood specific gravity: unknown
## Culture
Light requirement: full sun, partial sun, or partial shade
Soil tolerances: clay; sand; loam; acidic; well-drained
Drought tolerance: moderate
Aerosol salt tolerance: moderate
## Other
Roots: not a problem
Winter interest: yes
Outstanding tree: yes
Ozone sensitivity: unknown
Verticillium wilt susceptibility: resistant
Pest resistance: resistant to pests/diseases
## Use and Management
The bark is so attractive on Kousa dogwood that lower branches should be selectively thinned to show it off. Although young trees show only limited bark exfoliation, the tree shows its true bark character as it gets older. The tree also makes a great silhouette as a specimen planting and should be allowed to branch close to the ground to enjoy its full character. The strong horizontal branching habit on older plants is difficult to find in other trees, and it looks great when lit at night from beneath the canopy. Planting a Kousa dogwood can extend the spring flowering season several weeks since it flowers just after flowering dogwood.
Kousa dogwood should be planted in place of Cornus florida where Discula anthracnose is a problem. It is not rated as an urban tough tree and needs open soil space to look its best. Some shade will improve performance in restricted soil spaces.
Growth is best on moist, loamy, weakly-drained soil (not heavy clay) with mulch or leaf litter accumulated over the roots. Kousa dogwood is not particularly drought- or heat-tolerant, requiring irrigation during drought periods in summer.
Sensitive to reflected heat so it is poorly adapted to downtown landscapes. Best in some shade in the southern part of its range.
Cultivars include: 'Chinensis'-larger baracts; 'Milky Way'-produces more flowers; the var. angustata is evergreen as far north as Philadelphia. Cornus florida x kousa hybrid 'Constellation' is new, becoming available, and has wonderful flowers.
## Pests
Several borers will attack dogwood. Try to keep the trees healthy with regular fertilization. Indications of borer problems are holes in the trunk, leaves smaller than normal, and dieback of the crown.
Dogwood club gall midge causes galls at the branch tips. The leaves on affected branch tips may be distorted and the branch may fail to form a flower bud. Prune out the galls as soon as they are seen.
Leaf miners cause brown blister-like mines on the undersides of leaves. The adult leaf miner skeletonizes the leaves.
Scales can build up to large numbers before being detected.
Aphids on small trees may be partially controlled by spraying them with a strong stream of water from the garden hose.
## Diseases
Most of the diseases listed are seen most often on Cornus florida . However other dogswoods are susceptible to the diseases listed.
Early symptoms of dogwood canker are smaller and paler leaves. Leaves on infected branches are red earlier in the fall. At first the symptoms appear only on the infected side of the tree but become more general as the canker enlarges. There is no chemical control for the disease. Avoid trunk wounds during and after planting.
Crown canker is associated with wet soils and can be controlled with appropriate fungicides.
Flower and leaf blight caused by Botrytis cinerea attacks fading bracts, especially during wet weather. Infected flower parts fall on the leaves spreading the infection.
A large number of leaf spots attack dogwood. Clean up and dispose of infected leaves.
Powdery mildew covers the leaves with a fine white coating.
Leaf scorch occurs during hot, dry, windy weather. This condition looks like a disease. Scorch symptoms are drying and browning of the leaf margins, or, in more serious cases, drying and browning of the interveinal area.
Publication #ENH350
Release Date:
June 13, 2014
Contacts: Michael Andreu
View PDF
## Related Pages
## Southern Trees Fact Sheets
676 Publication(s)
Dogwood |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/PP278 | Fusarium Wilt of Queen Palm and Mexican Fan Palm | University of Florida | [
"Monica L. Elliott"
] | 2017-01-16 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | Fusarium Wilt of Queen Palm and Mexican Fan Palm
Monica L. Elliott
## Summary
- · As the name implies, Fusarium wilt of queen palm and Mexican fan palm is primarily observed on Syagrus romanzoffiana (queen palm) and Washingtonia robusta (Mexican fan palm or Washington palm). When this disease first appeared, it was called "Fusarium decline." That disease name is no longer valid.
- · The disease is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. palmarum .
- · This disease is similar to Fusarium wilt of Canary Island date palm, but the pathogen subspecies and host range are different.
- · The leaf symptoms include a one-sided chlorosis (yellowing) or necrosis (brown due to death) of the leaf blades, with a distinct reddish brown or dark brown stripe on the petiole and rachis. The internal petiole and rachis tissue is discolored. Eventually, the entire leaf dies.
- · The disease symptoms normally appear first on the oldest (lowest) living leaves, and then progressively move upward in the canopy until the palm is killed. Palms often die quickly, within two to three months after initial symptoms are observed. Due to the quick decline, the necrotic leaves do not necessarily droop or break and bend down around the trunk, but remain relatively rigid.
- · The only other disease that the leaf symptoms could be confused with is petiole (rachis) blight.
- · It is not known exactly how the fungus spreads so widely in the landscape, but wind-blown spores are strongly suspected as a primary method. Local transmission of the fungus from palm to pain is possibly caused by contaminated pruning tools.
- · There currently is no cure for this lethal disease.
- · Laboratory confirmation of this Fusarium wilt pathogen requires molecular techniques.
## Introduction
Fusarium will be very host specific, with the primary hosts being Syagrus romanzoffiana (queen palm) and Washingtonia robusta (Mexican fan palm or Washington palm). It is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. palmarum . When this disease was first observed, it was referred to as "Fusarium decline." However, now that the exact pathogen is known, the more correct disease name is "Fusarium wilt". The full name of "Fusarium wil of queen palm and Mexican fan palm"was given to this disease to distinguish it from the other Fusarium wilt disease occurs on a palm in Florida, Fusarium wilt of Canary island date palm (https://cdisi.edu.upl.edu/pp139). This disease primarily occurs on Phoenix canariensis , and is caused by Fyxosporium f. sp. canariensis (note the different subspecies name).
## Pathogen and Hosts
Fusarium wilt of queen palm and Mexican fan palm is caused by the fungus F. oxysporum f. sp. palmarum . The fungus causes a vascular wilt of the palm. Specifically, it obstructs the xylem (water-conducting) tissue, which results in the symptoms of leaf desiccation and death described below.
The fungus produces short-lived spores (macroniconia and microconidia). It also produces spores called chamydospora that live in the soil and plant tissue for long time periods (usually years).
The primary hosts of the pathogen Syagrus romanzoffiana (queen palm) and Washingtonia robusta (Mexican fan palm or Washington palm). While the pathogen has also been observed affecting Canary Island date palm and the "mulierim" (pamt) by "Yugatsas ronzombiano") across Syagrus romanzoffiana and Butia odorata , this has occurred very rarely.
Thus far, the disease has been documented in Florida and the Houston-Gavison area of Texas. In its widespread throughout Florida. Affected palm trees have been observed mostly in mature landscapes. However, the disease has been observed on juvenile palms (palms without trunks) in a few nurseries. Because the diseased palms decline so quickly; the diseased nursery palms are often not marketable.
## Symptoms
As with most diseases, Fusarium will symptoms are progressive. For queen palms, there will be at least one leaf with some or all leaflets discolored on only one side of the rachis. The leaflets will be either chlorotic (shades of yellow) or, moreover, a shade of brown due to desiccation or death. The leaflets on the opposite side of the rachis will be a healthy green color (Figures 1 and 2). This very distinctive symptom is often referred to as 'one-sided willow' or 'one-sided death.' A reddish brown or dark brown stripe will be visible on the petiole and rachis of the affected frost, on the same side where the first dead leaflets appear. This streak may run the full length of the petiole and rachis, or just a portion of it. Internal discoloration will be observed in cross sections of the discolored petiole and rachis (Figure 3). Eventually, the leaflets on the other side of the rachis will turn brown and the entire leaf will die.
Figure 1. Beginning leaf symptoms of Fusarium wilt: The lowest leaflets on the left side of this queen palm leaf are beginning to die, and there is a reddish brown stripe moving from the petiole into the rachis.
Figure 2. Over half of the leaflets on this queen palm leaf have died or are dying, and there is a reddish brown string along the entire left side.
Figure 3. This cross section of an affected leaf petiole/rachis illustrates internal discoloration due to fungal infection.
For Mexican fan palms, there will be at least one older leaf with a mixture of healthy, chlorotic, and necrotic leaflet segments in the leaf blade. As with the queen palm, there will be a reddish brown or dark brown stripe on the petiole, with a corresponding internal discoloration in the cross section (Figure 4).
Figure 5. Queen palm exhibiting typical late-stage symptoms of Fusarium wilt. The entire canopy is necrotic, but leaves are not drooping or hanging down around the trunk.
Figure 7. Mexican fan palm exhibiting typical symptoms of Fusarium wilt. Over half of the leaves have died, all in the lowest part of the canopy. The dying leaves have reddish-brown stripes on the petiole.
## Diagnosis
The initial field diagnosis can often be made based on the symptoms described above, especially if the symptoms are typical. No other fungal disease kills the entire palm canopy so quickly. In fact, if the disease is progressing very quickly; there may only be one leaf with typical symptoms because the leaves are dying so rapidly. However, the initial symptoms of Fusarium wilt look exactly like the symptoms of petiole (rachi) blight (https://dzs.fisaf.usl.edu/pulsu\_143). Especially in Mexico and Mexican palms. The latter disease is not a true vascular wilt, but the resulting leaf symptoms of petiole (rachi) blight are the same as Fusarium wilt. However, palms seldom die from petiole (rachis) blight. Therefore, it is essential to confirm which disease is affecting the palm with a laboratory test.
Another disease that can kill palm queens is Texas Phoenix palm decline (https://dsi.fsaf.usl.edu/pulsu\_161). However, the spear leaf (the youngest leaf that has not expanded) dies very early in the disease process if Texas Phoenix palm decline is the problem, whereas the spear leaf is the last leaf to die if Fusarium wilt is the problem.
To confirm the field diagnosis, a laboratory must isolate the pathogen from the affected leaf tissue and then conduct a molecular test on the isolated culture. There are numerous F. oxysporum isolates that do not cause disease, but that are still associated with palm material. Unfortunately, it is not possible to separate pathogenic isolates from nonpathogenic isolates based on their appearance in culture. Thus, isolation of a fungus that looks like F. oxysporum does not confirm the field diagnosis. The fungus growing on the culture plate is then subjected to a molecular test that can confirm if the fungi is F. oxysporum f. sp. palmarum .
Contact local UAF/IFAS Extension office (http://solutionsport@ufas.edu/ifars/intheclinic) or the UFAS Plant Diagnostic Clinic (http://plantinsafety.unefs.ul.edx/extension/planpidigest-center/) for complete details on correct sample submission procedures and cost of a laboratory diagnosis. The best leaf sample is one where half the leaf is still green and the distinctive reddish brown or dark brown stripe is present on the petiole(rachis) see Figures 1, 2, and 4), and where there is internal discoloration of the petiole/rachis (see Figure 3).
Do not place the leaf in plastic. Place the sample in a paper bag for hand delivery or cardboard box shipping.
## Disease Management
Once the palm is affected by this disease, there is no cure. Currently, there is no method for preventing this disease, either. Based on observations in Florida, the pathogen appears to be spread primarily by airborne spores (condensation) moved and, possibly and birdless insects.
Once the disease is established in a landscape or nursery, it is thought that the disease may be transmitted from palm to palm hair leaf-pruning equipment. The fungal pathogen is located in the vascular tissue of the leaf leaf. Equipment used to remove leaves from an infected queen palm or Mexican palm (chain saw, lopper, pruning shear, hand saw, etc.) will have fungus-infested leaf material (leaf wood, dust plant, sap remain) on the blades. If equipment is not cleaned and disinfected, the next queen palm or Mexican fan palm pruned by this equipment will be exposed to fungus-infested leaf material. It is important to note that a palm could be infected but appeared heatfly (symptomless) because the disease has not developed to the point that leaf symptoms are being expressed.
Pruning should be restricted to removal of dead or dying leaves only. Severe pruning weakens palms and may increase the risk of pathogen transmission. Pruning should be viewed as a risk factor for Fusarium wilt diseases transmission and not as a benefit to the palm.
Table 1 provides a list of suggested materials that can be used as disinfecting agents. Brush the tool blades clean debris before placing in the disinfectant solution. For chain saws, it is recommended that they be taken apart both and both the chain and bar soaked. By using multiple pruning tools, one tool can be soaking in the disinfectant solution while the other tool is used for pruning. The disinfectant solution should be replaced at every 10 trees or every 2 hours. Rinse tools with clean water before pruning.
Again, this is a disfigurence without a run. In a nursery situation, diagnosis of this disease effectively destroys the crop, as the plants are not marketable and must be destroyed. In a landscape situation, the palm will eventually die and have to be removed. In both situations, the disposal(should) shall be removed and destroyed immediately.
As long as the disease is restricted to the canopy and has not moved into the trunk, only the diseased canopy should be incinerated, placed in a landfill or composted properly. If this is not possible (as is the case in many Florida counties), there be sure the palm canopy is not chirped for mulch much in the landscape. Chain saws and other tools used for removal must be brushed free of plant material and disinfected as described previously. If the trunk is clean (no signs of discoloration), it could be chipped and recycled as mulch. Stumps should be ground or removed to prevent colonization by the fungus that causes Ganoderma rootnut rotatilis but rotatilis (eds.ifusal.upnjc.edu/).
Based on other Fusarium wilt diseases of palmis, it is recommended that a queen palm or Mexican fan palm not be planted back into a site where one of these species has died from Fusarium wilth.
## Selected References
Eliott, M. L., 2012. "First report of Fusarium wilh caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. palmarum on Canary Island date palm in Florida". Plant Disease 96:356. https://doi.org/10.32473/epsid.pp.192
Elliot, M. L., E. A. Des Jardin, C. L. Harmon, and S. Beccher, 2017. "Confirmation of Fusarium Witl caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. palmarum on" Butagyrus nabonandii (mule palm in Florida)". Plant Disease 101:2 -105. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-16-1099-PDN
Elittom, M. L., E. A. Des Jardin, K. O'Donnell, D. M. Geiser, N. A. Harrison, and T. K. Broschat, 2010. "Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. palmarum", a novel forma specialis causing a lethal disease of Syrgaceae romanzofiana and Washington robinia ta in Florida." Plant Disease 94:31 -38. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-041-1034
Giesbrecht, M. M., L. L. Elliott, M. L., & Elliott, K. G. 2013. "First report of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. palmarum in Texas causing Fusarium wilh of Washington robinia robusta." Plant Disage 97:11 -11 : https://doi.org/10.1094/PDS-01-1034
Simone, G. W. 1998. Prevention and management of palm diseases in Florida's landscapes . Plant Pathology Mimeo 98-4. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
Smith, D. I., I. W. Smith, and P. Clements. 2003. Fusarium wilt of Canary Island date palm . Forests Fact Sheet. Victoria, Australia: Department of Sustainability and Environment.
## Tables
| Table 1. | |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----|
| Suggested materials and soaking times for disinfecting pruning tools View Table | |
Release Date:
January 17, 2017
Reviewed At:
August 29, 2024
DOI: 10.32473/edisp-pp278-2010
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises
Contacts: Brahman Dhillon
View PDF
## This document is PP278, one of a series of the Department of Plant Pathology, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date June 2010. Revised August 2013 and January 2017. Visit
the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufel.edu.
## About the Authors
Monica L. Elliott, professor emeritus, Department of Plant Pathology, UF/IFAS Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL.
## Related Pages
Flt Lauderdale REC
Plant Pathology |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/cow-calf-corner-the-newsletter-archives/2021/november-22-2021.html | The Newsletter | November 22, 2021 - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2022-03-30 | [] | OK | ## COW-CALF CORNER | NOVEMBER 22, 2021
## November Cattle Market Update
Derrell S. Peel, Oklahoma State University Extension Livestock Marketing Specialist
The November USDA-NASS Cattle on Feed report was well anticipated and should not cause big surprises in the market. Feedlot placements in October were 2.245 million head, 102.4 percent of last year. Markets in October were 1.788 million head, 95.5 percent of one year ago. There was one less business day in October 2021 compared to last year, so average daily markets were equal to last year. The November 1 on-feed total was 11.948 million head, 99.8 percent of last year. Though the November feedlot inventory was only fractionally lower than last year, it does make the fifth consecutive month of year over year declines in feedlot totals.
Average fed steers and heifer prices were reported at $134-135/cwt. for the end of the week prior to Thanksgiving. After staying in the lower $120s since June, fed prices moved above $125/cwt. in the last week of October and pushed above $130 by the second week of November. Market-ready supplies of fed cattle have tightened and packers are actively chasing cattle for the first time in many months.
Prices for big feeder cattle have increased seasonally from September to November. Average Oklahoma auction prices for 800-850 pound, M/L, No. 1steers have increased nearly 6 percent from September and are up about 21 percent from the beginning of the year. This increase in feeder prices reflects generally tighter feeder cattle supplies and fed market optimism as reflected in Live Cattle futures prices in 2022. This is despite sharply higher feedlot cost of gain, up 33 percent from January to September in Kansas feedlot surveys. Stocker calf prices are up sharply from early October lows. Prices for 450-500 pound, M/L, No. 1 steers are up 13 percent in the last seven weeks and are nearly 8 percent higher since the beginning of the year.
Oklahoma auction totals for feeder cattle are down 10.8 percent from last year for the first half of November. However, year over year comparisons are complicated by the disruptions last year of the late October ice storm, which resulted in severely reduced auction volumes the last week of October 2020 and larger volumes in November to catch up. Thus, total feeder volumes at auction are up 8.1 percent year over year since early October.
Cull cow prices have been somewhat volatile this fall as support from strong lean meat markets wrestles with seasonal pressure and elevated cow slaughter totals. Average boning cow prices in Oklahoma have averaged 15 percent higher year over year in October and November, but with considerable week to week volatility. Beef cow slaughter is 8.7 percent higher year over year for the year to date. This fall the year over year increases have been smaller, up 6.5 percent in the last eight weeks of data, indicating that some of the normal fall culling likely occurred earlier in the year due to drought.
In general, cattle prices are higher now compared to last year and are expected to continue improving in 2022. Live and Feeder futures have priced in considerable optimism for 2022. However, plenty of challenges remain for cattle producers with continued drought, higher input prices, supply chain disruptions and considerable short-term macroeconomic uncertainty. It will still be a bumpy ride, but producers can focus more on managing costs with cattle prices generally moving higher.
## BEEF! It's What's for THANKSGIVING!
Mark Z. Johnson, Oklahoma State University Extension Beef Cattle Breeding Specialist
"Beef. It's What's for Dinner" is an American advertising slogan and marketing campaign aimed at promoting the consumption of beef. The ad campaign, originally launched in 1992, has been long-lived, highly effective and award winning. The slogan is said to be recognized by more than 88% of Americans, accordingly, I borrowed from this well-known phrase for my title.
Thanksgiving is a time when Americans come together to celebrate a holiday that connects each and every one of us. The holiday was first celebrated in 1621 when the Plymouth settlers, joined with the Wampanoag Indians to enjoy a fall feast to
celebrate a bountiful harvest. The tradition of Thanksgiving became official when President George Washington declared the nation would celebrate the day on November 26, 1789. President Abraham Lincoln wrote a proclamation declaring all states would celebrate the day in 1863. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a resolution from Congress in 1941 that established the official date of Thanksgiving to be the fourth Thursday in November each year. While Thanksgiving is observed in varied ways in different nations, in American the holiday is truly rooted in Thanksgiving is a time for all to us celebrate our nation's harvest and ability to efficiently produce food, to express gratitude for our blessings, and look ahead to the future.
Alexander Hamilton once proclaimed: "No citizen of the U.S. shall refrain from turkey on Thanksgiving Day". With all due respect to Mr. Hamilton whose ideas are credited with laying the foundation for American government and finance, I encourage you to make plans to enjoy BEEF this year at Thanksgiving. Please give consideration to the following when planning.
## 1. How much time do you have to spend cooking?
If your answer is not much, consider grilling or pan frying. Middle meats from the beef carcass like ribeye, strip lin, filet and sirloin steaks are very tender and can be cooked quickly at high temps on the grill or stove top to seal in the tenderness, juicesh and flavor. If you intend to grill or pan fry steaks remember to give them adequate time to thaw. Burgers made from ground beef are also great when grilled or pan fried.
If you have more time to spend in preparation, smoking or oven roasting can result in the same tender, succulent beef flavor. Roasts from the chuck or round can be seasoned and slow cooked to bring out "melt in your mouth" flavor. Beef brisket is ideal for smoking and slow cooking. An intact rib roast also can work great for smoking or slow cooking.
## 2. What is your budget?
Typically the steaks or middle meats will be the more expensive cuts to purchase. The cuts that require more cooking time (because they contain more connective tissue) can be purchased at a lower price per pound. Ground beef is also less expensive.
More information about cooking methods, recipes and beef cuts can be found at www.beefitswhatsfordinner.com(https://www.beefits whatsfordinner.com). Regardless of the cut of beef you enjoy this Thanksgiving you will be eating a nutrient dense, delicious source of protein, B vitamins, iron and zinc that is a healthy diet choice.
This year on Thanksgiving, I want to say thanks to America's farmers, ranchers and everyone in production agriculture that make it possible. Whatever we eat on Thanksgiving Day, it is the ingenuity, perseverance, efficiency, work ethic and "can do" attitude of America's ag producers that permit us to spend a relatively small percentage of our income on food.
Thanks for reading and I hope you enjoy BEEF for Thanksgiving!
Watch OSU Extension beef cattle breeding specialist Mark Johnson explains why switching out your turkeys for beef might be a good idea for Thanksgiving.
Cow-Calf Corner: Beef for (https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=aeErJxq7ZBM)
## Vaccine Handling and Storage
Bob LeValley, Oklahoma Beef Quality Assurance Coordinator
The highest quality vaccine that producers purchase may be of little value if not handled and stored properly. Even experienced producers may overlook key principles when preparing and administering vaccines and other animal health products. Product storage and handling is important to ensure that the efficacy of the products is not compromised.
Modified live vaccines must be reconstituted with a sterile diluent prior to administration. It is generally recommended that these products be used within an hour of reconstitution. The products are routinely used with a good response when administered and handled according to label directions. The processing
speed in a stocker operation is often considerably faster than a cow/calf operation. Cow/calf processing facilities are often in area that are not well sheltered from the weather. This stresses the need to exercise caution when handling and administering modified live products. Common handling techniques can render MLV products ineffective and even reduce the effectiveness of killed vaccines and other products.
It is always a good practice to purchase vaccines from a reputable distributor. A vaccine will have less than normal effectiveness if it has ever been stored improperly. Improper storage includes freezing, and/or exposure to heat or sunlight. Maintaining a high level of efficacy is critical to establishing immunity in a majority of vaccinated cattle. Vaccines should be stored in a dependable refrigerator that maintains a temperature (typically 35-45°F) as directed by the product label. Chute side vaccine coolers work well for holding the vaccines during processing. These coolers have slots for holding syringes after they are loaded, and vaccines are placed inside the cooler to maintain temperature.
Vaccine coolers can be purchased ready to put to use, or can easily be constructed by converting small coolers to this intended purpose. Instructions for constructing an inexpensive vaccine cooler are available by clicking the "Chute Side Vaccine Cooler" link on the beefextension.okstate.edu(http://beefextension.okstate.edu/obqa/oklahoma- beef-quality-assurance) website.
It is also important to maintain a record of lot/serial numbers of products in the event of a recall or other situations that may arise. A quick and easy method of recording the lot and serial numbers while working cattle is to simply to take a photo of the information on the vial label with a cell phone camera. It can be transferred later to more permanent records. Products that are out of date should be properly discarded. Through proper record keeping, storage and handling, animal health products will be an effective piece of a comprehensive cattle health program.
Dr. John Gilliam, Clinical Associate Professor for Food Animal with the College of Veterinary Medicine at Oklahoma State University, discusses herd heath and vaccination. This webinar is part of the Thursday Rancher's Series and was presented on Sept. 17, 2020.
OSU Extension: Herd Health and (https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=VmOFQUmoowo) Vaccinations - YouTube |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/pearl-river-county-retail-profile | Pearl River County Retail Profile | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
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"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
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»
Pearl River County Retail Profile
## Pearl River County Retail Profile
PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number: P2943-56
View as PDF: P2943-56.pdf
Publication File:
- ■
|
Pearl River retail profile presentation pdf
Department: MSU Extension-Pearl River County
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The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842
Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998
Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374
Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375 Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796 Talking Retail Trade
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lasst> |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/fredept/2023/08/03/fre-faculty-look-at-laurel-wilt-management-for-avocados-awarded-aaea-outstanding-published-paper-for-transdisciplinary-work-on-specialty-crop-industries/ | FRE Faculty Look at Laurel Wilt Management for Avocados; Awarded AAEA Outstanding Published Paper for Transdisciplinary Work on Specialty Crop Industries | University of Florida | [
"Alena Poulin"
] | 2023-08-03 | [
"Uncategorized",
"Food and Resource Economics"
] | FL | ## FRE Faculty Look at Laurel Wilt Management for Avocados; Awarded AAEA Outstanding Published Paper for Transdisciplinary Work on Specialty Crop Industries
When it comes to managing invasive species or disease epidemics, success relies upon not only the existence of effective management strategies but also the decision-making of impacted populations to use them and of policymakers to implement strategies that encourage them.
A new research paper authored by FREE faculty members Dr. Kelly Grogan and Dr. Trent Blare, along with other collaborators at UF, looks at how information, types of policy, and social networks impact grower decisions when choosing management policies for laurel wilt amongst avocado growers in Florida.
Laurel wilt is an infectious horticultural disease carried by the red bay ambrosia beetle, which since its introduction as an invasive species, has spread through much of the Southeastern United States. Since
its introduction, it has already devastated the Florida avocado industry, as avocado trees, as a laurel species, are particularly susceptible.
In South Florida, Dr. Blare said that about one-third of avocado production has been impacted as a result of laurel-wilt disease already.
While this on its own is concerning, experts say the bigger threat to the avocado industry as a whole lies on the horizon should the laurel wilt disease spread beyond the Southeastern United States into California and Mexico where the majority of avocados are grown.
"If you're an avocado consumer, you should be pretty concerned because if we cut out a third of the production. Mexico produces 91% of the avocados consumed in the U.S. and provides about 28% of the avocados in the world," Blare said. "Can you imagine what happened to avocado prices if a third of production was lost?"
For this study, Grogan and Blare collaborated with many colleagues across the disciplines of plant pathology, entomology, horticulture, and agricultural extension to develop a model of grower decisionmaking that could illustrate how likely growers would be to implement high, medium or low-effort management strategies, and what the results of that management would be.
"These models are decisions that really require all of those areas of expertise," Blare said.
While Grogan and Blare used their expertise to develop and strengthen the economic model by looking at the costs and benefits of different management policies, others provided expertise on modeling the disease spread, looking at the insects as a vector for disease spread, and understanding factors that go into the grower's decision-making process such as their social networks and stubbornness.
The results showed that stubborn growers were more likely to adopt the higher-effort policy in the long term, that policy incentives were less effective than policy deterrents in encouraging the uptake of the low-effort management strategy, and that social connections made growers less likely to invest in the management strategies.
The model was designed to be flexible and reactive so that it could be used with various types of management strategies as they become available.
For this paper, the authors were recognized with the AAAE Outstanding Published Paper for Transdisciplinary Work on Specialty Crop Industries from the AAAEA Specialty Crops Section.
Moving forward, their research continues on the subject to better understand how the model may be applied to real-time grower decisions when it comes to managing laurel wilt disease in avocados.
"I'm working with Dr. Karen Garrett from UF/IEAS Plant Pathologyy to develop a survey that will go out to our growers here in Florida and then also California and, think, Texas to try to collect more information about what they're actually doing across different states with regard to laurel wilt, what their concerns are, what they're willing to do, and to get a little more empirical evidence because this is just really a theoretical model," Grogan said.
To read the full article, visit ScienceDirect.
## Additional Information:
Avocado Production statistics provided by Dr. Blare are based upon the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations database which provides food and agriculture data for over 245 countries and territories from 1961 until 2021 (most recent year available). This database is available at http://faostat.fao.org/
```
```
## More From Blogs.IFAS
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https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ST496 | Podocarpus macrophyllus: Podocarpus | University of Florida | [
"Edward F. Gilman",
"Dennis G. Watson",
"Ryan W. Klein",
"Deborah R. Hilbert"
] | 2024-05-01 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | Skip to main content
## Podocarpus macrophyllus: Podocarpus
Edward F. Gilman, Dennis G. Watson, Ryan W. Klein, and Deborah R. Hilbert
## Introduction
With densely foliated lower limbs which reach the ground, and neat, dark green, evergreen leaves, podocarpus is very popular as a dense screen or hedge. However, podocarpus can reach 35 to 50 feet in height when not sheared and is quite attractive as a tree with the lower branches removed, revealing the light brown, peeling bark. The crown of this columnar variety remains tight and does not open up like the species. It could be used in spaces where there is limited room for expansion of the crown. The inconspicuous flowers are followed by fleshy, purple, small, edible fruits (very good to eat) on female trees which are quite attractive to birds but not really messy on sidewalks or pavement. Leaves are recurved, unlike the straight leaves on the species.
## General Information
Scientific name: Podocarpus macrophyllus
Pronunciation: poe-doe-KAR-pus mack-roe-FILL-us
Common name(s): Podocarpus
Family: Podocarpaceae
USDA hardiness zones: 7B through 11 (Figure 2)
Origin: not native to North America
Invasive potential: not considered a problem species at this time, may be recommended (North, Central, South)
Uses: highway median; screen; street without sidewalk; specimen; shade; espalier; hedge; reclamation; container or planter; deck or patio; parking lot island 200 sq ft; sidewalk cutout (tree pit); tree lawn 3-4 feet wide; tree lawn 4-6 feet wide; tree lawn > 6 ft wide; urban tolerant; indoors
Availability: not native to North America
UF/IFAS
## Description
```
Height: 35 to 40 feet
Spread: 10 to 15 feet
Crown uniformity: symmetrical
Crown shape: round
Crown density: dense
Growth rate: slow
Texture: fine
Foliage
Leaf arrangement: opposite/subopposite (Figure 3)
Leaf type: simple
Leaf margin: entire
Leaf shape: linear
Leaf venation: parallel
Leaf type and persistence: evergreen
Leaf blade length: less than 2 inches, 2 to 4 inches
Leaf color: green
Fall color: no color change
Fall characteristic: not showy
```
Figure 3. Foliage. Credit: UF/IFAS
## Flower
Flower color: yellow
Flower characteristics: not showy
Fruit
Fruit shape: irregular, round, oval
Fruit length: .5 to 1 inch
Fruit covering: fleshy
Fruit color: purple
Fruit characteristics: attracts birds; not showy; fruit/leaves not a litter problem
## Trunk and Branches
Trunk/bark/branches: branches don't drop; not showy; typically one trunk; thorns
Pruning requirement: little required
Breakage: resistant
Current year twig color: green
Current year twig thickness: medium, thick
Wood specific gravity: unknown
Culture
Light requirement: full sun, partial sun or partial shade, shade tolerant
Soil tolerances: clay; sand; loam; alkaline; acidic; well-drained
Drought tolerance: high
Aerosol salt tolerance: high
## Other
Roots: not a problem
Winter interest: no
Outstanding tree: no
Ozone sensitivity: unknown
Verticillium wilt susceptibility: unknown
Pest resistance: resistant to pests/diseases
## Use and Management
This is one of a few trees which can be pruned into a nice hedge. The dark green foliage and dense growth creates a formal mass. It looks better when pruned with a hand pruner, not sheared with a hedge trimmer.
Showing best growth and form in full sun, podocarpus will grow more slowly and have a looser appearance when grown in shade. It will grow on the north side of a tall building with little or no direct sun. It will tolerate a wide variety of welldrained, acidic soils. Don't plant on wet soils. This is a tough tree, adaptable to urban conditions and should be used much more extensively as a street tree. It should be used more in areas of poor soils and restricted rooting space. Unfortunately, most people choose to trim the tree into a column or hedge, so not many have seen the true beauty of the tree. It will make an attractive specimen, street or parking lot, even for the smallest soil space in a downtown planting pit. Roots are not a problem in restricted-soil planting areas and usually do not lift sidewalks.
Many varieties are available for selection of habit, leaf form, color, etc. Podocarpus macrophyllus var. appressus is a low shrub with short leaves; Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki has erect branches, columnar form, 1.5- to 3-inch-long leaves.
Propagation is by seeds or cuttings. Hardwood cuttings root easily. Cutting propagation would ensure more uniform trees than seedlings. Nursery operators should be encouraged to grow podocarpus in the single-trunked tree form for planting in urban landscapes.
## Pests and Diseases
Occasionally bothered by scale, mites, and sooty mold but not seriously. Some magnesium-deficiency on sandy soil, which is easily corrected with magnesium sulfate.
Publication #ENH656
Release Date:
May 2, 2024
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises
Contacts: Michael Andreu
View PDF
This document is ENH655, one of a series of the Department of Environmental Horticulture, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date November 1993. Revised December 2006 and March 2024. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
## About the Authors
Edward F. Gilman, professor emeritus; Dennis G. Watson, former associate professor, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering; Ryan W. Klein, assistant professor, arboriculture; and Deborah R. Hilbert, UF/IFAS Gulf Coast Research and Education Center; Department of Environmental Horticulture; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
## Related Pages
| Southern Trees Fact Sheets | Southern Trees Fact Sheets |
|------------------------------|------------------------------|
| 676 Publication(s) | 676 Publication(s) |
Hilbert, Deborah R. staff University of Florida |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/carteret-county-forestry-impacts-2014 | Carteret County Forestry Impacts 2014 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Laurel Kays",
"Robert Bardon",
"Dennis Hazel"
] | null | [
"Forestry",
"Environmental Resources",
"Publications"
] | NC | ## Carteret County Forestry Impacts 2014
## Forestry Impacts
Department
Forestry & Environmental Resources
Series
Forestry Impacts
Publication Date
Jan, 8, 2018
Authors
Laurel Kays
Robert Bardon
Dennis Hazel
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=carteret- county-forestry-impacts-2014#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/hla/conservation-biological-control-for-the-home-landscape-hla-6447.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20150212140757-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Kim Toscano
Extension Consumer Horticulture
Biological control is a safe, effective and environmentally friendly form of pest management that can be applied easily to the home landscape. This pestmanagement tool uses natural enemies of pests to suppress or prevent a pest outbreak. Like all animals, insects have predators that feed upon them and parasites (parasitoids) or diseases that weaken or kill them. The most important practice a homeowner can follow in applying biological control is to encourage and enhance natural enemies already present in the landscape. This is called conservation biological control and is accomplished by attracting and protecting natural enemies in the landscape.
In a biological control program, our natural enemies include the three P's: predators, parasitoids and pathogens. These three classes of natural enemies are outlined in Fact Sheet HLA-6434. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service publication E-1023 and Fact Sheet EPFP-730 provide detailed descriptions and images of common natural enemies in Oklahoma. The primary agents of control include a great diversity of insects, arachnids and other arthropods. This fact sheet outlines supervision biological control practices that can be applied in the home landscape to encourage and protect natural enemies.
Natural enemies require food, water and shelter. In addition to feeding on prey, many predators and parasitoids feed on pollen and nectar. Attract natural enemies to the landscape and encourage their activity by providing an abundance of flowering plants throughout the year. Create natural enemy habitats to shelter these beneficial organisms year-round. In home landscapes, the activity of natural enemies is often disrupted through use of pesticides, changes in land management practices and limited availability of habitat used by natural enemies. Simple changes in landscape maintenance practices can create a more welcoming environment to natural enemies.
## Protecting Natural Enemies
The primary practice homeowners can follow to conserve natural enemies in the landscape is to reduce or modify pesticide use. Many pesticides used in the landscape have a broad spectrum of activity, affecting beneficial organisms as well as the target pest. Mortality of natural enemies due to pesticide applications can often result in a significant resurgence of pests. Due to their high reproductive rates, pest populations often rebound faster than those of natural enemies following a pesticide application. Released from mortality induced by natural enemies, the population expands quickly, necessitating additional pesticide applications and intensifying the
## Conservation Biological Control for the Home Landscape
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at: http://osufacts.okstate.edu
cycle of natural enemy suppression. Likewise, outbreaks of secondary pests often follow pesticide applications because the natural controls that held them in place were eliminated, allowing them to become a pest.
Reducing pesticide use can help protect natural enemy populations in the landscape. The first step to reducing pesticide use is to stop treating minor pests. Simply stated, some arthropods that live in a landscape may cause minor damage, but do not warrant a pesticide application. Understanding the common problems of landscape and food plants is essential to recognizing when the presence of a pest has reached a level of concern. Regular monitoring of the landscape will aid homeowners in recognizing pest problems and determining when management is necessary.
When pests do require treatment, begin with preventive techniques. Consider replacing pesticides with alternative control strategies, such as cultural, physical, and mechanical techniques. Fact Sheets HL A-6431 and HL A-6432 outline these alternative techniques.
There are situations where alternative control measures do not provide adequate pest suppression. If pesticides are to be applied, it is important to select products having the lowest impact on natural enemies (Table 1). Many microbial insecticides, insect growth regulators and certain botanical insecticides have minimal impact on non-target organisms. When applied appropriately, horticultural soaps and oils also have little impact on non-target species.
In addition to selective chemistries, judicious use of pesticides protects natural enemy populations. Spot-treat with pesticides or simply remove or prune out infested plants or stems from the garden. Treating individual plants or areas rather than entire gardens will preserve refuge areas for natural enemies. Be sure to use the appropriate rate of pesticides and apply at times when natural enemy activity is low, such as early morning. Finally, reduce the frequency of pesticide applications. These practices will limit the impact of pesticides on natural enemy populations when combined.
Managing the soil ecosystem also helps maintain natural enemy populations. Protect ground-dwelling predators by practicing conservation tillage or adopting no-till practices in the garden. Use mulch and compost to increase soil organic matter and provide a rich habitat for beneficial organisms. Keep the dust down in the landscape, particularly around trees and shrubs. Dust can harm natural enemies and even lead to pest outbreaks. Use mulch and wind breaks to hold soil in place.
| Pesticide name | Target Pest(s) |
|-----------------------|----------------------|
| Horticultural oil | Soft-bodied insects |
| Horticultural soap | Soft-bodied insects |
| Neem oil | Soft-bodied insects |
| Azadirachtin | numerous |
| Microbial pesticides* | numerous |
| Spinosad | thrips, caterpillars |
* See Fact Sheet HLA-6434, Table 1.
## Attracting Natural Enemies
Encourage these natural enemies to be active in our landscapes by providing the basic resources of life: food, water and shelter. Also invite vertebrate predators such as birds, bats, reptiles and amphibians.
## Food
Natural enemies feed upon insect populations as a source of protein, but many also need sugars and other carbohydrates. Some natural enemies feed only on nectar and pollen as adults, leaving predation to the larvae. In other species, adults require a carbohydrate source to mature eggs. Natural enemies acquire these energy resources from flowering plants.
The most important thing gardeners can do to attract natural enemies to the garden is to plant a wide variety of flowering plants. Select plants with different bloom cycles to ensure flowers are present throughout the season. When selecting nectar plants, look for flowers with small, numerous nectaries, such as plants in the aster or composite family. Many culinary herbs, when left to bloom, also provide rich sources of nectar. Table 2 lists beneficial plants by family.
Gardeners can also provide supplemental food sources to attract natural enemies. Spraying sugar water on plants or using commercial food attractants lure even more beneficial insects to the garden.
## Water
Water is important for insects as well as birds and reptiles. A simple dish of water will help animals find a drink. A larger water source will invite a host of new life into the garden. Many aquatic insects associate with water gardens are predators. Water draws in dragonflies and damselfies as well many beneficial animals, including frogs, toads, lizards and birds.
## Shelter
Natural enemies needed shelter from the sun and wind and from other predators. Many materials commonly used in the landscape provide excellent shelter for natural enemies. Ornamental grasses and woody shrubs provide shelter for insects when they are inactive. Also, ground covers such as mulch and rocks or logs provide resting places for grounding insects and spiders, many of which are nocturnal. Organic mulches such as wood chips and straw also shelter naturalenemies. Turf areas shelter a variety of natural enemies including ground beetles, rove beetles and tiger beetles.
| Aster family ( Compositae ) | |
|-------------------------------|--------------------|
| Blanket flower | Gailardia spp. |
| Cone flower | Echinacea spp. |
| Coreopsis | Conepsis spp. |
| Shasta daisy | Chrysanyum maximum |
| Calendula | Calendaula spp. |
| Asters | Aster spp. |
| Zinnia | Zinnia spp. |
| Dahlia | Dahlia spp. |
| Cosmos | Cosmos spp. |
| Sunflower | Helianthus spp. |
| Yarrow | Achillea spp. |
| Goldenrod | Solidago spp. |
| Tansy | Tanacetum vulgare |
| Ironweed | Verononia spp. |
Carrot family ( Umbelliferae)
Caraway
Carum carvi
Coriander
Corniandrum sativum
Dill
Anethum graveolens
Fennel
Foeniculum vulgare
## Pea family ( Leguminaceae)
Alfalfa
Medicago sativa
Clover
Melilotius spp.
Fava bean
Vicia fava
## Mustard Family ( Brassicaceae )
Basket-of-gold alvyssum
Aruninia saxatilis
Sweet allyssum
Lobularia maritime
Mustards
Brassica spp.
Yellow rocket
Barbarea vulgaris
## Mint Family ( Lamiceae )
Sage
Salvia spp.
Beeball
Monarda spp.
Hyssop
Hyossopus spp.
Bluebeard
Camopteris spp.
Hummingbird mint
Agasatche spp.
## Other Plant Families
Firethorn
Pyracantha spp.
Speedwell
Veronica spp.
Scabiosa
Scabiosa spp.
Milkweed
Asclepias spp.
Buckwheat
Fagopyrum sagittatum
Butterfly bush
Buddleia spp.
New Jersey tea
Ceanothus americanus
Stonecrop
Seedum spp.
Not all predators are insects. Bats, birds, toads, frogs and turtles all include insects in their diets. Provide shelter for birds and bats by including wooden houses for them in the landscape. When selecting birdhouses, choose a design supporting the desired species. Notallbirdseatinsects. Some helpful birds for the garden include the eastern bluebird, downy woodpecker and purple martins, among others.
Natural enemies also need a place to spend the winter. Perennials and ornamental grasses are ideal overwintering sites for predators like assassin bugs and lady beetles. Wait to cut these plants back until spring. In a vegetable garden,
cover crops can provide winter shelter for natural enemies. Maintaining a small area of the landscape in a wild or weedy state can also provide shelter to natural enemies, especially during the winter months.
Simply providing the necessary resources to sustain life will invite a host of beneficial animals into the landscape. Maintaining a diversity of plants both structurally and flowering phenology will provide the food and shelter necessary for natural enemies. Gardeners will find pest outbreaks diminish by encouraging this natural form of pest control.
## The Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Bringing the University to You!
The Cooperative Extension Service is the largest, most successful informal educational organization in the world. It is a nationwide system funded and guided by a partnership of federal, state, and local governments that delivers information to help people help themselves through the land-grant university system.
Extension carries out programs in the broad categories of agriculture, natural resources and environment; family and consumer sciences; 4-H and other youth; and community resource development. Extension staff members live and work among the people they serve to help stimulate and educate Americans to plan ahead and cope with their problems.
Some characteristics of the Cooperative Extension system are:
- · The federal, state, and local governments cooperatively share in its financial support and program direction.
- · It is administered by the land-grant university as designated by the state legislature through an Extension director.
- · Extension programs are nonpolitical, objective, and research-based information.
- · It provides practical, problem-oriented education
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Director of Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President, Dean, and Director of the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and has been prepared and distributed at a cost of 20 cents per copy. O215 GH.
- for people of all ages. It is designated to take the knowledge of the university to those persons who do not or cannot participate in the formal classroom instruction of the university.
- · It utilizes research from university, government, and other sources to help people make their own decisions.
- · More than a million volunteers help multiply the impact of the Extension professional staff.
- · It dispenses no funds to the public.
- · It is not a regulatory agency, but it does inform people of regulations and of their options in meeting them.
- · Local programs are developed and carried out in full recognition of national problems and goals.
- · The Extension staff educates people through personal contacts, meetings, demonstrations, and the mass media.
- · Extension has the built-in flexibility to adjust its programs and subject matter to meet new needs. Activities shift from year to year as citizen groups and Extension workers close to the problems advise changes. | |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/information-sheets/four-flap-grafting-pecans | Four Flap Grafting of Pecans | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. Eric Stafne"
] | null | [
"Grafting",
"Pecans",
"Horticulture"
] | MS | ## Four Flap Grafting of Pecans
PUBLICATIONS
Filed Under: Nuts, Trees
Publication Number: P3810
View as PDF: P3810.pdf
Many poorly producing seedling pecan trees are growing throughout Mississippi. Their productivity could be enhanced by grafting to a more desirable, improved variety. One such graft to employ is the four-flap graft.
The four-flap graft, also sometimes called a banana graft, is simple and does not require many materials. Homeowners, commercial growers, and hobbyists can use this grafting method with confidence because it has a high probability of success if done correctly. Optimum stock (trunk and limb) size for grafting is 3/8 inch to 1 inch in diameter. Nurseries commonly produce seedling trees of this size from planted nuts in 2 or 3 years. Seedling trees of this size that already exist in pastures or other outdoor environments also make suitable choices for grafting.
Although the graft works best if the graftwood (scion) and stock are the same size, the graft can be made with scions 25 percent larger or smaller than the stock. The four-flap graft is successful because more cambium contact is made between the scion and the stock than with any other grafting procedure. The cambium contact is necessary for callus formation and a successful graft union.
## Collecting and Storing Scion Wood
One of the common reasons grafting is unsuccessful is the failure to properly collect and store graftwood. Collect the desired variety while the wood is dormant -December through February in Mississippi.
Young trees produce vigorous growth and are generally excellent sources of scion wood. Do not collect scion wood that is 2 to 3 years of age. For best results, collect wood from the previous season's growth.
- Collect scion wood from trees that don't have diseases.
- Cut the scion wood into 6-to 8-inch sticks.
- Tie the sticks in bundles of 6-25.
- Identify each group with a tag or by some other method.
- Wrap scions in damp newspaper, then place them in a plastic bag and seal. Store in a refrigerator until it is time to graft. Do not store graftwood in a freezer, and do not allow the scions to dry out.
## Time to Graft
When the bark separates (slips) freely from the rootstock, grafting can begin. This usually occurs in mid-April in most parts of Mississippi. The four-flap method can be successfully used through the end of May.
## Procedure
Print PDF
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
Authors
NOVEMBER 19, 2020
Christmas tree demand is pandemic-proof
Dr. Eric Stafne Extension/Research Professor Fruit Crops
Your Extension Experts
Dr. Eric Stafne
Extension/Research Professor
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PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3847
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PUBLICATION NUMBER: P2736
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/als-inhibiting-herbicide-injury-on-soybean | ALS-Inhibiting Herbicide Injury on Soybean | NC State Extension | [
"Wesley Everman",
"Eric Jones"
] | null | [
"Soybean",
"Field Crop",
"Herbicide"
] | NC | ## ALS-Inhibiting Herbicide Injury on Soybean Symptoms
Acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides (HG 2) cease the production of branched-chain amino acids, precursors to essential plant enzymes and structures. ALS-inhibiting herbicides can be applied pre- and postemergence. While there are many ALS-inhibiting herbicides labeled for soybeans, injury can still be prevalent. Injury symptomology includes plant stunting, root stunting (i.e. bottle brushing), chlorosis, and purpling of leaf veins. Initial injury can be mistaken for nutrient deficiency; development of ALS-inhibiting herbicide injury on soybeans will be a slow process. The ALS-inhibiting herbicides are pholemobile which results in injury observed primarily on new plant growth. Injury from the ALS-inhibiting herbicides labeled for soybeans is usually transient, however, ALS-inhibiting herbicides not labeled for soybeans can result in plant death.
## Management
Since ALS-inhibiting herbicides can be applied pre- and post-emergence injury can be incurred on emerging and established soybean plants. If soybeans are injured by labeled ALS-inhibiting herbicides, injury will subside over time and no yield loss will occur.
Labeled rotation restrictions should be followed to ensure that soybeans are not injured by carryover of ALS-inhibiting herbicide labeled for other crops and vice versa. Depending on when the previous ALS-inhibiting herbicide was applied, yield losses can range significantly and are often environmentally dependent. Soybeans injured from physical drift from a non-labeled ALS-inhibiting herbicide, incurred injury can vary widely, depending on the dose. Physical drift can be avoided by spraying when the average wind speed is less than 10 miles an hour and mid-day or -afternoon to avoid a temperature inversion.
## Authors
Wesley Everman
Extension Weed Specialist and Associate Professor Crop & Soil Sciences
Eric Jones
Graduate Research Assistant Crop and Soil Sciences
Publication date: Jan. 11, 2021
EXTENSION
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/farm-to-food-bank-resource-guide/master-gardeners-and-community-home-gardens | Master Gardener Volunteers and Community / Home Gardens | North Carolina Cooperative Extension | [
"Dara Bloom",
"Emily Gamble"
] | null | [
"Gleaning",
"Local Food",
"Food Bank",
"Food Security",
"Food Pantry",
"Food Donation",
"Community Garden",
"Community Food Garden",
"Food Garden"
] | NC | ## Master Gardener Volunteers and Community / Home Gardens
Local Foods
## General Information
"Because gardeners by nature are kind, giving people, you grow one zucchini plant and you'll have much more than you can use yourself, so you want to have some place to bring it." Karen Neill, County Extension Director, Guilford County
Networking between community gardens and food pantries is an excellent way to connect food security organizations with high-quality produce grown by local gardeners. Community gardens run by churches and other faith-based groups tend to be excellent models of the farm-to-food bank concept. These gardens often aim to provide fresh and nutritious food to food insecure people in their area, and their membership can be more easily sustained by the large volunteer base that parishioners provide. In addition, many faith communities operate food pantries or other food distribution programs. Home gardeners also often find themselves with excess produce at the height of the season and can use help identifying and coordinating with places to donate (see the Success Stories for models of how to coordinate garden donations in your community). When donating to food pantries, it is important to be aware of their ability to store perishable products, as well as the days and timing of their distribution; it's usually best to deliver donations as close to distribution times as possible to reduce the need for refrigeration and storage.
Community and home gardeners who plan to donate before the season starts have the advantage of being able to plant food specifically for donation, as in the popular "Plant a Row for the Hungry" model. This national campaign encourages gardeners to plant an extra row of produce in their gardens and donate their excess to local food pantries or other service organizations. If you work with gardeners who plan to donate, it might be helpful to survey food pantry clients to better understand their produce preferences. For example, some families may not have the equipment necessary to cook at home and would prefer products they can consume raw; other clients may be interested in products that have cultural significance and are challenging to find in local stores. Coordinating with food pantries and their clients increases the likelihood that the food that is donated will be eaten.
In addition to the groups listed in the Success Stories shared here, there are many networks that you can work with to facilitate the donation and utilization of produce from local gardens. Western North Carolina Gardens that Give is a network of volunteers and garden managers who represent community gardens that have the mission of growing food for donation. The purpose of the regional network is to support community gardens' success by sharing resources, contacts, and knowledge. Gardens that Give does not involve a formal membership and currently involves 10 to 15 community gardens. Diverse models of gardens are represented in the network, including church-funded,
nonprofit organizations and some that are municipally operated. Some gardens were established exclusively for the purpose of donating, while some community gardeners grow produce for themselves and donate a portion of their harvest to others.
AmpleHarvest.org is a free, online resource that connects growers with food pantries in their area. The website requires food pantries to register and provide their address, web address, hours of operation, and a preferred contact. This information is then available to gardeners and small-scale farmers who wish to donate fresh produce, making it easier to find pantries in their area and determine when to bring donations.
## Success Story
"If somebody is starting a garden, the day they think they're starting you've got to get a hold of the Extension Service. You need an agent, you really do, because they are an invaluable resource." Vic Stephens, Master Gardener SM volunteer, Brunswick County
One Brunswick County church garden is successfully meeting its aim of growing food for those in need. In this model, Vic Stephens began gardening at the New Beginnings Community Church and donating produce to food pantries in 2014; his interest in gardening inspired him to become a Master Gardener volunteer. He began with a 32-foot, raised-bed garden on the church's grounds. Volunteers from the church funded, built, and maintain the garden. The county horticulture agent was involved from the beginning and provided advice about planning and establishing the garden, including crop selection and maintenance. Before starting the program, Mr. Stephens approached local food pantries to determine what types of products they would prefer for donation.
New Beginnings Community Church belongs to the South Brunswick Interchurch Council, which includes 12 to 14 churches and other groups operating their own gardens. The council coordinates among its members to determine when and to what agency each church should donate produce throughout the week, based on when each pantry is operating. Volunteers attempt to coordinate so that produce is harvested on the day that the pantry does its distribution; this decreases the need for storage and refrigeration. Volunteers package the product into small amounts that are appropriate for distribution. As a Master Gardener volunteer, Mr. Stephens has leaned heavily on knowledge gained from Extension and from ongoing training and classes, particularly regarding pest control, attracting pollinators, and which types of vegetables are best suited to the climate. Mr. Stephens recommends starting small in order to learn what types of produce best meet the program's needs. For example, because harvest and donation occurs one day a week, a vegetable such as okra that needs to be harvested daily isn't a great fit. Similarly, they have found that lettuce is too labor intensive, not just to grow, but also to wash and bag.
"I think it's connected us with some of the farmers that may not have been giving before because either they didn't feel like they were reaching the right people or the number of people. But now, even if they're only able to give 5 pounds of tomatoes, they feel like it's going to be added to the other 5 pounds that's coming in from someone else." Karen Neill, County Extension Director, Guilford County
Share the Harvest of Guilford County is a nonprofit organization that consolidates produce grown specifically for donation from community and home gardens, as well as excess produce from local farmers. In the Share the Harvest model, gardeners can drop off extra produce at six to 10 designated drop-off sites once or twice a week. The produce is picked up by volunteers who are coordinated through Share the Harvest; the volunteers bring all donations to a community center that offers storage space and refrigeration. The produce is then sorted and distributed to area food pantries based on their needs and demand. By utilizing a log of food pantries' past needs and their numbers of expected clients, this model addresses the problem of uneven distribution of produce that could otherwise result in waste or scarcity of high-quality local food. Several faith communities were chosen as drop-off points in the community so that congregants who garden on Saturday could bring their produce to church on Sunday and it could be donated the following day. Coordinators emphasize the importance of marketing the program so that home gardeners are aware of this opportunity and continue to donate. The organization was started by, and is currently run by, community garden leaders. Cooperative Extension helped set up the organization and remains an adviser. The program starts up in June when local produce starts coming in and runs through October.
## Success Story
"What we've tried to do recently is empower the food pantry clients to grow their own produce." Katy Shook, Area Horticulture Agent, Chowan County Center
A Master Gardener volunteer in Chowan, Gates, and Perquimans counties recently developed a program called Grow to Eat. This program takes a different approach to the problem of hunger. Rather than increasing donations to food pantries, this program tries to encourage food pantry clients to grow their own produce. Volunteers solicited donations of seeds from national seed companies and distributed them at local food pantries along with basic information about gardening, including the Extension Master Gardener hotline telephone number for technical assistance. During the first year of the program, volunteers distributed seeds to approximately 275 food pantry clients. They followed up with these clients at the end of the summer, finding that about 60 of the recipients (25 percent) had used the seeds. To improve use of the seeds, the following year the volunteers broke the seed packets into smaller quantities so that each recipient received greater variety. In 2017, this project received a grant that has allowed the group to partner with local school greenhouses to grow transplants for distribution. In addition, Master Gardener volunteers hope to obtain grant funding that would permit them to distribute supplies for container gardens to food pantry clients who don't have space for a full garden.
Master Gardener volunteers in other counties have also reported providing gardening classes to food pantry clients as they wait in line to receive food. These clients often receive seedlings that local nurseries donate or the volunteers grow.
People work in a community food garden.
## How Cooperative Extension Can Be Involved
- · Provide Gardening Technical Assistance . Cooperative Extension can facilitate the relationships between home/community gardeners and food pantries by providing technical expertise about gardening, as well as by sharing information about where and how to donate excess produce. Master Gardener volunteers can be key players in providing technical assistance to gardeners and also in helping to coordinate donations.
Coordinate Garden Donations . Coordinating donations from home and community gardeners means gathering a volume of produce that is useful to food pantries, while also making gardeners feel that they can make a substantial difference. In the case of AmpleHarvest.org, Extension agents and Extension volunteers can encourage pantries to register on this website; they also can provide technical assistance if necessary. Extension can encourage gardeners and small-scale farmers to reference this site when they wish to donate produce, and to share the website with others to increase utilization and local impact. Working
to determine which food pantries accept local produce donations and promoting the use of the website with gardeners may be a good volunteer project for a Master Gardener volunteer or Extension Master Food Volunteer.
- · Supply Nutrition Education and Recipes . Cooperative Extension can support food pantry clients through nutrition and cooking classes, taste tests, and recipes through the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-Education (SNAP-Ed), the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP), and the Extension Master Food Volunteer programs.
## Additional Resources
- · Plant a Row for the Hungry
Plant a Row for the Hungry is a public service campaign launched by the GWA Foundation, an association for garden communicators, in 1995. The goal is to encourage gardeners to plant an extra row in their gardens each year and to dedicate their surplus produce to help feed the hungry.
- · Share the Harvest of Guilford County
Share the Harvest sets up collection sites throughout Guilford County for farmers and gardeners to drop off their surplus fruits and vegetables to be collected and distributed among food security organizations in the community based on each site's demand.
- · AmpleHarvest.org
AmpleHarvest.org provides a free online database of food pantries that includes the food pantries' location and hours of operation; this allows local gardeners and farmers to quickly and easily locate food pantries in their area where they can donate extra produce.
- · Top 13 Vegetables to Donate to Food Pantries
This guide from Iowa State University Extension not only shares the top vegetables for donation to food pantries, but also gives tips for growing and sharing them, based on a project conducted in that state. (Hint: the 13 incude tomatoes and zucchini.)
- · Gardens that Give Facebook Page
This western North Carolina group is a network of volunteers and garden managers who represent community gardens that have the mission of growing food for donation.
## Authors
Dara Bloom Extension Local Foods Specialist & Assistant Professor Agricultural & Human Sciences
Emily Gamble
Master's Degree Student, Physician Assistant Studies East Carolina University
Publication date: Nov. 8, 2017
LF-15
## Other Publications in Farm to Food Bank Resource Guide for North Carolina Cooperative Extension
Introduction: Food Banks and Food Pantries Direct to Food Bank and Food Pantry Donations
Gleaning
Venison Donation Programs
Master Gardener Volunteers and Community / Home Gardens
Food Pantry Produce Markets
4-H Chicken Donation: Embryology to Harvesting
The use of brand names in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University of the products or services named nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/about-4-h/what-do-we-teach-alabama-4-h-science-school/ | About 4-H | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Molly Gregg"
] | 2018-08-29 | [
"4-H",
"Education",
"Youth Programs"
] | AL | ## What Do We Teach? Alabama 4-H Science School
The Alabama 4-H Science School curriculum grid provides a snapshot of what we teach.
Growing Alabama's Future: Alabama 4-H seeks to empower youth with the skills to lead our communities, our state, our nation, and our world. Alabama 4-H will reflect the population demographics, vulnerable populations, diverse needs, and social conditions of the state.
## Grid Key
Delivery Modes: CL=Clubs, IS=In School, E=Enrichment, CP=Camping
Print "4-H Curriculum-Alabama 4-H Science School" table from our website. |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/nutricion-para-actividad-fisica-y-atletismo.html | Nutrición para Actividad Física y Atletismo - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Janice R. Hermann"
] | 2017-01-05 | [] | OK | ## Nutrición para Actividad Física y Atletismo
Published May. 2017 | Id: T-3132
By Janice R. Hermann
Print-friendly PDF (/factsheets/print- publications/t/nutrition-forphysical-activity-and-athletics-t3132.pdf)
JUMP TO: Peso.y\_grasa corporal /
Control del Peso / Carbohydratos / Proteína /
Grasa / Vitaminas y Minerales / Liquido /
Productos ergogénicos /
Recomendaciones alimentarias para los competidores o los que hacen ejercicios /
Referencias
Estar fisicamente activo tiene muchos beneficios saludables, y la buena alimentación juega un papel importante en las actividades físicas y en el rendimiento atlético. Bien sea, que se participe en actividades física para mantenerse en "forma" o para una competencia, todos se benefician de una dieta bien balanceada que sigue el Plan de Comida Diaria de USDA (the USDA Daily Food Plan). El Plan de Comida Diaria de USDA recomienda consumir una variedad de alimentos de los grupos alimenticios del Plan de Comida Diaria de USDA.
Aunque el Plan de Comida Diaria de USDA ofrece la base para una dieta saludable, hay algunas consideraciones dietéticas especiales para los que hacen actividades físicas y atletismo. La Asociación Dietética Americana (The American Dietetic Association) hace las siguientes recomendaciones dietéticas para hacer actividades físicas y atletismo:
Share Fact Sheet
## Peso y grasa corporal
El peso ideal para la salud o para el rendimiento atlético varía de persona a persona. La edad, el género, el nivel de actividades físicas, y la historia familiar, todo esto afecta el peso corporal. La importancia del peso va más allá de las apariencias y rendimiento físico.
Para la población en general, los niveles de grasa en el cuerpo humano recomendados para los hombres ióvenes son entre 18 y 21%, y para las mujeres jóvenes son entre 23 y 26%. Los atletas entrenados pueden tener menos grasa corporal, desde el 7% al 16% para los hombres, y desde el 15% al 22% para las mujeres. Una grasa corporal menor del 7% para los hombres y menor del 15% para las mujeres puede aumentar los riesgos para la salud.
## Control del Peso
La actividad física luega un papel importante en el control del peso. La actividad física aumenta el número de calorías que el cuerpo usa, aunque el número de calorías usado por el cuerpo depende del tipo, la intensidad, y la duración de la actividad física. Para obtener beneficios substanciales para la salud, Las Pautas Alimenticias (The Dietary Guidelines) para los americanos recomiendan que los adultos dediquen 150 minutos de actividad física de intensidad moderada o 75 minutos de intensidad vigorosa por semana. Para obtener más e intenso beneficios para la salud, los adultos deberían aumentar sus actividades físicas hasta 300 minutos por semana de intensidad moderada o 150 minutos de intensidad vigorasa.
La meta para perder peso saludablemente es perder la grasa del cuerpo sin perder masa corporal ni músculos. La pérdida de peso debe ser gradual, de ½ libra a 2 libras por semana, para ambos, los atletas y los no atletas. Perder peso rápidamente aumenta la pérdida de masa corporal y músculo. También existe el alto riesgo de recuperar rápidamente el peso perdido. La mejor combinación para perder peso es tener un
programa de ejercicios físicos regularmente junto con una dieta balanceada y baja en grasa que siga el Plan de Comida Diaria de USDA.
Perder peso al principio puede parecer tener poco resultados cuando se usa la combinación de una dieta balanceada y el aumento de los ejercicios físicos porque la masa muscular aumenta al mismo tiempo que la grasa del cuerpo disminuye. Sin embargo, gran pérdida de peso se hace visible cuando se continua perdiendo grasa corporal y el aumento muscular se va anivelando.
Para los atletas, la temporada de competencia no es el momento para perder o aumentar de peso. Fuera de la temporada de competencia es el tiempo para ajustar el peso corporal para que los atletas entren en la temporada de competencia con el peso optimo.
Todas las técnicas para perder peso que involucra perder agua del cuerpo son peligrosas. La pérdida de agua disminuye el volumen de sangre y reduce el flujo de sangre a los ríñones, a la piel, y a los músculos. Esto retrasa la habilidad del cuerpo para sudar y regular la temperatura del cuerpo, y también aumenta el riesgo de deshidratación.
## Carbohidratos
Los carbohidratos se encuentran en muchos alimentos incluyendo en los panes, cereales, alimentos integrales, frutas, vegetales, y en productos lácteos. Los carbohidratos deberían suplir más de la mitad de las calorías consumidas diariamente. Una dieta alta en carbohidratos aumenta el glucógeno en los músculos. Glucógeno en los músculos proporciona energía almacenada para tener mayor resistencia y retardar la fatiga. El aumento de glucógeno en los músculos es beneficial para los eventos atléticos que duran más de 90 minutos. Los atletas pueden tener un plan adaptado de un sobre consumo de carbohidratos para aumentar el glucógeno en los músculos. Este plan incluye reducir los ejercicios la semana antes del evento y descansar completamente el día antes del
evento. Además de reducir los ejercicios, el atleta también comienza a comer una dieta alta en carbohidratos tres días antes del evento.
## Proteína
La proteína se encuentra en muchos alimentos incluyendo la carne, aves, pescados, granos secos, huevos, semillas, leche, yogur, y queseo. El Consumo Alimenticio de Referencia (The Dietary Reference Intake) para la proteína y para un adulto saludable es de 0.8 gramos de proteína por cada kilogramo de peso corporal.
Atletas en competencias deportivas a veces necesitan de 1 a 1½ gramos de proteínas por cada kilogramo de peso corporal. Esta cantidad más alta de proteína puede fácilmente ser obtenida de una dieta bien balanceada con una variedad de alimentos.
La necesidad para mayores niveles de proteína no significa que los atletas necesiten suplementos de aminoácidos o suplementos de proteína. No hay evidencias que los suplementos de aminoácidos o de proteína aumenten la masa muscular. De hecho, el exceso de suplementos de aminoácidos o de proteína puede hacer daño. Los productos que resultan por la descomposición de la proteína son eliminados a través de la orina aumentando el riesgo de pérdida de agua y el riesgo de deshidratación.
## Grasa
Los carbohidratos y las proteínas proporcionan la mayoría de las calorías que se necesitan diariamente. La grasa provee las calorías que aún faltan. Para una buena salud, el Consumo Alimenticio de Referencia (The Dietary Reference Intake, DRI) recomienda una dieta baja en grasa saturada, grasa hidrogenada (grasa trans) y baja en colesterol, y una dieta que provea de 20 a 25% de las calorías diarios que se adquieren de la grasa.
## Vitamins y Minerals
Vitaminas y minerales tienen un papel importante en el metabolismo de los carbohidratos, proteínas, y grasa (lipidos).
Sin vitaminas y minerales no habría función muscular. La actividad física aumenta la necesidad de algunas vitaminas y minerales. Una dieta bien balanceada suplirá suficiente vitaminas y minerales para cubrir cualquier aumento que se necesite debido a la actividad física. No hay evidencias que los atletas necesitent extra vitaminas y minerales si están consumiendo una dieta bien balanceada. Tampoco hay evidencias que los supplementos vitaminicos y minerales mejoren el rendimiento de los atletas.
El hierro es un mineral que es muy importante para las mujeres físicamente activas y para los atletas jóvenes. El hierro es parte de la hemoglobinia, la proteína que lleva oxigeno de los pulmones a los núsculos. "Anemia deportiva" (sports anemia) es una condición que a veces ocurre en los atletas debido al aumento del volumen de sangre asociado con el entrenamiento inicial. Esta condición generalmente es temporal y no afecta el rendimiento del atleta. Sin embargo, deficiencia de hierro puede producir fatiga y disminuir el rendimiento de un atleta. Carne roja es una fuente rica en hierro que es absorbida fácilmente por el cuerpo. Panes y cereales enriquecidos, ensaladas verdes, hojas de vegetales, tales como el brócoli y espinaca, también proporcionan hierro. Sin embargo, el hierro en las plantas alimenticias no es tan fácil de absorber por el organismo como lo es el hierro que se encuentra en las carnes. Para aumentar la absorción del hierro que se encuentra en las plantas alimenticias, estas se comen juntamente con carnes o alimentos ricos en vitamina C, tal como naranja o jugo de tomate.
El calcio también es un mineral que es muy importante para las mujeres físicamente activas y atletas jóvenes. Niveles bajo de grasa y alta actividad física pueden impedir el desarrollo de los huesos en los atletas femeninos. Durante la etapa de la adolescencia y de jóvenes adultos es el tiempo cuando ocurre la formación máxima de los hueos. Discinún en el desarrollo de los huesos puede aumentar el riesgo de
fracturas y perjudicar el rendimiento atlético. Es importante que todos los atletas, especialmente las mujeres atletas jóvenes, consuman adecuadamente productos lácteos como leche, yogur, y queso para obtener calcio. El calcio también se encuentra en los vegetales de hojas verdes oscuras, panes y cereales enriquecidos y jugo de naranja enriquecido con calcio.
## Líquido
La actividad física hace que el calor aumente en el cuerpo. La manera principal que el cuerpo elimina calor es a través de la sudoración. La pérdida de agua por causa del sudor puede disminuir la fuerza muscular, la resistencia, la coordinación, y aumenta el riesgo de calbrams. La pérdida excesiva de agua en el cuerpo puede tracer como consecuencia agotamiento excesivo por calor (golpe de calor), o hipertermia (insolación), lo cual puede causar la muerte.
La mejor manera de prevenir deshidratación es reemplazar el agua perdida por causa de la sudoración. Tener sed no es un buen indicador de que el cuerpo necesita agua. Una manera fácil para determinar la cantidad de agua perdida por causa del sudor es pesarse antes y después de una actividad física. Requiere de 2 tazas de liquido para reemplazar una libra en peso del agua perdida en una actividad física.
Una de las pautas para el consumo de líquido antes de los eventos atléticos incluye beber mucha agua por varios días antes del evento para empezar el evento bien hidratado. Las pautas para el consumo de líquido durante los eventos atléticos son de 2 a 3 tazas de líquido, de dos a tres horas antes del evento; y de 1 a 2 tazas adicionales de líquido, de 15 a 20 minutos antes del evento. Pequeñas porciones (de ½ a 1 taza) de agua fría natural deberian ser consumida frecuentemente durante todo el evento.
Para la mayoría de los individuos que hacen ejercicios por menos de una hora, agua fría es la mejor manera de reemplazar líquidos. La dieta tipica de los Estados Unidos provee suficiente sodio y otros minerales que sirven para
reemplazar esos minerales que han sido perdidos a través de la sudoración. Bebidas deportivas pueden ser útiles cuando se hace ejercicios por más de una hora o en altas temperaturas o condiciones climáticas húmedas. El cuerpo fácilmente absorbe las bebidas deportivas que contienen de 6 a 8% de glucosa o sacarosa con una cantidad pequeña de sodio. Estas bebidas ayudan a mantener la glucosa en la sangre, sin causar calambres en el estómago (retorijones). Las bebidas deportivas concentradas, o bebidas deportivas que contienen fructosa, pueden causar calambres en el estómago. Productos ergogénicos Se dice que los productos ergogénicos proveen energía, aumentan la resistencia o fortaleza, o mejoran el rendimiento atlético. Ejemplos de productos ergogénicos incluye: polen de abeja, cafeína, glicina, L-carnitina, lectina, levadura de cerveza, gelatina (sustancias sacadas de los huesos de animales), aminoácidos, suplementos de proteínas, y suplementos de vitaminas/minerales. No hay evidencias científicas que los ergogénicos ayuden a mejorar el rendimiento atlético. Estos productos pueden entorpecer la salud y la capacidad del atleta cuando se sustituyen las prácticas de consumir una buena dieta. Recomendaciones alimentarias para los competidores o los que hacen ejercicios
Antes de hacer ejercicios o competencias: comer antes de hacer ejercicios o de una competencia puede ayudar a prevenir niveles bajo de azúcar en la sangre, provee energía, y da alvio al estómago. Sin embargo, lo que se debe comer antes de los ejercicios o de una competencia varía de persona
a persona y de una actividad a otra. Algunas personas pueden comer casi todo, mientras que otras personas no tienen el deseo de comer nada.
Alimentos con altos contenidos de carbohidratos pueden ayudar a mantener los niveles de la azúcar en la sangre. Algunos ejemplos de alimentos con altos contenidos de carbohidratos incluye: yogurt, banana, pasta, galletas saladas, pan o bagels (roscas de pan). Algunas personas pueden tolerar pequeñas cantidades de alimentos azucarados justo antes de los eventos; sin embargo, para otras personas estos tipos de alimentos pueden causar que los niveles de azúcar en la sangre bajen.
Alimentos que ocasionan problemas intestinales o estomacales como por ejemplo: alimentos con mucha grasa, con alto contenido de proteínas, o fibras deberían evitarse. Algunas personas pueden tolerar una comida a base de líquidos que provee un buen balance de líquido y nutrientes mejor que una comida sólida.
Espere suficiente tiempo para que la comida se digiera. Una regla general es esperar que pase por lo menos de 3 a 4 horas para que una comida grande se digiera, de 2 o 3 horas para una comida pequeña, 1 a 2 horas para una comida a base de líquidos, y menos de 1 hora para una merienda.
Qué o cuándo comer debería ya saberse antes de una competencia. No trate una rutina nueva el día de la competencia.
Durante los ejercicios o de una competencia: Para esos eventos que duran menos de 60 minutos, consumir carbohidratos durante el evento normalmente no es útil. Para eventos que duran más de 60 a 90 minutos, consumir pequeñas cantidades de líquidos o pequeñas cantidades de carbohidratos (0.5 gramos de carbohidratos por cada libra) cada hora puede reducir la fatiga. El tipo de carbohidrato tolerado por el organismo va a variar según la persona. Algunas personas pueden tolerar los carbohidratos en la comida, mientras que hay personas que toleran mejor los
carbohydratos en las bebidas. Trate de hacer esto durante las prácticas. No trate de consumir carbohidratos por primera vez durante una competencia.
Después de los ejercicios o competencia : La prioridad más importante en una dieta es reemplazar los líquidos perdidos a través de la sudoración. Consumir una pequeña cantidad de alimentos o bebidas con un alto contenido de carbohidratos y bajo en grasa, fibra, y proteína dentro de 15 minutos después de terminar los ejercicios o una competencia ayuda a reemplazar la reserva de glucógeno guardado en los músculcos. La tolerancia al tipo de carbohidrato después de los ejercicios o de una competencia variará de persona a persona.
## Resumen
La nutrición es un factor importante que afecta la salud física y el rendimiento atlético. Sin importar si uno participa en actividades físicas para estar en "forma" o para participar en una competencia, las mejores recomendaciones nutricionales son para consumir el líquido adecuado y tener una dieta bien balanceada con una variedad de alimentos que sigan el Plan de Comida Diaria de USDA (the USDA Daily Food Plan).
## Referencias
United States Department of Agriculture. ChooseMyPlate.gov. Accessed at:
www.choosemyplate.gov
United States Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010.
Accessed
at: http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/DietaryGuidelines.htm
Whitney, E.N. & Rolfes, S.R. Understanding Nutrition, 13 th ed. 2013.
Thomson/Wadsworth Publishing Co., Belmont, CA.
Janice R. Hermann, Ph.D., RD/LD Especialista en Nutrición
Print-friendly PDF ( /factsheets/print- sheets/print- publications/t/nutrition-forphysical-activity-and-athletics-t3132.pdf)
## Topics:
Exercise /topics/youth-family-health-and-home/health-nutrition-andwellness/exercise/) Health, Nutrition & Wellness /topics/youth-family-health-and-home/healthnutrition-and-wellness/)
Nutrition /topics/youth-family-health-and-home/health-nutrition-andwel ness/nutrition/)
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https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/images/outdoor-water-conservation-water-saving-design-ideas-for-oklahoma-landscapes/4-geometric-plan.pdf | Geometric (2) | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data 'D:20130717160211' does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | 32 |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/nettleton-retail-analysis | Nettleton Retail Analysis | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | " Publications " Publication s " Nettleton Retail Analysis
## Nettleton Retail Analysis
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Economic Development |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P2945-188 | |
| View as PDF: P2945-188.pdf | |
| Department: MSU Extension-Lee County | |
| The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. Select Your County Office | |
| Your Extension Experts Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor | |
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| Related News | |
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842 Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998 Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374 Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375
Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796 Talking Retail Trade |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/increasing-diversity-in-grasslands-grazing-management-effects | Increasing Diversity in Grasslands: Grazing Management Effects | NC State Extension | [
"Miguel Castillo"
] | null | [
"Forage Crop",
"Forage",
"Grassland"
] | NC | ## Increasing Diversity in Grasslands: Grazing Management Effects
Forage Notes
Across environments and production systems, several factors can interact and ultimately determine the fate of diversity (# of species and abundance) in grasslands. They include: environmental factors such as light, temperature, and rainfall; growth habit of each species in the mixture (a function of occupying different niches in time and/or space); nodulation ability and capacity for nitrogen fixation from legumes; edaphic factors (ph, nutrient availability and form); frequency and intensity of defoliation by grazing animals; ability to survive drought periods; seed production capacity; and pest and disease tolerance. Therefore, research projects that can address the above-mentioned factors on a local basis are relevant.
Designing "the perfect" mixture for all situations is arguably a path to follow and most likely a neverending task. Rather, a mechanistic approach that encompasses defined production and conservation objectives (e.g. reduce weed infestation, prevent soil erosion, increase soil organic matter, remediation of areas impacted by high nutrient concentrations, grazing vs. hay production, high vs. low fertilization) may help define specific mixtures and management practices that result in persistent and resilient grasslands. The purpose of this article is to present and discuss some of the results of experiments that have addressed the use of forage mixtures, relevant to our region, and highlight the results under defined management conditions.
Lack of maintenance fertilization and inadequate grazing management are critical factors resulting in degradation of grasslands. Degraded grasslands have limited potential to serve their primary function as a source of forage for livestock or to provide ecosystem services.
Due to their capacity to fix atmospheric Nitrogen (N2) and their relatively high nutritive value compared to warm- and cool-season grasses, legume plants certainly come to the top of the list when looking for forage species to design a mixture. Nevertheless, grazing management can have profound impact on how the mixture develops and persists over time. In other words, it is the art and science of grazing management that determines whether a potentially good forage, or mixture of forages, will actually be a good one.
Grazing management is characterized by: 1) grazing intensity [measured as stocking rate (animalbased units) or pasture height (plant-based units),] 2) grazing frequency (i.e. time between consecutive defoliation events, stocking method) and, 3) timing (i.e. season of the year, physiological stage of the plant). The three factors and their interactions, determine the fate of planted pastures (i.e. number of species present and abundance of each species in a pasture). The text that follows will cite a few examples of how grazing management and plant responses interact and ultimately affect diversity in pastures.
## Grazing Intensity Effects on Persistence and Botanical Composition
In grass-legume pastures, legumes often are considered to be less persistent under high stocking rates than grasses; nevertheless, the species present in the sward has a major effect on the response (Sollenberger et al. 2012). Under rotational stocking management, Carlassare and Karten (2002) evaluated for 2 years grazing intensity effects by initiation/termination at heights of 8/2 inches (higher intensity) or 11/3 inches (lower intensity) in a complex (in this case defined as more than 4 species present) mixed pasture primarily dominated by orchardgrass and kentucky bluegrass. Orchardgrass height defined the grazing intensity regimes. Orchardgrass is a tall-growing, coolseason bunchgrass. Kentucky bluegrass is a rhizomatous, short-growing, cool-season grass.
The results of the experiment indicated that after two years of grazing there was significantly more legume (alfalfa and red clover) and orchardgrass herbage harvested in tall than short pastures. In the short pasture the dominant species where Kentucky bluegrass and white clover. Alfalfa and red clover are less tolerant to close and frequent grazing than white clover because they have more growing points and leaves in the upper canopy, resulting in the loss of a higher proportion of their growing points and leaf area at grazing (Barnes et al., 1995). Therefore, higher grazing heights and longer regrowth periods improve alfalfa and red clover performance compared with shorter and more frequent grazing. Similarly, Cowway (1968) reported greater percentage of white clover at higher stocking rate.
Consequently, grazing intensity can be utilized to shift the composition of forage species in a pasture.
## Stocking method (Continuous vs. Rotational Stocking) and Plant Morphology
Binary mixtures of orchardgrass + alfalfa (Mixture 1), and orchardgrass + white clover (Mixture 2), and a three-way mixture of Kentucky bluegrass + white clover + birdsfoot trefoil (Mixture 3) were evaluated under continuous and rotational stocking by Bryan et al. (1961) in an experiment conducted in Virginia. The rotationally stocked pastures were manage as follows: alfalfa was
allowed to grow to bud stage or 10% bloom and then graze down to ~3 inches stubble height for Mixture 1; from ~9 inches tall to 2 inches stubble height for Mixture 2; from ~5 inches tall to % inch for Mixture 3.
Forage stand evaluation after two years of imposing treatments resulted in greater legume presence under rotational stocking compared to continuous stocking (Table 1). The reduction in legume presence in the pasture after two years of grazing continuously was greater for alfalfa (31 percent points reduction) and birdsfoot trefoil (12 percent points reduction) compared to white clover (6 percent points reduction) (Table 1). Why…? Two factors are primarily responsible for the results. First, animal preference for legumes results in greater selection towards the legume component in the grass-legume mixture. Because the time to rotate the livestock out of the pasture was based on the overall canopy height, as opposed to the height of the legume component, this resulted in legumes being grazed more intensively compared to the grasses to the point that it became detrimental and resulted in a loss of legumes from the system. In the continuous stocking system the livestock remain in the paddock permanently and therefore the effect of animal selection can be more pronounced. Indeed, the overall reduction in the legume component was darker for alfalfa and birdsfoot treofoil than it was for white clover. Why…? The second factor is related to plant morphology. Alfalfa and birdsfoot treofoil have an upright growth habit with many leaves and stems arising from the crown at the base of the stems. In contrast, white clover has stolons (stems that grow close to soil level and serve as energy reservoirs) from where new roots and eventually new plants grow (Figure 1). The presence of stolons provides white clover with a greater potential to spread, and this case particularly, provides white clover with a greater ability to persist under continuous grazing compared to alfalfa and birdsfoot treefool.
| | Continuous Stocking | Rotational Stocking |
|------------------------------------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| % Legume Presence in the Pasture | % Legume Presence in the Pasture | % Legume Presence in the Pasture |
| Alfalfa in Mixture 1 | 17% | 48% |
| White clover in Mixture 2 | 13% | 19% |
| Birsfoot treofoil in Mixture 3 | < 0.5%<fcel> | |
| Weed Infestation | Weed Infestation | Weed Infestation |
| Mixture 1 (alfalfa + orchardgrass) | 30% | 9% |
Because of greater loss of alfalfa in the continuous stocking treatment the researchers decided to come back to the pasture and estimate weed infestation. They reported 30% weed infestation in the continuous stocking treatment compare to only 9% for rotational stocking in the alfalfa + orchardgrass mixture (Mixture 1). The results illustrate the importance of understanding the basic concepts of plant morphology to put in place a management system, stocking method in this case, to ensure persistence of the desirable plant species and prevent weed infestation.
## Summary and Conclusions
Several experiments were presented involving grazing intensity and stocking method with the objective of exemplifying the importance of understanding the effects of grazing management decisions and choice of forage species on diversity in grasslands. Diversity in grasslands, defined here as number and amount of each species growing intermingled, has received renewed interest and has specially been linked to soil health objectives. Plant to plant competition for resources is indeed one of the first factors that can determine the fate of diversity in systems where there is no intervention of animals. In grazing systems, however, the animal-plant interface can have a determinant role very early in the life of a diverse pasture and ultimately determine the potential of a given forage or mixture of forages to meet expected goals. Grazing management decisions and choice of forage species should be designed with specific objectives in mind. Objectives should include a combination of production- and conservation-oriented themes, and therefore it is important to understand how the plant and animal components of a grazing system interact.
## Literature Cited
Bryant H.T., R.E. Blaser, R.C. Hammes, W.A. Hardison. 1961. Comparison of continuous and rotational grazing of three forage mixtures by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 44:1742-1750.
Barnes, R.F., D.A. Miller, and C.J. Nelson. 1995. Forages. Volume 1. An introduction to grassland agriculture. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames.
Carlassare, M. and H.D. Karsten. 2002. Species contribution to seasonal productivity of a mixed pasture under two sward grazing height regimes. Agron. J. 94:840-850.
Sollenberger, L.E., C.T. Agouridis, E.S. Vanzant, A.J. Franzluebbers, and L.B. Owens. 2012.
Prescribed grazing on pasturesland s. P. 111-204. In C.J. Nelson (ed.) Conservation outcomes from pastureland and hayland practices (C.J. Nelson, editor). Allen Press, Laurence, KS.
## Author
Miguel Castillo
Forage Specialist, Forage and Grassland Program Crop and Soil Sciences
Publication date: Jan. 1, 2013
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/flatheaded-appletree-borer | Flatheaded Appletree Borer | NC State Extension | [
"James Baker"
] | null | [
"Entomology",
"Pests",
"Agriculture"
] | NC | ## Flatheaded Appletree Borer
PDIC Factsheets
## Description and Biology
The flatheaded appletree borer, Chrysobotris femorata , and other closely related flatheaded borers are attracted to weakened trees. This borer is so called because the thoracic segments are noticeably wider than the rest of the slender, segmented grub, and their damage often occurs on apple. Adult flatheaded appletree borers are called metallic woodboring beetles because many species are beautifully metallic. This species is somewhat shiny and gray to bronze on top; the lower surfaces are clearly metallic and greenish. These beetles are shaped like a sunflower seed in top view and are 1/2 to 3/4 inch long. Adults appear throughout the summer and lay orange to reddish brown, flattened, broadly oval eggs under bark scales or in crevices of the main trunk and larger branches. The grubs bore into the bark and feed in the phloem and outer sapwood. Their tunnels are sometimes three inches long or more especially in young trees. Drought or defoliation or some other stress may cause trees to become susceptible to flatheaded borers.
## Host Plants
Flatheaded appletree borers has a wide host range of deciduous trees especially those with thin bark such as young apples, crabapple, crapermytle, dogwoods, hawthorn, linden, maples and oak. These borers are particularly troublesome in commercial nurseries and urban landscapes.
## Residential Recommendations
Trees newly set out in the landscape may be particularly susceptible to flatheaded borers. Such trees should be protected by pyrethroid insecticides during their first year or two in the landscape or the trunk should be wrapped in some sort of tree wrap to prevent adult flatheaded borers from ovipositing on the stressed trees. Imidacloprid and perhaps other systemic insecticides can be applied to the soil around susceptible trees from February to April although it would be a good idea to spray the trunks and larger branches with a pyrethroid as well. These insecticides are available in the plant centers of most big box stores and nurseries. Mulch and keep newly planted trees and shrubs sufficiently watered. When used as directed , pyrethroids are very toxic to insects but are not particularly hazardous to humans and pets (other than fish-avoid using pyrethroids around pools, ponds, and streams).
## Other Resources
- · Flat-headed apple tree borer. Anonymous. 2015. Michigan State University Integrated Pest Management.
- · Flatheaded appletree borer. Krischik, V. and J. Davidson. 2013 (last modified). Pests of Trees and Shrubs, IPM of Midwest Landscapes.
- · Identifying the Flatheaded Appletree Borer ( Chrysobothris femorata ) and Other Buprestid Beetle Species in Tennessee. 2011 Hansen, J. A., F. A. Hale, and W. E. Klingeman. University of Tennessee Extension SP503-1.
- · Insects of Eastern forests. Drooz, A. T. editor. 1985. USDA Forest Service Misc. Publication 1426. 608 pp.
- · Extension Plant Pathology Publications and Factsheets
- · Horticultural Science Publications
- · North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension Center.
This Factsheet has not been peer reviewed.
## Author
James Baker
Professor Emeritus Entomology & Plant Pathology
Publication date: Nov. 15, 2018
Reviewed/Revised: Sept. 16, 2019
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C.A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IG146 | Crickets | University of Florida | [
"P. G. Koehler",
"R. M. Pereira",
"B. E. Bayer"
] | 2022-02-16 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | Skip to main content
## Crickets
P. G. Koehler, R. M. Pereira, and B. E. Bayer
Figure 3. This fact sheet is excerpted from SP486: Pests in and around the Southern Home , which is available from the UF/IFAS Extension Bookstore. http://ifasbooks.ifas.ufl.edu/p-1222-posts-in-and-around-the-southernhome.aspx.
Crickets are sometimes nuisances in buildings and can damage fabrics and other materials. Crickets are often attracted to lights around a building and can invade a structure in large numbers. Once they are inside a building, crickets can hide behind baseboards, under stairs, in closets, garages, attices, as well as any storage area with debris and clutter.
The males produce a chirping sound by rubbing their front wings together, which can be annoying after a period of time. They may also damage fabrics and are more attracted to clothing and fabrics soiled with perspiration or other stains. They are especially destructive to silks and wool.
Crickets belong to the insect order Ortopletera and are related to grasshoppers. These insects are hemimetabolous, meaning the young (nymph) resemble the adults, except the young do not have functional wings. Both young and adult crickets have similar feeding habits and are omnivorous.
The most common crickets to invade buildings include the house cricket and the field cricket, which are very similar in appearance. House cricket adults (Figure 1) range in length from 3/4 to 1 inch (19 to 25 mm) and may be light yellowish brown with three dark bands on the head, or solid, shiny black. This species has slender antennae that are longer than its body. Field cricket adults are more robust and slightly larger, ranging from 1/2 to 11/4 inch (13 to 32 mm) in length, and are brown or black (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Field cricket is black or brown. Credit: Purdue University
Females of both species have a long, thin ovipositor projecting from the tip of the abdomen. The ovipositor is used to deposit eggs into soil or vegetation. Most crickets overwinter as eggs, hatching in the spring. The field cricket matures into an adult in about 90 days.
## Management Guidelines for Crickets
The key to managing crickets in buildings is exclusion. Cracks, crevices, crevices, vents, and electrical and plumbing access to the building should be sealed. Caulk, screen, or otherwise seal cracks, crevices, vents, and electrical and plumbing entrances, and repair window screens and weather stripping around doors to prevent crickets from entering. Behind or under heavy furniture and appliances or in other inaccessible areas, it may be possible to remove crickets using a strong vacuum cleaner. Weeds and debris, such as wood piles and dense vegetation, around the outside of the building should be removed to eliminate attractive habitats. Change outside lighting to sodium vapor lights or yellow incandescent lights that are less attractive to crickets (and other insects). Garbage and other refuse that serves as food should be stored in containers with tight lids and elevated off the ground on platforms or bricks.
Insecticides should be used only when exclusion and sanitation cannot accomplish control quickly enough to stop damage within a reasonable time. Use liquid sprays of an insecticide registered for use indoors as a spot treatment in cracks and crevices and other areas where crickets may hide. Sorptive powders may also be blown into inaccessible areas. Liquid sprays can also be applied around the perimeter of a building or in other outdoor areas. Avoid using outdoor spray materials indoors, unless the label states that this is permissible. Insecticide impregnated baits or granular formulations of certain materials may also be used outdoors around buildings for cricket control. Some baits can be applied indoors, but only to areas inaccessible to children or pets. Graulks are suitable in lawns and other areas subject to moisture or frequent watering. Do not use baits or granules if children or pets can gain access to them. Bafts formulated for mole cricket or roach control may be used for house and field cricket control.
Cricket infestations are usually seasonal. Most often problems occur during the fall as evenings become cooler and the insects seek buildings for warmth and shelter. Because of this, applications of long-residual insecticides are not usually needed indoors for adequate control.
## Publication #ENY-230
Release Date:
February 17, 2022
Reviewed At:
February 4, 2025
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises
Contacts: Roberto Pereira
View PDF
About this Publication
This document is ENY-230, one of a series of the Department of Entomology and Nematology, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date February 1993. Revised February 2008, July 2011, October 2013, and February 2022. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
About the Authors
P. G. Koehler, professor emeritus; R. M. Pereira, Extension professor; and B. E. Bayer, MS 2007; Department of Entomology and Nematology, UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
## Related Pages
## Entomology and Nematology
Pests in and around the Southern Home (SP486)
56 Publication(s) |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/wfrec/2024/06/13/30th-annual-turfgrass-expo-and-field-day/ | 30th Annual Turfgrass Expo and Field Day | University of Florida | [
"Lee Thrasher"
] | 2024-06-13 | [
"Turf",
"UF/IFAS Research"
] | FL | ## 30th Annual Turfgrass Expo and Field Day
Join us September 18, 2024 for our annual Gulf Coast Turfgrass Field Day & Expo. We encourage everyone to PREGISTER before September 10th to secure your lunch ticket!
30th Annual Gulf Coast Turfgrass Expo & Field Day Tickets , Wed . Sep 18 , 2024 at 7:30 AM | Eventbrite
VENDOR EXPO - Vendors will be stationed around the Research Center events building. Attendees will have opportunity to visit before, during, and after the research tours.
Vendors - click on "tickets" and choose the Exhibitor option.
A limited number of tables and chairs will be available for the vendors. Vendors should plan to bring a pop-up tent if you have one!
If you need assistance please contact Robin Vickers, Event Coordinator, 850-393-7334.
## o
by Lee Thrasher
Posted: June 13, 2024
Category: Turf, UF/IFAS Extension, UF/IFAS Research
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · COVID-19 And UF/IFAS Extension
- · West Florida REC Farm Manager, Greg Kimmons Awarded Santa Rosa County Friend Of Agriculture Award
- · UF/IFAS Wins Big At The Southern Branch American Society Of Agronomy Meeting
- · University Of Florida Graduate Student Wins Award At The 73rd Annual Southern Weed Science Society M... |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/turfgrass-science/educational-materials/site-files/docs/hort-update-winter-kill-presentation.pdf | Slide 1 | Oklahoma State University | [
"J Pye"
] | Error: time data "D:20140221113333-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | The Short Version - Feb 2014 Hort Update - Assessing and Recovering from Winter-kill of Bermudagrass in Oklahoma
Dennis Martin, PhD
Professor & Turfgrass Specialist
Oklahoma State University
Understanding of the anatomy of a warm-season grass plant and how it grows can be helpful in understanding winter-kill and regrowth potential
## Terms
- · Stolon - above ground horizontal creeping stem or runner of bermudagrass, buffalograss, zoysiagra grass, centipedegrass and St. Augustinegrass.
- · Rhizome - below ground horizontal stem of bermudagrass or zoysiagra grass.
## Diagram of a Barley grass phytomer. The basic building block of the grass plant.
(Image courtesy of B. P. Forester and others, Annals of Botany 2007 100(4):725-733)
## The Phytomer
- · It's the basic building block of the grass plant used over and over again.
- · A phytomer consists of a node, internode, lateral bud, root initials and leaf.
- · The dormant lateral bud is located at the node and opposite the side from which the leaf arises.
- · The dormant lateral bud has the capacity to become a new shoot, and thus, regenerate the stand in Bermuda, buffalograss, centipede, St. Augustinegrass and Zoysiagrass species.
Orange arrows indicate the location of nodes. There is a lateral bud at each node.
## What is winter-kill?
- · Winter-kill - part or all of a grass plant or turfgrass stand dies during the winter.
- · It's a relative term.
- · Bermudagrass, centipede, buffalograss and St. Augustinegrass suffer varying degrees of winter kill in Oklahoma each year.
- · During a mild winter, only a few nodes/internode segments will winter-kill on the aerial vertical shoots of bermudagrass.
- · In a severe winter or when several unfavorable factors predispose the grass to death during the winter, the vertical aerial shoots may be killed several nodes farther down than in mild winters.
## Most bermudagrasses in the Stillwater area had high levels, near 100% kill of vertical aerial and stolon shoots during the winter of 2009/2010. The difference in regeneration vs non-regeneration of the stand depended on the survival of lateral buds on vertical shoots in the soil or on shallow or deep rhizomes
## Winter-kill in 2009/2010 & 2013/2014 in Oklahoma
- · During the winter of 2009/2010 & 2013/2014, substantially more node/internode segments of warm-season grasses were killed during the winter.
- · Substantial areas of bermudagrass died during the winter of 2009/2010 and needed to be grown back in by intensive management. What about 2013/2014?
- · This may include resprigging, plugging, sodding or seeding to speed up the process.
## Winter-kill
- · Any number of physical, chemical , biological or abiotic factors can interact with either a short very cold temperature event or a less cold longer term event to increase the severity of winter-kill . These factors can either pre-dispose the grass in advance or work together with the low temperature event to increase severity of damage.
## Areas Most Susceptible to Winter-kill
- · North facing slopes
- · Heavily shaded areas
- · Poorly drained areas
- · Areas planted with poorly adapted cultivars
- · Areas trafficked during winter
- · Areas of substantial soil compaction
- · Areas with deficient levels of soil potassium (K)
- · High spots, especially if sandy
- · Winter-kill is often more severe on north-facing slopes. In many years, green-up is simply delayed on north facing slopes due to less incoming sunlight, and slower soil heating.
bermudgrass tee box to winter-kill.
North
Tifway winter-killed in what perhaps was the freeze/thaw zone over several days. Perhaps the area
in the center was protected by snow cover.
Truckster drove over slush pile, traffic triggered mechanical/freeze injury to bermudagrass. A single event.
## Traffic on path interacted with snow/ice to cause winter-kill
## Bermudagrass Winter Hardiness
- · More Susceptible to Winter-kill (alphabetical order)
- -Arizona Common
- -Celebration
- -Kansas Improved
- -Mohawk
- -Princess 77
- -Sahara (NuMex Sahara)
- -Sunturf
- -Tifdwarf
- -Tifgreen
- -Tifway 419
- -Transcontinental
## Bermudagrass Winter Hardiness
- · Less Susceptible to Winter-kill (alphabetical order)
- -Some types sold as U-3
- -Guymon
- -Latitude 36
- -NorthBridge
- -Midfield
- -Midlawn
- -Patriot
- -Riviera
- -TifSport
- -Wrangler
- -Yukon
- -See Current Report 6605:Turf Sod and Sprig Sources in OK for sources
In winter, can you tell if the aerial shoots, stolons and rhizomes are alive or dead?
## Canopy Brushing Technique
- · Performed in winter to provide a relative estimate of rejuvenation potential of the warm-season grass stand.
- · Looking for survival of aerial stems and stolons
- · Use heavy leather glove to protect hand
- · Defolate small sample areas 6 inch to 12 inch diameter of leaf blades and leaf sheaths
- · Sample multiple suspect areas, your assessment is only as good as your sampling technique
- · Assess for the density of living aerial shoots showing green, red, purple or white internode segments
- · Nodes are too small to see with the naked eye, internodes are not. There is one node for each internode and one lateral bud for each node.
- · The effect of upcoming cold events are not assessed, only the affect of past events
- · Must have some time elapsed for decay of tissue to occur from "acute" damaging event to when brushing technique is performed in order to see symptoms (dead tissue)
## Firm, Green, White, Red or Purple internodes are Good! Soft, mushy, brown or only straw tan internodes are Bad News!
These 4 stolons are alive!
Canopy brushing and close examination revealed no surviving vertical aerial shoots or stolons in the area of common bermudagrass. If little to no survival of aerial shoots is found, wash soil from plug and look for live white rhizomes
## Window Sill Method of Assessing Damage During Winter
In the winter, prior to green up, take a plug, no smaller that 3 inches in diameter by 3 inches deep and place in a dish on a warm (7OF or above), sunny window sill. Keep soil moist. Watch for regrowth and sources (origin of the shoots) over next 3 to 4 weeks.
Green shoots in spring arise of lateral buds that were dormant on at nodes on phytomers that survived the winter
## So, is it "dead" or just "dormant?"
- · Generally in central Oklahoma by the second week of April there is enough soil warming to gain natural field insight into the full extent of winter-kill. Certainly by the first week of May in most years we know most of the story and have insights regarding the amount of turf needing to be replaced or can develop the grow-in plan for what's left.
Heavy traffic and compaction likely pre-disposed this sports field to
Double ring infiltrometer can be used to measure saturated infiltration rate of water into the soil surface. Opinion: Infiltration rates should be a minimum of 2 inches per hour or greater.
Although dead, the grass in this plug had responded to aeration the previous year as evidenced by
roots in the
aerification holes.
## Lack of surviving nodes/lateral buds on either aerial shoots, stolons or rhizomes. This grass is toast!
In an area of less traffic just a few feet away, 100% live green cover. Note rhizomes.
Are these beetle emergence holes or merely birds keying off of tan turf and hoping to find food? Examine them.
## Nutsedge emerging where bermudagrass was winter-killed .
## Most Pre-emergent Herbicides Affect Root Cell Division and Thus Plant Health.
Photocredit: Frank Rossi. 1992. To Pre or not to Pre- Summer Annual Weed Control Strategies. USGA Greens Section Record. Sept/Oct pp 15-17.
## Root inhibition on bermudagrass stolon
## Crabgrass
- · Crabgrass germination begins at surface temperatures of 58 to 60 F consistently and moist at the surface.
- · South and west facing slopes with thin turf canopy and heavy seed supply are first areas to germinate
## Pre-emergent herbicides
- · Major Pre-emergent Herbicides for Crabgrass/Goosegrass Control in bermudagrass turf
- - Barricade (prodiamine), Dimension (dithiopyr), Pendulum (Pendimethalin), Surflan (oryzalin)
- - All of these can inhibit root generation from stolons and slow recovery from winter-kill or from new springing. Lower label rates are less injurious than maximum label rates.
- - All are inhibitory to bermudagrass seed germination for a certain period of time. See the labels for the reseeding interval. Perform a test seeding (bioassay) as an added precaution to check for herbicide residue in the soil.
## Ronstar (oxiadazon)
## Not for residential lawns
- · Ronstar 50 WP or 2G or on fertilizer carrier
- Labeled for use on newly sprigged bermudagrass
- Controls or suppresses several summer annual grasses and some broadleaves from seed.
- Generally not injurious to bermudagrass roots or stolons at labeled rates. Injurious to bermudagrass establishment from seed.
- Typically looking at 2 lbs ai/A with second application of 1 or 2 lbs ai/A if stand remains thin
- If greenup and grow in is suitable, second application of split program could proceed with other pre-emergent herbicides.
- WP formulation should be applied to dormant turf, granular can be used on green turf. Some Superintendents have used WP on green turf followed by rapid irrigation and have minimized phytotoxicity
## Post-emergent Crabgrass Program
- · MSMA 6 lb ai/Gallon product
- · Typically used at 1 fl oz/1,000 sq. ft. for post-crabgrass control, repeat applications allowed.
- · Reasonable tolerance of recently sprigged bermudagrass and bermudagrass recovering from winter injury.
## Post-emergent Crabgrass Program
- · Drive 75DF (1 lb product/A application) and Drive XLR8 (64 fl oz/A application) - active ingredient quinclorac.
- · +/- methylated seed oil at 1.5 pts/acre
- · Sequential applications allowed, 1.5 lb ai/A limit per year on Drive products.
- · Can be used on recently sprigged or seeded bermudagrass. Some phytotoxicity effect on bermudagrass can occur.
- · For consumers there is a post-emergent crabgras and broadleaf pre-mix available in the Bayer, Ortho and Spectracide Product Lines.
## Bermudagrass Re-establishment
- · Resprigging:
- - 120 to 400 bu/A for high quality areas
- - No-till slit sprigging if possible
- · Resodding:
- - Don't lay sod on recently pre-emergent treated soil, till soil first, properly prepare soil
- · Seeding:
- - Generally 0.8 to 1 lb of pure live seed per 1,000 sq. ft. or about 2 lbs of coated seed per 1,000 sq. ft.
- - Beware of existing pre-emergent herbicides in soil
- - Ideally seed should be placed at about 1/16 inch deep
## Bermudagrass Fertility
- · For non-putting green areas of high quality turf.
- Optimize soil pH, P and K based on soil test results.
- Consider about 1 lb of N per 1,000 sq. ft. for highly damaged areas where there is at least some material to recover. Apply in April, May and June until 100% cover is achieved.
- Reduce N to holding pattern of 0.5 to 0.75 lbs of N per 1,000 sq. ft. per growing month for color and density unless additional heavy growth is needed.
- Last N application no later than Sept 15 for southern and central Oklahoma, Sept 1 for northern counties
## Mowing heights going into fall
- · Increasing mowing height may be expected to assist in increase resistance to stress during winter by altering shoot to root ratios.
- · Increasing mowing height generally results in increased loading of rhizomes reserves and increases canopy insulation of crowns during the winter.
A 100% straw tan leaf/shoot canopy protects live green, red or purple tissue from glyphosate uptake when using proper labeled active ingredient and carrier rate. Generally 32 to 48 fluid oz/A of ~4 lb ai/gallon glyphosate product in 20 - 40 gal total carrier/A. Add broadleaf post-emergent tank-mix partner. Make sure your label supports this application.
## Partial List of Possible Broadleaf Post-emergent Tank Mix Partners with Glyphosate
- · Trimec
- · Weed-B-Gone
- · Speedzone
- · T-Zone
- · Triplet
- · 2,4-D LV Ester
- · First time you going to tank mix? Better perform the tank mix compatibility test (the jar test)!!!
- · Always read and follow labeled directions
- · Make sure the product is labeled for the use site and the specific planned application
## Questions?
- · Dennis Martin, Prof & Turf Specialist Oklahoma State University 358 Agricultural Hall Stillwater, OK 74078 Phone:405.744.5419 Email:dennis.martin@okstate.edu |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/foods-that-require-no-cooking | Foods That Require No Cooking | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [] | null | [] | NC | ## Foods That Require No Cooking
## Disaster Preparedness
"I'm hungry." But what do you do when there's no power for cooking? You may be surprised at the variety of foods that can be prepared even if there is no gas or electricity for cooking. Here's a list of foods that require no cooking.
## Breakfast
- · Fruit or canned juice
- · Ready-to-eat cereals or breakfast bars
- · Breads or crackers with jams, jellies, margarine, peanut butter, cheese, or cheese spreads
- · Milk (canned, evaporated or reconstituted powdered milk, which may also be used in coffee or tea)*
- · Instant coffee, tea, or cocoa (if tap water is hot enough)
## Lunch or Supper
- · Processed cheese or cheese spreads*
- · Canned vegetables*
- · Peanut butter
- · Canned meats, fish, poultry*
- · Canned beans (baked beans, kidney beans, garbanzo beans, etc.) *
- · Raw vegetables, such as carrots, celery, etc.
- · Fruits (canned or fresh)
- · Bread, crackers, cookies
- · Canned puddings*
## Snacks
Fruits (fresh, canned, dried), milk*, juices, cheeses*, ready-to-eat cereals, nuts and seeds, fruit leathers, crackers, cookies, raw vegetables, raisins, hard candy, granola bars, beef jerky
## For More Information
For more information on disaster preparedness and recovery visit the NC Disaster Information
Center.
## Author
Ellen Shumaker Extension Associate Agricultural & Human Sciences Publication date: June 3, 2014
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/nmp/2021/02/12/stand-up-holler-for-extension-on-gator-nation-giving-day/ | Stand Up & Holler for Extension on Gator Nation Giving Day | University of Florida | [
"Tom Obreza"
] | 2021-02-12 | [
"4-H & Youth",
"Agriculture",
"Events",
"Home Landscapes",
"Natural Resources",
"Work & Life",
"#AllForTheGators",
"Gator Nation Giving Day",
"promote",
"Tom Obreza"
] | FL | ## Stand Up & Holler for Extension on Gator Nation Giving Day
Thursday, February 18 is Gator Nation Giving Day, when University of Florida alumni, students, faculty, staff, families and friends worldwide all get a chance to Stand Up & Holler.
We might have to use our inside voices when hollering this year, as Gator Nation Giving Day will be a virtual event. But that doesn't mean we can't make a lot of noise by showing support for UF and all the research, education and outreach that make positive impacts on our state, nation and world. The University-wide goal this year is to generate 20,000 gifts in 24 hours, and UF/IFAS will again play a big part in reaching that goal.
Through UF's land-grant mission, more people around the state are touched by UF/IFAS than any other part of the University. Whether they received their degree from CALS, benefit from UF/IFAS scientific research, rely on their county Extension office for educational programs, or have fond memories of summers spent at 4-H camps, hundreds of thousands of people each year benefit from the teaching, research and Extension work of UF/IFAS.
Last year's event was a major success for UF/IFAS. We received 657 gifts, raising $55,000, plus several larger commitments that brought our fundraising total to more than $430,000. We're looking to top those numbers this year.
You can give gifts of any amount to any UF fund during Gator Nation Giving Day. This year the team at UF/IFAS Advancement is highlighting even more giving opportunities, so you can support UF/IFAS Extension wherever it affects you the most, whether they're statewide programs or your friendly neighborhood Extension office.
Gifts to this fund go to the Extension Internship Program, a collaboration with the UF/IFAS College of Agricultural and Life Sciences (CALS) and part of VP Scott Angle's promise to enrich the educational opportunities for CALS students. Now in its tenth year, the internship program has given CALS students like 2019 animal sciences major CassidyDossin the opportunity to support
community programs while exploring a career in Extension: "My internship with UF/IFAS Extension in the summer of 2018 was pivotal in shaping my college experience and gave me direction in my pursuit of a career after graduation," she says. Cassidy is now an Agriculture and Natural Resources Agent in Clay County.
Jimmy & Benita Boyd Challenge for Extension Internships
Jimmy Boyd and Benita Boyd will match all gifts to the Extension Internship Program up to $3,000 to double your impact for student interns in 2021.
## FLORIDA 4-H YOUTH DEVELOPMENT
Your gift to Florida 4-H Youth Development provides young people with the community, mentors and unique learning opportunities they need to develop skills and create positive change in their lives and communities. When you partner with Florida 4-H, you help reach more than 200,000 young people statewide. From agriculture to art, civic engagement to healthy living, and photography to robotics, 4-H's ignite their passions, discover their potential and become the true leaders we need now more than ever.
Florida 4-H Youth Development Challenge
Your gift to 4-H helps unlock an additional $1,000 from Dr. Marilyn Norman, retired Florida 4-H State Program Leader and National 4-H Hall of Fame inductee.
## 4-H CAMPS
4-H Camping is where youth discover new passions, strengthen their independence and connect with their peers to be effective team members and develop as leaders. Your gift will help improve facilities and resources for more than 1,200 youth and 380 camp counselors at Florida's 4-H camps. Each of the camps also can earn a bonus $1,000 from Dr. Marilyn Norman.
- 4-H Camp Cherry Lake Madison
- 4-H Camp Cloverleaf Lake Placid
- 4-H Camp Timpoohee-Niceville
## FLORIDA MASTER GARDENER LEGACY FUND
The Master Gardener Legacy Fund provides financial support to Master Gardener Volunteer programs throughout Florida. County groups can apply annually to receive grants for new or continuing educational projects such as school and community gardens, greenhouse construction and more. Join us in continuing to grow this endowment and fund more county Master Gardener projects in local communities. Supporters receive a special pin as a token of our appreciation.
## FLORIDA MASTER NATURALIST PROGRAM ENDOWMENT
This year the Florida Master Naturalist Program (FMNP) celebrates 20 years of promoting awareness, understanding and respect for Florida's natural world. UF/IFAS Extension partners with organizations to offer this series of environmental training and educational courses for adults with interest in Florida's unique environments to share with others as volunteers, natural resource professionals, ecotourism guides, educators and more.
Florida Master Naturalists share their knowledge and foster principles of respect for our natural world. Your gift will help to train more Master Naturalists, develop curriculum resources and protect natural Florida through education.
## COUNTY EXTENSION FUNDS
In each of 67 counties and the Seminole Tribe of Florida, a local team of UF/IFAS Extension professionals connects people with sciencebased solutions for life's challenges. A gift to your UF/IFAS Extension office results in positive change that you can see in your own community, including 4-H clubs for youth, lawn and garden support from local Master Gardener Volunteers, tools and resources for local growers, improved natural resource conservation strategies, healthy living skills for families in nutrition and finances, and much more.
## IFAS UNRESTRICTED FUND
If all this is a bit much and you just want to show your support for IFAS, you can give to the IFAS unrestricted fund. UF/IFAS is committed to advancing science for 20 million Floridians and beyond. Training the next generation, assisting communities in the wake of natural disasters, protecting water resources and fighting
citrus greening are just a few of the ways UF/IFAS is making a difference. Your gift to UF/IFAS provides critical resources to help us keep making a difference.
You can see a full list of Gator Nation Giving Day opportunities for UF/IFAS Teaching, Research and Extension here.
Now that you're all ready for Gator Nation Giving Day, remember to be far enough away from your desk, to be wearing your khaki pants, and to give your family members advance warning when you...Stand Up & Holler for the Gators!
I know I'll be hollering-won't you join me?
To stand up & holler on social media, use #AllForTheGators
' Contribute your gift for Gator Nation Giving Day now!
o
by Tom Obreza
Category: 4-H & Youth, AGRICULTURE, EVENTS, HOME LANDSCAPES, NATURAL RESOURCES, WORK & LIFE Tags: #Allforthegators, Gator Nation Giving Day, Promote, Tom
Obreza |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/dare-ag-census-infographic-2017 | Dare County Ag Census Infographic 2017 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Noah Ranells",
"Laura Lauffer"
] | null | [
"Ag Census",
"Local Food",
"Economics"
] | NC | ## Dare County Ag Census Infographic 2017
2017 Ag Census Infographics
Department
ANR/CRD
Series
2017 Ag Census Infographics
Publication Date
July 23, 2020
Authors
Noah Ranells
Laura Lauffer
[
View/Download PDF
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=dare-agcensus-infographic-2017#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/goal-goaltender-oxyfluorfen | Goal, GoalTender (oxyfluorfen) | NC State Extension | [
"Joe Neal"
] | null | [
"Weed Management",
"Pesticide",
"Herbicide",
"Nursery Crop"
] | NC | ## Goal, GoalTender (oxyfluorfen)
Herbicide Information Factsheets
## Introduction
## Uses
Preemergence and postemergece control of certain annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in conifer seedbeds, transplants, and field- and container-grown nursery stock. Label recently expanded to include use as a directed spray in dormant deciduous shade trees. Also tank mixed with other herbicides for tall fescue sod suppression in orchards, Christmas tree plantations, and nurseries.
| | Amount of Active Ingredient | Amount by Formulation |
|-------------------|------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|
| Per Acre | 0.25 to 1 lb (seedbeds) | 2XL 4SL |
| Per Acre | 1 to 2 lbs (transplants or containers) | to 4 pts 2 to 4 pts |
| Per Acre | 0.5 to 1.5 lb (deciduous trees) | 2 to 6 pts 1 to 3 pts |
| Per 1,000 sq. ft. | seedsbeds | 0.4 to 1.5 oz 0.2 to 0.75 oz |
| Per 1,000 sq. ft. | transplants or containers | 1.5 to 3 oz 0.75 to 1.5 oz |
| Per 1,000 sq. ft. | established | 0.73 to 2.2 oz 0.37 to 1.1 oz |
## Major Weed Controlled
Preemergence : Annual grasses such as crabgrass, bamyardgrass, and annual bluegrass plus many broadleaves from seed including clover, groundsel, woodsorerel, bittercress, galinsoga, spurge,
mallow, smartweed, and others.
Postemergence : Seedling annual grasses and broadleaf weeds including groundsel, pigweed, smartweed, wild mustard, lambsquarters, and others. Temporary suppression of several perennial broadleaf weeds has been reported.
## Major Weeds Not Controlled
Established grasses, goldenrod, horseweed, dogfennel, oxeye daisy, red sorrel, and other perennials. Large dicot weeds will be burned but not controlled.
## For Best Results
For preemergence control, apply to a clean, weed-free soil surface. Irrigate following preemergence applications. Do not disturb the soil after application. For postemergence control, add 0.25 % nonionic surfactant and apply to seeding weeds less than 4 inches tall. May be tank mixed with other herbicides according to label directions to improve grass control. See label for additional information on timing and application methods.
## Cautions and Precautions
Burns foliage of most broadleaf plants. Postemergence applications to conifer seedbeds should not be made until a minimum of five weeks after emergence of the conifer seedlings. Postemergence applications to container-grown confiers and conifer transplants should be made before bud break or after the foliage has hardened off. Do not apply in enclosed greenhouse structures. Do not store or transplant treated container stock in an enclosed vehicle until completion of four irrigations and a minimum of 21 days.
## Residual Activity
Up to eight weeks of weed control, depending on the application rate. Higher rates, 1 to 2 lb ai/A, are required for reliable preemergence weed control.
## Volatility and Leaching Potential
Relatively low water solubility results in negligible leaching potential in most circumstances. Leaching might occur in sandy soils with frequent irrigation; under those conditions, a postemergence application at lower rates would be preferred.
## Symptoms and Mode of Action
In preemergence applications, seedlings rarely emerge from the soil. After seedling emergence, it acts as a contact herbicide for which light is required. Foliar applications result in rapid (within days) necrosis of tissues contacted by the spray. Green, tender stems may be similarly burned. No direct effects on roots should occur. HRAC Group E; WSSA Group 14.
## Additional Information
## Author
Joe Neal
Professor of Weed Science, Extension Specialist & Department Extension Leader Horticultural Science
Publication date: Aug. 24, 2016
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/columbiaco/2020/04/02/whats-going-in-your-mouth/ | What’s Going in Your Mouth | University of Florida | [
"Halie Corbitt"
] | 2020-04-02 | [
"Health & Nutrition",
"Work & Life",
"health",
"MyPlate",
"Nutrition"
] | FL | ## What's Going in Your Mouth
As we all sit home and wait for our world to go back to normal, a lot of us are probably eating more than we normally would. When we are idle, or bored as a child would say, we tend to think we are hungry more often than we really are. When you are working or your child is at school, food is not readily available. Having access to food anytime we want and having that sense of boredom only leads to us visiting the kitchen more often.
## The Kitchen
Then there is the kitchen itself. What is in that kitchen? All kinds of food. Chances are not all the options are good ones. Plus, when we are eating when we aren't really hungry our choices tend to not be the best. When shopping for groceries, remember to try and purchase healthier items as well as items that are not premade. The easier a food is to consume the more likely we are to go for it. Think about it. If you have to prep something every time you go in the kitchen you are less likely to go as often.
## Today
Now stop and think about your food consumption just today with these simple questions:
- · What have I eaten today?
- · Have I eaten because I was truly hungry or just because food was available?
Most of you were probably surprised at your answers. It could have been the amount you have eaten, the number of times you have eaten, or what you have been eating. All of these things make a difference to our health but that is okay. Realization is one of the first steps to helping us improve. A great way to make that improvement other than locking up the kitchen (LOL) is to figure out what our daily intake should be. A great source for finding out what our daily intake of food should look like is Choose My Plate.
Your MyPlate Plan
On Choose My Plate, there is the option to "Get Your MyPlate Plan" In order to get the correct plan for you, you will be asked several questions including your age, sex, height, weight, and physical activity level to give you a personalized guide on what foods and how much of each you should be eating daily. A thing to remember is not everyone has the same daily intake, which means not everyone in our home will eat the same amount or sometimes the same amount of times. Having a plan like this can you give ideas of how much you should actually be eating and what foods you should be eating. This kind of plan will help us to realize what is going in our mouth's and will help us to stay healthy till we find the new normal. o
by Halie Corbitt
Posted: April 2, 2020
Category: Health & Nutrition, Work & Life
Tags: Health, Myplate, Nutrition
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Staying Well Through The Holidays: Everyday
- · Awareness And Intelligence With Emotions
- · Excited About The Child Tax Payments Coming This Month? Read This!
- · Garden With Us! Introducing The Victory2020 Garden Program With UF/IFAS Extension Columbia County |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/cercospora-blight-of-soybean | Cercospora Leaf Blight of Soybean | NC State University | [
"Sarah Cochran",
"Lindsey Thiessen"
] | null | [
"Soybean Disease Information",
"Plant Pathology",
"Agriculture"
] | NC | ## Cercospora Leaf Blight of Soybean
## Soybean Disease Information
## Introduction
Cercospora leaf blight is a foliar disease caused by the pathogen Cercospora kikuchi , the causal agent of purple seed stain. Although this disease is common in soybean, it rarely causes significant yield losses to North Carolina producers.
## Pathogen
Cercospora kikuchi ii is the causal pathogen of Cercospora leaf blight and purple seed stain in soybean. The asexual stage of this fungus is important for disease in soybean, and C. kikuchii reproduces on the surface of affected leaves under warm, humid conditions. C. kikuchii spores are spread through wind and rain to other plants. In high humidity and heat, C. kikuchii spores germinate and infect susceptible soybean plants. In the presence of light, the pathogen produces a toxin called cercosporin, which is responsible for the purple-bronze discoloration on the leaf surface.
## Symptoms
Diseased leaves will yellow and can have a bronze or purple tint (Figure 1). The darker discoloration is due to a light-dependent toxin produced by C. kikuchii (cercosporin) that causes plant cells to rupture and die. As the disease progresses small, dark spots will appear along major leaf veins and petioles and eventually the leaf will wrinkle and become tough. Soybean pods can also be infected by C. kikuchii , causing a disease called purple seed stain.
Attribution: Photo courtesy of Austin Brown
## Disease Cycle and Conditions Favorable for Disease
C. kikuchii survives in leftover, infected crop debris in soybean fields or in alternative weed hosts. Wind and water disperse spores from crop debris and other hosts onto young, susceptible soybean plants. Under hot and humid conditions, foliar symptoms appear in the upper canopy leaves and petioles. The infected leaves will eventually blight due to widespread leaf lesion development and fall to the ground. The leftover infected crop debris will be the inoculum for the subsequent year's crop.
## Management
Cultural practices and chemical management are both options for Cercospora leaf blight management. Crop rotation systems incorporating non-host plants such as corn or small grains can reduce inoculum in crop residue and disrupt the disease cycle. Tillage is also an option to reduce inoculum levels in the field.
Soybean varieties vary in their response to C. kikuchii , but none are completely resistant to the pathogen. Fungicides may be used to reduce disease observed in the field, but their use has not been shown to be effective to reduce purple seed stain. Fungicide efficacy ratings can be found on the soybean extension portal and are updated annually. Fungicide classes should be rotated to avoid fungicide resistance development. Many species of Cercospora have been reported to develop Qol fungicide resistance, and the Fungicide Action Resistance Committee (FRAC) lists C. kikuchii as a medium risk for developing fungicide resistance.
## Useful Resources
The NC State University Plant Disease and Insect Clinic provides diagnostics and control recommendations.
The NC State Extension Plant Pathology.portal provides information on crop disease management.
The North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual provides pesticide information for common diseases of North Carolina. The manual recommendations do not replace those described on the pesticide label, and the label must be followed.
## Acknowledgements
This factsheet was prepared by the NC State University Field Crops and Tobacco Pathology Lab in 2020.
- · Check out our Facebook and our Twitter!
## Authors
Sarah Cochran Graduate Research Assistant Entomology & Plant Pathology
Lindsey Thiessen Assistant Professor & Extension Specialist Entomology & Plant Pathology
Publication date: Sept. 3, 2020
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
NC Cooperative Extension prohíbe la discriminación por raza, color, nacionalidad, edad, sexo ( incluyendo el embarazo), discapacidad, religión, orientación sexual, identidad de género, información genética, afliciación política, y estatus de veterinar.
The use of brand names in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University of the products or services named nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned.
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C.A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FA244 | Artificial Reefs in Florida 101 – effects on fisheries: Part 4 of an Artificial Reef series | University of Florida | [
"Lisa Chong",
"Angela B. Collins",
"Holly Abeels",
"Anna Braswell",
"Andrew Ropicki",
"Edward V. Camp"
] | 2022-10-31 | [
"3. Natural Resources and Environmental Quality"
] | FL | Artificial Reefs in Florida 101 - effects on fisheries: Part 4 of an Artificial Reef series
Lisa Chong, Angela B. Collins, Holly Abeels, Anna Braswell, Andrew Ropicki, and Edward V. Camp
## Artificial Reefs in Florida 101 - why is this publication important?
Coastal managers and practices in florida presently place artificial reefs in marine waters. Artificial reefs are expensive to deploy, but they are much more expensive to remove. This makes them relatively permanent habitat alterations. These long-lasting habitat alterations have measurable effects on fish, fisheries, divers, fisheries, and the overall marine ecosystem and connected human socioeconomic system. It is critical to understand how artificial reefs' work "to make good decisions about future artificial reefs. While scientists have researched many aspects of artificial reefs, this information is not summarized and explained to the public. To address this need we designed a 4-part series called Artificial Reefs 101:
- · Part 1 describes why artificial reefs are built.
- · Part 2 describes how artificial reefs affect fish ecology.
- · Part 3 describes how artificial reefs affect users, mostly focusing on fishers.
- · Part 4 describes how the overall fishery system (both fish and fishers) is affected by artificial reefs.
The Artificial Reefs 101 series is intended to provide a general overview for users seeking to better understand artificial reefs in Florida. It also gives some additional details and references for those wishing to dive deeper into the science. The Artificial Reefs 101 series compliments existing publications about specific aspects of artificial reefs, such as how they are implemented (EAPZA1), the ecological effects of artificial reefs on fish (SJG100L), and the economic benefits of artificial reefs (EE649). There is additional information available through the Florida Master Naturalist Program in the Marine Habitat Restoration Course.
This specific publication describes ways artificial reefs affect fishes and recreational diving systems. It builds off information provided in the earlier three publications. The first publication describes how reefs are often deployed to improve fisheries. The second publication shows if artificial reefs had no positive effects on fishers (e.g. increased fishing) and did not result in an ecological trap, artificial reefs should help fish populations at least a little. However, the third publication showed that its likely artificial reefs will also affect fishers. It will translate to greater catchability and fishing effort, and thus hasatur. Without any increase in actual population productivity, a greater harvest will lead to sea fish population declines. These effects set up the most fascinating dynamic of artificial reefs; will our ecological, likely positive effects, on fish populations be able to outweigh their socioeconomic, negative effect, or less affects? This publication explores more about this trading-and trade variables that might affect it. This publication helps the interested public understand more about the social, ecological, and economic effects of artificial reefs as well as providing a background and baseline of information to decision makers like local officials, management agency personnel, and Extension efforts.
## Total Effects of Artificial Reefs on Fisheries
If we think artificial reefs only affect reefs Population without considering any impacts to fishers or fishing, then we should expect the artificial reefs to increase fish populations by decreasing natural mortality and/or increasing recruitment or growth. (This is described and explained in greater detail in the second in the Artificial Reefs 101 series, Effects on Fish.) This means that artificial reefs attract fish supply acting for shelling and foraging, which increases population size. Alternatively, if we think about artificial reefs such as fishers and fishing without considering how they could positively change fish populations ecologically, we should expect increases in catchability and fishing effort at artificial reefs. Catchability would increase because artificial reefs would help fishers more quickly find catch, leading to greater catch rates, at least initially. Greater catch rates would lead to more fishing effort, though added effort might also exist, as anglers simply prefer fishing artifacts to ring fishes in natural areas. For example, angular may prefer fishing artifacts targeting reef species like coral, gog, or gator aggregate islands. These structures are greatest. Further catch and effort could also cause fish health and survival as a greater positive economic impact. Contribution, and Benefit can be large enough, because if the reefs are allowing much greater harvest, fish populations will eventually decline. These effects are described and explained in greater detail in the third artificial reefs 101 publication, Effects on Fishers.
When we look at the system together, we need to include both effects on fish fishers and fishers, and how they affect each other. Ecological effects should cause fish population to increase a little, or at least aggregate around artificial reefs. But if these fishing effort and ability would also likely become because more people would be able to find good finding areas, since typically the locations of catches and releases of reefs in physical and manmade value are possible, together potentially known from the number of fish aggregated around known fishing locations could lead to larger catchability and even effort, and even more abundant known fishing possibilities could lead to greater catchability and even effort. Iffie lts populations would threaten to increase by increasing exotic products from artificial reefs, the fish populations would decline. If fish populations were decline, m ach managers would have to make reductions to raw materials and fish products. We hope to maintain the balance between the total effects of artificial reefs depending on whether the reefs' biological and ecological effects on fish cause a population increase (one side of the balance) that is greater than or at least equal to the increase in fishing mortality (the other side of the balance) from the reefs' combined socioeconomic effects, namely increased catchability and effort (Figure 1). This balance is difficult to predict because all the rates affecting fish, fishers, and fishery (e.g., growth, mortality, difficulty) are dealt with measure and vary depending on a variety of factors (e.g., reef type, location, age, fish species, etc.). Probably the most important point of this publication is that we should not assume artificial reefs will have a positive effect on fish populations.
Fishery outcomes of artificial reefs are likely to depend on a few key factors, such as how sustainable the fish populations are and the level of fishing mortality. This means it is hard to predict, in general, how artificial reefs could affect fisheries or diving systems. To illustrate this, we provide detailed examples of how artificial reefs might affect the overall fishery, below. It is important to understand that these examples are not all equally-likely-for example, the first and third cases would probably be rare.
## (1) Artificial reefs serve as fish habitat but not good fishing spots and would increase fish populations (Figure 2).
If artificial reefs function as important habitat for fish using them during recruitment or other important life history stages, we would expect the fish population to increase if fishing mortality and harvest does not also go up. This situation might happen if artificial reefs located where fishing is not allowed or where it is uncommon. Other possibilities might include, fishers never deployed artificial reefs orf is used by fish that are not commonly targeted, and fish catch is not limited to areas where hunting is uncommon or not allowed. A related scenario would artificially adjust reef activities if species function is dependent on their location than more than increase harvest (i.e., they are good for increasing fish populations, and only a little good at increasing fish harvests). Both cases would see artificial reefs being good for fish populations, but not especially great for socioeconomic metrics like fisher satisfaction and economic activity. This scenario does not seem likely to occur unless the artificial reefs are placed in marine protected areas not allowing recreational fishing.
## (2) Artificial reefs increase fishing harvest as fishing enhancements.
Despite their popularity and assumed ecological benefits, there are circumstances where artificial reefs could cause fish populations to decline, possibly leading to limits on fishing seasons. This situation could happen if some or all the following occur (Figure 3):
- 1. Artificial reefs attract fish from others across dramatically increasing their overall populations.
- 2. Fish gather in greater densities on artificial reefs than natural locations.
- 3. Artificial reefs are located near common fish known by fishers.
- 4. Fishing is easier at artificial reefs than other locations because they are large structures easily found by bottom machine. The congregation of boats also draws the attention of other boats.
- 5. Artificial reefs increase the overall fishing effort.
If artificial reefs both attract fish at high rates (numbers 1, 2) and provide easier or more fishing opportunities (numbers 3, 4, or 5), then artificial reefs increase fishing mortality. This effect happens if artificial reefs get attracted or attract fish in known and easily accessible areas. Fishers would spend less time looking for fish and encounter more fish within a given amount of time. Fishers will more likely keep using these excess calls if catch rates are high. Together, these changes can result in increased catch rates, harvest, and fishing mortality (Bohnsach and Sutherland 1985; Lindberg 1997; Karmauska, Walter, Campbell et al., 2017). It is important to understand these effects could happen even if there are positive ecological effects of artificial reefs-if the effects on catchability and/or effort outpace those ecological improvements.
(3) Artificial reefs increase fish and improve fishing
Lastly, there could be a scenario where artificial reefs can help (or at least not harm) fish populations and provide fisheries with more fish to catch. This can only happen under two scenarios:
- · Artificial reefs benefit fish ecologically (increased recruitment or survival) as much or more than they are increasing fishery mortality. For example, if artificial reefs could increase fish
- · Artificial reefs could increase fishing mortality more than they increase fish populations because, but not the extent fish populations are badly affected, and recruitment overfield. In theory, if white grunge populations were estimated to be only low harvested, an increase in fishing mortality would not especially damage the population or cause it to have low recruitment or a low spawning potential ratio (See Scott, Collins, Arens, Cohen & 2020 and 2021).
Deploying artificial reefs fitting these scenarios might include placing artificial reefs in water shorter to water smaller, less commonly targeted reef species like grunts. Species that inhabit deeper waters like red and smaller grouper groups are not ideal because they are near overfishing thresholds and currently have limited harvest seasons. This third scenario is not impossible, but it becomes less likely as more and more specific cues will be used to approach overfishing thresholds (e.g., there has been concern and recent management changes for seabed and shellfish founder). Managers will need to consider all possible situations when visiting artificial reefs at a specific location. They will need to think about types of reefs, material, distance from shore or other reefs, and the purpose of the deployment. There is a lack of reports and examples quantifying reef placement impacts (Bortone, Brandini, Fabi, and Okaite 2011). This lack of information makes it difficult for scientists and managers to come up with industrial guest placements and inhibit our ability to predict effects.
## Total effects of artificial reefs on recreational diving systems
The biological benefits of artificial reefs for recreational diving systems should be like recreational fishing systems. Fish populations will increase if artificial reefs help decrease natural mortality and increase growth and/or recruitment. Divers who differ between recreational diving systems and fishing systems is how humans use the artificial reefs. For this discussion, we group spear divers with fish-fisher populations. Divers who have non-harvestors have no negative effects on them. Fishery even have positive effects such as removing ghost fishing gear and targeting lionfish. Fish populations would then likely increase, and divers would have very seeing marine life. The overall recreational diving system would be enhanced by more artificial reefs. However, if artificial reefs do not preserve those animals that are implemented, they may lose value and tourism activity (Oliveira, Ramos, and Santos, 2015). User controls also may rise if fishing activities are not properly distributed and the fisheries overwarshaven tish. In short, recreational diving systems should allow biological benefits for fish populations and bring socioeconomic benefits through tourism.
## Conclusion
There are many possible outcomes from artificial reef implementation as outlined in this publication. Artificial reefs affect fish and people in many ways and intensities, which makes it difficult to predict and measure the impacts of reef development. Sometimes the sum of these changes is not what we would think. It is not responsible to assume that artificial reefs will either "improve" or "hurry" because without this information. However, based on the current literature and knowledge, it seems artificial reefs will most likely result in greater fishing harvest. Scientists are increasingly concerned that some artificial reefs may eventually lead to greater fishing mortality, which for some species would mean shorter harvest seasons and stricter regulations. Therefore, it is important to understand how fisher ships and fish interacts with artificial reefs to determine their impact on a specific fishery.
This series provides baseline information on artificial reefs to the public and to decision makers like local officials, management agency personnel, and Extension agents. In the earlier publications of this series, we describe reasons why artificial reefs are built and the effects of artificial reefs on fish and fishes. Together, this series should help readers understand why we need to consider who is affected by artificial reefs and how their interaction results in certain outcomes, either positive or negative ones. Understanding fisher and fish interactions with reefs can also aid in finding ideal locations to place future artifact reefs and provide strategies to improve management of these fisheries.
## More information about artificial reefs
To learn more about artificial reefs, the following external links and EDISU publications are listed below:
Fiscal Year 2021 - Fiscal Years 2021
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https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/research-reports/site-files/documents/1983/83-46.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20090305162826-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | In
each of two years,
five mature Hereford cows in good body condition were allotted to one of 3 nutritional treatments at the time of calving in September and October. Treatments were (l) maintain weight from calving through breeding, (2) lose 10 percent of their post-calving weight from calving to the beginning of breeding and (3) maintain weight from calving to breeding but lose 10-15 percent of their body weight during the breeding season (December 1 - February 1). Due to forage and weather conditions, weight losses during the first year were less than anticipated and greater than planned during the second year.
Weight loss before breeding tended to delay the interval to estrus. Cows that lost weight during the breeding season had lower conception rates. Weight loss during breeding was especially detrimental to rebreeding when it followed weight loss before breeding as occurred during the second year. These results show that good condition at calving is not enough to guarantee good reproductive performance of fall calving cows.
## Introduction
It has been shown that cows losing weight after calving tend to have longer postpartum intervals from calving to estrus than cows that are gaining weight. Most cows in Oklahoma, whether spring of fall calving, will lose weight from calving to breeding. Fall calving cows and early spring calving cauvs frequently lose weight during the breeding season as well. It is important, therefore, that the effect of weight loss before and during the breeding season on cow reproduction and cal performance be measured so that feed resources might be more effectively allocated. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of weight loss before and during the breeding season on rebreeding of cows and performance of calves.
## Experimental Procedure
This report covers the first two years of this study conducted during the 1980-81 and 1981-82 breeding seasons. All cows were mature Herefords that calved from mid-September to late October. The cows grazed bermuda pastures until calving and were moved to native grass shortly after calving.
One day each week, cows with calves at least 2 days old were weighed (1st postpartum weight), scored for body condition (1 = very thin to 9= very fat) and allotted by block to one of three treatments based on date of calving. Treatments were: (1) maintain weight from calving thought breeding, (2) lose about 10 percent of their postcalving weight from calving to the beginning of breeding and be fed the same as Group 1 during breeding and (3) maintain weight from calving to breeding followed by a loss of 10-15 percent of their body weight during the breeding season.
Supplemental feed for both years consisted of cottonseed meal at the rate of from 2 to 3 lb/head/day from calving to breeding for Groups 1 and 3 and no cottonseed meal before breeding for Group 2. During the breeding season Groups 1 and 2 were fed 4 lb/head/day of cottonseed meal while Group 3 was fed none. Hay was fed only when snow or ice covered the dormant forage. Year 1 was very mild but year 2 was cold with extended periods of rain and ice. Following breeding, all cows were fed together at the rate of 4 lb/hd/day of cottonseed meal with hay fed when snow or ice covered available forage.
All calves were weighed, and males were castrated by banding at birth. Calves were weighed at the beginning and end of the breeding season and at weaning in mid-May. Cows were weighed and scored for body condition at 2-week intervals from calving to the end of breeding and at 28-day intervals to weaning. The breeding season was 60 days from about December 1 to February 1 each year. Exstrus was detected by sterile bulls with chin-ball markers before breeding and by marker-equipped fertile Hereford bulls during the breeding season.
## Results and Discussion
Results of year 1 are shown in Table 1 and results of year 2 are shown in Table 2. Since significant treatment X year interactions were found, the data will be presented by year.
## Year 1
Due to mild winter and abundant forage, Group 2 lost less weight before breeding than anticipated. During the breeding season, cows in Group 3 lost an average of 149 lb or about 15 percent of their body weight. Weight losses following the breeding season were the inverse of weight losses from calving to the end of breeding. Group 1 cows were the heaviest at the end of breeding and lost the most weight from February to May. Group 3 cows were the thinnest at the end of breeding, but lost the least from February to May. Group 2 cows were intermediate. Since all groups were pastured together from February to May and fed the same amount of supplement, this would suggest that some compensatory gain response may occur in cows on low quality roughage diets. Body condition changes were similar to weight changes throughout the study.
Cows were in excellent condition at calving and all cows were observed in heat during the breeding season of year 1. Cows in Group 2 tended to have a longer interval from calving to first estrus than in Groups 1 or 3. Pregnancy rates were similar for cows in Groups 1 and 2 (79 and 88 percent), but were
| | Treatment | Treatment | Treatment | | | | | | | | | | |
|--------------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------|---------------------------------|--------|--------|-----------|--------------|------|------|------|----|----|
| | 1 | 2 | Prob. | | | | | | | | | | |
| Number of cows | 19 | 17 | 18 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cow wt, lb | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| After calving | 1041 | 1021 | 1027 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Change to breeding | -6 | -32 | -9 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Change during breeding | -51* | -67a | -149b | Change from breeding to weaning | -118 a | -85 b | -54c | Total change | -175 | -184 | -208 | | |
| Cow condition score | -27 | 6.2 | 6.5 | | | | | | | | | | |
| After calving | 6.4 | 6.2 | 6.5 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Change to breeding | -.27 | -.25 | -.38 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Change during breeding | -36a | -.20a | -.93b | Change from breeding to weaning | -.24 | -.25 | .12 | | | | | | |
| Reproductive performance | Reproductive performance | Reproductive performance | Reproductive performance | | | | | | | | | | |
| % pregnant | 79a | 88a | 50b | Days from calving to first | 52(19) | 70(17) | 58(18) NS | | | | | | |
| estrus (number in heat) | estrus (number in heat) | estrus (number in heat) | estrus (number in heat) | | | | | | | | | | |
| Calf wt, lb | 73 | 70 | 73 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Birth wt | 352 | 344 | 321 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Adjusted 205 day wt | MS | MS | NS | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Treatment | Treatment | Treatment | | | | | | | | | | |
|---------------------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------|------------------------|------|-------|---------|---------------------------------|-----|------|---------|----|----|
| Number of cows | 1 | 2 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cow wt, lb | 15 | 19 | 20 | | | | | | | | | | |
| After calving | 1015 | 1020 b | 997 c | | | | | | | | | | |
| Change to breeding | -45a | -175 b | -69c | Change during breeding | -86a | -4b | -106c | Change from breeding to weaning | -70 | -61 | -56 | | |
| Total change | -200 | -241 | -231 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cow condition score | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.2 | | | | | | | | | | |
| After calving | -37a | -1.4 b | -3.3 a | Change during breeding | -37a | -0.05 | -1.37 a | Change from breeding to weaning | -87 | -.55 | -.32 NS | | |
| Reproductive performance | Reproductive performance | Reproductive performance | Reproductive performance | | | | | | | | | | |
| % pregnant | 87 | 53 | 65 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Days from calving to first | 46(15) | 61(13) | 45(13) NS | | | | | | | | | | |
| estrus (number in heat) | 82 | 86 | 84 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Days from calving to conception | 82 | 86 | .07 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Calf wt, lb | 81 | 79 | 73 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Birth wt | 286 | 296 | 290 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Adjusted 205 day wt | MS | MS | NS | | | | | | | | | | |
reduced for cows in Group 3 (50 percent). These results suggest that even if cows calve in good condition, reducing the level of nutrition before or during breeding can have detrimental effects on reproduction.
cales of Group 3
Cows
were
the
lightest.
## Year 2
Cows calved in slightly lower body condition during year 2 compared to cows in year 1 and the cows in the second year had greater weight losses before and during the breeding season. Forage conditions were poorer and the weather was much more severe during the second year.
Group 2 cows lost 175 lbs and 1.4 condition units from calving to the beginning of the breeding season and exhibited estrus about 15 days later than cows in Groups 1 or 3. During the breeding season, Group 3 cows, which were fed no supplemental feed, lost 106 lbs while cows in Group 1 lost 86 lbs and cows in Group 2 lost only 4 lbs. Under the forage and weather conditions experienced in the second year, protein supplement and standing forage were inadequate to maintain weight in these lactating cows. More supplemental hay has been fed in the third year of this study to more closely control weight changes. The greater weight loss for cows in Group 1 than for Group 2 during the breeding season when both groups were fed alike is in agreement with postbreeding weight changes in the first year. It would appear than cows can readily mobilize energy stores to a point and then retain weight more efficiently. This may be due to reduced milk production, more efficient digestion or metabolism or other factors.
Rebreding rates for cows that lost large amounts of weight either before or during the breeding season were reduced. Pregnancy rates were 87, 53 and 65 percent for Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The low rebreding rate for Group 2 is inconsistent with the first year. The 175 lb weight loss for Group 2 cows during year 2 was apparently enough to suppress estrus even in cows that calved in good condition. Only 13 of 19 cows in Group 2 were detected in heat compared to all cows in Group 1. Similar to results of year 1, rebreding performance was reduced for cows in Group 3. The days from calving to first estrus were similar for cows in Groups 1 and 3, although less Group 3 cows were detected in estrus. Several cows were detected in estrus by teaser bulls before the breeding season. Apparently the 106 lb weight loss during breeding coupled with the 69 lb weight loss before breeding was enough nutritional stress that some Group 3 cows never cycled and some that cycled once before breeding did not cycle again.
It was possible in year 2 to compute the actual days from calving to conception. Conception was computed by subtracting 282 days from the next calving date. Calving intervals were 82, 86 and 84 days for Groups 1, 2 and 3. The apparent discrepancy between days to first estrus and days to conception is due to the number of cows in estrus before the breeding season and not due to breedings per conception. Even though less cows in Groups 2 and 3 were pregnant at the end of the breeding season, those cows that conceived did so early in the breeding season. Very few cows were in heat in January. Calf weights at 205 days were lower than in year 1, reflecting the greater weight loss of the cows in year 2.
## Conclusion
Cows in Group 1, which had the least weight and condition loss from calving though breeding, had the greatest percent of cows in heat and the most cows rebred in the first 2 years of this study. These data show that good condi tion at calving is not enough to guarantee good rebreeding rates. Weight loss before the breeding season can reduce the number of cows in estrus and lengthen the interval from calving to estrus in those cows that do cycle. A severe weight loss during breeding can reduce the rebreeding rate and is especially critical if there has been weight loss before the breeding season. | |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/risk-assessment-and-management | Risk Assessment and Management: A How-To Guide for Successful Agritourism Enterprises | North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service | [
"Kent Wolfe",
"Gary Bullen"
] | null | [
"Agritourism",
"Risk Management",
"Agricultural Economics"
] | NC | ## Risk Assessment and Management
A How-To Guide for Successful Agritourism Enterprises
Prepared for The University of Georgia's Center for Agribusiness and Economic Development and North Carolina State Cooperative Extension Service's Business Side of Agritourism Program Series. The Primary Investigators on this project were Kent Wolfe, Center for Agribusiness and Economic Development and Gary Bullen, North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service.
Funding for this project was provided by a grant from The Southern Regional Risk Management Education Center
## Introduction
What types of risk are you taking on when you engage in Agritourism? The first risk normally thought of is liability. While liability is extremely important, other types of risk are also important for you to consider. To be successful, you must correctly assess and manage risk.
This resource document will help you
- Identify the types of risk agriturism enterprises may face
- Appreciate liability laws
- Assess some risks specific to your agritourism enterprise
- Identify some methods to help you manage risk
- Learn basic insurance concepts
## Types of Risk
The uncertainty regarding the likelihood or magnitude of loss, damage, or injury can be defined as risk. Generally, there are six main categories of risk that are relevant to agritourism.
## Legal Risk
Agritourism enterprises are subject to several forms of legal risk. It is critical that you follow all laws and regulations relevant to your agritourism operation. Adding Agritourism operations to your traditional farming operation may present additional environmental concerns. Therefore, you must take precautions to follow environmental protection laws and regulations. Agritourism operations also may subject employees and customers to risk of injury while they are at your agritourism business or utilizing products purchased from your business. When an injury occurs, you and your agritourism enterprise could be required to pay damages to the injured party. In the event of a lawsuit, there will be expenses incurred for legal counsel.
## Human Resources Risk
The four Ds of human resource risk are
2. Divorce
## 3. Disability
## 4. Disagreement
Everyone involved with the operation is important and must be committed to the agritourism operation. Employee turnover can also be expensive when you consider the time and money it takes to find, hire, and train new employees.
## Business Interruption Risk
As is true in any business, an agriturism operation risks loss of income from business interruptions. Your business operations could be halted or slowed due to any number of interruptions, including hazardous weather and/or natural disasters.
## Production Risk
Agritourism enterprises that incorporate or rely on the production of agricultural commodities, specialty crops, or livestock face production risks. Examples of this may be corn mazes, pumpkin patches, pick-your own operations, and livestock production. Weather conditions, disease and/or pests may decrease or destroy yields. Another consideration in today's market is biosecurity. Bioscience could be compromised by increased traffic that increases the potential for disease to spread among crops and livestock.
## Marketing Risk
Marketing is not as simple as build it and they will come. What if you build it and customers don't come? Marketing risk can include not attracting enough customers to generate needed cash flow or, attracting more customers that you can accommodate. Or, what happens to cash flow due to negative effect of unanticipated competition.
## Financial Risk
Don't confuse cash with profit. There is a huge difference between the two. For example, loading your inventory takes money without changing profits. Spending available cash buying inventory doesn't affect profits, but cash flow is more important than profits because profits are an accounting concept, and cash is money in the bank--you don't pay your bills with profits.
Business start-up and operation costs may require significant capital, which may be financed by taking on debt. Financial risk always includes meeting cash flow needs.
Each of these risks has the potential to be very costly to your business. The planning and operations of an agritourism enterprise must include risk assessment and the development and implementation of a risk management plan.
## Liability Laws
Liability law may vary by state. The risk of liability is a major concern and requires the agritourism operator to be diligent about keeping customers and employees safe. An agritourism entrepreneur's business plan can be derailed if the owner is taken to court to pay damages for an injury or fraudulent or frivolous claim. It is important to seek legal advice and to stay informed on liability laws within your state.
## Risk Assessment and Management
Recognition of what particular risks are associated with your Agritourism enterprise should be the first step to reducing and managing risk. This should be a continuous process since new risks will arise over time. Begin by considering the types of risk your operation may have. These could include
In assessing your risk, you must estimate the likelihood that a risk will result in loss, damage, or injury, and you must estimate the potential magnitude of the loss.
Develop and implement a risk management plan to help reduce or eliminate potential risks. There are four generally accepted methods to managing risk
## 1. Risk Avoidance
## 2. Risk Reduction
## 3. Transference of Risk
## 4. Acceptance of Risk
Risk can be avoided by choosing not to engage in agritourism altogether. However, by assessing risk, you may decide that a specific activity has more risk associated with it that you want. Therefore, you can decide not to offer that particular activity.
Risk can be reduced by putting preventative measures and procedures in place. Customer and employee safety is an area where risk reduction will be effective. Make taking a proactive approach to safety for customers and employees a priority.
Risk can be managed by transferring the risk to another party. This can be done with insurance. An insurance company accepts risk on your behalf in return for compensation in the form of premiums.
You may not be able to reduce or transfer all risks associated with some agritourism activities. In this case, you have to decide if you want to accept the associated risk. If you accept risk, take action to prepare for loss or damages in other ways. You may consider creating an emergency fund to pay for expenses you might incur as a result of the risk.
## Summary
It is important that you maintain awareness of the many types of risk an agritourism venue can introduce. It is equally important that you effectively assess and manage these risks. Remember these key points
## Acknowledgement
Special thanks to Dr. Kent Wolfe for giving permission to copy and/or adopt information in this resource document from Agritourism in Focus, A Guide to Tennessee Farmers and other various self-help agritourism articles published by Dr. Wolfe.
## Additional Resources
## Agritourism in Focus
A Guide for Tennessee Farmers
## The New Farmers' Market
Corum, Rosenzweig & Gibson
New World Publishing
## Worksheets and Analysis Aids
Various worksheets and analysis tools to assist the decision making process when investigating the variables involved when considering a new Agritourism enterprise can be found in Agritourism in Focus, A Guide for Tennessee Farmers, UT Extension PB 1764.
## Authors
Kent Wolfe
Gary Bullen
Extension Associate - Farm Management Agricultural & Resource Economics
Publication date: Jan. 1, 2009
Reviewed/Revised: March 12, 2024
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/agec/price-premiums-of-the-2010-oklahoma-quality-beef-network-agec-624.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20110908100528-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## The Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Bringing the University to You!
The Cooperative Extension Service is the largest, most successful informal educational organization in the world. It is a nationwide system funded and guided by a partnership of federal, state, and local governments that delivers information to help people help themselves through the land-grant university system.
Extension carries out programs in the broad categories of agriculture, natural resources and environment; family and consumer sciences; 4-H and other youth; and community resource development. Extension staff members live and work among the people they serve to help stimulate and educate Americans to plan ahead and cope with their problems.
Some characteristics of the Cooperative Extension system are:
- · The federal, state, and local governments cooperatively share in its financial support and program direction.
- · It is administered by the land-grant university as designated by the state legislature through an Extension director.
- · Extension programs are nonpolitical, objective, and research-based information.
- · It provides practical, problem-oriented education
- More than a million volunteers help multiply the impact of the Extension professional staff.
- · It dispenses no funds to the public.
- It is not a regulatory agency, but it does inform people of regulations and of their options in meeting them.
- · Local programs are developed and carried out in full recognition of national problems and goals.
- · The Extension staff educates people through personal contacts, meetings, demonstrations, and the mass media.
- · Extension has the built-in flexibility to adjust its programs and subject matter to meet new needs. Activities shift from year to year as citizen groups and Extension workers close to the problems advise changes.
Galen S. Williams
Graduate Research Assistant, Agricultural Economics
Kellie Curry Raper*
Extension Livestock Marketing Specialist, Agricultural Economics
Eric A. DeVuys†
Extension Farm and Ranch Management Specialist, Agricultural Economics
Derrell Peel*
Extension Livestock Marketing Specialist, Agricultural Economics
Doug McKinney*
Beef Cattle Value Enhancement Specialist, Animal Science
Blake Bloomberg
Graduate Research Assistant, Animal Science
David Lalman*
Extension Beef Cattle Specialist, Animal Science
Chris Richards*
Extension Beef Cattle Specialist, Animal Science
Damona Doye*
Extension Farm Management Specialist, Agricultural Economics
Daniel Stein*
Extension Beef Cattle Specialist, Animal Science
The Oklahoma Quality Beef Network (OQBN) is a brandneutral, third-party health management certification program (commonly known as a VAC+54 program) for precontending calves that began in 2001 as a collaborative effort between the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association and the Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service. QQBN certified calves are eligible to sell in OQBN-hosted certified precondioned cattle at participating livestock markets across the state.
Precondioned cattle at preconding livestock markets across the state. Precondoning on the rear feeder cattle typically includes administering vaccinations, caustinating, dehormating and weaning a minimum of 45 days before marketing, along with other common management practices. Research shows that preconditioning boosts the immune system of calves and performs their performance after they leave the ranch, creating incentive factors for stocker operators and feeders to pay premiums for precondioned calves (Duhywetter, 2003; Robert et al., 2001). OQBNspreconditioningprotocolandentrollementsformalong, with other information about the program, can be found at http://www.oobk.state.edu. This fact sheet summarizes
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at http://osufacts.okstate.edu
research conducted at OSU to establish the magnitude of price premiums for 2010 OQBN certified calf sales (Williams, 2011).
2010 QOBN Premiums
Initial in the OOBN program, premiums of $1.51/cwt, $3.95/ctwt and $5.98/ctwt were found over non-preconditiated cattle for the years 2001-2003, respectively (Ward et al., 2003). However, since OOBN's inception, market conditions have changed. Higher prices for corn and other feedstuffs has increased the cost of finishing cattle, which in turn leads to higher potential and mortality costs. This is because higher quality potential may have greater value than in prior years. The OOBN program also has grown substantially so higher volumes of OOBN cattle are offered at OOBNs. For buyers of preconditioned cattle, that means truck loads of preconditted cattle available at a single sale. Under these market numbers, OOBN prices may be higher than in past years.
## QOBN Premiums Using Weighted Average Prices
One method of measuring price differences is to calculate differences in weighted average prices. Weighted average prices take into consideration how many live weight pounds are sold at a specific price. This is in contrast to calculating an average price per cwt using the average price per lot of cattle, which ignores how many pounds are in each lot. Figure 1 compares the weighted average OOBN price premi-ums over non-preconditiated cattle for 2009 ($8.12(cwt) and 2010 ($7.84(cwt)). These measures of premium should be interpreted carefully in that weighted averages are not adjusted for any differences in quality or specific cattle characteristics. That said, weighted average prices could give a general idea of the overall magnitude of premiums.
Figure 1. A comparison of OOBN premiums for 2009 and 2010 using weighted average prices.
## Physical Factors
Various cattle characteristics influence the price received by producers. Using statistical analysis to adjust premium measures for those characteristics allows a more precise measure of premiums for specific management practices, including the OOBN preconditioning bundle. Premiums for vaccinating and weaning more than 30 days in advance of sale are estimated at $1.44/cutt and $2.05/cwt, respectively. When bundledtogether with OOBN certification, the OOBN preconditioned premium ranges from $1.30/cutt for 350-pound locations. | |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/soil-and-plant-analysis-for-christmas-trees | Soil and Plant Analysis for Christmas Trees | NC State Extension | [
"John Havlin"
] | null | [
"Soil",
"Plant Analysis",
"Christmas Trees"
] | NC | ## Soil and Plant Analysis for Christmas Trees
## SoilFacts
Nutrient analysis of soil and plant tissue should be an integral part of any tree crop management plan. While this publication was designed for Christmas tree growers, the principles outlined here may be easily applied to other tree crops.
## Introduction
Soils used for Christmas tree production in North Carolina vary greatly. Other factors, such as weather and crop history, can affect the nutrient status of the trees. The only way to be sure your trees are being fertilized efficiently and properly is to have the soil and plant tissue analyzed routinely. Ideally, samples should be taken every other year. But yearly soil and plant samples may be useful when nutritional problems occur.
A soil analysis estimates the ability of the soil to supply plant nutrients. Plant tissue analysis measures the nutrient status of the tree. Potential nutritional problems often can be detected before deficiency symptoms can be seen. By routinely using soil and plant analysis together, you can design a custom fertility program for your trees. The general idea is to give each block of trees sufficient nutrients for good growth and quality without applying too much. Proper use of these tools will help ensure quality trees while preventing unneeded fertilizer application.
## Sampling for Soil Analysis
A soil analysis report is only as good as the sample it represents. For soil analysis to be meaningful, the sample must be representative of the soils in the tree field. Due to soil variability, each sample should represent no more than 5 acres. Terrain and soil type should be similar throughout the sample area. For example, do not sample bottomland and upland soil together, even if they are in the same tree block. Trees in the sample area should be of the same age.
A good soil sample consists of up to 20 sub-samples. These should be mixed thoroughly in a clean plastic bucket before you fill the soil sample box. Ideally, samples should be divided into two depths: 0 to 4 inches and 4 to 8 inches. Using a garden trowel or spade may over-sample the surface of the soil and result in abnormally high phosphorus index values.
## Sampling for Tissue Analysis
Research has shown that the soil nutrient level is not always a good predictor of a Christmas tree's nutrient status. Several factors, such as soil moisture status, rainfall amount, tree health, and soil compaction, can restrict nutrient uptake by a tree is to perform plant analysis.
Plant sampling needs to be carried out in a manner similar to soil sampling. The plant sampling areas should be the same as those selected for soil sampling. All trees should be the same age. To make full use of published critical nutrient levels, and thus obtain the best information, always take plant samples when trees are dormant. Dormancy normally occurs from September to November, with earlier dormancy at higher elevations, although eastern Christmas tree species many not
become dormant until December. Sample the newest growth on the upper third of the tree by taking two or three shoot tips (about 6 inches long) from at least 10 trees selected randomly from the sample area.
## Interpretation of Soil and Plant Analysis
Soil and plant analysis laboratories differ in analytical procedures and report formats. Southeastern laboratories, both private and public, use at least two soil-extracting solutions. So a single soil sample processed by these two methods could yield very different results, especially for phosphorus. Also, different laboratories report the results in different units--some use an index system while others report parts per million or pounds per acre. A given laboratory takes these factors into account when giving fertility recommendations. In other words, the labs' recommendations are calibrated to their methods, so recommendations from different labs' soil analysis should be similar. However, the differences in reporting units make it difficult to compare results from different laboratories. To track the progress of a fertility program over the life of the trees, it is best to use either one laboratory or to pick laboratories that use the same methods and reporting units. Even though tissue analysis methods are more uniform, reporting units still differ among laboratories, making it difficult to track trends over time.
## Record Keeping
Keeping good records of analytical results, along with fertilizer applications, will aid in developing fertility programs. The ability to track nutrient trends easily over time can provide valuable insight into the effectiveness of a fertility program. Long-term soil and plant nutrient trends can indicate if current fertility and liming practices are adequate. Routine sampling also can determine whether the trees are taking up applied nutrients.
Soil parameters that should be tracked include phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and soil pH. Plant nutrients that should be tracked over time include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. If manure, compost, or other waste materials are applied to the trees, soil and tissue levels of copper and zinc should be tracked to avoid a buildup to toxic levels.
One of the easiest record-keeping systems is to record each year's results in a spreadsheet. Most spreadsheet software has graphing tools that will allow you to look at trends at a glance. Soil and tissue analysis data can be downloaded directly into a spreadsheet from the NC Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services Agronomic Services Division. For those without computers, graphs drawn by hand are also useful.
## For Assistance
Agents at your local N.C. Cooperative Extension center can develop a fertility program for your trees based on your soil and tissue analysis results. They also will be happy to answer any questions you have about your fertility program.
In North Carolina, soil and tissue analyses are both services of NCDA&CS' Agronomic Services Division.
This publication is a revision of an earlier version. The author would like to thank J. Rideout for his earlier contributions.
## Author
John Havlin
Professor and Extension Specialist Crop & Soil Sciences
Publication date: Feb. 3, 2015
Reviewed/Revised: Sept. 11, 2024
AG-439-46
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/deep-5-6-brood-hive | Deep 5 & 6 Brood Hive | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [] | null | [] | MS | " Publications " Building & Construction Plans Archive " Deep 5 &6 Brood Hive
## Deep 5 & 6 Brood Hive
BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION PLANS ARCHIVE
Publication Number: 6327
View as PDF: 6327.pdf
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/baseball-field-layout-and-construction | Baseball Field Layout and Construction | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Grady Miller"
] | null | [
"Turf Management",
"Athletic Field",
"Agriculture"
] | NC | This resource is currently unavailable. |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/agribusinessand-cooperative-management/site-files/docs/newsletters/the-monitoring-dimension-of-cooperative-governance.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [
"kenkel"
] | Error: time data "D:20210209153711-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## The Monitoring Dimension of Cooperative Governance
## Phil Kenkel
## Bill Fitzwater Cooperative Chair
The principal agent theory is a rather cynical model of the firm which views the CEO and board as agents for the owners (principals) that may or may not be pursuing the principal's interests, If this framework seems unfamiliar think about asking the a room full of citizens whether their elected leaders are focused on the people's interest or their own interest in staying in power. You are sure to find someone in the room that believes there is a principal-agent problem, although I doubt they would use those terms. The principal-agent problem is thought to be reduced when the principal can monitor the agent. Almost every regulation focused on corporate reform has attempted to improve the ability of shareholders to monitor the board and CEO.
Monitoring is also built into cooperative governance. The structure of the cooperative board is in itself a monitoring mechanism. The board not only represents the owners and customers, they are owners and customers. That structure should help reassure the members that someone is "driving the cooperative like we own it". Unfortunately that same structure of the board creates a separate perceived monitoring issue. There may be a cynical subset of the membership that thinks the board members are receiving preferential treatment (a principal-agent problem). That makes it essential for the board members to avoid even the perception of different treatment.
The audit is another key monitoring structure. The audit provides an unbiased and professional report on the status and performance of the cooperative. While the audit is typically summarized at the annual meeting, it is a good practice to let any member who wants more detail to come to the headquarters and read the full report. Some cooperative have taken the additional step of asking a member to serve on the audit committee. For confidentiality reasons the member representative does not review the financial data but participates in the discussion of the scope of the audit and the review of internal controls. That provides another layer of reassurance that the cooperative's performance is being laid out to be monitored. All forms of member committees reassure the membership that impartial eyes are peaking behind the current and finding that the member's interest is first and foremost.
Proponents of the principal-agent theory also maintain that the cooperative leader's incentives should be aligned with the owners. I'll discuss that issue in my next newsletter. | |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/nutrient-removal-by-alabama-crops/ | Nutrient Removal by Alabama Crops | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Eros Francisco",
"Audrey Gamble",
"Charles C. Mitchell"
] | 2023-08-24 | [
"Crop Production",
"Agronomy",
"Soil Fertility"
] | AL | Learn about the essential nutrients and micronutrients in the soil and review the table of high-yielding Alabama crops for establishing crop removal.
Nutrient removal indicates the amount of nutrient removed with the crop production and should be an important consideration in overall soil fertility management for Alabama farmers. However, fertilizing based solely on nutrient removal could lead to nutrient deficiencies or result in overuse of some fertilizer nutrients. The behavior of each nutrient, soil properties, and crops to be grown must also be considered.
## Nitrogen
Hay crops can remove around 50-10-45 pounds N-P2O5 k20 p
'Sandy surface soils do not retain Boron, so it must be added annually to those crops sensitive to boron deficiencies. Crop removal is a reasonable estimate of need, but practicality and leaching dictate using several times this much. Cotton, peanuts, reseeding clovers, alfalfa, and vegetable crops often require boron fertilization on sandier soils.
## Copper, Iron, Manganese, and Zinc
The availability of these micronutrients has little to do with crop removal. They are needed in extremely small quantities, and often, as is the case with iron, the soil contains thousands of times more than the crop needs for maximum production. Soil properties such as pH and organic matter govern micronutrient availability to plants.
Table 1 can be used as a guide for establishing crop removal. Yields are for high-yielding Alabama crops. Values reported in this table may differ from values from other sources. Healthy, high-yielding crops can vary considerably in the nutrient concentration in the grain, fruit, leaves, stems, and pods. Plant uptake is also higher than crop removal. Nutrients not actually removed from the land are returned to the soil in organic residues. Crop removal should be adjusted in proportion to the actual yield.
Charles C. Mitchell, former Extension Agronomist, Professor Emeritus, all with Auburn University.
Revised July 2023, Nutrient Removal by Alabama Crops, ANR-0449
Download this article as a PDF
(https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ANR-0449. NutrientRemovablyAlabamaCrops\_082423L-G.pdf) Nutrient Removal by Alabama Crops .ANR-0449 (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ANR0449. NutrientRemovablyAlabamaCrops\_082423L-G.pdf)
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(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php) |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/imported-cabbageworm-on-ornamentals | Imported Cabbageworm on Ornamentals | NC State Extension | [
"James Baker"
] | null | [
"Entomology",
"Pdic",
"Ornamental"
] | NC | ## Imported Cabbageworm on Ornamentals
PDIC Factsheets
## Description and Biology
The imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae , is the immature stage of a white butterfly that has a black area near the tip of each forewing and a small black spot on the front edge of each hind wing. Female butterflies have two black spots on each forewing; males have only one. Females have a wingspan of about 2 inches; males are slightly smaller. Adults emerge early in spring, as early as March. Females attach very small, pale yellow, bullet-shaped eggs upright on a leaf surface. About a week later, tiny velvety green caterpillars hatch. Older caterpillars have a faint yellow throw stripe down the back and a row of faint yellow spots on each side. The caterpillars grow to just over an inch long in about two weeks. They then molt into a gray, green, or brown, sharply-angled chrysalis (pupa) about 7$^{1}$ inch long. Chrysalidesa are attached to the lower leaf surface by a silken loop. Imported cabbageworm butterflies usually molt from chrysalidases in a week or two although they do overwinter as pupae attached to host plant debris. We have three or four generations per year.
Imported cabbageworm.
Imported cabbageworms usually feed on the lower surface of leaves.
## Host Plants
Imported cabbageworms feed on Allyssum, sweet alyssum ( Lobularia maritima ), nasturtium, stock ( Matthiola ), flowering kale, ornamental cabbage, and weeds in the mustard family as well as vegetable crops in that family. Imported cabbageworms are commonly found on the undersides of leaves. Young caterpillars feed superficially, leaving the upper surface intact. Larger imported cabbageworms chew holes and even bore into the center of the heads of edible cultivars leaving masses of wet, greenish-brown excrement.
Photo by Whitney Crainah, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org Because imported cabbageworm butterflies are common, their caterpillars can do spectacular damage to cruciferous ornamentals.
## Residential Recommendations
Although imported cabbageworms are attacked by a number of disease organisms and parasites, insecticides may have to be used to protect flowering crucivers. Most of the insecticides labeled for landscape use in home grounds should give adequate control.
## References
- · Common name: imported cabbageworm , scientific name: Pieris rapae ( Linnaeus )( Insecta: Lepidoptera : Pieridae). Capineira, J. L. 2013 (revised). Featured Creatures. Entomology & Nematology, FDACS/DPI, EDIS, Publication Number: EENY-126.
- · Insect and Related Pests of /vegetables. Sorensen, K. A. and J. R. Baker, editors. 1994. NC State Extension Publications AG-295.
- · Extension Plant Pathology Publications and Factsheets
- Horticultural Science Publications
- North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension Center.
This Factsheet has not been peer reviewed.
## Author
James Baker
Professor Emeritus Entomology and Plant Pathology
Publication date: March 4, 2017
Reviewed/Revised: Dec. 9, 2021
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/specialty-cover-crops-soils/cover-crop-management-for-no-till-cantaloupe/ | Cover Crops Management for No-Till Cantaloupe | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Audrey Gamble"
] | 2018-08-01 | [
"Farming",
"Cover Crops",
"Agriculture"
] | AL | Research and Extension professionals have been studying the effects of cover crop management in conjunction with vegetables, such as cantaloupe. There are several different cover crops management methods cantaloupage growers can utilize in order to maximize production and soil fertility.
Mechanical termination by rolling/crimping is one option; while another method is mowing the cover crops. Roller/crimpem termination requires crop injury by crimping bar without cutting the stems. While mowing cover crops is an option, it can cause problems like cover crop re-growth. Loose residue left after mowing can also interfere with planting.
Download a PDF with more information on growing cantaloupages in high-residue systems. (https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/60100500/FactSheets/FS12. |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/growing-north-american-indigenous-corn.html | Growing North American Indigenous Corn - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Phillip J. Long",
"Andrew N. Doust",
"Rodney Holcomb"
] | 2014-01-10 | [] | OK | ## jwing North American Indigenous Corn
ed Oct. 2014 |
Id: FAPC-194
Irew N. Doust, Rodney Holcomb, Phillip J. Long
rint-friendly PDF /(fact-sheets/print-publications/fapc-foodand-agricultural-products-center/growing-north-americanindigenous-corn-fapc-194.pdf)
```
IP TO: Domestication/History./ Maize Kernel Types /
wing Indigenous/Heirloom Maize / Environmental Considerations /
tinging/Growing Considerations /
v To Learn About Your Landrace Or Heirloom Variety ./
aging Seed Stocks & Genetics / Avoiding Crosspollination With Other Varieties /
t Selection / Maintaining Genetic Diversity / Seed-Saving Practices
```
## mestication/History
Zea mays), also known as maize, is a major worldwide grain crop. Modern maize has been jped from the large diversity of landraces that were grown by indigenous groups. All of these ces can be genetically traced back to the domestication of maize in southern Mexico around years ago (Van Heerwaardena, et al. 2011). After domestication, indigenous peoples began to maize to suit their needs and trade with their neighbors. Maize continued to spread north and across the Americas, while developing a broad range of traits (Vigouroux, et al. 2008). A tread form of intercropping used corn, beans, and squash planted together (known as the sisters") was widely adopted by many Native Americans. While this practice was widespread, it ubiquitous, as some tribes included other species or omitted one of the "three sisters" (Scarry . Some tribes also grew maize by planting in mounds on river floodplains, without any clear I of intercropping. Since maze requires a lot of nutrients, rotting fish and other organic fertilizers often used (Gonella 2007). Once Europeans arrived in the Western Hemisphere, they began to landraces together to suit their preferences. The varieties that were established before the rise nern hybrids are now considered heirloom varieties. There is rising interest amongst home ners and farmers-market producers to grow landraces and recent heirloom varieties. The ration in this report is to aid those who are interested in growing indigenous maize or landrace .
## ize Kernel Types
aze cob consists of many rows of kernels, each one develops from a fertilized flower. Each consists of a seed containing starchy endosperm and the embryo, surrounded by a seed coat fused to the fruit wall (pericarp). The pericarp and seed coat protect the seed from pests ie environment, and the endosperm provides nutrition to the embryo upon germination. Ñnces in the endosperm and pericarp define five categories of kernels that many landraces and Ñms fall into: popcorn, flint, flour, dent, and sweet.
rnn : Likely one of the oldest forms to arise after domestication, characterized by a thick pericarp Ñnse endosperm. Primarily used for popping.
Similar to a popcorn, but larger in size. Consists of a thick pericarp and a hard endosperm that in cases appears translucent or glassy. Used in a broad range of applications (hominy, corn flour, Ñd, etc.)
A very popular category in North America. This category can be identified by a very thin rp, and a soft endosperm comprised of fine-grained starch. Flour corn was used in the same s flint corns, but offered easier processing and finer flour.
Characterized by the presence of a dimple, or dent, on the rounded end of a kernel. This is d by a hard, flinty endosperm on the sides, and a soft center. As the kernel dries during ation, the softer center shrinks, causing a "dent". Most modern maize varieties are hybrids of nd flints.
- t : Possess reduced ability to convert sugar in the endosperm into starch, causing their sweet Since they have a reduced amount of starch at maturity, the kernels shrink and become very ed.
## owing Indigenous/Heirloom Maize
nous and Heirloom maize require the same basic care as common garden varieties; however, Ñay be more specific in their requirements as each race was adapted to its local environment Ñany centuries. For general planting recommendations for sweet corn, read the Sweet Corn Ñsion sheet from Iowa State University (Haynes, Everhart and Juaron 2002).Since the landraces Ñveloped across the entire range of maize production (Argentina to Canada), and in varying Ñmments, there are many growing variables to consider. These include water requirements, Ñof growing season, and temperature. Some landraces, particularly those from more tropical Ñhave strict requirements for day length, and will not flower in the longer days of higher
les. It is worthwhile to discover where the landrace was developed, and how it was cultivated by ¿igenous groups from that place. While it is possible to grow landraces under different ¿ions, it is best to choose types of corn that originate from a similar climate and latitude.
## ¶ 1. Corn seedlings.
## vironmental Considerations
## late
aces from more arid environments are more drought tolerant, but are also likely to be more to root rot when overwatered. Generally maize does well with lots of sun, but if the ºatures get too high, landraces from northern latitudes and coastal areas may become overed.
## wing Season
ngth of a growing season is often measured by the number of frost-free days. Maize landraces t a range of growing season length requirements. Gasp e Flint require 45-60 days from planting vest, and comes from Northern Maine, USA and Southeast Canada. Many landraces from Mexico e well over 100 days before harvest. To find out how long your growing season is, go to Dave's n website and enter your zip code (http://davesgarden.com/guides/freeze-frost-dates/#b).
## ¡topperiod
period is the length of time an organism is exposed to light and darkness. Many plants are red to flower by the length of darkness they experience every night (photoperiod sensitivity). gher the latitude, the longer days in summer become (shorter nights). Maize originating from º to the equator needs long nights, and will not flower when grown too far north. As maize ¿ure spread north, it adapted to its new growing conditions, and lost this sensitivity to the ¿ of each night. This allowed maize to be bred to flower earlier, fitting into the shorter growing ¿s of the northern latitudes (Vigouroux, et al. 2008).
## inting/Growing Considerations
n maize hybrids have been bred for increased hardiness to a broad range of environmental es. Landraces with a specific desirable trait have been used in breeding programs to produce es with a combination of those traits. This allows newer varieties to display the best qualities 'ere previously spread across large numbers of landraces.
s, fungi, and viruses are biological stressors that need to be eradicated when present. aces and Heirlooms can be resistant to a specific infestation or infection, however many ces can be very susceptible to biological stressors.
g (falling-over) is a major issue for landraces, and is partially a result of lower planting ie. Many indigenous peoples mounded fertilized soil around the base of each plant a few is after planting to increase root growth. The additional roots provide structural support to at lodging, and increase nutrient uptake.
aces and heirlooms will need soil that is high in available nitrogen. It is best to prepare the soil > planting. Indigenous fertilization practices using buried fish and/or intercropping can be used, e not necessary.
landraces produce many tillers (aka 'suckers'), which are lateral branches that originate at d level. If this is the case, early removal is often required to maximize yield.
## W To Learn About Your Landrace Or iIroom Variety
know the people group (tribe) associated with the landrace you wish to grow or know the on name for your heirloom, you can likely find it in the USDA Agricultural Research Services' lasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). This database hosts a large number of Native can maize landraces, and provides a large amount of information in each landrace's profile /www.ars-grin.gov/).
rch the GRIN database, use these instructions:
- w the link and type "Zea mays" in the search bar, including 1-2 keywords from the name of the landrace our interest. The profile page gives some general information, and can be a good source of information
jt where the landrace was originally grown and it's tribal affiliations.
unt and type of data recorded for each landrace varies widely.
- .landrace is from a Native American tribe, their tribal governments frequently have information how to care for their corn. When approaching tribes for information recognize that many of radiations are based on culture and ceremonies, so they may not wish to share all of their nation.
## inaging Seed Stocks & Genetics
growing an indigenous landrace or heirloom, it is most common for the grower to save "seed to plant the next year. In effect the grower maintains a small seed bank to meet their personal .This practice essentially requires that the grower manage a small-scale breeding program, desirable traits are selected for future planting, crosspollination with other varieties is
## oiding Crosspollination With Other rieties
aize cob is usually fertilized with pollen from surrounding plants, but pollination from other varieties may introduce new traits that differ from the original landrace. This is undesirable ; you wish to do breeding experiments. Even then, results may be counter-intuitive. For e , attempting to interbreed different types of sweet corn may result in corn that is less sweet ither parent because of the complex genetics of this trait. Modern sweet corn varieties usually orate multi-generational crosses to manipulate sweetness and other traits (Azanza, Bar-Zur jvik 1996).
er to avoid crosspollination with other varieties, it is best to grow your corn away from any other f corn . The distance required varies due to several factors. If a commercial field of corn is d nearby, it is best to be around 1 mile away. Wind is a large factor, as corn pollen is not viable ng once airborne. If your garden or field is sheltered from wind, distances can be reduced. A effective method is to stagger planting dates so that pollination times are separated. This can be js ing "Days to Silk" (when silks emerge on ears), when tassels emerge, or anthesis occurs (pollen e ). These 3 events all occur at different stages of growth, and the actual number of days you will e /e will vary from the average due to environmental growth conditions. The number of days to ergence for most landraces and heirlooms can be found under its GRIN profile (USDA GRIN In extreme cases, hand pollination may be required. It is much more labor intensive, but very ive. The Maize Genomics Database has detailed resources on how to hand pollinate corn ( www.maizegdb.org/IMP/WEB/pollen.htm(http://www.maizegdb.org/IMP/WEB/pollen.htm)
## it Selection
st to have a thorough understanding of the traits your landrace exhibits, and to preserve the rat resemble the original traits (easily found on GRIN). The best traits to keep an eye on are color, kernel type, number of rows around an ear, ear length, texture of endosperm, and days to nening. Common traits that can be a sign of crosspollination from other varieties are change in type (i.e. flour to dent), increase in rows of kernels, color changes (plant and kernel), and plant sions. Traits from crosspollination normally don't present themselves until the following year jt kernel endosperm and embryo), so keep in mind, most selection at harvest is eliminating the us year's crosspollination. Actively selecting for the desired traits will minimize the flow of
těd genes into your seed bank population. In addition to separating your harvest into ears ting wanted and unwanted traits, it is natural to select healthy-looking ears that have med well in your field/garden for your seed stocks.
## intaining Genetic Diversity
.ding depression in corn is a phenomenon where plant health and production decrease as ic diversity decreases. When a population is too small, and/or selection is too stringent, genetic .nces are reduced. When population sizes are large enough, or multiple sources of seed are together, it will result in more vigorous plants and increase yield. Garden plot-size populations ave stable and healthy levels of genetic diversity. A larger population size will increase your to maintain the traits that you want to preserve (Guzman and Lamkey 2000). When populations all (less than 30 plants at harvest), trait selection should be less stringent; otherwise the plants se their vigor and yield. Desired genetic traits could also be lost with the rejected seed, when ation sizes are low (Solomon, Martin and Zeppa 2010).
## ed-Saving Practices
storing seeds from year-to-year, it is best to store kernels on the ear with husks pulled back or ed , to help regulate moisture and increase seed viability. Cool and dry storage conditions are » prevent mold and rotting. For optimum long-term viability, store the seed at 41F and 25 rt RH for two weeks, before placing in an air-tight container at O F (Walter and Roos 1998). A ractical approach is to allow the seeds to dry in an air conditioned room for two weeks, and n a standard freezer. Germination rates can be kept higher, reducing losses, by planting the seed each year. The longer kernels remain in storage, the less viable they will become.
## eriences
- a, Fermin, Avri Bar-Zur, and John A. Juvik. "Variation in sweet corn kernel characteristics ated with stand establishment and eating quality." Euphytica (Klewer Academic Publishers), no. 96): 7-18.
- a, Michael P. "Myamaia Ethnobotany." Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2007.
- an, Peter S, and Kendall R Lamkey. "Effective Population Size and Genetic Variability in the BS11 Population." Crop Science 40 (2000): 338-346.
- s, Cindy, Eldon Everhart, and Richard Juaron. Sweet Corn. Extension Report, Iowa State ·sty Extension, Iowa State University, Ames, IA: Iowa State Cooperative Extension Service,
raduate Student M.S. Interdisciplinary Science
- w N. Doust(mailto:andrew.dousdt@okstate.edu) rofessor, Botany
- y Holcomb(mailto:rodney.holcomb@okstate.edu) Agricultural Economist
rint-friendly PDF ( /fact-sheets/print-publications/fapc-foodand-agricultural-products-center/growing-north-americanindigenous-corn-fapc-194.pdf)
- Corn ( /topics/plants-and-animals/crops/grains-and-oilsseeds/corn/) Crops ( /topics/plants-and-animals/crops/)
Products ( /topics/business-and-community/food-products/)
s & Oilseeds ( /topics/plants-and-animals/crops/grains-and-oilseeds/)
ic & Sustainable ( /topics/plants-and-animals/crops/organic-and-sustainable/)
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https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/t/nutrition-in-later-years-t-3149.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20210603153751-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## EXTENSION
Janice Hermann, PhD,RD/LD Nutrition Specialist
Nutrition can not delay aging; however, good nutrition may lower the risk of some conditions which can occur in later years. Good dietary patterns can contribute to both good health and survival in middle age and beyond. There is a relationship between diet, physical activity, and well-being. Diets associated with good health contain adequate vitamins and minerals,limited fat, and adequate calories,primarily from complex carbohydrates.
## Nutritional Considerations
The nutritional needs of older adults are not much different from those of younger adults. However, the aging process gives each age group special characteristics. This is true for older adults as well as teenagers or expectant mothers. Some changes that occur with aging affect food intake and the body's use of food and nutrients. The major change in dietary recommendations for older adults is a decrease in the amount of calories needed. Nutritional needs for most vitamins and minerals remain about the same. To get an adequate amount of vitamins and minerals in fewer calories requires careful meal planning.
## Calories
Energy needs decline progressively throughout adult life as physical activity decreases and as the body metabolism slows down. Consuming more calories than the body actually uses can result in weight gain. Excess weight increases risk of developing many health problems. Some conditions associated with excess weight include high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers. Calories come from fats, carbohydrate, protein, and alcohol. There are nine calories per gram of fat, and four calories per gram of carbohydrate and protein. Alcohol contains seven calories per gram. This means that for equal weights, fats and alcohol have about twice the calories as carbohydrates and protein. Alcohol calories are sometimes called "empty calories" since alcohol provides no other nutritional benefits. The
calories come from fats, carbohydrate, protein, and alcohol. There are nine calories per gram of fat, and four calories per gram of carbohydrate and protein. Alcohol contains seven calories per gram. This means that for equal weights, fats and alcohol have about twice the calories as carbohydrates and protein. Alcohol calories are sometimes called "empty calories" since alcohol provides no other nutritional benefits. The easiest way to decrease calories is to decrease the amount of fat eaten and/or alcohol consumed. Increasingphysicalactivity will also use more calories and can help in weight control. Walking is an effective exercise, as are swimming, bowling, cycling, and dancing.
## Protein
Protein needs remain approximately the same for individuals 51 years or older as for younger adults. Protein is
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needed to maintain healthy cells and to help build resistance to infection. Protein is also needed for wound healing and to make enzymes and hormones. The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for proteins 51+ years of age is 0.8 grams protein/kin body weight or approximately 56 grams for males and 46 grams for females.
## Fat
Fat is a nutrient that gives energy. Fats are the most concentrated source of food energy, providing nine calories per gram. Fat helps form cell membranes and carries the fat-soluble vitamins A, D,E, and K. Fat also provides the essential fatty acids that the body cannot make. The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) recommend a diet low in saturated fat and, trans fat and one which provides 20 to 35 percent of the daily calories from fat. Although fat is important in the diet, many adults eat more fat than they should. High fat diets are considered a risk factor for heart disease, cancer, and obesity. By increasing the risk of obesity, high fat diets may indirectly increase rate of type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure.
When trying to lower fat in the diet, don't omit meats and dairy products. These foods contribute nutrients that are part of a well balanced diet. Choose lean meats and low-fat dairy products, use low-fat preparation methods, and watch portion size to reduce the fat content of these foods. Limit use of added or hidden sources of fat that don't contribute nutrients to a well balanced diet. Some examples of added or hidden sources of fat are margarine, oils, salad dressings, chips, snack foods, and high-fat bakery items.
## Tips for Reducing Fat
- · Cut down on portion size of high fat foods.
- · Boil, broil, bake, or stew meat instead of frying.
- · Use lean cuts of meat, fish, and poultry.
- · Remove fat from meat, poultry, stew, or soup.
- · Poach or boil eggs instead of frying.
- · Cut down on pastries and breads with added fat such as sweet rolls.
- · Use low-calorie fruits and vegetables for desserts and snacks.
- · Use low-fat or skim milk dairy products.
## Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates provide energy for body cells and the central nervous system. The Dietary Reference Intakes recommend that 45 to 65 percent, or about half of daily calories, should come from carbohydrate foods. Most should come from complex carbohydrate foods: fruits; vegetables; whole grains; beans, peas and lentils. Consumption of simple carbohydrates or sugar-rich foods should be limited.
Many people think carbohydrate rich foods are fattening. Actually the "fattening" part has usually been added. For example, a medium baked potato has approximately 80 calories. Adding 1 tablespoon of margarine and 2 tablespoons of sour cream, adds approximately 225 calories for a grand total of 305 calories or which almost 75% are fat calories.
## Vitamins and Minerals
Nutritional needs for most vitamins and minerals remain the same for older as for younger adults; however, some differences in nutrient needs do occur with age. Calcium needs increase to 1,200 mg/day at 51+ years of age for women and at 71+ years of age for men. Older adults maybe susceptible to low vitamin D if they are not out in the sunlight. Between 10% to 30% of older adults lose their ability to absorb the naturally occurring form of B$\_{12}$ found in food. On the other side, vitamin A needs decreases decrease with age, and iron needs decrease for women after menopause. Because older adults require fewer calories, it is important that foods selected are nutrient rich and contribute to a well balanced diet. Normally, a well balanced diet using a variety of foods will provide adequate vitamins and minerals for any age. No single food can supply all nutrients in the amounts you need. Vegetables and fruits are important sources of vitamins A and C, folate and fiber. Grains provide Vitamins Iron, and other minerals. Whole grain breads and cereals also supply fiber. Milk provides calcium, protein, riboflavin, and vitamins A and D. Meat and beans provide protein, Vitamin S, iron, zinc, and other minerals. To have a healthy diet, you must eat a variety of foods.
Dietary restrictions that are self-imposed can result in low intakes of certain vitamins and minerals. Most deficiencies among older adults involve vitamins and minerals associated with perishable fruits and vegetables, meat, and milk. These are foods often omitted from the diet due to cost, storage, longterm poor eating habits, chewing difficulty or poor appetite.
## Water
Water is more critical to life than food. Lack of water will result in death sooner than lack of food. The sensation of thirst tends to decline with age. As a result, despite the availability of fluids, many older adults become dehydrated. Recommended fluid intake is 13 cups a day for males and 9 cups a day for females. Water can be taken in many forms such as water, fruit juice, milk, soups, coffee, tea, or soft drinks.
## Fiber
There are many different types of fiber. In general, they are divided into soluble fibers and insoluble fibers. Both types of fiber are necessary for good health. Dietary fiber has been related to many health conditions. Increasing dietary fiber may be beneficial with constipation, diarrhea, diverticulitis, cardiovascular disease, colon cancer, and diabetes. However,
one should be cautious in assuming that dietary fiber is the only factor involved in these conditions.
The best way to increase fiber in the diet is from food sources. Food sources offiber include fruits;vegetables;whole grains; beans, peas and lentils; nuts and seeds. Cooking, processing, and removing peels can reduce the fiber in foods. The Dietary Reference Intake for dietary fiber is 14 grams dietary fiber per 1,000 calories. Fiber intake may have to be modified in older adults who have problems with chewing, swallowing, or other medical conditions.
There are some tips to consider when increasing fiber in the diet. Increase fiber slowly. Increasing fiber too rapidly may cause unpleasant side effects such as bloating and gas. Since fiber absorbs water it is important to drink plenty of fluids when increasing dietary fiber. Too much dietary fiber can decrease mineral absorption. It is possible to get too much fiber with concentrated fiber supplements. Obtain adequate dietary fiber from foods without using fiber supplements.
## Nutrient Supplements
Vitamin and mineral supplements have their place in the medical treatment of certain nutrition-related diseases. However, growing older does not mean that you are unhealthy and need extra nutrients above those a varied diet can provide. Americans spend millions of dollars on vitamin and mineral supplements that they do not need. A well-chosen diet using a variety of foods can provide all needed nutrients. However, many older adults don't consume adequate diets. Other physical, psychological and social factors can affect food intake of older adults putting them at nutritional risk. Therefore, while it is possible to get all the nutrients for good health from food, many older adults are not able to do so.
While recommendations for routine nutrient supplements for all older adults still debatable, taking amounts above the upper limit is clearly unwarranted without specific medical recommendations. One might think that more is better when taking nutrient supplements. However, a nutrient taken in amounts above the upper limit can be dangerous. Overdoses can happen easier with supplements than with food. Minerals in large amounts can be toxic as antioxidants. The fat-soluble vitamins (vitamin A, D, E, and K) are stored in the bodies. Excessive amounts of these vitamins can accumulate and be harmful. Dangerous levels can produce such symptoms as nausea, vomiting, and other serious side-effects. Toxicity from water-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin C, is unlikely since excess amounts are flushed from the body in the urine. However, serious side effects can occur even with water-soluble vitamins. Because nutrients interact with each other, a balance of all nutrients is important. If the body has too much or too little of any nutrient, the body's use of these nutrients may be altered.
Supplements are required to have the percent (% of the DRI on the label. If a single dose supplies 100% or less of the DRI, then a single dose is enough to ensure dietary adequacy. But,supplementswhichsupplynutrientsinamounts greater than 100% of the DRI are not beneficial. Additional supplements should never be used to replace a missed meal. Do not rely on a supplement to balance a poor diet. If fact, no supplement contains all the essential nutrients the body needs. The basis for good health depends on an adequate diet containing a variety of foods which supply sufficient amounts of calories and nutrients.
## USDA MyPlate Plan
Recommended amounts from the USDA MyPlate Plan each day for a reference 2,000 calorie diet are:
- · 6 oz. of grains
- · 2 1/2 cups of vegetables
- · 2 cups of fruit
- · 3 cups of diary
- · 5 1/2 oz. of protein foods
- · 6 teaspoons of oil
- · Calories for other uses limit to 270 calories
- · Sodium limit to less than 2,300 milligrams a day
- · Saturated fat limit to 22 grams a day
- · Added sugars limit to 50 grams a day
## What counts from each USDA MyPlate food group?
In general, a 1-ounce equivalent from the grains group is:
- · 1 slice of bread
- · 1 cup of ready-to-eat cereal
- · 1/2 cup cooked rice, cooked pasta, or cooked cereal
In general, one cup from the vegetable group is:
- · 1 cup of raw or cooked vegetables or vegetable juice
- · 2 cups of raw leafy greens can be considered as 1 cup from the vegetable group
In general, one cup from the fruit group is:
- · 1 cup of fruit or 100% fruit juice
- · 1/2 cup of dried fruit
In general, one cup from the dairy group is:
- · 1 cup of milk or yogurt
- · 1 1/2 oz. natural cheese
- · 2 oz. processed cheese
Ingeneral, a 1-ounce equivalentfromtheproteinfoodsgroupis:
- · 1 oz. of meat, poultry, or fish
- · 1/4 cup cooked beans
- · 1 egg
- · 1 Tablespoon peanut butter
- · 1/2 oz. nuts or seeds
## References
Whitney, E.N. & Rolfes, S.R. (2015). Understanding Nutrition , 14th ed., Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA. Bernstein, M., & Munoz, N.(2016).Nutrition for the Older Adult , 2nd ed., Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, MA.
Brown, J.E. (2014) Nutrition through the Life Cycle , 5th ed., Cengage Learning, Stamford, CT.
United States Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020. Accessed at https://health.gov/ dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/
United States Department of Agriculture. ChooseMyPlate.gov. Accessed at www.choosemyplate.gov
## The Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service WE ARE OKLAHOMA
The Cooperative Extension Service is the largest, most successful informal educational organization in the world.Itis a nationwide system funded and guided by a partnership of federal, state, and local governments that delivers information to help people help themselves through the land-grant university system.
Extension carries outprograms in the broad categories of agriculture, natural resources and environment; family and consumer sciences; 4-H and other youth; and community resource development. Extension staff members live and work among the people they serve to help stimulate and educate Americans to plan ahead and cope with their problems.
Some characteristics of the Cooperative Extension system are:
- · The federal, state, and local governments cooperatively share in its financial support and program direction.
- · It is administered by the land-grant university as designated by the state legislature through an Extension director.
- · Extension programs are nonpolitical, objective, and research-based information.
- · It provides practical, problem-oriented education
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Director of Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma. This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President for Agricultural Programs and has been prepared and distributed at a cost of 20 cents per copy. Revised 04/221 GH.
for people of all ages. It is designated to take the knowledge of the university to those persons who do not or cannot participate in the formal classroom instruction of the university.
- · It utilizes research from university, government, and other sources to help people make their own decisions.
- · More than a million volunteers help multiply the impact of the Extension professional staff.
- · It dispenses no funds to the public.
- · It is not a regulatory agency, but it does inform people of regulations and oftheir options in meeting them.
- · Local programs are developed and carried out in full recognition of national problems and goals.
- · The Extension staff educates people through personal contacts, meetings, demonstrations, and the mass media.
- · Extension has the built-in flexibility to adjust its programs and subject matter to meet new needs. Activities shift from year to year as citizen groups and Extension workers close to the problems advise changes. | |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/fapc-food-and-agricultural-products-center/challenges-of-meeting-oklahomas-farmers-market-regulations-and-varied-requirements-fapc-184.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20140923155852-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Robert M. Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center
## FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEET Adding Value to Oklahoma
405-744-6071 · www.fapc.biz · fapc@okstate.edu
## Challenges of meeting Oklahoma's farmer's market regulations and varied requirements
Meagan Osburn FAPC Business Planning and Marketing Intern
Rodney Holcomb FAPC Agribusiness Economist
Chuck Willoughby FAPC Business & Marketing Relations Manager
## Introduction
During the past 20 years, the number of farmers' markets and local food hubs greatly increased across the U.S. According to the USDA (USDA-AMS 2013), the national farmer's market directory listings have risen from 1,755 in 1994 to 8,144 in 2013. The national trend is especially evident in Oklahoma. Since 2000, the number of farmers' markets has increased from 17 to 62, and more farmers' markets are being planned. The full list of farmers' markets registered with the Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry (ODAFF) can be found at www.okgrown.com/markets/.
## General Farmer's Market Regulations
To participate in a farmer's market and comply with local/state laws, vendors are expected to know and follow the rules of the farmer's market and the food-business regulations for their specific products. Requirements and costs common to most or all Oklahoma farmers' markets' vendors include:
- · Daily Sales Fees: Farmers' markets require a percentage, usually at most 10 percent, of the day's sales from each vendor. This fee helps cover market costs and is collected by the farmer's market.
- · Membership Fees: Many farmers' markets require producers to join the farmer's market or coalition prior to selling.
The fees are collected by the farmer's market or coalition. Sales Tax Permit: The Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service has a fact sheet (AGEC-2000, by Ferrell, Adams and Hobbs 2009) explaining sales tax requirements and the differences in requirements for on-farm sales versus farmer's market sales.
· Organic Certification: Vendors marketing organic products must verify that their products are certified organic. The Oklahoma State University Robert M. Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center (FAPC) is developing a fact sheet explaining the requirements and costs for organic certification. One might also contact ODAFF's Food Safety Division at 40552-1060 to speak with an organic inspector for more details.
· Food-Service Operator Certification: Several Oklahoma municipalities require vendors to have Food-Service Operator Certification (FSOC) to sell certain types of food products within city limits. For specific details, contact the nearest city/county health department. FAPC will include information on FSOC training and certification costs in a forthcoming food vendor fact sheet.
Mobile Food-Establishment Permit, Temporary FoodEstablishment Permit and Peddeller's License: Depending on the nature of products sold and the municipality, vendors may be required to purchase mobile and/or temporary establishment licenses or a peddler's permit. Check with city/county health departments and individual farmers' markets for details on these requirements. FAPC is also preparing a fact sheet specifically to address these types of license/permit requirements.
## Individual Farmer's Market Requirements/Fees
While many farmers' markets require similar licensing and fees, each farmer's market contains different dynamics. As a result, individual farmers' markets may require additional regulations for their vendors. Additional regulations might include the following:
In addition to these types of fees, individual farmers' markets may require vendors to carry food product liability insurance. While product liability insurance is not currently a regulatory requirement for vendors at most Oklahoma farmers' markets, it is becoming a more common requirement for farmer's market vendors in other states. Oklahoma's farmers' markets may eventually require coverage by their vendors, too.
## Specific Examples of Farmer's Market Vendor Requirements
The following are provided as examples of vendor requirements by various farmers' markets across the state. The requirements vary to some degree by location, and the specific requirements are available on the market's website in many cases. These were the vendor guidelines as of April 2014, but requirements are subject to change:
## Altus Farmer's Market Association
(see http://oces.okstate.edu/jackson/horticulture/altus-farmers-market for details)
- · Membership fee: $10 per year
## Bartlesville Area Farmer's Market Association
(see www.bartlesvillefarmsmarket.com for details)
- · Annual Vendor Fee: $30
- Season Vendor Fee: $12 each for 2 months (May and June, July and August, September and October)
- Patron (supporting) Fee: $20
- 5-Month Membership (for those who join the Association after July 31). $10
- Daily Sales: 10 percent of gross sales per day at the market, not to exceed $10 per market day.
- Sales Tax: $20 (with additional locations costing $10)
## Cherry Street (Tulsa) Farmer's Market
(see http://cherrystreetfarmersmarket.com for details)
- Note: Cherry Street Farmer's Market only accepts 3-5 new vendors each year, so potential vendors are screened prior to the acceptance of an application.
- Application for Producers: $25
- Application of Prepared Food Vendors: $25
- · Booth Fees per week:
- -Producer Vendors
- vendors to pay for the use of a booth or section of the market. The fee is collected by the market.
- Market Promotion Fee: Similar to the Daily Sales Fee, some farmers' markets require this fee as an advertisement fund. The money collected is used for promotional materials and advertisements. The fees are due to the farmer's market.
- -$5 fee to vendors dropping offpre-order products and not attending market.
- Membership Fee: $50 per year
- Sales Tax Permit
## Choctaw Farmer's Market
(see http://chochactwycity.org/living-in-choctaw/farmers-market for details)
- $5 daily or $25 for the whole season
## Edmond Farmers' Markets
(see http://edmondok.com for details)
- Rental Fees:
- -$10 per day per space adult and craft vendors outside the pavilion
- -$15 per day per space for adult and craft vendors under the pavilion
- -$25 (additional) per season fee for using electricity
- -$5 per day per space junior vendors during the Junior Market
## Enid Farmer's Market
(see www.enidfarmersmarket.org for details)
- · Application Fee: $20
- · Annual Fee: $20
- Stall Fee: 5percentoftheseller'sgrosssalesforthemarket day. If no sales $5 will be collected for each space used.
## Midwest-Del City Farmer's Market
(see http://middlelocallygrownnet/faq#1571 for details)
- · Membership Fee: $20 annually
- · Sales: 5 percent of your overall sales
- · In the process of changing websites
## Mustang Kiwans Farmer's Market
(see www.mustangcommunitygarden.org/about\_FM.html for details)
- · Space Rental: $5 per week (10 feet by 10 feet area)
- (Plus all necessary permits, licenses, and insurance and sale taxes)
## OSU-OKC Farmer's Market Regulations
(see www.osuokc.edu/farmersmarket/pdf/FM%20Regulations.pdf for details)
- · Space Rental (determined by size of the space):
- -Spring/Summer Saturday Market: Large: $50,Small: $25
- -Indoor Winter Market: Large - $50, Small - $25
- · Daily sales fee: equal to 6 percent of their gross daily sales (this is to cover many market costs)
## Owasso Farmer's Market
(see http://owassofarmnersmarket.com/wp-content/ uploads/2014/04/2014-OFMVendorApplication-for-OFMwebsite.pdf)
- · Membership Fee: $15 annually
- · Daily Sales Fee: 10 percent of daily gross sales (not to exceed $10/business/day)
## Payne County Fruit and Vegetable Growers Association
(see www.stillwaterfarmersmarket.com/at-the-market.html for details)
- · Membership Fee: $20
- · Sales Tax Permit Fee: $20 (with additional locations costing $10)
- · Market Promotion Fee: equal to 6 percent of daily sales or $5 per occupied space on Wednesday or $15/occupied space on Saturday (whichever is smaller, Winter Market will pay the same fee on Wednesday as the Summer Markets)
## Pearl Farmer's Market (Peoria, Tulsa)
(see http://pearlfarmersmarket.org/ for details)
- · Sales Tax Permit Fee: $20 (with additional locations costing $10)
- · Season Fee: $25 (prior to setting up at the market for the first time)
- · Daily Market Fee: 10 percent of gross sales per market
## Sand Springs
(see www.sandspringsok.org/index.aspx?NID=425 for details)
- · Sales Tax Permit Fee: $20 (with additional locations costing $10)
## Tahlequah Farmer's Market
(see www.tahlequahfarmersmarket.org for details)
- · Membership fee: $30
- · Additional Space fee: $10
- · Sales Tax: $20 (with additional locations costing $10)
## Talihina Farmer's Market
(see www.tallinamarket.com/members/)
- · Registration Fee: $25 per year (one grower) or $35 per year (two or more)
- -Talihina Farmers' Market members: (18)
- -$20 for the farm with 2 votes and 6 people from that farm can sell
- · $15 for the farm with 1 vote, one grower from the farm
- · $10 for the support member, influence accepted, no vote
## Watonga
(see application download at www.watongachamber.com)
- · Space Fee: $10 per space
- · Sales Tax: $20 (with additional locations costing $10)
## West Side Farmer's Market (Tulsa)
(see www.redforkmainstreet.com)
- · Sales Tax: $20 (with additional locations costing $10)
- · Season Membership Fee: $25
- · Daily Market Fee: 10 percent of gross sales per market
## Woodward Farmer's Market
(see www.woodwardfarmersmarket.com for details)
- · Mobile Food-Service License
- · Third-Party Sales
- · Re-Sold
- · Packaged/Processed Foods
## Learning More About Oklahoma Farmers' Markets
For more information on farmers' markets operating in Oklahoma, check out the Farmer's Market Directory by visiting www.ogrown.com/markets/ provided by the Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry. For information on starting or organizing a new farmer's market or to get a new farmer's market added to the Oklahoma Farmer's Market Directory, call the Market Development Division of ODAFF at 405-522-4330. For more information on sales tax permits, go to the Oklahoma Tax Commission website by visiting www.tax.ok.gov and utilize the OTC's online services and "How Do I..." self-help links.
## References
Ferrell, S., D.C. Adams, and J.C. Hobbs. (2009). Sales Tax Rules for Farmers Markets and On-Farm Sales: The Exemption Ends at the Farm Gate. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet AGEC-2000 .
US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service. (2013) National Count of Farmers Market Directory Listings (last updated August 3, 2013). Available at http:// www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/ams.fetchTemplateData.do ?template=TemplateS&leftNav=WholesaleandFarmersM arkets&page=WFMfarmersMarketGrowth&description= Farmers%20Market%20Growth.Accessed May 24, 2014 .
## The Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Bringing the University to You!
The Cooperative Extension Service is the largest, most successful informal educational organization in the world. It is a nationwide system funded and guided by a partnership of federal, state, and local governments that delivers information to help people help themselves through the land-grant university system.
Extension carries out programs in the broad categories of agriculture, natural resources and environment; home economics; 4-H and other youth; and community resource development. Extension staff members live and work among the people they serve to help stimulate and educate Americans to plan ahead and cope with their problems.
Some characteristics of Cooperative Extension are:
- · The federal,state,andlocalgovernmentcooperatively share in its financial support and program direction.
- · It is administered by the land-grant university as designated by the state legislature through an Extension director.
- · Extension programs are nonpolitical, objective, and based on factual information. | |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/ipm-farming/trap-crop-for-yellowmargined-leaf-beetle-management/ | Trap Crop for Yellowmargined Leaf Beetle Management | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Ayanava Majumdar"
] | 2018-09-20 | [
"Integrated Pest Management",
"Farming",
"Agriculture"
] | AL | ## Trap Crop for Yellowmargined Leaf Beetle Management
This videos gives a good overview of the yellowmargined leaf beetle (YMLB), a major insect pest of crucifer crops in Alabama. This video described the basic biology of YMLB along with information on trap crops, natural enemies, and biorational insecticides for managing the pest. More videos with focus on a wider range integrated pest management strategies for YMLB and other cruíper pests are under production. This project was funded by NIFA-OAREl grant. |
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