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https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/escambiaco/2022/08/17/come-on-in-the-water-is-fine-well-its-better/ | Come on in… The Water Is Fine! Well… It’s Better | University of Florida | [
"Rick O'Connor"
] | 2022-08-17 | [
"Coasts & Marine",
"Natural Resources",
"Florida Sea Grant",
"LAKEWATCH",
"Pensacola Bay",
"water quality"
] | FL | ## Come on in… The Water Is Fine! Well… It's Better
When I joined Florida Sea Grant in 2012 my advisory committee told me water quality was one of their major concerns. Makes sense really. Some members were from the tourism and boating industry. Some were from commercial and recreational fishing. Others were homeowners. ALL had concerns. ALL depended on clean water for the success of their business and for the quality of their own lives. It is a big concern.
Since that time, we have been training volunteers to monitor nutrients and salinity. We just recently added harmful algae monitoring and we report fecal bacteria data collect by the Department of Health. All to (a) get people out there so they can see what is happening themselves, and (b) provide information we share with the members of the community.
Local bayous, such as this one, experienced fish kills due to excessive nutrients years ago. The UF IFAS Lakewatch Program trains volunteers to monitor nutrients in local waterways. Photo: Rick O'Connor
Lakewatch is a program where volunteers use their boats to monitor nutrients at three locations in a particular waterway within the bay system. Excessive nitrogen and phosphorus can lead to agal blooms, which in themselves can be a problem, just ask the folks in south Florida. But when these organisms die, they form dense mats of organic matter that sink and decay. The decaying process is oxygen demanding and the dissolved oxygen in the system decreases to levels where fish kills can happen. Many may remember the large fish kills our bayous experienced in the 1960s and 1970s.
Their samples are analyzed by the Lakewatch lab in Gainesville for total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total chlorophyll (a which is a proxy for phytoplankton in the water column - algae). The volunteers also measure the water clarity using a secchi disk. Water clarity decreases with increase algal blooms and this can be a problem for submerged seagrasses. The lab provides us with the salinity when they analyze the samples.
Below is a table of data since sampling began in 2007. However, some locations are JUST getting started.
| Body of Water | Total Phosphorus (µg/L) | Total Nitrogen (µg/L) | Total Chlorophyll a (µg/L) | Water Clarity (Feet) | Salinity (parts per thousand) |
|-----------------|---------------------------|-------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------|---------------------------------|
| Pensacola Bay | | | | | |
| Station 2 | 15 | 275 | 5 | 7.3 |
|--------------|------|-------|-----|-------|
| Station 3 | | | | |
| Bayou Texar | | | | |
| Station 1 | 17 | 803 | 6 | 3.5 |
| Station 2 | 18 | 673 | 8 | 3.8 |
| Station 3 | 17 | 592 | 8 | 3.8 |
| Bayou Chico | | | | |
| Station 1 | 29 | 533 | 16 | 3.2 |
| Station 2 | 27 | 548 | 13 | 1.0 |
| Station 3 | 22 | 353 | 8 | 4.1 |
| Bayou Grande | | | | |
| Station 1 | 15 | 311 | 4 | 4.5 |
| Station 2 | 15 | 290 | 4 | 5.5 |
| Station 3 | 17 | 312 | 5 | 5.4 |
| Big Lagoon | | | | |
| Station 1 | 13 | 252 | 3 | 8.9 |
| Station 2 | | | | |
| Station 3 | 12 | 213 | 2 | 10.0 |
| Lower | | | | |
| Perdido Bay | | | | |
| Station 1 | 15 | 327 | 5 | 6.4 |
| Station 2 | 15 | 324 | 5 | 5.4 |
| Station 3 | 15 | 328 | 5 | 5.8 |
Pensacola Bay was only sampled for one year (2019-2020). These three stations extend from the near the mouth of Bayou Texar, along the east side of the 3-Mile Bridge to the middle where the "hill" is in the bridge. This site is open and in need a volunteer. If interested, contact me . You will notice as you glance at the data table there is very little information on this location. The data provided in this table is the geometric means over the period of monitoring. Only data from station #2 was enough to report on and the values for nutrients are on the lower side. The water clarity is one of the better locations at
7.3 feet and there is insufficient data to report on the salinity.
Again, this site was not monitored for long and there is not enough to see short- or longterm trends here. But based on the little information provided, there does not appear to be nutrient issue here.
Bayou Texar has been monitored the longest in this Lakewatch program. One volunteer monitored from 2000-2002 before stopping. A second volunteer began in 2007 and monitored until 2013 when a third volunteer took on these sites. There is a current need for a new volunteer to continue monitoring this location beginning in 2023 - contact me if interested. The Lakewatch data is provided in two sections, one covering the 2000-2002 monitoring period, and the other the 2007-present. The data provided in this report are those collected between 2007-present. The sample stations run north to south with #3 being closest to the mouth near Cervantes Bridge.
A quick glance at the data shows significantly high nitrogen values, particularly at station #1 (near the 12 th Avenue Bridge). Most bodies of water monitored in this project have nitrogen values running between 2000-400 μ g/L (Bayou Chico being an exception - more on that next). The total nitrogen in Bayou Texar runs between 600-800 μ g/L - MUCH higher than the others. Though the total nitrogen is higher, the total phosphorus and chlorophyll numbers are not much above other locations (again, Bayou Chico is also exception). Water clarity, between 3-4 feet, is low for most locations. The salinity is also lower than most.
Since 2007 there have been significant improvements in total phosphorus at stations #2 and #3 - meaning improvements as you go from the 12 th Avenue Bridge to the Cervantes Street Bridge. Water clarity has significantly improved at all locations. This is all good news. However, the total nitrogen numbers have not changed significantly over that time and are much higher than other bodies of water sampled. When you look at the number of health advisories issued for Bayou Texar it tends to be around 30% of the samples collected. Much better than Bayou Chico but higher than other bodies of water monitored by the Health Department.
Bayou Texar does have a total nitrogen problem and the closer you get to the 12 th Avenue Bridge, the worse it becomes. Sources of nitrogen can come from leaf litter, fertilizers, animal waste, and leaky septic tanks, or sanitary sewage overflows. Identifying which source is the problem will be difficult. Some suggest the issues may be coming further upstream in Carpenters Creek. It is recommended that local residents and businesses along the creek and bayou use some of the management practices listed at the end of this report to help reduce this problem. There is a large effort currently to try and improve conditions in and around Carpenters Creek. Many of the properties along the bayou might consider the BMPs listed at the end of the report. Based on the chlorophyll data, Bayou Texar is border lined eutrophic (excessive nutrients). Reduction of nitrogen would help.
There are records of seagrass growing in Bayou Texar as well as active osepres, dolphins, and even manatee sightings.
Bayou Chico has been sampled since 2014. The stations run from west to east with station 3 being the closest to the mouth of the bayou (near the bridge). As you glance across the numbers you will notice the nutrient data is slightly higher than the other bodies of water. The other bodies of water have total phosphorus between 10-20 μg/L. However, Bayou Chico has the highest values running between 20-30 μg/L. Other than Bayou Texar, the total nitrogen values are between 200-400 μg/L. Though lower than Bayou Texar, Bayou Chico is high running between 300-600 μg/L. The same is true for the third nutrient parameter chlorophyll. At most locations, excluding again Bayou Texar, the chlorophyll
values are less than 5 µg/L. Bayou Chico has the highest values running between 8-16 µg/L. Along with Bayou Texar it has the lowest water clarity between 3-4 feet and has the freshest water in our sample locations with salinities running at 7 ppt.
Though most parameters have improved slightly since 2014, there have been no significant changes in water quality. There has been a slight increase in nitrogen at two stations - but again, not significant.
These values do classify Bayou Chico as eutrophic (nutrient excessive). The lower water clarity and salinity suggest more freshwater input - possibly from stormwater runoff. The low water clarity could be from small algal blooms but could also be attributed to shorebased sediments entering the system via stormwater runoff. These excessive nutrients could be linked to the excessive health advisories issued here due to fecal bacteria entering the waters. Based on data from the Department of Health, over the years Bayou Chico has required a health advisory be issued 50-60% of the time they sampled - significantly more than the other bodies of water monitored. Since 2010, this is the only body of water currently being monitored that has experienced a large fish kill - though this fish kill was attributed excessive warm water (which, like algal blooms, is oxygen demanding). It is a body of water that has seen problems for decades and is the only body of water in our area that requires a state Basin Area Management Plan (BMAP).
There are records of seagrass growing in Bayou Chico -and this is good news. There are also reports of ospreys, dolphins, and manatee sightings here as well. The state has deployed oyster reefs to help remove nutrients. There is an invasive species present (giant salinidia -Salvinia molestiala) that is or concern. The state is currently managing this plant. It prefers high nutrient, low energy (calm) freshwater water. The salinities of the other bayous may be too high for this plant, but we are trying to education residents about the situation and help monitor/remove it if it appears. You can contact the county extension office for more information on this plant if interested.
Bayou Grande has been monitored since 2012. The stations also run west to east with station #3 closest to the mouth near NAS main side bridge. As you glance across the numbers you will notice values at, or below, average for the areas sampled. Total phosphorus runs close to 15 µg/L. Total nitrogen values run close to 300 µg/L. Total chlorophylls are some of the lowest running close to 4 µg/L. Water clarity is the clearest of all three of the bayous running between 4.5-6 feet and is also the saltiest with salinities running around 15 ppt.
All though all parameters have shown improvement in water quality since 2012, most are not significant improvements. The one exception is water clarity at station #1 -it has shown significant improvement during this time.
In general Bayou Grande is in the best shape of the three bayous and compares well with the open bay stations being monitored. It is classified as mesotrophic -meaning nutrients are middle range (where you expect an estuary to be). The health advisory reports are usually between 20-30% of the samples taken and fish kills have not occurred here since we began monitoring. There have been improvements on septic to sewage conversions in these communities, as well as efforts to build living shorelines (which can help reduce nutrient runoff to the bayou coming directly from properties in lieu of storm drainpipes). It
is also a larger bayou (hence its name) with less development along the southern shoreline. There are more efforts planned to try and improve sewage issues and in planting living shorelines using filter feeding oysters. Residents along Bayou Grande could also incorporate Florida Friendly Landscaping principals to help reduce nutrients further as well as incorporate clean boating practices. Information on these programs can be found at your county extension office.
Big Lagoon has only been monitored since 2020. Thus, there are gaps in the data table where there are insufficient data to calculate a geometric mean. The sample stations run from east to west with #1 being closest to Ft. McRee and the mouth of the Pensacola Bay system itself. Glancing at the data where a geometric mean was able to be determined you will see that nutrient values are some of the lowest in the bay area. The total phosphorus runs between 12-13 µg/L, total nitrogen between 200-250 µg/L, and the total chlorophyll between 2-3 µg/L. The water clarity data are the clearest in the bay area, running from 910 feet. The salinity is interesting. At station #1 (near Ft. McRee) it isometric mean for salinity is 18 ppt, but at station #3 (near Big Lagoon State Park) it is only 8 ppt.
Since sampling only began two years ago, it has not been long enough to determine any long-term trends.
The chlorophyll numbers are actually low enough to classify Big Lagoon as oligotrophic (nutrient poor). This is unusual for an estuary, which are typically bodies of water with moderate amounts of nutrients due to natural runoff. But remember (a) Big Lagoon does not have a lot of natural runoff and (b) we have only been collecting samples there for two years.
The interesting thing about the salinity is how low it is. Station #3 (near Ft. McRee) is 18 ppt and being so close to the mouth of Pensacola Bay, and the Gulf of Mexico, you would expect this to be higher - maybe between 25-30 ppt. The fact that there are thick beds of turtle grass ( Thalassia testdinium ) suggest that the actual mean is probably higher than the 18 ppt reported here. The opposite side of Big Lagoon is interesting as well. Station #3 reports a geometric mean of 8 ppt. This is equivalent to the upper end of Bayou Texar (near the 12 th Avenue Bridge) and most of Bayou Chico. This too seems very low for this body of water. The Department of Health samples for fecal bacteria near Big Lagoon State Park and it does it, at times, get high enough (> 7 colonies/100ml) for a high bacteria reading. DOH usually takes a second sample to confirm the reading and most often the second reading is lower, and a moderate classification is given for that week. That said health advisories have been given in this region, albeit less than 10% of the samples taken. All of this suggest that there may be some runoff issues at the west end of the Lagoon. Obviously more sampling is needed.
This body of water does support plenty of seagrass, ospreys, dolphins, and an increase in manatee reports. There are diamondback terrapins and horseshoe crabs both reported here as well. But it was also a location where bay scallops once thrived and no longer do. Scallop searches have been ongoing here for six years and only one live animal has been found. There are several possible reasons for their decline, decrease in salinity maybe one of them. Monitoring will continue. It is also a location where the state has measured a decline in seagrass - also concerning. Sea Grant is currently partnering with the University of West Florida to monitor both seagrass abundance and water quality within Big Lagoon.
Lower Perdido Bay has been monitored since 2014. The three stations run from south to north. Station #1 is near Innerarity Point and station #3 is near Tarkin Bayou. Glancing across the numbers of the lower Perdido you will see that they are similar to most of the other bodies of water being monitored. The total phosphorus is 15 µg/L. The total nitrogen is between 320-330 µg/L. And the total chlorophyll is 5 µg/L classifying this area of Perdido Bay as mesotrophic . Being an open bay, the water clarity is higher, running between 5-6 feet, and the salinity is reported at 15 pt. As with Big Lagoon, the salinity seems lower than one would expect but historic records suggest that Perdido Bay in general may have been lower than most other open bays. Historically the mouth of the bayuopenandclosedfrequentlygivingtheSpanishreasontonameitPerdido ("Lost Bay"). This closer may have made it more of a freshwater system - similar to the dune lakes of Walton County and the historic ChochatcwatcheeBay - and may play a role in the lower salinity of Big Lagoon.
The trends over time show that most parameters have improved but not significantly. The one exception is total nitrogen. The total nitrogen in lower Perdido Bay has significantly decreased over the period Lakewatch has been monitoring - and this is good news.
Perdido Bay has had a history of poor water quality, but this is due more to industrial compounds being released through the tributary creeks. These compounds did cause other problems, including some species of fish altering sex, and whether these are still an issue cannot be determined by these data - this project is monitoring for nutrients. The nutrient driven algal blooms and fish kills found in the bayous 50 years ago were not as common in this body of water and these data suggest that the system is mesotrophic as most estuaries are. As with most of the other bodies of water, ospreys, dolphins, and manatees have all been recorded here. Seagrasses are present but being a less saline system than Big Lagoon and Santa Rosa Sound, the species composition is different and abundance is less. There have been efforts to survey for bay scallops in the lower portions of Pensacola Bay, but no efforts have been made in the lower Perdido due to salinities currently, and historically, not being high enough. Again, the lower salinity is thought to be more natural than from heavy development and urban runoff.
## Summary
In summary, these data suggest that the nutrient problems area waterways experienced in 1960s and 1970s have improved. Algal blooms and fish kills are no longer common. But there still could be dissolved oxygen (DO) issues at the bottom of our bays and bayous that reduce biodiversity. This is not monitored by Lakewatch and we are not aware of any long term monitoring of DO to know how things have changed in the last 50 years.
Anecdotal reports suggest the coverage of seagrasses in these systems are improving. Though there are seagrasses in Big Lagoon, some reports suggest there has been a decline in recent decades. There is a current citizen science project entitled Eyes on Seagraass where Sea Grant and the University of West Florida train volunteers to monitor both coverage and species composition. Data from this project will presented in a separate report later in the year. There are also separate citizen science efforts monitoring the presence of bay scallops, horseshoe crabs, and diamondback traperins in the bay area. Horseshoes crabse becoming encountered more often, as are terrains, but bay scallops seem to still be missing. As with the seagrass monitoring, these reports will be coming later this year.
There are still concerns with both Bayou Chico and Bayou Texar - these being the only two nutrient eutrophic systems in this monitoring project (based on chlorophyll data). Efforts to better understand the sources of nutrients, and enact better management practices, should be considered for these waterways. Things such as reducing fertilizer use, mitigating fertilizer runoff with living shorelines, converting from septic to sewers, better maintenance of septic systems, and reduction of sanitary sewage overflows are all actions that citizens can take now to help improve these waterways. For information on how to do these, contact your county extension office and we will be glad to assist.
## Lakewatch is a UF IFAS citizen science volunteer program.
o
Posted: August 17, 2022
Category: Coasts & Marine, Natural Resources
Tags: Florida Sea Grant, LAKEWATCH, Pensacola Bay, Water Quality
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- Winter Wildlife Part 2 - Bald Eagles
- Weekly "What Is It"?* Spanish Moss
- Weekly "What Is It?" Fairy Rings
- Weekly "What Is It?": Lovebugs |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/excerpt-of-microbes-on-my-mind | Excerpt of Microbes On My Mind | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"NA"
] | null | [
"4-H",
"Curriculum",
"4-H Science"
] | NC | ## Excerpt of Microbes On My Mind
4-H Curriculum: Grades 6-8
Department
4-H Youth Development
Series
4-H Curriculum: Grades 6-8
Publication Date
July 10, 2020
Authors
View/Download PDF
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=excerpt-ofmicrobes-on-my-mind#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/news/2020/12/03/inland-fisheries-may-provide-a-safety-net-during-pandemic-new-study-finds/ | Inland fisheries may provide a ‘safety net’ during pandemic, new study finds | University of Florida | [
"Samantha Murray"
] | 2020-12-03 | [
"Conservation",
"Natural Resources",
"Recreation",
"SFYL Hot Topic",
"UF/IFAS Research",
"UF/IFAS Teaching",
"Water",
"Wildlife",
"CALS",
"College of Agricultural and Life Sciences",
"Covid-19",
"fisheries",
"Gretchen Stokes",
"News",
"Sam Smidt",
"School of Natural Resources and Environment",
"Soil and Water Sciences"
] | FL | ## Inland fisheries may provide a 'safety net' during pandemic, new study finds
A new study led by University of Florida researchers has found that the economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to shifts in the way people use rivers, lakes and other inland water bodies worldwide as sources of food, income, and recreation.
These shifts may have long-term effects on the sustainability of those natural resources and people's livelihoods, the study's authors say, adding nuance to our current understanding of the pandemic's impacts on the environment and local economies.
Fishermen in Brazil. Photo by Gretchen Stokes
generate income in crisis situations,' said Gretchen Stokes, the lead author of the study and a doctoral student in the UF/IFAS College of Agricultural and Life Sciences (CALS).
"We found that some people in poorer countries who have lost jobs due to the pandemic are turning to fishing, including urban or migrant workers returning to their homes.,' added Stokes, who is a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellow studying interdisciplinary ecology, the graduate program of the UF/IFAS School of Natural Resources and Environment.
This influx of fishers can be a shock to the system, said Sammidt, an assistant professor in the soil and water sciences department and one of the study's co-authors.
'When you have people suddenly fishing an area that isn't typically shed, it could lead to overfishing or even the collapse of fish populations in those areas. Then the question is, what happens to the people who have become reliant on that resource?' Samid said.
On the other hand, in areas where fishing in inland waters is largely recreational, which tend to be in wealthier parts of the world, the researchers saw a different trend. While travel restrictions during the
pandemic meant less tourism-related fishing, "Recreational fishing close to home became an appealing socially-distanced activity and way for people to get outside," Stokes said.
The researchers gained these insights by surveying more than 400 inland fisheries professionals across the globe to find out how the COVID-19 pandemic had
```
changed fisheries,
including fishing
activity, in their
regions. These local
experts were asked if they had observed an increase, decrease or no
change in pressure on their fishery as a result of the pandemic.
```
The researchers organized the responses according to geographical location and two other factors: the region's human development index, which is a measure of a population's life expectancy, education and living standard; and its fishery provisioning value, the degree to which a water body supports fishing activities to meet the needs of people. This ysisaid developed by the researchers maps these data points across the globe.
"Places that are not typically high-capacity fisheries are serving as a safety net for laborers, giving these fisheries high provisioning value during an emergency" added Smidt, who is also Stokes' dissertation adviser.
"This speaks to the niche that inland fisheries are filling during the pandemic," said Stokes, "Inland fisheries are found so in many cracks and corners of the world that people don't have to go far from home to find a place to fish."
This recent study is part of a long-term collaboration among several researchers, including Stokes and Smidt, the U.S. Geological Survey and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). This team aims to create a global system for monitoring stressors to fisheries in inland waters, which does not currently exist.
People drying fish in Malawi. Photo by Gretchen Stokes.
"The next step in this larger project is to drill down and look at case studies in specific regions and for specific species of fish and see how people are using these resources now, during the pandemic, and into the future," Stokes said.
Benjamin Lowe, another co-author of the study, is also a UF/IFAS CALS interdisciplinary ecology doctoral student and a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellow.
"I'm so grateful for opportunities like this to work with experts across disciplines and around the world to better understand and engage the complex socio-ecological challenges we face," Lowe said.
Co-authors of the study also include Abigail Lynch with the U.S. Geological
Survey National Climate Adaptation Science Center; and Simon Fungse-
Smith and John Valbo-Jorgensen, with FAO.
The study is published in the journal "PNAS"
## O
by Samantha Murray
Posted: December 3, 2020
Category: Conservation, NATURAL RESOURCES, Recreation, SFYL Hot
Topic, UF/IEsAS Research, UF/IEAS Teaching, Water, Wildlife
Tags: CALS, College Of Agricultural And Life Sciences, Covid-19, Fisheries,
Gretchen Stokes, News, Sam Smidt, School Of Natural Resources And
Environment, Soil And Water Sciences
## More From Blogs.IFAS
Agricultural 'quarantine' explained, with two Florida counties under such orders
Re-Tracing a Century of
Research at the UF/IFAS
NFREC-Quincy |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/oklahoma-pecan-management/orchard-establishment-and-management.html | Orchard Establishment and Management - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2021-09-01 | [] | OK | ## ORCHARD ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT
## Grafting and Propagation
- Collecting and Storing Pecan (/fact-sheets/collecting-and
Propagation Wood, HLA-6217 storing-pecan-propagationwood.html
- Bark Grafting Pecans, HLA= ( /fact-sheets/bark-grafting
6204
pecans.html)
- Four-Flap Grafting of
( /fact-sheets/four-flap-grafting-
Pecans. HLA-6230
of-pecans.html)
- Whip and Tongue Grafting
( /fact-sheets/whip-and-tongue-
Pecans. HLA-6205
grafting-pecans.html)
- Patch Budding Pecans,
( /fact-sheets/patch-budding-
HLA-6206
pecans.html)
## Pecan Management
- A Calendar for Pecan
( /fact-sheets/a-calendar-for-
Growers, HLA-6200
pecan-growers.html)
- Pecan Varieties for
( /fact-sheets/pecan-varieties-for-
Oklahoma, HLA-6201
oklahoma.html)
- Starting Pecan Trees, HLA- ( /fact-sheets/starting-pecan-
trees.html)
- 6207
trees.html)
- Improving Native Pecan
( /fact-sheets/improving-native-
Groves, HLA-6208
pecan-groves.html)
- Fertilizing Pecan & Fruit
( /fact-sheets/fertilizing-pecan-
Trees, HLA-6232
and-fruit-trees.html)
- Training Pecan Trees, HLA- ( /fact-sheets/training-pecan-
trees.html)
Orchard.HLA-6247
- Use of Legumes in Pecan
Orchards.HLA-6250
- Pecan Crop Load
Management.HLA-6251
- Pecan Leaf Sample
Instructions.HLA-6504
- Weed Control in Pecans.
Apples and Peaches.CR-
6242
## Pacana Gestión
- Mejorando los huertos de
nueces pecanas nativas, HLA-huertos-de-nueces-pecanas-
6208-SPA
nativas.html)
- Establecimiento de un huerto (/fact-sheets/establecimientode nueces pecanas, HLA-
6247-SPA
- Instrucciones Para Las
( /fact-sheets/instrucciones-
Muestras Dehojas de Nueces
para-las-muestras-dehojas-de-
Pecanas, HLA-6504-SPA
nueces-pecanas.html)
- Un calendario para
( /fact-sheets/un-calendario-
productores de nueces
para-productores-de-nueces-
pecanas - HLA-6200-SPA
pecanas.html)
## Other
- Managing Pecans in the
( /fact-sheets/managing-pecans-
Home Landscape, HLA-6260 in-the-home-landscape.html)
- Pecan Graft ( /programs/oklahoma-pecan-management/site-
Wood Source files/documents/pecan-graftwood-sources-
List
2023.pdf)
$^{ }$
$^{ }$ |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/a-gardeners-guide-to-protecting-water-quality | A Gardener's Guide to Protecting Water Quality | NC State Extension | [
"Lucy Bradley",
"Deanna Osmond"
] | null | [
"Gardening",
"Water Quality",
"Runoff",
"Soil Erosion",
"Water Pollution",
"Yard Waste"
] | NC | ## A Gardener's Guide to Protecting Water Quality
Each year we gardeners plant and fertilize vegetable and flower gardens, trees, shrubs, and lawns. We see the rewards of our efforts in the enhanced beauty of our landscapes and the fresh fruits and vegetables on our dinner table. But in the process of growing plants, we change the environment by moving and adding nutrients and organic matter to the soil. Some of these changes can have an unintended effect-pollution of our water supply.
No one knows the exact impact gardening practices may have on water quality. One gardener living miles from a stream or lake might not make a significant impact; but, on the other hand, the cumulative contribution from thousands of home gardeners could significantly affect water quality.
The need to look at how gardening practices affect water quality has become critical as the population and the amount of paved surfaces have increased. Loss of wetlands and forested areas has decreased the land's ability to discharge runoff slowly and to purify the water supply naturally. Our rivers have the capacity to restore themselves, but only if we reduce the stress placed on them by nutrient and sediment pollution.
A basic understanding of soil, water, and fertilizer can help us grow plants better and, at the same time, reduce potentially harmful effects on water quality. The goal is to reduce the amount of soil and fertilizer that moves from its original location and ends up in rivers, lakes, and streams.
## Water Cycle
Most of the earth's water is in constant motion (Figure 1). The movement of water in a river and the falling of water as precipitation can be seen easily. The less visible stages of movement include water evaporation from the surface of a lake or from the soil, transpiration (water loss from plant foliage), infiltration (water movement into soil), percolation (water movement through the soil), and groundwater movement. Water that moves downward through the soil ends up in the groundwater. Groundwater then can move into surface water bodies, such as ponds and streams.
Average rainfall for most of North Carolina is 49 inches a year. Water evaporation from the soil, from surface water, and from plant transpiration (collectively called "evapotranspiration") accounts for approximately 35 inches. This leaves about 14 inches of water that either runs off or drains through the soil. Water that runs off the soil surface, as well as water that leaches through the soil, will at some point become part of a lake or river that will be used for drinking water.
EXTENSION
## Water Runoff
What you do in your yard impacts water quality because any rainwater that flows through your landscape as surface runoff carries with it yard and pet waste as well as excess fertilizer and pesticides (Figure 2). Even water that that percolates through your soil can transport chemicals that can contaminate ground water. These pollutants end up in our streams, rivers, estuaries, and coastal waters where they can disrupt the natural balance of plant and animal life.
An oversupply of nitrogen and/or phosphorus can stimulate the growth of algae. These tiny plants block the sunlight needed by underwater grasses, which provide protection and food for fish and other aquatic animals. Excessive algae growth also can reduce the aesthetic appearance of our rivers and limit their recreational value. When algae die, their decomposition consumes vast amounts of oxygen. Depleted oxygen levels can cause fish kills. Low oxygen levels may also result in extra cost to treat contaminated water before it can be reused for human consumption or may even make it unusable for drinking water.
## Reducing Runoff
Potential damage from pollutants can be reduced if the speed and amount of runoff are slowed and the water is allowed to soak into the soil. By slowing the speed of runoff, soil erosion also is reduced.
Hard surfaces do not allow water to soak into the ground. To reduce the problem, keep the amount of hard surfaces to a minimum. When installing a new sidewalk or patio, consider using gravel, porous concrete, mulch, crushed stone, stepping stones, interlocking pavers, wood decks, or bricks
on a sand base (Figure 3). These materials allow more rainwater to soak into the ground.
Direct the runoff from the house roof onto grassy areas or mulched planting beds instead of onto hard or paved surfaces. Most of this water will soak into the soil. If the plants in the planting bed are not tolerant of wet conditions, direct the water onto the lawn. Plants such as azaleas and rhododendrons require good drainage and may be killed by excessive moisture.
Use splash blocks or mulch to soften the impact if the water from the roof falls on bare ground. Consider using a rain barrel to collect water from the downspouts if your house has gutters. A lid will keep out pests such as mosquitoes. A cistern is a very large rain barrel that collects water from the roof and has a spout for easy use in watering plants.
The lawn is an excellent place to channel runoff. Research has determined that a dense, healthy lawn has 15 times less runoff than does a thin lawn. Grass roots form a mat that holds the soil and filters surface water, trapping sediments and chemicals before they have a chance to cause water pollution. Nutrient runoff from grassy areas is quite low.
Examine the slope and contour of your landscape. Swales (small dips in the ground) and berms (raised earthen areas) can be used to divert or slow the runoff. Grasswaters may need to be constructed if large volumes of water need to drain. Grassy buffers and water diversions also can be used to trap soil and phosphorus.
Make extra efforts on property adjoining a stream, lake, or pond. Consider leaving (or creating) a buffer strip (Figure 4). A 25- to 30-foot strip of woodland (nearest the water edge) and a 25-foot section of grass will slow runoff, filter water pollutants, and provide food and shelter for wildlife.
## Increasing Water Absorption
Soil compaction reduces the space between soil particles. This slows water and air movement in soils and reduces water-holding capacity. Traffic over the soil, especially when the ground is wet, will compact soil particles in the top few inches into a hard layer. Walking on, playing on, even mowing the lawn when the soil is wet slowly contribute to soil compaction. Major compaction occurs from construction traffic when a house is built. You can reduce soil compaction by keeping cars off the lawn and using landscaping to direct foot traffic along walkways. Compaction is frequently a problem with clayey soil. It is less of a problem with sandy soils.
You can increase soil pore space by tilling and incorporating organic matter; both will improve the ability of your soil to absorb and retain water. Coring a lawn will also help reduce soil compaction. Also called aerating, this is the removal of small cores of soil from the top inches of soil to allow nutrients, water, and air to enter the root zone. Root growth around the hole increases and plant vigor is enhanced. Some lawn care and landscape companies offer a coring service and rental equipment is also available. Use equipment that removes soil cores rather than punching holes in the soil as spiking will not reduce compaction.
## Other Benefits of Coring
- Enhanced water uptake.
- Improved fertilizer uptake.
- Reduced runoff.
- Enhanced gas exchange.
- Better thatch breakdown.
- Enhanced heat and drought tolerance.
Coring should be done when the lawn is actively growing so that it will recover from injury. It is best to core cool-season grasses in fall or early spring. Warm-season grasses are best scored in late spring or early summer. Frequency of coring depends on the extent of soil compaction. Heavy, clayey soils may need coring every year.
## Soil Erosion
Soil is a valuable resource and the foundation of plant growth. But it can cause harm in the wrong places. Water flowing from the landscape after a heavy rain or heavy irrigation can carry sediment and nutrients that pollute our waterways. Wind can blow loose soil and deposit it in rivers and streams. When soil sediment is washed into waterways, it clouds the water (reduces sunlight) and puts stress on aquatic life. Sediment also accumulates in stream beds and river bottoms, destroying habitat, reducing the water depth, and limiting recreational value. Eroding soil can carry nutrients, especially phosphorus, and excessive levels of phosphorus in fresh water can lead to an overabundance of algae.
## Signs of Soil Erosion
- · Exposed tree roots, small stones, rocks.
- · Soil splashed on windows and outside walls.
- · Small gullies beginning to develop.
- · Widening or deepening of stream channels.
- · Sediment collecting in low areas or on pavement.
## How Erosion Occurs
Water droplets from rain or irrigation loosen the soil and splash soil particles short distances. The particles then are easily carried along the soil surface into waterways. When rain falls faster than the soil can absorb it, water runs off the land and carries soil particles with it. Runoff from roofs and hard
surfaces causes the water flow to gain speed. With enough speed, the surface runoff can carry soil particles as it flows. Slopes are more prone to erosion because water moves quickly as it flows downhill. Erosion usually increases with the steepness and length of the slope.
Tilling can harm water quality as recently cultivated soils are easily eroded. Tilling just before a hard rain is the most damaging. Ideally, you should leave a grass border between a tilled area and a water drainage or hard-surface area. It is especially important to leave a grassy border in the direction the water drains. Tilling decreases soil particle size and increases the amount of air in the soil. Soils that are tilled frequently are often low in organic matter. Overtilling soils into a fine powder increases erosion.
It may be difficult or impossible to grow grass on some areas of the yard, thus increasing the likelihood of erosion. In areas that are too shady, too rocky, or too steep, either improve the conditions for growing grass or plant a more suitable ground cover. Most ground covers are less demanding than turf. Ground covers help hold soil in place, and their foliage will reduce the impact of rain droplets as they hit the soil.
## Internal Soil Drainage
Internal drainage of soil water is influenced by soil slope, texture, structure, and the physical properties of surface and subsoil layers. Gravity will pull some of the soil water downward. This water moves through the soil profile to the water table. As soil water moves below the root zone, it can carry chemicals such as nitrogen. This downward movement of water below the root zone is referred to as leaching. Excessive rainfall or irrigation increases the downward movement of water. Excessive or improper use of nitrogen (both natural and manufactured) increases the chances of groundwater contamination.
The amount of water retained after gravitational water has drained is called the soil's waterholding capacity. Water retention is affected by the amount of organic matter, pore size, and texture of a soil. Sandy soils drain quickly (Figure 6). They hold only about ½inch of water per foot of soil depth. Clayey soils hold more of what they absorb, about 2½to 3 inches of water per foot of soil. Adding organic matter will improve the water-holding capacity of sandy soils and will open up the pore spaces of clayey soils, allowing them to drain more quickly.
## Ways to Reduce Soil Erosion
- · Stabilize slopes with grasses, shrubs, or ground covers.
- · According to recommendations based on soil test results, adequately fertilize and lime to promote vigorous plant growth.
- · Align rows in a vegetable garden to follow the contour of the land instead of running rows up and down the slope.
- · Do not over till.
- · Use mulch under trees and shrubs to reduce the impact of falling water.
- · Plant a winter cover crop to protect bare soil in vegetable gardens and annual flowerbeds.
- · Plant a grass strip or place mulch between vegetable rows.
- · Create a water diversion, such as a grass waterway.
- · Apply straw mulch after seeding a new lawn.
- · Leave a buffer of native vegetation around the property.
## Fertilizer
Careless or unnecessary use of lawn and garden fertilizers can contribute to nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of streams, rivers, lakes, estuaries, and coastal waters. Nutrient management consists of pollution-prevention practices that manage the rate, time, and method of fertilizer application. This reduces the likelihood of phosphorus transfer from runoff or of nitrogen leaching into groundwater.
Synthetic (manufactured) and natural (organic and inorganic) fertilizers provide nutrients for plant growth. The nutrients that are most likely to limit plant growth if not present at adequate levels are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
## Soil Nutrients
Nutrients can be present in the soil as undissolved minerals chemically bound to soil particles (like phosphorus) or dissolved in soil water (like nitrogen). Some nutrients have a negative charge while others have a positive charge (Figure 7). The soil particles themselves have a negative charge and thus attract and hold nutrients with a positive charge, such as magnesium,
calcium, sodium, and phosphorus. Nutrients with a negative charge, such as nitrate nitrogen, potassium, and hydrogen, are not attracted to or held by the negatively charged soil particles and are more subject to leaching into groundwater.
Nitrogen (N) is usually more responsible for increasing plant growth than any other nutrient. Few soils have enough natural nitrogen to promote rapid plant growth. Also, nitrogen does not normally accumulate in the soil, regardless of how much nitrogen fertilizer is applied. Thus, the total amount of nitrogen in cultivated soil remains relatively constant for years.
Nitrogen is a mobile nutrient; much like water, it is in constant motion.
Nitrogen applied to the soil can be used by plants, washed off the soil surface, leached through the soil, or lost to the air as a gas.
Some nitrogen from fertilizer moves into the atmosphere through a process called denitrification.
The air we breathe is 78 percent nitrogen. Nitrogen from granular fertilizer can enter streams from surface runoff. Nitrogen loss is higher when a heavy rain immediately follows a surface application of fertilizer, especially on sloped areas. Incorporating fertilizer into the soil or lightly watering (% to 1 inch) after making a surface application will reduce the nitrogen loss from surface runoff and from denitrification.
Nitrogen losses also can occur with soil erosion. Improper placement or excessive application of compost, manure, or sewage sludge can cause water pollution. Heavy rains can wash these materials or their leachate into surface water.
Phosphorus (P) promotes early root formation and growth, as well as the production of flowers, fruits, and seeds. Many urban soils are low in phosphorus. When applied as fertilizer, phosphorus is quickly bound by soil particles. Phosphorus is relatively immobile in soils (except sand).
Since phosphorus does not leach through the soil water, how can it be part of the water quality problem?
One answer is that fertilizer applied to a hard surface can easily be washed away. Phosphorus is held tightly by fine soil particles such as clay and silt and by organic matter. Soil particles can be eroded by either wind or surface-water runoff and thus carry phosphorus into water sources. Phosphorus is also a component of plant material such as grass clippings, compost, manure, and leaves, which can be blown or washed into water.
Potassium (K) helps plants overcome drought stress, increases disease resistance, and improves winter hardiness. It can be leached through the soil by water, but not as quickly as nitrogen. Potassium in water has not been shown to cause detrimental health or environmental effects.
## How Much Fertilizer to Use
You should determine how much fertilizer to use and when to apply it by looking at your soil-test results, rainfall, soil type, plant age, and the amount of plant growth observed or desired. Simply applying fertilizer because a plant is not growing adequately will not solve most plant problems (insects, disease, poor drainage, soil compaction). The proper amount of fertilizer to apply is the amount recommended by a soil test. Have the soil tested before planting and every two to three years thereafter.
## Types of Fertilizer
Generally, the timing and rate of fertilizer application are more critical than the type you purchase. In regard to water quality, the most important issue is the type of nitrogen in the fertilizer. Most fertilizers contain nitrogen in a quick-release form, others come in a slow-release form, and some are a combination of both.
Quick-release > forms of nitrogen are immediately available to plants, but their effects do not last long. They can cause plant damage if a large application is made. Table 1 provides information on nitrogen content, leaching potential, and response time of several fertilizer > materials.
Only 50 percent of the applied nitrogen are used by plants; the rest is lost to the atmosphere, to runoff, or through leaching. Much of the concern over nitrogen loss centers on the movement of unused nitrate > nitrogen into groundwater, which eventually can be discharged into surface water. Using slow-release nitrogen fertilizers can reduce the potential problem.
Ammonium nitrate, ammonium > sulfate, calcium nitrate, and potassium nitrate (Table 1) are all water-soluble, quick-release forms of nitrogen. The nitrogen becomes available as soon as it comes in contact with soil water. Urea is an organic form of nitrogen, but it also is converted to nitrate nitrogen quickly. High application rates combined with high irrigation or rainfall can result in large amounts of nitrogen being leached below the root zone. Do not apply fertilizer before a heavy rain.
A slow-release fertilizer releases nutrients at a rate that makes them available to plants over a long period. The initials WIN and WSN on fertilizer labels stand for 'water-insoluble nitrogen' and "water-soluble nitrogen," respectively. Water-soluble nitrogen dissolves readily and is usually in a
simple form, such as ammonia nitrogen or nitrate nitrogen. Water-insoluble nitrogen is referred to as slow-release nitrogen. Nitrogen that will not dissolve readily is usually in an organic form, with the exception of urea. >Natural forms of nitrogen and coated, commercial, controlled-release fertilizers must be broken down into simpler forms by soil microorganisms before they can be used. Most organic materials used as fertilizers release nutrients slowly.
| | Percent | Leaching | Burn | Low temperature | Residual |
|-------------------------|-----------|-----------------|-----------|-------------------|-------------------------|
| Fertilizer source | N | potential | potential | response | effect |
| Activated sewage sludge | 6 | Very low | Very low | Very low | Long |
| Ammonium sulfate | 21 | High | High | Rapid | Short |
| Ammonium nitrate | 33 to 34 | High | High | Rapid | Short |
| Calcium nitrate | 16 | High | High | Rapid | Short |
| IBDU | 0 to 31 | Moderate to Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
| Potassium nitrate | 13 | High | High | Moderate | Short |
| Resin-coated urea | 24 to 35 | Low | Low | Moderate | Long |
| Sulfur-coated urea | 14 to 38 | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
| Urea formaldehyde | 38 | Low | Low | Low | Moderately long to long |
| Urea | 45 to 46 | Moderate | High | Rapid | Short |
| Urea solutions | 12 to 14 | Moderate | High | Rapid | Short |
## Time of Application
The best time and method of applying fertilizer vary with the type and age of the plant. Remember that nitrogen has its greatest effect for three to four weeks after application. Late fall or early spring is the best time to fertilize. At planting, nitrogen requirements are relatively low. Most established
woody plants perform well with just one application per year, but if you are trying to push the growth of a young hedge, make several light applications of fertilizer per year. As woody plants mature, the need for nitrogen decreases. Rapid growth is no longer needed or desired. Plant roots normally grow twice as far as the branches, and trees and shrubs near lawns pick up part of the fertilizer applied to the lawn. This may be sufficient fertilizer for established plants.
## How to Reduce the Impact of Fertilizers on Water Quality Before applying fertilizer
- · Soil-test to determine phosphorus and potassium fertilizer needs.
- · Calibrate fertilizer spreaders.
- · Test the nutrient content of manures and other organic materials.
- · Maintain a grass border around the vegetable garden.
## What kind of fertilizer
- · Use a slow-release fertilizer.
- · Use iron as a supplement to green-up lawns.
## When to fertilize
- · Just before the plants enter a period of rapid growth, apply two-thirds of the nitrogen.
- · Make split, light applications of nitrogen on sandy soils.
## How much fertilizer
- · Apply no more than 1 pound of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet per application.
## How to apply fertilizer
- · Use a drop spreader instead of a rotary spreader, especially near driveways or sidewalks.
## Where to apply fertilizer
- · Avoid applying fertilizer to hard surfaces, such as sidewalks, driveways, and patios.
- · Avoid getting fertilizer into natural drainage areas or ditches.
## After fertilizing
- · Incorporate fertilizer into the soil where possible.
- · Apply ¼ to ½ inch of water after making a fertilizer application.
- · Fill and wash spreaders over grassy areas instead of over hard surfaces.
- · Sweep up and reuse fertilizer that falls on hard surfaces.
- · Refrain from using fertilizer to melt ice on sidewalks or steps.
- · Prevent irrigation runoff.
## Yard Waste
Fertilizer and soil are not the only substances that can add nutrient pollution to rivers, lakes, and streams. Grass clippings, leaves, compost, manure, and other yard waste can move into street gutters and ditches with stormwater. Water from storm drains is not treated by municipal or other water treatment facilities and empties directly into streams and rivers. Research has shown that preventing grass clippings and leaves from entering the water supply through street gutters and ditches can reduce the level of phosphorus in lakes. When mowing, do not direct clippings into a ditch or street. Also, remove grass clippings and leaves from hard surfaces as soon as possible.
Do not dump yard waste in or near lakes and streams. As organic debris like leaves, dead grass, and weeds decompose, soluble forms of nitrogen and phosphorus are released. The microorganisms that decompose these materials consume and possibly deplete oxygen in the water.
A lawn of 1,000 square feet can produceup to 500 pounds of clippings in one growing season. Many homeowners bag lawn clippings because they think the clippings add to the buildup of thatch. This is not true. Clippings that remain on the lawn decompose quickly and release valuable nutrients. You can reduce fertilizer needs by 20 to 30 percent if you leave the clippings on the lawn. The shorter the clippings, the deeper they fall into the turf. A mulching mower and/or frequent nowings produce the smallest clippings.
Create a compost pile and recycle yard waste. Compost can be used as a soil conditioner toimprove soil structure, texture, aeration, and the ability to absorb rain or irrigation water. Planting beds can be used as a place to recycle fallen leaves, small branches from pruning, and grass clippings. The back corner of a natural area is a good place to dispose of dead weeds, Christmas trees, and spent flowers.
## Other Causes of Water Pollution
Other potential causes of water pollution include pesticide, gasoline, and motor oil spills. Fill lawn mowers with gasoline carefully. Conduct such activities over lawn areas instead of on hard surfaces. Stay away from wells, ditches, waterways, sewer inlets, and street gutters. Take paints, solvents, cleaners, and pesticides to a county household hazardous waste center.
Use plants that are adapted to the specific site chosen and are more pest tolerant to reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers. It is important to select plants that will grow in the conditions present (shade, sun, drainage conditions).
Pet wastes that enter waterways add nutrients and can be a source of bacteria that pose human health hazards. Dispose of pet waste by flushing the material down the toilet, burying it in the yard, or placing it in the trash. Do not use pet waste as a fertilizer in the vegetable garden. Also, do not add pet waste to a compost pile. Temperatures in the compost pile do not reach levels that will kill all harmful organisms. Animal and pet pens should be located so runoff water can be filtered by a grass border before it enters a ditch or street gutter.
## Additional Information
## Compost and Mulch :
Compositing Chapter of the North Carolina Extension Gardener Handbook
Backyard Composing of Yard , Garden and Food Discards , AG-791
Lawns:
Lawns Chapter of the North Carolina Extension Gardener Handbook
Improving Lawn Care and Gardening, AG-439-82
Organic Lawn Care: A Guide to Organic Lawn Maintenance and Pest Management, AG-562
## Organic Gardening:
Organic Gardening Chapter of the North Carolina Extension Gardener Handbook
Organic Lawn Care: A Guide to Organic Lawn Maintenance and Pest Management,AG-562
## Soils and Fertilizer:
Soils and Plant Nutrients Chapter of the North Carolina Extension Gardener Handbook
A Gardener's Guide to Fertilization Trees and Shrubs ,AG-613
A Gardener's Guide to Soil Testing, AG-614
## Acknowledgement
This publication is a revision of an earlier version. The authors would like to thank Evv Evans for his earlier contributions.
For additional information, contact Luke Gatiboni, Extension Specialist, Department of Soil Science.
## Authors
Lucy Bradley
Extension Urban Horticulture Specialist Horticultural Science
Deanna Osmoni
Department Extension Leader (Nutrient Mgt and Water Quality) Crop & Soil Sciences
Publication date: Jan. 1, 2000
Reviewed/Revised: Aug. 8, 2019
AG-612
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/farming/managing-feeder-pigs/ | Managing Feeder Pigs | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"W.F. \"Frank\" Owsley",
"Soren P. Rodning"
] | 2018-09-05 | [
"Farming",
"Feeder Pigs",
"Animal Husbandry"
] | AL | ## Managing Feeder Pigs
Feeding feeder pigs, whether they are pigs you purchased or contracted to feed, presents special problems and requires more management than feeding similar pigs you raised yourself. These special problems include poor performance, decreased disease resistance, and high death losses, usually within 3 to 4 weeks following arrival. The stress of transportation and mixing can leave these pigs weak and susceptible to disease.
Swine finishing operations require less labor than farrow-tofinish operations, which is attractive to producers who have other labor-intensive enterprises on their farms but who also want to maintain a market-hog operation. In farrow-to-finish operations, the demands for labor and management are greatest in the farrowing house and the nursery and are least demanding during the finishing phase. About 90 percent of the labor and management is complete when the pigs enter the finishing phase of the operation.
Ideally, the only remaining tasks during the finishing phase are mixing feed and adjusting water and feeders while waiting for market day.
Feeding feeder pigs, whether they are pigs you purchased or contracted to feed, presents special problems and requires more management than feeding similar pigs you raised yourself. These special problems include poor performance, decreased disease resistance, and high death losses, usually within 3 to 4 weeks following arrival. The stress of transportation and mixing can leave these pigs weak and susceptible to disease.
A good feeder-pig finisher must reduce the stresses of sale and shipping, including the following:
- · Fatigue
- · Thirst
- · Hunger
- Changement de hustle, and temperature
New fuelfed pigs often get sick because of these strains, but with prompt and proper care the pig's cranks rac 's market vight (235) http://www.bauta.edu/administration/oap/prvilag/cps\_pphbroho-de-valutie,or\_fumigant type
## Purchasing Feeder Pigs
You can avoid many problems associated with purchased feeder pigs through careful purchasing. Feeder pigs should appear healthy, vigorous, and alert. All males should be castrated and healed, and tails should be docked on all pigs. Ideally, all pigs should come from the same farm, which helps eliminate the problems that accompany commingled pigs. If all pigs come from one farm, that farm should have a good health program, including parasite control and necessary vaccinations.
Local-source, one-owner pigs lend themselves to better trace back and adjustments if problems occur during the receiving period. In addition, local-source, one-owner pigs are less susceptible to major problems than are pigs purchased in individual groups from different locations. These pigs have mortality rates that can range from 10 to 15 percent.
## Transportation
Transportation is the first point at which the new owner can begin to relieve stress and get feeder pigs started properly. The truck or trailer should be disinfected between loads of pigs and bedded with wheat or oat straw in winter and wet sawdust or sand in summer. Shiede the pigs from direct drafts, but provide adequate ventilation.
Load the pigs promptly after purchase, but minimize excitement and abuse. Divide the load (by partitions) into groups of 50 pigs or fewer to make them more comfortable. Allow adequate space for each pig (table 1). Attention to these details is often the difference between a successful feeder-pig finisher and a health and economic failure.
## Print "Table 1. Space Requirements for Transporting Feeder Pigs." table from our website.
## Housing
Improper housing for newly arrived feeder pigs frequently causes problems. Removing all other pigs from the receiving facility reduces the chances of a disease outbreak. All-in-out movement of feeder pigs can significantly reduce disease losses. If possible, isolate new pigs from those already on the farm. At the very least, provide semi-isolation during the first 2 to 3 weeks by leaving one or two empty pens between new arrivals and the other pigs. Never mix new pigs with others, especially "tail-ender" pigs.
Facilities and equipment should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected a week or more before the new pigs arrive. Soak floors, walls, feeders, and waters with sprinkler hoses, then scrape, brush, or use a high- pressure spray to remove all manure arid called acid. Holt, soapy water and are a percent lyable solution are excellent for the final cleaning. Rinse and spray with disinfectant.
Proper temperature and adequate ventilation are especially important to the new arrival. The ideal temperature is approximately 75 degrees F; however, a warm, dry sleeping area is most critical. In controlled- environment buildings, provide 1.8 to 3 square feet of floor space for 20- to 50-pound pigs and 4 to 5 square feet for 50- to 100-pound pigs. If you house pigs in outside lots, provide 3 to 4 square feet of wellbedded sleeping area for each pig.
Sort feeder pigs by weight when they arrive. Weight variation within each pen should be plus or minus 10 to 15 percent of the average weight. Limit group sizes to only 25 to 30 pigs per ton to reduce fighting, promote faster growth, and improve efficiency.
Water consumption upon arrival is extremely important. Provide one water per 20 pigs. Some pigs may require assistance in learning to drink from a strange watering device. For this reason, waters should be altered so that they will drip for the first 24 hours after the pigs arrive on the farm. This will aid in teaching the pigs where the water source is and how to use it.
If pigs are not visibly sick upon arrival, provide fresh, nonmedicated water for the first 24 hours. When necessary, provide medicated water using inline proportioners or barrel watersevers. Provide one feeder space or hole for every three to four pigs. Avoid feeders with heavy troughs or narrow feeder spaces that discourage pigs from eating. Fast lidsen in the open position for a few days if necessary to promote feed consumption. Provide a "sick pen" where pigs can receive extra observation, attention, supplemental heat, and rest from pig traffic and activity.
## Feeding the New Arrivals
Nutrition and feed management of the new arrivals are important because these factors influence pig performance and serve as measures of pig health and well-being.
During the first week to 10 days, you may need to limit-feed the pigs. Allow the pigs to consume about 90 percent of full feed to reduce gut edema and scouring problems. In 40- to 60-pound pigs, this generally means about 2 pounds per head per day. Feeding on a clean floor during the first few days allows closer observation of the pigs' appetite and trainers them in proper dunning patterns.
A special receiving diet may reduce nutrition-related health problems. A diet formulated for lower feed intake and containing palatable, high-quality ingredients (whey, fish meal, dried distillers or brewers grains, etc.) should be fed for 1 to 2 weeks after arrival. Then change the feed to a typical pig grower diet. Water is important to feeder pigs because it is not available during shipping. Stress-related scours often result in dehydration shortly after arrival. A 40-pound pig should consume about 1/2 gallon of water per day. When necessary, use palatable water medications, and do not limit the intake of water. Flavorings (like a fruit\_flavored gelatin mix) may improve palatability .
## Health Cookie Notice
Disease in purchased feeder pigs is often the most limiting factor n making i praf. Feeders pics are bigly straddled and are at risk of braking with disease curing t rain sprave crivin hrirh a short period(thespgs//www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php )
Commingling feeder pigs from more than one source often results in disease and death loss. Pigs that are mixed together from different sources are exposed to disease-causing organisms that may not have been present at their original farms. Because they have not had a chance to develop immunity to those organisms, the pigs may break with disease as a result of this exposure.
Disease breaks are even more likely when the pigs are stressed by shipment over long distances, deprived of feed or water, or exposed to bad weather. These stressors decrease the ability of their immune systems to respond to disease challenges. The ideal source herd is one that is only a short distance away, thus reducing the stress of transportation.
The best way to prevent disease is to purchase feeder pigs from a single source of high-health pigs, thus allowing you to know something about her's disease and management history. Ask about the source her's health history. Have there been porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), salmonella, erysipelas, dysentery (bloody scourms). Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, influenza, Mycoplasma hypneomunioae, ieitis, or other diseases in the herd? If particular disease problems have occurred, work with the owner of the source herd to ensure that a proper vaccination, management, or medication program is in place to help prevent or control the disease before you purchase the pigs, or at least have a plan in place to protect the health of the pigs once they arrive on your farm. Depending on the disease problem, it might be to your benefit to find an alternative source of healthier pigs.
If sufficient numbers of pigs cannot be obtained from a singlesource, high-health herd, the next best choice is a graded feeder pig sale with a well-enforced health program. The highest health risk occurs in pigs purchased from multiple-source owners, who have unknown health practices and diseases, and when pigs are commended at a frequently used buying point. Unless other disease problems have been present in the source herd, the only vaccinations that are routinely recommended before sale are erysipelas and circuvirs. Work with a veterinarian to design a program for your herd. For example, if pleuropneumonia has been present, it might be necessary to vaccinate for the particular type and serotype of organism that caused it. An example would be pleuropneumonia caused by the bacterium Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia, serotype 5.
Pigs should be dewormed and treated for external parasites (mange and lice) before purchase. If the status of the herd of origin is unknown, deworm the pigs upon arrival. If they have not been treated for mange or if they come from a herd with mange problems, treat for mange and lice upon arrival and repeat in about 10 days. The injectable product ivermectin will both deworm and treat for most external parasites. Several good sprays are available for treating lice and mange. Make sure that sufficient pressure is used with the sprayer (usually no less than 175 to 225 psi).
It is highly recommended to purchase enough feeder pigs to fill an entire building. This allows groups to be managed in an allin-all out fashion. Allin-all out production allows a building to be emptied and sanitized between groups, decreasing the chance for disease transmission between groups. Allin-all out systems have consistently been shown to improve average daily gain anc fa ed fliciency by g to 10 parc en.
In a continuous-flow system, pigs are constantly being added to and sold from a group. No amount of antibiotics or vaccinations will prevent or stop disease in such a system. A continuous-flow system will guarantee continual disease transmission!
A major consideration for a properly run all-in/all-out system is to prevent nose-to-nose contact between pigs in different pens. The most desirable all-in/all-out system is one that keeps pigs in different groups in separate air spaces.
group. These pigs will seldom finish out economically and may serve as sources of disease for younger pigs. They should be humanely euthanized or sold as barbecues hogs. Watching space requirements will add profits by reducing stress and disease. Follow these guidelines:
- · Allow no more than 20 to 25 pigs per pen.
- · Allow 8 to 10 square feet per pig for weights up to 280 pounds (Actual space requirement depends on pen design, flooring, and temperature.)
- · Increase space allotment for sick or stressed pigs, and during periods of high barn temperatures.
Make sure that each pen has at least two waters that are spaced far enough apart to keep the pigs in fighting for space when drinking. Make sure that waters are not too high or too low for pigs to reach. As the pigs grow, adjust the height of water if necessary. Check the flow rates on the waterservery should fill a 1-quart milk jug in 1 minute. Inadequate feeder space can also be a cause of problems such as fighting and ear biting. The standard recommendation is one feeder space for four pigs.
It is generally recommended to medicate either the feed or the water of newly arrived feeder pigs for the first 2 weeks. Consult your veterinarian for recommendations on types of medication and rates of inclusion in feed or concentration in water. Be sure that you follow label instructions on feed additives. After the first 2 weeks, you can usually reduce or eliminate the concentration of antibiotics in the feed for the remainder of the finishing period.
Use water medication for groups that are breaking with disease. In these cases, pigs will often continue to drink when they will not eat. If you use water medications, make sure that they do not cause an off flavor that would decrease water intake.
## Download this article as a PDF
( https://www.acas.edu/~content/uploads/2018/09/ANR-0815.REV\_\_2.pdf ) Managing Feeder Pigs, ANR-0815 (https://www.okiew.noticesds/2018/09/ANR-0815.REV\_\_2.pdf)
Do not routinely inject all newly arrived pigs with antibiotics. When pigs get sick, inject them with an appropriate antibiotic at the correct dose. Although this is labor intensive, it is the best method for treatment of acutely ill pigs. Treat ill pigs according to product label directions, marking the treated pigs with a colored crayon. The most important part of any treatment is the early detection of disease and immediate action. If sickness is discovered on Friday afternoon, you can't afford to wait until Monday to start treatment. Treating early will greatly increase the chance of success. Follow the directions on the labels of the products you use, including the proper withholding time before slaughter. The neck is the preferred site for injection.
## Sick Pen
Maintaining a sick pen for treated pigs is important in reducing death losses. Sick pigs separated from the main group have less competition for feed and water and have time to regain their strength while away from healthier, more aggressive pigs. If pigs get sick enough to get down, separate them from the others immediately and do not put them back with healthy pigs. As you walk through your pens each day, make sure you check sick pens last. Do not enter a pen of healthy pigs after checking on or working with sick pigs. If sick or injured pigs become "chronics," they may be sold as roasters or barbecue hogs following a proper drug withdrawal time. Do not sort these hogs back into pens with healthy hogs because they can spread disease to healthy hogs.
W.F. "Frank" Owsley, former Extension Animal Scientist, Associate Professor, and Soren P. Rodning, Extension Veterinarian, Associate Professor, Animal Sciences, Auburn University
Reviewed September 2018, Managing Feeder Pigs, ANR-0815 |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/starkville-census-profile-2010-2020 | Starkville Census Profile (2010-2020) | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications » Starkville Census Profile (2010-2020)
## Starkville Census Profile (2010-2020)
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Economic Development |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P3716-394 | |
| View as PDF: P3716-394.pdf | |
| Presentation File: | |
| starkville_census_presentation.pdf | |
| Department: MSU Extension-Oktibbeha County. | |
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## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842
Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998
Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374
Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375
Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
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Talking Retail Trade |
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FP370 | Magnolia x soulangiana 'Lennei': 'Lennei' Saucer Magnolia | University of Florida | [
"Edward F. Gilman",
"Ryan W. Klein",
"Gail Hansen"
] | 2024-02-07 | [
"1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises"
] | FL | Magnolia x soulangiana 'Lennei': 'Lennei' Saucer Magnolia
Edward F. Gilman, Ryan W. Klein, and Gail Hansen
## Introduction
Young Japanese or saucer magnolia are distinctly upright, becoming more oval, then round by 10 years of age. Blooms open in late winter in the southern part of its range to early spring in the northern part of its range before the leaves emerge. Flowers are large, shaded in deep pink on the outside of the petals and white on the inside, creating a spectacular flower display. Even young trees can develop a beautiful flower display. I consider this to be one of the best cultivars. However, a late frost can often ruin the flowers in all areas where it is grown. In warmer climates, the late-flowering selections (see the species writup) avoid frost damage, but some are less showy than the early-flowered forms, which blossom when little else is in flower.
## General Information
Scientific name: Magnolia x solungiana 'Lennet'
Pronunciation: mag-NO-lee-uh x soo-lnn-Jee-ayu-nh
Common name(s): 'Lennet' saucer magnolia
Family: Magnoliaceae
Plant type: tree
USDA hardiness zones: 5 through 9A (Figure 4)
Planting month for zone 7: year-round
Planting month for zone 8: year-round
Planting month for zone 9; year-round
Origin: not native to North America
Invasive potential: not known to be invasive
Uses: near a deck or patio, container or above-ground planter; espalier
Availability: generally available in many areas within its hardiness range
## Description
Height: 20 to 25 feet
Spread: 15 to 25 feet
Plant habit: upright; round
Plant density: open
Growth rate: moderate
Texture: coarse
Foliage
Leaf arrangement: alternate
Leaf type: simple
Leaf margin: undulate
Leaf shape: obovate
Leaf venation: pinnate
Leaf type and persistence: deciduous
Leaf blade length: 4 to 8 inches
Leaf color: green
Fall color: yellow
Fall characteristic: showy
Flower
Flower color: white; pink
Flower characteristic: spring flowering; summer flowering
Fruit
Fruit shape: irregular
Fruit length: 1 to 3 inches
Fruit cover: dry or hard
Fruit color: red
Fruit characteristic: rarely fruits
## Trunk and Branches
Trunk/bark/branches: no thorns; typically multi-trunked or clumping stems
Current year stem/twig color: brown
Current year stem/twig thickness: medium
## Culture
Light requirement: plant grows in part shade*part sun
Soil tolerances: clay; sand; loam; acidic
Drought tolerance: moderate
Soil salt tolerances: unknown
Plant spacing: 36 to 60 inches
## Other
Roots: usually not a problem
Winter interest: plant has winter interest due to unusual form, nice persistent fruits, showy winter trunk, or winter flowers
Outstanding plant: plant has outstanding ornamental features and could be planted more
Pest resistance: long-term health usually not affected by pests
## Use and Management
The tree is best used as a specimen in a sunny spot where it can develop a symmetrical crown. It develops an open canopy but flowers fine in a partially shaded spot. It can be pruned up if planted close to a walk or patio to allow for pedestrian clearance but probably looks its best when branches are left to droop to the ground. The light gray bark shows off nicely, particularly during the winter when the tree is bare.
Transplant in the spring, just before growth begins, and use baited and burlapped or containerized plants. Pruning wounds may not close well, so train plants early in their life to develop the desired form to avoid large pruning wounds.
## Pests and Diseases
It is generally pest free, but scales of various types may infest twigs and foliage. Magnolia may be subject to leaf spots. Canker diseases will kill entire branches.
Publication #FFS-370
Release Date:
February 8, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32374/edis-fpl370-1999
Critical Issue: 1. Agricultural and Horticultural Enterprises
Contacts: Claire Lewis Wendy Wilher
View PDF
## About this Publication
This document is FPS-370, one of a series of the Department of Environmental Horticulture, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date October 1999. Revised October 2023. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ufas.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
## About the Authors
Edward F. Gilman, professor emeritus; Ryan W. Klein, assistant professor, arboriculture; and Gail Hansen, professor, sustainable landscape design; Department of Environmental Horticulture, UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
## Related Pages
Shrubs Fact Sheets
403 Publication(s) |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/top-10-ways-engage-your-hispanic-audience | Top 10 Ways to Engage Your Hispanic Audience | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
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https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/farming/interpreting-soil-test-reports-from-commercial-labs/ | Interpreting Soil Test Reports from Commercial Labs | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Audrey Gamble",
"Charles Mitchell"
] | 2018-08-29 | [
"Farming",
"Soil Testing",
"Agriculture"
] | AL | ## Interpreting Soil Test Reports from Commercial Labs
Most Alabama soils are naturally low in plant-available nutrients and must be fertilized to maintain crop production. Soil testing is critical to improve soil fertility for production of row-crops, specialty crops, and forages.
Producers increasingly rely on commercial soil testing laboratories to provide nutrient recommendations for crops.To make best-management decisions for maintaining soil fertility, it is important to understand the basics of soil testing and reporting, whether you use a public or a commercial soil testing laboratory.
## Soil Test Methods
All soil testing laboratories rely on extractants to determine the concentration of plant-available nutrients in soils. Extractants are chemicals developed to mimic substances that plant roots release to extract nutrients from the soil. All soil testing laboratories should use extractants that were developed for the soil types and climates of their routinely submitted samples. For example, the Auburn University Soil, Forage, and Water Testing Laboratory typically uses a Mehlich-1 extraction, which was developed for acidic soils of the Coastal Plain, Piedmont Plateau, and Tennessee Valley. Auburn uses a different extractant, Mississippi extract, for acid or alkaline clay soils of the Blackbelt region.
Commercial laboratories may test soil samples from varying regions of the United States, and as a result, they could use different extractants. Table 1 lists some commonly used soil test methods in the United States. Before submitting samples to a soil testing laboratory, check to ensure that it uses extracts that are acceptable for the soil types being submitted.
## Print "Table 1. Common Soil Test Extractant Use in the United States" table from website
re https://www.auburn.edu/miscellaneous/sulfur-inhibitors/
- Mehlich-3 is the only extract that does a good job of extracting some micronutrients but may not be reliable in predicting deficiencies.
- None of the extracts in table 1 are useful for estimating sulfate sulfur in soils.
## Units for Reporting Extractable Nutrients
The most common unit for reporting extractable nutrients on soil test reports is in pounds per acre. Occasionally, laboratories may report extractable nutrients in parts per million (ppm). If nutrients are reported in ppm, they should be converted to pounds per acre in order to use Auburn University Soil, Forage, and Water Testing Laboratory fertilizer recommendations. To convert ppm to pounds per acre, simply multiply the value in ppm by two.
Pounds per acre = ppm x 2
## Common Values Reported by Commercial Laboratories
## Cation Exchange Capacity (CC)
Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a measurement of a soil's capacity to retain nutrients. Soil testing laboratories may report CEC on soil test reports expressed as milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil (meq/loog) or centimoles per kilogram (cmol/kg). Determination of the actual CEC of soil is an expensive, timeconsuming process. Consequently, most soil test labs actually measure estimated cation exchange capacity (ECEC). The ECEC is simply the sum of extractable K, Ca, and Mg with an adjustment for exchangeable acidity.
The amount of fertilizer required for maximum plant growth is dependent on CEC. Auburn University soil test recommendations use ECEC to categorize soils into the appropriate soil grouping for nutrient recommendations. Table 2 shows the groupings that the Auburn University laboratory uses. If using extractable - nutrient concentrations from a commercial laboratory to calculate Auburn University nutrient recommendations, CEC values should be used to determine the appropriate formulas to use.
Print "Table 2. Soil Groups Used by the Auburn University Soil, Forage, and Water Testing Laboratory to Determine Appropriate Fertilizer Recommendation Formulas" table from our website.
## Percent Base Saturation
Base saturation is the percentage of the EC occupied by the calculation form of calcium (Ca$\_{2}$+), magnesium (Mg$\_{2}$+) , and potassium (K+) as opposed to acidic cations of hydrogen (H +) and aluminum (Al $^{3+}$). Base saturation is affected by pH, and at extremely Ookite Notices ), aluminum toxicity can occur.
materi pak's (in vitro ) a-uni miesi leve : quiaquini quavivn vafvwvf wesaauu uasuvu qeayyq ehreudj nsss ua 63% RNV. For this reason, the Auburn University lab assumes that a lime is 63% effective when making lime
recommendations. Other labs may assume that the liming material is 80% effective or 100% effective. Depending on the assumed RNV, recommendations by soil testing labs may result in overapplication if a high-quality limestone is used or underapplication if a very poor quality ground limestone or byproduct is used. To adjust lime recommendations based on the actual RNV, see table 3.
## Print "Table 3. Lime
## Recommendations Based on RNV" table from our website.
## Soil Organic Matter
Soil organic matter (SOM) is an important component of soil comprised of carbon-containing compounds from dead and living plant and animal materials. Organic matter performs many functions that support soil health, such as increasing CEC and soil water-holding capacity. It also improves soil structure and decreases risk of soil compaction. Most agricultural soils in Alabama are depleted in SOM and contain less than 1% SOM. Increasing SOM concentration is important for improving overall soil health. Values for SOM concentration are most useful to assess whether management practices have a positive or negative impact on soil health. To assess impact of management practices on SOM and soil health, it is best to compare soil samples (1) from the same area over time or (2) for areas with a similar soil type and different management practices. The Auburn University lab does not determine SOM on routine samples, but this analysis can be requested for any soil sample.
## Soil Micronutrient Levels
## Download this article as a PDF
[ -https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ANR-2481\_InterpretingSoilTestReportsFromCommercialLabs\_071018.pdf] Interpreting Soil Test Reports From Commercial Labs . ANR-2481 ( https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ANR2481\_InterpretingSoilTestReportsFromCommercialLabs\_071018.pdf )
Although micronutrients are essential, they are needed in much smaller quantities than macronutrients such as N, P, and K.
Micronutrients are typically abundant in mineral soils of Alabama, and in most instances, Alabama soils can supply plant micronutrient requirements as long as pH is maintained according to soil test recommendations.
Field experiments with micronutrients including boron (B), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and molydemben (Mo) have been conducted by Auburn University for decades. However, soil-extractable micronutrients typically do not correlate well with plant response. Recommendations based on
needs of specific crops are often more practical than reliance on a soil analysis. For example, the Auburn University lab recommends applying 0.3 to 0.5 pound of B per acre to peanuts regardless of soil-extractable B concentrations. Plant tissue testing has proven to be a much more reliable method for detecting micronutrient deficiencies than soil testing. Many private labs will report values for micronutrients and recommend application in spite of extensive research indicating that soil testing is not the best way to evaluate micronutrient deficiencies.
In some cases, overapplication of micronutrients (e.g., Zn, Cu) could lead to toxicity. Testing tool for extracting Zn and Cu may be more valuable for avoiding toxic buildup than for predicting deficiencies. For questions regarding micronutrient toxicity, consult with your local Extension agent.
Audrey Gamble , Extension Specialist, Assistant Professor, and Charles Mitchell, Professor Emeritus, both in Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University
New July 2018, Interpreting Soil Test Reports From Commercial Labs , ANR-2481 |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/delineating-agriculture-in-the-neuse-river-basin | Delineating Agriculture in the Neuse River Basin | NC State Extension | [
"Deanna Osmond",
"Kathy Neas"
] | null | [
"Agriculture",
"Environmental Science",
"Extension Services"
] | NC | ## Delineating Agriculture in the Neuse River Basin
Department
Crop & Soil Sciences
Publication Date
Nov. 29, 2011
Authors
Deanna Osmond Kathy Neas
View/Download PDF
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=delineatingagriculture-in-the-neuse-river-basini#zoom=page-fit
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/fire-resistant-landscaping-in-north-carolina | Fire-Resistant Landscaping in North Carolina | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Laurel Kays",
"Jennifer Fawcett",
"Justin Query",
"Hannah Thompson-Welch",
"Robert Bardon"
] | null | [
"Landscaping",
"Fire",
"Fire Risk",
"Wildfire",
"Fire Protection"
] | NC | ## Fire-Resistant Landscaping in North Carolina
Department Forestry & Environmental Resources Publication Date
June 5, 2020
Authors
Laurel Kays
Jennifer Fawcett
Justin Query
Hannah Thompson-Welch
Robert Bardon
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=fire-resistantlandscaping-in-north-carolina#zoom=page-fit
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This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/alabama-aquatic-nuisance-species-venomous-lionfish/ | Alabama Aquatic Nuisance Species Series: Venomous Lionfish | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"P. J. Waters",
"Bill Walton",
"Craig Newton"
] | 2023-06-08 | [
"Aquatic Nuisance Species",
"Lionfish",
"Invasive Species",
"Fisheries"
] | AL | <!-- This page is cached by the Hummingbird Performance plugin v3.6.0 - https://wordpress.org/plugins/hummingbird-performance/. --><!DOCTYPE html>
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margin: 0;
padding: .5em;
}
.footable.table>thead>tr>th {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 2px solid #888;
}
tr:last-child {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 1px solid #888;
}
tbody tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
background-color: #c6ebb7 !important;
}
.ninja_button, ninja_button_print {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
line-height: 1.3333333;
padding: 14px 20px !important;
border-radius: 0;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
vertical-align: middle;
touch-action: manipulation;
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
background-image: none;
border: 1px solid #0000;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.screen-reader-text {
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
position: absolute !important;
width: 1px;
word-wrap: normal !important;
}
/* slide show below nav home page */
body.home header#header {
position: relative !important;
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (min-height:770px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 82vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (max-height:769px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 150vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
.dae-headline img {
max-height: 18vh !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 42vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 55% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 6vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth, #rev_slider_24_1_wrapper {
height:42% !important;
max-height:42% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) and (max-width:600px) {
.tp-caption.tp-resizeme {
font-size: 22px!important;
line-height: 22px!important;
}
}
/*slide show text area shadow*/
.rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 35%;
top: 65%;
background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .5), rgba(0, 0, 0, .4), rgba(0, 0, 0, .2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));
}
.category .rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .category .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 100%;
top: 100%;
}
.category .tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 0;
}
/*Topic page slider*/
.Newspaper-Button, tp-caption.Newspaper-Button {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-width: 0 !important;
color: #424242!important;
padding: 13px 18px!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase!important;
letter-spacing: 0 !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;
}
/*GDPR cookie notice*/
#cookie-notice {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
background-color: #fff;
letter-spacing: .5px;
}
/* Remove underline in footer logos */
.logo-wrapper a {
border: none !important;
}
/*MY ACES Add Bookmark*/
.btn-add-bookmark {
display: none;
}
/* after slider padding for lead*/
.lead {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/*header-top*/
.header-top .top-menu-right {
background-color: #f9f9f9cc!important;
}
/*header-top blue link text*/
.header-top .top-menu-right a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
}
/*recent articles*/
.work-entry {
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*recent articles blue link text*/
.work-entry a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*topic page link color (needs to be darker over gray backgorund)*/
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added p {
min-height: inherit;
/*(old)color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #366d21;
}
/*We Grow Alabama cards*/
.sb-value-added {
color:#fff;
background-color: #00000090!important;
}
/*Grow green*/
.green-color {
/*color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #76CF3A;
}
/*we Grow Alabama numbers*/
.sb-value-added h5 {
padding-top:0;
font-size: 1.4em;
}
/*after numbers*/
h5 .small, h5 small {
font-weight: 400;
line-height: 1;
color: #959595 !important;
}
/*calendar band background*/
.event-ticker {
/*(old)background-color: #4f9c2e;*/
background-color: #438528;
}
/*calendar band event name*/
#vertical-ticker li h5.event-name {
/*#fff;
margin: 8px 0 2px;*/
font-size: 1em;
}
body.home header#header {
top: 0;
}
.gform_wrapper ul.gfield_checkbox li label, .gform_wrapper ul.gfield_radio li label {padding-left: 30px !important;}
.anchor {
position: absolute;
padding-top: 36px;
margin-top: -36px;
}
/*Gravity Form submit button*/
.gform_footer .btn-primary {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
}
.post-info-header-category, .post-info-header-logo, .footer-print {
display: none;
}
/*printer icon*/
a.aces-print-article {
cursor:pointer;
text-decoration:underline;
}
li.aces-print i.fa-cloud-download, li.aces-print i.fa-print {
padding-right: 7px !important;
}
/*byline line break for mobile*/
@media (min-width: 991px) {
.byline-mobile-line-break {
display:none;
}
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
.read-time {
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
background: #f9f9f9;
color: #000!important;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 10px 4px 3px;
font-weight: 700!important;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
}
/*About Us card deck*/
.card-margin-top {
margin-top: 1em;
}
/*About Us category text adjustment*/
.category-about-us .subcat-content, .category-aamu .subcat-content {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
padding: 20px 0;
}
/*About Us category remove dateline*/
.category-about-us.post-meta-info-content ul:first-child {
display: none !important;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.cat-4h, .cat-about-4-h, .cat-family-resources-4-h, .cat-volunteer-resources-4-h, .cat-programs-4-h, .cat-animals-4-h, .cat-arts-4-h, .cat-healthy-living-4-h, .cat-leadership-4-h, .cat-outdoor-education-4-h, .cat-science-technology-4-h, .cat-how-to-give-4-h, .cat-support-4-h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.post-format.cat-4h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* Gravity Forms OTHER spacing 2023-05-23 JMH*/
.gform_wrapper input:not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=submit]):not([type=button]):not([type=image]):not([type=file]) {
padding: 5px 2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size for line height is fixed error*/
.topic-list .sb-value-added p {
line-height: 1.2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size adjustment when there is not an image for the topic link. 2019-08-16 RFF & JMH */
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added .service-block-title-large {
margin: 0 !important;
font-size: inherit !important;
}
/* Alert Menu */
.header-alert, .bg-alert {
background: #ee2400;
color: white;
}
.header-alert .navbar-nav>li>a {
text-transform: none;
}
.alert-btn {
background-color: #ee2400;
border-color: #ee2400;
color: white;
margin: 5px;
}
.nav>li>a.alert-link {
display: none;
background-color: #ee2400;
}
/*Ex TV*/
.navbar-nav>li>a.extv-link {
text-transform: none;
}
/*page icon for video pages*/
.page-header .post-format {
background-size: 65%;
}
/*video embed resposive*/
.embed-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%;
}
.embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
/* ExTV dark */
.category-extv .main-wrapper, .category-extv .association, .category-extv .assoc-entry, .category-extv .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv .association h1, .category-extv .association h2, .category-extv .association h3, .category-extv .association h4, .category-extv .association h5, .category-extv .association h6,
.category-extv-dark .main-wrapper, .category-extv-dark .association, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv-dark .association h1, .category-extv-dark .association h2, .category-extv-dark .association h3, .category-extv-dark .association h4, .category-extv-dark .association h5, .category-extv-dark .association h6 {
background: rgb(31, 31, 31);
color: #fff;
}
.category-extv .association .sub-divider-new, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new {
border-color: rgb(31, 31, 31);
}
.category-extv .main-wrapper a, .category-extv .association a, .category-extv .assoc-entry a, .category-extv-dark .main-wrapper a, .category-extv-dark .association a, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry a {
color:white;
}
.category-extv-dark article.assoc-entry::first-child, .category-extv article.assoc-entry::first-child {
visibility:hidden;
}
.post-grid-assoc {
border: 1px solid #454545;
}
.directory-listing, .event-listing, .search-results {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
/*mobile phone inline image fix 07-12-2021 JMH*/
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
margin: 10px !important;
}
}
/*counties*/
.subcat-content {
padding-top: 20px;
}
.county-columns {
columns: 140px 5;
line-height: 3em;
padding: 20px 0 20px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 2em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.7em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.6em;
}
}
/* end counties */
/* Custom Gallery */
.custom-gallery {
margin: auto;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
.custom-gallery img {
border: 2px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* Decision Tree CSS */
.dt_display_title {
color: #1D63AB !important;
font: 700 1.5em Helvetica Nue,sans-serif !important;
font-size: 44px !important;
line-height: 1.2 !important;
}
.dt_display_question {
font-size: 16px !important;
line-height: 1.5 !important;
letter-spacing: .5px !important;
}
.dt_display_subtext {
font-style:italic !important;
padding: 10px 0 !important;
}
.dt_button, .answer-restart {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-color: #f39c12 !important;
color: #424242!important;
font-family: Helvetica Nue, sans-serif !important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
}
/* end Decision Tree CSS */
/* cookie notice container */
#cookie-notice .cookie-notice-container a {
color:#5EA1E4 !important;
}
/* footer bottom left*/
.footer-menu-left {
float: left;
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.footer-menu-left li {
border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.6);
padding: 0 10px;
line-height: 1.2;
}
.footer-menu-left li:first-child {
border-left: none;
padding-left: 0;
}
.footer-bottom-left {
color: #fff;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.footer-bottom .footer-menu {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/* Print Stylesheet - LEAVE AT BOTTOM */
@media print {
*, ::after, ::before {
color: #000!important;
text-shadow: none !important;
background: 0 0 !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, san-serif;
}
body {
--webkit-hyphens: auto;
--moz-hyphens: auto;
hyphens: auto;
}
.row-print {
min-height: 20px;
}
.post-info-header-category {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 13pt;
left: 15px;
max-width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-category h1 {
color: green !important;
display: inline;
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-weight: lighter;
letter-spacing: 2pt;
text-align: left;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.post-info-header-category hr {
position: absolute;
margin-top: 0 !important;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-logo {
display: block;
padding: 0 !important;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 45pt;
width: 190px !important;
text-align: right !important;
}
.main-cat-title, h1 {
font-size: 28pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
.main-cat-title {
margin-bottom: auto;
}
h1 {
font-size: 18pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
h2 {
font-size: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
color: #001a96 !important;
}
p, ul, li {
font-size: 10pt !important;
line-height: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
}
/*p img {
display: none;
}*/
img.wp-image-46702 {
display: block !important;
}
.post-media {
margin: 0 0 10px 0;
padding: 0;
border: none;
}
.image-overlay {
display: inline-block;
}
.header, .page-wrapper, div.container div.row, .forcefullwidth_wrapper_tp_banner, .post-format, .subcat-title, .breadcrumb, .read-time, .post-meta-info-content, .at-below-post, .addthis_tool .alignright, .like-dislike, span.small, .tags, aside.related-posts, .footer-inner, table, .ninja_button_print, .nt_edit_link, .btn {
display: none;
}
table.display-print {display: inline-block !important }
/*remove URL from gallery images*/
.gallery a[href]:after {
content: none;
}
.aces-pub a[href]:after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")" !important;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
.page-header {
border-bottom: none !important;
}
.logo {
margin-top: 0;
}
.subact-title {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.subact-title a {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.content-print {
column-count: 2 !important;
-webkit-column-count: 2 !important;
column-gap: 40px !important;
-webkit-column-gap: 40px !important;
}
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
}
.wp-caption-text {
font-size: 8pt !important;
line-height: 11pt !important;
}
.footer-print {
display: block !important;
}
.footer-print-logo {
max-width: 190px;
padding-bottom: 7pt;
}
.footer-print-content p {
font-family: Times New Roman, serif;
font-size: 7pt !important;
line-height: 6pt !important;
/*letter-spacing: -.1pt;*/
margin: 1pt 0 3pt !important;
}
.footer-print-content h2 {
font-size: 11pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
margin-top: 7px;
}
.footer-print-content hr {
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
h3.table_title:before {
content: 'Print "';
}
h3.table_title:after {
content:'" table from our website.';
}
/*video in print*/
iframe {
display:none;
}
iframe[src]:after {
content: " (" attr(src) ")" !important;
}
#cookie-notice {
display: none !important;
}
.cookie-notice-container {
display: none !important;
}
}
/*end print stylesheet*/
/* siteimprove suggested edits */
/* vendor.min.css:18 */
.form-background, .contact-bar {
background-color: #106522 !important;
}
blockquote {
color: #595959 !important;}
.subcat-content {
font-size: 1.3125em !important;
}
.tribe-events-content ol, .tribe-events-content p, .tribe-events-content ul {
font-size:1.125em !important;
}
/*end siteimprove suggested edits*/
</style>
</head>
<body class="aces_content_piece-template-default single single-aces_content_piece postid-6219 tribe-no-js">
<a class="skip-main" href="#main">Skip to main content</a>
<header id="header" class="header" role="banner" aria-label="site header">
<div class="page-wrapper">
<script>
function closeAlert() {
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=aces.edu; Path=/";
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=acesag.auburn.edu; Path=/";
jQuery("#headerAlert").css("display","none");
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
function showAlertMenu() {
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
</script>
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top header-top-desktop">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-37036541"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <a href="javascript:getLocation()">(Find Nearest)</a> -->
<!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="header-inner" class="header-inner">
<div class="header-middle">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<div class="left-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn btn-primary" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".header-top">
<span class="sr-only" aria-label="search category options">Toggle navigation</span>
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-8 col-xs-offset-0 col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-0 col-md-4 col-md-offset-0">
<div class="logo">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/" aria-label="Select to go to the home page"><img
src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.svg"
height="auto"
class="img-responsive"
style="display:inline-block;"
alt="Alabama Extension"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="right-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn primary-d alignright" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".search-row">
<span class="sr-only">Toggle search</span>
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-2 col-md-2 search-row mobile-collapse collapse"></div><!-- 2019-12-10 RFF -->
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 search-row mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<form id="aces-primary-search" action="https://www.aces.edu">
<div class="input-group search-wrapper" id="header-search" role="search" aria-label="search the site">
<label for="main-search" class="visually-hidden"><!-- Search articles, publications, and events -->Tell me about...</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control search-header" id="aces-primary-search-s" name="s" placeholder="Tell me about..." id="main-search" value="">
<input type="hidden" id="aces-primary-search-q" name="q">
<span class="input-group-btn right-home-search">
<button class="btn primary-d" type="submit">Search</button>
</span>
</div>
<!-- <input type="hidden" name="cat" value=""> -->
</form>
<script>
/** Applies the category selection to form. */
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
/* 2019-12-11 RFF - turned off.
var el = $('.search-category').on('click', function () {
var id = $(this).data('id'),
el = $('form input[name="cat"]');
el.val(id);
el.attr('value', id);
$('form span.cat-name').text($(this).text());
});
*/
/* 2020-04-23 RFF - added */
$('#aces-primary-search').submit(function(event) {
$('#aces-primary-search-q').val($('#aces-primary-search-s').val());
});
});
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Alabama Aquatic Nuisance Species Series: Venomous Lionfish </div>
<ul class="list-inline post-meta-info-content">
<li>June 8, 2023</li>
<li class="meta-author">Posted by: P. J. Waters, Bill Walton, and Craig Newton</li>
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<div class="at-above-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/alabama-aquatic-nuisance-species-venomous-lionfish/"></div><p>Learn the basic biology of the venomous lionfish (<em>Pterois volitans</em> and <em>P. miles</em>), how to identify lionfish, how they were likely introduced, the impacts of this aquatic nuisance, and what to do if you find this species.</p>
<h1>Species Profile</h1>
<p><strong>Scientific name:</strong> <em>Pterois volitans</em> and <em>P. miles</em></p>
<p><strong>Common names:</strong> Lionfish, red firefish, devil firefish</p>
<p><strong>Native region:</strong> Indo-Pacific</p>
<p><strong>Date of United States introduction:</strong> 1980s</p>
<p><strong>First confirmed in Alabama:</strong> 2011</p>
<p><strong>Known United States range:</strong> Texas to North Carolina, Puerto Rico</p>
<p><strong>Presumed means of introduction:</strong> Aquarium trade</p>
<p><strong>Recognized impacts:</strong> Predation on native species and reduction of diversity of reef communities</p>
<h1>Identification</h1>
<div id="attachment_6220" style="width: 410px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6220" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" class="wp-image-6220" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/LionfishCraigNewton-600x450.jpg" alt="A venomous lionfish captured in Alabama waters." width="400" height="300" srcset="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/LionfishCraigNewton-600x450.jpg 600w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/LionfishCraigNewton-768x576.jpg 768w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/LionfishCraigNewton.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /><p id="caption-attachment-6220" class="wp-caption-text">A venomous lionfish captured in Alabama waters.</p></div>
<p>Lionfish are marine fish that are mainly red, brown, and white with a striped, zebralike appearance. Surveys offshore of the Alabama coast have found that lionfish tend to be most abundant at natural and artificial reefs at depths greater than 100 feet. Recent reports, however, indicate lionfish are now also using seagrass beds within Alabama’s inshore waters.</p>
<p>Lionfish grow to approximately 12 to 15 inches in length in their native range but have been documented to be larger in areas where they are not indigenous. To date, lionfish collected in Alabama have been 3 to 14 inches.</p>
<p>Lionfish have long and decorative pectoral fins and a row of long dorsal spines. There are two glandular grooves along the dorsal, ventral, and anal spines. The glandular tissue extends about three-fourths the distance from the base of the spine toward the tip (but not at the tip). The glandular grooves contain a colorless glandular tissue covered by a sheath of tissue. This sheath is pushed down as the spine enters the victim and the glandular tissue is disrupted, releasing the venom. The venom is composed of acetylcholine and a neurotoxin, which causes severe pain, swelling, and rashes.</p>
<h1>What to Do if Stung</h1>
<p>The venom from the spines can result in intense pain. Treat the venom with heat as soon as possible to denature the venom proteins before they spread throughout the bloodstream. Keep the wound as hot as possible without scalding for 45 to 60 minutes. A wet cloth heated on the engine block has yielded good results. (Water coming from the engine typically is not hot enough.)</p>
<p>An over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medication is recommended. Seek medical attention if symptoms persist. Information on lionfish stings is available on the National Capital Poison Center website.</p>
<h1>How Did They Get Here?</h1>
<p>Lionfish are native to the Western Pacific, including Japan, Australia, and the Philippines. They are popular in recreational marine aquaria and genetic research. Monitoring of lionfish distribution suggests that multiple releases of aquarium specimens off the coast of southeastern Florida led to the invasion in the United States.</p>
<p>The first confirmed sighting of lionfish in the United States was off Dania Beach, Florida, in 1985. Between 2000 and 2001, lionfish had become established in the offshore waters of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.</p>
<p>The first record of lionfish in Alabama was documented when a recreational scuba enthusiast observed a single lionfish at the Trysler Grounds (an area of natural hard-bottom approximately 20 nautical miles south of Perdido Pass, Alabama). Biologists were unable to obtain the specimen or photos needed to validate the report. The first report confirmed by marine scientists was documented when a spearfisher harvested a 4-inch lionfish at an oil rig 43 nautical miles south of Dauphin Island in 2011.</p>
<p>By 2012, lionfish were well established throughout the Caribbean Sea and the southeastern United States, including significant portions of the Gulf of Mexico.</p>
<p>To prevent similar introductions of non-native species, always allow unwanted aquarium plants to dry thoroughly before disposing of or composting them. Never release live aquarium animals into Alabama’s waters as it is illegal to intentionally stock or release aquatic organisms into the public waters of Alabama.</p>
<h1>Why Are These Fish a Problem?</h1>
<p>Lionfish are voracious predators that prey on a wide variety of organisms and utilize a wide range of habitats. In the Atlantic, populations have boomed with lionfish density higher than densities observed in their native range.</p>
<p>Lionfish in the Atlantic typically prey on small, cryptic finfish as well as juvenile-age classes of native finfish and crustaceans. Little is known about their prey assemblage along the north central Gulf of Mexico. In the Bahamas, a reduction in diversity and abundance of native finfish has been recorded due to high densities of lionfish. Indirect effects on food webs and behavioral interactions of native organisms also are possible.</p>
<h1>Control Efforts</h1>
<p>Current data suggest that removal programs at local levels may help manage lionfish densities and minimize their influence on native ecosystems. However, large-scale eradication is likely impossible because of their depth range (possibly up to 1,000 feet), wide range of habitat utilization, and larvae dispersal.</p>
<p>During spearfishing tournaments, dive shops can include a category for lionfish. Similarly, derbies can be held targeting lionfish.</p>
<p>Lionfish are edible, as the meat itself does not contain poison. They are reef fish, however, and all precautions taken to avoid ciguatera toxin in reef fish should be observed for lionfish.</p>
<h1>What to Do if You Find a Lionfish</h1>
<ul>
<li>Do not transport or move the fish alive.</li>
<li>Handle with care. Even iced fish can deliver a painful dose of venom. To help with filleting, remove the spines. Use puncture-resistant gloves, if available.</li>
<li>Record the following information pertaining to the capture:
<ul>
<li>Coordinates or the name of the water body (include as many details as possible)</li>
<li>Date</li>
<li>Number of individual fish observed</li>
<li>State and county of observation</li>
<li>Photos. Ideally, include something in the photograph for scale (e.g., a coin).</li>
<li>Additional comments</li>
<li>Contact information</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If caught while diving, record depth of capture and type of reef.</li>
<li>Store the fish on ice and transfer to a freezer as soon as possible.</li>
<li>Report the finding immediately to the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Marine Resources Division: Jessica Marchant, (251) 861-2882 (office), (251) 293-4037 (cell), (251) 861- 8741 (fax), or jessica.marchant@dcnr.alabama.gov.</li>
<li>If you are interested in doing more to help, contact your state agencies, which may have opportunities for volunteers to assist with control programs.</li>
</ul>
<h1>Additional Reading</h1>
<p>Morris, James A. Jr. (ed.). <em>Invasive Lionfish, A Guide to Control and Management</em>. Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, Special Publication Series 1.</p>
<p>National Capital Poison Center. “How to Treat a Lionfish Sting.”</p>
<p>Swift, A. E., and T. R. Swift. 1993. “Ciguatera.” <em>Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology</em> 31(1).</p>
<p> </p>
<hr />
<p><img decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-112893 alignleft" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/MicrosoftTeams-image-1.png" alt="Peer Review mark" width="160" height="110" />Revised by <strong>P. J. Waters</strong>, <em>Associate Extension Professor</em>, Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University. Originally written by <strong>Bill Walton</strong>, former <em>Extension Specialist</em>, and <strong>Craig Newton</strong>, Biologist, Alabama Marine Resources Division.</p>
<p>Revised June 2023, <strong>Alabama Aquatic Nuisance Species Series: Venomous Lionfish</strong>, ANR-2079</p>
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https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/cotton/site-files/docs/newsletters/2018/cotton_comments_volume_8_edition_4_may_17_2018.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [
"Randy Boman"
] | Error: time data "D:20180517073734-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Cotton Comments
OSU Southwest Oklahoma Research and Extension Center Aftus, OK
May 17, 2018
Volume 8 No. 4
## 2018 Current Situation
Each field needs to be evaluated separately on planting conditions to ensure success.
## Crop Update
Cotton planting has begun. The earliest I have been told was April 29 in Tillman County. Several fields were planted in Jackson County started around May 4 and continuing the following week. After a field survey emergence has been inconstant with some fields having excellent emergence to spotty to some not even sprouting 7 days after planting. Hopefully with beneficial rains this will quickly turn around. The most advance field observed was at 1 st tru-leaf. This is critical time for Thrips control, please refer back to Cotton Comments Volume 8 edition 3 May 3, 2018 for Thrips control issues.
After emergency scouting of the field must start and continue on a weekly basis until termination of the crop.
Oklahoma Boll Weevil Eradication Organization Update: Quarantine of Cotton Harvesting Equipment Coming From Certain Areas of Texas
John Henderson, Director of the Oklahoma Boll Weevil Organization, based at Altus, provided the information below. Eradication of the boll weevil across most of the U.S. Cotton Belt, and in the state has been very successful and is a major contributing factor to the continued profitability of cotton production. It has been a long, difficult, and expensive task to rid our state and most of the Cotton Belt of this invasive species that for such a long time negatively impacted our production. There is still a difficult fight with this insect pest in south Texas, and we all need to do our part in keeping this pest from resurfacing in our state.
Cotton harvesting equipment entering Oklahoma from two eradication areas in Texas has to be certified as boll weevil free prior to movement into our state. Please contact t equipment departure from these two areas. This will allow TBWEF to inspect the equipment. A USDA-APHIS phytosanitary certificate is issued and is required before equipment can be transported from these areas. These ONLY include the Lower Rio Grande Valley Eradication Zone (blue area on the map below) or the East Texas Maintenance Area (brown area on the map below). This is critical to meet USDAAPHIS requirements and prevent the re-infestation of boll weevils into eradicated areas. It is illegal to move non-certified cotton harvesting equipment from these areas into the state of Oklahoma.
Texas Boll Weevil Eradication Foundation: 325-672-2800 After Hours and Weekends: 325-668-7361
Oklahoma Boll Weevil Eradication Organization: 580-477-4280 Office 580-471-7962 John Henderson Cell
The Cotton Comments Newsletter is maintained by Jerry Goodson, Extension Assistant. If you would like to receive this newsletter via email, send a request to:
## jerry.goodson@okstate.edu
Jerry Goodson Extension Assistant 16721 US Hwy. 283 Altus, Oklahoma (580) 482-8880 office (580) 482-0208 fax
www.cotton.okstate.edu
www.ntoko cotton.org
Oklahoma State University in compliance with Title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order 11246 as amended, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other federal laws and regulations does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, religion, disability, or status as a veteran in any of its policies, practices, or procedures. This includes but is not limited to admissions, employment, financial aid, and educational services. | |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/oklahoma-home-and-community-education/leader-lessons/2022_teachers_guide_diet_and_inflammation_ada.pdf | Lessons on-line Format | Oklahoma State University | [
"lch"
] | Error: time data "D:20220310091722-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Diet and Inflammation Leader Lesson
Date submitted: March 2022
## Teacher's Guide
Prepared by:
Janice Hermann, Nutrition Specialist
Time needed to teach lesson: 15 to 30 minutes
## Lesson Focus & Description:
Short-term (acute) inflammation is beneficial; however, long-term (chronic) inflammation is associated with many diseases. Obesity, diabetes atherosclerosis, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis and cancer, although very different, all reflect underlying chronic inflammation. Research is discovering that some dietary components may increase inflammation and others may decrease inflammation. However, currently, the best dietary approach to chronic inflammation is a healthy dietary pattern containing a variety of foods.
## Objectives:
- · Learn how chronic inflammation has a role with many diseases.
- Learn about dietary compounds that may increase inflammation.
- · Learn about dietary compounds that may decrease inflammation.
- · Learn that a healthy dietary pattern containing a variety of foods is currently the best approach for chronic inflammation.
## Materials Needed:
- · PowerPoint with Script, either print or electronic version
- · Handout for members, one copy per participant
- · Evaluation, one copy per participant (OCES FCS Adult Nutrition Evaluation Instrument).
Materials Included: Scripted lesson PowerPoint, handout, evaluation
## Suggested Activities
- · Before the lesson:
- o Read through the script and handout materials.
- Get paper copies as needed for the group.
- o Arrange the room so all can see
- · After the lesson:
- o Collect evaluations.
- o Restore the room to pre-lesson arrangement.
- o Collect any unused handouts.
- Take extra handouts and completed evaluations to County Educator who will send them to Kimberly Williams in Stillwater.
Oklaomia State University, as an equal opportunity employer, complies with all applicable federal and state laws regarding nondiscrimination and affirmative action. Oklahoma State University is committed to a policy of equal opportunity for all individuals and does not discriminate based on race, religion, age, sex, color, national origin, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity/expression, disability, or veteran status with regard to employment, educational programs and activities, and/or admissions. For more information, visit https://eeo.okstate.edu |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/coldwater-census-profile-2010-2020 | Coldwater Census Profile (2010-2020) | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home
»
Publications
» Publications » Coldwater Census Profile (2010-2020)
## Coldwater Census Profile (2010-2020)
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Economic Development |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P3716-149 | |
| View as PDF: P3716-149.pdf | |
| Presentation File: | |
| coldwater_census_presentation.pdf | |
| Department: MSU Extension-Tate County | |
| The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. | |
| Select Your County Office | |
| SELECT A COUNTY | |
| Your Extension Experts | |
| Dr. James Newton Barnes | |
| Extension Professor | |
| Dr. Rachael Carter | |
| Extension Specialist II | |
| Dr. Devon Patricia Mills | |
| Associate Extension Professor | |
| Related News | |
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842
Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998
Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374
Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P33375
Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796
Talking Retail Trade |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/sarasotaco/2023/05/04/age-friendly-smart-lifestyle-choices-for-healthy-aging-whats-a-healthy-weight/ | Age Friendly: Smart Lifestyle Choices for Healthy Aging—What’s a Healthy Weight? | University of Florida | [] | 2023-05-04 | [
"Health & Nutrition",
"Work & Life",
"age",
"AgeFriendly",
"aging",
"BMI",
"body mass",
"diet",
"food",
"health",
"healthy",
"lifestyle",
"Nutrition",
"Pgm_FCS",
"weight"
] | FL | ## Age Friendly: Smart Lifestyle Choices for Healthy Aging-What's a Healthy Weight?
In our last post in this "AgeFriendly" series, we talked about not feeling thirsty and yet needing to drink. We've also talked previously about the food groups, snacking, and even beverage choices. This post, we'll look at the importance of maintaining a healthy weight, and how our food choices, exercise and calorie intake all factor into that.
First, why is maintaining a healthy weight so important at any age? We know that an elevated body mass index (BMI) in older adults can increase the likelihood of developing health issues, like heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke and diabetes. Maintaining a healthy weight-or, if needed, losing weight-can help decrease these risks.
But, don't mistake "healthy weight" to mean underweight. Being underweight can put you at risk for developing osteoporosis and anemia, and can make it more difficult for you to recover from an illness or infection, according to the National Institute of Aging.
## What about
weight
So, what is a healthy weight? Well, it's not just the number on your bathroom scale. Or, your current BMI. Those only tell part of the story. An older adult with a "normal" body weight might actually have more body fat and less muscle compared to others described as slightly overweight. And, healthy weight ranges for older adults differ from other age groups.
As always, talk to your health-care provider about your specific situation, especially before trying any program to lose or gain weight to hit some perceived ideal.
How, then, does your health relate to the foods you eat, the calories you consume, and the exercise you get?
Well, choosing healthier foods (like those we've talked about in previous posts) and staying active can help you hit or maintain healthy weight. That can help you feel more energetic. And, that also might decrease some of the health risks we've mentioned. Being active also helps you keep a more positive attitude, and can keep you connected with others.
For your lifestyle, try packing your diet with nutrient-rich foods and aiming for at least 150 minutes of physical activity per week, per recommendations from the National Institute of Aging.
## Calorie (counting)
And, of course, keep an eye on the amount of calories you consume. The amount you should take in will depend on a variety of factors, including age, gender, height, weight, and physical activity level. Visit the U.S. Department of Agriculture's MyPlate Plan website to learn how many calories you should take in each day, and the amounts from each food group you should have to reach the mark.
Now that you know your calorie target, you can adjust to lose or gain weight. The equation is simple, and one we've all heard or seen before: lose weight by exercising more and/or eating fewer calories. Tweak that to gain weight: take in more calories each day without skipping the exercise.
And whether you are trying to lose or gain weight, maintain a healthy eating pattern, one that includes vegetables, fruits, whole grains, low-fat dairy, and lean proteins. Don't use the need to gain (or lose) weight as an excuse to make unhealthy food choices.
And again, always consult your health-care professional before changing your diet.
Next: Roadblocks that keep us from eating healthy.
2
by Maria Portelos-Rometo
Posted: May 4, 2023
Category: Health & Nutrition, Work & Life
Tags: Age, AgeFriendly, Aging, BMI, Body Mass, Diet, Food, Health,
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · One Month Left For A Full Census Count
- September Is National Food Safety Month
- Ready For Hurricane Season? Get Tax-Free Supplies Now
- June 07 Is World Food Safety Day |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/farm-management-and-finance/e-farm-management-training/alternative-enterprise-basics/site-files/docs/small-scale-poultry-production.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [
"Ladd",
"Brent"
] | Error: time data "D:20170126093557-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## ALTERNATIVE ENTERPRISES; SMALL SCALE POULTRY PRODUCTION
STATE EXTENSION
Dana Zook OSU Extension Livestock Specialist dana.zook@okstate.edu
580-237-7677
## Starting out
- Incubate and hatch eggs
- Obtain day-oldchicks
- Local farm stores
- Chicken Hatcheries
- Country Hatchery -Wewoka, OK - www.countryhatchery.net
- Cackle Hatchery -Missouri https://www.cacklehatchery.com/
- Murray McMurray's - Iowa - www.mcurrauryhatchery.com
- Adult Chickens
Country and Cackle Hatcheries more conventional breeds Murray McMurray's - rare breeds Adult Chickens - purchase from a reputable neighbor Adoption: you can often run across chickens that are in shelters because they owners were not able to care for them
## Goals when Starting a Flock
- 1) Obtain chicks from hatcheries operating under NPIP
- 2) Flocks should be Pullorum-Typhoid Clean
- 3) Vaccinations are a plus
- · Exotic Newcastle disease, bronchitis and Marek's disease
- 4) Buy from a reputable source
NIPI - National poultry improvement plan Plan established in early 1930's to provide a cooperative industry, state, and federal program to originally eliminate Pollorum Disease. Since then the program has been expanded to included testing and monitoring for salmonella typhoid, salmonella enteritidis, mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma synoviae, and avian influenza. NPIP currently includes commercial poultry, turkeys, waterfowl, exhibition poultry, backyard poultry, and game birds. So any facility operating under NPIP is tested and monitored for these diseases and would be a reputable entity to source poultry from.
Fowl typhoid caused by the bacterium Salmonella gallinarium. Incidence of fowl typhoid in the U.S. and Canada is relatively low, it is high in other countries
- · Fowl typhoid can be introduced into a flock by wild birds, mammals, and flies.
Marek's Disease - highly contagious caused by herpes virus
- - mortality rates are very high
- treatments are not effective but vaccines are available
- · Bacterica can spread to chicks in the egg, as eggs that come from a contaminated hatchery
- Affects growing or mature birds
- Treatment is not feasible as recovered birds become carriers flock must be depopulated (euthanized)
Will get them factsheets if necessary
Newcastle disease - highly contagious - virus
- Affects birds of all ages
- Virus attacks the internal organs
- Transmitted through air
- Can be transmitted to egg
- Biosecurity the best form of control
Bronchitis - virus - very contagious
- - affects all ages of chickens
- - effects hens reproductive system - shells of the hen's aggs
## Caring for Newly Hatched Chicks
- · Chicks require:
- · Protection from environment
- · Protection from predators
- · Heat
- · Feed
- · Water
First things first!
- ½ - 1 sq. foot of space/ chick
A large plastic tub would house how many chicks? - 3-5 Line bottom of container with newspaper and top with shavings or straw - keeping chicks dry is of utmost importance. Utilize a material that will soak up moisture.
Keep in mind predators when fixing a brooder - a baby chick is perfect snack for a hungry cat!
Also protection from drafts, cold rain, hot sun.
To start, a chick guard will be needed when chicks are first introduced into the brooder Place food and water close enough so chicks don't move too far from heat source
## Bedding
Recommended:
- · Pine shavings
- · Rice hulls
- · Peanut hulls
Not Recommended:
- · Newspaper clippings
- · Cedar mulch
Slick surfaces like flat cardboard or newspaper can lead to leg problems. Cedar may give off toxic fumes.
## Temperature
- · Electric, oil or gas brooder
- · For 25-75 chicks, heat lamp is fine
- · Place lamp 18" from litter
- · Week 1: 90-95 F
Week 2: 85-90 F
Week 3: 80-85 F
Week 4: 75-80 F
Week 5: 70-75 F
Week 5: 70-75 F
Week 5: 70-75 F
Week 6: 70 F
- · After week 6, you shouldn't need additional heat, unless extremely cold.
Feeding Chicks
## Backyard Poultry Nutrition
Nutrients of Concern
Other Feed Options:
- Protein
. Scratch
- Amino Acids
- Combination of whole or rolled corn, milo, oats, wheat
- Energy
- Kitchen Waste
- Vitamins
- Vegetable and fruit peelings/scraps
- Minerals
- Bread
- Grains are low in minerals so vitamin/mineral supplements are needed
- Some exceptions
- Plant waste
- Lawn clippings
- Pesticide/herbicide free
(This is a better Nutrition slide) % Crude protein - Most feed tags will list the % of crude protein but they often do not list the actual quality of protein - Quality? high quality protein provides a variety of essential amino acids Amino Acids Methionine and Lysine - First limiting amino acids for poultry are Methionine and Lysine
Most commercial poultry products will typically included methionine and lysine supplements Main protein sources are: soybean meal, canola meal, corn gluten meal, etc
Vegetables/legumes to not feed to chickens:
Raw or undercooked beans Raw green potato peels - toxin in 'green' part Citrus Avocado skin and pit
More detailed nutrition information can be viewed on the University of Georgia website by Dr. Justin C. Fowler
| The Right Diet for the Right Bird | The Right Diet for the Right Bird | The Right Diet for the Right Bird | The Right Diet for the Right Bird | The Right Diet for the Right Bird | The Right Diet for the Right Bird |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | Protein % | Calcium % | Phosphorus % | Fat % | Fiber % |
| Broilers | | | | | |
| Starter 1 to 3 wks. | 22 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 6.0 | 2-5 |
| Finisher 4 to 7 wks. | 19 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 7.0 | 2-5 |
| Pullets | | | | | |
| Starter 1 - 6 wks. | 20 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 4.0 | 3.0 |
| Grower 7 - 18 wks. | 17 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 3.5 | 4.0 |
| Laying Hens | | | | | |
| > 19 wks. | 16-18 | 3-3-4.0 | 0.5 | 3-5 | 3-5 |
| For more detailed nutrition information visit: http://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.cfm?number=Cg54 | For more detailed nutrition information visit: http://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.cfm?number=Cg54 | For more detailed nutrition information visit: http://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.cfm?number=Cg54 | For more detailed nutrition information visit: http://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.cfm?number=Cg54 | For more detailed nutrition information visit: http://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.cfm?number=Cg54 | For more detailed nutrition information visit: http://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.cfm?number=Cg54 |
More detailed nutrition information can be viewed on the University of Georgia website by Dr. Justin C. Fowler
How much will a young chick eat?
Hatching -Laying age:
- -o.25 lb./hd./day
- Consumption will increase in winter and decrease in summer
Chickens are omnivores -eat a variety of things including grains, fruits, and vegetables as well as insects
They love fruit/vegetable and bread scraps from kitchen but this should account for no more than 10% of their diet Scratch is good for chicken however it should not make up a majority of their diet as it is not balance for vitamins and minerals
## Mistakes in Feeding
- 1. Wrong Feed
Do not give young birds a layer ration
- · Do not give chicks a layer ration
- · Do not mix scratch grain in a complete commercial ration
- · Dilutes the necessary nutrients
- · Scratch and kitchen scraps should account for no more than 10% of total diet
- · Birds will not grow or produce to their full potential
Wrong feed : Each feed is specially balanced to target the nutrient needs of a specific age of chicken
## Water
## The Most Important Ingredient
· Drinkers should be filled 2x's/day
- · Warm weather
· Laying hen will drink 25% of daily water need in last 2 hrs. of day
- · Rule of thumb: chicks and adults will drink ~ twice a much water as feed they eat
Water is often overlooked but is one of the most important nutrients. An animal can live without food longer than it can live without water. - In a laying flock, shortage of water for just a few hours can result in reduced egg production
Water intake controlled by many variables: age, body condition, diet, temperature, water quality, and humidity
## No Rooster Necessary!
When will they begin laying?
- · 18 - 20 weeks of age (5-6 mo)
- Can continue for 5-10 yrs.
- Peak production first two years
- · Light is critical for egg laying
- Need to have around 44-16 hrs. of day length to be most efficient
- Laying will slow down when day length is less than 12 hrs.
- An incandescent 40 watt or LED g-13 watt bulb can be utilized to 'increase' day length
## Molting
- · Occurs when daylight hours decrease
- Hens will lose their feathers and replace with new at each molt
- Egg production will drop and may even cease
- Occurs : 1-2 times/year and lasts 4 -12 weeks (7 - 8 weeks)
- Head - neck - breast - body - wings & tail
- · Molting is a loss of feathers as part of the natural process of feather renewal
- Full grown feathers can become brittle and can sustain damage and therefore need to be replaced periodically
- Molting is biological process, regardless with how good condition the chickens are in.
Other things that cause molting:
- exhaustion
- Stress - overhandling, moving coops, new environment, illness
- Dehydration - winter or summer Timing of molting:
```
l$^{st}$: 1-6 weeks
nd: 7-9 weeks
rd: 12-13 weeks
l$^{st}$ adult molt: 20-22 weeks
Annual molt 1-2 times/year
```
## Eggs
- · Make sure there are enough suitable nest boxes
- · 1 nest/5 hens
- · Fill nests with clean bedding
- · Reduce breakage/keeps eggs clean
- · Collect eggs at least 1 time/day
- · Eggs stay cleaner
- · Less breakage
## Roosts
- · Provide roosts that are higher than nest boxes
- Do not place perches directly over nests
- Are not essential
Josh will talk a little more about the construction/layout of roosting boxes
## To Wash or Not to Wash
- A big debate
- Wash eggs gently in water that is of similar temperature or slightly warmer than the egg
- Do not use cleaning agents!
- Sandpaper for small soiled spots
- Do not attempt to clean excessively dirty eggs
Store eggs large end up - air sac on large end - when developing, chicks head is here. when storing with the small end up, the yolk can get stuck and then break when the egg is cracked open
## Sources for Health/Treatment Information
- · LocalVeterinarian
Coccidiosis: http://articles.extension.org/pages/669i7/use-of-anticocidalmedications-and-vaccines-in-poultry-production#.VPMz7kosCyE
```
Parasite Control: http://articles.extension.org/pages/6627g/internal-parasites-of-
poultry#.VPMtOuSvcE
http://articles.extension.org/pages/66149/external-parasites-of-
poultry#.VPwskoCsvE
Small Flock Biosecurity for Prevention of Avian Influenza
http://pods.dsnr.okstate.edu/docshare/dsweb/Get/Document-qqgo/ANSI=
83oiwebpdf
New Veterinary Feed Directive Guidelines for Antibiotics in Livestock Feed
https://learn.extension.org/events/28ss
```
New factsheet from OSU explaining the importance of Biosecurity for prevention of Avian Influenza and other serious diseases New VFD Guidelines - great video to explain the ins and outs of this new rule
## Housing Requirements
- · Vents - allow circulation
- · Winter - Ammonia
- · Summer - Heat
- · Size of House
- · Inside house - 1.5-2 sq. ft./ bird
- · 4x4 house - 6 laying hens
- · Run
- · 8-10 sq. ft./bird
For a great overview of this presentation look up the OSU factsheet titled Backyard Flock Production | |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/cedar-apple-rusts | Cedar Apple Rust | NC State University | [
"Sara Villani"
] | null | [
"Apple",
"Cedar Apple Rust",
"Apple Production",
"Commercial Apple Production",
"Apple Disease",
"Fruit Disease",
"Fruit Tree"
] | NC | ## Cedar Apple Rust
Apple Pathology Factsheets
## Introduction
Cedar apple rust is a disease caused by the fungal pathogen Gymnosporangium juniperi - virginianae , which requires two hosts: apple and red cedars / ornamental junipers to complete its lifecycle. On apple, the pathogen can infect leaves and fruit of susceptible cultivars and may cause premature defoliation if infection is severe. If apple trees are located within 2-5 miles of the alternate host, cedar apple rust should be managed annually from tight cluster until approximately 14 days after petal fall.
## Pathogen
Cedar apple rust is caused by the fungal pathogen Gymnosporangium juniperi - virginianae . On apple, quince rust (G. clavipes) and hawthorn rust (G. globosum) are similar in appearance and often mistaken for cedar apple rust.
## Symptoms and Signs
Leaves: Infected leaves will have yellow to bright orange round lesions or spots on the upper surface. As infection progresses, fungal tufts or stalks, called aecia, appear on the bottom surface of the leaf directly underneath the lesion.
Fruit: Symptoms of cedar apple rust on fruit initially appear as orange colored, slightly raised lesions. As infected fruit mature, lesions on fruit may crack and appear more brown in color. In some cases, fruit stems can become infected and early abscission of fruit may occur. Spuration on fruit is uncommon for cedar apple rust.
Alternate host: On cedar and juniper, brown dimpled galls (resembining a golf ball) approximately 2 inches in diameter are present during the dormant season. During spring rains, galls will swell as they absorb moisture and produce gelatinous orange colored horns that protrude from dimpled areas on the galls.
Telial horns of a gall in Eastern red cedar following a spring rain.
Attribution: MyIPM Disease App
## Disease Cycle
Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae is a heteroecious rust pathogen, meaning that two hosts are required to complete its two-year life cycle. G. juniperi-virginianae overwinters in galls that are induced by the pathogen on susceptible cedars or junipers. During spring rains, the absorption of moisture by galls causes them to swell and produce gelatinous telial horns. Teliospores are produced by the telial horns and subsequently give rise to basidiospores that are immediately discharged and are carried by wind to susceptible apple cultivars. Formation of basidiospores occurs between 46°F and 77°F, however infections to apple leaves and fruit can occur at temperatures as low as 34°F. Infection of leaves by the cedar apple rust pathogen is most favorable when leaves are four to eight days of age, whereas fruit tend to be most susceptible between tight cluster through petal fall. While environmental conditions will influence incubation period, in general symptoms begin to appear 10-14 days following infection.
In mid to late summer, tubular structures called acacia will form on the underside of the leaf, directly opposite of rust lesions located on the top of the leaf. Aecia produce a new type of rust spore, an aeciosopore, that will eventually be released during a period of dry weather and infect nearby cedars or junipers. Aeciospores do not reinfect apple and there is no secondary cycle on the apple host. In the late summer/early fall, aeciospores infect alternate hosts and new galls begin to form during the spring. The galls develop over the next year and fully mature in the second spring following cedar / juniper infection.
## Management
Management of cedar apple rust should focus on infection prevention using a combination of cultural methods and well-timed chemical intervention.
## Fungicides
In North Carolina, fungicide applications targeting cedar apple rust should begin around tight cluster and continue on 7 to 14 day intervals through first cover (approximately 10 to 14 days after petal fall). Sterol inhibitor fungicides (S.I.'s FRAC 3) are most efficacious for cedar apple rust management. Since apple scab and cedar apple rust infection periods are similar, applications of S.I.s for apple scab have historically controlled cedar apple rust. However, due to resistance to some S.I. fungi in apple scab populations and the registration of newer fungicide chemistries for apple scab management, S.I.'s are being applied less frequently for apple scab. These changes
in fungicide selection have likely led to increased reports of cedar apple rust throughout Western North Carolina in the past few years. QoI fungicides (FRAC 11) and SDHI fungicides (FRAC 7) have demonstrated limited efficacy against this disease.
| | Example Formulated Product | Pre-harvest Interval (days) | FRAC Code |
|-----------------------------|------------------------------|-------------------------------|-------------|
| Active Ingredient | Rally 40WSP | 14 | 3 |
| myclobutanil | Rally 40WSP | 14 | |
| triflumizole | Procure 480SC | 14 | 3 |
| difenoconazole + cyprodinil | Inspire Super | 14 | 3 + 9 |
| fenbuconazole | Indar 2F | 14 | 3 |
| flutriafol | Rhyme | 14 | 3 |
| mefentrifluconazole | Cevya | 0 | 3 |
| mancozeb | Koverall | 77 (3 lb/A rate) | M3 |
## Cultural Control
Removal of all alternate hosts within a four to five mile radius of susceptible apple trees should prevent infection by G. juniperi-virginiana . Given the prevalence of alternate hosts in the landscape and natural environment, however, this approach is not likely sustainable for cedar apple rust management. Removal of alternate hosts within a two mile radius of susceptible apples will disrupt the pathogen life cycle, thus making fungicides more effective.
## Host Resistance
Cultivars such as Red Delicious, Gala Supreme, McIntosh, and Liberty are considered resistant to cedar apple rust, whereas Golden Delicious, Rome Beauty, and York Imperial are highly susceptible.
## Author
Sara Villani Extension Specialist (Apple and Ornamental Plant Pathology) Entomology and Plant Pathology
Publication date: June 6, 2018
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C.A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/healthy-soils/why-practice-soil-conservation/ | Healthy Soils | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [] | 2018-08-21 | [] | AL | ## About Soil Conservation Benefits
## Why Practice Soil Conservation?
Soil conservation is an important part of conservation cropping systems. There are many benefits for producers who choose to employ soil conservation practices on-farm.
## Increased Profits:
- · Yields are equal to or greater than traditional tillage.
- · Reduce use of fuel and labor.
- · Requires less time.
- · Lower machinery repair and maintenance costs.
- · Potential reduction in fertilizer and herbicide costs.
## Improved Environment:
- · Improved soil quality and productivity.
- · Reduced erosion.
- · Increased water infiltration and storage.
- · Improved air and water quality.
- · Provides food and shelter for wildlife.
## Soil Forming Factors
- Parent material-the rocks and deposits that formed the soil.
- The climate where the soils developed.
- Living organisms that changed the soils.
- The topography or slope of the land.
- The length of geological time the soils have been developing (age of the soil).
## Properties of a Healthy Soil
- High organic matter content.
- Optimal nutrients and pH for plant growth.
- Stable aggregates to promote water infiltration.
- Large population of beneficial organisms.
- No compaction layers.
- No contamination.
Many Cookie Notice soil organic matter due to the warm climate, coarse-textured soils and intensive farming practice historically used in the state. Rebuilding s u i l t h health :
important! Soil is a natural resource we must work to conserve for future generations. Practices such as reduced tillage and cover cropping can increase organic matter and improve soil health. There are several important ways producers can improve soil health.
## Practices to Improve Soil Health
- Provide a cover to the soil. Bare soil is susceptible to wind and water erosion. Cover crops help protect soil from erosion and helps to build soil organic matter when cash crops are not actively growing. Cover crops can also supply plant nutrients, regulate soil temperature, improve soil structure, and suppress weeds.
- Disturb soil less. Tillage disrupts soil aggregates and increases risk of soil compaction. (Soil aggregates are groups of soil particles which are more strongly bound to one another than adjacent soil particles.) Stable soils aggrazes help to prevent soil erosion. Aggregates also provide pore space for water and air to enter the soil, allowing plant roots to grow.) Compaction can hinder root growth and decrease production on agricultural soils. Tillage also speeds up the breakdown of soil organic matter.
- Reducing tillage can help prevent runoff, increase soil organic matter, and reduce erosion.
- Increase plant diversity. Different plants can provide a variety of different benefits to the soil. Increasing plant diversity through crop rotation can also help break pest cycles.
- Keep an active crop growing. Actively growing plants secrete sugars, organic acids, and other compounds that provide a good source for soil microorganisms. The area around plants is called the rhizosphere . This area contains the highest concentration of microorganisms in the soil. By keeping an actively growing crop in the soil, microorganisms can recycle nutrients to promote healthy soil.
## Measuring Soil Health
Changes in soil health happen over time. Therefore, measuring soil health is challenging. However, scientists can use tests to assess soil health.
- · Soil organic matter. Soil organic matter increases the nutrient- and water-holding capacity of soil. Organic matter is an important indicator of soil health.
- · Soil respiration. This test measures microbial activity in the soil. It is also a good predictor of plant-available nutrients from soil organic matter.
- Potentially mineralizable nitrogen. This test estimate the fraction of nitrogen in organic matter that may be converted to plant-available nitrogen. If soils has a high concentration of potentially mineralizable nitrogen; produce s m o b e ab .
- to cut back on nitrogen fertilizer applications.
Soll aggregation. Stable soil aggregates increase water infiltration into the soil and are good indicators of soil health. |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/fire-ecology/patch-burning/benefits-of-patch-burning/vegetation.html | Vegetation Benefits - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2022-10-24 | [] | OK | ## VEGETATION BENEFITS
Patch burning through preferential grazing of burned patches promotes a diversity of plant species (Figure 4). An abundance of forbs (broadleaf herbaceous plants) can be expected to increase following the fire and heavy grazing pressure of focal grazing for several years following burning. Forbs contribute an important element to wildlife habitat, as well as benefits to livestock. Given time to recover from focal grazing, the forb community changes (Figure 4).
Increases in some invasive plant species can be constrained by either intense grazing or growing season burns. This has been demonstrated in research with sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) in tallgrass prairie (see invasive plants section).
Caption : The patch on the left was burned in September of 2002, the patch on the right was burned March of 2003 and the picture was taken in September of 2003 showing the variation of plants created by patch burning and grazing. Photo Bob Hamilton. |
https://www.aces.edu/ | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [] | null | [] | AL | ## ONE RESOURCE with MANY SOLUTIONS for life's everyday challenges
Read impacts about people like you (discover)
## Recent Articles
The Alabama Cooperative Extension System, the primary outreach organization for the land grant mission of Alabama A&M University and Auburn University, delivers research-based educational programs that enable people to improve their quality of life and economic well-being. In 2018, Alabama Extension reached 1 in 3 Alabama residents. That's more than 1.4 million people.
https://www.aces.edu/blogtopics/cropproduction/springconsidariesformanagement-noepeslotskipcis-on -graweries/)
Spring Considerations for Managing Neopotestolatopsis on Strawberries (https://www.aces.edu/blogtopics/c production/spring considerations-for-managing nepotestalotropis-onstrawberries/)
Nepotestotalopitosis leaf spot and fruit rot is a relatively new disease in Alabama. Since
http://www.aces.edu/blogtopics/farminghand https://www.aces.edu/ebuglogtopics/moringa http://sprayercalibration/)
Handgun Sprayer Calibration (https:// www.aces.edu/blogtopics/sprayer calibration/)
Sprayer calibration is an important step when applying pesticides and should not be overlooked. A lot of different sprayers are overloaded. A lot of different sprayers
http://www.aces.edu/blogtopics/spraterical calibration? Boom Sprayer Calibration (https://www.aces.edu/blogtopics/ sprayer calibration/)
Sprayer calibration is an important step when applying pesticides and should not be overloaded. A lot of different sprayers are overloaded. A lot of different sprayers
(http://www.acecs.edu/blogtopics/spraterical )
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https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/by-ingredients/live-well-recipe-sneaky-mashed-potatoes/ | Live Well Recipe: Sneaky Mashed Potatoes | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Sondra Parmer"
] | 2018-07-26 | [
"Recipes",
"Nutrition",
"Healthy Eating"
] | AL | extension extension
## Live Well Recipe: Sneaky Mashed Potatoes
Try our Sneaky Mashed Potatoes with hidden cauliflower. Can you keep a secret? Hiding vegetables in foods is a good way to get the kids to eat healthy. Shhh, don't tell. Serves 4.
## Ingredients
3 large potatoes, peeled and diced
1-10-ounce package or 1 head of cauliflower, fresh and chopped
1 tablespoon salt
3 tablespoons butter
3 slices cheese
1/3 cup milk
Add milk and mix until creamy.
Download the recipe here. Printable Sneaky Mashed Potatoes (https://www.acs.edu/wvp:/content/uploads/2018/07/FCSC\_2196\_Live/WealthAlabamaRecicards\_SneakyMashedP)
Click here to view the USDA Nondiscrimination Statement. (https://www.acs.edu/blog/topics/live-well-alabama/usda-nondiscrimination statement/)
(blog/category/home-family/nutrition/live-well-alabama/)
OK Cookie Notice |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/brandon-census-profile-2010-2020 | Brandon Census Profile (2010-2020) | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home
» Publications
» Publications » Brandon Census Profile (2010-2020)
## Brandon Census Profile (2010-2020)
PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number: P3716-121
View as PDF: P3716-121.pdf
Presentation File:
brandon\_census\_presentation.pdf
Department: MSU Extension-Rankin County.
Print PDF
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
Your Extension Experts
Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor
Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II
Dr. Devon Patricia Mills Assisont Professor
Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor
Related News
OCTOBER 3, 2024
Crosby Arboretum earns Outpost Business recognition
Filed Under: Economic Development
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842 Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998 Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374 Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375 Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796 Talking Retail Trade |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/twospotted-spider-mite | Twospotted Spider Mite | NC State Extension | [
"Jim Walgenbach"
] | null | [
"Pests",
"Entomology",
"Agriculture"
] | NC | ## Twospotted Spider Mite
## Background and Description
Twospotted spider mite ( Tetranychus urticae ; TSSM) is native to Eurasia but has become established worldwide. It feeds on an enormous variety of plants, including fruit trees, ornamental trees, vegetables, small fruits, shrubs, and many species of weeds. However, in Southeastern apple orchards it is only a sporadic problem.
The summer form of adult female TSSM is less than $^{1}$/$\_{g}$ inch (0.4mm) long and greenish yellow in color, with two prominent dark spots on either side of the back. These spots may become large enough to cover the body as the mite feeds. (Spots and coloring can be variable, and may lead to confusion with other species.) Eggs are shiny spheres, clear to pale green in color and about $^{1}$/$\_{200}$ inch (0.14mm) in diameter. Larvae are about the same size as eggs and are the only life stage with six legs (protonymphs, deuteronymphs, and adults are all eight-legged).
## Life History
TSSM overwinter as spotless, orange diaapusing females under bark at the bases of trees or in debris on the orchard floor. Shortly before bloom, they move to fresh vegetation (especially vetch and other legumes) and begin feeding on new green tissue. As the weather warms and these hosts dry out, TSSM will move into apple trees, usually infesting the center first. By this time they will have reverted to their typical green, spotted summer appearance and will begin laying eggs on the undersides of leaves. Females lay roughly one egg per day - if a female has mated, the fertilized eggs develop into both male and female mites; if she has not mated, the unfertilized eggs develop into males. Eggs hatch into six-legged larvae, then progress through eight-legged protonymph and deutonymph stages before becoming eight-legged adults. Since generations overlap, all life stages can usually be found simultaneously. There can be nine or more generations per year.
Diaapusing adult female TSSM overwintering under bark.
Attribution: J. F. Walgenbach file
## Damage
TSSM feed on leaves. When populations are severe, leaves may lose color or become brown (a condition referred to as "bronzing"). This can lead to fewer fruit, dropped fruit, and lower fruit quality,
as well as a lower return bloom the following season.
Many factors determine the severity of a mite infestation, including the time of year when injury occurs, the duration of feeding, the trees' vigor and cultivar, crop load, and weather conditions. The earlier that foliage is injured (i.e., May or early June), the more detrimental the damage will be to tree health. Mideseason (i.e., July or later) injury is less significant, but can combine with other stresses to cause fruit drop, poor fruit color, or reduced effectiveness of growth regulating chemicals.
## Monitoring and Control
TSSM is rarely a problem in southeastern apple orchards, and most trees are not affected by the relatively small populations that develop.
## Bio-control
Several beneficial arthropods help keep mite populations below damaging levels. The most common in the Southeast are a phytoseid mite ( Neoselius fallacis ) and the complex of generalist predators (e.g., black lady beetles ( Stethorus punctum ) and lacewings ). However, recent research in North Carolina suggests that neither of these predators overwinters to any significant degree within orchards, so they must be reestablished in orchards in the spring. Hence, practices that delay the buildup of TSSM and enable predators to increase before mites become a problem will favor biological control. The two most effective practices are applying a delayed dormant oil spray and avoiding insecticides toxic to these predators.
## Monitoring Mite Populations
Use a regular monitoring program to follow the buildup of mite populations and to determine if and when supplemental applications of a miticide are necessary to avoid economic damage. Monitor each contiguous block of apples weekly beginning when adult mites first appear (which may vary from mid May to early July). Within each block, examine 5 leaves from each of 10 trees with a visor lens or hand lens. Rather than counting the total number of mites on each leaf, record the number of leaves infested with one or more mites, and estimate the mite density on a per-leaf basis from the table below.
## Determining the Need for Miticides
If mite populations reach a density of 5 to 10 mites per leaf (80 to 90 percent infested leaves) decide whether to use biological control or a miticide to prevent mites from increasing to higher densities. Count the actual number of N. fallacis on sample leaves with a visitor lens. If the ratio of N. fallacis to TSSM is between 1 to 5 and 1 to 15, biological control is possible. For biological control with S. punctum to occur, the ratio should be 2.5 s.punctum to 1 TSSM. s punctum should be sampled by counting the number of adults and larvae observed during a timed 3-minute search around the periphery of mite-infested trees. S. punctum larvae must almost always be present if this predator is to control mites. If neither predator is present at sufficient levels for biological control to occur, and mite populations are between 5 to 10 mites per leaf, apply a miticide.
In areas where Alternaria blotch is a problem on Delicious apples, biological control is usually not an option. In the presence of Alternaria blotch, mite populations must be maintained at very low levels to avoid high levels of Alternaria and premature defoliation. If preventive control measures are not used, a modified threshold level of 1 to 2 mites per leaf should dictate the need for miticides.
Relationship between twospotted spider mite densities per leaf and percentage of mite-infested leaves
| % Mite-infested leaves (1+ mite/leaf) | Expected number of mites per leaf |
|-----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| 40 | 0.7 |
| 45 | 0.9 |
| 50 | 1.1 |
| 55 | 1.3 |
| 60 | 1.6 |
| 65 | 2 |
| 70 | 2.6 |
| 75 | 3.4 |
| 80 | 4.7 |
| 85 | 6.8 |
| 90 | 11.4 |
| 95 | 26.4 |
N. fallacis feeding on TSSM.
## Author
Jim Walgenbach Extension Entomology Specialist (Fruits/Vegetables) Entomology
Publication date: Feb. 23, 2015
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/drew-census-profile-2010-2020 | Drew Census Profile (2010-2020) | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home
» Publications
» Publications » Drew Census Profile (2010-2020)
## Drew Census Profile (2010-2020)
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Economic Development |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P3716-174 | |
| View as PDF: P3716-174.pdf | |
| Presentation File: | |
| The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. Select Your County Office | The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. Select Your County Office |
| Select Your County Office | Select Your County Office |
| Your Extension Experts | Your Extension Experts |
| Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor | Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor |
| Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II | Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II |
| Dr. Devon Patricia Mills Asssiotent Professor | Dr. Devon Patricia Mills Asssiotent Professor |
| Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor | Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor |
| Related News | Related News |
| OCTOBER 3, 2024 Crosby Arboretum earns Outpost Business recognition | OCTOBER 3, 2024 Crosby Arboretum earns Outpost Business recognition |
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842
Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998
Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374
Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375
Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796
Talking Retail Trade |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/watermilfoil-myriophyllum-spp | Watermilfoil | Myriophyllum spp. | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Wes Neal",
"Dennis Riecke",
"Gray Turnage"
] | null | [
"Water Weeds",
"Publications"
] | MS | ## Watermilfoil | Myriophyllum spp.
PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number: P3735-13
View as PDF: P3735-13.pdf
## Submersed | Native and Non-Native
Variable-leaf watermilfoil.
Watermilfoils are rooted, submersed plants with characteristic feathers like leaves under the water. There are several species, including native (e.g., variable-leaf watermilfoil; Myriophyllum heterophyllum) and nonnative (Eurasian watermilfoil; M. spicatum), but all have potential to be invasive in Mississippi ponds. Milfoil species can easily hybridize, which complicates identification efforts.
Variable-leaf watermilfoil has leaves in whorls of four to six, with submersed leaves exhibiting a feathery appearance. Emergent leaves are solid, sword-shaped, and firmer. Submersed leaves are usually spaced about 0.75 inch apart, and stems are thicker than M. spicatum . Fruits are disk-shaped.
Eurasian watermilfoil has leaves in whorls of three to five and much more tightly packed than M. heterophyllum (spacing less than 0.1 inch between whorls). It does not have immersed sword-shaped leaves. Fruits are four-lobed and spherical.
Eurasian watermilfoil is the more likely species to cause problems for Southern landowners. It is highly aggressive and forms dense colonies that create surface mats in ponds,
limits as stated on the product label.
Option 2: Endothall (4.23-pound formulation). Endothall should be applied as a submersed injection (1.92 gallons per acre-foot of water). Determine pond volume prior to application. Do not exceed annual herbicide rate limits as stated on the product label.
Option 3: 2,4-D (3.8-pound formulation). 2,4-D should be applied as a submersed injection (0.75 gallon per acre-foot of water). Determine pond volume prior to application. Do not exceed annual herbicide rate limits as stated on the product label.
Option 4: Diquat (3.73-pound formulation). Diquat should be applied as a submersed injection (0.25 gallon per acre-foot of water). Determine pond volume prior to application. Do not exceed annual herbicide rate limits as stated on the product label.
NOTE: Acre-foot = average depth of pond multiplied by pond acreage; average depth is calculated by taking the depth at 20 points across a water body and averaging the values.
Treat ponds when the plants are actively growing and the water temperature is at least 60°F. It would be best to treat one-third of the pond at a time for larger water bodies, with 2 weeks or more separating applications. After the entire pond has been treated, a repeat whole-pond application may be necessary to eliminate remaining plants.
Read and follow all chemical label instructions, especially the section on the use of personal protection equipment.
Photo Credits Top: Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org; Middle: U.S. Geological Survey.
Funding provided by the Aquatic Nuisance Species Program of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Grant Award F18AP00260 to the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality. Additional funding and support provided by the MSU Extension Service.
The information given here is for educational purposes only. References to commercial products, trade names, or suppliers are made with the understanding that no endorsement is implied and that no discrimination against other products or suppliers is intended.
## Publication 3735-13 (POD-11-23)
By Wes Neal, PhD, Extension/Research Professor, Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture; Dennis Riecke, Fisheries Coordinator, Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks; and Gray Turnage, PhD, Assistant Research/Extension Professor, GeoSystems Research Institute.
Print PDF
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
Authors
Dr. Wes Neal
Extension/Research Professor Fisheries Extension
Dr. Lee Gray Turnage, Jr. Asst Extension/Research Prof
Your Extension Experts
Dr. Wes Neal
Extension/Research Professor
Dr. Lee Gray Turnage, Jr. Asst Extension/Research Prof
Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3735-02 Macroalgae | Chara and Nitella spp.
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3735-26 Juncus | Juncus spp.
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3735-36 Water Pennywort | Hydrocotye spp.
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3735-37 Water Primrose | Ludwigia spp.
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3735-38 Water Shield | Brasenia schreberi |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/images/field-key-to-beetles-in-pines/galleries.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20170307165643Z00'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ||
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/research-reports/site-files/documents/1996/1-strause.pdf | B-VITAMIN ADEQUACY OF RUMEN CONTENTS | Oklahoma State University | [
"Strause et al"
] | Error: time data 'D:19970117150528Z' does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## B-VITAMIN ADEQUACY OF RUMEN CONTENTS
T. L. Strause$^{1}$, F. N. Owens$^{2}$, S. G. Price$^{1}$ and K. L. Weidman!
## Story in Brief
Dried ruminal contents from steers fed high concentrate diets were fed to chicks to check adequacy of thiamin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin B-12. Growth and survival were monitored for chicks fed diets supplemented with 25% dried ruminal contents which without this addition presumably were deficient in either 1) thiamin, 2) pantothenic acid, or 3) vitamin B-12. No significant depressions in feed intake, weight gain, or feed efficiency were noted. Results indicate that amounts of available thiamin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin B-12 in dried ruminal contents were adequate for rapidly growing chicks and thereby, presumably, for ruminants fed concentrate diets.
(Key Words: B-vitamins, Rumen fluid, Thiamin, Pantothenic acid, B-12.)
## Introduction
Dietary supplementation of B-vitamins typically has failed to improve performance of ruminants. Consequently, nutritionists have concluded that extensive production of B-vitamins by microbes in the rumen exceeds ruminant requirements. Consequently, the factors affecting ruminal synthesis of the B vitamins has not been well characterized. Extent of ruminal escape and synthesis vary among the vitamins (Zinn et al., 1987). Further, the availability of B-vitamins in rumen contents has not been investigated, particularly for cattle fed high-concentrate diets. In a previous study at Oklahoma State University (Dubeski et al., 1991), chicks were fed wet ruminal contents to check B-vitamin adequacy. Chicks, due to their rapid rate of growth, are used to bioassay many nutrients. Weight losses or abnormally slow and inefficient growth were noted when thiamin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin B12 were not supplemented together with ruminal fluid. This study was designed to reexamine adequacy of these three vitamins using dried ruminal contents from steers fed high concentrate diets.
## Materials and Methods
One hundred and thirty-nine white Cornish rock (broiler) cockerels were purchased and raised in batteries on a standard commercial chick starter diet until they were 9 days of age. Each chick was wing banded for identification.
Of these, 120 chicks were allocated randomly to 12 pens in one battery. Each of the four diets was fed to three pens in one battery. The chicks were fed their test diets for 14 days from age 10 to 25 days.
Four semipurified diets were formulated from corn starch, vitamin-free casein, minerals, vitamins, and provided all B-vitamins except thiamin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin B12 by Harlan Teklad, Inc., Madison, WI. Thiamin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin B12 were added to specific diets to provide the four following diets: thiamin deficient; pantothenic acid deficient; vitamin B12 deficient; and a complete diet. These diets were mixed with dried ruminal contents so that ruminal contents comprised 13.2% of each of these final mixtures.
Dried ruminal contents were obtained from Oklahoma State University rumen cannulated beef steers adapted to a high concentrate diet. The contents were dried and ground through a 2 mm screen in a mill before it was mixed into the diet. Fresh diet and water were supplied twice each day. The chicks were weighed on days 0, 4, 7, 11, 14 and a second time on day 14 after fasting for 6 hours. Intakes, rates and efficiencies of gain for the first and second half of the feeding study (fasted final weights) were calculated. Data were statistically analyzed based on pen means. A diet without added B-vitamins was not included for comparison because of the high cost of the purified diet and the fact that Dubeski et al. (1991) found that performance of chicks fed a purified diet without these vitamins added soon depleted their vitamin reserves and lost weight.
## Results and Discussion
Results are presented in Table 1. Weight gains, feed intakes, and feed efficiencies were similar for chicks fed purified diets with ruminal contents added whether all vitamins were included or when thiamin, pantothenic acid, or vitamin B-12 were deleted from the diet. These results indicate that the quantity of available thiamin, pantothenic acid and vitamin B-12 supplied from a diet containing only 13% ruminal contents was adequate for optimal rates and efficiencies of gain.
These results do not match results of a previous study (Dubeski et al., 1991) in which chicks fed diets of which 12.4% dry matter consisted of ruminal contents grew slowly or lost weight. In that study, wet ruminal contents were used compared to dried ruminal contents in this study. Whether the differences might relate to presence of antivitamins in wet ruminal contents that are inactivated by drying, to presence of volatile fatty acids and other materials in wet ruminal contents that alter chick metabolism or other factors is not known. Nevertheless, the concern about inadequacy or low availability of pantothenic acid and vitamin B-12 has been alleviated by results of this study.
Concentrations of thiamin in ruminal contents are quite low (under 1 ppm in the final diet) compared to estimated requirements for growing chicks (1.8 ppm), so the rapid growth of chicks fed the thiamin deficient diet was surprising. Further studies with both positive and negative controls are needed to assess B-vitamin adequacy more fully considering the low plasma levels of vitamin B-12 in finishing steers and of pantothenic acid and pyridoxine in transport-stressed calves.
## Implications
A 14-day chick bioassay was used in which chicks were fed four separate diets that were devoid of supplemental thiamin, pantothenic acid or vitamin B12 except for that supplied by 13% of the diet which was dried ruminal contents. Dry matter intake, average daily gain, and feed efficiency were not depressed in the vitamin deficient diets compared to the complete diet. This suggests that the quantity of available thiamin, pantothenic acid and vitamin B12 were adequate to meet the chicks' requirement and potentially should meet requirements for growing ruminants.
## Literature Cited
Dubeski, P. L. et al. 1991. Okla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Rep. MP-134:207. Zinn, R. A. et al. 1987. J. Anim. Sci. 65:267.
| Measurement | Complete diet | Thiamin deficient | Pantothenate deficient | B-12 deficient | |
|---------------|-----------------|----------------------|---------------------------|-------------------|------|
| Gain, g/day | 33.7 | 34.6 | 34.4 | 34.7 | 0.93 |
| Day 0-7 | 47.6 | 43.8 | 45.6 | 45.8 | 2.25 |
| Day 7-14 | 40.6 | 39.2 | 40 | 40.3 | 1.44 |
| Feed, g/day | 42.2 | 45 | 44.9 | 43.7 | 1.51 |
| Day 7-14 | 74.9 | 73.2 | 74.7 | 74.1 | 3.03 |
| Day 0-14 | 58.5 | 59.1 | 59.8 | 58.9 | 2.25 |
| Gain/feed | | 0.8 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.8 |
| Day 0-7 | .64 | 0.6 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.01 |
| Day 7-14 | .69 | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.01 | |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/by-ingredients/live-well-recipe-hearty-egg-burritos/ | Live Well Recipe: Hearty Egg Burritos | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Sondra Parmer"
] | 2018-07-26 | [
"Recipes",
"Nutrition",
"Healthy Eating"
] | AL | ## Live Well Recipe: Hearty Egg Burritos
This recipe for Hearty Egg Burritos is great for breakfast. Eggs are a cheap and healthy source of protein. It takes only minutes to put this on the table. Even use it for lunch or dinner! Serves 4.
## Ingredients
1 teaspoon oil
1/2 medium onion, chopped
can black beans, 14 ounces, drained and rinsed
1/4 teaspoon black pepper
Pinch of salt
1/4 teaspoon garlic powder
4 large eggs
Cooking spray
4 medium tortillas, whole wheat
Cookie Notice
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php)
1/2 cup cheese, shredded
1/2 cup salsa
## Directions
Heat oil in a skillet over medium heat. Add onion, beans, black pepper, salt and garlic powder. Cook until onion is soft, about 5 minutes. Move beans and veggies to a clean plate or bowl.
Mix eggs in a small bowl with a fork.
Wipe skillet clean with a paper towel. Coat with cooking spray. Heat at medium low.
Add egg mixture. Cook about 3-5 minutes. Stir often to scramble eggs.
Spoon egg mixture into the center of each tortilla. Add beans and veggies. Sprinkle cheese on top. Add spoonful of salsa. Fold into a burro.
Download the recipe here: Printable Hearty Egg Burritos
(https://www.aces.edu.wlzg.us/cgi-296\_Live/WellAlabamaRecipeCardas\_HeartYeggBurr contentuploads/2018/07/FCs\_2196\_Live/WellAlabamaRecipeCardas\_HeartYeggBurr
Click here to view the USDA Nondiscrimination Statement, ( https://www.aces.edublogtopicslive-well-alabama/usa-nondiscrimination statement )
(blog/categoryhome-familynutritionlive-well-alabama/) |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/levyco/2022/10/21/levy-county-4-h-national-4-h-week-annual-hay-bale-contest/ | Levy County 4-H National 4-H Week Annual Hay Bale Contest | University of Florida | [
"jessicasemerson"
] | 2022-10-21 | [
"Uncategorized"
] | FL | ## Levy County 4-H National 4-H Week Annual Hay Bale Contest
Levy County 4-H Clubs participate in the annual Hay Bale Contest to celebrate National 4-H Week.
with their members to decorate their hay bales for this year's contest and to promote 4-H.
4-H Programs aim to teach youth valuable life skills through handson learning and positive youth-adult relationships. 4-H professionals strive to create and offer unique and engaging activities for youth to participate in while learning targeted skills. Through this contest, youth have the opportunity to improve and exemplify their teamwork and leadership skills by working together to create and implement their hay bale design. Older youth practice leadership skills by helping and directing younger members during the decorating process.
This year, 80% of Levy County's 4-H Clubs participated in the contest. Clubs had the opportunity to win a pizza or ice cream sundae party for their entire club through this contest. After days of voting through the Levy County 4-H Facebook Page, the winner was determined to be the Country Bumpkin's 4-H Club!
National 4-H Week was celebrated from October 1st through October 8th this year. Levy County 4-H holds an Annual Hay Bale Contest to celebrate National 4-H Week. This year, the contest had to be postponed due to the uncertainty surrounding Hurricane Ian's path.
The 4-H Clubs in Levy County came together
4-H is America's largest youth development organization and has supported almost six million youth across the country. These programs are delivered through Cooperative Extension which is provided through more than 100 public universities across the nation. 4-H Programs nationwide provide experiences for youth to learn by doing through a wide range of topics. In Levy County, 4-H has helped over 200 youth to better their communication, decision making and leadership skills to become confident, resilient and compassionate leaders.
## So, How Do I Get Involved?
The 4-H Program is an all-inclusive youth organization that offers a variety of youth involvement. Youth can become involved through community-based clubs or school-based programs. We encourage students to join 4-H and find their passion by exploring the many opportunities the program has to offer. Enroll through the Florida 4HOnline web portal: https://v2.4honline.com/. For more information about the Levy County 4-H Program, please contact the UF/IFAS Extension Levy County Office at (352) 486-5131.
```
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by jessicasemerson
Posted: October 21, 2022
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Category:
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## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Levy County 4-H; Hands To Larger Service
Economic Survey
- · Gardening Workshop; A Cornucopia Of Techniques And Tips
- · UF/IFAS Extension Dean Learns By Doing |
https://extension.okstate.edu/e-pest-alerts/site-files/documents/2016/wheat-disease-update-may-16-2016.pdf | Plant Disease and Insect Advisory | Oklahoma State University | [
"Administrator"
] | Error: time data "D:20160516110238-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK74078 405.744.5527
Vol. 15, No. 18
http://entoplp.okstate.edu/Pddl/
## Wheat Disease Update
Bob Hunger, Extension Wheat Pathologist
This past week in addition to being around Stillwater, I attended field days in Canadian County (just west of Oklahoma City), Kay County (north of Ponca City), Kingfisher County (northwest of Oklahoma City) and Major County (west of Enid). Wheat I examined ranged from milk to medium dough.
stripe rust (producing spores) was still present in Major County, but only at low levels. Leaf rust is prevalent around Stillwater, with low levels of leaf rust found in Kay and Major Counties.
Symptoms of barley yellow dwarf (BYD) also were observed at all locations. As previously indicated, I observed only discolored (yellow to reddish-purple) flag leaves and no stunting indicating infection of BYDV by aphids occurred in the spring. One observation of note is that often with BYD the flag leaf will be discolored but leaves below the flag remain green as in the photo at right. This is indeed BYD.
The Diagnostic lab also has continued to receive samples testing positive for Wheat streak mosaic virus and/or High plains virus. These samples have been from northern, northwestern and the panhandle regions of Oklahoma. For more information, see Fact Sheet EPP-7328 Wheat Streak Mosaic, High Plains Disease, and Triticum Mosaic: Three Virus Diseases of Wheat in Oklahoma at
## http://pods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-8987/EPP-7328.pdf.
Finally, another disease that is making an appearance in Oklahoma this year is take-all. I have not observed take-all in Oklahoma now for many years; in fact, the last time we received a number of samples of take-all was back in the early 2000s. Take-all is favored by moist conditions and the droughts of 2013 and 2014 would have not favored this disease. Abundant moisture starting a year ago and in areas of Oklahoma this year again have likely provided conditions favorable for this disease. Take-all also is favored by neutral to alkaline soil pH and will first show as white plants in low-lying, wet areas after a period of hot and dry days. I don't think this will be a significant disease in Oklahoma this year, but wanted to bring it to your attention.
White heads indicating take-all and discolored roots and lower stems indicative of take-all.
Dr. Kirk Broders (Plant Pathologist; Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO); May 11, 2016: "There has been good precipitation around the state this spring which has led to a good wheat crop, but also provides the potential for more foliar diseases than we usually see. Most of the wheat in the southeast has already headed out and there are low levels of stripe rust present, but likely ranges from boosting to heading (Feekes 10 - 10.1). It is at this point that the flag leaf will also become fully emerged, and it will be important to ensure the flag leaf is protected in order to protect yield. I have received reports of stripe rust from multiple locations in eastern Colorado from Prowers County in the southeast and further north in Cheyenne, Kit Carson, Yuma, Washington and Arapahoe counties. Scott Haley mentioned he saw bacterial streak in the northeast part of Colorado and I have also received a couple reports and confirmed one report of Stagonospora blotch on wheat in Washington County. Both reports were from wheat planted after a previous wheat crop. There were several reports of Stagonosora blotch in the state last year likely due to the significant amount of precipitation. This fungus is capable of surviving on wheat stubble and then infecting the successive crop given ample rainfall. Both Stagonospora blotch and stripe rust remain sporadically distributed and at low levels in most regions in the state, but with more predicted rain in the forecast growers may want to consider applying a fungicide once the flag leaf is fully emerged in order to ensure it is protected and the head is able to yield to potential. Certainly, they should take into consideration whether there is any foliar disease currently in the field or in their region, the potential yield of the crop and the cost of the fungicide to be applied, as well as the probability of cool, rainy weather in the forecast."
Wisconsin: Dr. Damon Smith (Asst Prof - Field Crops Pathology; University of Wisconsin-Madison); May 11, 2016: "It was only a matter of time... Today we confirmed the first observations of stripe rust in Wisconsin for 2016. Brian Mueller, Graduate Research Assistant in the Field Crops Pathology Lab at the University of Wisconsin-Madison found active stripe rust pustules in winter wheat in both southern and south central Wisconsin. In southern Wisconsin stripe rust was found in the Wisconsin Winter Wheat variety trial located in Sharon, Wisconsin. Stripe rust was at low incidence and severity on emerging flag leaves with some lesions manifesting as chlorotic flecks and not yet active. We speculate that the epidemic initiated recently. With the humid and rainy weather over the past several days, conditions have been ripe for symptom development. The second stripe rust confirmation was at the Arlington Agricultural Research Station in an integrated management trial for stripe rust. Again, incidence and severity were low on emerging leaves, therefore, we speculate that the epidemic has recently initiated. We have been actively looking for stripe rust as there have been numerous reports of epidemics in winter wheat in states to our south and west. Given the recent weather patterns we will likely see more stripe rust show up in the state. I suspect we will start to see fungicide sprayers active in wheat fields in the state given the fact that the epidemic onset is
coinciding with the emergence of flag leaves. We will continue to monitor the situation carefully."
Farewell…
## Richard Grantham, Director, PDIDL
With my rapidly approaching retirement, all requests for insect and/or plant disease diagnoses using digital images should be sent to sickplants@okstate.edu from this point forward. It has been a pleasure to serve as the insect diagnostic and PDIDL Director for almost 2 decades and I will truly miss working with you and the clientele you serve. I can only hope you continue to receive the professional service you have come to expect from the lab.
## Dr. Richard Grantham - Director, Plant Disease and Insect Diagnostic Laboratory
The information given herein is for educational purposes only. Reference to commercial products or trade names is made with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the Cooperative Extension Service is implied.
The pesticide information presented in this publication was current with federal and state regulations at the time of printing. The user is responsible for determining that the intended use is consistent with the label of the product being used. Use pesticides safely. Read and follow label directions. The information given herein is for educational purposes only. Reference to commercial products or trade names is made with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the Cooperative Extension Service is implied.
Oklahoma State University, in compliance with Title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order 11246 as amended, and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Higher Education Act), the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other federal and state laws and regulations, does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, genetic information, sex, age, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, disability, or status as a veteran, in any of its policies, practices or procedures. This provision includes, but is not limited to admissions, employment, financial aid, and educational services. The Director of Equal Opportunity, 408 Whitehurst, OSU, Stillwater, OK 74078-1035; Phone 405-744-5371; email: eeoc@okstate.edu has been designated to handle inquiries regarding non-discrimination policies: Director of Equal Opportunity. Any person [student, faculty, or staff] who believes that discriminatory practices have been engaged in based on gender may discuss his or her concerns and file informal or formal complaints of possible violations of Title IX with OSU's Title IX Coordinator 405-7449154.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Director of Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. This publication is issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President, Dean, and Director of the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/farming/preventing-fires-in-poultry-litter-storage-structures/ | Preventing Fires in Poultry Litter Storage Structures | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Joseph B. Hess",
"James O. Donald",
"John P. Blake"
] | 2018-07-25 | [
"Farming",
"Poultry",
"Litter Storage"
] | AL | A litter storage structure is an important component of a poultry producer's waste management program. A danger with litter storage is the possibility of fire. Learn the common factors in litter storage fires and recommendations for preventing them.
Poultry producers must decide what to do with litter production from their flocks. Litter must be removed from poultry houses on a regular basis and used in an environmentally sound manner. By properly managing litter, poultry producers can use it as fertilizer or feed and benefit economically. Producers must also be aware of the danger of litter storage fires.
For poultry litter to be used effectively and efficiently, it must be stored until an appropriate time for field application to crops or until required for cattle feeding. Consequently, a litter storage structure is an important component of the poultry producer's waste management program. A litter storage facility protects litter from weather and wildlife, helps prevent water pollution, provide flexibility in the timing of application to cropland, and makes it possible to have an end product that can be used as cattle feed.
The possibility of fire associated with litter storage is caused by heat generated within the manure pile. Spontaneous combustion in a litter stack can result from the buildup of combustible methane or the storage of wet and dry litter fires. May also occur if the manure is stacked to closely to wooden walls that may ignite when the temperature in the litter reaches the wood's flash point. Fires in litter storage structures can be prevented if the storage site is properly located and maintained.
## Common Factors in Litter Storage Fires
Moisture is a critical factor in all litter storage fires. Perhaps the most common error made by producers adding moist litter to a dry stack. Heating and the formation of methane gas begin as the dry litter absorbs moisture. Anaerobic is bacteria generate about 50 to 65 percent methane, about 30percent carbon dioxide, and a smaller percentage of other gases. Therefore, if the moisture content of stored litter is more than 40 percent in a stack with little or no oxygen, conditions are right for anaerobic
bacteria to grow, producing methane gas. Heating and methane gas formation can be avoided if litter is allowed to dry completely before it is applied to the stack. If the stack has adequate pore spaces, any methane that forms will escape harmlessly into the atmosphere.
Stacks exposed to wind-driven rain can accumulate moisture and become a fire hazard. Litter should be protected from blowing rain.
Caked litter cleaned out from underneath waters will usually have a high moisture content and can also contribute to litter storage fires. Caked litter will be much higher in moisture than litter located throughout the rest of the house. It is a good idea to separate piles of high moisture caked litter from drier litters.
Layering new, moist litter on top of old, dry litter creates an insulated, heat-producing situation. Litter should be completely dry before being added to a stack. Pile size affects heat release. Pile height and width are more critical than pile length. Small piles provide greater surface area for heat release; large piles increase the chance for excessive heat or fire. A litter stack should be no more than 5 feet high.
Compacting litter will trap heat in the pile. Litter or moist cake should not be compacted. Compacting creates anaerobic conditions and prevents the natural venting of methane. Heat is not easily released from a compacted pile.
## Recommendations for Preventing Litter Storage Fires
- Keep litter dry! Wet litter will not prevent a fire; just the opposite may happen. Protect litter from blowing rain.
- Store caked litter in a separate pile from dry litter.
- Avoid compacting moist or dry litter.
- Stack litter no more than 5 feet high.
- Stack litter away from wooden walls or structural support posts.
- Frequently monitor temperatures at various locations within the pile, and remove any materials that have temperatures greater than 180°F. If temperatures exceed 190°F or if the material is smoldering, notify the local fire department and get instructions for removing the material from the building. Use extreme caution: a smoldering pile can burst into flame when exposed to air.
- Store expensive equipment out of the litter storage structure.
## Conclusion
Good management practices and common sense will enable you to take advantage of the benefits of litter storage. Proper precautions will greatly reduce the risk of loss through explosion and fire.
If litter is to be stored for use as a cattle feed, it should be appropriately deep-stacked and covered with polyethylene for at Science , James O. Donald , Extension Agricul tural Engineer , Professor , Agricultural Engineering , and John P . Blake , least 20 days.
## Cookie Notice
Reviewed July 2018, Preventing Fires in Litter Storage Structures , ANR-0915
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php) Download this article as a PDF
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https://extension.okstate.edu/articles/2023/christina_collins_voy.html | Collins recognized as 4-H Volunteer Leader of the Year - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2023-06-30 | [] | OK | Christina Collins, left, was recognized as the Oklahoma 4-H Volunteer of the Year during the 2023 4-H Parent/Volunteer Leader Conference at Oklahoma State University. Presenting the award is Missy Quintero, president of the 4-H Volunteer Board. (Photo by Mitchell Alcala, OSU Agricultural Communications Services)
## Collins recognized as 4-H Volunteer leader of the Year
Friday, June 30, 2023
Media Contact: Trisha Gedon | Sr. Communications Specialist | 405-744-3625|
trisha.gedon@okstate.edu(mailto:trisha.gedon@okstate.edu)
## Share
Christina Collins is a self-proclaimed "sandwich generation 4-H'er," with her father an active club member in his youth, her own 10-year 4-H career and her two children currently reaping the benefits of membership in the
Oklahoma 4-H Youth (https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/4h-youthdevelopment/index.html) Development
Collins's leadership and dedication to the program were recognized in June when she was named the Oklahoma 4-H Volunteer of the Year during the 4-H Parent/Volunteer Leader Conference at Oklahoma State University in Stillwater. She was also recognized as the Southeast District and the
Pottawatomie County 4-H Volunteer of the Year.
"I joined 4-H when I was 9 years old and spent 10 years doing all sorts of things in 4-H." Collins said. "I was interested in sewing, fashions and fabrics, citizenship and leadership. I went on trips to Denver, Nashville and Washington, D.C. When I had kids, it was automatic that they'd be involved in 4-H, too."
When her daughter, Emma, turned 9 years old, Collins enrolled her in the Dale 4-H Club in Pottawatomie County. Collins later signed on as a volunteer. She then enrolled her son, Andrew, and she has been a constant presence in Pottawatomie County 4-H activities for the past eight years. After her daughter's leader stepped down a few years ago, Collins became a certified volunteer. Her husband, Brad, serves as co-leader of the club, and they're often found tagging 4-H activities.
Despite the family's busy schedules, Collins said she sees the value of 4-H and knows the benefits youth gain through membership.
"I use the skills I learned in 4-H in both my personal and professional life. It's a lot of work to juggle family, career and all of our other activities, but it's worth it," Collins said. "I know what 4-H does for club members, and I want to stay involved and make these opportunities available to youth."
Kacie Jasper, Pottawatomie County (https://extension.okstate.edu/county/pottawatomie/) 4-H educator, said Collins is an excellent team player and collaborator.
"Christina has been instrumental in helping Pottawatomie County 4-H develop programs and initiatives to better serve our community," Jasper said. "She has a unique ability to connect with youth and their families to create a positive, inclusive and supportive learning environment. Her passion is contagious, and she has inspired many youth to reach their full potential."
Morely Griffith, a member of the Dale 4-H Club, said Collins goes above and beyond for her club members.
"She's consistently inspiring the youth of our community and innovating youth development practices to reach more kids," Griffith said. "She is a shining example of a volunteer who knows how to guide kids with positive direction and a loving spirit."
Collins said she enjoys seeing positive changes in her club members over time. One of her success stories regards a club member who always participated but was quiet.
"Last year he decided to apply for 4-H camp counselor, so I took him to camp counselor training," she said. "It has been so fun to see him become so active and involved and truly come out of his shell. I love having a front-row seat and watching these club members grow."
Collins said she wants people to realize that 4-H has a place for everyone.
She said being recognized with this state award was very humbling.
"I don't do this for recognition, but if I stop and think about it, it helps me realize I'm making a difference - and that feels good," Collins said.
## Share
```
4-H (https://news.okstate.edu/tags/browse.html?tags=4-H)
OSU Agriculture (https://news.okstate.edu/tags/browse.html?tags=OSU%20Agriculture)
OSU Extension (https://news.okstate.edu/tags/browse.html?tags=OSU%20Extension)
Outreach and Engagement (https://news.okstate.edu/tags/browse.html?tags=Outreach%20and%20Engagement)
volunteering (https://news.okstate.edu/tags/browse.html?tags=volunteering)
``` |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/the-hobby-greenhouse-2.html | The Hobby Greenhouse - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"Michael A. Schnelle",
"Steven H. Dobbs",
"Douglas C Needham",
"John M. Dole"
] | 2017-01-04 | [] | OK | ## The Hobby Greenhouse
Published Apr. 2017 |
Id: HLA-6705
By Michael A. Schnelle, Steven H. Dobbs, Douglas C Needham, John M. Dole
Print-friendly PDF sheets/print-publications/hla/thehbobby-greenhouse-hla-6705.pdf)
Share Fact Sheet
JUMP TO: Attached Lean-To / Attached Even-Span / Freestanding / Cost / Locating the Greenhouse / Designing the Greenhouse / Greenhouse Width / Greenhouse Length / Greenhouse Height / Fiberglass Greenhouses / Plastic Greenhouses / Potting Shed/Workroom / Greenhouse Management / Shading the Greenhouse / Removal of Shading Compound / Inside Maintenance / Weatherproof Wire / Associations / Oklahoma SupplyCompanies
A greenhouse gives a homeowner an opportunity to grow plants year-round in a controlled environment. While a greenhouse can be either a substantial or nominal investment, success as a hobby greenhouse grower will depend on the degree of environmental control that can be maintained in the structure. Environmental controls can be expensive, and as most other hobbies, home greenhouses require a financial commitment.
The first step would be to accurately assess greenhouse requirements. Would a cold frame, hot bed, or window greenhouse meet the requirements, or is more growing space required? (It seems that regardless of the size selected, the structure will be too small eventually). Larger greenhouses (over 300 sq. ft.) cost less per square foot of useable space than smaller ones, but cost more
initially and cost more to operate. Greenhouses are available in a large variety of shapes. Select the style that will harmonize with other features on the proposed site.
The greenhouse may be a free-standing structure, which generally will provide more growing space and flexibility to be placed anywhere on the property, or a lean-to structure attached to a wall of the home, garage, etc. Lean-to models are frequently less desirable because there are limitations on where they can be placed around the home. Preferred exposures are east and south. Regardless of the basic design, however, the greenhouse must receive a minimum of five to six hours of unobstructed light during the winter months.
## Attached Lean-To
A lean-to greenhouse is built against a building, using the existing structure for one or more of its sides. It is usually secured to a house, but may be attached to other buildings (Figure 1). The greenhouse is limited to single or double-row plant benches with a total width of 7 to 12 feet. It can be as long as the building to which it is attached. The advantage of the lean-to greenhouse is that it usually is close to available electricity, water, and heat. The lean-to has the following disadvantages:
- Limited space.
- Limited light.
- Limited ventilation and temperature control.
The least expensive type is a window mounted greenhouse. It allows space to grow a few plants at relatively low cost for heating and cooling. This reach-in greenhouse is available in many standard sizes, either in single units or tandem arrangements for large windows. Only simple tools are needed to remove the regular window from the frame and fasten a prefabricated window greenhouse in its place.
## Attached Even-Span
The even-span greenhouse is the standard type -the style generally visualized when thinking about a greenhouse. The evenspan greenhouse is similar to a freestanding structure, except that it is attached to a house at one end. It can accommodate two or three rows of plant benches. Attached even-span greenhouses cost more than lean-to types, but have greater flexibility in design and accommodate more plants.
## Freestanding
The freestanding greenhouse is a separate structure and consists of sidewalls, end walls, and gable roof (Figure 2). It is assembled similar to an even-span, except that a freestanding greenhouse is set apart from other buildings, allowing full exposure to the sun. It can be made as large or small as desired.
## Figure 2. Freestanding Greenhouse. This structure does what its
name implies; it stands alone.
The freestanding greenhouse is more easily adapted to the builder's ideas of location, size, and shape than attached greenhouses. It also provides more light, but requires more heat at night because of the additional exposed surface area. Separate heating and cooling systems will be necessary.
## Cost
The lowest cost per square foot of growing space is available in a 17 to 18-foot wide even-span greenhouse. It will house two side benches, two walks, and a wide center bench. The lowest total cost for a greenhouse is a 7 to 12-foot wide lean-to house with doublerow benches and a central walk. Keep in mind that a lean-to greenhouse has less glass or other exposed covering; therefore, heating costs are less than for a free standing greenhouse.
## Locating the Greenhouse
After deciding on the type of greenhouse desired, its placement will need to be determined. An ideal site for a greenhouse would be well drained, nearly level, and with full exposure to sunlight. It
would slope slightly to the south and have a windbreak on the side of the prevailing wind.
The first choice for a greenhouse site should be on the south or southeast side of the house in a sunny location. The east side is the second best location, since it will capture the most November to February sunlight. The next best locations are the southwest and west, and the north side is the least desirable location.
A greenhouse can be placed where it will be partly shaded during the summer, when a reduction in light is desirable. Be sure the greenhouse is not shaded too heavily, and take into account the possibility of falling limbs that can damage the greenhouse. Some plants will grow in a greenhouse in any location. However, types of plants which can be grown will be limited if the greenhouse is not placed in the best possible location.
Sometimes a greenhouse can be placed against a door, window, or basement entrance of the house. This allows heat from the house to enter the greenhouse, makes the greenhouse more accessible, and saves on construction costs. The home heating bill, however, will increase significantly. With an L-shaped house, the cost of two greenhouse walls can be saved by building the greenhouse in the "L."
Wind protection may be more important than whether the greenhouse runs north and south or east and west. Protect the greenhouse from winds by locating it so existing buildings will shield it, or by providing it with a windbreak hedge or fence.
## Designing the Greenhouse
Determine the exact dimensions for the greenhouse before starting to build. Width is the most important dimension; it will not be changed during the life of the greenhouse. Length can be increased if more space is desired.
## Greenhouse Width
Determine the width of the greenhouse by adding the widths of the plant benches and the walks. Allow approximately six inches for walls at either side and two inches for air-circulation space between the sidewalks and the benches.
Side benches are serviced from only one side and should be no wider than one's reach. For some people, this will be two feet; for others, perhaps as much as three feet. Center benches are serviced from both sides and, thus, can be as wide as six feet. They should be narrow enough to permit one to work comfortably.
Determine the width of the walkways according to their intended use. If they will be used only as a place to stand while servicing the benches, 18 or 19 inches is sufficiently wide; however, if a wheelbarrow will be brought into the greenhouse, the width must be greater. Wide walks, e.g. 24 to 30 inches, will allow easy passage for visitors who may not be used to walking between rows of plants.
Should a disabled individual confined to a wheelchair desire access, special design specifications should be kept in mind. Access walks to the greenhouse (if freestanding) need to be at least four feet wide, with a grade of no more than five percent (6 inches every 10 feet). Obviously, these wide entrances and paths throughout the structure will influence the width of the greenhouse.
## Greenhouse Length
Determine the length of the greenhouse by dividing the total number of plants to be grown in the greenhouse by the density at which they can be spaced per linear foot of bench. For example, assume a freestanding greenhouse with two 30-inch deep side benches and one 48-inch deeper center bench. Calculate the number of plants that could be grown per linear foot of bench space. Thus, if 500 plants are to be grown, and it is calculated that each side bench could grow five plants per linear foot, and the
center bench could grow seven plants per linear foot, i.e. a total of 17 plants per linear foot, the greenhouse would need to be nearly 30 feet long, i.e. 500 divided by 17.
## Greenhouse Height
The height of the greenhouse depends on the desired height to the eave. An eave height of 5 feet is satisfactory for side benches with low-growing plants. For tall plants, an eave height of 6 or 7 feet is needed. The pitch of the roof should be 6 in 12 (approximately 27 degrees). The eave height, the distance from the sidewall to the center of the greenhouse, and the roof pitch will determine the height of your greenhouse at the center. The height of the greenhouse should be equal to the eave height plus onefourth the width of the greenhouse.
For instance, in an even-span greenhouse 18 feet wide, the distance from the sidewall to the center of the greenhouse is 9 feet. The difference in height between the center of the greenhouse and eave will be one-half of 9 feet, or 4 1/2 feet. If the eave is 5 feet high, the greenhouse should be 9 1/2 feet at the center.
## Fiberglass Greenhouses
Fiberglass is lightweight, strong, and practically hailproof. Corrugated panels or flat fiberglass are available. Poor grades of fiberglass will discolor, which reduces light transmission. A good grade, on the other hand, may make a fiberglass greenhouse as expensive to build as a glass house. If fiberglass is used, select the clearest grade. Do not use colored fiberglass.
## Plastic Greenhouses
Plastic greenhouses are increasing in popularity because:
- · Construction cost per square foot is generally one-sixth to one-tenth the cost of glass greenhouses.
- · Plastic greenhouses can be heated as satisfactorily as glass greenhouses.
Plastic greenhouses can be made of polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), copolymers of these materials, or other readily available clear films. Plastic coverings will have to be replaced more frequently than other glazings.
## Potting Sheded Workroom
A separate workroom or small building attached to the greenhouse can be advantageous. Potting, seed sowing, soil mixing, etc. can be carried out while this room also serves as storage area for pots, growing media, stakes, pesticides, etc. Keep this building attached to the greenhouse so that during cold weather plants can be moved freely about without worry of freeze damage. Tropical plants may be injured or killed by temperatures less than 50°F.
The shed can be equipped with a bench for potting along with containers or bins to store media ingredients, such as peat moss, perlite, sand, etc. A small closet that can be locked is a good idea for the pesticides, particularly when pets or small children are present. Lastly, a sink with running water should be considered to simplify washing of pots, syringing of plants, and other chores that may be necessary.
## Greenhouse Management
## Heating
Many types of heaters and heating systems are satisfactory for greenhouses. Consider the initial cost, operating expenses, and available fuel. Greenhouses can be heated efficiently with coal, electricity, gas, or oil. A space heater, a forced-air heater, a hot-
water or steam system, or electric radiant heaters can be used. Radiant heat lamps over plants can be combined with soil heating cables under plants.
The required capacity of the heating system will depend on the size of the greenhouse, the insulating or "R" value of the glazing material, and the maximum difference between inside and outside temperatures.
Heating systems are rated in British thermal units (BTU) per hour. The company supplying the greenhouse should be able to configure an appropriately sized heating system.
First, find the temperature difference. This is the difference in degrees Fahrenheit between the lowest outside temperature and the minimum temperature to be maintained inside the greenhouse. For instance, to maintain a minimum inside temperature of 60°F with the coldest expected night temperature of -10°F, the temperature difference is 70°F. Next, calculate the number of square feet of exposed glazing in the greenhouse. Do not forget to add the areas of the sides and ends to the area of the roof.
Multiply the temperature difference by the number of square feet. For example, if a 20 by 100-foot greenhouse has a total of 3,400 square feet of exposed plastic, multiply 3,400 by 70 (the temperature difference) yielding 238,000.
Now, if the greenhouse is covered with two layers of plastic or glass, multiply the 238,000 by 0.8. If it is covered with only one layer, multiply by 1.2. This will calculate the required BTU per hour capacity of the heater. In the example, a two-layer greenhouse would be:
238,000 x 0.8 = 190,400 BTU per hour
The type of heating system selected will depend on funds available to spend. The four types are:
- · Space heater . For low-cost heating of small greenhouses, use one or more ordinary space heaters. (WARNING: Gas, oil, or coal fired heaters need a fresh air supply for combustion as well as exhaust venting to
avoid carbon monoxide and ethylene accumulation.) Fans are also needed to improve circulation. In kerosene heaters use only highgrade (low sulfur) kerosene to avoid sulfur dioxide emission; the need for high ignition temperature is important to avoid carbon-monoxide and ethylene buildup.
- · Forced-air heater . The best system for heating a small greenhouse is
a forced-air furnace with a duct or plastic tube system to distribute heat. A thermostat can be used to control the temperature in the greenhouse.
- · Hot-water or steam heater . A hot-water system with a circulator or a steam system linked with automatic ventilation will give adequate temperature control. In many areas of Oklahoma, natural gas is readily available at a low cost. This fuel is ideal for hot-water or a central steam system. Steam has an advantage in that it can be used to pasteurize growing beds and potting soils. Hot water and steam systems provide more precise control over temperature fluctuations and tend to operate more quietly than forced-air systems.
- · Electric heater . Overhead infrared heating equipment, combined with soil cable heat, provides a localized plant environment that allows plants to thrive, even though the surrounding air is at a lower than optimal temperature. Electric resistance type heaters are used as space heaters or as an integral part of a forced air system.
Important : Consider investing in a temperature alarm system which alerts the hobbyist to any power failures. These thermalarms are worth the investment, particularly when growing expensive plants such as orchids or other highly prized tropicals.
Even during cold weather, a greenhouse can get too warm on bright, sunny days. Ventilation equipment, therefore, should be built into the greenhouse to control temperatures and humidity in all seasons. When using hand-operated roof vents, frequent temperature checks will be required. As outdoor weather changes, sashes must be opened and closed manually to keep plants from getting too hot or too cold.
Automatic ventilation eliminates manual work and is the best way to cool a greenhouse. If your greenhouse has roof vents, for example, a thermostat and electric motor will open and close the vents. Temperature sensitive hydraulic pistons can be used to open and close small side and roof vents. Since they offer automatic ventilation without relying on electricity, proper ventilation will be maintained, even during electrical outages. Fresh outside air is brought in through the side vents via convection as the warm air flows out through the roof vents. In addition to cooling the greenhouse, the change of air improves growing conditions. Responding to this air transfer, the thermostat will turn off and on to keep desired temperatures for plants. Circulating and exhaust fans provide good ventilation and are needed in both large and small greenhouses. Exhaust fans should be large enough to change the air in the greenhouse once every minute. To accomplish this, the capacity of the fan in cubic feet per minute at 1/8-inch static pressure should equal the volume of the greenhouse. The approximate volume can be calculated by multiplying the floor area by 7. If the greenhouse is high enough, place the exhaust fan and the motorized intake louvers above the doors at opposite end-walls. This will exhaust the hottest, most humid air and prevent a direct draft on the plants near the intake. Fan and duct ventilation can also be used for automatic greenhouse heating and ventilation. Plastic ducts are suspended by wires or straps from the root of the greenhouse. The fanheater-louver unit gives positive air flow, and the polyethylene duct distributes the incoming air evenly throughout the house.
## Shading the Greenhouse
When protection from the sun is needed, use rollup screens of wood or aluminum, polypropylene shade cloth, vinyl plastic shading, or paint-on materials. Rollup screens are available with pulleys and rot-resistant nylon ropes. These screens can be easily adjusted from outside the greenhouse, as weather and sunlight vary.
Polypropylene shade cloth can be purchased in custom sizes, in black or green, and in 30 to 100 percent light transmission. These fabrics can be secured with rope or hooked onto the greenhouse by grommets woven into the binding.
Vinyl plastic shading is made of a flexible film that reduces light from 55 to 65 percent. The material comes in rolls and installs easily against the glass inside your greenhouse. To apply, just wash the glass with a wet sponge, then smooth the plastic onto the wet glass. When smoothed into position it adheres to the glass. It can be pulled off and used repeatedly.
Shading compound can be applied on the outside of glass greenhouses. Do not use shading compounds (whitewash) on materials other than glass. They may harm the glazing (covering) and may not be easily or totally removable. Shading compound can be thinned with paint solvents. It comes in either white or green. Shading compound that mixes with water can also be used. The following is a homemade recipe for whitewash. Mix 5 pounds hydrated lime with 3/4 gallon water and allow this mixture to age overnight. Then dissolve 1 pound of common salt with 1/5 pound of zinc sulfate in 1/5 gallon of boiling water. Allow to cool, and then mix with lime paste and stir well. Lastly, add 1/5 gallon of sweet skimmed milk and again stir. Add water and keep stirring until desired thickness is reached.
A lime paste can be mixed by using 50 pounds of hydrated lime with 6 gallons of water, or 38 pounds of quick lime with 8 gallons water. An even more simplified formula is as follows:
1 part white latex paint to 10 parts water provides heavy shading; whereas,
1 part white latex paint to 15 to 20 parts water gives moderate or standard shading.
## Removal of Shading Compound
As fall approaches, maximum sunlight will be needed again for greenhouse grown plants. Much of the shading compound may be worn off by this time, depending upon the solution applied. However, any remaining compound should be scrubbed off clear glass to allow maximum light penetration.
## Cooling can be a Problem
Cooling a greenhouse in Oklahoma is difficult. Two typical methods of cooling are used in the summer. The first method is to reduce the light intensity passing through the covering material by using a shading compound, a shade cloth, or wood slats on the outside of the greenhouse. The second and most effective method of greenhouse cooling is accomplished by using an evaporative cooler. This system works by pulling outside air through a film of water thus cooling the air 15° to 20°F by loss of heat through evaporation. The cool air is pulled through the greenhouse by a fan. Evaporative coolers work best at lower humidities. Most hobby greenhouse supply companies have easy-to-install coolers made for hobby greenhouses. Such a system should receive equal priority to a heating system. The cost of operating an air conditioner to cool a greenhouse would be prohibitive and would likely reduce humidity in the greenhouse to less than optimal levels.
The ideal temperature range for most greenhouse crops is 55° to 60°F for night temperature, and 70° to 75°F for day temperature. The day temperature should be 5° to 10° higher than the night temperature on a cloudy day, and 10° to 15° higher on a sunny, bright day. It is essential that a thermostat be located in the greenhouse in a central location, at plant level, and away from direct exposure to sunlight. Do not rely on the home cooling system with a thermostat in the living area to cool the greenhouse. Cooling the greenhouse may also be thermostatically controlled. When the temperature exceeds the desired temperature, the thermostat activates a small electric motor which opens a vent, turns on an exhaust fan, and turns on an evaporative cooler.
During summer months, an evaporative cooler will be necessary to keep the temperature close to the optimum level; at other times of the year, an open vent or exhaust fan will dissipate excessive heat effectively.
## Inside Maintenance
It is very important that the greenhouse be kept as clean as possible. When this is overlooked, diseases and insects can rapidly become a major problem. Keep all paths and floors free of weeds and debris. Don't allow standing water or muddy floors to exist. Consider gravel, concrete, or even bark floors for cleanliness and drainage. Keep dead and dying growth pruned from plants, regularly. Many common sense practices already practiced in the home are also applicable in the greenhouse. Avoid the temptation to overcrowd the benches with plants, as this will prevent disease or insect problems.
## Weatherproof Wire
Always weatherproof wire for all outside wiring. Wire size depends upon the distance to be covered and the electrical load on a circuit. Use approved terminal equipment and follow safe wiring practices. All wiring must conform to local wiring codes. It is worth the money spent and peace of mind to consult a qualified electrician before building a greenhouse.
Contact your county Extension educator for help in locating a few of your neighbors who have hobby greenhouses. Visit them to learn about their problems so that you can choose the best greenhouse to suit your needs.
Check local building codes and zoning laws before starting construction.
Any good book on houseplant care gives guidelines or suggestions on what grows well in a greenhouse. Most growers are very surprised to see how much easier plants can be grown in the ideal environment a hobby greenhouse provides. Refer to OSU Extension fact sheet
Acme Engineering & Mfg. Corp. P.O. Box 978 Muskogee, OK 74402 (918) 682-7791 www.acmefan.com(http://www.acmefan.com). American Plant Products and Services, Inc.
9200 N.w. 10th Oklahoma City, OK 73127-9722 (405) 787-4833 americanplant.com(https://americanplant.com/)
Mike Schnelle
Assistant Professor
Extension Ornamentals/Horticulture Specialist
Steven H. Dobbs
## Extension Consumer, Floriculture Specialist
Douglas C Needham
Assistant Professor, Floriculture
John M. Dole
Assistant Professor, Floriculture
Print-friendly PDF (/factsheets/print-publications/hla/thehobby-greenhouse-hla-6705.pdf)
## Topics:
Gardening & Lawn Care /(topics/plants-and-animals/gardening-and-lawn-care/)
Greenhouses & Indoor Gardening /(topics/plants-and-animals/gardening-and-lawncare/greenhouses-and-indoor-gardening/)
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https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/news/2022/05/19/uf-scientists-may-have-found-a-way-to-more-efficiently-apply-genome-editing-to-plant-breeding/ | UF scientists may have found a way to more efficiently apply genome editing to plant breeding | University of Florida | [
"Brad Buck"
] | 2022-05-19 | [
"UF/IFAS",
"Alfred Huo",
"development regulator",
"DNA",
"genome editing",
"Horticultural Sciences",
"Mid-Florida Research and Education Center",
"petri dish",
"Plant Breeding",
"Snapdragons",
"tomatoes"
] | FL | ## UF scientists may have found a way to more efficiently apply genome editing to plant breeding
New research led by a University of Florida scientist shows a development regulator can help plants grow. In the bigger picture, the study's results also may help genome editing and as a result, plant breeding.
Development regulators are genes that regulate plant development and growth. UF/IFAS scientists have discovered that one such gene can help deliver DNA into a plant to promote shoot growth form either a stem of a whole plant or young leaves cultured in a petri dish.
Results from the study show that injection of a plant developmental regulator known as PLT5 into the stem helps some snapdragon and tomatoes grow into new shoots. In addition, scientists found that the PLT5 can help young leaves or petioles of cabbages grow into a whole plant after culturing them in the petri dish.
"Generally, it is extremely difficult for cells from some plants to grow into whole plants from a tissue culture," said Alfred Huo, an assistant professor of horticultural sciences at the UF/IFAS Mid-Florida Research and Education Center. "By applying PLT5, scientists can more effectively deliver genes or DNA fragments into plant cells, which means plants can grow from the cellular level to adulthood more efficiently."
This research can help scientists address some questions in basic plant breeding, including how to get certain genes into plants, Hua said. It can also help scientists as they apply genome editing to many plant species.
"This finding can accelerate a breeding program," Huo said. "You want to use genome editing for plant breeding. But you need to deliver a genome editing toolbox into plants to make the editing happen. With this process, scientists can eventually create some desirable traits in plants and develop new cultivars. In this case, the PLT5 regulator can help deliver this toolbox and help grow young leaves or stems into new plants carrying these desirable traits."
More than 20 scientists across Florida - including Huo - are part of the UF/IFAS Plant Breeding team. They develop new varieties of citrus, tomatoes, strawberries, blueberries, cattle forages, peanuts, sugarcane, ornamental plants and more.
## ###
## ABOUT UF/IFAS
The mission of the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) is to develop knowledge relevant to agricultural, human and natural resources and to make that knowledge available to sustain and enhance the quality of human life. With more than a dozen research facilities, 67 county Extension offices, and award-winning students and faculty in the UF College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, UF/IFAS brings science-based solutions to the state's agricultural and natural resources industries, and all Florida residents.
```
ifas_ufl_edu | @UF_IFAS
o
by Brad Buck
Posted: May 19, 2022
```
UF researchers receive a multimillion grant to improve food safety in fresh produce
Tour an orchard as part of inaugural UF/IFAS blackberry growing conference May 25
A plant for Mothers' Day? UF/IFAS scientists breed top ornamentals
Florida-Friendly landscape professionals are good for the environment, your wallet |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/imperial-moth | Imperial Moth | NC State Extension | [
"James Baker"
] | null | [
"Entomology",
"Moth",
"PDIC"
] | NC | ## Imperial Moth
PDIC Factsheets
## Description and Biology
Imperial moths, Eacles imperialis , are large, mostly yellow moths with spots, lines and splottes of light to dark brown. They are classified in a section of the giant silkworm family called the royal moths. In late spring, Imperial moths emerge from the soil, mate, and females lay hundreds of eggs on a wide variety of trees. The eggs are flattened spheres almost $^{1}$/g inch across. From the eggs hatch orange caterpillars almost half inch long with conspicuous black spines. Caterpillars eventually develop into large, fat, green to brown to almost black worms three to 5 inches long! Some brown caterpillars may have conspicuous orange spots. Mature green caterpillars have yellow knobs on their thorax and yellow spots down each side (the spiracles through which they breath). The other color forms have dark knobs. Mature caterpillars are also covered with long, fine hair. Fully grown caterpillars crawl to the soil and dig in. They molt into a pupal stage in the soil. The pupae are reddish brown, cylindrical, and taper slightly toward the rear. There is a small, forked structure at the tip end. The pupae evidently use that structure to help dig up to the soil surface. It is generally thought that a second generation of moths emerges from the pupal stage sometime later in the summer. These females mate and lay eggs for the next generation of caterpillars. When fully grown, they dig into soil to pupate and spend the winter in soil. Moths emerge from the overwintering pupae the following spring. However, there is some uncertainty whether we have two generations per year in North Carolina or one. Some overwintering pupa may delay development until well into the summer giving the appearance of a second generation of moths. Certainly further north only one generation occurs.
Host Plants
Imperial moth caterpillars can feed on dozens of kinds of trees but seem to prefer pines, oaks, maples, sassafras, and sweetgum. Cedar, elm, persimmon, hickory, beech, honeycust and cypress are other less common hosts as well as a slew of other plants.
An imperial moth pupa. The forked structure at the end is used to help the pupa reach the soil surface just before the moth emerges.
Imperial moth pupae are dark brown to almost black.
## Residential Recommendations
Because imperial moth caterpillars are usually rare, the only noticeable sign of an infestation may be pellets of frass that fall to the pavement under an infested trees. Each female moth lays hundreds of eggs. A logical question would be, why are the moths not more common? Evidently the caterpillars are delicious to birds. Caterpillars that feed in an exposed position on foliage are ready targets for predators. In addition, many kinds of parasites and diseases plague caterpillars. So a mother moth is lucky, indeed, if two daughters of the hundreds of her offspring survive to produce grandchildren. Because imperial moth caterpillars are usually rare, it seems a pity to use an insecticide for their management. However, they are susceptible to most of the insecticides labeled for home landscape use, should the need arise.
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## Author
James Baker
Professor Emeritus Entomology and Plant Pathology
Publication date: Feb. 9, 2017
Reviewed/Revised: Sept. 24, 2019
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/pss/using-poultry-litter-as-fertilizer-pss-2246.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20170118100722-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Using Poultry Litter as Fertilizer
Hailin Zhang Waste Nutrient Management Specialist
Douglas W. Hamilton Waste Management Specialist
Josh Payne
Adjunct Associate Professor
Poultry litter is an excellent, low cost fertilizer if used properly. Land application of litter returns nutrients and organic matter to the soil, building soil fertility and quality. In addition to the macronutrients, N, P and K, poultry manure contains calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and micronutrients.
Land application of poultry manure should be managed to recycle plant nutrients rather than for disposal. Increasing environmental concerns about agricultural non-point source pollution make it imperative to use poultry litter in the manner most beneficial for the environment - both on and off the farm. Steps to proper litter management are:
- 1. Determine crop nutrient requirement based on a realistic yield goal and soil test data.
- 2. Determine the nutrient content of litter.
- 3. Determine the fraction of litter nutrients available to the crop in the first year of application.
- 4. Determine litter application rate to supply crop nutrient needs.
- 5. Determine supplemental nutrients needed for optimum crop growth.
These steps will assure that the proper amount of litter is applied. Avoiding excess litter application minimizes its impact on water quality.
## Crop Nutrient Requirement
Poultry litter should not be applied to soil beyond the limits of the growing crop's nutrient needs. This will ensure efficient use of manure nutrients and minimize nutrient leaching or runoff into the surface and ground water systems. Any soils scheduled to receive poultry litter should first be tested to determine fertility level. Periodic soil testing is recommended to monitor the nutrient supplying capability of the soil. Fertilizer recommendations based on soil test results are the only reliable way to determine the crop nutrient requirement.
Soil testing is available through OSU Soil, Water and Forage Analytical Laboratory in Stillwater, as well as, a number of commercial laboratories. Crop nutrient needs are given in the interpretations and requirements section of the soil test report. You can also determine crop nutrient needs using
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at: http://osufacts.okstate.edu
Extension Fact Sheet PSS-2225, DSU Soil Test Interpretations. Contact the local extension office for instructions and supplies for taking and submitting soil samples.
## Fertilizer Value of Litter
The nutrient content of poultry litter varies quite a bit. Fertilizer value depends on the type of birds, age of the litter, and litter moisture content. It is always a good idea to take a sample and test the litter for nutrients prior to cleaning out a poultry house. Use the test results to calculate how much litter to apply to fields.
Litter samples should be representative of the entire house or litter pile in the storage. See OSU Extension Facts PSS-2248, Sampling Animal Nature for Analyses for details of manure sampling. Results are reported as pounds of nutrient per ton on a "dry" and "as is" basis. "As is" means the amount of nutrients per ton at the moisture content when the sample was taken. Normally, "as is" numbers are used for rate calculation. The average moisture content of broiler litter in Olsama is 23 percent, and the "as is" N, P, O$\_{2}$ and K$\_{2}$O contents are 63, 61 and 50 lbs/ton, respectively.
## Availability of Litter Nutrients to Crops
The reported values are not equivalent to nutrients in commercial fertilizer because not all the nutrients listed on a manure analysis report are readily available to a crop in the year of application. Some elements are released when organic matter is decomposed by microorganisms. Nitrogen may be lost to the atmosphere by ammonia volatilization and denitrification, or lost below the root zone through leaching.
Nitrogen availability during the year of application varies greatly and ranges from about 30 to 80 percent. Nitrogen is present in both organic and inorganic forms. Organic Nitrogen must be converted (mineralized) into inorganic nitrogen to become available to plants. The amounts of organic N converted to plant-available forms during the first cropping year after application vary according to environmental conditions and manure handling systems. About 25 percent to 50 percent of the organic N becomes available during the year of application. All of the inorganic N, ammonium-N (NH$\_{4}$-N) and nitrate-N (NO$\_{3}$-N), is readily available to plants. However,
if litter lays exposed on the soil surface, considerable NH$\_{4}$-N may be released to the air as ammonia (NH$\_{3}$)$\_{6}$ gas. Ammonium worked into the soil is subject to nitrification (rapid conversion to NO$\_{3}$ -N). Nitrate-N is readily available to plants, but if excess water is present, it can be lost through leaching or denitrification (conversion of NO$\_{3}$ -N to N$\_{3}$). Combining inorganic N and N availabili e from organic N, gives the total N av ailable to crops. This is sometimes called plant available nitrogen, PAN.
Table 1 shows the approximate availability of nitrogen in the first three years after application. Notice that more nitrogen is available for plant use if the litter is incorporated into the soil soon after application. Incorporation reduces ammonia volatilization and nutrient runoff losses.
Few studies have been done on P and K availability in poultry litter; however, availability is considered to be about 80-100 % of P and K available in commercial fertilizer. In general, 90% availability is assumed when determining an application rate based on P.
## Application Rate
Land application rates should be based on the nutrient requirement of the crop. Too little manure application will not provide sufficient nutrients for the desired crop production. Excess nutrients are a waste of resources, resulting in soil phosphorus buildup which may cause water contamination.
Soil testing, litter analysis, and proper estimation of yield goal are necessary to calculate proper agronomic application rates of litter. Develop a manure nutrient management plan that consumes manure nutrients, then supplement with commercial fertilizers to balance crop needs. Follow the steps in the attached worksheet to calculate the agronomic application rate. Nitrogen credits should be given to previous years' applications in Step 1b if litter is applied to the same field continuously. The State of Oklahoma has regulations on poultry litter land application. Check NRCS Code 590 for details.
| Year after Application | Surface Application | Soil |
|---------------------------|------------------------|--------|
| First Year | 50% | 60% |
| Second Year | 15% | 15% |
| Third Year | 6% | 6% |
## Application Timing
Proper timing of litter application is essential for efficient use of nutrients and pollution prevention. Litter should be applied as near to field crop planting dates and as close to the vegetative growth of the plant as possible. Applying manure outside of crop growth periods decreases nutrient availability, and may increase the risk to environmental quality.
Grasses or pasture offer some flexibility when crop fields are not available. Litter applied during spring provides starter nutrients and releases mineralized nitrogen throughout the growing season. Applying litter in the fall generally results in greater nutrient loss than does spring application for warm season grasses, especially if the litter is not incorporated. Early fall application may be desirable to supply nutrients to cool season grasses. Winter application is the least desirable because litter must remain on the soil surface for 3 to 4 months ahead of the crop's active growing period.
## Benefits of Application
Fifty pounds of nitrogen per acre is needed to produce one ton of grass forage. This is true whether the nitrogen comes from commercial fertilizer or poultry litter. Poultry litter has been shown to improve the quality of forage, as well as increase yields. Table 2 compares the effects of poultry litter and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on the production of Bermuda grass in southeastern Oklahoma. Poultry litter not only increased forage yields but also increased protein content over control and commercial fertilizer plots. Higher yields and protein content at similar rates of litter and commercial fertilizer may result from the fact that litter provides a slow release nitrogen fertilizer, improves soil quality, and reduces soil acidity.
| Treatment | Forage Yield Tons/Acre | Crude Protein % |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------|---------------------|
| No N | 2.77 | 8 |
| 300 lbs/Acre Ammonium Nitrate (96 lbs Total N/Acre) | 3.44 | 8.8 |
| 2 Tons/Acre Poultry Litter (approximately 130 lbs Total N/Acre) | 3.54 | 11.4 |
| 4 Tons/Acre Poultry Litter (approximately 260 lbs Total N/Acre) | 4.82 | 12.6 |
1a
## Nutrient needs of crop (lbs/acre)
Example: N = P$\_{2}$O$\_{6 }$ = K$\_{2}$O$\_{2}$ =
= 200
N =
Recommendations based on soil test results and a realistic yield goal.
| 1b | Nutrients carried over in last 2 years' applications (lbs/acre) See Table 2. | N | = | 25 | N | = | P$_{2}$O$_{5}$ | K$_{2}$O$_{2}$ | = |
|------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|-----|-------|------|-----|------------------|------------------|-----|
| 1c | Nutrient needs to meet with litter Subtract line 1b from line 1a. | N | = | 175 | N | = | P$_{2}$O$_{5}$ | K$_{2}$O$_{2}$ | = |
| | Total nutrients available in litter (lb/ton) Based on litter analysis of representative sample collected close to time of application. | N | = | 64 | N | = | P$_{2}$O$_{5}$ | K$_{2}$O$_{2}$ | = |
| 2 | Determine available nutrients (lb/ton) Multiply the value in step 2a by availability, 50% for N and 90% for P and K. | N | = | 32 | N | = | P$_{2}$O$_{5}$ | K$_{2}$O$_{2}$ | = |
| 3 | Calculate application rates to supply N, and P$_{2}$O$_{5}$ needs (tons/acre) Divide values from Step 1c by values from Step 3. | N | = | 5.5 | N | = | P$_{2}$O$_{5}$ | K$_{2}$O$_{2}$ | = |
| 4a | Select highest rate in Step 4a to use litter as complete fertilizer. Select lowest rate to maximize nutrient use. | Rate | = | 1.6 | Rate | = | (based on P) | N | = |
| 5a | determine amount nutrients applied at chosen rate (lbs/acre) Multiply the rate chosen in step 4b by available nutrients in step 3. | N | = | 51 | N | = | P$_{2}$O$_{5}$ | K$_{2}$O$_{2}$ | = |
calculate application rates to supply N, and P$\_{2}$O$\_{5}$ needs (tons/acre) Divide values from Step 1c by values from Step 3.
Choose between N or P$\_{2}$O$\_{5}$ application rate (tons/acre) Select highest rate in Step 4a to use litter as complete fertilizer. Select lowest rate to maximize nutrient use.
| 5a | rate (lbs/acre) Multiply the rate chosen in step 4b by available nutrients in step 3. | N | = | 62 | N | = | P$_{2}$O$_{5}$ | K$_{2}$O$_{2}$ | = |
|------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|-----|------|-----|-----|------------------|------------------|-----|
| 5b | Subtract the nutrients applied, step 5a from nutrients needed, step 1c. If the difference is negative, enter 0. | N | = | 124 | N | = | P$_{2}$O$_{5}$ | K$_{2}$O$_{2}$ | = |
This worksheet calculates the rate of application based on crop nutrient needs, either on N or P requirement. However, NRCS Code 590 Guideline dictates how much can be applied, depending on soil test P and locations.
## The Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Bringing the University to You!
The Cooperative Extension Service is the largest, most successful informal educational organization in the world. It is a nationwide system funded and guided by a partnership of federal, state, and local governments that delivers information to help people help themselves through the land-grant university system.
Extension carries out programs in the broad categories of agriculture, natural resources and environment; family and consumer sciences; 4-H and other youth; and community resource development. Extension staff members live and work among the people they serve to help stimulate and educate Americans to plan ahead and cope with their problems.
Some characteristics of the Cooperative Extension system are:
- · The federal, state, and local governments cooperatively share in its financial support and program direction.
- · It is administered by the land-grant university as designated by the state legislature through an Extension director.
- · Extension programs are nonpolitical, objective, and research-based information.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Director of Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Silwater, Oklahoma. This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President for Agricultural Programs and has been prepared and distributed at a cost of 20 cents per copy. 0117 GH
- · It provides practical, problem-oriented education for people of all ages. It is designated to take the knowledge of the university to those persons who do not or cannot participate in the formal classroom instruction of the university.
- · It utilizes research from university, government, and other sources to help people make their own decisions.
- · More than a million volunteers help multiply the impact of the Extension professional staff.
- · It dispenses no funds to the public.
- · It is not a regulatory agency, but it does inform people of regulations and of their options in meeting them.
- · Local programs are developed and carried out in full recognition of national problems and goals.
- · The Extension staff educates people through personal contacts, meetings, demonstrations, and the mass media.
- · Extension has the built-in flexibility to adjust its programs and subject matter to meet new needs. Activities shift from year to year as citizen groups and Extension workers close to the problems advise changes. | |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/sarasotaco/2020/10/23/edible-gardening-series-question-of-the-week-caterpillars-2/ | Edible Gardening Series: Question of the Week – caterpillars | University of Florida | [
"Carol Wyatt-Evens"
] | 2020-10-23 | [
"Home Landscapes",
"Work & Life",
"biorational",
"Edible Gardening QOTW",
"EdibleGardeningSeries",
"horticulture",
"Insect",
"insects",
"land insects",
"landscape insects",
"Pgm_Ag",
"Pgm_Chemicals",
"Pgm_Gardens",
"vegetable gardening"
] | FL | ## Edible Gardening Series: Question of the Week caterpillars
By Carol Wyatt-Evens and Sarah Bostick
Gardening in Florida can be incredibly rewarding and incredibly frustrating, at the same time. If you are new to the region, you soon learn that gardening in the Sunshine State can quickly become a full-time job. While our subtropical climate is perfect for growing an abundance of different vegetables, fruits, and herbs, it also can present some overwhelming challenges.
## We can help!
UE/IFAS Extension Sarasota County agents and staff have created an online edible gardening resource center . The website features short videos from our 25-episode "Edible Gardening Series" webinars, along with blog posts and resources list for episodes. Get help on an array of topics that befudle many gardeners.
Each blog post in the Question of the Week blog series is associated with a specific EGS episode, but they are written for everyone to enjoy!
## This week's Question of the Week:
I have a caterpillar that seems to like my squash. What is it and how do I get rid of it?
The caterpillars that have been invading your garden are most likely armyworms and pickleworms. These insects seem to love our garden plants as much as we do. The difference is that we love our plants for the offerings they give us whether it is fruit, vegetables, or tasty leaves. The caterpillars also love all the offerings - including the plant itself! Although they are called 'worms' they are actually caterpillars that will transition into moths. As soon as they hatch
from the eggs, these young caterpillars will all feed in the same location and the damage is noticeable. Left unchecked, these insects can be extremely destructive in a short period of time.
## Common caterpillars that eat squash and cucumbers :
| Pickleworm | Pickleworms: If you have |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|
| cucumber and been surprised by a living caterpillar inside, you have | fresh summer squash or |
| likely found a pickleworm! Pickleworms' favorite foods are | jacklesmoute, wild plants |
| cucumber, squash, zucchini, pumpkin, and cantaloupe. When plants | are young, pickleworms eat their way through flowers, reducing the |
| number of fruits each plant produces. As fruits begin to form, | pickleworms eat their way into the interior of each fruit. Because |
| these hungry caterpillars live inside the flowers and fruit, they can | be particularly challenging to control. |
Armyworms: There are many species of armyworms. The five most common species of armyworm that do damage to crops in Florida are beet armyworm, fall armyworm, southern armyworm, true armyworm and yellowstriped armyworm. Each of the five most common species of armyworms feeds on a wide variety of plants.
Pictures below (left to right): Beet, Fall, and Southern Armyworms
some vegetables including beans, cabbage, carrots, corn, celery, cucumbers, lettuce, onions, parsley, peas, peppers, radish, sweet potatoes, and watermelon. You might occasionally experience damage from true armyworms on your cucumbers and squash plants.
## Yellowstriped armyworm
Yellowstriped armyworms eat a wide array of plants including beans, beets, cabbage,
cantaloupe, carrots, corn, cucumbers, lettuce, onions, peas, potatoes, raspberries, sunflower s, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, turnips, and watermelon. Yellowstriped armyworms also eat many common species of weeds. When populations are high, you will experience damage on your cucumbers and squash plants.
## How to control them:
Early detection is key to controlling these pickleworms and all varieties of armyworm. Young plants can be more susceptible to their feeding damage due to the small size of the plant. Older plants can overcome feeding damage if the insect is controlled. After planting, frequent monitoring/scouting should be done to find damaging pests when they are young and small. This will help in limiting plant damage and achieve greater success if a chemical application is necessary.
When you find the insect you can hand-pick them off the plant. This is an environmentally friendly way to getting rid of the insect. This method does not require the use of a chemical to help solve the problem. Sometimes this doesn't work, but there are other ways to control the insect!
Many natural enemies such as parasitic wasps, flies, and generalist feeders attack the caterpillars, but the population may not be high enough to fully control the caterpillars. Biorational pesticides -chemical products derived from natural materials including animals, plants, bacteria, or minerals- can be used against pest insects and are relatively safe to use around natural enemies. If you are interested, you can read more on alternative pesticides at the UF/IFAS blog, Controlling Insects Naturally ,
If all else fails, foliar applications of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a bacterium specific to the caterpillar, is quite effective against caterpillars when caterpillars are small. Bt must be eaten by the insect so make sure to get good spray coverage on the plant. Since Bt products are specific to the insect pest, be sure to read the label to confirm the insect you are targeting is listed on the label .
Although Bt is a biorational pesticide, caution should always be used when applying this or any other biorational or conventional pesticide. Always read the label. Remember that pesticides are just one component of an integrated pest management program.
Chemical controls should be used only if necessary and only after all other control measures have been implemented. Pesticides should never be the first line of defense or relied on as the sole source of control.
## Factsheets and resources for gardening in Florida :
UF/IFAS EDIS has an array of informative publications on gardening and integrated pest management that can be found at the links below:
- Natural Products for Managing Landscape and Garden Pests in Florida :
- Organic Vegetable Gardening in Florida :
- Pest Management Topics
The Edible Gardening Series and blog series is a partnership between the following UF/IFAS agents and Sarasota County staff:
Photo Credits:
- Southern Armyworm ( Spodoptera eridania )(Stoll) - Central Science Laboratory, Harpenden , British Crown, Bugwood.org
- True Armyworm ( Mythmina unipuncta )(Haworth) - Roger Schmidt, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Bugwood.org
- Yellowstriped Armyworm ( Spodoptera ornithogallin )(Guenee) - David Cappaert, Bugwood.org
- Fall Armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda )(J.E. Smith) - Phil Sloderbeck, Kansas State University, Bugwood.org
- Beet Armyworm ( Spodoptera exigua )(Hubner) - John Capinaera, University of Florida, Bugwood.org
- Pickleworm ( Diaphonia nitidalis )(Stoll) - Brantlee Spakes Richter, University of Florida, Bugwood.org
## O
by Carol Wyatt-Evens
Posted: October 23, 2020
Category: Home Landscapes, Work & Life
Tags: Biortional, Edible Gardening QOTW, EdibleGardeningSeries, Horticulture, Insect, Insects, LandInsects, LandscapeInsects, Pgm Ag, Pgm Chemicals, Pgm Gardens, Vegetable Gardening
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- FMNP Advisory Board Annual Retreat At The Marine Discovery Center
- The Buzz About Bees In Florida
- Drought Dampens Water Conservation Month
- What Is That Lawn Ornament? Sunshine Powderpuffs! |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/yellowstriped-armyworm | Yellowstriped Armyworm in the Landscape | NC State Extension | [
"James Baker"
] | null | [
"Armyworm",
"Entomology",
"Pdic"
] | NC | ## Yellowstriped Armyworm in the Landscape
PDIC Factsheets
## Description and Biology
The yellowstroipped armyworm, Spoodoptera ornithogalli , is a general feeder on herbaceous plants. It is smooth, pale gray to jet black with a yellowish-orange stripe along each side and a pair of black, triangular spots on top of most segments. The sixth stage may be as long as 1¾ inches. The reddish-brown pupa is about 5% in long, cylindrical, and slightly pointed at the rear. Yellowstripped armyworm moths have dark forewings mottled with white and brown markings. The hind wings are pale with a narrow dark line near the margin. Wingspans range up to 1½ inches. Females lay up to 3,000 eggs with as many as 500 eggs in one mass. Each egg is tiny and has microscopic ribs. Greenish at first, eggs gradually become pale pink to brown before hatching. The egg mass is covered with scales from the moth's body. Yellowstonearmywormsoverwinteraspuapein the soil. Moths emerge from the soil from early April into May. After mating, females deposit egg masses on foliage, trees, or even buildings. About six days later, the eggs hatch and the tiny, new caterpillars begin feeding in groups but split up as they mature. Yellowstripped armyworms feed during the day on tender foliage for about three weeks. When mature they burrow into the soil and molt into pupae. Two weeks later, a second generation of moths emerge. Development from egg to moth takes about 40 days. We have three to four generations each year North Carolina.
NCTSTATE
EXTENSION
Here is a yellowstripped armyworm
The yellowstripped armyworm moth
moth at rest.
This yellowstripped armyworm moth
has been spread to show the hind wings.
## Host Plants
Yellowstripped armyworms feed on many herbaceous plants including ornamentals, alfalfa, asparagus, bean, beet, cabbage, corn, cotton, cucumber, tomato, weeds, and wild onion.
## Residential Recommendations
Several parasitic wasps and flies, diseases, predaceous insects, and other predators help to limit yellowstriped armyworm populations. Because they feed on many plants that are never sprayed with insecticides, this species is probably not resistant to pesticides. Most insecticides labeled for home landscape use should give more than adequate control. Those with Bacillus thuringiensis as the active ingredient work best on very young caterpillars.
## References
- · Common name:yellowstripedarmyworm , scientific name: Spodoptera ornithogallii (Guéenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Capine J. L. 2001. Featured Creatures. Entomology & Nematology, FDACS/DPI, EDIS, Publication Number: EENY- 216.
- · Insect and related pests of vegetables. Sorensen, K. A. and J. R. Baker eds. 1994. North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service publication AG-295. 180 pp.
- · Yellowstriped Armyworm .Spodoptera ornithogalli (Guénée). Bessin, R. 2019. University of Kentucky Extension Service. ENFTACT-321
- · Extension Plant Pathology Publications and Factsheets
- Horticultural Science Publications
- North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local Cooperative Extension Center.
This Factsheet has not been peer reviewed.
## Author
James Baker
Professor Emeritus Entomology and Plant Pathology
Publication date: Feb. 6, 2017
Reviewed/Revised: Nov. 13, 2021
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C.A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/ncbs/2020/09/11/join-the-2020-international-coastal-cleanup-in-cedar-key/ | Join the 2020 International Coastal Cleanup in Cedar Key | University of Florida | [
"Savanna Barry"
] | 2020-09-11 | [
"Coasts & Marine",
"Events",
"Water",
"Cedar Key",
"cleanup",
"coastal habitat",
"Florida Sea Grant",
"Marine debris",
"plastic",
"pollution"
] | FL | ## Join the 2020 International Coastal Cleanup in Cedar Key
X O
The International Coastal Cleanup is an annual event organized by the Ocean Conservancy. The Cedar Key community has been participating for 15 years! Please come out and join us for the cleanup from 8 AM - 12 PM on Sept 19th, 2020 . Volunteers will receive a free shark t-shirt. Will you join us this year?
***NOTE: To help things run more smoothly at the contactless checkin , the event organizer (City of Cedar Key) is requesting preregistrations this year at the Eventbrite registration page. ***
Volunteers should send only ONE MEMBER of their group to check in at the Cedar Key City Marina (1st and A street) between 7 and 8 AM on Sept 19th to pick up trash bags and other cleanup gear and be assigned to a shoreline to clean up. There will NOT be trash sorting this year. Volunteers will tally their items during their cleanup using either the Clean Swell App or a paper data card (provided). This year, there will be extra safety measures in place to ensure a safe volunteering experience.
## More info from the Ocean Conservancy
Nearly 12 million people and counting have been part of the world's biggest volunteer effort to protect the ocean. In past years, the top 10 items collected during cleanups are single-use plastics. Below are the top 10 items found in Cedar Key in last year s cleanup. Check out this post for ways you can fight the global takeover of plastics!
A problem as big as plastic in the ocean requires a big response! By participating in the International Coastal Cleanup, you can make a difference. You'll join millions of volunteers just like you, who love the ocean and want to protect it.
https://oceanconservancy.org/trash-free-seas/internationalcoastal-cleanup/
Graphic courtesy of the Ocean Conservancy
```
O
by Savanna Barry
Posted: September 11, 2020
```
Category: Coasts & Marine, Events, Water
Tags: Cedar Key, Cleanup, Coastal Habitat, Florida Sea Grant, Marine Debris, Plastic, Pollution
More From Blogs.IFAS |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/orangeco/2024/02/26/2024-spring-ranchers-forum/ | 2024 Spring Ranchers Forum | University of Florida | [
"JK Yarborough"
] | 2024-02-26 | [
"Agriculture",
"Livestock",
"ocextension"
] | FL | ## 2024 Spring Ranchers Forum
The Central Florida Livestock Agents Group (CFLAG) invites you to come to the Spring Ranchers Forum on March 15th. This field day always delivers an exciting and thought-provoking time. And this year is no exception. On our list of topics this year are:
- · Sun Safety
- · FWC Update
- · Spray Drone Demonstration
- · Weed Management Discussion
- · Cattle Injections
- · Plus the crowd favorite, Steak Lunch!
As you can see we have a jam packed day full of great learning and fellowship. And this wonderful day is in part funded by our great sponsors who help to put the whole event together.
We hope to see you at the Spring Ranchers Forum this year!
## Registration: http://springanchersforu
m2024.eventbrite.com
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/corn-rusts-common-and-southern-rust | Corn Rusts: Common and Southern Rust | NC State Extension | [
"Daisy Ahumada"
] | null | [
"Corn Disease",
"Agriculture",
"Plant Pathology"
] | NC | ## Corn Rusts: Common and Southern Rust
Corn Disease Information
## Introduction
Rusts are fungal diseases that can be found throughout corn growing regions of the United States and southern Canada. Two kinds of rust can affect corn in North America: common rust and southern rust. Common rust, as the name implies, is more commonly observed, though it is significantly less destructive than southern rust. Southern corn rust, primarily found in the southern U.S., may be found in northern states experiencing particularly hot and humid years. Southern rust of corn is much more destructive than common rust, as it is able to develop and spread quickly.. Severe levels of rusts lead to reduced photosynthesis, weakened kernels, and yield losses.
## Pathogen
Common rust is caused by the fungus, Puccinia sorghi . Southern rust is caused by the fungus, Puccinia polysora .
## Symptoms
Common rust begins with lesions on leaves resembling flecks that develop into small, tan spots. These lesions will be found on both the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves or leaf sheaths and are scattered across the leaf surface. The lesions are circular to elongate and may occur in clusters. As lesions mature and grow in length, the fungus erupts through the epidermis of the leaf surface and a characteristic yellow halo is commonly present. Within the lesions, asexual spores (urediniospores) grow and create jagged, elongate, brick-red to cinnamon-brown pustules that can readily rub off onto fingers. As the disease progresses, the urdienospores produce dark, orangebrow teliospores, creating darker pustules.
Southern corn rust begins with small circular-to-oval shaped lesions often accompanied by a light green to yellow halo. Similarly to common rust, as lesions mature, they erupt through the epidermis of the leaf surface, but are almost exclusively located on the upper leaf surface. Within the lesions are light orange to cinnamon-red redinosporites that make up pustules early in the season. Southern rust pustules tend to be smaller, have a more circular shape, and are more densely packed than common rust pustules. Unlike common rust, the lesions not only develop on leaf tissues, but can also develop on the stalk, husk, and leaf sheath.
EXTENSION
## Disease Cycle
Urediniospores are the primary infective propague in the U.S. and are spread via the wind. Spores will infect corn and cause symptoms within 3-4 days of infection. Within 7 to 14 days, more urediniospores are produced and new infections continue to occur while conditions are favorable, which can rapidly lead to an epidemic. As the growing season progresses, dark brown to black teliospores develop within the lesions. At times during the season both urediniospores and the teloispores can be present within lesions, eventually leading to only the darker teliospores.
For common rust, teliospores infect alternate hosts to complete its life cycle. The alternate hosts for common rust are several Oxalis sp. including creeping woodsorrel (Oxalis corniculata), common yellow woodsorrel (O. stricta ), Bowie's woodsorrel (O. bowiei ), and O. conorrhiza . For Southern rust, the teliospores are not important for disease spread and development, and the alternate hosts are unknown. Disease development of Southern rust relies on urediniospores carried north from tropical regions.
## Environmental Conditions for Disease
Common rust development is favored by cool, moist conditions. Optimal conditions for development are temperatures of 61-77°F (16-25°C) and at least 6 hours of concurrent dew. Southern rust prefers warmer temperatures of 77-88°F (25-31°C) and at least 4 hours of concurrent dew. While common rust can develop relatively early in the growing season, southern rust is more commonly seen later when temperatures are higher. If hot, dry conditions occur, development of rusts will be slowed or stop completely, and can be easily confused with diseases like gray leaf spot.
## Management
## Resistant Varieties
- · The most cost-effective method for controlling common rust is using disease resistant hybrids, where available.
- · Information for resistance to southern rust is limited.
## Scouting
- · Early and frequent scouting of fields are beneficial if corn rust is found nearby to prepare for potential fungicide applications.
- · Keep track of disease progression, crop growth stage, and weather to inform management decisions on the necessity of a fungicide application.
## Chemical Control
- · For common rust, spray when 80% of leaves observed have one or more pustules. For Southern rust, spray when 50% of leaves observed have one or more pustules.
- · If more than 1-2% of the leaf area is affected, spraying may increase yields.
- · Fungicides are generally less effective in controlling Southern Rust and they must be applied at higher rates.
- · Corn within two weeks of black layer is unlikely to benefit.
- · Spraying corn with a yield potential of less than 100 bushels/ acre is unlikely to provide a profitable return.
- · Cost of fungicide and application is likely to be $15.00 to $20.00/acre, thus a 10-bushel increase needed to pay for treatment costs.
- · For fungicide efficacy, see the fungicide efficacy table for corn created by the Corn Disease Working Group.
## Useful Resources
- · The NC State University Plant Disease and Insect Clinic provides diagnostics and control recommendations
- · The NC State Extension Plant Pathology portal provides information on crop disease management
## Author
Daisy Ahumada
Assistant Professor and Extension Field Crop Pathology Specialist Entomology & Plant Pathology
Publication date: Aug. 14, 2018
Reviewed/Revised: Sept. 27, 2023
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
NC Cooperative Extension prohibit lea discriminacion por raza, color, nacionalidad, edad, sexo ( incluyendo el embarazo), discapacidad, religión, orientación sexual, identidad de género, información genética, afliciación política, y estatus de veteran.
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C.A.TState University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.okstate.edu/topics/plants-and-animals/livestock/dairy-cattle/index.html | Dairy Cattle - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2019-12-19 | [] | OK | ## Filter by
Sort by: Date posted
Search Dairy Cattle
Filter results by keyword
Mobile Slaughter Units: Regulatory Overview for Oklahoma (Non-Poultry) (https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/mobile-slaughter-units regulatory-overview-for-oklahoma non-poultry.html)
Oklahoma law permits the on-farm slaughter of cattle using mobile slaughter However, expenses frequently make running a mobile unit operation unprofitable.
Dairy Cattle ( /tags/dairy-cattle/)
Livestock ( /tags/livestock/)
Poultry ( /tags/poultry/)
- |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/ornamental-grasses-and-grass-like-plants-for-oklahoma.html | Ornamental Grasses and Grass-Like Plants for Oklahoma - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [
"David Hillock",
"Mike Schnelle",
"Casey Hentges"
] | [] | OK | ## d Grass-Like Plants for Oklahoma
it-publications/hla/ornamental-grasses-and-grass-like--~oklahoma-hla-6470.pdf)
```
Pests / Grasses and Grass-like plants for Different Landscape Needs /
anding Water, and Bogs / Plants for Shady Locations / Plants for Dry Shade /
/ Plants for Erosion Control / Plants that Self-seed /
or Prairie Restoration /
ny Locations / Alternative Plants for Lawn Grasses in Shady Locations /
/ Table 1. Perennial Grasses: / Table 2. Annual or Tender Perennial Grasses: /
:anthus Species/Cultivar List / Table 5.CarexSpecies and Cultivars /
ources:
```
ily true grasses (Poaceae) but close relatives such as sedges (Cyperaceae), rushes (Juncaceae), ys) and others. This fact sheet presents ornamental grasses and grass-like plants adapted to -8. Some popular tender grasses, grown as annuals, also are listed.
tter than many other garden plants.
.d.
ive varying water requirements.
est.
out.
is, for erosion control and as vertical design elements.
i great deal of value to the landscape. Many are easy to grow and have very few pest problems. any other landscape plants and provide year-round interest. In addition to the form, texture e movement as they sway back and forth in the gentlest of breezes.
ial members of the short and tall grass prairies and the crost timber areas that make up much of iflower and prairie gardens and some woodland settings. Native species attract wildlife to the ifsome grass species provide food.
many opportunities and choices when it comes to grasses and their grass-like relatives. When in n in the landscape. Depending on the species they may be used for an accent, erosion control, i even as lawn substitutes. Native sedges are finding increased use as lawn alternatives that g. Many of our shortgrass prairie species can be used for lawns too like buffalograss and grama part of a container arrangement. There is a tremendous range in sizes from small, petite asses that can reach up to 14 feet. Most grasses are perennial, though there are several Is in Oklahoma. Grasses come in a wide variety of color other than green. There are yellow or gated forms. Grasses that go dormant in winter turn natural colors such as brown, tan, and nter months.
## ince
time of year (particularly containerized specimens); however, for establishment purposes cooland fall and warm-season grasses in late spring and early summer. Supplemental watering
eeds like bermudagrass. While there are organic methods to controlling bermudagrass among e labor. The use of herbicides is generally needed and may need several applications to get prior to planting is much easier than controlling them after ornamentals are planted.
'efer or tolerate part sun while others need to be in semi-shady areas due the late afternoon sun age will have more vivid color if grown in full sun and may turn green in shade.
ry little water once established. Consider watering in winter during long dry periods (more than ioor to freezing temperatures.
ect of the planting. A general rule for spacing is equal to the mature height of the plant (plants 2 sizing used as specimens, they can be planted further apart. Species used for groundcovers, e spaced based on mature widths. Some plants create thick clumps of grass blades coming : one place but gradually increase in diameter. Other grasses, however, spread through re quickly.
ging the plant and cutting it into smaller sections, each with stem and roots). Hybrids or named / will not come true from seed. Some cultivars produce sterile seed and must also be sed with native grasses for prairie restoration or for planting large areas. Note that patented g and/or royalty agreement.
nd/or is declining, or if more plants are needed. Most grasses benefit from spring division. Large of the plant is dead, this is particularly common on clump forming grasses. Digging and cutting al labor. When appropriate, mechanical equipment such as a backhoe and a saws-all will save a ·ough and can handle a lot of abuse during the division process. However, it is important when division has some roots and crown of the original plant. Depending on the size of the plant and ·en be divided into halves or quarters.
year. The best time to cut them back is late winter or early spring just before new growth ·ive with dead material among the new leaves. Manually cutting grasses back can be done easily hedge trimmers make the job even easier). Many species have serrated leaf margins, so gloves ·ed, large areas may be burned. This may require permits and should be done under close lot of garden debris to remove from the landscape, the material can also be utilized in the ·aths, or simply add it to the compost pile.
if soils with a pH range of 5.0 to 8.0. Well-established grasses rarely need fertilization or or very sandy soils. Overferilization of grasses, especially with fertilizers high in nitrogen, and ·dging (grasses flopping over). Native grasses prefer unamended soils; rich soils tend to make
s are generally the biggest problem and are controlled through hand weeding or spot eds. Care should be taken when applying herbicides to avoid damaging the ornamental grasses to choose a product that is listed to control the types of weeds you are dealing with and in the
next sections are merely examples of what grows well in Oklahoma. Lists provided are not working with their local horticulturists and professionals. Some plants mentioned may not be to fill specific needs in the landscape. Sometimes a compromise in plant selection may be
##
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```
lot
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lowers
\mber
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\white, \ink, red
'flower
'ellow
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Flower
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Flower
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Pinkish
Flower
## Greenishwhite to pale pink
Green
Golden
Straw colored
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er
Droop branc bearii spac purpl Prefe Drouç salt t' larval skipp Espe impa plant mass
Robu formi grass coars
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e medi drain Natur thin, i rhizoi self-s
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## Com
er
Zosyi
cold t
warm
turfi
medi
textu
unmc
make
greer
grour
## ider Perennial Grasses:
The
heai
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foar
flow
ara
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sett
to g
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spik
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dan
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ver Cor
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## der Perennial Grasses:
lower
allow-rown
rown
i
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}
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with pink to
lilac tint
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deep
blue-
violet,
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## 'pecies/Cultivar List
9-12'
5-5.5'
6'
\_
2-4'
6'
4-6'
6-10'
2-4'
```
```
## species/Cultivar List
Great i
garder
plume
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soil co
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compé
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it Com r Nice, r green form a archin Show good f Like 'Gracil
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## 'species/Cultivar List
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than otl
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in large
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plant. Ir
and nor
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leaves v
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rked with an asterisk are the better cultivars for being sterile or less weedy in nature.
## s and Cultivars
Fc
st
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m
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n'
in
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```
power C
```
s and cultivars
Not
showy
Greenish white in ate spring
Green
Green
Not showy
Green to brown
Green
Green to brown
Green
Purple
Yellowishgreen
Green turning brown
Green with rosypink
## s and Cultivars
Flower
Green
Brown
Not showy
Not showy
Not showy
Delicate
seed
heads in
spring
Not
showy
Not
showy
Not showy
Pink
Vot showy
Not
showy
## ies:
eoprene or concrete barriers. The consumer would be best served by mainly limiting bamboo industry professionals can help with environmentally appropriate bamboo species.
ight C h
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```
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ments
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and humid
: Cultivar:
ing'.
s an
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with
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ths. May
o well in
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d areas.
vars:
pbell;
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n',
chuan';
ng'.
ful, with
je culm
ths and
s that are
gray but
re to a rich
shade. Ma'
o well in
heat and
d areas.
```
as on a may be ent types . i, narrow , or white ed . Good osion. in iners; can ·ry invasive od soil itions.
cal looking arge s. Good for ing rs.
## ies:
Open clu
will spre e little mor i other clu types. Ne shoots cc pinkish a
grow qui turning a attractive bright ye green, gl color and green ba around tt pronounc nodes, sc culms, ra than holli Hardy to 5o F.
Short, sw internod base. Cul light grea a white n ring, turn more yell exposed sun. Can aggressiv
Has greei culms wi yellow gr Can spre aggressiv
```
Comme
One of th
largest
bamboos
Smooth c
are emer;
green wil
drooping
Best in la
gardens i
Can be
aggressiv
spreader
optimum
condi tor
Evergree
spreadin;
arching t
Yellow-gi
culms arc;
slightly v
Can spre;
aggr essiv
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bamboo.
are rough
touch an
whitish g
when ma
Can spre.
aggr essiv
Evergree
powdery
green cai
with whit
stripes. C
spread
aggr essiv
ideal con
```
Has brick culms an green lea Specime for narro spaces.
## jies
comment
triking ariegation irge leaves ardy to zoi
triped bar ulms are adiant yell kith randon nd varying reen stripe eeds plent pace.
ee, Rodale Press.
/plantfindersearch.aspx(http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/plantfinder/plantfindersearch.aspx)
. The Roadrunner Press.
Extension
· Meyer, Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota
l'Taylor
com/(https://www.americanmeadows.com)
www.bluestem.ca(http://www.bluestem.ca)
'stoneperennials.com/(https://www.bluestoneperennials.com)
nilplantfarm.com((https://www.bustanipilantfarm.com))
nilinadverturenyshop((https://catskillinativenursery.shop)
//www.diggingdog.com((https://www.diggingdog.com))
- , https://ecgrowers.com/(https://ecgrowers.com)
::/www.freespiritunnersery.ca/(https://www.freespiritunnersery.ca)
ps://hoffmannurusery.com/(https://hoffmannurusery.com)
ed.com/(https://www.johnstonseed.com)
.https://www.naturehills.com/(https://www.naturehills.com)
plantdelights.com((https://www.plantdelights.com)
'/www.prairieurseriesy.(https://www.prairieurseriesy.com)
iewindnursery.square.site((https://prairiewindnursery.square.site)
erry.com((https://www.wildthingsnursery.com)
## it-publications/hla/ornamental-grasses-and-grass-like--oklahoma-hla-6470.pdf)
ning-and-lawn-care/) Landscaping ( /topics/plants-and-animals/gardening-and-lawn-care/,landscaping/) are/lawns-and-turfgrass/)
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https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/utica-census-profile-2010-2020 | Utica Census Profile (2010-2020) | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home
'
Publications
»
Publications » Utica Census Profile (2010-2020)
## Utica Census Profile (2010-2020)
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Economic Development |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P3716-421 | |
| View as PDF: P3716-421.pdf | |
| Presentation File: utica_census_presentation.pdf | |
| Department: MSU Extension-Hinds County | |
| The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. Select Your County Office | |
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| Dr. James Newton Barnes | |
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## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842
Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998
Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374
Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375
Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796
Talking Retail Trade |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/pesticideinformation/2023/02/23/where-do-i-find-what-ppe-to-wear/ | Where Do I Find What PPE to Wear? | University of Florida | [
"Dr. Brett Bultemeier"
] | 2023-02-23 | [
"Agriculture",
"Home Landscapes",
"Pests & Disease",
"Brett Bultemeier",
"national pesticide safety education month",
"National Pesticide Safety Education Month 2023",
"Pesticide Information Office",
"PPE",
"safety",
"Safety Data Sheet",
"SDS"
] | FL | ## Where Do I Find What PPE to Wear?
just a catchy song, but a vital part to knowing Where Do I Find What PPE to Wear?
I will apologize in advance for all the songs I am going to list, and the bad jokes that will abound, but we have to have a little fun along the way right? I even went so far as to rewrite some of the lyrics to the Safety Dance Song (SDS…bad I know):
"You can read if you want to
Just don't leave the label behind
Cause if you don't read
Then you will get
An EPA fine"
So far this month we have covered what makes up PPE, how to care for it, and now we are going to discuss how to determine WHAT you need to wear. The #1 place you can find PPE, and a bunch of other information is….on the LABEL\_That link takes you to a previous
Pesticide Safety Education Awareness series we did all about the label. Don't be a Renegade and just wing it, that will lead to Danger. Seriously you need to read the label it keeps you legal and keeps you safe. You will find PPE requirements in the Precautionary statements section of that label. It can be as simple as 'avoid contact' or as complex as gloves, self contained breathing apparatus, aprons, face shields, the list can be extensive. No matter WHAT is listed you MUST wear what it tells you to.
On all labels you will find mandatory language (things like MUST, DON'T, NEVER), which means that is enforceable and nonnegotiable. You will also find advisory language, which is meant to provide further insight or best management type of practices, BUT it is not required. For example a label might say:
"applicators MUST wear chemical resistant gloves, nitrile gloves are particularly effective"
This means you have to wear gloves and they must be made of chemical resistant materials, sorry no cotton here. They are recommending nitrile, but it is NOT required.
## SDS
We still haven't addressed my awkward musical choice and lyrics from before, just what is SDS. This is a document that brings in a whole other federal agency OSHA (Occupational Health and Safety Administration). As they title implies they are there for safety at work, and to make sure you don't get Hurt, They require that all chemicals, pesticides included, have an SDS (Safety Data Sheet) to
clearly communicate risks associated with that chemical. To make things confusing these SDS will always included PPE, and it will sometimes differ from the label. Which one do I follow? The answer is BOTH...you would follow each one at different parts of your job related to pesticides.
For instance when you are heading from job site to job site, or Driving around with chemical in the vehicle, OSHA and the SDS are critical. Transporting pesticides is NOT part of using them and is not readily covered on the label, so the SDS steps in. Think of the SDS as covering ALL the other risks associated with pesticides that aren't associated with mixing, loading, and applying pesticides. The label covers when you are actively working with pesticides, the SDS when you are around them at work but not using them.
These SDS are all harmonized now and organized in an identical way with 16 sections of information. To understand how they are organized OSHA has a great write up about each section. It provides toxicity data, which could be useful to first responders in case of exposure, fire hazards, and many other key pieces of information. Where PPE comes into play is when Accidents happen, or when a spill occurs. This is outside the normal use of a pesticide, so in that case you would default to the PPE on the SDS, not the label.
## SECTION 4 FIRST AID MEASURES
Description of first aid measures
General advice
Inhalation
Skin contact
Cetrol contact
Eye contact
Ingestion
Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed
Symptoms
Incidence of any immediate medical attention and special treatment
Risks
Treatment
When possible, have the correct container or label with you when calling a poison center control center or doctor or going for treatment.
Mov is to flush air if person is breathing, call 911 or an ambulance, then give artificial irritation.
Call a physician or pain control center immediately. Take a pyjcricon or
Wash off immediately with water for less than 15 minutes. Take a dose of control control center immediately. Call a pyjcricon or
Hold eye open and rinse gently after the 15 minutes. Remove control center immediately. Call a pyjcricon or
Cal cial physician or poisonous container immediately. Rinse out mouth and get in it for 15 minutes. Do not use a pill or pill box. DO NOT HIGHUSEOUNGINGLYPH(cmap:df00)LEYES OR DON'T USEHOLICENTLY. DO NOT LIVEVILINCY ANYTHING by mout on an unconscious person. Do not leave victim unintrormed.
Do to no symptoms are known as treatment needed
Instruction of any immediate medical attention and special treatment
This product is not a chemotherapy inhibitor.
Treatment with ampicillin and antibiotic treatment indicated by the patients supportive and sympathetic treatment.
condition is recommended
## SECTION S . FIREFIGHTING MEASURES
Enligthing media
Buttable
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbone
Unsuitable
High volume water jet
Although this can seem confusing and it's yet more reading, it really does make sense when you think about what each group does. Labels are part of the EPA process, and regulate how a pesticide is used. So if you are using a pesticide, follow the label. When things go
wrong, like a spill, accident, or potential for those things to occur, then OSHA steps in and the SDS applies. When things go right, label, when things go wrong, SDS.
## Thank You
We have spent all month discussing PPE because it is one of the most important parts of pesticide safety. However, it is just a part of safety, the most important part of safety is NOT a checklist, its not a pair of gloves, it's a mindset! You are the most important part of the safety process, are you taking it seriously and staying focused on what needs to be done. So if you fail to read the label, don't know what an SDS is, and generally fail to pay attention, then we know what the Problem is.
Thank you for joining us this month and staying focused on Pesticide Safety Awareness. I also thank you for allowing me to have a little fun along the way and create what turned out to be a very eclectic playlist for this blog. Clearly I have Too Much Time on My Hands . Thank you for your time and keep reading your labels and staying safe out there.
Category: Agriculture, Blog Community, HOME LANDSCAPES, Pests & Disease, Pests & Disease, UF/IFAS, UF/IFAS Extension
Tags: Brett Buttemeier, National Pesticide Safety Education Month, National Pesticide Safety Education Month 2023, Pesticide Information Office, PPE, Safety, Safety Data Sheet, SDS
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Personal Protective Equipment: One Size Does Not Fit All
- · What Is A Herbicide Strategy?
- · Women Make History In PM!
- · Assembling A PPE Kit |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/by-ingredients/live-well-recipe-squash-casserole/ | Live Well Recipe: Squash Casserole | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Sondra Parmer"
] | 2018-07-26 | [
"Recipes",
"Nutrition",
"Cooking"
] | AL | Try this Squash Casserole with Salline Crust recipe Take a trip to your local farmers market this summer while squash is in season. Serves 8
## Ingredients
Cooking spray
6 medium yellow squash, sliced
1 yellow onion, chopped
Salt and black pepper to taste
2 eggs
1 sleeve salline crackers, crushed
1 6-ounce package cheddar cheese, shredded
## Directions
Preheat oven to 325 degrees. Coat a 9x13 baking dish with cooking spray.
Place squash and onion in dish. Sprinkle with salt and pepper and bake for 15 minutes.
Mix eggs in a small bowl with a fork and pour over veggies.
Sprinkle crackers over veggies.
Sprinkle cheese over veggies.
Bake for 30 minutes.
Download the recipe here: Printable.Squash Casserole (httos://www.acs.edu/acw) content/uploads/2018/07/FCS-219\_Live/Web/AlabamaRecipeCards\_SquashCasserolewith
Click here to view the USDA Nondiscrimination Statement. (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/live-well-aabama/usda-nondiscrimination-statement/)
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/eastern-north-carolina-planting-calendar-for-annual-vegetables-fruits-and-herbs | Eastern North Carolina Planting Calendar for Annual Vegetables, Fruits, and Herbs | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Lucy Bradley",
"Chris Gunter",
"Julieta Sherk",
"Liz Driscoll",
"Danny Lauderdale",
"Charlotte Glen"
] | null | [
"Gardening",
"Planting Calendar",
"Vegetable Planting Guide"
] | NC | ## Eastern North Carolina Planting Calendar for Annual Vegetables, Fruits, and Herbs
Eastern North Carolina is a wonderful place to garden. Almost any type of vegetable can be grown successfully provided you choose appropriate varieties and plant at the right time. The climate, the season, and potential pests all affect the selection of what and when to plant.
## Adapted to Climate
Freezing temperatures, high temperatures, humidity, and solar intensity, all common in eastern North Carolina, can stress plants. To successfully grow plants in this environment, select varieties that are tolerant of temperature extremes, plant at the appropriate times to avoid temperature extremes, or plan to protect the plants. It is possible to grow plants out of season by creating microclimates that differ from the overall climate by providing shade, humidity, or artificial heat.
## Seasons
We have three optimal growing seasons: spring, summer, and fall. Both day length and temperature vary dramatically between seasons (short days and cold temperatures in winter to long days and high temperatures in summer). Because few annual plants are suited to thrive in both circumstances, it is important to choose plants that mature quickly to ensure a complete life cycle within one season. Some plants are adapted to growing in the cool months of the year and will tolerate some frost (cool-season vegetables, Figure 1), while others do not tolerate frost and should be planted to grow outside only in frost-free months (warm-season plants, Figure 2). Even warm season plants have their limits and will temporarily stop bearing during heat waves (temperatures in mid 90s).
## Disease and Pest Resistance
Choose varieties that have been bred to resist diseases and pests. Some companies list resistance on the plant tag, the seed package, or in a seed catalog. Many companies use initials following the plant variety name. For example, "V" may mean resistant to Verticillium wilt disease, "N" may indicate resistance to nematodes, "F" may indicate resistance to Fusarium wilt disease, and "T" may indicate resistance to Tobacco Mosaic virus. Different companies use different symbols, so be sure to check their respective keys to understand the labeling. Choose a planting date to avoid known pest seasons. Delay fall planting until whitefly populations decline with cooler temperatures, for example, or delay spring planting until soils become warm to reduce fungal and bacterial disease problems.
## Cultivars
Select varieties that provide desirable yield, taste, texture, and color. Using varieties that mature quickly may help avoid insect and disease problems. New varieties are released each year, and other varieties may become unavailable. Check with your local Extension website, Extension Master Gardener SM volunteers, or Extension agents for the varieties best adapted to your area. For recommendations of specific vegetable, varieties see NC State University Growing Small Farms, Clemson, the University of Georgia, Virginia Tech, and Cornell University.
## Planting Dates
The dates in Table 1 are suggested guidelines and should provide the highest probability of success, but weather conditions vary from year to year and planting dates should be adjusted accordingly. Gardeners at the coast can plant up to two weeks earlier in the spring and two weeks later in the fall. Plants established in the middle of the recommended planting dates will do best with lower success rates at both the earlier and later recommended and planting dates. The dates on the chart are for planting out in the garden (Figure 3). If you provide shade in the summer and frost protection in the winter, you may be able to extend the season both before and after these recommended dates. Spunwoven covers can allow you to begin your garden earlier in the spring and extend it longer into the fall. In addition, plastic mulches can be used to produce vegetables earlier in the season. Planting additional plants every few weeks within the planting window will extend your harvest over a greater period.
Note: B = bulbs; C = crowns; S = seeds; T = transplants; Tu = tubers * Best grown in a pot, as it can spread aggressively.
- ** Start seeds indoors for later transplant into the garden. Do not plant seeds directly in the Dates listed are for planting outside in the garden. To grow transplants, seed 6-8 weeks be
## Transplants
When growing your own transplants, start seedlings six to eight weeks before transplanting them into the garden (Figure 4). Protect tender transplants from severe temperature conditions. Harden them off prior to transplanting by gradually introducing them to the new environment. Just before transplanting, take them outside for increasing periods each day until they are acclimated to the new temperature and light conditions.
## Acknowledgments
This publication is based on prior work by Debbie Roos, Doug Jones, Erv Evans, and Larry Bass. The authors would like to thank Jeanine Davis, Bill Jester, Issac Lewis, Jonathan Schultheis, Allan Thornton, and Debra Ireland for their assistance with this publication.
## References
Brandenburg, R., D. Jordan, B. Shew, J. Wilcut, and S. Toth. 2005. Crop Profile for Peanuts in North Carolina. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University.
Bratsch, A. 2009. Specialty Crop Profile: Globe Artichoke . Virginia Cooperative Extension, Publication 438-108.
Jones, D. and D. Roos. Planting and Harvesting Guide for Piedmont Vegetables and Herbs. N.C. Cooperative Extension.
McCarth, W. and D. Sanders. 2001. Celery. HILL-27. Raleigh, NC: N.C. Cooperative Extension.
Putnam, D.H., E.S. Oplinger, D.R. Hicks, B.R. Durgan, D.M. Noetzel, R.A. Meronuck, J.D. Doll, and E.E. Schulte. 2011. Alternative Field Crops Manual: Sunflower. University of Wisconsin and University of Minnesota.
Schultheis, J. 1999. Growing Jerusalem Artichokes. HIL-1A. Raleigh, NC: N.C. Cooperative Extension.
Schultheis, J. 1998. Muskmelons (Cantaloupes). HIL-8. Raleigh, NC: N.C. Cooperative Extension.
## Authors
Lucy Bradley Extension Specialist, Urban Horticulture Horticultural Science
Extension Vegetable Specialist and Associate Professor Horticultural Science
Julieta Sherk
Associate Professor Horticultural Science
Liz Driscoll
Extension Specialist, 4-H - Horticulture, Crops, Entomology and Soil Science Horticultural Science
Danny Lauderdale
Area Specialized Agent - Nursery and Greenhouse, Eastern Region NC State Extension
Charlotte Glen
Extension Agent, Agriculture - Horticulture Chatham County
Publication date: June 15, 2016
AG-756-02
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/european-pepper-moth-in-nurseries-and-greenhouses | European Pepper Moth in Nurseries and Greenhouses | NC State Extension | [
"Steven Frank"
] | null | [
"Integrated Pest Management",
"Vegetable Insect",
"Nursery Crop",
"Greenhouse Pest",
"Ornamental Pest"
] | NC | ## European Pepper Moth in Nurseries and Greenhouses
## Identification and Biology
The adults are brown moths with wing spans up to 21 mm (Figure 1 and Figure 2). The forewings have a characteristic finger-shaped line that points toward the wing edge. The abdomen is brown with cream or white rings at each abdominal segment. Male moths bend their abdomen tips upward. Eggs are less than 1 mm, white to pink, and laid on the undersides of leaves singly or in small groups.
When eggs hatch young larvae feed on leaves for a time before moving down the plant to feed at the soil surface. Here larvae build silk webs for protection and feed on lower leaves, stems, and roots.
Larvae are white to light brown with rows of dark brown spots on their abdomen (Figure 3). However, the color of their abdomen can change based on their host plant and possibly the substrate in which they live. Their head is shiny dark brown to black. Larvae live in silk webbing which can also help identify them.
Pupae are within a cocoon made of silk, soil, and plant debris. Cocoons are up to 21 mm but are difficult to find.
There are probably 3-5 generations per year in central North Carolina. Development from egg to adult requires about a month depending on temperature. Since this species is originally from Mediterranean areas it is not tolerant of freezing. Thus, it occurs outdoors in warm areas and in greenhouses or other protected culture in cold areas.
## Scouting and Monitoring
Scouting is difficult because larvae are on the soil surface or even below the soil for most of their lives. If plants display witing or other symptoms similar to drought when water is plentiful it is especially important to scout for larvae. Look for fine silk webbing on the soil surface tangled in plant debris and media particles. There may also be feeding on lower leaves or damage to the stems.
Monitor for adults with pheromone lures to determine when adults are active and egags are being laid. Pheromone lures only attract male moths so there is no risk of increasing or causing an infestation by using them.
## Decision Making
There are no established thresholds based on larval density for this pest. Typically of you find a few larvae there are others present and damage can happen quickly as they grow and feed. If you trap adult moths it means European pepper moths are in your area. It is a good idea to scout and potentially treat your most vulnerable plants during adult flight because this is when egg laying is happening.
## Intervention & Control
Cultural Control There are no cultural control measures established so far. However, some plant species are more vulnerable or preferred by European pepper moth. These species may be scouted more frequently. In addition, since the larvae are not cold tolerant, leaving plants outdoors during winter instead of in cold frames or other protected situation may reduce the larvae that survive in your crop.
Biological Control
There is not established biological control protocol for this pest.
Biological-based insecticides including Beauveria bassiana and Bacillus thuringiensis may be effective but more work is required on these products. Nematodes may also be effective but require further evaluation. Chemical Control
One of the most important aspects of chemical management for European pepper moth larvae is the application technique. Since larvae live at the soil surface sprench applications are generally recommended. Sprench is a foliar application with low pressure and large droplets so the insecticide also covers the soil surface. In research so far pyrethroids do not appear to be effective. Products that are effective for other caterpillars seem effective for European pepper moth larvae in many cases. Anthranilic diamides have good lepidopteran efficacy and show good efficacy for this pest also. These include chlorantriniliprole, cyanantriniliprole, and cyclaniliropole. Methoxyforezide is another lepidopteran active chemical with efficacy against European pepper moth. More research is underway to identify other effective insecticides.
## Author
Steven Frank
Professor and Extension Specialist Entomology & Plant Pathology
Publication date: July 12, 2022
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
NC Cooperative Extension prohibitlea discriminacion por raza, color, nacionalidad, edad, sexo (incluyendo el embarazo), discapacidad, religión, orientación sexual, identidad de género, información genética, afliciañion política, y estatus de veteran.
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&TState University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/comparison-of-commercially-available-novel-endophyte-tall-fescue-forage-varieties | Comparison of Commercially Available Novel-Endophyte Tall Fescue Forage Varieties | North Carolina State University | [
"Kendra Phipps",
"Charlotte Talbott",
"Madeline Newsome",
"Deidre Harmon",
"Matt Poore"
] | null | [
"Grazing",
"Animal Health",
"Animal Agriculture",
"Beef Cattle",
"Forage Crop",
"Forage",
"Ruminant Animal",
"Ruminant"
] | NC | ## Comparison of Commercially Available Novel Endophyte Tall Fescue Forage Varieties
## History and Importance of Tall Fescue as a Forage Crop
Tall fescue is one of the most common forage species in the eastern United States (Figure 1). First recognized on a Kentucky farm owned by William Suiter, it was initially known as "Suiter's grass." In 1931, E.N. Fergus, a professor and plant breeder at the University of Kentucky, visited Suiter to look at the grass. He recognized the potential of this grass to contribute to grassland agriculture, so he took seeds to the University of Kentucky, where he began growing it in test plots. William Johnstone, a fellow professor, encouraged Fergus to release this variety of tall fescue, Kentucky-31 (KY-31), to the public in 1943. Kentucky-31 tall fescue quickly became the forage of choice across the midSouth due to its superior drought tolerance, ability to withstand heavy grazing, and high yield capacity.
The improved agronomic performance of KY-31 is the result of a fungal endophyte living between the cells of the plant. The endophyte found in KY-31 (sometimes called the 'wild type' endophyte) produces toxins called ergot alkaloids and other groups of alkaloids that are beneficial to the plant. However, these alkaloids can cause detrimental effects that lead to loss of production when animals consume infected plants. Health and reproductive effects include decreased intake, decreased weight gains and milk production, abortion, rough hair coat (Figure 2A), increased heat sensitivity, and severe lameness. These symptoms are collectively called "fescue toxicosis syndrome," and they result in a loss of about $1 billion in the U.S. cattle industry each year. Decreased performance also reduces income produced by other farm animal species, including small ruminants and equines, which also forage for KY-31.
In the 1980s and 1990s, endophyte-free (EF) varieties of tall fescue were released as a solution to fescue toxicosis. However, absence of the endophyte negatively impacted seedling vigor and plant persistence, greatly reducing the agronomic performance of EF varieties of tall fescue compared to KY-31.
Naturally occurring, nontoxic 'nove' endophytes had been previously identified in perennial ryegrass, which led to identification of novel endophytes in tall fescue. These novel endophytes were isolated and transferred into improved tall fescue varieties, creating what is now commercially available as novel-endophyte (NE) tall fescue (Phillips 2012). Novel-endophyte tall fescue is NOT the same as EF tall fescue, as NE tall fescue has increased persistence due to endophyte presence. Novel-endophyte tall fescue retains the agronomic benefits of KY-31 fescue without the toxicity to animals (Roberts et al. 2002; Nihsen et al. 2004). Though these breakthroughs have been available to producers for more than 20 years, their adoption has remained low. The cost of renovating pastures, uncertainty concerning NE tall fescue stand persistence, and confusion surrounding the available varieties may be reasons why farmer implementation has been slow. To provide
streamlined information about available NE tall fescue varieties, North Carolina State University, the Alliance for Grassland Renewal, and cooperating seed companies have created this publication to help farmers identify the best NE tall fescue variety for each unique production situation.
Attribution: Matt Poore
## Planning for Renovation
Renovation should begin by controlling seedlings of existing cool-season perennials, such as KY31 during the spring prior to renovation. This reduces viable seed on the land, preventing development of new KY-31 seedlings along with the newly established NE tall fescue seedlings. Implementing either a spray-smother-spray or spray-wait-spray land management plan will further ensure that competition is eliminated -by eliminating seedlings and missed places (skips in spray pattern) twice before establishment. Achieving a successful renovation requires planning and attention to detail, but it is generally more successful than establishment of many other forage types.
## Choosing and Purchasing Seed
Before shopping for seed, understand that there are three distinct types of tall fescue available: endophyte-infected KY-31, EF (contains no endophyte), and NE-infected (tall fescue variety matched with a proven NE). For the best combination of agronomic and animal performance attributes, NE tall fescue will usually be the best choice across the entire Fescue Belt, which stretches from Kansas to North Carolina and from Pennsylvania to Georgia. In this region, KY-31 tall fescue has established itself as the primary forage plant present in pastures. Endophyte infection is critical for plant survival across most of the Fescue Belt. Endophyte-free tall fescue is recommended only for situations not requiring a long-lasting pure stand of tall fescue, such as in multispecies forage mixtures; in short crop rotations; or in the most temperate parts of the Fescue Belt. Alternatively, KY-31 is generally not recommended except in situations in which a very stresstolerant stand is needed and high animal performance is not an important goal. Endophyte-free varieties generally will not tolerate conditions such as drought, constant overgrazing, or insect
infestation because they do not contain an endophyte. Alternatively, NE varieties perform better than EF varieties under such conditions, but are more expensive to establish than KY-31, therefore making it counterintuitive to plant them where these issues are expected and will not be mitigated.
Novel-endophyte tall fescue seed is significantly more expensive than the other varieties of foragetype tall fescue; however, economic calculations have shown that the initial input cost can be offset by increased revenue resulting from improved animal performance (Figure 2B), as compared to that of KY-31. Choosing the best variety of NE tall fescue involves consideration of many factors, such as region and management style. The two soft-leaf types, BarOptra® PLUS E34 ® and Tower Protek®, can be expected to support slightly higher intake and animal performance (important for dairy and stocker cattle), but these varieties require increased attention to management, and preferential grazing may lead to overgrazing. Traditional-leaf NE tall fescue varieties still support high levels of performance and are generally less likely to be overgrazed than soft-leaf counterparts.
It is critical to begin planning early for conversion to NE tall fescue varieties for many reasons. You must consider that NE tall fescue seed is not stocked early in the season in quantities comparable to KY-31. Novel-endophyte tall fescue seed is generally not harvested until July of the establishment year. After commercial seed is harvested, it is sampled and submitted for testing under the qualitycontrol standards of the Alliance for Grassland Renewal. To qualify for an Alliance for Grassland Renewal quality-assurance label ( Figure 3 ), seed lots must contain at least 70% viable endophyte and no more than 5% "off type/wild type endophytes" (KY-31 or turf-type varieties containing high ergot alkaloids). The timing of seed harvest and the subsequent quality-control process mean seed becomes available very close to establishment season. Because of this, planning for and placing seed orders ahead of time are recommended. Upon receiving a shipment, store sed in a cool, dry place until planting. It may be difficult or impossible to obtain NE tall fescue seed without preordering, as many dealers do not generally stock large quantities; however, seed supply stores commonly have some EF varieties (for example, KY-32) and KY-31 in stock. To purchase the correct seed, it is important to be aware of the differences between EF, NE, and wild-type endophyteinfected tall fescue varieties. The Alliance for Grassland Renewal quality-assurance label will always be present on proven NE forage-type tall fescue seed.
## Establishment and Management
Establishment and management recommendations are essentially the same for all NE varieties. The recommended seeding rate ranges from 13 to 25 lb/acre (consult state-specific planting guides). Seed should be planted at a depth of ¼" to ½" using a no-till drill or broadcast onto a prepared seeded and followed with a cultipacker. Seeding too deeply is the most common cause of establishment failure. It is best to consult specific state plantings guide for recommended planting dates; within the Fescue Belt, early autumn is the usual planting time. Before planting, amend soil pH to a value between 6.0 and 6.5 and apply phosphorus and potassium according to soil tests. Starter nitrogen should be applied at a rate of 25 to 35 lb/acre.
General management recommendations for new novel fescue stands are applicable to all varieties. Do not graze or hay new stands until they are 6", 8", tall being sure to leave to 3", 4", of residual after grazing or haying. Rest newly established pastures during the summer season.
Comparison of Tall Fescue Products
## Table compares the quality products, a common EF variety, and KY-31. Traits for comparison
include time to maturity and leaf type. Time to maturity is presented relative to KY-31 and is adapted from the University of Kentucky's variety trials (Spetiler et al. 2002). Leaf type is classified as either traditional or soft, with most tall fescue varieties being classified as having a traditional leaf type, which is how the blades of KY-31 are classified. Tower Protec® and BarOptima ® PLUS E34® are considered to have a soft leaf type. Currently, there is no accepted standard method among taxonomisers of assessing and assigning a leaf type, but there are specific visual and tactile differences, although these are subjective objective. In general, a traditional leaf feels somewhat coarse and has a sharp serrated leaf edge. A soft leaf feels softer and the leaf edge is not as sharp. Livestock find the soft leaf varieties more palatable, so they will tend to eat more, and this means they are more likely to overgraze. While soft leaf types may lead to better animal performance, the
importance of management to prevent overgrazing cannot be overemphasized. Sedling vigor, which is the ability of seedlings to survive during the plant's early development, is also a very important trait considered during variety development.
Seedling vigor, forage yield, and an animal performance have not been different among varieties during most variety trials, other than the obvious KY-31, so these categories are not included in the table. Stand life and persistence are also not included in the table because there is not enough long-term data to provide an estimate, although available data indicates that EF varieties are less persistent and have shorter stand life than KY-31 and NE varieties. Ergot alkaloid concentrations among NE
and EF varieties are generally negligible, with the exception of BarOptima ® PLUS E34 ® . Typically, the ergot alkaloid concentrations produced by BarOptima ® PLUS E34 ® are well below what is considered toxic; however, toxin levels vary between years and within seasons. Although these levels are highly variable, they are typically negligible in relation to animal performance; however, special caution should be taken for pregnant mares (Dillard, Smith, and Hancock 2019).
| Product | Company | Endophyte Technology | Endophyte Type | Leaf Type | Time to Mortality | Target Market Area |
|----------------------------|-----------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|-------------|----------------------|------------------------|
| Lacefield MaxQ II® | Pennington | MaxQ II® | Novel | Traditional | Medium | Northern Fescue Belt |
| Texoma MaxQ II® | Pennington | MaxQ II® | Novel | Traditional | Early | Western Fescue Belt |
| Jesup MaxQ II® | Pennington | MaxQ II® | Novel | Traditional | Early | Eastern Fescue Belt |
| Jesup MaxQ II® | Pennington | MaxQ II® | Novel | Traditional | Early | Eastern Fescue Belt |
| TowerProtek® | DLF Pickseed | Protek® | Novel | Soft | Late | Northern Fescue Belt |
| BarOptima® PLUS E34® | Barenbrug | E34® | Novel | Soft | Late | Fescue Belt |
| Martin 2 Protek® | DLF Pickseed | Protek® | Novel | Traditional | Early/ Medium | Fescue Belt |
| Estancia with ArkShield® | Mountain View Seeds | ArkShield® | Novel | Traditional | Medium | Fescue Belt |
| Cajun II$^{1}$ | Smith Seed Services | None None (Endophyte Free) | None None (Endophyte Free) | Traditional | Early Early Belt | Fescue Belt |
| Kentucky- 31 (KY-31)$^{2}$ | None None (Toxic) | Wild Type Wild Type (Toxic) | Traditional | Medium | Medium Belt | Fescue Belt |
## History and Description of Current Novel-Endophyte (NE) Tall Fescue Varieties
## Pennington
Pennington offers four varieties of NE tall fescue. None of these varieties are commercially available as endophyte-free. All are traditional-leaf varieties, with the latest three utilizing the same endophyte technology (AR584). AR584 is sold under the trade name MaxQ II® . The largest difference between varieties is the specified regions for which they are adapted. All are adapted to the Fescue Belt, with Texoma MaxQ II® having capabilities in the drier western regions and even outside of the Fescue Belt, and Lacefield MaxQ II® being well suited for Kentucky and the surrounding area. Lacefield MaxQ II® is also a later maturing variety. Jesup MaxQ II® is the current recommendation for the eastern Fescue Belt.
## Jesup MaxQ ® and Jesup MaxQ II®
Jesup MaxQ was the first NE fescue product made commercially available, and it was marketed simply as MaxQ ® . The story of its development begins with Joe Bouton, a forage breeder at the University of Georgia in 1977. Around this time, work was being done to identify the cause of fescue toxicosis syndrome, and the staff at the United States Department of Agriculture's Richard B. Russell Research Center in Athens, Georgia, proposed that fungal endophytes living in KY-31 were the cause. Researchers at Auburn University began fescue grazing studies and noticed that on some pastures, animal weight gains were nearly double that of others. These pastures had been planted with fescue seed from a previous year, and a combination of time and storage in warm conditions had killed the endophyte in this seed. Bouton created populations of fescue and selected for persistence, but his selections proved to be highly infected with the toxic endophyte. Endophyte-free populations were created from these varieties, but stands of these EF varieties did not persist in trials, further proving that the endophyte was connected to the exceptional agronomic performance of KY-31 tall fescue. Bouton began to search for a way to maintain the agronomic performance of the toxic populations while eliminating the negative effects on animal performance.
Research was being done in New Zealand at that time to isolate strains of endophyte from around the world in both perennial ryegras and tall fescue. The research was led by Gary Latch of AgResearch. Bouton met Latch at the International Grassland Congress in France in 1989 and began a collaborative effort to create a nontoxic fescue that contained an NE. Using both of his developed fescue populations, Jesup and Georgia 5, Bouton conducted research to identify which variety would respond best to several different NEs, and he chose Jesup with ARS42 endophyte. Grazing trials were conducted across several animal species, including cattle, sheep, and horses, to ensure that this NE did not have toxic effects. The trials proved that this NE allowed for the best of both worlds: agronomic persistence and no negative impacts on animal health and well-being. MaxQ ® Tall Fescue , as it would come to be marketed, was rigorously tested across several different environments to prove the plant's ability to perform in many regions of the Fescue Belt. Because it was the first NE tall fescue variety, more is known about MaxQ ® than many varieties on the market now. Recently, Pennington has begun to replace Jesup MaxQ ® with Jesup MaxQ II® . Jesup MaxQ II® utilizes the same variety of fescue as Jesup MaxQ II® but contains an improved, more resilient NE, AR584, known commercially as MaxQ II® .
## Lacefield MaxQ II®
Tim Phillips began his career as a forage breeder at the University of Kentucky in 1992, where he inherited an old tall fescue variety. In the spring of 1993, he selected plants from several EF KY31 genetic lines and began crossing these plants, selecting for excellent seedling vigor and latermaturing plants than KY-31. At the time, tobacco was a large agricultural crop in Kentucky. Most
farmers growing forage there also produced tobacco, which often delayed hay harvest until after setting tobacco. This delay resulted in lower-quality hay, leading Phillips to select plants that matured later, allowing the forage to maintain its quality later in spring. In 2002, Phillips was beginning the process for releasing this EF variety, known at the time as KYFA9301, when he was approached by the New Zealand-based company AgResearch about using one of its NEs in the variety. The research process proceeded for 13 years after the addition of the NE and nearly 22 years after KYFA9301 was released as Lacefield MaxQ II® in 2015. Lacefeld MaxQ II®, named for forage pioneer Garry Lacefield, became widely available in 2018.
## Texoma MaxQ II ®
Researcher Andy Hopkins began work at the Noble Research Institute in April 1997 and immediately began developing a cool-season perennial forage well-suited for the southern Great Plains. The institute had extremely old tall fescue pastures in southern Oklahoma. Hopkins began collecting seed from tall fescue plants in high and dry areas of these pastures, which gave this tall fescue the characteristic of being selected from an existing population, rather than being bred. It was evaluated for several years for grazing tolerance during periods of drought. The institute partnered with AgResearch to infect the plant with an NE, AR584, making extensive efforts to ensure that there was no toxic endophyte infection. Using lambs, cattle, and horses, several grazing trials were performed at the institute and at collaborating universities during periods of drought, and the variety proved persistent. The name Texoma MaxQ II ® was chosen for this product because of its origin and target market in Texoma--an interstate region containing parts of Texas and Oklahoma.
## Mountain View Seeds Estancia with ArkShield ®
The development of Estancia with ArkShield ® began as a fescue variety called HiMag being studied at the University of Missouri and the United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) in Idaho. The original goal was to produce a variety with low grass-tetany potential (because it contains higher magnesium than most tall fescue). The University of Arkansas, in cooperation with the University of Missouri, furthered research on HiMag to create ArkPlus NE tall fescue. It was not marketed to reduce the risk of grass tetany but rather as a variety well-adapted to the transition zone of the eastern half of the United States with an endophyte proven to aid plant persistence while lacking livestock toxins. ArkPlus was pulled from the market due to a patent dispute. Eventually, Peak Plant Genetics and Mountain View Seeds in Oregon obtained the rights to produce and market this variety. It is sold under the brand name Estancia with ArkShield ® . Estancia with ArkShield ® is marketed as a medium-maturing, high-yielding tall fescue with high seedling vigor and very good persistence if properly managed. No EF version of this variety is available. Much of the research data was produced in Arkansas and Missouri, but Estancia with ArkShield ® has also done well in many other locations in the eastern and southeastern United States.
## DLF Pickseed Protek ® Endophyte Program
The company DLF Trifolium began in 1906 when a group of Danish seed growers formed a grass seed cooperative in Denmark. The cooperative later expanded into other countries. When DLF's expansion reached Australia and New Zealand, the company noticed the value of NEs, which led to a group collaboration and the isolation of the endophyte (referred to as Protek ® ). This endophyte naturally existed in the wild and was found and brought back to be analyzed. The endophyte Protek ® was first developed in the United States with the isolations ISO 207 and ISO 647. These isolations were able to move forward in trials and research and were both introduced to a potential host: Martin 2. After many trials and research studies, it was decided that ISO 647 would be renamed Protek ® due to its performance and stable relationship with its host, while ISO 207 did not move forward in development. One of the most notable moments in the research on Protek ® was the discovery that it was safe, had a stable relationship with its host plant, and did not produce any ergot alkaloids. ~ ~ ~
## Martin 2 Protek ®
Protek ® was inoculated into the Martin 2 variety because of its genetics and compatibility. Research with Martin 2 Protek ® spread to the United States with animal safety trials beginning in 2009 and ending in 2012. These trials, conducted with sheep, demonstrated no negative impacts on the animals' weight gain or health. The Martin 2 variety was developed from Mozark, Martin, Cajun and KY-31 genetics. It is traditional in terms of leaf type and growth and has an early to medium maturity relative to other varieties. Martin 2 Protek ® produces a high quantity of forage, but compared to Tower® protek ® , the quality ranks lower. Martin 2 Protek ® also has good fiber digestibility and is relatively preferred or well-selected to be grazed by livestock. DLP Fickseed also sells an EF variety simply named Martin 2, which does not contain Protek ® or an endophyte of any kind, so farmers wishing to establish NE tall fescue need to make sure they are using Martin 2 Protek ® .
## Tower Protek ®
The variety Tower originated in France. Tower is considered to have a later maturity and a softer leaf than many other tall fescue varieties, although a method to test leaf type has not been established. This soft-leaf variety has improved quality and digestibility, but it must be more closely managed than some other varieties because animal preference for softer leaves can lead to overgrazing. In the US, Protek endophyte technology was added to Tower for regions where endophyte is needed. Tower® protek ® is more focused on quality rather than total weight of forage production, and is best suited to situations that need high performance. Tower® protek ® is commonly found in the northern Fescue Belt, but may perform well farther south if soil, environment, and management conditions are suitable.
## Barenbrug USA BarOptima ® PLUS E34 ®
The development of BarOptima® PLUS E34 ® began in the 1990s in France as the demand for an NE tall fescue increased in the United States. The first successful line, created from an NE and a selection from Barenbrug breeding lines, was named BE9301. As development progressed, trials of what is now known as BarOptima® PLUS E34 ® began in the United States in the early 2000s. After many years of trials and research, BarOptima® PLUS E34 ® was finally patented in January 2010. The name was created by Devesh Singh, a Barenbrug agronomist, who wanted to portray the superiority for germplasm and the endophyte to consumers. He wanted a name that would identify the company and describe the multiple optimum traits of the variety, hence BarOptima® PLUS E34 ® . Although the early stages of the development process began in France, the credit for this variety of fescue must also be shared with a group of scientists in the Netherlands who performed the initial endophyte inoculation. While testing leaf type is subjective and there is not an established method to do so, BarOptima® PLUS E34 ® is considered to have a softer leaf other than fescue varieties. European breeders selected a softer leaf germplasm to increase both the palatability and the digestibility of the grass. Because a softer leaf may lead to better digestibility, livestock may prefer it over other grasses, making it more prone to overgrazing in the absence of proper management. The target market for BarOptima® PLUS E34 ® is the southern two-thirds of the Fescue Belt.
## Cajun II* Smith Services
Cajun II is a popular example of many EF tall fescue varieties that perform well in the northernmost areas of tall fescue adaptation. These varieties also are sometimes useful in multispecies mixtures or for short-term rotations (especially for hay production) within the entire Fescue Belt. Early research on the development of Cajun II began in the late 1980s to produce a nontoxic variety of fescue that was well-adapted to the southern half of the Fescue Belt (including North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, and South Carolina). Wayne County in North Carolina was the original testing site for Cajun II, with supporting research taking place in Pennsylvania and Kentucky. The development was a decade-long process that selected traits for regional adaptation, winter hardiness, and pest resistance. Breeders started by looking at varieties that excelled in these traits,
including Cajun, Martin, Mozark, and other hardy varieties like KY-31. Two types of tall fescue germplasm, Mediterranean and Continental, were crossed to make Cajun II. Mediterranean plants are summer dormant, and Continental varieties are summer active, making Cajun III suited to spring and summer performance.
Cajun II is generally recommended for hay production in mid-Atlantic states due to its hardiness, persistence, and low management input. During the time of development, there was a growing need for a variety other than the toxic KY-31, and other available varieties had limited survivability in harsher climates. Early reports of other EF varieties showed limited survivability (although there was often no yield difference), meaning they should not be recommended for continuous grazing. Cajun II showed equal survivability performance to NE varieties in three-year clipping trials, making it an affordable option for rotational grazing conditions or hay production. However, Cajun II is not recommended for situations in which a very long-lived monoculture stand is desired, or where overgrazing may occasionally occur. Cajun II is also recommended for hay production because it is earlier to mature, yielding more cuts of hay. While Cajun II is targeted primarily for the mid-Atlantic states, it is also popular in Missouri, Oklahoma, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Kentucky, Arkansas, northern Texas, northern Mississippi, northern Alabama, northern Georgia, and Canada. Establishment recommendations include terminating all KY-31 before planting or diluting KY-31 without completely killing it. Cajun II can be seeded into KY-31 with a stress/shock approach by withholding fertilization in the spring, grazing heavily during the summer, broadcasting Cajun II when KY-31 is grazed short, and then "hoofing-in" with cattle. Cajun II and orchardgrass work very well when planted together.
## Summary
Novel-endophyte (NE) tall fescue is a productive, persistent grass plant for the Fescue Belt of the United States, where the soils and climate support tall fescue. Novel-endophyte tall fescue supports a high level of animal performance comparable to endophyte-free (EF)-tall fescue, while delivering the agronomic performance expected from toxic KY-31 tall fescue. The NE tall fescue varieties described here are subjected to quality control through the Alliance for Grassland Renewal, which has set standards for marketing this technology. When creating a pasture renovation plan, select an appropriate variety carrying the Alliance for Grassland Renewal label, which confirms that the specific lot of seed passed stringent quality-control tests.
## Literature Cited
Dillard, S.L., S.R. Smith, and D.W. Hancock. 2019. "Variability of Ergovaline and Total Ergot Alkaloid Expression among Endophytic Tall Fescue Cultivars." Crop Science 59, no. 6: 2866-2875.
Nihsen, M.E., E.L. Piper, C.P. West, R.J. Crawford, T.M. Denard, Z.B. Johnson, C.A. Roberts, D.E. Spiers, and C.F. Rosenkrans Jr. 2004. "Growth Rate and Physiology of Steers Grazing Tall Fescue Inoculated with Novel Endophytes." Journal of Animal Science 82: 878-883.
Olson, G.L., S.R. Smith, C.D. Teutsch, T.D. Phillips, and J.C. Henning. 2019. 2019 Tall Fescue and
Bromegrass Report (PR-766). Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky.
Phillips, T.D. 2012. New Tall Fescue Varieties for the Future. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky.
Roberts, C.A., D.E. Spiers, A.L. Karr, H.R. Benedict, D.A. Sleper, P.A. Eichen, C.P. West, E.L. Piper, and G.E. Rottinghaus. 2002. "Use of a Rat Model to Evaluate Tall Fescue Seed Interested with Introduced Strains of Neotyphodium coenophialum." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50: 5742-5745.
Spitaleri, R.F., J.C. Henning, T.D. Phillips, G.D. Lacefield, and D.C. Ditsch. 2002. 2002 Tall Fescue Report (PR-474). Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky.
## Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the following professionals for their contributions to this publication: Joe Bouton (Retired, University of Georgia, Noble Research Institute), Tim Phillips (University of Kentucky), Andrew Hopkins (Corteva Agriscience™), Jerome Magnuson (DLF Pickseed USA), Peter Ballerstedt (Barenbrug USA), Robin Lamp (Barenbrug USA), Chuck West (Texas Tech University), and Jonathan Rupert (Smith Seed Services).
## Authors
Kendra Phipps
Extension Agent, Agriculture - Livestock and Forage Crops N.C. Cooperative Extension, Watauga County Center
Charlotte Talbott
Graduate Student Animal Science
Madeline Newsome Graduate Student Animal Science
Deidre Harmon
Extension Livestock Specialist, Animal Science Animal Science
Matt Poore
Department Extension Leader and Runninant Nutrition Specialist Animal Science
Publication date: Dec. 9, 2021 AG-910
The use of brand names in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University of the products or services named nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/sedgehammer-halosulfuron | Sedgehammer (halosulfuron) Herbicide Information Factsheets | NC State Extension | [
"Joe Neal"
] | null | [
"Weed Management",
"Pesticide",
"Herbicide",
"Nursery Crop"
] | NC | ## Sedgehammer (halosulfuron)
Herbicide Information Factsheets
## Introduction
| Trade Name: | Common Name: | Formulation: 75% DG |
|---------------|----------------|-----------------------|
| Sedgenammer | nalosulfuron | |
Postemergence control of annual and perennial sedges (yellow and purple nutsedge, and kyllinga)
in established landscape woody ornamentals and turfgrass. Around ornamental landscape plants Sedgehammer should be applied as a directed spray.
| | Amount of Active Ingredient | Amount by Formulation |
|-------------------|--------------------------------|-------------------------|
| | 75% DF | |
| Per Acre | 0.031 to 0.062 lb ai | 0.67 to 1.3 oz |
| Per 1,000 sq. ft. | 0.9 grams per gallon | |
## Major Weeds Controlled
Yellow nutsedge, purple nutsedge, green kyllinga, and annual sedges. Some seedling broadleaf weeds may also be controlled including eclipta, galinsoga and others.
## Major Weeds Not Controlled
Most annual and perennial grasses and broadleaves such as spurge, dandelions lambsquarters, and oxalis are not controlled.
## For Best Results
Apply in late spring or early summer to when nutsedge plants are 4 to 6 inches tall and growing vigorously. Add non-ionic surfactant when using the 75% DF formulation. The 5% formulation has surfactant included in the formulation. Repeat the application in 6 weeks. Do not exceed two applications per year.
## Cautions and Precations
Around ornamentals, use only as a directed application to established woody plants. Contact with the foliage of ornamentals should be avoided. Injury has been reported on several woody ornamental species including arborvitae, hemlock, and taxus. Over the top applications to ornamentals has caused injury to many species. Do not apply to herbaceous perennials or bedding plants. Do not use on container-grown ornamentals.
## Residual Activity
At recommended rates, about 6 to 8 weeks of weed control can be expected.
## Volatility and Leaching Potential
Nonvolatile. Halosulfuron is mobile in soils, and the amount of leaching is influenced organic matter, with less leaching occurring in soils with greater organic matter content.
## Symptoms and Mode of Action
Inhibits the enzyme acetolactate synthase (ALS), responsible for the production of certain amino acids. Symptoms take several weeks to develop and include general stunting, chlorosis, and necrosis of the growing points. HRAC Group B; WSSA Group 2.
## Additional Information
| Worker Protection Standards | |
|--------------------------------|--------------------------|
| Manufacturer: Gowan | EPA Reg. # 81880-1-10163 |
## Author
Joe Neal
Professor of Weed Science, Extension Specialist & Department Extension Leader Horticultural Science
Publication date: Aug. 24, 2016
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/brandon-retail-sales-profile | Brandon Retail Sales Profile | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home
» Publications » Publications » Brandon Retail Sales Profile
## Brandon Retail Sales Profile
PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number: P2944-31
View as PDF: P2944-31.pdf
Department: MSU Extension-Rankin County
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
Your Extension Experts
Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor
Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II
Dr. Devon Patricia Mills Assistant Professor
Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor
OCTOBER 3, 2024
Crosby Arboretum earns Outpost Business recognition
FEBRUARY 1, 2024
Filed Under: Economic Development
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842 Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998 Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374 Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375 Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796 Talking Retail Trade |
https://extension.okstate.edu/coronavirus/media/farm-and-ranch/crop-producers.pdf | The COVID-19 Impact | Oklahoma State University | [
"OSU Extension"
] | Error: time data "D:20200604134347-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Learn about key economic sectors in rural Oklahoma and the resulting impacts of the COVID-19 virus.
## THE COVID-19 IMPACT ON OKLAHOMA CROP PRODUCERS
THE COVID-19 IMPACT ON OKLAHOMA CROP MARKET PRICES
To say COVID-19 has not impacted Oklahoma crop market prices would be a misstatement. To say how much impact would be misleading. At any given time, many market factors are influencing prices.
One interpretation of price movements implies events occurring in spring 2020 may have had a short-term positive impact on wheat prices and a negative impact on corn and cotton prices. A major market force that has impacted all crop prices is China and Phase 1 of the U.S./ China trade agreement. During the COVID-19 time period, China has bought U.S. wheat, corn and soybeans.
Cotton and corn prices have been negatively impacted by a drop in oil prices, which was caused by a reduction in gasoline demand and an price war between Saudi Arabia and Russia.
Around the world, COVID-19 has disrupted transportation and handling. Products have been delayed from the interior suppliers to the ocean ports. There also have been disruptions at the docks when loading crops on the ships. The world market situation could be described as "controlled chaos." Consumers -from individuals to government entities-have stockpiled food and food products. Importers have stepped up purchases, and exporters have tended to reduce exports. These actions occurred mostly with wheat and rice.
Except for cotton, the impact on most Oklahoma crop producers, to date, may have been minimal. By Feb. 1 of each year, 84% of Oklahoma's wheat has been sold. Most corn, grain sorghum and soybeans were sold at harvest.
## CONTACT
- ▶ Amy Hagerman Ag and Food Policy Extension Specialist army.hagerman@okstate.edu 405-744-9811
Kim Anderson Grain Marketing Extension Specialist kim.anderson@okstate.edu 405-744-9817
The point is: when COVID-19 became a market problem, about 85% of Oklahoma grain crops had been sold. The winter crops had been planted, and the summer crops were in the planning stages.
There have been no apparent input disruptions for crop producers to date since many inputs already were on hand prior to COVID-19. Other challenges, like agricultural lending and labor, will be addressed in other sections of this series. Logistical challenges may arise for 2020 summer crops or 2020 wheat crop harvest as the situation evolves. COVID-19 has disrupted markets and lives, added uncertainty to the market and made production and market decisions more difficult. A number of events have occurred at the same time, making the market situation even more complex. Wheat prices, for a short period, may have been slightly higher. Corn and cotton prices have been lower.
The final thing that must be considered is when COVID-19 first occurred, the market had record world wheat end ing stocks and near record corn, soybean and cotton ending stocks. There was an excess of major crops in storage, and prices already were relatively low.
COVID-19's impact on Oklahoma's crop producers is yet to be determined.
## AGRICULTURAL PROGRAMS AIDSIDING CROP PRODUCERS IN 2020
Price and yield risk management options for crop producers have been available for some time, and are not specific to COVID-19 with the exception of the anticipated Coronavirus Food Assistance Program(CFAP). Producers may choose to use any combination of insurance, futures and options, forward contracts and federal programs to manage yield and price risk. The best combination of risk management alternatives will depend on the individual operation.
There are several federal programs that may offset some of the risk from negative market events, COVID-19 related or otherwise. After several successive years of weather challenges and lower market prices, producers may look to take advantage of any programs for which they are eligible. The 2018-2019 Expanded Wildfire and Hurricanes Indemnity Program (WHiP+) has been open for applications in many western Oklahoma counties. WHiP+ was expanded to include drought and flooding events in 2018 and 2019.
The third tranche of the 2019 Market Facilitation Program (MFP) was announced in January 2020. The MFP was designed to offset trade dispute price declines. In 2019, an expanded number of commodities were eligible for
MFP as compared to 2018. However, the payment rates varied widely by county for Oklahoma crop producers, ranging from $15 per acre to $115 per acre.
The CFAP is a highly anticipated program for some agricultural sectors in 2020. Across all crops and livestock, $16 billion will be distributed in direct payments and $3 billion in direct food purchases. A commodity's eligibility was based on observed losses due to COVID-19. Specifically, commodities eligible for CFAP must have had an observed loss in futures prices (or cash prices wheref ures are unavailable) when comparing the weekly average of January 13 to 17, 2020 to the weekly average of April 6 to 9, 2020. Further, crop producers are only paid based on 'unpriced' inventory as of January 15, 2020. That limited the impact of CFAP to crop producers in the state since many crops that are eligible based on losses (e.g.corn and soybeans) were likely already sold by January 15, 2020.
The producers' safety net programs-Price Loss Coverage (PLC) and Agricultural Risk Coverage (ARC)-result ed in record enrollments for 2019 and 2020. Oklahoma numbers on ARC/PLC enrollment have not been released by USDA to date, but nationally more than 90% of crop producers elected to PLC in 16 of the 23 commodities including wheat (93%), cotton (99%) and peanuts (99.9%). PLC triggers a payment when the national marketing year average price falls below the reference price, which is $5.50 for wheat from 2019-2023. Forecasted PLC payments for the price equals the price of $1.9 billion nationally. Corn producers primarily sought price protection (75% PLC enrolment), but not to the same extent as other commodities.
The ARCprogramisarevenueprotectionprogrambased on a national marketing year average price and a county or individual farm yield. Soybean producers primarily sought revenue protection (83% ARC-CO enrollment) for 2019 and 2020, although soybean producers have not generally received payments under ARC or PLC in 20142018exceptinareaswhereyieldwasimpactbyweather events. Crop producers will have an opportunity to see how ARC and PLC perform in these challenging market conditions before choosing to keep or change their safety net program choice for the 2021 crop year in the fall.
Crop producers are faced with a variety of risk management options, as well as opportunities to take advantage of federal assistance programs as they become available. Stress on agricultural lenders and multiple years of draw down on operating capital may have many crop producers looking to federal emergency assistance programs until such a time as markets stabilize. |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/cottony-cushion-scale | Cottony Cushion Scale | NC State Extension | [
"Steven Frank",
"James Baker"
] | null | [
"Cottony Cushion Scale",
"Shrub Pest",
"Insect Pest",
"Ornamental Pest"
] | NC | ## Cottony Cushion Scale
Entomology Insect Notes
## General Information
Female cottony cushion scales are rusty red with black legs and antennae. They are about 4.5mm long. The mouthparts are the piercing/ sucking type. The body is often obscured by wax. Male cottony cushion scales are small (3mm), slender, reddish-purple insects with 2 metallic blue wings.
## Biology
The cottony cushion scale is found throughout tropical and subtropical areas. In the United States, this pest is found in southern California, Arizona, the Gulf Coast states and North Carolina at least as far north and west as Raleigh. Winter temperatures of -12°C (about 10°F) are said to limit the spread of cottony cushion scales outdoors, although it can survive in greenhouses in much colder climates.
Although cottony cushion scale is often found on many different host plants, in North Carolina, nandina and pitstoporum are the most frequently reported hosts. Immature cottony cushion scales deblitate plants by sucking out sap. They excrete honeydew, a sweet, sticky liquid which coats infested plants. Dark fungi called soy molds grow in the honeydew. Heavily infested plants become chlorotic but darkened. Leaves and fruit drop prematurely, and heavily infested plants may die during periods of stress. Cottony cushion scale is unique in several ways. After its introduction into California from Australia in 1868 or 1869, cottony cushion scale devastated citrus there. In 1888, a lady beetle called the vedalia lady beetle or vedalia (Rodolia cardinals (Mulsant)) was introduced from Australia and within 18 months the cottony cushion scale was reduced to a nonspect status. This was the first successful biological control of an insect pest.
Each female lays a large number of eggs in a dense, fluted ovisac from which this insect gets its name. This ovisac is made of wax secreted from the lower side of the scale. Three weeks (summer) to 8 weeks (winter) after being laid, the eggs hatch to first nymphs. In most scales, this stage is called the crawler but most stages of the cottony cushion scale can crawl. The first nymphs can crawl up to 1 yard in 10 minutes, and they tend to crawl up to the leaves and twigs to feed. After 2 or 3 weeks (much longer in winter), they molt into second nymphs which also soon secrete a layer of wax. After 2 or 3 weeks, the second nymphs molt to become third nymphs. In many cottony cushion scale infestations, males are rare or nonexistent.
Female third nymphs crawl from the leaves and small twigs down to the larger branches and trunk. After feeding from 3 to 7 weeks (longer in winter), these nymphs molt to adults. Adult females probably do not feed after they begin to lay eggs. They can produce normal ovisacs and lay eggs away from the host plant. Females can mate as soon as they molt from the third nymph. Unmated females often wait 11 to 17 days before laying eggs. It takes about two weeks for a female to lay her eggs. Females may live 2 to 3 months, particularly in winter. Outdoors, cold weather slows development in all stages drastically. There are probably 2 to 2.5 generations per year in North Carolina.
## Control
Perhaps because the cottony cushion scale is an introduced pest, it has few predators and parasites. The vedalia, a small, reddish-orange, spotted lady beetle, is highly effective in controlling cottony cushion scale, but vedalia are more susceptible to pesticides than are scales. Vedalias also are active only at warm temperatures so that the scales can outstrip the vedalias in spring and fall. A parasitic fly, Cryptochaetum iceryae (Williston), has been introduced from Australia, but its importance in North Carolina is unknown.
Perhaps only Safari is specifically labeled for cottony cushion scale control; however, several insecticides are labeled for control of scales or scale crawlers. The following are suitable for use on ornamental plants. Be sure to read the label of each pesticide and follow the directions for safe use given on it. Products containing imidacloprid and dinotefuran have given disappointing results. Imidacloprid has also been indicated as having negative long term effects on lady beetles.
The use of a spreader-sticker is recommended for cottony cushion scale control to aid in the penetration of the pesticide into the ovisac and through the wax covering the scales.
## Other Resources
- · Common name: cotony.cushion scale . scientific name : l cerya purchasi Maskell (Insecta: Hemiptera: Margaroididae). Hamon, A. B. and T. R. Fasuolo. 1998 (rev. 2005, reviewed 2014). Entomology & Nematology, FDACS, DPI, EDIS. Pub. No. EENY-34
- NC State Extension Plant Pathology Publications and Factsheets
- · NC State Horticultural Science Publications
- North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local Cooperative Extension center.
## Authors
Steven Frank Professor and Extension Specialist Entomology & Plant Pathology
James Baker
Professor Emeritus Entomology & Plant Pathology
Publication date: Aug. 1, 2010
Reviewed/Revised: Sept. 18, 2019
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C.A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/durant-retail-sales-profile | Durant Retail Sales Profile | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | Home » Publications » Publications » Durant Retail Sales Profile
## Durant Retail Sales Profile
| PUBLICATIONS | Filed Under: Economic Development |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| Publication Number: P2944-79 | |
| View as PDF: P2944-79.pdf | |
| Department: MSU Extension-Holmes County | |
| The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662- 325-2262. | |
| Select Your County Office | |
| SELECT A COUNTY | |
| Your Extension Experts Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor | |
| Dr. Rachael Carter Extension Specialist II | |
| Dr. Devon Patricia Mills Assistant Professor | |
| Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith Associate Extension Professor | |
| Related News | |
| OCTOBER 3, 2024 Crosby Arboretum earns Outpost Business recognition | |
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## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842 Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998 Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374 Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375 Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796 Talking Retail Trade
NOVEMBER 10, 2023
MSU Extension specialist receives leadership award
OCTOBER 24, 2023
First tourism leadership class graduates recognized
OCTOBER 23, 2023
MSU Extension expertise helps boost Mississippi tourism |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/agribusinessand-cooperative-management/site-files/docs/feasibility-of-a-shared-machinery-cooperative.pdf | Microsoft Word - Hay Machinery Equipment Cooperative.doc | Oklahoma State University | [
"kenkel"
] | Error: time data "D:20070716145309-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | AE-07043
July 2007
## Feasibility of a Shared Machinery Cooperative
## Prepared for:
A Group of Oklahoma Hay Producers
## Prepared by:
Phil Kenkel
Professor and Bill Fitzwater Cooperative Chair Department of Agricultural Economics Oklahoma State University 7-15-2007
## Executive Summary
The following report is based on a feasibility study of a hay machinery cooperative requested by a group of Oklahoma hay producers. While the basic structure of the situation analyzed was retained, it was somewhat simplified for illustrative purposes.
The group of hay producers considering joint machinery ownership each had a relatively new compliment of hay equipment which had excess capacity relative to their current production situation. The feasibility of the machinery cooperative was based on the purchase of a compliment of new equipment with ample capacity to cover the producers' total acreage. The group also desired a structure in which the cooperative retained sufficient funds to replace equipment on a five year cycle with no additional equity contribution.
The results indicated that the producers' share of the equity needed for a machinery cooperative was less than their current equity investment in individual equipment. The cooperative could achieve a total cost savings of 45% relative to the cost of individual operation. A member investment of $170/acre was required to establish the cooperative with a per acre fee of $105 ($95 net fee after projected cash refunds). This fee structure provided for machinery replacement and a projected increase of book value of the cooperative of almost $100,000 by the end of the fifth year. With the exception of the single larger producer, this net fee was also lower than the current cost of operating individual equipment. It is therefore concluded that the basic concept of a hay machinery cooperative is feasible. If the group decides to pursue a machinery cooperative, the exact structure and operating procedures could be defined in more detail.
## Project Overview
The following study was conducted at the request of a group of four Oklahoma hay producers. All of the producers are currently managing 200-400 acres of hay acreage using individually owned equipment. Several of the producers had become intrigued with the concept of pooling their equipment in some sort of machinery sharing arrangement.
Under funding from the USDA Southern Region Risk Management Center, Oklahoma State University developed feasibility assessment software for machinery cooperatives. The software assists producers in analyzing the potential cost savings of machinery sharing and projects the equity investment, fee structure and cash flow of a machinery cooperative. The software can be obtained free of charge by contacting phil.kenkel@okstate.edu. The template was used to assess the feasibility of a machinery sharing cooperative for the four Oklahoma hay producers.
## Advantages of Machinery Sharing
Sharing ownership of agricultural machinery can allow participants to decrease their machinery investment and expenses while gaining access to larger scale, more efficient and technologically advanced equipment. The access to larger equipment may also increase operator labor efficiency. Machinery sharing may make it possible to economically manage a more rapid replacement cycle relative to an individual producer. More frequent replacement may reduce unanticipated repairs and equipment downtime. Some machinery sharing ventures also expand into other areas such as labor sharing, joint purchasing of inputs and pooled marketing. Some machinery sharing arrangements have evolved into a joint farming operation under which the participants collectively manage the entire crop land similar to if it was a single farming operation.
Machinery sharing can be accomplished under a variety of arrangements ranging from informal agreements, to formal contracts to the formation of a separate legal entity. The limited liability company (LLC) and the cooperative corporation are the most popular organizational forms for machinery sharing entities. Organizing a machinery venture as a separate legal entity has liability advantages and provides a better structure for asset replacement and the long-term viability of the venture. The LLC structure is a flexible legal form that can be structured for a machinery sharing venture.
The cooperative corporation is also a very logical choice for a machinery sharing venture. Most agricultural producers are familiar with the governance and equity retirement systems used by agricultural cooperatives. The basic structure of a cooperative in which investment and benefits are proportional to usage is appropriate for machinery sharing. The formal structure of a cooperative with well understood governance, dispute resolution and equity systems is also very helpful if the venture expands into additional equipment lines, or into labor sharing or join purchase activities. In practice, many machinery sharing LLCs adopt operating structures which are similar to cooperatives. Understanding the formation process for a machinery cooperative is therefore helpful for designing any type of machinery sharing venture.
## Individual Equipment Compliments
The four producers considering a joint machinery venture had independently engaged in custom baling in previous years. They had now all four downsized their operations to encompass their owned land. Three of the four producers considering machinery sharing had approximately 100 acres of hay lands from which they harvested two cuttings of hay in a typical year. The fourth participant had roughly twice the acreage. All of the participants had a compliment of relatively new (3-5 year old) hay equipment. Because of their previous custom baling activities, all of the producers had an equipment compliment with excess capacity for their current operation. However, after operating newer equipment none of the individuals was interesting in trading down to older machines. The machinery compliments and estimated value are summarized in Table 1.
| Table 1: Individual Machinery Compliments | Table 1: Individual Machinery Compliments | Table 1: Individual Machinery Compliments | Table 1: Individual Machinery Compliments | Table 1: Individual Machinery Compliments |
|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| Tractor | Producer 1 | Producer 2 | Producer 3 | Producer 4 |
| Mower | 95 HP | 85 HP | 85 HP | 85 HP |
| Rake | 10' Rotary Disc | 10' Rotary Disc | 10' Rotary Disc | 10' Rotary Disc |
| Baler | 20' folding | 20' folding | 20' folding | 20' folding |
| Current Value | $87,000 | $82,000 | $82,000 | $82,000 |
| Equity | $43,500 | $42,000 | $41,000 | $41,000 |
| Investment | $435 | $205 | $410 | $410 |
The OSU Machinery Cooperative Feasibility Template estimates field time for both the defined set of individual equipment and the equipment compliment selected for the cooperative. The mowing operation was indicated to be the most time intensive operation. However, even the 200 acre producer could complete mowing in approximate 7 days/year (3.5 days/cutting). It was the consensus of the group that a two week time window was available for each cutting in most years.
The OSU Machinery Feasibility Template was also used to estimate the machinery related fixed and operating costs for the individual producers. For the purposes of comparison, the producer's machinery debt was not considered. Instead, the cost calculations assumed that each producer had financed 50% of their equipment value, a capital structure identical to the potential cooperative.
| Table 2: Per Acre Machinery Costs for Individual Ownership | Table 2: Per Acre Machinery Costs for Individual Ownership | Table 2: Per Acre Machinery Costs for Individual Ownership | Table 2: Per Acre Machinery Costs for Individual Ownership | Table 2: Per Acre Machinery Costs for Individual Ownership |
|--------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| | Producer 1 | Producer 2 | Producer 3 | Producer 4 |
| Fuel and lube | $8.30 | $7.43 | $5.48 | $7,43 |
| Repair and | $1.57 | $2.78 | $1.33 | $1.54 |
| Maintenance | Total Variable | $9.87 | $10.21 | $7.82 |
| Insurance and | $18.20 | $8.58 | $17.16 | $17.16 |
| housing | Interest | $16.77 | $7.90 | $15.95 |
| Property tax | $4.55 | $2.14 | $4.29 | $4.29 |
| Depreciation | $91.93 | $43.32 | $86.65 | $86.65 |
| Total Fixed | $131.45 | $61.95 | $124.05 | $124.10 |
| Total Cost | $141.32 | $72.16 | $131.87 | $133.06 |
| Annual Cost | $14,132 | $14,432 | $13,187 | $13,306 |
The fixed costs of machinery ownership were the major cost factor with the current structure of individual ownership. Not surprisingly, the producer with 200 acres had a significantly lower cost of machinery ownership and operation. Ignoring the non-cash cost of depreciation the 100 acre producers had a cost of approximately $50/acre or around $11/bale based on anticipated production.
## Cooperative Structure
The machinery sharing venture analyzed was organized as a closed cooperative. A compliment of hay equipment which was capable of completing hay operations on the total hay acreage of the members was identified. The hay equipment identified consisted of two 95HP 2WD tractors, a 14 ft. rotary manpower, a 30 ft. folding side delivery rake and a 5 ft round balder. The feasibility template indicated that, not counting intra-farm transportation time, the equipment could complete the operations on the entire acreage in approximately 8 days per cutting. This was well within the 14 day window of available field time reported by the producers.
The structure of two 95 HP tractors was recommended by the producers. The two tractor compliment was anticipated to enhance labor sharing by allowing one member to manage all of the moving operations without having to coordinate for equipment. The producers also felt the two tractor compliment would enhance their ability to expand the cooperative into other machinery functions.
The equipment had an estimated cost of $170,000. It was assumed that the cooperative would have an initial capital structure of 50% equity and 50% debt. This implied initial equity needs of $85,000 for the cooperative. Under a typical structure for a closed machinery cooperative the members would be expected to sign usage agreement for their projected acreage and to make an initial equity investment in proportion to their share of the cooperative's total project acreage. The initial equity investment was projected at $170/acre or $17,000 for the members with 100 acres and $33,000 for the member with 200 acres.
| Table 3: Projected Equity Investment | Table 3: Projected Equity Investment | Table 3: Projected Equity Investment | Table 3: Projected Equity Investment |
|----------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|
| | Member 1 | Member 2 | Member 3 |
| Projected | 100 | 200 | 100 |
| Acreage | $17,000 | $34,000 | $17,000 |
| Initial | $17,000 | $34,000 | $17,000 |
| Investment | $170 | $170 | $170 |
The feasibility template was used to project the income and expenses of the machinery cooperative. A trial and error process was used to determine the appropriate fee structure of $105/acre. This provided the cooperative slightly over $53,000 in income in the initial year. Variable expenses were $5,511 and fixed expenses were projected to be $23,031 This left the cooperative with a surplus of slightly over $24,000. A structure of 20% cash patronage refund, 75% stock patronage refund and 5% unallocated reserves was applied to the surplus.
The purpose of both the stock patronage refund and the unallocated reserves was to allow the machinery cooperative build equity capital. The retained funds allow the cooperative to replace machinery without the members making additional equity investments. When a cooperative issues a stock patronage refund it retains a portion of the cash surplus and provides the producers with a similar value of additional stock. Because the retained surplus is allocated to particular members it provides a trail of ownership for the increased equity. This can be useful in determining a member's ownership if they desire to exit or tracking equity after multiple equipment replacement cycles. It should be noted that the collective value of a cooperative's stock may not match the value of its actual assets. A cooperative that allows a member to exit may offer a percentage of the accumulated stock value.
A cooperative can designate a stock patronage refund as either "qualified" or "nonqualified". A qualified refund is tax deductible for the cooperative and taxable income for the member in the year it is issued. A non-qualified refund is not deductible to the cooperative or taxable to the member until if and when it was redeemed for cash. It was assumed that the projected machinery cooperative would offer qualified stock patronage refunds. This minimized income tax at the cooperative level. Each member would have a small tax obligation for the combined amount of their cash and stock refund. This would serve as an offsetting adjustment to the tax deductible fees that they paid to the cooperative.
A cooperative can also retain funds in a general "unallocated" account. Because this system of retention is not tax deductible channeling funds to unallocated reserves creates taxable liability for the cooperative. One advantage of unallocated reserves is that they provide a cushion between the total book value of the cooperative and the total value of the member's stock. This cushion makes it more feasible to base a member's exit value to their accumulated stock value. In the case cooperative the firm was retaining approximately $18,000/year via stock patronage refunds and around $600/year through
unallocated reserves. This provided an accumulated cash reserve of $77,000 at the end of year 4. It was projected that the cooperative could replace all of its equipment at a net cost, after trade in, of $93,680 during the fifth year without additional equity from the members.
A machinery cooperative's retained equity can be held in a general fund not allocated particular members or the cooperative can issue the members additional shares of stock to reflect their claim on the retained funds. When a cooperative allocates surplus it may elect to pass the tax obligation on to the members. If the cooperative retains equity in a general unallocated fund it is taxable at the cooperative level. Issuing additional shares of stock (allocated patronage) may be helpful in the cooperative needs to value a member's equity after extended membership involving multiple equipment replacement cycles. Allocating retained patronage is also useful for cooperatives operating multiple pools of equipment since different pools of equipment may be generating different levels of surplus.
In the case of the hay equipment cooperative, the retention of funds through stock patronage and unallocated reserves increased the total book value of the cooperative from the original value of $85,000 to $182,830 by the end of the fifth year, and increase of $97,830. During this same period of time the cooperative issued $88,973 of additional stock to the four members. The remainder of the increase in book value is reflected in the cooperative's unallocated reserves (retained earnings).
## Labor Sharing
The concept of labor sharing including allowing individual members to specialize in the operation of the mowing and baling operations was considered a key component for the cooperative. One advantage of specialization in machinery operation is that it allows the member operating the equipment to manage the scheduling decisions.
At this exploratory stage the producers have not discussed a labor sharing arrangement. Some preliminary estimates of labor contributions, based on anticipated equipment operation, were used in the analysis. This resulted in some members providing slightly disproportionate labor. The labor under ages or surpluses was accounted for in transfer labor expenses between producers. Member labor was arbitrarily valued at $10/hour. These calculations can be adjusted after the members define the labor sharing system.
Projected Cost Savings
The OSU Machinery Cooperative Feasibility Template also provides cost comparison for the specified individual machinery compliment and the cooperative structure. The projections indicated a 45% total cost savings from cooperative ownership. Not surprisingly, the 100 acre producers received the majority of the benefit with their savings ranging from 50-55% of current costs. The 200 acre producer had a projected cost savings or around 9%. The cooperative's total cost/acre was projected at $65. This was $7/acre below the cost of the large producer and $65-$70/acre below the current cost of the 100 acre members. The cooperative net per acre fee (after cash refund) was estimated at slightly over $95/acre. This implies that the 100 acre members could pay a fee lower than their current per/acre machinery costs and still be providing reserve funds to allow the cooperative to maintain a 5 year replacement cycle.
| | Producer $ | Producer $ | Producer $ |
|---------------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|
| Cooperative | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| $ | 10.60 | 8.3 | 6.48 |
| $ | - | 7.43 | 7.43 |
| Hired Labor | $ | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Transfer Labor | $ | 0.01 | (0.94) |
| Repair & Maintenance | $ | 1.57 | 1.33 |
| Total Variable Costs | $ | 10.21 | $ |
| Insurance & Housing | $ | 18.2 | 17.16 |
| Interest | $ | 7.9 | 15.95 |
| Property Tax | $ | 4.55 | 4.29 |
| Depreciation | $ | 35.93 | 43.32 |
| Total Fixed Costs | $ | 131.45 | 61.95 |
| Total Cost | $ | 141.32 | 72.16 |
| Cooperative Fee | $ | 105 | |
| Net Fee After Cash Refund | $ | 95.25 | |
A summary of the investment and cost savings from the potential machinery cooperative are provided below. Assuming 50% debt financing, the producers currently have $41,000 to $43,000 of equity in their equipment compliments. This represents approximately $400 acre for the 100 acre producers and $200/acre for the larger producer. The projected investment in the cooperative was $170/acre or $17,000 and $34,000 for the 100 and 200 producers respectively. The producers are currently all experiencing annual machinery costs (including depreciation) of around $14,000. The projected structure would be quite attractive to the 100 acre members since their annual fee (part of which is used to build reserve funds) would be $9,525. The 200 acre member would pay an annual fee that is $5,500 higher than his current annual machinery cost.
## COMPARISON OF MACHINERY COOPERATIVE AND CURRENT INVIDUAL OWNERSHIP
| Current Equity Investment Individually | Producer 1 | Producer 2 | Producer 3 | Producer 4 |
|------------------------------------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|
| Current Equity Investment.acre | $43,500 | $41,000 | $41,000 | $41,000 |
| Current Annual Machinery Cost | $435 | $205 | $410 | $410 |
| Required Investment in Cooperative | $14,132 | $14,432 | $13,187 | $13,306 |
| Required Copp Investment/acre | $17,000 | $34,000 | $17,000 | $17,000 |
| Net Annual Fee in Cooperative | $9,525 | $19,051 | $9,525 | $9,525 |
## Summary of Cost Analysis
The analysis of the proposed hay machinery cooperative shows substantial economic benefits from the cooperative venture. In total, the cooperative structure provides a 45% cost savings relative to the total cost of continued individual ownership and operation. If the estimated values of the currently owned machinery are accurate, all of the producers could liquidate their current equipment and invest in the cooperative while generating surplus funds. It appears that a fee structure of $105/acre ($95/acre after cash refund) would allow the cooperative to cover all costs while building reserve funds to replace equipment every 5 years. This would be attractive to the 100 acre members since it is lower than their projected costs from current structure.
The differential impact on the 200 acre member relative to the remaining participants is one of the challenges with the current cooperative structure. The 200 acre producer is currently experiencing significantly lower cost relative to the other producers. While the cooperative is projected to achieve an even lower per acre cost, the addition of a structure to build reserves for a 5 year replacement cycle indicates that the 200 acre producer's annual out-of-pocket outflow would increase. If the benefits of the cooperative in terms of labor sharing and/or access to newer equipment are not sufficient to interest the larger producer, the group may wish to address structural changes in the investment or cost allocation formulas.
## Keys to Success
The keys to a successful machinery cooperative are clearly to identify the economic benefits and to design a structure which can achieve those savings while meeting the participants' needs. As in any collective venture, the compatibility of the participants is the most essential ingredient for success. Careful and open discussion of all of the operating issues is also essential. This should be followed by the development of written agreements and policies.
Among the important issues that should be discussed during the planning stage are scheduling of operations, repairs and maintenance, policies on breakdowns resulting from careless operation, labor sharing arrangements, provision for exit and entry into the cooperative and procedures for dissolution. These and other issues are discussed in the OSU publication "Organizing a Machinery Cooperative". |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/rust-mites-in-christmas-trees | Rust Mites in Christmas Trees | NC State Extension | [
"Jill Sidebottom"
] | null | [
"Christmas Tree",
"Christmas Tree Insect",
"Christmas Tree Note"
] | NC | ## Rust Mites in Christmas Trees
Christmas Tree Notes
## Introduction
The hemlock rust mite, Nalepella tsugifoliae , is a frequent springtime problem on hemlocks grown in the foothills of western North Carolina. Mite numbers can increase quickly from February through May depending on the weather. Most growers in the foothills use an insecticide at least once every spring to prevent damage from this pest in hemlocks. By early summer when temperatures average in the high 80s rust mite numbers and damage decline.
White pine and Fraser fir Christmas tree growers also have occasional problems with this pest at higher elevations (> 3,000 feet). Because damage doesn't occur yearly on these species, many fir and pine growers do not scout regularly for this pest. They only notice damage when it is too late to achieve control. Some growers never realize mites are the problem, since they are so small and hard to see, and will attribute the problem nutrient deficiency or winter burn.
Attribution: Jill R. Sidebottom
## What Are Rust Mites?
Rust mites are eriophyid mites and are biologically different from the more familiar spruce spider mite. Eriophyid mites have four legs at maturity rather than eight such as spider mites and predatory mites. They are very small, requiring magnification such as a hand lens (7x to 15x) or dissecting microscope (30x) to see them clearly. Rust mites can appear almost clear to cream-colored, tan or orange. They are similar in color and size to pollen, but unlike pollen their motion can be detected if watched carefully.
Rust mites suck juices from confier needles. When many mites are present, their damage gives the needle a dusty, rust-colored appearance. To distinguish rust mite damage from a nutrient deficiency, examine needles with a hand lens. Rust mite feeding causes tiny marks or scratches running parallel to the midrib. If damage is severe, affected needles will drop off the tree or shed prematurely in the fall.
Attribution: Drawing courtesy of Dr.
James Baker, NCSU
## Why Are Rust Mites a Problem Only in Some Years?
Rust mites produce many generations over a short period. The weather affects their reproduction and survival. Rust mites prefer moderate, spring-like temperatures and dry conditions. These weather patterns allow them to reproduce quickly. Mite numbers can explode from just a few to more than 50 on a single needle in as little as two weeks. The worst outbreaks of rust mites in white pine and Fraser fir Christmas trees have been when a warm fall is followed by a long, dry spring.
## How Can I Know if I Have Rust Mites?
Rust mites can quickly cause serious damage in Christmas trees. Damage can be prevented by frequent scouting in the spring and prompt treatment if mite numbers have reached the treatment threshold (see below). Unfortunately, scouting is difficult because mites are so small. Many growers aren't confident in their ability to see such tiny pests. Also, in early spring, growers are busy planting, fertilizing, and applying herbicides; scouting is often neglected.
To know whether a pesticide is needed, look for the rust mites themselves, not just the damage. The goal of scouting is to treat when mites are present at great enough numbers that damage is likely but before the damage has occurred. Rust mite numbers can decline just as quickly as they build if the weather warms or predators have been active. Learn which farms and blocks tend to have rust mites, and scout those first and earliest. If mite activity builds, scout in other locations as well.
## Rust Mites Secondary Pests After Pesticide Use
The use of many insecticides has triggered subsequent problems with rust mites in Fraser fir Christmas trees in western North Carolina. The synthetic pyrethroids in particular, such as Asana (esfenvalerate) and Talstar or Sniper (bifenthrin), are associated with rust mite flair-ups. Problems are worse when these materials are used anytime from spring through late summer. The use of these materials does not guarantee that mites will become a problem, and mites can develop in fields where these materials are never used. Still it is important to be aware that with their use, rust mites are much more likely, and steps should be taken to adequately scout for the mites.
## How to Scout for Rust Mites
Scout for mites in April and May. If there are areas in fields where rust mites typically develop, check these first. If not, examine 10 to 20 trees at random.
When scouting in white pine, pull needle clusters on the upper third of the plant. Mites are most often found on the southeast side of the tree. Look for mites between the needles near the base.
When scouting Fraser fir and hemlocks, take shoots of the most current growth. Examine some from the upper portions of the plant, and some from the lower. Scan both the upper and lower surfaces of the needles with a hand lens, looking for mites. If the buds have recently opened, take both the new growth and previous year's growth, to learn if the mites have moved onto the new growth.
Treatment threshold. A few rust mites on a shoot will not cause damage. Only when rust mite numbers begin to build will pesticide treatment be necessary. The following is a treatment threshold that can help assess the need for treatment. It can be modified depending on each individual grower's treatment costs and markets. The treatment threshold can apply to hemlock, Fraser fir and white pines.
Both the percentage of trees with rust mites and the total number of mites on the heaviest infested needle are considered in the treatment threshold. This is different from the treatment threshold for spruce spider mites, which only takes into account the percent incidence. Therefore, for a pesticide to be necessary, both of the following criteria need to be met. A counter and a scouring form will aid in keeping track of these numbers.
- · At least 80% of the shoots have mites on them. Usually, treatment is not necessary until most of the trees have at least a few mites on them. Calculate the percent incidence by dividing the number of shoots having mites by the total number of shoots examined and multiplying by 100.
- · At least 8 mites are present on a single needle. For the treatment threshold to be reached, only one shoot examined in a block has to meet this criterion. To reach this sum, add the number of mites on both the front and back of the needle which has the most mites on it.
What should I do if mites are present but numbers are below treatment threshold? Rust mite numbers can increase rapidly given favorable weather. Weekly scouting may be necessary during critical periods in the spring. This is accomplished through hot spot scouting - choosing areas of the field with the greatest numbers of mites to assess quickly if mite numbers are increasing or declining. Keep accurate records of each scouting assessment to compare results from different scouting trips. If you are going to be treating trees anyway for twig aphids or spider mites, it may be advisable to add a miticide to control rust mites even if numbers haven't reached treatment threshold.
What should I do if the threshold has been reached but it is almost summer? If the treatment threshold is not reached until late May or early June, it may be possible to delay a pesticide treatment and let the warmer summer temperatures "control" the mites. Scouting weekly may again be necessary to decide if the numbers are declining. Recheck these fields in the fall when temperatures start to cool as rust mites may again become active.
## Treating for Rust Mites
Many miticides are commercially available for the treatment of mites. However, some miticides, especially the newer materials, are effective only against the tetranychid or spider mites. Rust mites are eriophyid mites and are biologically different from spider mites. Be sure that a given miticide
specifically controls rust mites before using it. Commonly used materials that are effective against rust mites include horticultural oil, Dimethoate, Sannite (pyridaben), and Envidor (spirodiclofen). Of these, Dimethoate may provide the poorest control as mite numbers may rebound. Many growers have learned that the cost savings found by using the cheaper Dimethoate ends up disappearing if they have to retreat. A foliar application of sulphur can also control rust mites.
Rust mites are typically not difficult to control. An air-blast mist blower or light coverage with a highpressure sprayer and hand-held gun can provide sufficient coverage. Be sure to scout one to two weeks after trees are treated to learn if control was successful.
## Will Rust Mites Come Back?
If weather favorable to the mites continues, rust mite numbers may build back up, even after a successful pesticide treatment. Always scout trees in a few days after pesticide application to make sure treatments were successful. Check trees again in four to six weeks to make certain rust mites are not becoming a problem again.
## Author
## Jill Sidebottom
Extension Specialist (Mountain Conifer IPM) Forestry & Environmental Resources
Publication date: Jan. 1, 2009
Reviewed/Revised: March 1, 2019
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C.A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/print-publications/epp-entomology-and-plant-pathologhy/plant-galls-caused-by-insects-and-mites-epp-7168.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [] | Error: time data "D:20130725131422-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Plant Galls Caused by Insects and Mites
Tom Royer Extension Entomologist and IPM Coordinator
Eric Rebek
Associate Professor and State Extension Specialist
Plant galls are formed from abnormal vegetative growth produced by a plant under the influence of an insect, mite, bacterium, fungus, or nematode. Gall formation involves an intimate association between the plant host and gall maker. Galls can be found on any part of the plant, but are most often observed as large, swollen growths on a leaf, petiole, twig, or branch.
Most galls are caused by mites and insects. Gall mites (Eriophyidae) are very small, usually white, sausage-shaped mites with only two pairs of legs. Gail mites are usually found in erinemum galls and various types of pouch galls, often on the buds of leaves. Erineum galls consist of hair-like growths on the leaf surface (Figure 1), whereas pouch galls are pouch-
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at: http://osufacts.okstate.edu
like deformities that form in depressions in the leaf surface (Figure 2). Other gall mites cause deformities to flowers and buds (Figures 3 and 4).
The three major groups of insects that cause galls are aphids and their relatives, gall mides, and gall wasps. The aphid group includes aphids, phylloxeras, and psyllids. The aphid genus Pemphiugus includes several species that form galls on the leaves or peticoes of cottonwoods, aspens, and willows (Figure 5). The genus Phylloxera causes galls on the stems and leaves of pecan and grape (Figures 6 and 7).
Figure 6. Pecan leaf gall. Photo by Louis Tedders, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org.
Figure 8. Hackberry nipple gall. Photo by Steve Katovich, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org.
Oklahoma State University, in compliance with Title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order 11246 as amended, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other federal laws and regulations, does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, age, religion, disability, or status as a veteran in any of its policies, practices, or procedures. This includes but is not limited to admissions, employment, financial aid, and educational services.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May B and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Director of Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President, Dean, and Director of the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and has been prepared and distributed at a cost of 20 cents per copy. 0713 Revised GH.
galls on oak branches that can effectively girdle the branch and occasionally cause tree mortality (Figures 16 and 17). Plant galls can become common enough to make the plant's appearance unattractive, which can limit the marketability of affected nursery plants.
Despite the visual impact that heavy gall infestations can cause, the relationship between the plant host and the gall maker is so nicely balanced that infested plants are rarely killed by the gall maker. This makes control of gall insects difficult and often unnecessary. Some varieties of a tree seem to be less susceptible to gall formation. Research suggests that less susceptible trees have leaves that open later in the season. Sometimes, the most effective control method is to prune out isolated infested plant parts and destroy them.
Simply cleaning up and destroying infested leaves, twigs, and branches in the fall will help suppress an infestation. Some natural enemies may increase in number over time and exert some control. The most effective time to control gall makers with an insecticide/micoticide is when adults are actively laying eggs (usually early spring, just as the plant resumes rapid growth and leaves begin to unfold). Applications may have to be reapplied two to three times over the course of a week or two, and coverage must be thorough. Once the galls begin to form, the insect or mite that is inside the gall is protected from contact or systemic insecticides, and gall formation cannot be prevented. Always follow label instructions for the safe, effective use of a pesticide. Specific chemical control suggestions can be found in OSU Extension Fact Sheet EPP-7306: Ornamental and Lawn Pest Control for Homeowners. | |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/how-to-manage-a-successful-bee-hotel/bee-hotel-design-and-placement | Bee Hotel Design and Placement | NC State Extension | [
"Elsa Youngsteadt",
"Meredith Favre"
] | null | [] | NC | ## Bee Hotel Design and Placement
There is a tremendous variety of bee hotels (and bee hotel plans) available online, and it can be hard to choose a good one. Much of what we know about artificial nest design comes from research in just a few commercially managed species, or short-term studies of other species. Some common recommendations are based on expert opinion, which may be sound but lacks a documented evidence base. This patchy knowledge can be frustrating, but it also means there's room to innovate and tinker with your own bee hotel. There is no single, perfect bee hotel-but to help you make informed and logical decisions, this section explains key considerations for bee hotel design and placement based on documented research and on our experience in Raleigh, North Carolina.
No matter the type of nesting material you choose, keep your bee hotel structure modest in size, fewer than about 100 nesting tunnels per hotel. Research in blue orchard bees shows that nest boxes with more than 100 holes are less attractive (Artz et al. 2014; Artz et al. 2013). In contrast, introduced alfalfa leafcutting bees in commercial fields prefer very large, conspicuous nesting structures with tens of thousands of tunnels (Stephens 1981). Most native species, however, are not so greagarious (Richards 1984). Although an optimal bee hotel size has yet to be determined, logic and ease of maintenance suggest that smaller structures will appeal to more species and be more successful. In a home yard or garden, one hotel is probably plenty-or perhaps a couple if you want to experiment with different designs or locations.
Finally, to accompany any bee hotel, you'll need an emergence box (sometimes also called a hatch house). This box helps keep the main bee hotel clean and healthy by providing a transitional area for used nesting materials. If re-used year after year, nests can build up parasites and diseases. The emergence box lets emerging bees escape but prevents them from re-using the same dirty tubeswhich you can then clean or retire. Some bee hotels have emergence boxes built in as a drawer or compartment of the main hotel; it can also be a completely separate structure. Details about emergence boxes, cleaning, and maintenance are included in the Shelter and Protection section.
## Materials for Nest Tunnels
The functional core of a bee hotel is the nesting material itself. This can take four basic formsdrilled blocks, grooved boards, observation nests, or bundled tubes. Each material has advantages and disadvantages, described below. Some bee hotel shelters include multiple cubbies that hold different nesting materials, so you don't have to make an either-or decision among the four types. In fact, providing a variety of nesting materials may help attract a greater diversity of bees (Geslin et al. 2020; Fortel et al. 2016). Pinecones, loose bark, and moss, however, are not (or very rarely) used by nesting bees and wasps (Hawkins 1975; González-Zamora et al. 2021). Even though you'll see these materials in some commercial insect houses, we don't recommend them in a bee hotel.
Drilled blocks (Figure 39) are made by drilling holes into chunks of logs, branches, or untreated wood. These are often quite attractive to nesting bees and wasps (González-Zamora et al. 2021) but are difficult to clean or inspect unless each hole is lined with a paper or cardboard insert. (Otherwise, remnants of failed nests--and any associated diseases-are impossible to completely
remove.) The nest tunnels don't go all the way through the block; each tunnel has an open end and a solid, closed end. Nest entrances should be smooth and free of splinters that could deter bees or damage their wings (von Königslöv et al. 2019).
Grooved boards, when stacked, simulate drilled blocks, but facilitate seasonal cleaning and inspection because each nest tunnel can be exposed by unstacking the boards (Figure 40). Opening the grooves damages active nests and should only be done in the winter when nests are complete and bees are dormant.
Grooves usually extend the entire length of the grooved board, and the stack of boards needs to be placed with one end snug against a vertical surface to effectively close one end of the tunnels. In our experience (and others' [González-Zamora et al. 2021]), grooved boards are less attractive than drilled blocks or bundled tubes, but many users have reported success (von Königslöw et al. 2019; Dicks et al. 2010; Sedivy and Dorn 2014).
In both drilled blocks and grooved boards, the nest tunnels should be positioned at least 3/4" from the edge of the block or stack. Following this guideline reduces parasitism by the wasp Leucospis affinis , a common parasite of mason bees, leafcutting bees, resin bees and, occasionally, solitary wasps (Krombein et al. 1979; Cowan 1986) (Figure 41). A Leucospis female approaches the nest of her host from the outside and can use her ovipositor (egg-laying appendage) to penetrate up to 3/4" through the nest wall to lay an egg inside a bee's nest chamber (Bosch and Kemp 2001). The wasp herself is only about 0.3 to 0.4" long, but she can extend her ovipositor about twice her own body length into solid wood, a process that requires about 10 minutes to lay a single egg (Graenicher 1906; Bosch and Kemp 2001). Once the Leucospis larva hatches, it feeds gradually on the living bee larva for a few days until only an empty husk remains (Graenicher 1906). Many other species of flies, wasps, and mites can also parasitize bee nests; in many cases, prevention is an issue of maintenance rather than design (See ).
Observation nests consist of a single, deeply grooved board covered by a plexglass viewing panel (Figure 42). The plexglass is concealed behind a door to keep the nest interior dark except when someone wants to look inside. Observation nests can be a great opportunity to peek at nesting activity in real time. Of course, they're more expensive to purchase (or more complicated to construct), and generally offer fewer tunnels for residents to use--only one or two rows.
Bundled tubes can include a variety of purchased or found plant stems (Figure 43). Nesting tubes are closed at one end. Reeds or bamboo, cut at a node, are popular because they naturally have one open end and one closed end. Pre-cut reeds, sorted by diameter, are commercially available for use in bee hotels. Hollow and pithy stems and twigs can also be harvested from plants in a home landscape (Figures 44a, 44b, and 44c) and bundled for use in bee hotels. Appendix 3 lists plants with stems that are used by nesting bees in eastern North America.
Do not use cardboard, paper, glass, or plastic tubes in nesting bundles. Drinking straws can be tempting because they are about the right size, but nests in plastic straws are often ruined by mold, while those in paper straws are often parasitized (Dicks et al. 2010; Fye 1965; Stephen and Every 1970). Glass tubes also accumulate moisture and mold (Krombein 1967). Paper and cardboard tubes are commercially available for use in bee hotels, but, because they are so susceptible to parasitism (Dicks et al. 2010; Stephen and Every 1970; Krunić et al. 2005), we do not recommend using them in bundles (Figure 45). Paper and cardboard tubes can, however, be used to line drilled blocks or grooved boards. In this setting, the tubes are well protected from parasites, and the removable tubes facilitate seasonal cleaning.
## Summary: Best Practices for Nest Tunnel Materials
- · Use only natural, breathable materials such as wood, twigs, and plant stems, not plastic or glass. (A plastic panel in an observation nest is OK when the rest of the nest is wooden.)
- · All tunnels should have smooth entrances, free of splinters or cracks.
- · Paper and cardboard tubes are OK to line drilled wooden tunnels, but not as stand-alone materials.
- · Avoid pinecones, moss, and bark, which are not used by nesting bees and wasps.
- · Keep the total number of tunnels in a bee hotel under 100.
- · In drilled blocks and grooved boards, nests should start at least 3/4" from the edge of the block or stack.
Figure 45. Monodontomerus wasps lay eggs in the nest chambers of Osmia and Megachile, where their larvae feed on the immature bees.
These wasps are tiny and their ovipostors are not very long, but they can easily penetrate paper tubes and other thin-walled nest tunnels (Krunić et al. 2005).
Attribution: Slimguy, Wikimedia
## Tunnel Size
Diameter. Whether you use drilled blocks, grooved boards, observation nests, or bundled tubes, the diameter of the nesting tunnel determines which species can use it. Across all species, bees and wasps will occupy nest tunnels with diameters that approximately match their own body size, generally between just over 1/16 inch to about 1/2 inch (Figure 46). Ceratina generally requires pithy stems and is not found in wooden blocks (it is included in Figure 46 for comparison only). Tunnel size also limits the size of the offspring that develop inside (Stephen and Osgood 1965). Residents who can't find an optimal tunnel may use other sizes, but these nests are generally less successful (Maclvor 2017).
Nest diameter affects offspring size and sex in a few ways. First, bees who develop in nest chambers stocked with more food grow up to be bigger adults (Helm et al. 2017; Krombein 1967). Smaller tunnels hold less food, so they produce smaller bees. Second, even in the best of circumstances, male bees are usually smaller than females. The mother bee controls when she's going to lay a female egg (which is fertilized) versus a male egg (which is not). When faced with a smaller nest, she fills it with the better-fitting offspring: males. Similar patterns are documented in several species of mason bees, leafcutting bees, and wasps (Tepedino and Parker 1983; Longair 1981; Gerber and Klostermeyer 1972; Stephen and Osgood 1965; Bosch and Kemp 2001; Tepedino and Torchio 1989). If only too small nests are available for a given species, the small, male-skewed brood can be problematic for the overall population. Smaller individual bees are less likely to survive
and reproduce (Tepedino and Torchio 1989); males are usually less effective pollinators (Stephen and Osgood 1965), and a male-skewed population may not have enough nest-making moms to maximize the next generation.
Meanwhile, nests that are too wide have their own problems. Mother bees have to collect more construction materials and modify the interior design to make the nest fit better (thereby wasting time and energy that they could be using to collect pollen and lay eggs) (Stephen and Osgood 1965; Seidelmann et al. 2016). In some cases, the modified interiors of wide nests may be linked to lower survival of the developing larvae (Tepedino and Parker 1983).
Length . As with diameter, ideal nest length varies among species. For example, research with alfalfa leafcutting bees find nests between 2 and 3" long to be most efficient (Stephen and Osgood 1965), while blue orchid beetles (and their similarly sized relatives) do well with 6" nests (Bosch and Kemp 2001; Gruber et al. 2011; Seidelmann et al. 2016). A bee forced to use the "wrong" nest length may produce fewer total offspring or fewer female offspring.
Too-short tunnels have two main disadvantages. First, the mother bee may construct only one or two nest chambers in a too-short tunnel before she has to waste time and energy to seal it up and search for a new tunnel (Stephen and Osgood 1965). Second, mother bees fill their nests from back to front, with female offspring in the back and males near the entrance. When a nest-building mom senses that she is nearing the entrance, she switches to laying male eggs (Gerber and Klostermeyer 1972). If a nest is too short, she lays fewer female eggs before reaching the male zone near the entrance (Stephen and Osgood 1965; Gerber and Klostermeyer 1972; Seidelmann et al. 2016). The downsides of a too-short nest are similar to those of a too-narrow nest: smaller bees and male-skewed broods.
Longer isn't always better, either. For example, alfalfa leafcutting bees waste space when they nest in tunnels longer than about 3' because they only use short sections of each tunnel (Stephen and Osgood 1965). Moreover, when these bees build long nests with many chambers, the offspring that emerge in the very back can have trouble getting to the entrance through all the nest parts, debris, or dead siblings that block their way (Stephen and Osgood 1965). While some users have reported success with longer tunnels--up to 12" for blue carrot bees--these have only been tested with very hands-on management, where cocoons were removed manually (see page 39). Bees might have trouble emerging on their own from such long tunnels.
## Summary: Best Practices for Tunnel Size
- · To support a diversity of species, and balanced sex ratios within each species, provide a variety of tunnel sizes from about 5/64" (2 mm) to 1/2" (12.7 mm) in diameter. For some bees, increments as small as 1/64" can make the difference between a great nest and a mediocre one.
- · To target specific species (such as the blue orchard bee), use the specific hole diameter they prefer.
- · A good tunnel length is about 6", or a range of lengths from about 3" to 8".
Figure 46 : Ranges of nesting tunnel diameters used by species native to North Carolina. Specific ideal diameter for the blue orchard bee (7.5 mm, 19/64") and alfalfa leafcutting bee (6 mm, 15/64") are indicated with larger black dots on the range lines. Bees are shown in black, wasps in red.
## Shelter and Protection
Nesting tunnels need to be protected from rain and, often, from predators. Shelter designs range from utilitarian to artistic, and there is plenty of room for creativity (see What is a Bee Hotel?). A few basic elements will maximize the safety of your nests in any design.
Excess moisture can lead to mold problems or deterioration of nest materials. To avoid these concerns, shelters should overhang nest entrances by at least a couple of inches to protect from rain (Figure 47), and drain holes in the bottom of any shelter (not the nests themselves) will prevent water accumulation (Staab et al. 2018). The shelter and its overhanging roof also provide some shade to help regulate nest temperatures.
Birds can destroy a bee hotel by pulling tubes out of it or breaking nests open (Kunić et al. 2005; Staab et al. 2018). In the piedmont, we have seen unprotected reed nests suffer near-100% mortality from woodpeckers. Simply placing nesting materials inside a shelter will help and may be sufficient in some habitats. If you still find nest bundles torn apart, or paper liners pulled out of wooden nests, you can attach a piece of chicken wire or hardware cloth over the front of the shelter for protection (Figure 47). We are not aware of an ideal mesh size that excludes predators but allows bees to pass freely without damaging their wings. Experienced bee ranchers simply recommend using the largest chicken wire you can find and waiting until you know you have a bird problem before you actually use it (Mader et al. 2010). To ensure that birds can't reach through the wire, leave a couple of inches of space between the chicken wire and the nest entrances.
## Summary: Best Practices for Shelter and Protection
- · Always place nesting materials within some kind of shelter.
- · To protect from rain and moisture, the shelter should overhang the nest entrances, and
have a couple of drain holes in the bottom.
- · If (and only if) birds, rodents, or other predators become a problem, attach a sheet of chicken wire over the nest entrance.
Attribution: Peter, Pixabay
## Shade and Orientation
The climate inside a bee hotel depends partly on the type of shelter and nesting materials, but also on the amount and timing of sunshine it receives. On a sunny afternoon, the temperature inside a nest can be up to 18°F (10°C) hotter than air temperature (Wilson et al. 2020), sometimes up to 40°F (25°C) hotter (Richards 1996). Nest orientation makes a big difference to nest temperature. For example, nest tunnels facing southwest can reach temperatures up to 8°F (4.5°C) hotter than identical, adjacent tunnels facing northeast (Wilson et al. 2020).
A warm nest can be a good thing, up to a point: For insects, warmer temperatures usually speed development and increase activity (which is why, for example, you can calculate the temperature by counting cricket chirps). However, at some point, too-hot termites become lethal. Adult bees may be able to avoid dangerous temperatures by moving away from them, but immature bees inside a nest cannot escape (Figure 48). To ensure the safety of her young, it's important that a mother bee choose a nest site that gets the right amount of sun at the right time of day.
In North America and Europe, standard practice is to place nest materials inside shelters in sunny locations, with the nest entrances facing south or southeast (toward sunrise) (Pits-Singer and Cane 2011; Bosch and Kemp 2001; von Königslöw et al. 2019; Gaston et al. 2005; Maclavor and Packer 2015). The rationale is that south-or southeast-facing nests are warmed earlier by the morning sun but spared the brunt of the afternoon sun (Bosch and Kemp 2001; Mader et al. 2010; Richards 1984). This arrangement should provide more hours of foraging activity overall (for adults) while avoiding dangerous heat (for the brood) (Bosch and Kemp 2001; Richards 1984).
Ideal nest placement, however, may differ regionally or for different species of bees and wasps. Studies in English and German cities found that bee hotels in sunny locations were more than twice as likely to be occupied than those in shady locations (Gaston et al. 2005; Everaars et al. 2011). In contrast, shaded nests were more occupied than sunny ones in Brazil and Costa Rica (Martins et al. 2012; Frankie et al. 1988), and alfalfa leaching bees preferred nests in the shadest parts of
shelters in North Dakota (Wilson et al. 2020). In Canada, some species of beneficial wasps preferred shade, while others were indifferent (Taki et al. 2008). Research on sun versus shade has not been done in North Carolina or other areas with similar climates; our own observations suggest that at least some species in the piedmont do prefer a partly shaded nest site. Shelters in very deep shade in wooded areas are unlikely to be occupied, but afternoon shade is probably a good idea in our region (Krombein 1967).
Evidence for the ideal compass orientation of a bee hotel is also mixed. Although blue orchard bees seem to agree with the standard southeast-facing orientation (Sedivy and Dorn 2014), a recent study of alfalfa leafcutting bees found that the mother bees made more nests and laid more eggs in tunnels that faced northeast (Wilson et al. 2020). However, this study didn't look at the survival of the offspring, so we can't be sure the mother bees really made the best choices.
Different species within the same habitat may choose different nest orientations. One study in Brazil noted that, although different species chose different orientations, none of them preferred nest entrances facing into the wind (Martins et al. 2012). Therefore, both sunlight and wind may influence the ideal nest orientation. In North Carolina, prevailing winds are generally from the southwest, and blow least often from the southeast and northwest (North Carolina Climate Office) (see Figure 49). You can check prevailing winds at a weather station near you using the NC Climate Office website.
In this case, the conventional southeast orientation also avoids the prevailing wind.
Given patchy and inconsistent evidence, shade and nest orientation are areas where the bee hotelier can experiment. If you are inclined to make multiple bee hotels, you could try shaded and sunny locations, or different compass orientations, to see which are preferred in your own landscape.
## Summary: Best Practices for Shade and Orientation
- · It is customary to place bee hotels in a sunny location with nest entrances facing southeast. This has worked fine for decades and remains the default placement, despite mixed evidence.
- · Nest entrances facing away from prevailing winds may be preferred.
- · Ideal nest placement and orientation are probably different across species and regions; there is plenty of room to try different combinations to determine what works best in your own landscape.
A mother bey regularly flies to forage the night out, so haves a neat and her back away from all real homes.
I can also notice that 1/4" of real estate that is her nest entrance. Impressive feats of navigation are common in insects, and have been well-studied in honey bees, ants, and wasps. From these
he walks us landmarks to recognize their nest, and was found by the landmark in Landmark.
locations (Collett and Hodge, 2002). Bee sightings on the sun polarized from winds can
(Osgood 1968). Bees cannot distinguish from light sources that flashes of light from light sources.
While using visual information about the scenery of that trees, they can observe how the trees appear in visual appearance. Using visual information for visual identification of vegetation makes it possible to find the right nest (Guédoet et al., 2006). This waste of time can lead to trouble finding the right nest (Guédoet et al., 2007).
Also, using individual scent markers can help identify the right nest location. Some of the trees may be difficult to locate due to their size and shape, which can make it difficult to identify them.
To memorize landmarks (Guédoet et al., 2005), some birds may take a quick look at the first flight during the nest visit. They then recognize the first flight during the morning. A learning flight is easy to recognize: a bee flying out of the nest (Doussott et al., 2002; Samets et al., 2004); a learning flight is easy to recognize: a bee flying out of the nest (Zagazzek et al., 2004; Samets et al., 2005). A learning flight is easy to recognize: a bee flying out of the nest after a few minutes of resting in the nest (Zagazzek et al., 2004; Samets et al., 2005).
On a large and highly uniform nest, the ground is covered with mud and debris. The ground is covered with sand and gravel. The ground is covered with water droplets. The ground is covered with mud and debris. The ground is covered with sand and gravel. The ground is covered with mud and debris.
On a large and highly uniform nest, the ground is covered with mud and debris. The ground is covered with mud and debris. The ground is covered with sand and gravel. The ground is covered with mud and debris.
On a large and highly uniform nest, the ground is covered with mud and debris. The ground is covered with mud and debris. The ground is covered with mud and debris. The ground is covered with mud and debris.
structure (Guédot et al. 2007; Guédot et al. 2006). For example, alfalfa leafcutting bees find their nest faster when drilled blocks are painted different colors and stacked such that some are recessed and some protrude, placing nest entrances in different planes (Guédot et al. 2006) (Figure 50).
Similarly, blue orchard bees use patterns of shape, color, and structure to recognize their nests (Guédot et al. 2007) and do best if nest entrances are at least 3/4" apart (Bosch and Kemp 2001). This is easy to accomplish in drilled blocks and grooved boards by spacing the holes or grooves. With bundles of stems or reeds, make space between entrances using pieces of varied length, or by pulling some reeds out a little way and pushing others in, so the entrances are not in the same plane (Figure 51). These aids are probably most important in large, commercial be safe shelters, but they certainly won't hurt in a small, backyard hotel.
Color and landmarks can help bees not only find their nest within a hotel, but also find the hotel itself. For example, blue orchard bees prefer to nest in blue shelters over yellow or orange ones (Artz et al. 2014). Alfalfa leafcutting bees are more likely to use nests within large, boldly colored shelters that stand out from the landscape (Richards 1996). A pattern of broad, black-and-white or black-and-yellow stripes is often recommended (Richards 1984; Stephen 1981; Guédot et al. 2006; Mader et al. 2010; Richards 1996). Some users have reported that paint odors seem to repel bee hotel residents, although specific kinds of paint or stain that are repellant versus acceptable have not been documented. If you choose to paint your nesting blocks, you may want to tinker with different finishes. Some pattern the fronts of nests by lightly burning the wood instead of painting it (Figure 1a).
Perhaps for similar reasons, red Mason bees (Osmia bicornis, cousins of blue orchard bees) in Leipzig, Germany, were more likely to nest in bundles of bamboo attached to a shed, carport, or balcony than those mounted in a tree or shrub. In a small bee hotel, color is probably not essential; after all, bees searching for natural nests are looking for twigs and logs, which have no flashy color at all. Still, the benefits of a bold landmark for some species suggest that painting the hotel yellow, blue, or white, or mounting it on a larger structure such as a shed, might make it easier for bees to spot. Whether mounted to a building or a fencepost, bee hotels are usually installed about 5' above the ground-high enough that the entrance is not blocked by vegetation, and low enough for convenient observation and maintenance (Staab et al. 2018; Maclover 2017).
Disturbing a bee's landmarks, or moving her nest, while she is away causes confusion. Upon her return, the bee will hover in front of the nest block, retreat and approach again, or enter the wrong nest (Guédot et al. 2005; Fauria and Campan 1998). For this reason, nest materials should be left undisturbed throughout spring, summer, and fall while bees are active. If something really must be rearranged, making the change at night can help ensure that all the residents are in, and will notice the change next time they leave the nest.
## Summary: Best Practices for Navigation and Nest Recognition
- · Stagger nesting blocks or reeds by about 3/4" so that nest entrances do not all lie in the same plane.
- · Optionally, consider incorporating yellow, blue, or white paint on the hotel itself or on the faces of nesting blocks.
- · Mounting the hotel on a larger structure such as a shed may make it easier to find.
- · A mounting height of about 5' is often recommended.
- · Do not move the hotel or nesting materials during spring, summer, and fall when bees are active.
The nest blocks have been marked with colored shapes as landmarks to help bees find their individual nests. Landmarks may or may not be needed in a small-scale bee hotel, but they do no harm.
Attribution: Peggy Greb, courtesy of USDAARS
## Other Landscape Features
A nest is just one part of a whole-habitat package that bees need in order to thrive. To ensure that even the smallest species have the resources they need, there should be good sources of pollen, nectar, and nesting materials within about a city block of the nest itself (Figure 52).
A female solitary bee will make hundreds of trips back and forth between her nest and other resources. Depending on the bee species, it can take up to 50 trips to collect enough pollen and nectar to feed a single offspring (Nuff 2008; Danforth et al. 2019; Zurbuchen, Cheessman, et al. 2010), and another 10 to 20 trips to collect enough construction materials (leaves, mud, etc.) to complete a single brood cell (Bosch and Kemp 2001; Rozen and Go 2015). Multiply that effort by an average of two to 15 offspring (Bosch and Kemp 2001; Youngstead unpublished) and it's clear that commuting between the nest and other resources is a big part of a bee's life.
What counts as a reasonable commute depends on the size and species of bee. Although a few large-bodied bees, such as carpenters bee, flys from Raue 1929; Pasquet et al. 2008), the smaller the foraging range (Greenleaf et al. 2007). Most small to medium species may forage no more than 1/10 to 1/4 to mile from their nest (Greenleaf et al. 2007; Zurbuchen, Cheessman et al. 2010; Gathmann and Tschartke 2002; Zurbuchen, Landert et al. 2010). A study of a small, solitary bee species in Germany found that an extra 1/10 mile between a nest and flowers could reduce a bee's reproductive rate by nearly 25% (Zurbuchen, Cheessman et al. 2010). Alfalfa leafcutting bees with longer commutes between their nest and flowers produced fewer offspring and relatively more male offspring (Peterson et al. 2006). And nests left unattended during a mother's
Attribution: Udo Voigt, Pixabay
long foraging searches are more susceptible to parasitism (Seidelmann 1999; Groulx and Forrest 2018; Goodell 2003). To support all sizes of bees, then, nesting resources and flowers need to be close together, ideally within the same city block or even the same property.
All bees in the family Megachilidae (leafcutting bees, mason bees, resin bees, and carder bees) collect construction materials to complete their nests. Different species use different materials, including leaf pieces, leaf pulp, flower petals, plant resin, plant fibers, mud, sand, and pebbles.
Although no bee species seems to require one specific plant species as a nest lining, they do have preferences. One study used DNA barcoding to identify the leaves used by three species of leafcutting bees in Toronto, Ontario, and found that each bee species used leaves from dozens of plant species. Members of the rose family (family Rosaceae) and bean family (Fabaceae) were used most often (Maclov 2016). Some leafcutting bees seem to be pickier than others, and can show strong preferences for certain leaf sources, possibly based on size and texture (Strickler et al. 1996; Horne 1995). The chemistry of these construction materials may also protect the nest from microbes or parasites (Rothman et al. 2019; Macvolver 2016). Although most plants used by bees remain undocumented, Appendix 3 lists known sources of construction materials that could be included in a landscape to enhance nesting opportunities.
To satisfy bees who use mud as a construction material, such as blue orchard bees, some bee hoteliers also provide an intentional source of mud. An incident in Serbia and Montenegro illustrates how mud availability can limit mason bees. After a water main broke, female bees flocked to the new mud puddles, and their nesting rate skyrocketed over what they had accomplished in the weeks before the pipe broke (Krunic and Stanisavljevic 2006). Different species prefer different mud textures (Pinilla-Gallego et al. 2018; Cane et al. 2007), and commercial suppliers even sell mud mixes of the ideal consistency for blue orchard bees. In some cases, bees are better than we are at finding mud, and may ignore provided mud in favor of other sources (Rau 1937). Given that relatively few bee species require mud (Cane et al. 2007), and that many find it on their own, mud patches are not an essential landscape element for every bee hotel. If, however, you are specifically interested in blue orchard bees, and find that they are not using your hotel or that their numbers are declining, you might consider this approach.
The topic of pollinator gardening to provide nectar and pollen for bees is too big to take on in this nesting guide, but it has been covered quite thoroughly elsewhere. Appendix 5 lists some additional resources to help you choose flowering plants that support bees all year round.
## Summary: Best practices for landscape features
- · Flowers and nest construction materials are available within about 1/10 to 1/4 mile from the nests.
- · Consider including some known favorite leaves in the landscape for leafcutting bees (Appendix 2).
- · If species that construct nest walls from mud (such as blue orchard bees) are a priority for you, consider providing an intentional source of mud.
An unmaintained bee hotel can become an unhealthy environment beset by parasites and diseases. The strongest cautionary tales come from the commercial management of mason bees and alfalfa leafcutting bees. For example, commercialization of leafcutting bees for pollination began in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and populations of these (non-native) bees initially exploded in the western United States under artificial nest management (Stephen 1981). Within just a few years, however, pests and parasites began to accumulate, and the fungal disease called chalkbrooked surged from one generation to the next in unwashed nests (Mader et al., 2010; Stephen 1981). By the 1980s, the alfalfa leafcutting bee industry in the U.S. had collapsed and has recovered only slowly (Mader et al. 2010).
This history emphasizes the need to control parasites and diseases in artificial nests by using careful nest design and maintenance. Of course, hosting a variety of species in a small bee hotel in a yard, garden, or park is very different from commercially rearing tens of thousands of bees of a single species. Nevertheless, logic and expert opinion suggest that, even for a small hotel, regular cleaning is essential to avoid the spread of problems such as parasitic mites and chalkbrood disease (Krunić et al. 2005; Mader et al. 2010).
## Mites
Hairy-fingered mites (Chaetodactylus species) can be a problem for mason bees (Osmia). The developing mites eat pollen provisions inside the nest. The mites can directly damage bee eggs and larvae and can starve them or stunt their growth by eating their pollen (Park et al. 2009; Krombein 1962). Mites often hitch-hike to new nests on emerging adult bees (Krombein 1962) (Figure 53). In dense populations of mason bees, they can also simply walk from one nest to the next (Park et al. 2009).
## Fungi
Various fungi in the genus Ascophera cause chalkbrood disease in bees. Different bee species generally host different species of chalkbrood fungus, and it is a problem in commercial rearing operations for leafcutting bees and mason bees (Mader et al. 2010; Pitts-Singer and Cane 2011; Bosch and Kemp 2001). The fungus grows throughout the body of the bee larva, killing it and
producing spores that can survive for years. Other bees pick up the spores when they emerge from a nest cell behind the infected one (passing through the infected cell when exiting the nest), or when they re-use or explore old nest tunnels.
## Cleaning
Mite and fungus populations can be partially managed by retiring or disinfecting nest materials every one to three years (Park et al. 2009; Krunić et al. 2005; Bosch and Kemp 2001; Pitts-Singer and Cane 2011). A more extreme option, which we do not address in detail in this guide, is to open the nests, remove the bee cocoons, and inspect or clean the cocoons before storing them for the winter. This option is relatively labor intensive and can cause its own problems. For example, loose cocoons are more vulnerable to parasitoids wasps, and may affect the behavior of emerging adults (Mader et al. 2010; Bosch and Kemp 2001). Moreover, in a mixed-species hotel, not all bees and wasps even make cocoons, and different species would need to be processed differently. Therefore, we think working with loose cocoons is relevant only for those who wish to produce large numbers of bees of a single species. If you are interested in this approach, there are resources to help you in Appendix 5. Otherwise, we recommend that you simply disinfect or retire your nesting materials every one to three years.
Because nest materials cannot be cleaned while residents are inside-but residents are always inside-the first step toward cleaning is to place used nests in an emergence box. An emergence box has two important features: 1) the box is opaque; and 2) there are one or a few bee-sized holes in the container. Those bee-sized holes should be on the side, near the top, under an overhanging lid, so that rain does not enter the hole. These features encourage emerging bees and wasps to move on to new nests, leaving the old ones empty and ready for cleaning. Wood is an ideal, breathable material for the emergence box.
In the fall or winter, place occupied nests in the box. You can recognize occupied nests because their ends will be capped with mud, leaves, resin, or cellphone. Store the box in a cold but protected location throughout the winter. A winter cold period is important for bee and wasp development, so don't bring them indoors! Instead, place the box in an unheated shed protected from rodents and ants. It's also OK to leave the emergence box outdoors, perhaps mounted on the same post or wall as your bee hotel. Meanwhile, you can restock your main bee hotel with new nesting materials so it's ready for bees to use in the spring.
After the last frost frog, cavity-needing bees and wasps begin to emerge from the nests where they overwintered. If you stored the emergency box in a shed, bring it outdoors so that emerging insects can exit. Throughout the spring and summer, bees and wasps of different species will continue to emerge from their nests and exit the emergence box. As their old nests are hidden inside the box, they won't be attracted back to them; instead, they'll seek new nesting locations, such as the clean nests you've placed in your main hotel.
By fall, every resident should have vacated the nests in the emergence box. Now you're ready to clean or retire those empty nesting materials. To retire natural reeds and stems, simply compost them after they have spent a full growing season in the emergence box. To clean drilled blocks or grooved boards, use a bleach solution to soak the nesting materials, as follows (Richards 1984; Mader et al. 2010; Bosch and Kemp 2001):
- · Separate stacks of grooved boards or other components to be cleaned.
- · Make a solution of household bleach (6%) and water, using 1 part bleach to 3 parts water by volume. If mold is present, reverse the ratio (3 parts bleach to 1 part water) to make a more concentrated solution.
- · Submerge boards in bleach solution. Soak for 5 minutes, agitating the boards to remove
The seasonal maintenance routine involving the bee hotel and emergence box is summarized in Figure 54.
Stage 1: Install your new bee hotel in early spring, around the time of last frost. Different species can occupy the hotel throughout the summer.
Stage 2: Even if you don't see active adults, immature stages are hidden inside the used nests (pictured: egg, larvae, and cocoons).
- Stage 3: Nesting activity is usually over by fall (first frost). Remove used nests from the bee hotel and place them in the emergence box. Meanwhile, restock the hotel with fresh nesting materials.
- Stage 4: Bees begin to exit the emergence box in early spring and search for new nesting spaces. Ideally, they'll find your refreshed bee hotel.
- Stage 5: Different species will emerge from the box throughout the summer. By fall, all used nests are empty, and you can disinfect or dispose of them.
- Stage 6: The cycle repeats. Move this year's used nests into the emergence box, and restock the original hotel with fresh or disinfected empty nests.
## Authors
Elsa Youngsteadt
Assistant Professor & Extension Urban Ecology Specialist Applied Ecology
Meredith Favre
Local Foods Coordinator - Local Foods
Publication date: July 6, 2022
AG-915
## Other Publications in How to Manage a Successful Bee Hotel
What is a Bee Hotel?
Meet the Residents
Bee Hotel Design and Placement
What If Bee Hotels Aren't Actually Good for Bees?
Appendix 1. Bee Hotel Checklist
Appendix 2. Plants with Leaves and Fibers Used as Construction Materials in the Nest Interior
Appendix 3. Plants that Produce Hollow or Pithy Twigs and Stems Used by Nesting Bees in
Eastern North America
Appendix 4. Building Plans for a Simple Bee Hotel Shelter
Appendix 5. Additional Resources
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This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/washing-and-sanitizing-kitchen-items | Washing and Sanitizing Kitchen Items | NC State Extension | [
"Benjamin Chapman"
] | null | [
"Disaster Recovery",
"Health And Nutrition",
"Flood",
"Hurricane",
"Healthy Home"
] | NC | ## Washing and Sanitizing Kitchen Items
Disaster Recovery
## Dishes and Cooking Utensils
Wash and sanitize any dishes, pots, pans, and cooking utensils that were in contact with floodwater. Water for washing and sanitizing must be certified safe to use.
To wash and sanitize:
- 1. Remove detachable parts, such as blades, plastic or wooden handles, and screens.
- 2. Wash dishes, pots, pans, and utensils and detached parts in hot, soapy water. Use a brush, if necessary.
- 3. Rinse in clear water after washing.
- 4. Place items in a wire basket or other container and immerse them in a sanitizing solution. Sanitizing solution can be prepared by mixing 1 tablespoon unscented chlorine bleach in 1 gallon of warm (not hot) water. Hot water causes the bleach to dissipate, weakening the solution.
- 5. Air-dry dishes in a clean and sanitized dish rack. Using a distowthel could recontaminate the dishes.
| Term | Definition | Uses |
|-----------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Disinfect | Using a chemical agent to kill harmful bacteria on non-food-contact surfaces | Cupboards, floors, ceilings, counters, and the side-walls of large equipment |
| Sanitize | Using a chemical agent or hot water between 170-180° to reduce the number of bacteria to safe levels on food-contact surfaces | Dishes, glassware, utensils, cutting boards, pots, and pans |
| Sterilize | Using a chemical agent, boiling water, or steam to eliminate all microorganisms | Medical equipment |
Wash cupboards and other surfaces that came in contact with floodwater with soapy water. Then rinse and wipe surfaces with a disinfecting solution. Remember, cupboards and other surfaces must be cleaned and disinfected before you can store foods, dishes, or cooking utensils in them.
## Household Metals
Rust causes the most damage to flooded household metals, especially iron. Use the following treatments to remove rust.
## Iron Pots, Pans, and Utensils
- 1. Wash with soap and water, using a stiff brush, scouring powder, or steel wool.
- 2. If rust remains, wipe items with an oil-saturated cloth or a commercial rust remover. If using a commercial rust remover, be sure to follow the label instructions.
- 3. Wash again in hot, soapy water, rinse, and dry thoroughly.
Season iron pans and utensils within a generous amount of unsalted cooking oil. Heat in a 250°F oven for 2 or 3 hours. This will permit oil to soak into the pores of the metal. During the heating process, apply more oil as needed. When seasoning is completed, wipe off the excess oil.
## Stainless Steel, Nickel-Copper Alloy, Nickel, or Chrome-Plated Metals
Wash thoroughly and polish with a fine-powdered cleanser. If hardware is broken so that base metal is exposed and rusted, wipe with kerosene. Then wash and dry the surface. Wax after each use to prevent further rusting.
## Aluminum Pans and Utensils
- · Wash thoroughly with hot soapy water. Scour any unpolished surfaces, such as the inside of pans, with soapy steel wool pads. However, do not scour plated aluminum surfaces because it might remove the finish.
- · Sanitize in a bleach solution (1 tablespoon unscented chlorine bleach per gallon of warm, not hot, water).
- · To remove dark stains from aluminum pans, fill pan with water. Add 1 tablespoon vinegar or 2 teaspoons cream of tartar for each quart of water. Boil for 10 to 15 minutes, scour with steel wool, wash with soap, rinse, and dry.
## Copper and Brass
- · Polish with a copper or brass polish or rub with a cloth saturated with vinegar or rub with a piece of salted lemon.
- · Always wash copper thoroughly with soapy water after using acids or commercial polishes or they will retarnish rapidly.
- · Wash lacquered ornamental copper in warm soapy water. Rinse with warm water and wipe dry. Do not polish. Do not soak.
NOTE: Do not use copper and brass items for food preparation or service.
## Pewter
- · Wash thoroughly with hot soapy water, rinse, and dry. Use a soft toothbrush to get into crevices.
- · Rub on silver polish (paste or liquid, not the dip type) with a soft cloth. Use a soft toothbrush to get into crevices.
- · Rinse in hot soapy water and dry.
- · Check for small holes, cracked joints and dents. If the pewter needs extensive mending let a professional fix it. Small holes can be mended by cleaning the metal inside the pewter object with steel wool, then filling with pewter epoxy mender. Carefully follow label instructions.
- · Replace felt or other protective materials that have separated from household decorative accessories, such as bookends, ashtrays, and candle-holders. Buy felt or protective materials in a fabric store. Glue in place with rubber cement.
## Hardware
- · Coat iron hardware with petroleum jelly or machine oil to prevent further rusting.
- · Use stove polish on stove or similar ironwork.
## Locks and Hings
Locks and hinges, especially those made of iron, should be taken apart, wiped with kerosene, and oiled. Follow the same procedure as for iron hardware.
If it isn't possible to remove locks or hinges, squirt a little machine oil into the bolt opening or keyhole. Work the knobs to distribute the oil. This will help prevent rusting of the springs and metal casing. (Do not use too much oil as it may drip on the wood-work, making painting difficult.)
NOTE: Only use petroleum jelly, machine oil, kerosene, or stove polish on metal surfaces that will not come in contact with food.
## For More Information
For more information on disaster preparedness and recovery visit the NC Disaster Information Center.
## Author
Benjamin Chapman Extension Food Safety Specialist and Associate Professor Agricultural & Human Sciences Publication date : July 1, 2014 Reviewed/Revised: July 9, 2024
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/for-you/ways-to-save-your-food-dollars/ | Ways to Save Your Food Dollars | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Barb Struempler"
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#ADB5B7}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]),.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 20px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ol:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child,.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content ul:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin: 0;}}@media screen and (min-width: 783px) {.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]) {margin: 0 0 5px;}.hustle-ui:not(.hustle-size--small).module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content li:not([class*="forminator-"]):last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content blockquote {margin-right: 0;margin-left: 0;}button.hustle-button-close .hustle-icon-close:before {font-size: inherit;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close {color: #38C5B5;background: transparent;border-radius: 0;position: absolute;z-index: 1;display: block;width: 32px;height: 32px;right: 0;left: auto;top: 0;bottom: auto;transform: unset;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close .hustle-icon-close {font-size: 12px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:hover {color: #49E2D1;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:focus {color: #49E2D1;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content blockquote {border-left-color: #38C5B5;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout a{
text-decoration: underline !important;}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
/*gtranlate*/
a.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink img {
height:18!important;
width:18!important;
}
/*video container*/
.video-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
padding-top: 30px;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
.video-container iframe, .video-container object, .video-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
.entry-content img, .entry-content iframe, .entry-content object, .entry-content embed {
max-width: 100%;
}
/* table css */
h3.table_title, h3.footable_title {
background-color: #117b2a;
color: #fff;
font-weight: bold;
margin: 0;
padding: .5em;
}
.footable.table>thead>tr>th {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 2px solid #888;
}
tr:last-child {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 1px solid #888;
}
tbody tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
background-color: #c6ebb7 !important;
}
.ninja_button, ninja_button_print {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
line-height: 1.3333333;
padding: 14px 20px !important;
border-radius: 0;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
vertical-align: middle;
touch-action: manipulation;
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
background-image: none;
border: 1px solid #0000;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.screen-reader-text {
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
position: absolute !important;
width: 1px;
word-wrap: normal !important;
}
/* slide show below nav home page */
body.home header#header {
position: relative !important;
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (min-height:770px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 82vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (max-height:769px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 150vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
.dae-headline img {
max-height: 18vh !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 42vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 55% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 6vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth, #rev_slider_24_1_wrapper {
height:42% !important;
max-height:42% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) and (max-width:600px) {
.tp-caption.tp-resizeme {
font-size: 22px!important;
line-height: 22px!important;
}
}
/*slide show text area shadow*/
.rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 35%;
top: 65%;
background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .5), rgba(0, 0, 0, .4), rgba(0, 0, 0, .2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));
}
.category .rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .category .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 100%;
top: 100%;
}
.category .tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 0;
}
/*Topic page slider*/
.Newspaper-Button, tp-caption.Newspaper-Button {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-width: 0 !important;
color: #424242!important;
padding: 13px 18px!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase!important;
letter-spacing: 0 !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;
}
/*GDPR cookie notice*/
#cookie-notice {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
background-color: #fff;
letter-spacing: .5px;
}
/* Remove underline in footer logos */
.logo-wrapper a {
border: none !important;
}
/*MY ACES Add Bookmark*/
.btn-add-bookmark {
display: none;
}
/* after slider padding for lead*/
.lead {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/*header-top*/
.header-top .top-menu-right {
background-color: #f9f9f9cc!important;
}
/*header-top blue link text*/
.header-top .top-menu-right a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
}
/*recent articles*/
.work-entry {
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*recent articles blue link text*/
.work-entry a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*topic page link color (needs to be darker over gray backgorund)*/
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added p {
min-height: inherit;
/*(old)color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #366d21;
}
/*We Grow Alabama cards*/
.sb-value-added {
color:#fff;
background-color: #00000090!important;
}
/*Grow green*/
.green-color {
/*color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #76CF3A;
}
/*we Grow Alabama numbers*/
.sb-value-added h5 {
padding-top:0;
font-size: 1.4em;
}
/*after numbers*/
h5 .small, h5 small {
font-weight: 400;
line-height: 1;
color: #959595 !important;
}
/*calendar band background*/
.event-ticker {
/*(old)background-color: #4f9c2e;*/
background-color: #438528;
}
/*calendar band event name*/
#vertical-ticker li h5.event-name {
/*#fff;
margin: 8px 0 2px;*/
font-size: 1em;
}
body.home header#header {
top: 0;
}
.gform_wrapper ul.gfield_checkbox li label, .gform_wrapper ul.gfield_radio li label {padding-left: 30px !important;}
.anchor {
position: absolute;
padding-top: 36px;
margin-top: -36px;
}
/*Gravity Form submit button*/
.gform_footer .btn-primary {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
}
.post-info-header-category, .post-info-header-logo, .footer-print {
display: none;
}
/*printer icon*/
a.aces-print-article {
cursor:pointer;
text-decoration:underline;
}
li.aces-print i.fa-cloud-download, li.aces-print i.fa-print {
padding-right: 7px !important;
}
/*byline line break for mobile*/
@media (min-width: 991px) {
.byline-mobile-line-break {
display:none;
}
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
.read-time {
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
background: #f9f9f9;
color: #000!important;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 10px 4px 3px;
font-weight: 700!important;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
}
/*About Us card deck*/
.card-margin-top {
margin-top: 1em;
}
/*About Us category text adjustment*/
.category-about-us .subcat-content, .category-aamu .subcat-content {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
padding: 20px 0;
}
/*About Us category remove dateline*/
.category-about-us.post-meta-info-content ul:first-child {
display: none !important;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.cat-4h, .cat-about-4-h, .cat-family-resources-4-h, .cat-volunteer-resources-4-h, .cat-programs-4-h, .cat-animals-4-h, .cat-arts-4-h, .cat-healthy-living-4-h, .cat-leadership-4-h, .cat-outdoor-education-4-h, .cat-science-technology-4-h, .cat-how-to-give-4-h, .cat-support-4-h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.post-format.cat-4h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* Gravity Forms OTHER spacing 2023-05-23 JMH*/
.gform_wrapper input:not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=submit]):not([type=button]):not([type=image]):not([type=file]) {
padding: 5px 2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size for line height is fixed error*/
.topic-list .sb-value-added p {
line-height: 1.2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size adjustment when there is not an image for the topic link. 2019-08-16 RFF & JMH */
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added .service-block-title-large {
margin: 0 !important;
font-size: inherit !important;
}
/* Alert Menu */
.header-alert, .bg-alert {
background: #ee2400;
color: white;
}
.header-alert .navbar-nav>li>a {
text-transform: none;
}
.alert-btn {
background-color: #ee2400;
border-color: #ee2400;
color: white;
margin: 5px;
}
.nav>li>a.alert-link {
display: none;
background-color: #ee2400;
}
/*Ex TV*/
.navbar-nav>li>a.extv-link {
text-transform: none;
}
/*page icon for video pages*/
.page-header .post-format {
background-size: 65%;
}
/*video embed resposive*/
.embed-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%;
}
.embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
/* ExTV dark */
.category-extv .main-wrapper, .category-extv .association, .category-extv .assoc-entry, .category-extv .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv .association h1, .category-extv .association h2, .category-extv .association h3, .category-extv .association h4, .category-extv .association h5, .category-extv .association h6,
.category-extv-dark .main-wrapper, .category-extv-dark .association, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv-dark .association h1, .category-extv-dark .association h2, .category-extv-dark .association h3, .category-extv-dark .association h4, .category-extv-dark .association h5, .category-extv-dark .association h6 {
background: rgb(31, 31, 31);
color: #fff;
}
.category-extv .association .sub-divider-new, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new {
border-color: rgb(31, 31, 31);
}
.category-extv .main-wrapper a, .category-extv .association a, .category-extv .assoc-entry a, .category-extv-dark .main-wrapper a, .category-extv-dark .association a, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry a {
color:white;
}
.category-extv-dark article.assoc-entry::first-child, .category-extv article.assoc-entry::first-child {
visibility:hidden;
}
.post-grid-assoc {
border: 1px solid #454545;
}
.directory-listing, .event-listing, .search-results {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
/*mobile phone inline image fix 07-12-2021 JMH*/
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
margin: 10px !important;
}
}
/*counties*/
.subcat-content {
padding-top: 20px;
}
.county-columns {
columns: 140px 5;
line-height: 3em;
padding: 20px 0 20px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 2em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.7em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.6em;
}
}
/* end counties */
/* Custom Gallery */
.custom-gallery {
margin: auto;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
.custom-gallery img {
border: 2px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* Decision Tree CSS */
.dt_display_title {
color: #1D63AB !important;
font: 700 1.5em Helvetica Nue,sans-serif !important;
font-size: 44px !important;
line-height: 1.2 !important;
}
.dt_display_question {
font-size: 16px !important;
line-height: 1.5 !important;
letter-spacing: .5px !important;
}
.dt_display_subtext {
font-style:italic !important;
padding: 10px 0 !important;
}
.dt_button, .answer-restart {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-color: #f39c12 !important;
color: #424242!important;
font-family: Helvetica Nue, sans-serif !important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
}
/* end Decision Tree CSS */
/* cookie notice container */
#cookie-notice .cookie-notice-container a {
color:#5EA1E4 !important;
}
/* footer bottom left*/
.footer-menu-left {
float: left;
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.footer-menu-left li {
border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.6);
padding: 0 10px;
line-height: 1.2;
}
.footer-menu-left li:first-child {
border-left: none;
padding-left: 0;
}
.footer-bottom-left {
color: #fff;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.footer-bottom .footer-menu {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/* Print Stylesheet - LEAVE AT BOTTOM */
@media print {
*, ::after, ::before {
color: #000!important;
text-shadow: none !important;
background: 0 0 !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, san-serif;
}
body {
--webkit-hyphens: auto;
--moz-hyphens: auto;
hyphens: auto;
}
.row-print {
min-height: 20px;
}
.post-info-header-category {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 13pt;
left: 15px;
max-width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-category h1 {
color: green !important;
display: inline;
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-weight: lighter;
letter-spacing: 2pt;
text-align: left;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.post-info-header-category hr {
position: absolute;
margin-top: 0 !important;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-logo {
display: block;
padding: 0 !important;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 45pt;
width: 190px !important;
text-align: right !important;
}
.main-cat-title, h1 {
font-size: 28pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
.main-cat-title {
margin-bottom: auto;
}
h1 {
font-size: 18pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
h2 {
font-size: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
color: #001a96 !important;
}
p, ul, li {
font-size: 10pt !important;
line-height: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
}
/*p img {
display: none;
}*/
img.wp-image-46702 {
display: block !important;
}
.post-media {
margin: 0 0 10px 0;
padding: 0;
border: none;
}
.image-overlay {
display: inline-block;
}
.header, .page-wrapper, div.container div.row, .forcefullwidth_wrapper_tp_banner, .post-format, .subcat-title, .breadcrumb, .read-time, .post-meta-info-content, .at-below-post, .addthis_tool .alignright, .like-dislike, span.small, .tags, aside.related-posts, .footer-inner, table, .ninja_button_print, .nt_edit_link, .btn {
display: none;
}
table.display-print {display: inline-block !important }
/*remove URL from gallery images*/
.gallery a[href]:after {
content: none;
}
.aces-pub a[href]:after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")" !important;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
.page-header {
border-bottom: none !important;
}
.logo {
margin-top: 0;
}
.subact-title {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.subact-title a {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.content-print {
column-count: 2 !important;
-webkit-column-count: 2 !important;
column-gap: 40px !important;
-webkit-column-gap: 40px !important;
}
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
}
.wp-caption-text {
font-size: 8pt !important;
line-height: 11pt !important;
}
.footer-print {
display: block !important;
}
.footer-print-logo {
max-width: 190px;
padding-bottom: 7pt;
}
.footer-print-content p {
font-family: Times New Roman, serif;
font-size: 7pt !important;
line-height: 6pt !important;
/*letter-spacing: -.1pt;*/
margin: 1pt 0 3pt !important;
}
.footer-print-content h2 {
font-size: 11pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
margin-top: 7px;
}
.footer-print-content hr {
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
h3.table_title:before {
content: 'Print "';
}
h3.table_title:after {
content:'" table from our website.';
}
/*video in print*/
iframe {
display:none;
}
iframe[src]:after {
content: " (" attr(src) ")" !important;
}
#cookie-notice {
display: none !important;
}
.cookie-notice-container {
display: none !important;
}
}
/*end print stylesheet*/
/* siteimprove suggested edits */
/* vendor.min.css:18 */
.form-background, .contact-bar {
background-color: #106522 !important;
}
blockquote {
color: #595959 !important;}
.subcat-content {
font-size: 1.3125em !important;
}
.tribe-events-content ol, .tribe-events-content p, .tribe-events-content ul {
font-size:1.125em !important;
}
/*end siteimprove suggested edits*/
</style>
</head>
<body class="aces_content_piece-template-default single single-aces_content_piece postid-3993 tribe-no-js">
<a class="skip-main" href="#main">Skip to main content</a>
<header id="header" class="header" role="banner" aria-label="site header">
<div class="page-wrapper">
<script>
function closeAlert() {
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=aces.edu; Path=/";
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=acesag.auburn.edu; Path=/";
jQuery("#headerAlert").css("display","none");
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
function showAlertMenu() {
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
</script>
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top header-top-desktop">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-84951581"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <a href="javascript:getLocation()">(Find Nearest)</a> -->
<!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="header-inner" class="header-inner">
<div class="header-middle">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<div class="left-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn btn-primary" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".header-top">
<span class="sr-only" aria-label="search category options">Toggle navigation</span>
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-8 col-xs-offset-0 col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-0 col-md-4 col-md-offset-0">
<div class="logo">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/" aria-label="Select to go to the home page"><img
src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.svg"
height="auto"
class="img-responsive"
style="display:inline-block;"
alt="Alabama Extension"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="right-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn primary-d alignright" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".search-row">
<span class="sr-only">Toggle search</span>
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-2 col-md-2 search-row mobile-collapse collapse"></div><!-- 2019-12-10 RFF -->
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 search-row mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<form id="aces-primary-search" action="https://www.aces.edu">
<div class="input-group search-wrapper" id="header-search" role="search" aria-label="search the site">
<label for="main-search" class="visually-hidden"><!-- Search articles, publications, and events -->Tell me about...</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control search-header" id="aces-primary-search-s" name="s" placeholder="Tell me about..." id="main-search" value="">
<input type="hidden" id="aces-primary-search-q" name="q">
<span class="input-group-btn right-home-search">
<button class="btn primary-d" type="submit">Search</button>
</span>
</div>
<!-- <input type="hidden" name="cat" value=""> -->
</form>
<script>
/** Applies the category selection to form. */
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
/* 2019-12-11 RFF - turned off.
var el = $('.search-category').on('click', function () {
var id = $(this).data('id'),
el = $('form input[name="cat"]');
el.val(id);
el.attr('value', id);
$('form span.cat-name').text($(this).text());
});
*/
/* 2020-04-23 RFF - added */
$('#aces-primary-search').submit(function(event) {
$('#aces-primary-search-q').val($('#aces-primary-search-s').val());
});
});
</script>
<div class="mission-statement" id="header-mission" style="display:none;"><p>The <strong>Alabama
Cooperative Extension System</strong> operates as the primary outreach organization
that ensures all people have access to information that improves their quality of life
and economic well-being.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<div class="page-wrapper">
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top-mobile">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-76483467"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 7:45-11:45; 12:45-4:45 ~ Phone: (334) 844-4444</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF Removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- Header Bottom Container -->
<div class="header-bottom header-top mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row">
<!-- Navigation -->
<div class="navbar navbar-inverse bg-primary">
<nav class=" navbar-collapse js-navbar-collapse pull-left" role="navigation"
aria-label="main navigation">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav nav-mobile">
<li class="dropdown mega-dropdown">
<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle nav-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Topics <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i> </a>
<div id="topics-dropdown" class="container dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu">
<ul class="container mega-nav-wrapper">
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/4h/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/4h.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="kids in 4 H">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Alabama 4-H<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/algriculture.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a corn field">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Farming<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/fish-water/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/iStock-150021694-300x300-e1517416086533.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="school of fish">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Fish & Water<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/food-safety/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/economic-development.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="peaches for sale at a farmers market">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Food Safety<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/forestry-wildlife/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/natural-resources.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="rows of trees">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Forestry & Wildlife<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/home-family/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/family-health.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="two kids running in front of an adult">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Home & Family<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/lawn-garden/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/home-garden.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a home garden with flowers">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Lawn & Garden<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/urban-extension/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/urban-extension.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a city skyline">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Urban Extension<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/counties/">
Counties </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="https://ssl.acesag.auburn.edu/directory-new/">
Directory </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/multimedia/">
Multimedia </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/about-us/">
About Us </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link alert-link" href="/blog/category/alabama-ready/">
Hurricane Helene </a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- RFF Removed MY ACES
<div class="hidden-xs">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces"><i class="fa fa-book"></i> My ACES</a></li>
<li class="bookmark-value">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces">
<span class="visually-hidden">0 bookmarks</span>
<span aria-hidden="true" id="bookmark-count">0</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>--> <!-- /.nav-collapse -->
</div> <!-- /Row -->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<!-- /Header Bottom Container -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- .header-inner -->
</header>
<!-- .header -->
<div class="fullsize">
<header class="page-header" role="banner" aria-label="page header">
<div class="container">
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Ways to Save Your Food Dollars </div>
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<li>July 25, 2018</li>
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<div class="at-above-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/for-you/ways-to-save-your-food-dollars/"></div><p>Saving money is a plus, especially when it comes to food. Below is a list of ways to help you save your food dollars.</p>
<h1>Plan</h1>
<ul>
<li>Take time to plan your meals and make a grocery list. This usually takes less time than the time spent going back to the store for a forgotten item.</li>
<li>Plan your meals to use seasonal foods such as oranges in the winter and peaches in the summer.</li>
<li>Check kitchen cabinets and refrigerator when making your grocery list.</li>
<li>Before going to the grocery store, plan a weekly menu of favorite dishes using healthy foods.</li>
</ul>
<h1>Shop</h1>
<ul>
<li>Make fewer trips to the store. The more trips to the store, the more money you spend. It is hard to purchase only a few items on any trip to the grocery store.</li>
<li>Find stores with super food sales during special times such as “Friday and Saturday Blow-out Sales” or “10 Items for $10.”</li>
<li>Find a local farmers market. Fruits and vegetables tend to be fresher and cheaper.</li>
<li>Think of mileage. Shopping at many stores may not be worth the extra time and gasoline cost.</li>
</ul>
<h1>Buy</h1>
<ul>
<li>In place of national brands, buy store brands when the taste and quality suit your needs.</li>
<li>Compare the unit price of food items. The cost per ounce or per pound helps find the best value.</li>
<li>Buy family packs of meats, cheese, poultry and luncheon meats. Divide into servings, freeze and use as needed.</li>
<li>Check sell by and use by dates to be sure you buy fresh foods.</li>
</ul>
<h1>Track</h1>
<ul>
<li>Know the regular prices of items you usually buy. A sale will then be easy to spot.</li>
<li>Remember the trick is to buy on the markdowns. You don’t have to change your habits. Just buy when items are at low cost.</li>
<li>Use itemized food receipts when checking out to help track food costs.</li>
<li>Compare prices of nonfood items at the grocery store with the same item at a discount store.</li>
</ul>
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/the-questions-on-salvaging-flooded-crops | The Questions on Salvaging Flooded Crops | NC State Extension | [
"John Rushing"
] | null | [
"Field Crop",
"Flood",
"Natural Disaster"
] | NC | ## The Questions on Salvaging Flooded Crops
Due to the recent flooding of areas of North Carolina that grow underground crops such as peanuts and sweet potatoes, questions arise as to whether the crops are salvageable. Many crops will spoil in the fields because wet soils interfere with harvest. Any salvaged produce has the potential for contamination with human pathogens and chemical contamination. Generally, public health regulations prevent the human use of any produce salvaged from grocery stores and other facilities that have been contacted by flood waters.
## Assessing the safety
Several questions need to be answered to assess the safety of flood-covered underground crops. The most obvious is "What was in the flood waters?" "Flood waters" are different from standing waters. Standing waters are not an unusual occurrence after a heavy rain. The present concern is flood waters, which may be grossly contaminated with agricultural runoff such as biosolids from farms, septic systems, lagoons, and treatment facilities, and possibly chemical contaminants from damaged and destroyed equipment and tanks. Indeed, any rising, standing, or receding water is suspect if its origin is other than local rainfall.
All these contaminants would have to be identified to assess the danger of waterborne pollutants, and then the uptake of contaminants in the crop would need to be measured. However, this isn't easy to determine in the field. Due to their considerable dilution with fresh rainwater, some scientists have noted that flood waters may not be concentrated sources of pesticides and other environmental contaminants. Indeed, in areas with localized ecological disasters, such as sewage overflow, chemical spills, or other catastrophes, exposure of crops is more critical.
## Why can't we recondition the crops?
The second question is, "Is there a way to recondition these crops?" Recent increases in diseases from fruits and vegetables have come from applying wastewater and improperly composted manures to soils. Flood conditions in some areas may mimic these hazards. Root crops harvested in these soils may be contaminated. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations recommends that heavily contaminating fruits and vegetables receive a thorough potable water wash before washing in a disinfectant. However, this may not apply to the current situation in North Carolina.
## Washing the produce
When washing, produce should always be cleaned with water containing a free chlorine residual. The primary purpose of chlorinating wash water is to prevent microbial buildup in the processing waters from becoming another source of contamination. Without the chlorine residual in wash water, we can expect microbial growth, increasing microbial contamination on the produce surfaces. This wash does not disinfect the produce.
## Disinfection
How about attempting to disinfect the produce itself? Using 100-200 ppm chlorine in wash waters is a common practice. However, the literature shows that such disinfectant levels are not effective in destroying human pathogens on produce. The organic matter on the produce's surface decreases chlorine's effectiveness. At best, studies show that microbial populations can be reduced by only 1-2 log cycles. Produce that is mishandled and recontaminated will soon return to prewash or higher levels of microorganisms. Sometimes, destroying the existing mixed flora on produce surfaces may result in re-establishing a more concentrated flora of human pathogens.
## Further processing
The fourth question is, 'What if we process further?' Further processing is an essential contributor to the safety of processed food. Products such as sweet potatoes are peeled, and some, like peanuts, are removed from the pod. Cooking destroys most pathogens. Processing certainly reduces the microbial load and may reduce some of the surface chemical contamination. This further processing does not necessarily assure safety because of the uncertainty as to the type and extent of the contaminants.
## Applicable laws
Federal food laws are more applicable to products after harvesting than before. The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act section 402(g)(4) prohibits preparing, packing, or holding human food under insanitary conditions where it may have become contaminated with filth or where it may have been rendered injurious to health. Under regulations in 21 CFR 117.110, evidence indicates that insanitary conditions deem the food adulterated. This is the case even if the amounts of natural or unavoidable defects are less than the established levels. Just the condition deems it adulterated. Root crops under contaminated flood waters can be assumed to be insanitary.
## Market considerations
Aside from the safety aspects, marketing considerations are also an issue. Extended submersion will reduce the quality of the produce, and early spoilage will probably be a factor in marketability. North Carolina works hard to sustain and enhance its markets. Irreparable damage could occur to these markets, not only by shipping a potentially contaminated product but also by shipping a product perceived by consumers to be suspect.
## Priority: Food safety
Because contaminated flood waters present microbial and chemical hazards that cannot be effectively controlled, foods that have contact with them should not be used for human food. Safety cannot be tested or adequately assured. This approach is conservative but sound, consistent with the principles found in current good agricultural practices. The safety of the food supply must take priority over other competing issues in this situation.
## Author
John Rushing
Publication date: July 31, 2022 Reviewed/Revised: April 8, 2024
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.okstate.edu/e-pest-alerts/2023/documents/chinch-bugs-damage-in-grain-sorghum-and-corn-crops-a.pdf | Chinch Bug Damage in Grain Sorghum | Oklahoma State University | [
"Seuhs",
"Kelly"
] | Error: time data "D:20230629170632-05'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Chinch Bug Damage in Grain Sorghum
Kelly Seuhs, Associate Extension Specialist
I have received reports of chinch bugs moving into sorghum fields across the state.
Overwintered adults emerge from grassy areas in early spring and fly into small grains where they mate and produce the first generation. Most problems in sorghum occur when large groups of the immature, wingless nymphs migrate from maturing wheat fields and invade adjacent corn or sorghum fields where they attempt to complete development. They typically do not infest the entire field but can take out several rows of sorghum next to the wheat.
## Description
Adults are small, black bugs about 4 mm in length and have a distinctive black-on-white 'X' pattern on the wings ( Fig . 1 ). Immatures or nymphs are wingless and bright red after hatching, then darken as they approach maturity ( Fig 2 ). All nymphs have a characteristic white band across the middle of the body, although this feature becomes partially hidden by the developing wing pads as it matures. There are 2 -3 generations per year of chinch bugs in Oklahoma.
The risk of first-generation damage is greater where sorghum is planted next to stands of wheat ( Fig 3 ). Seedling sorghum is the most vulnerable. Two to three bugs per plant can cause stunting, poor root development, stand reduction, and even death of some plants. Larger plants can tolerate greater numbers, but severe infestations can cause stunting, lodging, and yield loss ( Fig 4 -6 ). Since corn is planted earlier and is more resilient at the time of nymphal migration, damage can be minimal, if any to corn and usually confined to border rows.
Management Using seed treatments: Poncho® or Cruiser® at planting can potentially decrease chinch bug damage and may protect plants for up to 3 weeks. Follow-up sprays on border rows and a border outside the field may be needed if protection wears off before the end of chinch bug migration. Many times, damage is noticed only after several rows of sorghum have been severely stunted or killed. Ideally treating border areas promptly as migrations begin, before significant numbers of bugs enter the field, and small plants are affected is best.
Treat the whole field if the infestation is widespread. Chinch bugs can be difficult to control, especially as the sorghum gets taller. For sorghum that is seedling to V-7 growth stage, consider banding the spray over the row. For taller plants, ground applications using 20 to 30 gallons of water per acre and directed at the base of the plant provide the best option for control.
Continued monitoring is required to determine if additional applications are necessary.
More information on chinch bug in sorghum can be found at EPP-7170 "Management of Insect and Mite Pests in Sorghum . |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/velvetgrass | Velvetgrass | NC State Extension | [
"Fred Yelverton"
] | null | [
"Lawn Care",
"Weed",
"Turf",
"Perennial Weeds",
"Turfgrass",
"Lawn"
] | NC | ## Velvetgrass
NC STATE
EXTENSION
## Turffiles
## Description
Velvetgrass ( Holcus lanatus ) is a clumping perennial weed of turf, which can have characteristics of a winter annual in warmer climates. It is found in moist areas in fields, lawns, and roadsides. The stems and leaves are densely hairy, and resemble velvet when touched. Velvetgrass was widely used years ago as a forage grass, particularly in tall fescue in the western part of the state. The presence of velvetgrass is due to its former widespread use.
## Cultural Control
Perennial grass weeds are not desirable as turfgrass species under any conditions. Therefore, every effort should be made to prevent these weedy grasses from becoming established in turf, as selective control measures are usually difficult. Selection of adapted turfgrass species and cultivars and the use of cultural practices are important in minimizing weedy grass encroachment and competition. Management practices include: (1) mowing at the recommended height for the selected turfgrass and removing clippings when seedheads of grassy weeds are present; (2) applying the proper amount of nitrogen at the correct time according to the turfgrass present; and (3) using soil tests to determine needed nutrients and lime.
## Species Data
- · SEEDHEAD / FLOWER
- seedhead is a soft, purple panicle with soft hairs on each spikelet
- VERNATION TYPE
- leaves rolled in the bud
- LIGULE TYPE
- membranous; up to 0.01 inches (0.3 mm) long, rounded Figure 1
- GROWTH SEASON / LIFE CYCLE
- perennial weed
- AURICLE TYPE
- absent
- LEAF BLADE TIP SHAPE
- sharp-pointed; dense, velvety, short, hairs above and below, edges with short hairs, sharply creased below Figure 2
## Author
Fred Yelverton
Extension Specialist (Turfgrass/Forage Crop Weed Mgt) Crop & Soil Sciences
Publication date: Nov. 8, 2017
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/building-construction-plans/poultry-house-50-80-layers | Poultry House, 50 to 80 layers | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [] | null | [] | MS | Home » Publications » Building & Construction Plans Archive » Poultry House, 50 to 80 layers
## Poultry House, 50 to 80 layers
BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION PLANS ARECHIVE
Publication Number: 6188
View as PDF: 6188.pdf
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/news/2022/02/20/mosquitoes-that-transmit-west-nile-virus-love-to-bite-non-native-lizards-whats-next/ | Mosquitoes that transmit West Nile virus love to bite non-native lizards: What’s next? | University of Florida | [
"Lourdes Mederos"
] | 2022-02-20 | [
"Invasive Species",
"Pests & Disease",
"SFYL Hot Topic",
"UF/IFAS",
"UF/IFAS Research",
"Culex nigripalpus",
"Entomology and Nematology",
"Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory",
"Florida Mosquito COntrol Districts",
"Lawrence Reeves",
"mosquito research",
"News",
"St. Louis encephalitis",
"UF-IFAS",
"west nile virus"
] | FL | ## Mosquitoes that transmit West Nile virus love to bite non-native lizards: What's next?
- West Nile virus and St. Louis encephalitis virus circulate among wild birds via mosquitoes, occasionally spilling over to infect humans, horses and other animals.
- New research finds that some of the primary vectors of West Nile and other viruses have shifted their blood-feeding patterns to the nonnative lizards that have recently invaded Florida.
- Vector mosquitoes feeding from lizards may reduce the transmission of these viruses if the lizards are poor hosts for the viruses.
Specimen of Culex mosquito on a non-native lizard. Photo courtesy Lawrence Reeves.
BEACH, Fla. -
In the United
States, West
Nile virus circulates among wild birds, transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, which transmit West Nile virus and other viruses in the southern United States. Humans can become infected when a person is bitten by a West Nile-carrying mosquito.
A new study published in Frontiers by faculty at UF/IFAS Florida Medical Entomology finds that Culex mosquitoes prefer to feed on lizards. This finding might help researchers find ways to reduce the number of West Nile-carrying mosquitoes within an ecosystem.
"We found that lizards, especially the nonnative brown anoles, are major hosts for some of the most important West Nile virus (WNV) and St. Louis encephalitis (SLEV) virus vectors in Florida," said
Lawrence Reeves, an assistant professor and entomologist. "Then, in Arizona, we also found that lizards were major hosts for the western West Nile virus Culex vectors as well."
Scientists previously thought Culex mosquitoes fed primarily on birds and mammals. Researchers believed that interaction facilitated the transmission of WNV among birds and the subsequent infections of humans and horses.
The new finding helps scientists understand how diseases spread by Culex mosquitoes expand in ecosystems and how they might reach humans and domesticated animals.
Mosquitoes bite a wide range of animals, and each mosquito species has distinct preferences for certain kinds of animals. Scientists call such animals "hosts."
Lawrence Reeves holding a bag of freshly captured mosquitoes. Photo courtesy Lawrence Reeves
"The process of transmitting mosquito-borne diseases to
humans and wildlife all comes down to which mosquitoes feed on which animals," explained Reeves. "Only certain mosquito species can transmit viruses, and only certain animal species can become infected and pass on a virus to new mosquitoes."
Whether the lizards play a role in the transmission of these diseases spread by Culex mosquitoes is a key question that emerged from the study. It offers researchers, like Reeves, a new direction to explore.
'If lizards are poor hosts for these viruses, mosquito bites on lizards could translate to fewer West Nile virus-carrying mosquitoes flying around,' said Reeves.
The Culex mosquitoes that vector WNV and SLEV were previously understood to feed almost entirely on birds and mammals. That understanding is based on large-scale studies done in the 1960s and 1970s, before the brown anole and other invasive lizards were widespread in Florida, explained Reeves.
For Reeves' study, the team collected blood-fed mosquitoes in Florida and Arizona and identified the animals on which they fed. They evaluated the host associations for 10 Culex species from Florida and Arizona using DNA barcoding. This process includes extracting and sequencing DNA from each blood-fed mosquito as part of the process.
"The process of transmitting mosquito-borne diseases to
In Florida, scientists collected mosquitoes from five counties:
Alachua, Levy, Indian River, Pinellas and Miami-Dade. In Arizona, mosquitoes were collected at wild areas of the Sky Islands Region in Cochise, Pima and Santa Cruz counties.
Here is what they learned:
- · Not all Culex species fed from lizards to the same degree.
- · Only lizard species that are active during the daytime and associated with trees were bitten by mosquitoes.
- · In Florida, brown moles -the small, brown lizards often seen on sidewalks -were the most frequently fed-upon host for Culex nigripalpus , one of the most important vectors of WNV and SLEV .
"These insights are important because lizards might help reduce the transmission of WNV and SLEV - both viruses infect birds, and any time a human is infected by one of these viruses, that virus would have come from a vector mosquito that had previously fed on an infected bird," said Reeves.
Culex mosquitoes, known to spread zoonotic Flaviviruses like WNV and SLEV, are a public health risk as they spread viruses among wild animals, and occasionally, from wild animals to humans, Reeves said.
Culex mosquitoes pick up these viruses when they feed on the blood of an infected bird. Then, when that mosquito goes on to feed from new animals, the virus can be transmitted when that mosquito takes blood from any subsequent host. If a bird becomes infected, any mosquitoes that feed from it while the infection is active may pick up the virus. On the other hand, some animals, like humans, represent dead ends for these viruses: if a human is infected with WNV or SLEV, mosquitoes that feed from that human will not pick up the virus.
'The key question that stems from our study is whether lizards can serve as hosts for these viruses,' he said. 'If not, if they are dead ends, it is possible that the presence of lizards, including some of these invasive species, has a beneficial effect by reducing the transmission of these viruses and the risk that humans will become infected'
On the other hand, if lizards are dead-end hosts for WNV and SLEV, every mosquito bite that goes toward a lizard, rather than to a bird or human, is one less opportunity for WNV or SLEV to be
transmitted. "If that's the case, it may be possible to use lizards as a sort of biological control to help dampen the transmission of West Nile and other similar viruses," said Reeves.
-30-
Lourdes Mederos, rodriguezl@ufl.edu
## The mission of the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS)
is to develop knowledge relevant to agricultural, human, and natural resources and to make
that knowledge available to sustain and enhance the quality of
human life. With more than
a dozen research facilities, 67 county Extension offices, and award-
winning students and faculty
in the UF College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, UF/IFAS brings
science-based solutions
to the state's agricultural and natural resources industries, and all
Florida residents.
```
ifas.ufl.edu | @UF_IFAS
O
by Lourdes Mederos
Posted: February 20, 2022
```
Category: Invasive Species, Pests & Disease, Pests & Disease, SFYL Hot Topic, UF/IFAS, UF/IFAS Research
Tags: Culex Nigripalpus, Entomology And Nematology, Florida
Medical Entomology Laboratory, Florida Mosquito Control Districts,
Lawrence Reeves, Mosquito Research, News, St. Louis Encephalitis, UE/IFAS, UE/IFAS Research, West Nile Virus
More From Blogs.IFAS
Celebrate 500 years of cattle in Florida by eating beef for the holidays
New Fertilizer Technology May Help Farmers Reduce Nitrogen Load
Durante estas festividades, aproveche al máximo los residuos de alimentos. Los expertos de UF/IFAS o...
Hurricane Recovery: Well Water Safety After a Hurricane |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/live-well-alabama/usda-nondiscrimination-statement/ | Live Well Alabama | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Sondra Parmer"
] | 2023-03-06 | [
"Nutrition",
"Health",
"Education"
] | AL | In accordance with federal civil rights law and U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, this institution is prohibited from discriminating on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex (including gender identity and sexual orientation), religious creed, disability, age political, beliefs or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity.
Program information may be made available in languages other than English. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication to obtain program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language), should
## USDA Nondiscrimination Statement
contact the agency (state or local) where they applied for benefits. Individuals who are deaf, hard of hearing or have speech disabilities may contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339.
To file a program discrimination complaint, a Complainant should complete a Form AD-3027, USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form which can be obtained online at: https://www.usda.gov/sites/defaultfiles/documents/ad3027.pdf (https://www.usda.gov/sites/defaultfiles/documents/ads3027.pdf), from any USDA office, by calling (833) 620-1071, or by writing a letter addressed to USDA. The letter must contain the complainant's name, address, telephone number, and a written description of the alleged discriminatory action in sufficient detail to inform the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights (ASCR) about the nature and date of an alleged civil rights violation. The completed AD-3027 form or letter must be submitted to:
1. mail:
Food and Nutrition Service, USDA 1320 Braddock Place, Room 334 Alexandria, VA 22314; or
2. fax:
(833) 256-1665 or (202) 690-7442; or
3. email:
FNSCIVILRIGHTSOMPLAINTS@usda.gov (mailto:FNSCivilRightsComplaints@usda.gov) This institution is an equal opportunity provider.
Cookie Notice |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/is-reforestation-a-profitable-investment | Is Reforestation a Profitable Investment? An Economic Analysis | NC State Extension | [
"Rajan Parajuli",
"Mark Megalos",
"Rick Hamilton",
"Ron Myers",
"Robert Lipford",
"Rachel Cook"
] | null | [
"Forest Management",
"Forestry",
"Replanting",
"Reforestation"
] | NC | ## Is Reforestation a Profitable Investment? An Economic Analysis
Woodland Owner Notes
Historically, reforestation has been a strong long-term investment for landowners. This publication assesses the pine reforestation investment based on current stumpage prices and associated costs to determine whether it still offers attractive returns. We review potential returns from typical pine plantations in the U.S. South. Southern pine reforestation can be an excellent long-term investment even under conservative management assumptions.
Many landowners regularly invest in other long-term investments such as individual retirement accounts (IRAs), stocks, and bonds but forego the likely chance to earn high returns from timber production. Tax incentives, cost sharing programs, and increased property value are added benefits of reforestation. In this note, we compare potential economic returns from a range of forestry investment options to make informed forest investment decisions.
Like all markets, timber and wood product stumpage prices ebb and flow. Our analysis suggests that a forest landowner can ensure that costs are kept in line with expected returns in any stage of the business cycle. By studying the "numbers" and understanding planting costs and expected returns, a savvy landowner can make appropriate reforestation decisions to ensure profitability at any investment level.
## Information Needed to Analyze a Reforestation Investment
To analyze the potential benefits of reforesting, you will need four pieces of information:
- 1. Costs of stand establishment (costs of site preparation, reforestation, and silvicultural practices). Reforestation costs depend on site conditions and the owner's investment objectives. With well-drained soil on a site that is relatively free of competing vegetation, little additional preparation may be necessary. However, even old field sites can have fierce competition that may initially be hidden until the next growing season. Site preparation costs increase as competing vegetation increases and will be largest on wet, poorly drained sites requiring draining, ditching, and bedding. Periodic applications of fertilizers after planting, mid-rotation, and after thinning are also cost-intensive practices.
Costs of stand establishment could range widely from less than $100 (seedlings and planting costs) to more than $450 per acre. Natural seeding can restrict your woods with seedlings of a desirable tree species at little or no cost. However, managing over-stocked natural stands can equal or exceed the costs of site preparation and planting in the long-run, and there is no control in selecting improved tree genetics (McKeand, 2017).
2. Intensity of ongoing management activities . Landowners may incur management costs such as prescribed burning, boundary line maintenance, fire line construction and maintenance,
and insect or disease protection. Annual property taxes are also recurring expenses. These costs typically will not exceed $2 to $4 per acre year per year.
## 3. Future revenue streams from thinning(s) and final harvest. Species- and location
specific growth and yield models are used to project timber growth. Such growth and yield models primarily depend on site productivity of the land, the number of trees per acre planted, frequency and intensity of thinings, the rotation length, fertilization, or other silvicultural activities.
A forester measures the potential productivity of the land using the concept of "Site Index" (SI). SI is the total height to which dominant trees will reach on a given site by a certain age, usually 25 years, on pine plantations. For example, if the site index for a particular site is 70 at 25 years for lobellly pine, foresters expect lobellly seedlings planted on that site today to be 70 feet tall in 25 years. For additional information on site index, see Woodland Owner Note 7, Forest Soils and Site Index .
Several growth and yield embedded investment calculators (web-based applications) for forestry investment and analysis are available for free as well as for purchase. See Woodland Owner Note-63, Valuing Immature Forest Stands .
Once the future timber yields are obtained from a growth and yield model, total timber values can be obtained by multiplying timber volume by the stumpage price. This publication assumes no timber price increases because it is hard to predict future stumpage prices. Assuming no price increase keeps the reforestation on be made strictly on real returns at the time of the investment -the assumption being that any future stumpage increases will only enhance returns. This publication also assumes that inflation will match any price increases, which vastly simplifies the analysis.
- 4. Interest rate or discount rate. The interest rate is an important determinant in any financial analysis. It represents the cost of capital or the interest payment you need to make for your mortgage. It also captures the opportunity costs of the investment, which implies that a benefit could have been received but was given up to obtain another course of action.
## Analyzing Reforestation Investments
Three various levels of reforestation investments in terms of initial stand establishment costs are assumed to illustrate the range of likely financial returns available to North Carolina landowners.
Several financial criteria are used to evaluate reforestation investments and interpret their profitability.
Net Present Value (NPV) is the net benefit (in today's dollar value) from any investment after accounting for all the costs and potential revenues. NPV represents the value of expected future returns minus the value of expected future costs all in today's dollars. Investments with a positive NPV yield a higher return than the interest rate used to discount the investment to the present day. To select the optimal investment, choose the one with the highest NPV to maximize returns (all other assumptions held constant).
Net Annual Equivalent (NAE) converts NPV to an equal annual amount over the life of the investment. Since forestry investments are long term, it's often preferable to have an "annual" or rent-like figure to compare investments on an annual scale.
Return on Investment (ROI) is the maximum net return you can obtain from the investment after covering all costs. ROI is the "true" compound interest rate that equates the present value of future incomes with the present value of future costs. An investment is acceptable if the ROI equals
or exceeds the minimum acceptable rate of return (i.e., the interest rate used in the analysis). In choosing between two investments, the investment with the higher ROI is preferred. ROI is often termed the "internal rate of return (IRR)."
## Assumptions for investment analyses:
- 1. All incomes are pre-tax. The prevailing 2019 stumpage prices of $25 per ton of pine saw timber, $17 per ton of chip-n-saw, and $12 per ton of pine pulpwood are assumed. All prices are assumed to remain constant for the length of the rotation (crop cycle).
- 2. After-tax management costs are $2 per acre per year.
- 3. The rotation age for lobbyly nine is 30 years, assuming 436 trees per acre (spaced 10 feet by 10 feet) initially with up to two thinnings.
- 4. Both Lobdss Pine and PTAEDA 4.0 were used to generate product-specific growth data from thinning(s) and final harvest. Lobdss Pine requires a membership to the Forest Productivity Cooperative for use. PTEADA 4.0 is available for purchase through the Virginia Tech Forest Modeling Research Cooperative Program.
- 5. To calculate net present value (NPV) and net annual equivalent (NAE), future incomes and periodic costs are discounted to the present at a five percent annual rate (real rate of return).
## Investment Analysis
To assess the value of forestry investments, we compare returns to alternative investment opportunities. Returns will vary with soil quality, length of growing period, investment and management strategies, market competition, tax bracket, and tree species. The examples given
here assume zero inflation and growth of pine stumpage pricing (or a convenient offset of future fluctuations by either measure). Curious investors might add nominal rates of return (including inflation) to approximate the inflation rate to the "real rates of return" presented here.
## Example 1. Low Investment Option: $100 per acre of total site preparation and reforestation costs. This example covers only the costs of seedlings and planting. About 30% of total basal area in hardwoods at crown closure is assumed with no competing vegetation control. Greater competition would result in lower forest productivity.
| Site Quality (Site index at base | Net Present Value (NPV) | Net Annual Equivalent (NAE) | % Return on Investment (ROI) |
|------------------------------------|---------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------------------|
| Low (SI 55) | $249.3 | $16.2 | 9.4 |
| Medium (SI 65) | $336.5 | $21.9 | 10.3 |
| High (SI 75) | $433.3 | $28.2 | 11.2 |
## Example 2. Medium Investment Option: $250 per acre of total site preparation and reforestation costs. Along with the costs of seedlings and planting, this example covers chemical site preparation for hardwood control. About 15% of total basal area in hardwoods at crown
| Site Quality (Site index at base age of 25 years) | Net Present Value (NPV) | Net Annual Equivalent (NAE) | % Return on Investment (ROI) |
|-----------------------------------------------------|---------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------------------|
| Low (SI 55) | $281.5 | $18.3 | 7.9% |
| Medium (SI 65) | $409.3 | $26.6 | 8.8% |
| High (SI 75) | $544.3 | $35.4 | 9.8% |
## Example 3. High Investment Option: $450 per acre of total site preparation and reforestation costs. Along with the costs of seedlings and planting, this example covers chemical site preparation for hardwood control, bedding, and herbaceous weed control at Year 1 (for
a poorly drained site; a well-drained site would not need bedding). Fertilizers of 200 lb/acre of elemental nitrogen and 25 lb/ac elemental phosphorous at Year 8 and after first thinning are applied. No hardwood at crown closure is anticipated.
| Site Quality | Net Present Value (NPV) | Net Annual Equivalent (NAE) | % Return on Investment (ROI) |
|----------------|----------------------------|--------------------------------|---------------------------------|
| Low (SI 55) | $437.4 | $28.5 | 8.1% |
| Medium (SI 65) | $630.4 | $41.0 | 9.2% |
| High (SI 75) | $845.9 | $55.0 | 10.4% |
## Summary
Three examples of various levels of initial investment in reforestation reveal that southern pine reforestation can still be an excellent long-term investment even under the current lower sawtimber price and conservative management assumptions. The analysis suggests that the higher productive land always offers higher returns. While net dollar return is highest with the highest cost options, the best return on investment (ROI) comes with the lower initial level of investment in the higher productive site (Figure 1). The ROI of about 9 to 11% is highly competitive among other investment opportunities. For instance, in the last 30-year period (1993 to 2023), the stock market (S&P 500) offered an annual average of 9.9% real returns, and the 10-year Treasury bond yielded nearly 4.3% annually.
A prudent investor weighs alternatives and chooses the option that matches their return, risk, and available resources. In making investments, be sure to weigh the merits of foregone consumption versus the potential for generating greater future returns. Always remember; the present value of estimated future returns must exceed investment costs.
Risks associated with forestry investments include damage from insects, diseases, wildfires, extreme weather, and cyclical markets. Proper and diverse timber management strategies can reduce some of these risks by fostering vigorous timber stands. Forest landowners should consider soil quality, tree species, local markets, costs, anticipated yields, and professional advice before investing in reforestation or timber stand management.
While there is much uncertainty about future costs, prices, and tree growth, the economic analysis provides an unbiased assessment of investment potential. These financial numbers are based on several assumptions on costs, growth projections, and future revenue streams. New improvements in genetics that improve growth rates may not be captured by the growth and yield model we employed in this analysis. Rising levels of atmospheric CO$\_{2}$ may increase site index, causing faster tree growth (Westfall and Amateis, 2003). Similarly, future market changes, pricing, and technology improvements on the production side, as well as risk factors, may negate or reduce these projections. Current pulpwood prices are much closer to sawtimber prices than at any time in recent history (sawtimber prices are about two times that of pulpwood prices). Twenty years ago, sawtimber was five times the price of pulpwood, and just 10 years ago sawtimber was three times the price of pulpwood. Should sawtimber prices once again rise significantly relative to pulpwood prices, longer rotations with changes in planted trees per acre and larger forestry investments will
become more attractive. With the assumption of the 2019, 2-to-1 price differential continuing in the future, large forestry investments will need to be confined to shorter rotations of 30 years or less. Current, 2024 prices show a 3-1 differential that has only a small change in return on investment from the 2019 assumptions. Local prices can impact decision making. This gives one example of the potential for returns on timberland. Consult professionals before making a specific decision about your timberland investment.
For more information and help in evaluating a particular timber investment opportunity, contact your local Cooperative Extension center, NC Forest Service Office, or a professional forester.
## References
McKeand, S. 2017. Making sense of the genetics market. Forest Landowner Magazine, September/October. Forest Landowners Association. 14-17.
Westfall, J.A., and R.L. Amateis. 2003. A model to account for potential correlations between growth of loblolly pine and changing ambient carbon dioxide concentrations. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 27(4): 279-284.
## Authors
Rajan Parajuli
Assistant Professor and Extension Specialist, Forest Economics Forestry & Environmental Resources
## Mark Megalos
Extension Forestry Specialist Forestry & Environmental Resources
## Rick Hamilton
Emeritus Extension Professor, Forestry Forestry & Environmental Resources
## Ron Myers
Forester NC Forest Service
Robert Lipford
Forester NC Forest Service
Rachel Cook
Assistant Professor of Silviculture
Publication date: May 23, 2019
Reviewed/Revised: July 9, 2024
WON-08
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/home-garden-asparagus-production | Growing Asparagus in a Home Garden | NC State Extension | [
"Douglas Sanders",
"Lucy Bradley"
] | null | [
"Gardening",
"Asparagus",
"Vegetable Production",
"Vegetable",
"Home Garden"
] | NC | ## Growing Asparagus in a Home Garden
## Horticulture Information Leaflets
Asparagus has been considered a spring garden delicacy since Roman times. Any home gardener can grow and enjoy this vegetable. Asparagus is a perennial. If you plant and manage it properly, it will produce for 15 years or more. Because this crop will occupy the land for many years, you should select the location and prepare the bed carefully. Location, soil type, soil fertility, size and age of crowns, and correct planting are important.
Varieties -Mary Washington (a rust-resistant variety) is a standard variety for most home gardeners. However, the all-male hybrids Jersey Gem (cercospora leaf-spot tolerant) and Jersey Knight produce significantly more yield. In addition, they produce no seed; thus, no weedy seedling asparagus. Atlas is another popular variety and has very large-diameter spears.
How Much to Plant - To produce enough asparagus for fresh table use, plant 10 crowns for each family member. If you are especially fond of asparagus or want a surplus to share, can, or freeze, plant at least 25 plants for each family member. If you use the new hybrids reduce the number of plants by half.
Soil and Soil Preparation -Choose a site in full sun and relatively free of perennial broadleaf weeds and nutgrass. Any well-drained soil will produce good asparagus but does best in deep, fertile, sandy loam or loamy soil. If your soil is clay, you should condition it with peat moss, leaf mold, or straw so spears will emerge straight. Using a raised bed is especially helpful with heavy soils. Have a soil test made at least 6 months before planting. Take soil samples 12 inches deep. Follow the directions on the soil test report to amend the soil to achieve a soil pH between 6.0 to 6.7.
Asparagus grows poorly in acid solids.
Start building up the organic matter (humus) content of the soil at least a year in advance of planting. This can be done by turning under green manure crops, composted animal manure, straw, peat moss, or leaf mold. Till the soil deeply several times before planting so that it will be in fine tlith at the time of planting. Use commercial fertilizer in addition to manures. Follow soil test suggestions.
Planting -Crowns (roots) should be planted in rows 5 ft apart with the crowns spaced 12 inches apart in the row. The distance between rows can be reduced, but this may shorten the life of the bed. Closer in-row spacing will increase yield. Use large, well-rooted, one-year-old, disease-free crowns, purchased from a reliable source. To grow your own crowns, drill seed in the spring ½ inch deep and 2 inches apart in rows 2 to 3 ft apart. Germination is hastened by soaking seed in water for 5 to 6 days before planting. Dig and transplant the crowns the following spring. One oz of seed produces about 700 crowns.
In eastern North Carolina, plant the crowns in February. In the Piedmont and Mountains, plant in late winter, after the danger of hard freezes is over, but before plant growth starts. Plant the crowns in a furrow 8 inches deep. Make the furrow wide enough to accommodate the root system of the crowns
when fully spread out. In placing the crowns in the furrow or trench, be sure to have the buds pointing upward. Cover the crowns with 2 inches of soil. As the plants grow, pull soil around the plants gradually until the trench is filled.
Annual Care of the Bed - Cultivate when necessary to control grass and weeds to ensure a good crop of large spears. During the harvest period, asparagus can withstand shallow cultivation. Use mulch to suppress weeds and if necessary follow the weed management directions in the NC Extension Gardener Handbook.
Each spring, just before the spears start to grow, broadcast a complete fertilizer such as 5-10-10 on the bed at the rate of 2 to 5 lb per 100 ft$^{2}$. This should be done about March 1 for the east and 2 weeks later for the rest of the state. Give the bed a second application of fertilizer at the end of the cutting season.
Allow the plants to grow in the fall until they have turned brown. Then cut down the fern and destroy it. If cut down before frost, the next year's crop of spears is reduced.
Harvesting - Do not harvest asparagus the first growing season after planting crowns. It can be harvested (cut) for a short time (not to exceed two weeks) the second year. Weak plants and small spears result from harvesting too much, too early. After the second year after planting crowns, harvest asparagus from 6 to 8 weeks each year. Weak plants should be harvested for less time.
Exercise care in cutting the spears to prevent damage to those spears that have not yet emerged. Cut or snap the spears at ground level. This practice eliminates the possibility of damaging other spears.
Preparation for Use - Fiber develops rapidly after Asparagus harvest making the spears less edible. To maintain asparagus quality, wash and cool asparagus soon after harvest. If the asparagus wilts, it can be made turid by soaking in cool water.
For more information on growing, harvesting, and storing asparagus as well as recipes see Asparagus Grow It., Eat It.
| Time of Year | Year | Activity |
|----------------|---------|-----------------------------------------|
| Spring | 1 | Plant seed for crowns. |
| Spring | 2 | Dig crowns and plant in permanent site. |
| Spring | 3 | Harvest lightly (2 to 3 weeks). |
| Spring | 4 to 15 | Harvest 6 to 8 weeks each spring. |
## Authors
Douglas Sanders Horticultural Science
Lucy Bradley
Urban Horticulture Professor and Extension Specialist Horticultural Science
Publication date: Jan. 31, 2001
Reviewed/Revised: Oct. 6, 2019
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025 URL of this page |
https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/tchula-covid-19-sales-subject-sales-tax-analysis | Tchula COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis | Mississippi State University Extension Service | [
"Dr. James Newton Barnes",
"Dr. Rachael Carter",
"Dr. Devon Patricia Mills",
"Dr. Rebecca Campbell Smith"
] | null | [
"Economic Development",
"Publications"
] | MS | " Publications " Publication s Tchula COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis
## Tchula COVID 19 Sales Subject to Sales Tax Analysis
PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number: P3480-349
View as PDF: P3480-349.pdf
Department: MSU Extension-Holmes County
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662325-2262.
## Select Your County Office
SELECT A COUNTY
Your Extension Experts
Dr. James Newton Barnes Extension Professor
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Dr. Devon Patricia Mills Assistant Professor
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OCTOBER 3, 2024
Crosby Arboretum earns Outpost Business recognition
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Extension provides training for tourism professionals
Filed Under: Economic Development
## Related Publications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3842 Understanding Farm Asset Depreciation and Tax Implications
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3998 Economic and Community Development Programming in Mississippi
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3374 Recommended Oil and Gas Pre-Drill Parameters
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3375 Chain-of-Custody Water Testing and Well Yield Testing
PUBLICATION NUMBER: P3796 Talking Retail Trade |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/peanut-information/variety-development | Variety Development | NC State Extension | [
"Jeffrey C. Dunne"
] | null | [
"Peanut Information",
"Agriculture",
"Extension Publications"
] | NC | ## Variety Development
Jan. 8, 2025
Authors
Jeffrey C. Dunne
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=varietydevelopment#zoom=page-fit
## Other Publications in 2025 Peanut Information
Extension Personnel Working With Peanuts
Situation and Outlook
Peanut Seed
Peanut Production Practices
Peanut Weed Management
Peanut Insect and Mite Management
Peanut Disease Management
Peanut Nematode Management
Planting, Harvesting, and Curing Peanuts
Guidelines for the North Carolina Peanut Production Contest and Group of Sixty
Compatibility of Agrochemicals Applied to Peanut
Peanut Growth and Development and Peanut Industry Terminology
Risk of Pests in Peanut, Integrated Pest Management, and Pesticide Stewardship
Variety Development
Results From Large-Plot On-Farm and Research Station Trials
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/farming/spider-mite-scouting-and-management-in-vegetable-crops/ | Spider Mite Scouting and Management in Vegetable Crops | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Ayanava Majumdar"
] | 2018-08-23 | [
"Farming",
"Pest Management",
"Agriculture"
] | AL | Spider mites are technically not insects, but they are pests when they are in high numbers under many farming conditions. For example, high tunnel and greenhouse environment are perfect conditions since spider mites like it hot and dry. Pockets of heat in certain areas of a greenhouse and the dry leaves of crops are highly suitable for spider mites. In the high tunnels, dust settling on the crops near the sidewalls could contain enough mites to start an invasion which later moves toward the center of the structure. Many species of spider mites are common pests in the southeast, including the twospotted spider mite (TSM, Tetranychus urticae ), russet mites (Eriophyidae), and rust mites. Broad mites are very common in fruits and berries. The genus Tetranychus has 1,200 species with the ability to feed on 180-200 wild and cultivated host plants. Twospotted spider mites have a variety of colors ranging from green to yellow -they all have a pair of black spots on top and four pairs of legs in the adult stage. Russet mites are smaller and teardown shaped; these do not make web. TSM is well known for rapid life cycle (5 to 20 days at 80°F) and multiple generations resulting within weeks of detection. Webbing over flowers, leaves, and fruits are late symptoms of TSM (see attack (picture above)). Twospotted mites really prefer maternal plants along with vegetable crops - populations may migrate between host plants making situation worse in dry weather. TSM may
coverr as adults hidden under tropside or weedy hosts.
## Scouting Method
Spide(http://www.auburned@adcminstitution/oacp/privacyphp) immediately to prevent outbreaks. Spider mites are about 0.4 mm or smaller -they may look like dust particles with a naked
eye. Due to their small size, good scouting practices include a magnifying lens, camera (even smartphone cameras can be used for magnification and recording), and glass vials with denatured alcohol for sampling. Under a magnifying lens, TSM may be seen moving on the underside of leaves with hundreds of eggs attached to silken webbing. Tapping leaves on a piece of white paper and then counting the moving mites is another rapid scouting practice.
## Management Tactics
Cultural and mechanical practices. Proper plant care that maximize plant growth is important. Timely irrigation and nutrient management are effective preventing tactics. Weed control around cropping areas will reduce intermigration of spider mites and prevent early infestations. Since spider mites are good hitchhikers, reducing foot traffic or machine passes through infested areas of the field can help contain limit outbreaks. Reduce mechanical operations such as mowing in hot dry weather can also reduce the spread of spider mites. In case of an imminent outbreak situation, harvest the crop timely and clean up all plant residue. In large high tunnels, shut down crop production in phases when spider mite threat is high. Natural rainfall helps reduce spider mites in open field crops.
Biological control agents. Spider mites have several natural enemies (predatory mites). Many vendors sell predatory mites in a variety of packaging. The trick to success is to release them soon after pest detection in order to suppress the harmful populations. Predatory mites are excellent choices for high tunnel and greenhouse environments where spot-treatment may be adequate instead of area-wide release. Common predatory mites include Phytoseilus persimilis (good against TSM in humid environments), Mesoseilus longipes (good in hot dry greenhouse environment), Galendromus occidentalis (good against nymphs and adults in hot dry open environments), and Amblyseus andersoni (a native predatory species). Some predatory mites may also feed on thrips and other small sized insects. Refer to the vendors listed at the end of this article for more information about commercially sold beneficial mites.
Chemical and organic insecticide choices. Several chemical insecticides have effectiveness against spider mites, broad mites, and rust mites. Growers should download and use the 2021 Southeastern U.S. Vegetable Crop Production Handbook (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2021\_SEVEG-Handbook\_Final.pdf). See no systematic study. They may kill off predation rites resulting in bad spider protecy outbreak. Products belong to IRAC Chemical GLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGLYPHGL�
scouting method.
product label include Chenopodium extract (Requiem), Isaria fumosoroseus (PFR97), Chromobacterium subtsugae (Grandevo), soluble silica or potassium silicate (Sil-Matrix), and natural oil blends (Aramite with 40% cinnamon oil and 10% clove oil).
## More Information
- · Twospotted spider mite, S. D. Frank and S. B. Bambara (2009). North Carolina Extension Service Bulletin ENT/ort: 25.
(https://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/O&T/flowers/note25/note25.html) · Twospotted spider mite. T. R. Fasuolo and H. A. Denmark (2009). Twospotted spider mite. University of Florida/IFAS Bulletin EENY-150.
(http://entnemdetp.ulf.edu/creatures/orn/twospotted\_mite.htm)
## Predatory Mite Sources
- · Arbico Organics: Mite Predators (https://www.arbico -organics.com/category/mite-predators)
- · Rincon-Vitova Insectaries: Control of Pest Mites
(http://www.rinconvitovia.com/predator%20mite.htm#Phytoseilus%20persianis@Garden Urban Farm IPM Toolkit
## Home and Urban Garden IPM Slide Chart
A brand new Urban Farm IPM Toolkit is now available for urban farmers and community gardeners. This wheel slide chart has both conventional and organic insecticide listings for nearly 20 different crops. This publication also has listing of common insect pests with images that may help when scouting garden
vegetables. Email azm0024@aces.edu (mailto:azm0024@acs.edu) to get your own copy or attend a vegetable IPM training event near you.
Trade or brand names mentioned are used only for the purpose of information with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by Alabama Extension is implied.
Cookie Notice
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php) |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/oklahoma-beef-quality-assurance/site-files/documents/treatment-protocol-template.pdf | Oklahoma State University | [
"Marty"
] | Error: time data "D:20200226123759-06'00'" does not match format '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S'. Please provide a date in 'm/d/yyyy hh:mm:ss' format. | [] | OK | ## Disorder:
Indications for Treatment (symptoms of affected animals):
## Primary Treatment
Product/Active Ingredient:
Dose:
Route of Administration:
Route
Duration/Frequency of Treatment:
Withdrawal Period:
Other Comments:
## Secondary Treatment
Product/Active Ingredient:
Dose:
Route of Administration: Route
Date: | |
https://site.extension.uga.edu/greenway/2019/12/17/furry-festivities-keeping-your-pets-safe-during-the-holidays/ | Furry Festivities: Keeping Your Pets Safe During the Holidays | University of Georgia | [
"Pamela Turner"
] | 2019-12-17 | [
"Extension",
"Family",
"Healthy Housing",
"Safety",
"Uncategorized"
] | GA | ## Furry Festivities: Keeping Your Pets Safe During the Holidays
Written by
December 17, 2019
Pamela Turner
Image source: Pexels
friends (or family) in mind during the holidays, you can avoid hazards that could cause harm to your pet.
Whether you are traveling across the country, or enjoying the holidays at home, here are four tips to keep your pets safe during the holidays.
- 1. Keep toxic foods and plants away from your pets. These include mistletoe, poinsettias, holly, chocolate, onions, grapes, macadamia nuts, yeast dough, alcohol, and xylitol - an ingredient found in gum, candy and baked goods. They can cause vomiting, diarrhea and in high doses, death.
- 2. Trees need to be securely anchored to a base to prevent them from falling onto your pet or spilling water. The water may contain fertilizer and/or bacteria that can cause stomach upset if ingested.
- 3. Holiday decorations easily catch the eye of your pets. Some pets may see your holiday decor as toys they can chew on, eat, or play with. Keep lights, candles, tinsel, wires, batteries, and glass or plastic ornaments out of your pet's reach. If ingested, these can cause burns and/or damage to your pet's digestive tract.
- 4. Hosting guests this year? Plan with your pet in mind. Set house rules for your guests if they choose to interact with your pet. Give your pet a room or "safe" space to relax while you have company. The same goes for fireworks or any noise-causing devices, which can scare or damage the ears of your pets.
These proactive tips are not foolproof, because things happen. Always contact your local veterinarian if you suspect your pet has put themselves in a harmful situation.
Guest Blog written by: Candace Tucker, University of Georgia Extension Agent, Coweta County, Georgia. Article reprinted from the December 2019 Healthy Indoor Environments Newsletter
Posted in: Extension, Family, Healthy Housing, Safety, Uncategorized
Tags: Cooperative Extension, Georgia, Healthy Homes, holiday safety, pet safety, UGA
## One response to "Furry Festivities: Keeping Your Pets Safe During the Holidays"
December 2022 FACs of Life Calendar | Monroe: FACSofLife
November 28, 2022
[…] fully aware of some items that enter our homes during this season that can be dangerous for them. This blog post by Candace Tucker gives a nice brief synopsis of some things to be aware of if you have […]
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https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/beef-extension/cow-calf-corner-the-newsletter-archives/2021/the-newsletter-april-5-2021.html | The Newsletter, April 5, 2021 - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2021-09-01 | [] | OK | ## COW-CAF L CORNER | APRIL 5, 2021
## 'ising Feed Prices Impact Cattle markets
rrell S. Peel, Oklahoma State University Extension Livestock Marketing Specialist
- iDA-NASS released two reports last week that added more fuel to red-hot grain and oilseed irkets. The information about current and future corn markets has significant implications for ttle markets. The quarterly stocks estimate for corn was lower than expected, indicating that ong domestic and export demand for corn is pushing corn inventories for the rest of the irketting year even tighter. The Prospective Plantings report indicated a total corn acreage for coming crop year up less than one percent and well below pre-report expectations. Soybean reage was likewise well below expectations. Total planted acreage is estimated at 316 164 lillion acres, up about 6 million acres from 2020. However, the trade was expecting more of last ar's 9 million acres of prevent plant to return to production in 2021. Of course, upcoming
.ather conditions will impact exactly what crops get planted and the total acreage
ekly average cash corn prices in southwest Kansas and the Texas Panhandle are currently jorted at $5.85/bu. in Dodge City, $5.99/bu. in Garden City and $6.01/bu. in the Texas Triangle. ese prices are up 79-82 percent over the low in early August, 2020 across these locations. arby corn futures for May are currently $5.59/bu. last week, with new crop December corn
ures at $4.91/bu.
rent corn prices suggest that feedlot cost of gain in the southern plains will continue to push jher as feedgrain prices are fully reflected in feedlot rations. The latest Kansas Focus on edlots reports February steer closeouts with a cost of gain (COG) of $88.61/cwt., up 16.9 rcent from the recent low in October 2020. Projected steer COG for current placements is 33/cwt. in the current Focus on Feedlots report.
edlots will respond to sharply higher COG in several ways, reflecting the flexibility of cattle to ange production systems and take advantage of ruminant biology. Feedlots are expected to nerally favor higher placement weights in the coming months thereby encouraging the cattle
lustry to use less concentrate feed by growing cattle bigger with forage-based stocker and ckgrounding programs.
edolts will also look for opportunities to adjust feedlot rations using cheaper substitute r edients if possible. Wheat may offer some potential in feedlot rations in the coming weeks and nths. Winter wheat prices in the southern plains have increased in the last eight months but atively less than corn. Hard red winter wheat prices in Dodge City, for example, have increased out 41 percent since last August. Current cash wheat price is $5.37/bu. (compared to a corn ce of $5.85.bu.). At these prices wheat becomes more attractive in feedlot rations. In general, wheat price of 107 percent of corn price is equivalent on a price per pound basis (60 pounds of eat per bushel versus 56 pounds in a bushel of corn). In some circumstances, wheat may have ditional feed value compared to corn due to a higher protein content. However, cattle rations i cially do not need the additional protein so wheat value is based primarily on energy content. ·edolts do not change rations quickly or for short periods of time but will adjust if market nditions suggest that an extended period of alternative feeds is likely. With winter wheat r evest bringing new crop wheat supplies to the market in June, prior to new crop corn in the fall, eat may be adopted in feedlot rations.
## election for Maternal Performance
irk Z. Johnson, Oklahoma State University Extension Beef Cattle Breeding Specialist
is week we discuss the EPDs to consider when selecting bulls that will be used as rotational es. A rotational sire is a bull from which daughters will be retained to develop as replacements our cowherd. A reproductiv ely efficient cow is one that weans off a calf each year. In order to com plish this, she has to get bred, have a live calf, be nursing the live calf while simultaneously tting bred again. Since beef gestation length is 283 days, that leaves 82 days after calving for a w to breed back soon enough to repeat the process in a 365-day time span. Beyond being j productively efficient, cows need to wean off a high percentage of their mature weight each 12 nths. Cows with more genetic potential to give milk and reach larger mature size are capable of ing more nutrition and growth potential to calves, but each of these attributes also comes with associated expense. Larger cows that milk heavier require more to eat and accordingly drive maintenance costs. Cows that require more to eat are more challenged to rebreed quickly en forage resources are limited and thereby more challenged wean off a calf each 365 days.
ttomline: Selection for maternal performance based on the EPDs discussed below is a lancing act. It isn't always the biggest or smallest, the heaviest or lowest milking cow that is st cost effective. Cattlemen should consider their production environment and select for the wherd that best fits their unique production system.
## PDS to Consider When Selecting for Maternal erformance
iifer Pregnancy (HP) - an EPD reported in percentage units, selection for higher numerical lues increases the likelihood a bull's daughters will get pregnant during their first breeding ason. A selection tool which can be used to improve fertility/reproductive efficiency in the cow rd.
living Ease Maternal (CEM) -an EPD reported in percentage units, selection for higher merical values increases the likelihood a bull's daughters will calve unassisted as first calf ifers. Heifers that calve unassisted are more likely to breed back quicker and do a better job sing their first calf.
internal Milk (Milk) -expressed in pounds, a predictor of a sire's genetic potential to transmit Ik and mothering ability to his daughters as compared to daughters of other sires. It is the rtion a sire's grand-progeny's weaning weight that is attributable to the milk and mothering ility of that sire's daughters.
iture Weight (MW) -this EPD is expressed in pounds, a predictor of the difference in mature iight of daughters of a sire compared to the daughters of other sires.
pending on your breed of interest there are some other EPDs which are reported which would I under the category of maternal. Cattle breeders are encouraged to refer to each breed's spective Sire Summary for definitions of other maternal EPDs.
view Dr. Johnson's discussion on Carcass EPDs are on
nup (https://Cow-Calf%20Corner%20-
%.20Carcass%20EPDs%204/3/21%20%E2%80%94%20SUNUF%20TV%20(okstate.edu))
w-
If
rner
m
ril
## liner Balance for the Breeding Herd
vid Lalman, Oklahoma State University Beef Extension Specialist
grazing cattle will benefit from a mineral supplementation program. The challenge is figuring t what they are getting from the forage base, what they need, and how best to deliver a ptlement product that fills the gaps to meet their needs, but doesn't create problems (often seen and unknown) by delivering too much of something. The challenge is that "what they are tting" and "what they need" are constantly changing throughout the year. Forage mineral mposition varys by soil type, forage species and maturity, current growing conditions, tilization history. grazing management and so on. Then a beef cow's requirements for minerals ctuate with the stages of production. Everything is a moving target. It's a little like trying to ure out if the fish scale reads 93 vs 94 lb while new baby's momma is doing a great job nvining you that she is not bluffing. Mineral nutrition is not that exciting although perhaps ilar in the sense that calf birth weight records, even if not perfect every time, have proven to a powerful source of information over the years.
great tool to evaluate the mineral program is to conduct one or multiple mineral balance exercises. Especially early on in this process, producers should consider engaging their Extension ucator, veterinarian or a feed industry expert to assist or advise. A mineral balance exercise 'olves developing a simple, consistent record keeping system to track critical pieces of rormation; forage mineral composition during that time of year and your cow herds' average or rmal" mineral consumption pattern during that same time of year. Mineral balance exercises uld be conducted as few times as once during the grazing season and once for the winter ding period, or they can be completed on a quarterly or even a monthly basis. Several rmmercial nutrition companies provide services to conduct these balance exercises and follow by recommending or manufacturing mineral formulations customized to your operation's eds. You can find a handy phone app to tick miner consumption.(http://beef okstate.edu/pages/calculators.)
Diet Concentration
Daily Amount
As
DM
Required
DM
Required
:rude
'rotein
| iiet DM | 100% - | - | - | - | |
|---------------|----------|--------|------------|-----------|---------|
| DN | 70% | 70% | - | 23.8 lb | |
| IE, Mcal/lb | 1.12 | 1.12 | - | 38.2 Mcal | |
| IEm, lcal/lb | 0.71 | 0.71 | - | 24.4 Mcal | |
| IGEg, lcal/lb | 0.44 | 0.44 | - | 15.2 Mcal | |
| IDF | 68% | 68% | - | 4.8 lb | |
| eNDF | 61% | 61% | 7 - 20 min | 20.8 lb | |
| :rude | 13.9% | 13.9% | - | 4.76 lb | |
| at | 3.2% | 3.2% | - | 1.09 lb | |
| :alcium | 0.39% | 0.39% | 0.28% | 60.2 g | |
| 'hosphorus | 0.23 % | 0.23 % | 0.18% | 35.0 g | |
| :odium | 0.06% | 0.06% | 0.10% | 9.36% | 15.53 g |
| 'otassium | 1.60% | 1.60% | 0.60% | 248.0 g | |
| lagnesium | 0.27% | 0.27% | 0.15% | 42.6 g | |
| ·ulfur | 0.15% | 0.15% | 0.15% | 23.3 g | |
| :obalt ppm | 0.18 | 0.18 | .15 ppm | 2.8 mg | |
utrient
langanese
ig
.elenium pm
ing ppm
st commercial livestock nutrition laboratories provide forage mineral composition analytical 'vices for a reasonable fee. For example, our lab here at OSU charges $12 per sample to get icro and micro minerals. One might get started by simply sampling and testing harvested hay or age each year and developing a spreadsheet where you can easily access and summarize those :ords over time. A more ambitious approach might be to collect "hand-plucked" samples from e or more pastures each month. The idea of the hand-plucking method is to select only plants d parts of plants that you believe to represent what your cattle are currently grazing.
e OSU Cowculator(programs/cowcator.html) nutrition evaluation program is a great tool to 'pflify a mineral balance exercise. The feed library allows one to enter their own forage nutritive lues and mineral supplement products/formulations. The "Balance" page provides guidance to imate daily forage consumption and then a place to input the amount of mineral the cows are pected to consume. From there, a table is provided showing you the difference between "what y are getting" and "what they need".
an example, the figure shows the nutritive balance table for 1,200 pound lactating beef cows az ing lush spring tallgrass prairie forage and consuming 3.3 ounces per day of a commercial neral supplement. You can quickly view the status indicators in the right column to determine ere major gaps or excesses exist. In this example, these cows are projected to be about 7 ams per day short of sodium. Since salt contains 40% sodium, this suggests that these cows uld use an additional 15 grams of salt or about 0.5 ounce per day. There are several excesses 'ntified in this example. Most mineral balance exercises in Oklahoma are going to reveal cessive potassium and excessive iron due to high forage concentration of both minerals. The er revelation in this balance exercise the considerable excess of selenium. Thus, the
nclusion of this exercise is that a) this mineral supplement is a good complement to this forage jrce for this time of year and b) one could blend about 10 to 15% salt with the mineral to better tch the sodium requirement with intake and c) the selenium concentration in the commercial duct could be reduced by about 50% if that were an option. It most definitely points out that are no need to purchase mineral product containing a greater concentration of selenium.
nsider collecting forage mineral composition data and mineral supplement consumption data veral years in a row to see the variation (or maybe the consistency) of those patterns over time. lally, use that valuable information to conduct mineral balance exercises for the different asons. This should lead to you having confidence that your cattle are getting what they need ien they need it and potentially to cost savings. |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/periodical-cicadas | Periodical Cicadas in the Landscape | NC State Extension | [
"James Baker"
] | null | [
"Entomology",
"Pest",
"Cicada"
] | NC | ## Periodical Cicadas in the Landscape
PDIC Factsheets
## Description and Biology
Periodical cicadas (Magicicada septendecim and five other species) are amazing insects. They spend most of their lives as tiny to fairly large nymphs feeding on roots of trees (usually 13 or 17 years!). In late April and May, nymphs then emerge from the soil to molt into adults that live only a few weeks. Male cicadas sing a shrill mating call to attract females mating, females jab their eggs into the bark or twigs in a double row up to four or five inches long. Tiny pale nymphs hatch six to ten weeks later and drop to the soil. Brooded numbered to XVII are seventeen year cicadas and broods XVIII to XXX are thirteen year cicadas. However, some periodical cicada broods have gone extinct so now there are only twelve distinct seventeen-year broods, and three distinct thirteen-year broods that emerge in various parts of the eastern United States. We have six broods that emerge in North Carolina: Brood XIX will emerge in 2024 and 2037. Brood XIV will emerge in 2025 and 2042. Brood XXII will emerge in 2027 and 2044. Brood XVIII will emerge in 2028 and 2041. Brood II will emerge again in 2030 and 2047. Brood II is the most abundant of the periodical cicadas. It emerges in the foothills of North Carolina all the way up into New England. Brood I includes Linnaeus' seventeen year cicada, Magicicada septendecim . Brood X will emerge in 2038 and 2055. Other broods emerge in areas to our west and north.
## Host Plants
Cicada nymphs feeding on tree roots can reduce wood accumulation and flowering of shrubs and trees. Adults also feed on plant juices, but usually not enough to be noticeable. The only apparent damage cicadas cause happens during oviposition as females jab their eggs into small stems of numerous kinds of handwood trees. These stems eventually die and "flag" over before finally dropping to the ground weeks, months, or even years later. Sometimes trees are able to callous over the oviposition scars and the stem survives.
A twig scarred by a periodical cicada laying her eggs in a double row.
An oak tree with flags caused by periodical cicada oviposition.
## Residential Recommendation
Although it seems a shame to kill these amazing animals, Sevin is actually labeled for cicada management primarily in apple orchards where flagging stems lower yields. This is a " Catch 22" because in apple trees, Sevin can cause premature fruit drop.
## References
- · Cicada Mania. Anonymous. 2020. Dedicated to cicadas, the most amazing insects in the world.
- · Cicadas. Frank, S., J. R. Baker, and S. Bambara. 2002. Entomology Insect Notes, NC State Extension Publications
- · Comparison of Exclusion and Imidacloprid for Reduction of Oviposition Damage to Young Trees by Periodical Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae). Ahern, R. G., S. D. Frank, and M. J. Raupp. 2006. J. Econ Entomol. 98 (6): 2133-2136.
- · Magicicada septendecim . Limnaes'17-year cicada. Gulker, M. 1999. Animal Diversity Web. Accessed October 10, 2013.
- · The ecology. behavior\_and evolutionperiodical cicadas. Williams, K. S. and C. Simon. 1995. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 40: 269-95.
- · The 2018 Periodical Cicada Emergence. Cooley, J. R. 2018. 2018 Magicicada Brood II Records.
- · Extension Plant Pathology Publications and Factsheets
## Horticultural Science Publications
- North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension Center.
This Factsheet has not been peer reviewed.
## Author
James Baker
Professor Emeritus Entomology and Plant Pathology
Publication date: May 8, 2013
Reviewed/Revised: May 7, 2023
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C.A.&TATE University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/clayco/2020/04/23/journey-monarch-garden/ | My Journey to Creating a Monarch Butterfly Garden Part 3: Plant Choices | University of Florida | [
"Wayne Hobbs"
] | 2020-04-23 | [
"Home Landscapes",
"butterfly",
"Clay County",
"Florida Friendly",
"garden",
"landscape",
"Landscaping",
"Master Gardener",
"Master Gardener Volunteer",
"Monarch",
"pesticide"
] | FL | ## My Journey to Creating a Monarch Butterfly Garden Part 3: Plant Choices
Written by Lou-Ann Johanboke
Master Gardener Volunteer
This is part 3 of a series, you can find Part 1 here and Part 2 here
## Milkweeds
In the design of my garden, I worked to develop it as a Monarch Waystation. This is a garden that provides food and habitat for the monarch butterfly. The
program suggests at least two different types of milkweed. Milkweed is the host plant for the monarch larvae. I currently have at least 60 milkweed plants in my
yard. About half of them are in the actual "butterfly garden" and the others are in a bed across the yard. In addition, I keep quite a few plants in individual containers. These are used in the cage to feed the captured caterpillars.
## Nectar Plants
In addition to providing the larval host plant, you need a variety of plants for nectar. Most of your garden centers will identify butterfly friendly plants on the tags. You will want flowers that bloom at
various times of the year so that you have food throughout the season. Some of the plants that I currently have in my garden are:
Passion Flower (Passiflora)Salvia
(Salvia divinorum)
Dipladnia or Mandevilla
(Mandevilla)
Zinnia (Zinnia elegans)
Purslane (Portulac grandifolora)
Sweet Alyssum (Lobularia
maritima)
Marigolds (Tagettes spp.)
Cigarette Plant (Cuphea ignea)
Also known as, Cigar Flower,
Firecracker Plant
Bleeding heart (Clendrodendrum thomsoniae)
For more recommendations on butterfly plants, check out https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/uwO57 .
## Pest Control
Other considerations in a butterfly garden includes the limitation of pesticides. This can be difficult when you see your beautiful flowers and plants being eaten up by something, but you must remember if you are killing bad insects you may also killing the good ones. You certainly don't want to kill the butterflies and pollinators.
Once I brought home 5 or 6 milkweed plants that were covered with aphids. The best thing you can do is hose them off with a strong stream of water or just squish them!
Another thing to keep in mind when buying milkweed is to ask the seller what pesticides have been used on the plants.
Lastly, you will need to be sure that you are caring for your plants by thinning, dividing, and watering so that you have good quality blooms for the monarchs. When winter comes, leave your dead stalks alone, don't cut them back. These will provide habitat for other bugs. Plus, if you trim off the old stuff and new shoots begin to grow, they will die if a hard freeze hits. So as unsightly as they may be, leave them be.
However, remember to start cutting back all tropical milkweed plants around Thanksgiving and keep them cut back until spring. This non-native species can be a good host plant but their yearround blooming can disrupt migration and lead to a build-up of a disease that affects monarchs.
## o
## by Wayne Hobbs
Posted: April 23, 2020
Category: Home Landscapes
Tags: Butterfly, Clay County, Florida-Friendly, Garden, Landscape, Landscaping, Master Gardener, Master Gardener Volunteer, Monarch, Pesticide
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Everglades Tomato: A Great Variety For Florida
- · Herb Stories: Basil In Winter
- · What To Do With An Armadillo?
- · On The Prowl For Poisonous Pasture Weeds |
https://site.extension.uga.edu/greenway/2012/07/17/where-is-uga-greenway-today/ | Where is UGA GreenWay Today? | University of Georgia | [
"Pamela Turner"
] | 2012-07-17 | [
"Uncategorized"
] | GA | ## Where is UGA GreenWay Today?
Written by
July 17, 2012
Pamela Turner
Follow us around Australia by taking a peek at this map:
First we flew into Brisbane, Queensland for the Healthy Buildings 2012 conference, which was fantastic. Also in Brisbane we visited a wonderful Permaculture Farm where growth is encouraged in all things.
Then we traveled to Currumbin, Queensland to experience the wonder of a sustainable Ecovillage. Part one of our visit is tonight posts- Don't miss it!
Now we're in Melbourne, Victoria for the International Federation of Home Economics Congress 2012. We're presenting today, July 17th, on the topic of "Living Greener: Creating Online Learning Environments to Reach Millennials."
Keep an eye on us here on our blog to see what happens next!
Posted in: Uncategorized
Tags: Australia, Brisbane, City of Gosnells, conservation, energy, green, green living, Healthy Buildings, ifhe, International Federation of Home Economics, map, Queensland, travel, UGA, UGA GreenWay, University of Georgia
## Pamela Turner
becky
July17,2012
Thanks for the blogs and updates from Australia. Hope the presentation goes well today. Becky
Reply
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/henderson-ag-census-infographic-2017 | Henderson County Ag Census Infographic 2017 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Noah Ranells",
"Laura Lauffer"
] | null | [
"Ag Census",
"Local Food",
"Local Food Economies"
] | NC | ## Henderson County Ag Census Infographic 2017
2017 Ag Census Infographics
Department
ANR/CRD
Series
2017 Ag Census Infographics
Publication Date
July 23, 2020
Authors
Noah Ranells
Laura Lauffer
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page
EXTENSION |
https://site.extension.uga.edu/greenway/2017/03/19/turning-trees-into-art/ | Turning trees into art | University of Georgia | [
"Pamela Turner"
] | 2017-03-19 | [
"Disaster Recovery",
"hurricane",
"Recycling",
"Sustainability"
] | GA | ## Turning trees into art
Written by
March 19, 2017
Pamela Turner
Around with world people are finding ways to turn the destruction caused by major storms into something beautiful. Hurricane like struck Galveston, Texas, in 2008, bringing with it a 6 to 15 foot surge of salt water the led to the death of around 35,000 trees, including some 50-100 year old live oaks. Most of the trees were cut down, but some remained and became works of art.
Learn more about other tree art projects from Amusing Planet.
Posted in: Disaster Recovery, hurricane, Recycling, Sustainability.
Tags: Alabama, Australia, Biloxi, conservation, Galveston, Hurricane Ike, Illinois, reclaiming trees, repurposing, Texas, tree art, tree artists, tree carvings, tree sculpture
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Why switching to energy-saving bulbs is a "no-brainer"
Add a Doormat to Reduce Allergens
How many poisons are in your bag?
Resolve to improve the air in your home
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https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/stlucieco/2024/05/28/landscape-design-workshop/ | Landscape Design Workshop (lead by certified landscape architect) | University of Florida | [
"eliseschuchman"
] | 2024-05-28 | [
"Events",
"Florida-Friendly Landscaping",
"Home Landscapes",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"design landscape",
"design workshop",
"Florida Friendly Landscape",
"gardening",
"home and garden",
"landscape design",
"Landscaping",
"plant selection"
] | FL | Home » UF/IFAS Extension St. Lucie County » Landscape Design Workshop (Lead By Certified Landscape Architect)
## Landscape Design Workshop (lead by certified landscape architect)
## Landscape Design
## Workshop
## Date
Thursday, June 20th from 9:00 am to 3:00 pm
## Where
UF/IFAS Indian River Research and Education Center (IRREC)
2199 S Rock Rd, Fort Pierce, FL 34945
## Lecture
Dr. Gail Hansen is our guest speaker for this exciting event. Visiting us from Gainesville, Florida, Dr. Hansen has a PhD in Landscape Architecture and serves as the State Extension Specialist for Sustainable Landscape Design and Urban Ecology.
Dr. Hansen will be leading a lecture on the basic elements and principles of urban landscape design. She will first cover how to conduct an inventory and analysis of a site and how to interview a client. Then, she will cover style themes and plant characteristics such as form, texture, color, and size and how to best utilize these in the landscape. Finally, she will cover design principles such as repetition, unity, dominance, scale, and composition, and how an aesthetically pleasing design incorporates each of these.
Elise Schuchman, the St. Lucie County Urban Horticulture Extension Agent, will discuss how the science of proper plant selection informs the design.
## Workshop
At the end of the lectures, we will participate in a hands-on activity to implement what we have learned. Florida Friendly Landscape Design books will be handed out to all audience members for you to take home and reference for your own landscapes.
## What to bring
Please bring a reusable water bottle, a pencil and a notepad. Lunch will not be provided, although there will be refrigerators for you to store your packed lunch. There are also many excellent restaurants within a short drive.
## Agenda
9:00 am - 10:00 am - How to Conduct an Inventory and Analysis of a Site
10:00 am - 10:10 am - Break
10:10 am - 10:40 am - Style Themes and Plant Characteristics
10:40 am - 11:00 am - Plant Selection and Placement
11:00 am - 12:00 pm - Lunch (bring your own or go out)
12:00 pm - 1:00 pm - Design Principles
1:00 pm - 1:10 pm - Break
1:00 pm - 3:00 pm - Workshop
## Sign-up
LandscapeDesignWorkshopleadbyCertifiedLandscapeArchitect Tickets , Thu , Jun 20 , 2024 at 9:00 AM | Eventbrite
## Cost
Registration is $25 for the general public.
## Accessibility
Extension programs are open to all people without regard to race, color, sexual orientation, sex, age, disability, religion, or national origin. People seeking accommodation can make requests two weeks prior to start of events.
by eliseschuchman
Posted: May 28, 2024
Category: Events, Florida-Friendly Landscaping, Home Landscapes, UE/IFAS Extension
Tags: Design Landscape, Design Workshop, Florida Friendly
Landscape, Gardening, Home And Garden, Landscape Design,
Landscaping, Plant Selection
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- Human And Environmental Risks For The Use Of Glyphosate Herbicide In Weed Control
- Wanted: Pure Avocado Oil
- UF/IFAS Extension Martin County Commits To Conserve Rare Atala Butterflies
- UF Social Media Committee Soup Blitz - #NationalSoupDay February 4, 2022 |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/farming/forage-systems-for-cow-calf-operations-in-north-alabama/ | Forage Systems for Cow-Calf Operations in North Alabama | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Kim Mullenix",
"Leanne Dillard"
] | 2018-08-29 | [
"Farming",
"Forage Systems",
"Cow-Calf Operations"
] | AL | ## Forage Systems for Cow-Calf Operations in North Alabama
Cookie Notice
Make the right forage choices for your cow-calf operation with the help of the diagrams provided.
A sound grazing program includes combinations of adapted forage crops which will provide good grazing over the longest possible period of time. Many forage crops are adapted to Alabama conditions. Because each crop has its own distinctive pattern of forage growth, choosing the right combination of crops for a given situation isn't always easy.
The diagrams for various crops are grouped into northern, central, and southern regions of Alabama, and also grouped as either perennials or annuals and grass or legume crops. Each diagram shows when a particular crop normally makes growth available for grazing. By looking up and down the page, you can see at a glance which crops make the best early, middle, or late season growth, and you can pick out the ones which would best complement each other in your forage program.
The height of the growth symbols is not to exact scale, but will give you an idea of the relative amounts of forage produced by the different crops. Several of the crops listed grow well in combination. Often, growing mixtures of forage crops is the best and most economical way to meet the nutritive requirements of cattle for the maximum length of time.
The diagrams give only the normal or average situation. Ina given year, actual forage availability will depend on moisture availability, planting time, grazing pressure, and other factors. In some cases, accumulated forage can be grazed during times when temperature or other factors slow down plant growth.
Each crop listed is adapted to be grown within the area specified, but a crop may be adapted only under certain conditions or on certain soils. Matching a forage species to the conditions to which it is adapted is important.
## Kim Mullenix, Extension Specialist , Assistant Professor, Animal Sciences, Auburn University, and Leanne Dillard, Extension Forage Specialist , Auburn University
Reviewed September 2022, Forage Systems for Cow-Calf Operations in North Alabama, ANR-2431 |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/plant-id/plant-profiles/slender-lespedeza/index.html | Slender Lespedeza - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2022-07-26 | [] | OK | ## SLENDER LESPEDEZA
## Plant Facts
| Origin | Native |
|---------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Duration | Perennial |
| Distribution in the U.S. | Eastern half and extends westward to southeastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas and Texas |
| Distribution in Oklahoma | Eastern half of the state |
## ID Characteristics
Field Identification Characteristics
Leaf and Stem Characteristics
Floral Characteristics
+
-
## Habitat/ Ecology
| Soil Type | Sandy, loamy and rocky soil |
|--------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Habitat | Prairies, open woods, roadsides, sandy soils of stream valleys, disturbed soils near construction and logging areas Mid to late |
| Successional Stage | Mid to late |
Topics: |
http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/haywood-county-forestry-impacts-2016 | Haywood County Forestry Impacts 2016 | N.C. Cooperative Extension | [
"Stephanie Chizmar",
"Rajan Parajuli",
"Robert Bardon"
] | null | [
"Forestry",
"Environmental Resources",
"Publications"
] | NC | ## Haywood County Forestry Impacts 2016
## Forestry Impacts
Department
Forestry & Environmental Resources
Series
Forestry Impacts
Aug. 22, 2018
Authors
Stephanie Chizmar
Rajan Parajiul
Robert Bardon
[ ] View/Download PDF
http://static/publication/js/pdf\_js/web/viewer.e56617a9a878.html?in\_frame=true&slug=haywood - county-forestry-impacts-2016#zoom=page-fit
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/one-or-both-forelegs-are-retained/ | One or Both Forelegs Are Retained | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Taylor Gwynn",
"Soren Rodning",
"Michelle Elmore",
"Paul Dyce",
"Julie Gard Schnuelle",
"Misty Edmondson",
"Andrew Lovelady",
"B. J. Newcomer",
"Kim Mullenix"
] | 2018-09-20 | [
"Beef",
"Livestock",
"Farming"
] | AL | ## One or Both Forelegs Are Retained
The first step in providing assistance during calving is assessing the problem. There are several common situations encountered when delivering a calf. Occasionally, one or both forelegs are retained. If both forelegs are retained, then only the head will be in the birth canal. The forelegs must be straightened out and delivered simultaneously with the head resting on top of the forelegs.
When in doubt, call your veterinarian. The outcome is always more favorable if assistance is provided sooner rather than later. Waiting too long unnecessarily risks the life of the cow or heifer and her calf.
Read here to learn more about how to manage a successful calving season. (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/managing-asuccessful-calving-season/)
Download a PDF of Managing a Successful Calving Season, ANR-1403, (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ANR1403\_ManagingSuccessfulCalvingSeason\_031618.pdf)
- □ Read More
Cookie Notice
( https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php )
## Read More
(https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/managing-a-successful-calyving-season/)
Managing a Successful Calving Season (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/beef/managing-a successful-calving-season/)
Sep 19, 2018
## Cookie Notice
(https://www.auburn.edu/administration/oacp/privacy.php) |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/home/black-widow-and-recluses/ | Black Widow and Recluses: Avoiding Venomous Spiders of the Southeast | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Amber C. Marable",
"Mark D. Smith",
"L.C. 'Fudd' Graham"
] | 2018-08-27 | [
"Spiders",
"Safety",
"Pest Control"
] | AL | Learn to identify two common venomous spiders in Alabama, the black widow and the brown recluse. Tips for minimizing negative encounters with these spiders are also discussed.
## Avoiding Venomous Spiders of the Southeast
Spiders are one of the most feared groups of animals on the planet. Even the word spider may bring to mind images of hairy, vicious creepy-crawlies. This bad reputation is not wholly deserved, however. The fact is that many spiders act as natural predators of pest insects. In addition, although nearly every spider produces some form of venom, or injected toxin, that is used to subdue prey, very few spiders have venom that can cause more discomfort to a human than an ant bite would. Of almost the 34,000 species of spiders known worldwide, only a few represent a threat to humans. In Alabama, five species of spiders are potentially harmful; the black widow ( Latrodectus macitans ) shown in figure 1, the northern black widow ( Latrocetus variosus ), the brown recluse ( Loxosceles reclusa ) shown in figure 2, the Chilean recluse ( Loxosceles laeta ), and the Mediterranean recause ( Loxosceles rufescens ). In spite of the fact that these spiders do not pose a great danger, safety is a priority, and learning to identify these spiders, avoiding their bites, and discouraging them from living near house houses can increase homeowner safety.
## Characteristics
## Widow Spiders
Widow spiders, from the genus Latroctedus , are so named because the females sometimes consume the males after mating with them. Two species of widow spiders inhabit Alabama-the black widow (also known as the southern black widow) and the northern black widow, also commonly known simply as a black widow. These two species are very similar in appearance, and a general description will help people identify widow widow cookie notice spiders .
Female and male widows look very different from each other. Females have globe-shaped abdomen s and long spindly legs as shown in figure 3. They are jet black with red accent markings forming a red hourglass pattern on the underside of the abdomen as shown in figures 1 and 4. In the northern black widow, the two halves of the hourglass are separated into triangles. Some widows may have a series of red spots along their backs and even white stripes on their undersides as shown in figures 5 and 6. Female widow spiders are large, with the entire spider reaching up to 1 2 inches in length. The body itself can be up to 3/8 inch in length. In contrast, male widow spiders are usually half that size or less and are brown with red, white, and yellow bands and spots along their undersides, sides, and backs of the abdomen as shown in figure 4.
Widow spiders are thought to have one of the most toxic venoms in the order Araneae (spiders). The venom is classified as a neurotoxin, a compound that affects the nervous system, and no pain is usually associated with the bite. Generally, only females are considered dangerous, although a few male widow spider bites have been reported.
After mating, a female will lay eggs within a silken egg sac, which is commonly suspended in the female's web as shown in figure 4.
## Cookie Notice
The most reliable way to tell the difference between recline spiders and other, more harmless species is the eye pattern. Most spiders have eight eyes arranged in two rows of four.
## Recluse Spiders
The brown recluse, or fiddle-back spider, is another common inhabitant of Alabama and is about 3/8 inch in length. These spiders are often found in groups or clusters of individuals.
The Chilean and Mediterranean reclusive spiders closely resemble the brown reluse and are difficult to distinguish from them. These two species are not native to the United States, however, and have been found in only a few small, isolated locations.
The color of recluses ranges along a spectrum of browns, from light tan to dark brown. Each spider has a conspicuous dark brown patch shaped like a fiddle on the cephalothorax (region where the legs attach to the body). The base of the fiddle usually includes the entire head, with a line forming the neck of the instrument extending toward the abdomen as shown in figures 2 and 7. This violin pattern is easily confused with many other similar patterns on non-recluse spiders.
Preventing Spider Bites
The best way is to avoid being like it, why it's just a little or a reclusi
a http://www.baurbaum.edu/adminimistration/oacp/privacy.php found. Widow spiders live in rocky areas, stumps, leaf litter, and sandy areas. Likewise, recuses may be found in leaf litter,
brush, underlogs, and tree bark. Although widow spiders
and recluse spiders can be found in natural habitats, they are most frequently encountered around human dwellings. Although
all five species of these spiders share a preference for
undisturbed spaces, widow spiders and reluce spiders select different types of hiding spots.
Widow spiders prefer areas that are quiet and undisturbed, where they make haphazard-looking, three-dimensional webs. Stacks of building supplies, such as cement blocks for example, offer perfect hiding places. Other areas that tend to attract widow spiders include water meter boxes, exterior faucets, eaves, sheds and garages, abandoned buildings, trash piles, old tires, jars and tin cans, and equipment such as tractors and lawn mowers, as shown in figures 8 and 9. Widow spiders are rarely found inside homes. Although widow spiders are not aggressive, they will bite when threatened. Tips to avoid being bitten by widow spiders include the following.
- · Never place fingers or toes anywhere where you cannot see them.
- · Use a flashlight when working in dark areas.
- · Wear leather gloves while working outdoors.
- · Inspect and shake out boots, gloves, jackets, and other gear before wearing them.
- · Reduce clutter in closets, garages, basements, attics, crawl spaces, and outbuildings to make these quiet undisturbed areas less attractive to spiders.
In contrast, recules adapt well to life indoors. Reclues can be found under furniture, behind pictures, and in storage areas such as attices, basements, closets, drawers, and boxes. They
can also be found in outlying buildings such as barns and sheds. While widow spiders stay close to the webs they build, recluse spiders tend to move away from their hiding places and wander more frequently. People tend to find these spiders in storage boxes, shoes, coats, stored clothes, and bedding or linens, as shown in figure 10. Recluse spiders are hidden, discrete, flat washers as shown in figure 11. Where these males are present in numbers, molts can be found attached to the sides of boxes, walls, and other areas as shown in figures 12 and 13. These
numbers, molts can be found attached to the sides of boxes, walls, and other areas as shown in figures 12 and 13. These molts are the shed exoskeletons of growing recluse spiders. Tips to avoid being bitten by recluse spiders include the following.
- · Never place fingers or toes anywhere you cannot see them. |
- Keep boxes and clutter to a minimum
- · Inspect and shake out boots, gloves, jackets, and other gear before wearing them.
If recluse populations are suspected, some additional tips for avoidance include the following.
- Run all stored clothes through the dryer (and/or washer) before wearing them.
- Never put on clothes directly picked up off the floor.
- Always inspect bedding before climbing in at night.
- Keep bedding from hanging to the floor
## Cookie Notice
If a person suspects that he or she may have a population of other human environments, several options for control are available, including sprays and other products, which are available at most stores. Each may have some success, provided the chemicals make direct contact with spiders during emission, but these measures are generally not as effective as reducing clutter is. These products only temporarily address a situation and do not usually eliminate the problem. Also, use of pesticides may make recluses spider more active for a few days following the application. If individual spiders are not killed, the spiders may move to evade treated areas; therefore, any pesticide application needs to be thorough. Professional exterminators may be needed if there is an infestation. Sticky pads are particularly effective traps for recules and can be used to monitor success of treatments and as a means of control.
## Conclusion
Although widow and recluse spiders may be difficult to appreciate, spiders in general provide valuable services to people by removing other pest insects from homes and gardens. Recluses and widow spiders can be a danger, and learning how to identify these species will help people avoid problems. The risk of being bitten by either a recluse or a widow spider is minimal and can be reduced by taking a few simple precautions. Furthermore, populations of unwanted spiders can be controlled by making areas less-suitable habitats for them. Reducing habitat that is attractive to spiders is the most effective control measure. Safety is an active process, and participation is necessary to reduce this risk.
Amber C. Marable, 4-H Regional Extension Agent , Mark D. Smith, Extension Specialist, Associate Professor, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences; and L.C. 'Fudd' Graham, Extension Specialist, Research Fellow IV, Entomology and Plant Pathology
New March 2014, Black Widow and Recluses: Avoiding Venomous Spiders of the Southeast, ANR-2146
VENOMOUS SPIDERS OF THE SOUTHEAST,
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https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/seminoleco/2024/02/05/february-2024-first-friday-with-florida-first-detector/ | February 2024 First Friday with Florida First Detector | University of Florida | [
"Morgan Pinkerton"
] | 2024-02-05 | [
"Florida-Friendly Landscaping",
"Fruits & Vegetables",
"Home Landscapes",
"Invasive Species",
"Lawn",
"Natural Resources",
"Pests & Disease",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"bacteria",
"biosecurity",
"early detection",
"FFD23-24",
"FloridaFirstDetector",
"fungi",
"Nematodes",
"Virus"
] | FL | ## February 2024 First Friday with Florida First Detector
## Recap of February 2024 First Friday with Florida First Detector
In this month's webinar, we talked about plant pathogens. A pathogen is any organism that causes disease. Some pathogens that can impact plants include fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes and more. When we are checking our plants for issues, we look for both signs and symptoms. Symptoms are a visible change in the plant like yellowing, necrotic spots, dieback, etc. Signs are physical evidence that a pathogen is present. In the plant pathogen world, this can be something like fungal bodies, spores, bacterial exudates, and others.
While the pathogen is the causal agent, the disease is how the plant is impacted. We looked at several examples of plant diseases in this webinar including boxwood blight, sudden oak death, citrus greening, lethal bronzing, rose rosette virus, red ring disease and more. Many of these have been recently causing a lot of trouble for our agriculture and horticulture industries! Several of the related pathogens are not currently found in Florida like the red ring nematode, Ralstonia solaracearum RB3B, and Phytophthora ramorum .
Identification of plant pathogens can be challenging! For many plant pathogens, laboratory diagnostic testing is needed. If you are seeing unusual symptoms on plants, especially something you haven't seen before, connect with your local county extension office. A sample submission may be recommended for proper identification and management recommendations.
## Resources on invasive plant pathogens
- · ASK IFAS Citrus Greening Resources
- · USDA-APHIS Sudden Oak Death Info
## Diagnostic Services at UF
- · UF IFAS Plant Diagnostics Clinic
- · UF Fort Lauderdale REC, Dr. Brian Bahder's Lab, Diagnostic testing for lethal bronzing and lethal yellowing on palms
## Want to watch the recording?
## What is the upcoming schedule?
We are meeting online via Zoom from 12:00PM-1:00PM on the First
Friday of every month from Sept 2022-Aug 2024. Please visit this blog for registration information and the upcoming schedule for Sept 2023-2024.
## Questions?
Contact Dr. Morgan Pinkerton, morganO4O2@ufl.edu
Or
Visit the Florida First Detector Website
by Morgan Pinkerton Posted: February 5, 2024 by Morgan Pinkerton
Category: Florida-Friendly Landscaping, Fruits & Vegetables, HOME LANDSCAPES, Invasive Species, Lawn, Natural Resources, Pests & Disease, Pests & Disease, UF/IFAS Extension
Tags: Bacteria, Biosecurity, Early Detection, FFD23-24,
FloridaFirstDetector, Fungi, Invasive Species, Nematodes, Virus
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- Water Wednesdays - Florida-Friendly Landscaping
- 2021 Virtual Farm Tour Video Day 5: Gardening, Camellias, And More!
- July 2024 First Friday With Florida First Detector
- Giant African Land Snail Eradicated From South Florida |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/stjohnsco/2020/07/14/sargassum/ | Sargassum | University of Florida | [
"Maia McGuire"
] | 2020-07-14 | [
"Coasts & Marine",
"Natural Resources",
"sargassum"
] | FL | ## Sargassum
Some Caribbean countries and some parts of Florida are having problems with Sargassum seaweed. Sargassum is that golden/brown seaweed that washes up onto northeast Florida beaches when we have prolonged periods of winds out of the east, or when hurricanes travel along our eastern coast. The seaweed grows in the center of the North Atlantic, in an area called the Sargasso Sea. It is generally kept away from our shores by the Gulf Stream. However, strong winds can push the seaweed across the Gulf Stream's currents, and then onto our beaches.
## Golden tides
Starting in 2011, unusually large amounts of Sargassum have been washing up in the Caribbean, south Florida, and parts of the Gulf of Mexico. Municipalities in those locations have had to deal with tens of thousands of tons of seaweed. To learn more about these 'golden tide' events, check out the bite-sized science webinar from July 7, "Seaweeds and nuisance algae."
For this article, I would like to focus on some of the really cool characteristics of Sargassum as well as the unique animals that call it home. There are two species of Sargassum that grow as free-floating seaweeds. They have small gas-filled floats (called pneumatocysts) that help them maintain their position at the ocean's surface. Ocean currents and wind help keep the Sargassum in one general area, most of the time!
Growing up in Bermuda, I looked forward to those times of year when fresh Sargassum would wash into our local bays and onto our beaches. As even a very young marine biologist, I knew that the seaweed would bring with it many unusual creatures. National Geographic magazine featured some of these in a 2019 article. (A free registration is required to see some of the images.)
## Unusual fish
Many of the fish that live in the Sargassum are camouflaged to blend in perfectly with the golden-brown seaweed. Pipefish and the Sargassum frogfish are two of my favorites. I learned the hard way
that the frogfish can eat prey that are its own size! Hundreds of other species of fish seek refuge underneath the mats of floating seaweed. Juvenile fish are often very difficult to identify by sight. It
was always fun to catch some tiny fish and raise it in my fish tank at home in order to figure out what it would be! One of my strongest memories was of raising a small (1/2-inch) fish and realizing that it was a greater amberjack (which can get to weigh about 40 lbs!) We ended up giving that particular fish to the Bermuda Aquarium, where it took up residence in their huge reef tank.
## Camouflaged invertebrates
A Sargassum sea hare (about an inch in length) is perfectly camouflaged for living in the seaweed.
There are also many invertebrates that live on the Sargassum. Sea hares (slugs), shrimp and crabs can be extremely well
camouflaged! Looking closely at the blades and pneumatocysts, you might notice white lace-like encrusting patterns. These are structures made by animals called bryozoans. Tiny white spirals are the housings for spirorbid worms. A magnifying glass will make it easier to appreciate some of these tiny animals.
There is so much more to this amazing community than I can cover in this article. I will close by cautioning that Portuguese man-o-war often wash ashore with Sargassum, so be a little cautious when exploring the seaweed looking for cool finds!
This blog post is based on an article submitted to the Flagler News Tribune for the June 15 edition.
O
by Maia McGuire
Posted: July 14, 2020
Category: Costs & Marine, Natural Resources
Tags: Sargassum
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## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Bite-Sized Science Webinar Series
- · Water Wednesdays Recap - What Are Microplastics
- · Nature Therapy
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http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/management-of-palmer-amaranth-in-sweetpotato | Management of Palmer Amaranth in Sweetpotato | NC State University | [
"Stephen C. Smith",
"Katie Jennings"
] | null | [
"Weed Management",
"Sweet Potato",
"Weed",
"Weed Control",
"Palmer Amaranth",
"Sweetpotato",
"Herbicide"
] | NC | ## Management of Palmer Amaranth in Sweetpotato
## Introduction
Weed interference can result in large yield losses in sweetpotato (Seem et al. 2003; Meyers et al. 2010; Meyers and Shankle 2016). Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri ) is the most common and most troublesome weed in North Carolina sweetpotato, followed by yellow nutsedge ( Cyperus esculentus ) ( Webster 2010 ). It is an aggressive weed that is highly competitive with peanut, soybean, cotton, and sweetpotato ( Burke et al. 2007 ; Chandi et al. 2012 ; Meyers et al. 2010 ; Morgan et al. 2001 ; Smith et al. 2020 ). Most Palmer amaranth populations in North Carolina are resistant to glyphosate and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides. It has now been documented that some Palmer amaranth populations are also resistant to protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor (PPO) herbicides.
## Identifying Characteristics
Palmer amaranth is often confused with other amaranth species including redroot bigweed, spiny amaranth, smooth (also called green) amaranth, and slender amaranth. Of these five, Palmer amaranth is the only species with male and female plants. Palmer amaranth can be distinguished by the lack of a spine at the base of the petiole, absence of hairs on stem and leaf surfaces, and a petile that is as long as or longer than its leaf ( Weakley 2015 ). An easy way to determine the petiole length is to pull a leaf and petiole off the plant and bend the petiole back over the leaf blade to compare the petiole and leaf blade lengths. Long petioles are most evident on the older leaves of the plant present on the lower part of the stem. Slender amaranth and Palmer amaranth are particularly difficult to distinguish. Slender amaranth rarely grows taller than 3 feet and has a brown seed head; Palmer amaranth can grow taller than 7 feet and has a green seed head. Terminals on female Palmer amaranth have a main terminal seed head that can be as long as 3 feet. The seed heads also have stiff, sharp bracts that make the seed heads prickly to the touch.
## Reproduction and Growth Habit of Palmer Amaranth
Palmer amaranth is an annual weed ( Franssen et al. 2001 ) originating from northern Mexico and the southwestern United States ( Ward et al. 2013 ). It can tolerate high temperatures better than many crops, with highest growth rates occurring between 97°F and 115°F ( Ehlinger 1983 ). Palmer amaranth grows rapidly, at a rate of 2.5 inches a day (Smith et al. 2020 ). Its fast growth and establishment allow it to compete with the production crop for water, nutrients, and light. Each female plant can produce between 200,000 and 600,000 seeds per plant, depending on time of emergence ( Keeley et al. 1987 ). Palmer amaranth is highly opportunistic-with optimal temperature and moisture, 100% of viable seed will germinate on the first day of planting ( Steckel et al. 2004 ). Palmer amaranth grows faster and accumulates more dry matter than other Amaranthus species, including redroot pigweed ( Sellers et al. 2003 ).
## Impacts of Palmer Amaranth on Sweetpotato Yield and Quality
Previous research by Meyers et al. (2010) showed that Palmer amaranth can reduce sweetpotato marketable yield by as much as 81%. Even at low densities of a single Palmer amaranth plant per 3 feet of sweetpotato row, yield loss can be as high as 52%. Marketable (no.1 jumbo) yield decreased 6% and 27%, respectively, when Palmer amaranth was allowed to germinate after sweetpotato transplanting and then removed at three and four weeks after transplanting (Figure 1). Full season Palmer amaranth interference resulted in 91% yield loss (Smith et al. 2020).
Palmer amaranth removed at two weeks after transplanting reduced no.1 yield by 5% and marketable yield by 4% (Figure 1). At three weeks after transplanting, Palmer amaranth can be about 5 inches tall; removal at this time can result in 13% reduction in marketable yield (Figure 2). Removal of Palmer amaranth beyond three weeks after transplanting can result in a 97% reduction in yield.
There is a strong correlation between Palmer amaranth height and sweetpotato marketable yield. For every inch of Palmer amaranth growth, marketable yield may be reduced by 1.25%. A 5% reduction in yield was observed by the time Palmer amaranth reached a height of 10.5 and 4.25 inches in 2016 and 2017, respectively (Figure 3).
Assuming a 5% acceptable marketable yield loss threshold, the critical time for Palmer amaranth removal in sweetpotato is two weeks after transplanting. Thus early-season scouting and early removal of Palmer amaranth in sweetpotato fields are critical. Any delay in removal can result in substantial yield reductions and fewer premium quality roots.
## Managing Palmer Amaranth in Sweetpotato
Palmer amaranth emerges from March to October in North Carolina and is able to germinate, grow, and produce seed in about 30 days. Start with a clean seeded. All plants should be controlled prior to seed production.
Herbicide options for Palmer amaranth control in sweetpotato are limited. Flumioxazin (Valor), fomesafen (Reflex), and S-metolachlor (Dual Magnum) are the only herbicides registered for use in sweetpotato that have activity on Palmer amaranth. Flumioxazin, fomesafen, and S-metolachlor have only preemergence activity on Palmer amaranth; once Palmer amaranth has emerged, Smetolachlor and flumioxazin will not control it. Flumioxazin and fomesafen should be applied to the preformed bed prior to transplanting sweetpotato slips. Fomesafen should not be applied alongside flumioxazin. Instead, growers should choose one or the other depending on the weeds expected
and future crops. There are potential carryover concerns with fomesafen, so thoroughly read herbicide labels before use. Sweetpotato should be transplanted into weed-free beds. Therefore, it may be necessary to rework the beds prior to transplanting sweetpotato. It is much more difficult to control Palmer amaranth after sweetpotato has been planted and after Palmer amaranth has emerged. S-metolachlor should be applied to weed-free sweetpotato following a cultivation and/or a hand-weeding event 7 to 14 days after transplanting to reduce the risk of injury to the developing sweetpotato storage roots. If S-metolachlor is applied too soon after transplanting and heavy rains occur, injury, such as shortening and rounding of roots, can occur (Blankhenship et al. 2024; Meyers et al. 2010; Meyers et al. 2013).
Other methods to control Palmer amaranth in sweetpotato include cultivation, hand removal, and mowing. Standard cultivation equipment can be effective at removing small (
Light interception is one of the main mechanisms of Palmer amaranth competition in sweetpotato (Moore et al. 2021). If Palmer amaranth plants escape control and grow above the sweetpotato canopy, it can be beneficial to use a mower to control the portion of the weed that is above the crop canopy. Mow Palmer amaranth before seed maturity to avoid the seed being distributed onto the soil surface, where it may germinate the same season or in future years. After mowing, Palmer amaranth adopts a horizontal growth pattern. Though it will still compete with the crop for water and nutrients, it will no longer shade the crop and if mowed at the right time will produce fewer seeds.
Because Palmer amaranth has such small seeds, deep tillage can be done prior to bedding to bury seeds and prevent emergence. Deep tillage alone can reduce Palmer amaranth emergence the following growing season by 81% (DeVore 2012). After three years of burial at a depth of 4 inches, only 15% of Palmer amaranth seeds will remain viable (Sosnoskie et al. 2012). Depp tillage should not be done every year because seeds will be brought back to the soil surface.
## References
Blankship, C. D., K. M. Jennings, D. W. Monks, S. L. Meyers, D. L. Jordan, J. R. Schultheis, D. H. Suchoff, L. D. Moore, S. J. Ipolito. 2024. "Effect of S-metolachlor and fluomazinh aericides on sweetpotato treated with and without activated charcoal applied through transplant water." Weed Technology 38, e50. doi:10.1017/wet.2024.48\_
Burke, I. C., M. Schroeder, W. E. Thomas, and J. W. Wilcut. 2007. "Palmer amaranth interference and seed production in peanut." Weed Technology 21(2): 367-371. \_
Chandi, A., D. L. Jordan, A. C. York, S. R. Milla-Lewis, and J. D. Burton. 2012. "Interference of selected Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri ) biotypes in soybean ( Glycine max.) ". International Journal of Agronomy. \_
DeVore, J. D., J. K. Norsworthy, and K. R. Brye. 2012. "Influence of deep tillage and a rye cover crop on glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri ) emergence in cotton." Weed
Technology 26 (4): 832-838.
Ehlinger, J. 1983. "Ecophysiology of Amaranthus palmeri , a Sonoran Desert summer annual." Oecologia 57:107-112.
Franssen, A. S., D. Z. Skinner, K. Al-Khatib, M. J. Horak, and P. A. Kulakov. 2001. "Interspecific hybridization and gene flow of ALS resistance in Amaranthus species." Weed Science 49 (5): 59860.
Meyers, S. L., K. M. Jennings, J. R. Schultheis, and D. W. Monks. 2010. "Interference of Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri ) in sweetpotato." Weed Science 58 (3):199-203.
Meyers, S. L., K. M. Jennings, D. W. Monks, D. K. Miller, and M. W. Shankle. 2013. "Rate and application timing effects on tolerance of Covington sweetpototo to S -metolachlor." Weed Technol 27 (4): 729-734.
Meyers, S. L. and M. W. Shankle. 2016. "Postemergence yellow nutsedge management in sweetpotato." Weed Technology 30(1): 148-153.
Moore L. D., K. M. Jennings, D. W. Monks, D. L. Jordan, R. G. Leon, M. D. Boyette. 2021. "Evaluating shade cloth to simulate Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri ) competition in sweetpotato." Weed Science 69 (4):478-484. doi:10.1017/wsc.2021.21 .
Morgan, G. D., P. A. Baumann, and J. M. Chandler. 2001. "Competitive impact of Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri ) on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) development and yield." Weed Technology 15 (3): 408-412.
Seem, J. E., N. G. Creamer, and D. W. Monks. 2003. "Critical weed-free period for "Beauregard" sweetpotato (Ipomoea batata )." Weed Technology 17 (4): 686-695.
Sellers, B.A.R.J.Smedwa,W.G.Johnson,J.A.Kendig,andM.R.Ellesicker,2003. "Comparative growth of six Amaranthus species in Missouri." Weed Science 51 (3): 329-333.
Smith, S. C., K. M. Jennings, D. W. Monks, S. Chaudhari, J. R. Schultheis, S. C. Reberg-Horton. 2020. Critical timing of Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri ) removal in sweetpotato. Weed Technology 34:547-551.
Sosnoskie, L. M., T. M. Webster, A. S. Culpepper, and J. Kichler. 2014. The Biology and Ecology of Palmer Amaranth: Implications for Control. Circular 1000. University of Georgia Extension.
Sosnoskie, L. M., T. M. Webster, and A. S. Culpepper. 2012. "Glyphosate resistanc e does not affect Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri ) seedbank longevity." Weed Science 61 (2): 283-288.
Steckel, L. E., C. L. Sprague, E. W. Stoller, and L. M. Wax. 2004. "Temperature effects on germination of nine Amaranthus species." Weed Science 52 (2): 217-221.
Ward, S. M., T. M. Webster, and L. E. Steckel. 2013. "Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri ): A review." Weed Technology 27 (1): 12-27.
Weakley, A. S. 2015. Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina.
Webster, T. M. 2010. "Weed survey-southern states: vegetable, fruit and nut crops subsection (annual weed survey)." Proceedings of the Southern Weed Science Society 63: 246-257.
## Authors
Stephen C. Smith Graduate Student Horticultural Science
Katie Jennings
Associate Professor Vegetable and Small Fruit Weed Science Horticultural Science
Publication date: Nov. 26, 2024
AG-857
There is an alternate English language version of this document here: Control del Amaranto
Palmer en el Cultivo de Camote
Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your local N.C. Cooperative Extension county center.
N.C. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status.
This publication printed on: March 27, 2025
URL of this page |
https://site.extension.uga.edu/greenway/2013/03/28/candle-safety-prevent-an-accidental-fire/ | Candle Safety – Prevent an Accidental Fire | University of Georgia | [
"Pamela Turner"
] | 2013-03-28 | [
"Safety"
] | GA | Written by Pamela Turner
Guest Blogger……Morgan Barnett, Master of Public Health Degree Candidate at The University of Georgia
Many of us burn candles to make a room smell good, or just for decorative use. While candles create a calming effect, the allure of candlelight can quickly turn into a disaster if proper safety measures are not followed. Keep yourself, your loved ones, and your house protected by following these steps, as recommended by the National Candle Association:
- · Only burn candles using a candle holder and on a stable, heat-resistant surface.
- · Before burning a candle, trim candlewicks to ¼ inch each time - this could prevent uneven dripping or burning that could increase fire risk.
- · Always keep a burning candle within eyesight and blow it out before going to sleep or leaving the room.
- · Never put a candle near anything that could possibly catch fire - keep away from furniture, curtains, bedding, carpets, paper, etc. Over half of all candle fires start because flammable items are too close to the candle.
- · Don't ever place burning candles where they could accidentally be knocked over by pets, children, or anyone else.
- · Burn candles in a well-ventilated room but keep them away from drafts, ceiling fans, and air vents at all times.
Consider switching to battery-operated candles. They look like real candles and are much safer. Some even put off a scent. Can you tell which one of these candles is lit by fire and which one is battery-
operated?
The U.S. Fire Administration has more candle safety tips
Posted in: Safety
Tags: Athens, battery candles, burning candles, candles, family, fire, fire safety, Healthy Homes, holidays, home fire, UGA, UGA GreenWay, University of Georgia
## One response to "Candle Safety - Prevent an Accidental Fire"
Fire preventing candles June 1, 2013
Candles are used to make the decoration more attractive. It needs a lot of attention while using it. Make sure to keep burning a good distance from other objects, especially flammable and combustible items or liquids.
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https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/ncbs/2022/08/30/ncbs-intern-report-estuarine-ecology-4/ | NCBS Intern Report: Estuarine Ecology | University of Florida | [
"Emily Colson"
] | 2022-08-30 | [
"Coasts & Marine",
"Natural Resources",
"UF/IFAS Research",
"Water",
"coastal habitat",
"coastal systems",
"NCBS Interns",
"seagrass"
] | FL | ## NCBS Intern Report: Estuarine Ecology
X 1
Written by 2022 Summer Intern Kyle Williams, hosted by Dr. Charlie Martin from UF/IFAS NCBS
## Summer Sampling
This summer I had the opportunity to work under Dr. Martin as an undergrad intern. This internship provided a wide array of incredible experiences including trawling and seining with FWC, day/night and inshore/offshore trawls with the Nature Coast Biological Station, otolith and tissue extraction, data entry, and analysis, and I was even able to perform outreach and education via assisting with a school field trip. Additionally, I was able to help with a few graduate student projects involving the cataloging of fish sounds, processing of suction samples, and gut content sampling of sheetshead.
night cycles and how that changes at inshore and offshore seagrass beds. To answer these questions, we trawled the same locations on the south side of Seahorse and Snake Keys during the high tide of day and night cycles and performed trawals at seagrass beds 10 miles off shore on Seahorse Reef for the offshore data.
While I had a wide variety of experiences, our main research revolved around the ecology of fish and invertebrate use of seagrass habitats. Our research was centered around two questions, how fish use seagrasses during the day and
## Observations
After collecting the data, we analyzed it using PRIMER. We found that community structures varied significantly between day and night cycles as well as on inshore and offshore seagrass beds. We observed that species
```
increased during night cycles compared to day cycles for the day
and night comparison, while total abundance and richness were
significantly higher on inshore seagrass beds compared to offshore
seagrass beds.
```
## Thank You!
This internship has provided many invaluable experiences and hands-on learning, which has strengthened my desire to pursue a career in fisheries ecology. Thank you to Dr. Martin, Dr. Allen, and everyone at the Nature Coast Biological Station, FWC, and Duke Energy for assisting with funding for the internship.
3
by Emily Colson
Posted: August 30, 2022
Category: Coasts & Marine, Natural Resources, UF/IFAS Research,
Water
Tags: Coastal Habitat, Coastal Systems, NCBS Interns, Seagrass
## More From Blogs.IFAS
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https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/by-ingredients/live-well-recipe-quick-stir-fry/ | Live Well Recipe: Quick Stir Fry | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Sondra Parmer"
] | 2018-07-26 | [
"Recipes",
"Nutrition",
"Live Well Alabama"
] | AL | ## Live Well Recipe Quick Stir Fry
Try our recipe for Quick Stir Fry! Super easy and a great way to add veggies to your diet. Save money by stocking up on canned and frozen veggies when they go on sale. Serves eight
## Ingredients
2 tablespoons soy sauce
1 clove garlic, minced
1 tablespoon water
1 tablespoon brown sugar
Salt and pepper to taste
1 tablespoon olive oil
8 ounces ground beef or turkey
cup cooked rice, cooked according to package
116-ounce package frozen stir fry vegetables
## Directions
Stir together soy sauce, garlic, water, brown sugar, salt and pepper. Set aside.
In a skillet, heat oil over medium heat. Add ground beef or turkey. Cook and stir for 5-7 minutes or until meat is no longer pink.
Stir in soy sauce mixture.
Add cooked rice and vegetables. Cook and stir for 5 minutes or until vegetables are tender. Stir often to prevent sticking.
Download the recipe here: Printable Quick Stir Fry (https://www.acces.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2018/07/FCS\_2196\_LiveWellAlabamaRecipeCards\_QuickStirE.
Click here to view the USDA Nondiscrimination Statement. (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/live-well-alabama/usda-nondiscrimination statement)
(https://www.acs.edu? post\_type=acess\_content\_piece&p=3223&preview=true) |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/hernandoco/2021/07/01/summertime-scalloping-is-here/ | Summertime Scalloping is Here! | University of Florida | [
"Brittany Hall-Scharf"
] | 2021-07-01 | [
"Coasts & Marine",
"Natural Resources",
"Recreation",
"SFYL Hot Topic",
"UF/IFAS",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"Water",
"Wildlife",
"Bay Scallops",
"Florida Sea Grant",
"Recreational Scalloping",
"scallops"
] | FL | ## Summertime Scalloping is Here!
It was finally the season we had all been waiting for.
Time to grab our snorkelling gear and head out the door!
With a handful of snacks and a cooler full of ice,
our fingers are crossed the weather goddess plays nice.
Full speed we go to the seagrass beds.
Dive flag reminding us to watch for bobbing heads.
Glimmering blue eyes help us to seek.
We fill our bags with tasty treats.
Dark shell up and scallop meat in hand,
they are now ready for our frying pan.
Bellies full and off to sleep,
scallop season beats Florida's heat!
The 2021 recreational scalloping season is in full swing! Here are some tips and tricks to participate safely.
Make a safety plan! Before you leave the dock, make sure someone on land knows where you are going. Show everyone on board the vessel where the safety equipment is, including the fresh drinking water and first aid kit. Don't forget to inspect your flares and fire extinguisher to ensure it hasn't expired.
Start your day at the farthest site from the launch point. After noon thunderstorms are common in Florida during the summer months.
As the day progresses, moving closer towards your launch point makes for a shorter run if a storm blows in.
Have an observer onboard while others are in the water.
Unfortunately, the vessel's anchor does not always keep its hold. It is no fun if your vessel unknowingly floats away. Plus, the observer can assist a swimmer in need.
Swim with a buddy . If you get tired or injured, they will be there to help!
Check the tides . When the tides change, currents can become intense, making it difficult for swimmers.
Lower your Divers Down Device before relocating . The Divers Drown Device is to let others know that there are snorkelers and divers in the water. Florida's law requires that this device is lowered immediately after everyone is out of the water.
Only harvest scallops larger than 1.5 inches. Bay scallops typically live for one year in Florida. Returning the smaller ones alive gives them a chance to reproduce in the fall and contribute to next year's scallop population. Don't have a ruler on board? Use the bottom of your beverage can. If it is smaller than the base metal ring, consider returning the scallop to the water and seeking a larger scallop to keep.
Drain your cooler . To reduce the chance of contamination, it is essential to hang the scallops you plan to harvest in a bag alongside your vessel or store them in a cooler full of ice. If you decide to place the scallops on ice, be sure they are above the meltwater. Place a damp towel between the scallops and ice and drain the meltwater from your cooler throughout your trip.
Be mindful where you dump scallop remains . Improperly discarded shells and contents can fill in channels, degrade water quality, and injure people and wildlife. Instead, please dispose of the scallop in shells in a trash can, use them in place of mulch around trees and in flower beds, or make decorations out of them. They make great Florida Christmas ornaments and jewelry!
Wash your hands and utensils . Cleaning scallops can be a messy job! Be sure to wash your hands and tools before, during, and after shucking. Rinse scallop meat with cool water to remove any missed innards and sand.
Enjoy! Use caution by cooking the scallop meat before serving, and enjoy your meal! Remember, consuming raw and undercooked seafood can increase your chances of a foodborne illness.
For more information:
-How to clean a scallop video
- -Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission bay scallop information
-Florida Sea Grant scallop information
```
O
by Brittany Hall-Scharf
Posted: July 1, 2021
```
Category: Coasts & Marine, Natural Resources, Recreation, SFYL Hot Topic, UE/IFAS, UF/IAS Extension, Water, Wildlife Tags: Bay Scallops, Florida Sea Grant, Recreational Scalloping, Scallops
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https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fish-water/relative-weight-an-easy-to-measure-index-of-fish-condition/ | Relative Weight: An Easy-to-Measure Index of Fish Condition | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Russell Wright"
] | 2018-09-21 | [
"Fish",
"Water",
"Fisheries",
"Aquaculture"
] | AL | ## Relative Weight: An Easy-to-Measure Index of Fish Condition
Fisheries biologists use many different tools and techniques to determine the proper management of fish populations in our lakes, streams, and ponds. Some of these techniques are fairly simple and can be used by pond owners to help manage their own populations of largemouth bass and bream.
Incorrect (top) and correct (bottom) ways to properly measure a fish.
Fisheries managers often need to know if fish are growing poorly or even losing weight. Lack of food, poor water quality, poor value of foods not good enough), or disease can
cause stress that results in poor growth. While growth may be difficult to measure, condition or plumpness of the fish is easy to measure and indicates if the fish are under stress.
## Using Relative Weight
One measure of the condition of a fish is its relative weight. Relative weight is the ratio of the actual weight of a fish to what to a rapidly growing healthy fish of the same length should weigh, called standard weight. Fish with high relative weights are fat while those with low relative weights are thin. Of course, ponds should be managed to produce healthy, fast-growing fish.
To calculate the relative weight for a fish, one simply divides the weight of the fish in pounds by the standard weight for a fish of the same length. Standard weights can be found in Table 1 for largemouth bass, bluegill, and reared sunfish (also called shellcracklers). Fish should be measured from the tip of the nose with the mouth closed to the end of the tail. Scales for weighing fish can be purchased at most sporting goods stores. Fish that have a relative weight less than 0.80 or 80 percent of the standard are considered severely thin, indicating a lack of food for that animal. Relative weights between 8 and 1, while not ideal, are well within the range found in healthy populations.
## Print "Bass Relative Weight" table from our website.
## Calculating Relative Weight
Suppose you caught a largemouth bass that was 15 inches long and weighed 1.5 lbs. What would be the relative weight of that bass?
- · Look up the standard weight of a 15-inch largemouth bass from Table 1. Standard weight for a 15' bass = 1.8 lbs.
- · Divide the weight of your fish by standard weight. Relative weight = 1.5 / 1.8 = 0.83. This bass weighs 83 percent of the standard weight of a bass the same length.
Pond owners can use the relative weight of the fish they catch from the pond to keep track of the success of their pondmanagement strategies. Owners should measure the relative weight of bass and sunfish for as many sizes as possible throughout the season. Relative weight can change throughout the season, so individual fish may be thin or fat. Different times. By measuring relative weight for many fine -over whole course of the year, the pond owner should be able to see the overall condition of fish in the population.
If a pcd is in Lakana, containing 3 rice or 3 rice, it's size should be adequate for food all sizes of both bass and bream. In balanced ponds, the relative weights for most fish will be greater than 0.9- Low relative weight due to tack on food can be caused by poor fertility, excess weeds, competing undesirable fish (for example crappie, golden shiners, gizzard shad, or bullshead) or too many bass or bream in a pond. Sudden changes in management, such as inconsistent fertilization, can result in poor fish condition. In ponds with too many bass (bass-crowded ponds), the bass will have low relative weights with bass between 10 and 14 inches typically being very thin. In a crowned pond, there is simply not enough small-to mediumsized bream to feed all those hungry bass. Adult bluegill in these bass-crowned ponds will usually be in excellent shape with high relative weight. Since few bluegill survive the intense predation by bass to become large adults, there is little competition for food among bluegills. In ponds with too many bluegills (bluegill crowded), the bass will usually have high relative weight with bluegill in poor condition. Ponds with competing species, poor fertility, or overabundant weeds will generally produce bass and bream with low relative weight. Hybrid bluegill (bluegill X green sunfish) create a special problem. Because they are not completely sterile, these hybrids can mate with bluegill. The resulting fish typically produces so few young that there simply is not enough food produced to support the bass population.
Records of relative weight and harvest can be provided to professional checks point to help diagnose management problems. While relative weight by itself cannot provide full diagnoses of problems, it does give the pond owner an ongoing measure of the vitality of the fish and an early warning of potential management problems.
Find Alabama Extension's Relative Weight Calculator at https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fisheries/fish-relativeweightcalculator/. (https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/fisheries/fishrelative-weight-calculator/).
Print "Table 1. Standard Weight for Largemouth Bass, Bluegill, and Redear Sunfish (Shellcrackers)" table from our website.
Russell Wright, Extension Specialist, Associate Professor, Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University
Reviewed October 2022, Relative Weight: An Easy-toMeasure Index of Fish Condition, ANR-1193
food among bluegills. In ponds with too many bluegills (bluegill crowded), the bass will usually have high relative weight with bluegill in poor condition. Ponds with competing species, poor fertility, or overabundant weeds will generally produce bass and bream with low relative weight. Hybrid bluegill (bluegill X green sunfish) create a special problem. Because they are not completely sterile, these hybrids can mate with bluegill. The resulting fish typically produces so few young that there simply is not enough food produced to support the bass population.
## Download this article as a PDF
[ ] [http://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ANR-1193\_RelativeWeightAnEasy-to-MeasureIndexo\_092118L.pdf] Relative Weight: An Easy-to-Measure Index of Fish Condition, ANR-1193 (https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ANR1193\_RelativeWeightAnEasy-to-MeasureIndexo\_092118L.pdf) |
https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/pinellasco/2024/06/13/virtual-homebuyer-workshop-starts-july-19-2024/ | Virtual Homebuyer Workshop Starts July 19, 2024 | University of Florida | [
"Cindi Hetz"
] | 2024-06-13 | [
"Home Management",
"Money Matters",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"credit",
"down payment assistance",
"home buying",
"home ownership",
"mortgage"
] | FL | ## Virtual Homebuyer Workshop Starts July 19, 2024
First Time Homebuyer
## Workshop
Sessions 1 & 2 July 19, 2024 & July 26, 2024 9:00 AM - 1:00 PM
These sessions take participants through the steps to home ownership, working with a realtor, understanding credit, qualifying for a mortgage, housing affordability, and down payment assistance.
Participants attending both sessions are awarded a certificate that is valid for two years in Pinellas County when applying for down payment assistance.
## Sign up here
Click here for more information on Pinellas County's down payment assistance.
## Online class in Spanish is available.
## August 22, 2024
Educación en Línea Para Compradores de Vivienda
PARA LAS PRÓXIMAS FECHAS Y REGISTRARTE ESCANEA EL CÓDIGO OR o visitanos
For more class information please contact Cindi Hetz clhetz@ufl.edu
o
by Cindi Hetz
Posted: June 13, 2024
Category: Home Management, Money Matters, UF/IFAS Extension
Tags: Credit, Down Payment Assistance, Home Buying, Home
Ownership, Mortgage |
https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/row-cover-crop-soils/equipment-modifications-for-high-residue-systems/ | Equipment Modifications for High-Residue Systems | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [] | 2018-08-01 | [] | AL | Setting up equipment for operation in high-residue systems in critical to ensure the establishment of optimum plant stands.
Set row cleaners to move residue away from the plant row without trenching into the soil surface. Make adjustments to account for differences in residue amounts and different cover crops. Soils with
## Equipment Modifications for High-Residue Systems
heavy residue are generally wetter than traditionally-tilled soils. Over time, experience will help farmers know how to adjust planters to combat challenges.
Terminated residue must be dry and crispy in order for coulters to cut through residue without hairpinning in the slot. Hairpinning occurs when straw is pinned in the seeding slot. Hairpinning leaves air voids and increases the risk of poor seed to soil contact. This can drastically reduce plant stands. If using a roller to terminate cover crops, researchers recommend producers plant parallel to the direction of rolling to avoid hairpinning and residue build-up-or wrapping-on row clears.
Soils with heavy residue tend to be cooler in the spring compared to bare soil. Optimum soil temperatures are essential for adequate seed germination and seedling growth. A delay in early planting may be necessary to allow soil temperatures to warm.
In order to operate in high-residue systems, farm equipment modifications may be necessary. Therefore, there are several options and modifications available for planters and in-row subsoilers.
Read more about these modifications in a downloadable PDE (https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/60100500/FactSheets/FS03.
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https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/lawn-garden/st-augustinegrass-lawns/ | St. Augustinegrass Lawns | Alabama Cooperative Extension System | [
"Kerry Smith",
"Austin Hagan",
"Jeffery M. Higgins"
] | 2023-05-31 | [
"Lawn",
"Garden",
"Turfgrass",
"St. Augustinegrass"
] | AL | <!-- This page is cached by the Hummingbird Performance plugin v3.6.0 - https://wordpress.org/plugins/hummingbird-performance/. --><!DOCTYPE html>
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button.hustle-button-close {color: #38C5B5;background: transparent;border-radius: 0;position: absolute;z-index: 1;display: block;width: 32px;height: 32px;right: 0;left: auto;top: 0;bottom: auto;transform: unset;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close .hustle-icon-close {font-size: 12px;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:hover {color: #49E2D1;}.hustle-ui.module_id_2 button.hustle-button-close:focus {color: #49E2D1;} .hustle-ui.module_id_2 .hustle-layout .hustle-group-content blockquote {border-left-color: #38C5B5;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-cta{
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-icon{
font-size: 14pt!important;
top: -24px !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-button-close{
margin-top: 40px;
margin-right: 20px;
width: 4em;
height: 2em;
background: #f39c12 /*green*/;
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-icon-close:before{
content: "OK";
color: #424242 /*#FFFFFF*/!important;
border: none;
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Open Sans'!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase !important;
padding: 8px 18px;
text-decoration: underline !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout{
background-color: #063f79;
border: thin solid #002973;
padding-left: 1em;
padding-right: 1em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout .hustle-title{
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white;
margin-bottom: .5em;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p{
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-family: "Helvetica Nue", sans-serif !important;
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout p a{
color: white !important;}.hustle-ui.hustle_module_id_2[data-id="2"] .hustle-layout a{
text-decoration: underline !important;}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/aces-square-logo.png" />
<style id='ninja_table_custom_css_9213' type='text/css'>
#footable_9213 {
font-family: ;
font-size: px;
}
</style>
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
/*gtranlate*/
a.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink span {
color:#195794!important;
font-size: 13px!important;
text-decoration:underline!important;
}
.glink img {
height:18!important;
width:18!important;
}
/*video container*/
.video-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
padding-top: 30px;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
.video-container iframe, .video-container object, .video-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
.entry-content img, .entry-content iframe, .entry-content object, .entry-content embed {
max-width: 100%;
}
/* table css */
h3.table_title, h3.footable_title {
background-color: #117b2a;
color: #fff;
font-weight: bold;
margin: 0;
padding: .5em;
}
.footable.table>thead>tr>th {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 2px solid #888;
}
tr:last-child {
vertical-align: bottom;
border-bottom: 1px solid #888;
}
tbody tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
background-color: #c6ebb7 !important;
}
.ninja_button, ninja_button_print {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
line-height: 1.3333333;
padding: 14px 20px !important;
border-radius: 0;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
vertical-align: middle;
touch-action: manipulation;
cursor: pointer;
user-select: none;
background-image: none;
border: 1px solid #0000;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.screen-reader-text {
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
position: absolute !important;
width: 1px;
word-wrap: normal !important;
}
/* slide show below nav home page */
body.home header#header {
position: relative !important;
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (min-height:770px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 82vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: landscape) and (max-height:769px) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 150vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 65% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 12vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_wrapper, #rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth {
height:83% !important;
max-height:83% !important;
}
.dae-headline img {
max-height: 18vh !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) {
.g-overflow-hidden {
max-height: 42vh !important;
}
.tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 55% !important;
}
.tp-caption a.btn {
top: 6vh !important;
}
.tparrows {
top: 40% !important;
}
#rev_slider_24_1_forcefullwidth, #rev_slider_24_1_wrapper {
height:42% !important;
max-height:42% !important;
}
}
@media (orientation: portrait) and (max-width:600px) {
.tp-caption.tp-resizeme {
font-size: 22px!important;
line-height: 22px!important;
}
}
/*slide show text area shadow*/
.rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 35%;
top: 65%;
background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .6), rgba(0, 0, 0, .5), rgba(0, 0, 0, .4), rgba(0, 0, 0, .2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0));
}
.category .rev_slider .slotholder .kenburnimg img:after, .category .rev_slider .slotholder:after {
height: 100%;
top: 100%;
}
.category .tp-parallax-wrap {
top: 0;
}
/*Topic page slider*/
.Newspaper-Button, tp-caption.Newspaper-Button {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-width: 0 !important;
color: #424242!important;
padding: 13px 18px!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
text-transform: uppercase!important;
letter-spacing: 0 !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;
}
/*GDPR cookie notice*/
#cookie-notice {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
background-color: #fff;
letter-spacing: .5px;
}
/* Remove underline in footer logos */
.logo-wrapper a {
border: none !important;
}
/*MY ACES Add Bookmark*/
.btn-add-bookmark {
display: none;
}
/* after slider padding for lead*/
.lead {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/*header-top*/
.header-top .top-menu-right {
background-color: #f9f9f9cc!important;
}
/*header-top blue link text*/
.header-top .top-menu-right a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
}
/*recent articles*/
.work-entry {
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*recent articles blue link text*/
.work-entry a {
/*(old)color: #1D63AB;*/
color: #195794 !important;
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
/*topic page link color (needs to be darker over gray backgorund)*/
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added p {
min-height: inherit;
/*(old)color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #366d21;
}
/*We Grow Alabama cards*/
.sb-value-added {
color:#fff;
background-color: #00000090!important;
}
/*Grow green*/
.green-color {
/*color: #4f9c2e;*/
color: #76CF3A;
}
/*we Grow Alabama numbers*/
.sb-value-added h5 {
padding-top:0;
font-size: 1.4em;
}
/*after numbers*/
h5 .small, h5 small {
font-weight: 400;
line-height: 1;
color: #959595 !important;
}
/*calendar band background*/
.event-ticker {
/*(old)background-color: #4f9c2e;*/
background-color: #438528;
}
/*calendar band event name*/
#vertical-ticker li h5.event-name {
/*#fff;
margin: 8px 0 2px;*/
font-size: 1em;
}
body.home header#header {
top: 0;
}
.gform_wrapper ul.gfield_checkbox li label, .gform_wrapper ul.gfield_radio li label {padding-left: 30px !important;}
.anchor {
position: absolute;
padding-top: 36px;
margin-top: -36px;
}
/*Gravity Form submit button*/
.gform_footer .btn-primary {
background-color: #f39c12;
border-color: #f39c12;
color: #424242!important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
font-weight: 700!important;
}
.post-info-header-category, .post-info-header-logo, .footer-print {
display: none;
}
/*printer icon*/
a.aces-print-article {
cursor:pointer;
text-decoration:underline;
}
li.aces-print i.fa-cloud-download, li.aces-print i.fa-print {
padding-right: 7px !important;
}
/*byline line break for mobile*/
@media (min-width: 991px) {
.byline-mobile-line-break {
display:none;
}
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
.read-time {
text-align: center;
border: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
background: #f9f9f9;
color: #000!important;
border-radius: 4px;
padding: 10px 4px 3px;
font-weight: 700!important;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
}
/*About Us card deck*/
.card-margin-top {
margin-top: 1em;
}
/*About Us category text adjustment*/
.category-about-us .subcat-content, .category-aamu .subcat-content {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.5;
padding: 20px 0;
}
/*About Us category remove dateline*/
.category-about-us.post-meta-info-content ul:first-child {
display: none !important;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.cat-4h, .cat-about-4-h, .cat-family-resources-4-h, .cat-volunteer-resources-4-h, .cat-programs-4-h, .cat-animals-4-h, .cat-arts-4-h, .cat-healthy-living-4-h, .cat-leadership-4-h, .cat-outdoor-education-4-h, .cat-science-technology-4-h, .cat-how-to-give-4-h, .cat-support-4-h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* 4-H Category icon colors*/
.post-format.cat-4h {
background-color: #396;
}
/* Gravity Forms OTHER spacing 2023-05-23 JMH*/
.gform_wrapper input:not([type=radio]):not([type=checkbox]):not([type=submit]):not([type=button]):not([type=image]):not([type=file]) {
padding: 5px 2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size for line height is fixed error*/
.topic-list .sb-value-added p {
line-height: 1.2em !important;
}
/* Category topics font size adjustment when there is not an image for the topic link. 2019-08-16 RFF & JMH */
.topic-list-new-a .sb-value-added .service-block-title-large {
margin: 0 !important;
font-size: inherit !important;
}
/* Alert Menu */
.header-alert, .bg-alert {
background: #ee2400;
color: white;
}
.header-alert .navbar-nav>li>a {
text-transform: none;
}
.alert-btn {
background-color: #ee2400;
border-color: #ee2400;
color: white;
margin: 5px;
}
.nav>li>a.alert-link {
display: none;
background-color: #ee2400;
}
/*Ex TV*/
.navbar-nav>li>a.extv-link {
text-transform: none;
}
/*page icon for video pages*/
.page-header .post-format {
background-size: 65%;
}
/*video embed resposive*/
.embed-container {
position: relative;
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
height: 0;
overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%;
}
.embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
/* ExTV dark */
.category-extv .main-wrapper, .category-extv .association, .category-extv .assoc-entry, .category-extv .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv .association h1, .category-extv .association h2, .category-extv .association h3, .category-extv .association h4, .category-extv .association h5, .category-extv .association h6,
.category-extv-dark .main-wrapper, .category-extv-dark .association, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new,
.category-extv-dark .association h1, .category-extv-dark .association h2, .category-extv-dark .association h3, .category-extv-dark .association h4, .category-extv-dark .association h5, .category-extv-dark .association h6 {
background: rgb(31, 31, 31);
color: #fff;
}
.category-extv .association .sub-divider-new, .category-extv-dark .association .sub-divider-new {
border-color: rgb(31, 31, 31);
}
.category-extv .main-wrapper a, .category-extv .association a, .category-extv .assoc-entry a, .category-extv-dark .main-wrapper a, .category-extv-dark .association a, .category-extv-dark .assoc-entry a {
color:white;
}
.category-extv-dark article.assoc-entry::first-child, .category-extv article.assoc-entry::first-child {
visibility:hidden;
}
.post-grid-assoc {
border: 1px solid #454545;
}
.directory-listing, .event-listing, .search-results {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
@media (max-width: 991px) {
/*mobile phone inline image fix 07-12-2021 JMH*/
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
margin: 10px !important;
}
}
/*counties*/
.subcat-content {
padding-top: 20px;
}
.county-columns {
columns: 140px 5;
line-height: 3em;
padding: 20px 0 20px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 2em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.7em;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
.county-columns {
line-height: 1.6em;
}
}
/* end counties */
/* Custom Gallery */
.custom-gallery {
margin: auto;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-item {
float: left;
margin-top: 10px;
text-align: center;
width: 33%;
}
.custom-gallery img {
border: 2px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.custom-gallery .gallery-caption {
margin-left: 0;
}
/* Decision Tree CSS */
.dt_display_title {
color: #1D63AB !important;
font: 700 1.5em Helvetica Nue,sans-serif !important;
font-size: 44px !important;
line-height: 1.2 !important;
}
.dt_display_question {
font-size: 16px !important;
line-height: 1.5 !important;
letter-spacing: .5px !important;
}
.dt_display_subtext {
font-style:italic !important;
padding: 10px 0 !important;
}
.dt_button, .answer-restart {
background-color: #f39c12 !important;
border-color: #f39c12 !important;
color: #424242!important;
font-family: Helvetica Nue, sans-serif !important;
font-size: 14pt!important;
}
/* end Decision Tree CSS */
/* cookie notice container */
#cookie-notice .cookie-notice-container a {
color:#5EA1E4 !important;
}
/* footer bottom left*/
.footer-menu-left {
float: left;
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.footer-menu-left li {
border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.6);
padding: 0 10px;
line-height: 1.2;
}
.footer-menu-left li:first-child {
border-left: none;
padding-left: 0;
}
.footer-bottom-left {
color: #fff;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.footer-bottom .footer-menu {
margin: 20px 0;
}
/* Print Stylesheet - LEAVE AT BOTTOM */
@media print {
*, ::after, ::before {
color: #000!important;
text-shadow: none !important;
background: 0 0 !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, san-serif;
}
body {
--webkit-hyphens: auto;
--moz-hyphens: auto;
hyphens: auto;
}
.row-print {
min-height: 20px;
}
.post-info-header-category {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 13pt;
left: 15px;
max-width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-category h1 {
color: green !important;
display: inline;
font-size: 14pt !important;
font-weight: lighter;
letter-spacing: 2pt;
text-align: left;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.post-info-header-category hr {
position: absolute;
margin-top: 0 !important;
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
width: 800px !important;
text-align: left !important;
}
.post-info-header-logo {
display: block;
padding: 0 !important;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 45pt;
width: 190px !important;
text-align: right !important;
}
.main-cat-title, h1 {
font-size: 28pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
.main-cat-title {
margin-bottom: auto;
}
h1 {
font-size: 18pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
}
h2 {
font-size: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.2pt;
color: #001a96 !important;
}
p, ul, li {
font-size: 10pt !important;
line-height: 13pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
}
/*p img {
display: none;
}*/
img.wp-image-46702 {
display: block !important;
}
.post-media {
margin: 0 0 10px 0;
padding: 0;
border: none;
}
.image-overlay {
display: inline-block;
}
.header, .page-wrapper, div.container div.row, .forcefullwidth_wrapper_tp_banner, .post-format, .subcat-title, .breadcrumb, .read-time, .post-meta-info-content, .at-below-post, .addthis_tool .alignright, .like-dislike, span.small, .tags, aside.related-posts, .footer-inner, table, .ninja_button_print, .nt_edit_link, .btn {
display: none;
}
table.display-print {display: inline-block !important }
/*remove URL from gallery images*/
.gallery a[href]:after {
content: none;
}
.aces-pub a[href]:after {
content: " (" attr(href) ")" !important;
}
.gallery-item {
width: 100% !important;
}
.page-header {
border-bottom: none !important;
}
.logo {
margin-top: 0;
}
.subact-title {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.subact-title a {
color: #008000 !important;
}
.content-print {
column-count: 2 !important;
-webkit-column-count: 2 !important;
column-gap: 40px !important;
-webkit-column-gap: 40px !important;
}
.wp-caption, .wp-caption img {
width: 100% !important;
height: 100% !important;
}
.wp-caption-text {
font-size: 8pt !important;
line-height: 11pt !important;
}
.footer-print {
display: block !important;
}
.footer-print-logo {
max-width: 190px;
padding-bottom: 7pt;
}
.footer-print-content p {
font-family: Times New Roman, serif;
font-size: 7pt !important;
line-height: 6pt !important;
/*letter-spacing: -.1pt;*/
margin: 1pt 0 3pt !important;
}
.footer-print-content h2 {
font-size: 11pt !important;
letter-spacing: -.1pt;
margin-top: 7px;
}
.footer-print-content hr {
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
h3.table_title:before {
content: 'Print "';
}
h3.table_title:after {
content:'" table from our website.';
}
/*video in print*/
iframe {
display:none;
}
iframe[src]:after {
content: " (" attr(src) ")" !important;
}
#cookie-notice {
display: none !important;
}
.cookie-notice-container {
display: none !important;
}
}
/*end print stylesheet*/
/* siteimprove suggested edits */
/* vendor.min.css:18 */
.form-background, .contact-bar {
background-color: #106522 !important;
}
blockquote {
color: #595959 !important;}
.subcat-content {
font-size: 1.3125em !important;
}
.tribe-events-content ol, .tribe-events-content p, .tribe-events-content ul {
font-size:1.125em !important;
}
/*end siteimprove suggested edits*/
</style>
</head>
<body class="aces_content_piece-template-default single single-aces_content_piece postid-6897 tribe-no-js">
<a class="skip-main" href="#main">Skip to main content</a>
<header id="header" class="header" role="banner" aria-label="site header">
<div class="page-wrapper">
<script>
function closeAlert() {
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=aces.edu; Path=/";
document.cookie = "headerAlert=false; Domain=acesag.auburn.edu; Path=/";
jQuery("#headerAlert").css("display","none");
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
function showAlertMenu() {
jQuery(".alert-link").css("display","block");
}
</script>
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top header-top-desktop">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-47162647"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <a href="javascript:getLocation()">(Find Nearest)</a> -->
<!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 8:00-12:00; 12:30-4:30 ~ Phone: (334) 749-3353</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="header-inner" class="header-inner">
<div class="header-middle">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<div class="left-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn btn-primary" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".header-top">
<span class="sr-only" aria-label="search category options">Toggle navigation</span>
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-8 col-xs-offset-0 col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-0 col-md-4 col-md-offset-0">
<div class="logo">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/" aria-label="Select to go to the home page"><img
src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/themes/aces-theme/assets/images/ACES-Logo.svg"
height="auto"
class="img-responsive"
style="display:inline-block;"
alt="Alabama Extension"></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="right-button col-xs-2 visible-xs">
<button class="btn primary-d alignright" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".search-row">
<span class="sr-only">Toggle search</span>
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
</button>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-2 col-md-2 search-row mobile-collapse collapse"></div><!-- 2019-12-10 RFF -->
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6 search-row mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<form id="aces-primary-search" action="https://www.aces.edu">
<div class="input-group search-wrapper" id="header-search" role="search" aria-label="search the site">
<label for="main-search" class="visually-hidden"><!-- Search articles, publications, and events -->Tell me about...</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control search-header" id="aces-primary-search-s" name="s" placeholder="Tell me about..." id="main-search" value="">
<input type="hidden" id="aces-primary-search-q" name="q">
<span class="input-group-btn right-home-search">
<button class="btn primary-d" type="submit">Search</button>
</span>
</div>
<!-- <input type="hidden" name="cat" value=""> -->
</form>
<script>
/** Applies the category selection to form. */
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
/* 2019-12-11 RFF - turned off.
var el = $('.search-category').on('click', function () {
var id = $(this).data('id'),
el = $('form input[name="cat"]');
el.val(id);
el.attr('value', id);
$('form span.cat-name').text($(this).text());
});
*/
/* 2020-04-23 RFF - added */
$('#aces-primary-search').submit(function(event) {
$('#aces-primary-search-q').val($('#aces-primary-search-s').val());
});
});
</script>
<div class="mission-statement" id="header-mission" style="display:none;"><p>The <strong>Alabama
Cooperative Extension System</strong> operates as the primary outreach organization
that ensures all people have access to information that improves their quality of life
and economic well-being.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<div class="page-wrapper">
<!-- Header Container -->
<div class="header-wrapper light-top-header">
<!-- Header Top Container -->
<div class="header-top-mobile">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row"><!-- Row-->
<!-- <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-xs-12">-->
<!---->
<!-- <div class="top-menu-left"><!-- Top Menu Left -->
<!-- <button type="button" class="btn btn-xs btn-primary nearest-btn">Nearest Office</button>-->
<!-- </div><!-- /Top Menu Left -->
<!---->
<!-- </div>-->
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12">
<nav class="top-menu-right" role="navigation" aria-label="quick links"><!-- Top Menu right -->
<ul class="list-inline">
<!-- <li><a href="#" class="toggle-link" lang="es"><i class="fa fa-bullhorn"-->
<!-- aria-hidden="true"></i> Media Room</a>-->
<!-- </li>-->
<li style="display: none; visibility: hidden;" aria-hidden="true">
<div ></div>
</li>
<div class="gtranslate_wrapper" id="gt-wrapper-36425252"></div> <li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/calendar/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-calendar-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>Calendar</a></li>
<!-- 2023-11-18 RFF & JMH -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/discover/" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>Discover</a></li>
<!-- <li> --> <!-- <span class="top-header-list visible-lg-inline-block hidden-md">, Hours: 8:00-12:00; 12:30-4:30 ~ Phone: (334) 749-3353</span> -->
<!-- </li> -->
<!-- 2019-08-06 JMH & RFF add store link and cart -->
<li><a href="https://secure.touchnet.net/C20021_ustores/web/store_main.jsp?STOREID=244&SINGLESTORE=true" target="_blank" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>Store</a></li>
<!-- 2022-09-22 JMH add Be Prepared link and circle with exclaimation mark -->
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/alabama-ready/" class="toggle-link" ><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i>Be Prepared</a></li>
<!-- RFF Removed MY ACES
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/login" class="toggle-link"><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
Sign In</a></li>
<li class="visible-xs-inline-block"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces" class="toggle-link"><i
class="fa fa-book" aria-hidden="true"></i> My ACES</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</nav>
</div><!-- /Top Menu right -->
</div>
</div> <!-- /Row-->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- Header Bottom Container -->
<div class="header-bottom header-top mobile-collapse collapse">
<div class="container"> <!-- Container -->
<div class="row">
<!-- Navigation -->
<div class="navbar navbar-inverse bg-primary">
<nav class=" navbar-collapse js-navbar-collapse pull-left" role="navigation"
aria-label="main navigation">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav nav-mobile">
<li class="dropdown mega-dropdown">
<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle nav-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Topics <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i> </a>
<div id="topics-dropdown" class="container dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu">
<ul class="container mega-nav-wrapper">
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/4h/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/4h.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="kids in 4 H">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Alabama 4-H<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/farming/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/algriculture.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a corn field">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Farming<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/fish-water/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/iStock-150021694-300x300-e1517416086533.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="school of fish">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Fish & Water<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/food-safety/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/economic-development.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="peaches for sale at a farmers market">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Food Safety<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/forestry-wildlife/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/natural-resources.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="rows of trees">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Forestry & Wildlife<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/home-family/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/family-health.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="two kids running in front of an adult">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Home & Family<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/lawn-garden/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/home-garden.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a home garden with flowers">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Lawn & Garden<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/urban-extension/">
<img src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/urban-extension.jpg"
class="img-responsive"
alt="a city skyline">
<div class="sub-menu-link">Urban Extension<i
class="fa fa-caret-right fa-margin-left"></i><i
class="fa fa-caret-right"></i>
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/counties/">
Counties </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="https://ssl.acesag.auburn.edu/directory-new/">
Directory </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/multimedia/">
Multimedia </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link " href="/blog/category/about-us/">
About Us </a>
</li>
<li class="">
<a class="nav-link alert-link" href="/blog/category/alabama-ready/">
Hurricane Helene </a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<!-- RFF Removed MY ACES
<div class="hidden-xs">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces"><i class="fa fa-book"></i> My ACES</a></li>
<li class="bookmark-value">
<a href="https://www.aces.edu/my-aces">
<span class="visually-hidden">0 bookmarks</span>
<span aria-hidden="true" id="bookmark-count">0</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>--> <!-- /.nav-collapse -->
</div> <!-- /Row -->
</div> <!-- /Container -->
</div>
<!-- /Header Bottom Container -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- .header-inner -->
</header>
<!-- .header -->
<div class="fullsize">
<header class="page-header" role="banner" aria-label="page header">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-6">
<div class="post-format cat-lawn-garden"></div>
<div class="post-info">
<h1 class="subcat-title"><a href="https://www.aces.edu/blog/category/lawn-garden/">Lawn & Garden</a></h1>
</div>
</div>
<nav class="col-md-6" aria-label="Breadcrumb" role="navigation">
<ol class="breadcrumb">
<li><a href="https://www.aces.edu">Home</a></li><li>Lawn & Garden</li> </ol>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</header>
</div>
<main id="main" class="main container" role="main" aria-label="main">
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St. Augustinegrass Lawns </div>
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<li>May 31, 2023</li>
<li class="meta-author">Posted by: Kerry Smith, Austin Hagan, and Jeffery M. Higgins</li>
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<div class="at-above-post addthis_tool" data-url="https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/lawn-garden/st-augustinegrass-lawns/"></div><p>Learn the characteristics of various St. Augustinegrass cultivars along with requirements for grass establishment, maintenance, and control of pests and diseases.</p>
<p>St. Augustinegrass (<em>Stenotaphrum secundatum</em>) is a coarse-textured, warm-season turfgrass that is adapted to warm, humid regions. This turfgrass is believed to be native to the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean.</p>
<p>Before planting St. Augustinegrass, it is important to determine first if it is right for your landscape environment and then to know how to maintain it in a thriving state.</p>
<h1>Advantages & Disadvantages of St. Augustinegrass</h1>
<p>Compared to other warm-season turfgrasses, St. Augustinegrass is shade tolerant and can produce a lawn in shady areas for a few years. It requires irrigation during drought and moderate fertilization. St. Augustinegrass can be grown in a wide variety of soils but grows best in soils that are well drained and fertile.</p>
<p>Although St. Augustinegrass is less cold tolerant than other warm-season turfgrasses, it stays green longer in the fall after the first frost. The use of St. Augustinegrass in Alabama is somewhat limited to the southern half of the state due to the turf’s poor cold tolerance; however, cold tolerance varies between different varieties. St. Augustinegrass has a high salt tolerance, which makes it suitable for coastal areas.</p>
<p>St. Augustinegrass has certain cultural and pest problems that limit its use. It has poor wear tolerance, and some homeowners dislike its coarse leaf texture. Producing a high-quality St. Augustinegrass lawn requires supplemental irrigation and fertilization. Too much fertilization can cause excessive thatch accumulation and other pest problems. The major insect pest of St. Augustinegrass is the chinch bug. While certain cultivars of the grass have resistance, chinch bugs (<em>Blissus spp</em>.) typically overcome the plant’s resistance over time.</p>
<h1>St. Augustinegrass Varieties</h1>
<h2>Common</h2>
<p>Common St. Augustinegrass has been grown since the 1800s and produces a coarse-textured, open lawn that is susceptible to chinch bugs and herbicides, cold, and shade damage. Phenoxy herbicides, such as 2,4-D and MCPP, should never be applied to this turfgrass. Common St. Augustinegrass is light green in color and does not respond well to fertilization. This grass is not often recommended for home lawns.</p>
<h2>‘Bitterblue’</h2>
<p>‘Bitterblue’ is an improved variety selected from common St. Augustinegrass in the 1930s for its finer leaf texture, darker blue-green color, and better density. It has improved cold and shade tolerance compared to common St. Augustine, but it is not resistant to chinch bugs or gray leaf spot disease (<em>Pyricularia grisea</em>). ‘Bitterblue’ has lower tolerance to the triazine herbicides (atrazine, simazine) than other St. Augustinegrass varieties have. It should be mowed to a height of 3 to 4 inches.</p>
<h2>‘Raleigh’</h2>
<p><img decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" class="alignright wp-image-115349" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1363309431-600x400.jpg" alt="A St. Augustinegrass lawn" width="400" height="267" srcset="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1363309431-600x400.jpg 600w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1363309431-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1363309431-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1363309431-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1363309431-scaled.jpg 1122w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" />This variety was released by the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station in 1980 for its improved cold hardiness. It can be grown throughout Alabama and has survived cold temperature exposure as low as minus 20 degrees F.</p>
<p>‘Raleigh’ has a coarse leaf texture, is susceptible to chinch bugs and large patch and gray leaf spot diseases, and is less shade tolerant than ‘Bitterblue’. ‘Raleigh’ has been noted to turn yellow during peak summer temperatures, and its growth slows during cooler temperatures. It should be mowed to a height of 3 to 4 inches.</p>
<h2>‘Palmetto’</h2>
<p>This variety was isolated from a sod farm in Florida and patented by the company Sod Solutions in 1995. It has dark-green leaves and good drought and cold tolerance. It can be mowed a little lower than many other St. Augustinegrass varieties, at 2 to 3 inches.</p>
<h2>‘CitraBlue’</h2>
<p>‘CitraBlue’ was released in 2019 by the University of Florida and is a semi-dwarf type, meaning it can be mowed to a height of 2 to 3 inches. It has good tolerance to the diseases large patch, take-all root rot (<em>Gaeumannomyces graminis graminis</em>), and gray leaf spot. Its resistance to chinch bugs is still being evaluated as of fall 2020. It has a unique blue-green color and a dense canopy.</p>
<h1>Establishing St. Augustinegrass</h1>
<p>St. Augustinegrass spreads laterally across the soil surface by aboveground stems called stolons. Currently, all St. Augustinegrass varieties are established vegetatively as sprigs, plugs, or sod, with sod being recommended for lawn establishment. The best time to plant St. Augustinegrass is during its active growth period, normally between May and August.</p>
<p>The most important aspect of establishing any lawn is the preparation of the soil. To do this, till the area to be planted, rake and remove plant debris and rocks, and take several random scoops of soil to submit for lab testing (see “Home Soil Testing” at www.aces.edu). The test report will describe the soil pH and fertility levels of the soil area. Apply lime and/or fertilizer as recommended by the soil test report and till it into the soil to a depth of 4 to 6 inches. Rake the future lawn area until smooth and thoroughly moisten it to help in the establishment process.</p>
<h2>Sprigging and Plugging</h2>
<p>Repairing bare spots in a St. Augustinegrass lawn can be done by sprigging or plugging.</p>
<p>With sprigging, it is important to use freshly harvested sprigs (stolons) that have at least two nodes, or joints. Plant the sprigs in rows that are 6 to 12 inches apart. Cover the sprigs lightly with soil, press firmly around the sprigs, and leave a tip of each sprig exposed. These exposed leaves stimulate rooting. Keep the sprigs moist until they have become rooted and established. Ensure survival and establishment by watering daily in the absence of rainfall for at least 2 weeks. To accelerate the sprig’s grow-in period, increase the number of sprigs planted per unit area.</p>
<p>Plugs can be obtained from a commercial grower or cut from sod into square or circular plugs. Space plugs 6 to 12 inches apart in 6-to-12-inch–wide rows. The closer together the plugs are placed, the faster the turfgrass will grow in. Place the plugs in holes that are the same size and dimension as the plugs. Tamp the plugs into place so that they are level with the soil surface. Ensure the survival and establishment of the plugs by watering daily for at least 2 weeks in the absence of rainfall.</p>
<h2>Sodding</h2>
<p><img decoding="async" class="alignright wp-image-115350" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1449352974-600x400.jpg" alt="Pallets of St. Augustine sod waiting to be sold at a local garden center." width="400" height="267" srcset="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1449352974-600x400.jpg 600w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1449352974-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1449352974-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1449352974-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1449352974-scaled.jpg 1122w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" />Sodding is the best and most common option for establishing a lawn because it produces an “instant” lawn and reduces soil erosion. Soil preparation for sodding is the same as for sprigging and plugging.</p>
<p>Lay the sod over bare, moist soil in a staggered pattern such as that used in bricklaying. Stagger the sod pieces in rows and place the edges tightly together so that there are no cracks. On a slope, lay the sod squares across or perpendicular to the grade of the slope. If there are any cracks between the pieces, fill them with soil or sand to prevent dips in the future lawn. Roll the sod to smooth the surface, and thoroughly water it to ensure faster rooting. Water newly sodded areas daily in the absence of rain until the sod is established and well rooted.</p>
<h1>Maintaining St. Augustinegrass</h1>
<p>As for any turfgrass, the level of maintenance it is given has a direct effect on the quality of the lawn. Quality is a subjective term based on personal preferences. It is often defined by the uniformity of green color, growth density, and leaf texture seen across the turfgrass area. Many people prefer turfgrass with medium-to-dark– green color (depending on genetic capability), dense growth, and finer leaf texture. Others prefer the coarse, wide-leafed texture of St. Augustinegrass.</p>
<h2>Fertilizing</h2>
<p>A good-quality St. Augustinegrass lawn requires a properly planned fertilization program. Periodic soil testing should be conducted every 2 to 3 years as the basis for major applications of lime, phosphorous (P), and potassium (K). This helps to maintain the proper and potassium at recommended levels. Soil testing is not used to determine nitrogen (N) requirements for turfgrasses; this is based on the plant type (table 1).</p>
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<h3 class="table_title footable_title">Table 1. Suggested Nitrogen Fertilization Schedules for St. Augustinegrass Lawns</h3>
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<th scope="col" class="ninja_column_0 ninja_clmn_nm_desired ">Amount of Nitrogen per 1,000 ft.<sup>2</sup></th><th scope="col" class="ninja_column_1 ninja_clmn_nm_april ">April</th><th scope="col" class="ninja_column_2 ninja_clmn_nm_may ">May</th><th scope="col" class="ninja_column_3 ninja_clmn_nm_june ">June</th><th scope="col" class="ninja_column_4 ninja_clmn_nm_july ">July</th><th scope="col" class="ninja_column_5 ninja_clmn_nm_august ">August</th></tr>
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<td>Standard (Option 1)</td><td></td><td>1 pound</td><td></td><td>1 pound</td><td></td> </tr>
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<td>Maximum</td><td>1 pound</td><td>1 pound</td><td></td><td>1 pound</td><td>1 pound</td> </tr>
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<p>Nitrogen-containing fertilizers stimulate leaf growth, resulting in a darker green lawn. The more N that is applied, the more the turfgrass grows; however, N must be applied in a balanced manner to achieve consistent, even growth patterns. In addition, the more the lawn grows, the more often it must be mowed, and more maintenance is required.</p>
<p>Ammonium sulfate, urea, and other water-soluble nitrogen fertilizers are often used on St. Augustinegrass lawns; however, these fast-release nitrogen fertilizers will burn turfgrass if applied too heavily or if applied to wet turf. To avoid burning the turf, do not apply more than 1 pound of actual nitrogen per 1,000 square feet per fertilizer application. Always ensure that the turf is dry and irrigate the fertilizer immediately after application. If a soil test recommends applying P and/or K, a complete fertilizer may be used (e.g., 16-4-8); otherwise, P and K should be absent in the fertilizer used. Nitrogen-only fertilizers are available in most retail stores.</p>
<p>Since fertilizers vary in their nitrogen content, the amount of fertilizer needed to supply 1 pound of nitrogen depends on the source used. Use a fertilizer calculator to determine how much of your favorite fertilizer is required to get 1 pound of actual nitrogen. A calculator is available on the Auburn University Soil, Forage & Water Testing Laboratory website at https://aaes.auburn.edu/soil-forage-water-testing-lab/.</p>
<p>Slow-release nitrogen fertilizers do not readily dissolve in water, but they can be applied at higher application rates and not burn the turf. Turf maintains its green color over a longer period of time with slow-release fertilizers and has more consistent and even growth. Slow-release nitrogen sources also are preferred because they are less susceptible to leaching and runoff, especially for sandy soils and lawns near surface water (lakes, streams, rivers). Slow-release nitrogen sources include sulfur-coated urea (SCU), polymer-coated urea (PCU), isobutylidine diurea (IBDU), urea formaldehyde (UF), methylene urea (MU), and natural organics such as manure. Read more about protecting water quality, water sheds, and Smart Yards at www.aces.edu.</p>
<p>The amount and frequency of fertilizer applications depend on the amount of traffic on the grass, the level of desired quality, and the type of fertilizer used. Table 1 shows suggested standard and maximum nitrogen fertilization schedules for St. Augustinegrass lawns based on the level of maintenance and quality desired.</p>
<p>For a lower maintenance lawn of good color and density, it is recommended that a total of 2 pounds of actual nitrogen per 1,000 square feet of lawn be applied per year. There are two standard options for application: (1) apply 1 pound of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet once in May and once in July or (2) apply 1⁄2 pound of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet once per month in May, June, July, and August.</p>
<p>The maximum fertility recommendation for St. Augustinegrass lawns is a total of 4 pounds of actual nitrogen per 1,000 square feet of lawn applied annually. To reach this annual rate, apply 1 pound of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet once per month in April, May, July, and August. For improved winter hardiness, make one application of potassium in September at 1 pound of potassium per 1,000 square feet.</p>
<h2>Mowing</h2>
<p>Proper mowing practices are critical to maintaining a beautiful St. Augustinegrass lawn. Older varieties of St. Augustinegrass should be mowed to 3 to 4 inches. Many newer varieties have a lower growth habit and can be mowed to 2 to 3 inches. A guideline to follow is to mow often enough so that no more than one-third of the leaf height is removed at each mowing. Depending on rainfall and soil fertility, this means using a manual mower every 7 to 14 days.</p>
<p>Mowing St. Augustinegrass too low can cause problems over time. Consistently low mowing reduces turf density along with the plant’s ability to recover and grow. In addition, weeds are more of a problem in thin turf, allowing bare areas for weed seeds to land in and increased sunlight to penetrate the turf canopy and stimulate weed seed germination.</p>
<p>Normally a rotary-type mower (manual or robotic) is used to mow wide-leaved turfgrasses, such as St. Augustinegrass, but a reel-type mower can be used. It is important to keep all mower blades sharp and well-adjusted to get the highest-quality cut. Dull mower blades give the lawn a dull appearance because they shred the leaves rather than cut them, making the leaf edges ragged. Mower blades should be sharpened or replaced monthly during peak growing months.</p>
<p>Turf clippings can be returned or recycled to the lawn during mowing if the lawn is being mowed at the proper mowing height and frequency to satisfy the one-third rule. Under these conditions, turf clippings do not contribute to thatch accumulation. Remove clippings only if they are wet or if the lawn has been allowed to grow too tall and the clippings are clumping during mowing.</p>
<h2>Watering or Irrigating</h2>
<p>Except during establishment, irrigation on an as- needed basis is an excellent way to schedule watering of any turfgrass, provided that the proper amount of water is applied when needed and not based on the homeowner’s convenience.</p>
<p>Irrigate once the first signs of drought stress or wilt are observed. Apply roughly 1⁄2 inch of water and avoid watering faster than it can soak into the ground. If irrigation water starts to run off the surface, turn off the irrigation and let the water soak in for at least 20 to 30 minutes before continuing. Signs of wilting include leaf blades that fold and turn bluish green in color. Another indication is visible footprints left in the grass when it is walked on. Water or irrigate early in the morning while dew is still on the lawn. Irrigating or watering during the night or evening hours can increase disease problems.</p>
<h2>Controlling Thatch</h2>
<p><img decoding="async" class="alignright wp-image-115348" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1178325274-scaled-e1685549498517-600x414.jpg" alt="Freshly cut, thick and healthy St. Augustine grass growing close to the curb." width="400" height="276" srcset="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1178325274-scaled-e1685549498517-600x414.jpg 600w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1178325274-scaled-e1685549498517-768x530.jpg 768w, https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-1178325274-scaled-e1685549498517.jpg 833w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" />St. Augustinegrass can develop a layer of organic material called thatch, located between the green leaves of the turfgrass and the soil surface. This thatch layer accumulates over time. It can be caused by overfertilizing, overwatering, or mowing too infrequently. If the thatch layer is allowed to accumulate to a thickness greater than 3⁄4 inch, problems such as increased risk for drought stress or winter injury may arise. Thatch can harbor insects and disease-causing organisms, create a barrier to air and water movement, and elevate the living turfgrass plant away from the soil.</p>
<p>Check the thickness of the thatch layer by cutting a small triangle or square in the turfgrass using a knife or shovel. Remove this plug and look at the soil beneath the green turfgrass plants. The thatch layer is brown to black in color and has a different appearance from the native soil beneath.</p>
<p>If the thatch layer is thicker than 3⁄4 inch, mechanically dethatch the lawn in the spring, any time from late May through August. It is recommended to delay dethatching until the turfgrass has completed green-up after winter dormancy and begun to initiate vigorous spring growth.</p>
<p>Use a core aerifier, aerator, vertical mower, power rake, or spring attachment for a mower to remove thatch. Routine thatch removal should not be needed annually if other recommended maintenance practices are applied.</p>
<h1>Controlling Pests & Diseases</h1>
<h2>Insects</h2>
<p>Several pests can affect St. Augustinegrass lawns. The most serious insect pest is the chinch bug. This insect can be controlled with chemicals (insecticides) or, the better option, by planting a newer variety of St. Augustinegrass that has genetic resistance to the pest. Be aware, however, that chinch bugs eventually will defeat the resistance factor in many of these St. Augustinegrass varieties.</p>
<p>Other insect pests of St. Augustinegrass include sod webworms, armyworms, and mole crickets. Several insecticides are available to control these pests. See Extension publication IPM-1314, “Home Lawns: Insects, at www.aces.edu.</p>
<p>One or more of these pests will need monitoring throughout the year if a higher-quality lawn is desired. Contact your county Extension office or the Master Gardener Helpline at (877) 252-4769 for diagnoses and recommendations for treating landscape and garden pest problems.</p>
<h2>Diseases</h2>
<p>St. Augustinegrass lawns are susceptible to several plant diseases, the most common of which are large patch and gray leaf spot. A good maintenance program can minimize the occurrence of most disease problems. However, if the lawn is infected there are several fungicides that can be used to manage major disease outbreaks. See Extension publication IPM-1292, “Home Lawns: Disease Control: at www.aces.edu.</p>
<h2>Nematodes</h2>
<p>Several types of nematodes attack St. Augustinegrass lawns. These microscopic soilborne worms attack the roots of turfgrass plants and, if not controlled, can kill the entire lawn.</p>
<p>Nematodes cause the lawn to turn yellow in color and become thin, especially during hot, dry periods. Nematodes can cause extensive damage to lawns, particularly on sandy soils and where high maintenance is performed.</p>
<p>Once nematodes have been identified as a serious problem, there are several options for treating them, but these must be done by certified pesticide applicators and can be expensive. Maintaining a healthy lawn and minimizing other stress factors is the most practical management of nematodes in home lawns. Irrigate weekly during periods of drought, keep fertility levels adequate, monitor other potential pests, and keep the mowing height within the recommended range. Practices that increase root health and rooting depth are especially important.</p>
<h2>Weeds</h2>
<p>Well-managed St. Augustinegrass lawns typically do not have many weed problems because the grass is so dense it naturally prevents weeds from establishing. However, if weeds become a problem, the lawn has probably become thin and weakened by improper maintenance or damage from pests.</p>
<p>Use caution with herbicides on St. Augustinegrass because it is sensitive to many of them and may be injured. Herbicides that contain 2,4-D and MCPP, known as the phenoxies, are commonly used in other turfgrasses; however, these often damage St. Augustinegrass.</p>
<p>Herbicide injury is most severe during spring transition, the green-up phase between dormancy and a fully green lawn. Misapplication (e.g., high rate, spray pattern overlap, etc.) during the spring can kill a St. Augustinegrass lawn. <strong>Always</strong> read and follow the label recommendations for herbicides and pesticides before applying them. See Extension publication IPM-0590, “Home Lawns: Chemical Weed Control at www.aces.edu.</p>
<p> </p>
<hr />
<p><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-112893 alignleft" src="https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/MicrosoftTeams-image-1.png" alt="Peer Review mark" width="160" height="110" />Revised by <strong>Kerry Smith</strong>, <em>Outreach Programs Administrator</em>, Home Grounds, Gardens, and Home Pests, Auburn University. Originally written by <strong>Austin Hagan</strong>, Professor Emeritus, and <strong>Jeffery M. Higgins</strong>, former <em>Extension Turfgrass Specialist</em>, both with Auburn University.</p>
<p>Revised May 2023, <strong>St. Augustinegrass Lawns,</strong> ANR-0262</p>
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https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/osceolaco/2025/03/03/nourish-to-flourish-smart-nutrition-for-healthy-aging-celebrating-national-nutrition-month/ | Nourish to Flourish: Smart Nutrition for Healthy Aging Celebrating National Nutrition Month | University of Florida | [
"Felicia Marable-Williams"
] | 2025-03-03 | [
"Food Safety",
"Fruits & Vegetables",
"Health & Nutrition",
"Relationships & Family",
"UF/IFAS",
"UF/IFAS Extension",
"Work & Life",
"chronic disease",
"Fruits and Veggies",
"health",
"Healthy Lifestyles",
"healthy living",
"mindful eating",
"National Nutrition Month",
"Nutrition",
"older adults",
"Physical Activity",
"strength training",
"whole grains"
] | FL | ## Nourish to Flourish: Smart Nutrition for Healthy Aging Celebrating National Nutrition Month
Aging gracefully starts with good nutrition! As we grow older, our bodies undergo changes that require different dietary needs. Eating well can help maintain energy levels, boost immunity, and support overall well-being. In this blog, we'll explore key nutrients for healthy aging, practical dietary tips, and how to overcome common nutrition challenges.
## Why Nutrition Matters for Older Adults
A well-balanced diet plays a crucial role in supporting:
- · Immune function and disease prevention
- · Muscle mass and bone strength
- · Heart health and cognitive function
- · Overall quality of life and longevity
## Essential Nutrients for Healthy Aging
- 1. Protein - Helps maintain muscle strength. Great sources include lean meats, fish, eggs, dairy, beans, and legumes.
- 2. Calcium & Vitamin D - Essential for strong bones. Get these
from dairy, leafy greens, fortified foods, and safe sun exposure.
- 3. Fiber - Supports digestion and heart health. Load up on whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and legumes.
- 4. Healthy Fats - Important for brain function and reducing inflammation. Enjoy avocados, nuts, seeds, and olive oil.
- 5. B Vitamins (B12, B6, Folate) - Vital for energy and brain health. Found in meat, eggs, fish, and fortified cereals.
- 6. Hydration - Water is key! Aim for at least 8 cups of fluids daily,
including herbal teas and water-rich foods.
## Practical Nutrition Tips
- · Eat a Variety of Foods : Add colorful fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats to your meals.
- · Watch Portion Sizes: Small, balanced meals improve digestion and nutrient absorption.
- · Choose Nutrient-Dense Foods : Select whole, unprocessed foods over empty calorie options.
- · Reduce Added Sugars & Sodium : Supports heart health and blood pressure.
- · Stay Active: Good nutrition with regular movement promotes overall health.
- · Plan Your Meals : Prevents skipped meals and ensures a wellbalanced diet.
## Common Nutrition Challenges & Solutions
- · Loss of Appetite ? Try small, frequent, nutrient-rich meals.
- · Difficulty Chewing? Opt for softer foods like smoothies, soups, and cooked veggies.
- · Medication Interactions ? Speak with your healthcare provider about dietary adjustments.
- · Limited Mobility ? Consider meal delivery services or simple, nutritious recipes.
## Final Thoughts
Healthy eating is a lifelong journey, and small, mindful changes can make a big difference. By focusing on essential nutrients, planning balanced meals, and staying active, older adults can thrive and enjoy vibrant, healthy lives.
## Sources
- · National Institute of on Aging. (2022). Healthy Eating Tips for Seniors . nia.nih.gov
- · Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. (2023). Nutrition for Older Adults . eatright.org
- · Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. (2023). Healthy Eating Plate for Older Adults . www.hsph.harvard.edu
Photo credit:
canvas.com
## 1
by Felicia Marable-Williams
Posted: March 3, 2025
Category: Food Safety, Fruits & Vegetables, Health & Nutrition,
Relationships & Family, UF/IFAS, UE/IFAS Extension, WORK & LIFE
Tags: Chronic Disease, Fruits And Veggies, Health, Healthy Lifestyles,
Healthy Living, Mindful Eating, National Nutrition Month, Nutrition,
Older Adults, Physical Activity, Strength Training, Whole Grains
## More From Blogs.IFAS
- · Lawn Care During The Raining Season
- · Weed Management In Laws
- · Arid Plant Care
- · Food Supplier Challenges During COVID-19 |
https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/pest-and-hazard-management/poison-ivy/index.html | Poison Ivy - Oklahoma State University | Oklahoma State University | [] | 2021-11-01 | [] | OK | ## POISON IVY
Whether inside or out, at home or at play, living in Oklahoma often means dealing with pests. This page compiles resources from Oklahoma State University experts about poison ivy and keeping your family safe and prepared. |
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